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INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA 

Lirthplace of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the 

United States. 













THE NEW 

-UNIVERSAL HANDBOOK- 

OF NECESSARY INFORMATION 

-FOR- 

HOME, SCHOOL, SHOP and OFFICE 

Practically Arranged For Ready Reference 

by 

WILL H. JOHNSTON 

Assisted by a Large Corps of Experts 

INCLUDING 

A NEW DICTIONARY — ON A NEW PLAN 

Edited by 

WILLIAM DODGE LEWIS, A.M., Pd.D. 

Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction, State of Penna. 

AND 

EDGAR A. SINGER, Ph.D. 

of the University of Pennsylvania 


ILLUSTRATED 


UNIVERSAL BOOK AND BIBLE HOUSE 

Philadelphia, Pa. 









pfir 

,N& 


Copyright, 1920 by 

L. T. MYERS 

COPYRIGHT BY THE J. C. W. CO. 

1919 


THE MATERIAL IN THIS WORK IS 
FULLY PROTECTED UNDER THE 
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF THE UNITED 
STATES. ALL PERSONS ARE 
WARNED AGAINST INFRINGEMENT 



©CI.A601296 





PREFACE 


This HANDBOOK is composed of many parts and the widest range 
of contents, logically and conveniently arranged for easy reference. 
Yet it has been prepared with the single aim in view of making it most 
serviceable and accurate to meet the requirements of every user whether 
engaged in business, trade, agriculture, a profession, in school or college, 
or in private life. 

A complete new dictionary is a very prominent feature of this work. 
In these days of practically universal education the dictionary has become 
as necessary for the needs of the mind as bread is for those of the body. 
The dictionary in this volume has been prepared with a special view 
to convenience in size and fulness in contents. Its special features are 
the following: 

First .—It contains not only all the words in ordinary use, but also the 
vocabularies that are so rapidly growing in the fields of science, history, 
civics and current events. Particular attention has been given to the 
very considerable new vocabulary that has grown out of the World War. 

Second .—Every word is explained in such simple language that only 
a single reference will be needed. 

Third .—There is a wealth of verbal illustration. This dictionary 
gives many more illustrative sentences and phrases than any other similar 
dictionary. 

Fourth .—Pictorial illustrations illuminate the text. These pictures 
immediately make clear the meanings of the words. 

Fifth .—The type used for each entry is large and clear, thereby 
quickly assisting the location of the word. 

Sixth .—The pronunciation of words is indicated by a phonetic 
respelling with diacritical markings. 

Seventh .—The proper use of capitals and small letters in writing is 
indicated by the capitalization of all proper nouns. 

Eighth .—Synonyms and antonyms are given in connection with the 
words, following the definitions. 

A number of supplementary dictionaries follow, containing lists of 
words and phrases not belonging properly within the body of the 
dictionary, together with other interesting and instructive material. 

This list of the leading features of the dictionary will serve to show 
the care with which it has been prepared and its great usefulness. Its 
convenience of size, fulness of contents, and logical arrangement especially 
adapt it to everyday use. 

The remaining contents of this book are not of secondary importance. 
On the contrary the departments into which this HANDBOOK is divided 
will be found to contain a wealth of useful information which is never 
published in dictionaries or encyclopedias, yet which is of the greatest 
assistance in everyday life. They have been incorporated with the 
dictionary so that they'may be always at hand for ready reference. 

Should you wish to write a business or social letter in correct form. 
Here are specimens of the most approved modern styles. 

(i) 



PREFACE 


Are you in doubt about the choice of a particular word or point 
of grammar? Here are hints in correct English which may solve your 
difficulty 

Are you interested in starting or taking part in any kind of 
association or club in which Parliamentary Law is necessary? Here 
are plans for organizing, and Rules of Order which govern deliberative 
assemblies. 

Have yoli a speech to make upon any occasion? Here you will 
find numerous different forms of address to fit the needs for many a 
time or place. 

Does a point of business law confront you? Or have you a legal 
paper to prepare? Here are forms that may save you many a dollar, 
and plain words on legal questions which may save you much trouble. 

Do you wish to know the day of the week in any year? Or exact 
equivalents of weights and measures? Here are the answers to your 
questions. 

Have you figuring interest, wages, or other such problems, to be 
done quickly and correctly? Here are tables which give you the 
answer at a glance. 

Do you thoroughly understand the organization of our Government? 
If not, here is a clear explanation of National, State and Local Government, 
its Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches. 

Are you asked about any President or Vice-President, or the 
figures of past elections? Here are the answers. 

Do you wish to know the important events in the World War? 
Here is a chronology from the day war was declared in 1914 to the ratifi¬ 
cation of the Peace Treaty in 1920. 

Are you asked about any Article in the League of Nations? Here 
is the great Covenant, as it was signed at Versailles. 

Accidents and Emergencies, Events of Historical Importance, 
Postal Rates, and other necessary information are to be found within 
the covers of this volume. 

The facts and figures in this work have been secured from reliable 
sources and prepared with great care to insure accuracy. The tables, 
also, are believed to be free from error, special attention having been 
given to both editing and proofreading throughout. 

In short, this HANDBOOK is a mine of knowledge, a ready reference 
book of convenient size and arrangement, which will prove a good 
friend and the great argument settler in many a tight corner. It is 
intended for practical use in Home, School, Office, or Shop, and on 
the Farm. In the hope and belief that it will be more and more 
appreciated with use, this volume is given to the public. 




TABLE OF CONTENTS 

COMPRISING TWENTY-ONE DEPARTMENTS. 


DEPARTMENT I 

How Our Language Has Grown. vii 

Simple Rules for Spelling Derivative Words . xv 

Explanatory Notes . xvii 

Abbreviations Used in this Book . ’ ' xviii 

Guide to Pronunciation . xix 

DEPARTMENT II 

Dictionary of the English Language. 1 

Based upon the Solid Foundation Laid by Noah 
Webster and Other Lexicographers. With all the 
New Words. 

Containing under One Alphabetical Arrangement: 

The Definition of Words. 

The Proper Syllabication of Words. 

The Pronunciation of Words. 

The Parts of Speech of Words. 

The Capitalization of Words. 

Synonyms and Antonyms. 

DEPARTMENT III 


Classified Dictionaries of Every-Day Information. 

Dictionary of Mythological and Classical Names. 731 

Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases. 745 

Dictionary of Names and Places. 755 

Glossary of Business Terms.... 789 

Prefixes and Suffixes. 799 

Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing. 803 

Symbols Used in Writing and Printing. 816 

Population and Languages. 817 

Renowned Buildings, Monuments, Periods, Persons, Places, 
etc.; also significant Phrases Frequently Met with in 

Literature. 821 

Christian Names with their Derivation and Meaning. 842 

Forms of Address. 850 

Dictionary of Popular Titles of American States, Cities, etc.. 852 

DEPARTMENT IV 

Facts Worth Knowing. 855 

State Flowers—Birth Stones—Wedding Anniversaries. 

DEPARTMENT V 

Correct English. 856 

Hints and Helps—Uses of the Articles—Adjectives— 
Adverbs — Prepositions — Conjunctions — Pronouns 
—Nouns—Verbs—Errc — 1 “ A - 1 

Rules for Punctuation. 

(iii) 


861 























iv 


CONTENTS. 


DEPARTMENT VI 

Correspondence. 863 

Salutation — Body — Complimentary — Close and 
Signature of Letter—Folding and Addressing Letters 
—Diagram of Correct Form for a Letter. 

Forms of Letters. 

Business Letters. . 870 

Series of Collection Letters. 871 

Applications for Employment. 875 

Letter of Recommendation. 877 

Letters of Sympathy. 877 

Letters of Congratulation. 879 

Letters of Introduction. 880 

Letters of Apology. 881 

Letters of Request. 882 

Gift Letters. 882 

Social Letters. 883 

Letter from Dickens. 885 

DEPARTMENT VII 

Parliamentary Law. 

Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies. 887 

DEPARTMENT VIII 

What to Speak and How to Say it. 

Suggested Forms for Speakers on Various Occasions. 903 

DEPARTMENT IX 

Business Forms and Laws... 914 

What Money is—Paper Money—Banks and Banking 
—Checks, Notes, Drafts. 

Check Stub and Check; Trade Acceptance; Time Note. 921 

Business Laws. 926 

The Law of Notes and Checks—Interest Laws and 
Statutes of Limitations—Business Laws in Daily 
Use—Law of Contracts—Points of Criminal Law— 
Partnerships — Agents and Attorneys — Landlord 
and Tenant—Laws Governing Liens—Wills. 

DEPARTMENT X 

Time and Dating. 932 

Divisions of Time—Standard Time—Table of Days 
between Two Dates—Difference in Time between 
Principal Cities—Perpetual Calendar—The Ancient 
and Modern Year. 


DEPARTMENT XI 

Weights and Measures. 

Metric System of Weights and Measures. 939 

Minimum Weights of Produce. 942 

Measures and Weights of Great Britain. 943 

Domestic Weights and Measures. 943 

Ancient Greek and Roman Weights and Measures. 944 

Electrical Units. 945 





























CONTENTS. 


v 


Specific Gravity of Various Materials. 946 

Freezing, Fusing and Boiling Points. 947 

Average Height and Weight of Men and Women. 947 

Water Measures. 948 

Tensile Strength of Materials. 949 

Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money. 950 

DEPARTMENT XII 

Calculating Rules and Tables. 

Weather Wisdom, Thermometers, Barometers. 952 

Wage Tables. 953 

Cord Wood Tables. 957 

Capacity of Cisterns and Wells. 958 

Interest Tables. 959 

Cotton Calculator. 961 

DEPARTMENT XIII 

Accidents and Emergencies. 962 

First Aid to the Injured—Antidotes for Poisons— 

Rules in Case of Fire. 

DEPARTMENT XIV 

Important Events of History. 964 

Memorable Dates of History—Great Anniversaries— 
Battle Dates of American History—Wars of the 
United States—Legal Holidays in the Various States. 

DEPARTMENT XV 

Postal Rates. 972 

Postal Rates and Information. 

DEPARTMENT XVI 

How We are Governed. 

The Executive Branch. 976 

The Legislative Branch. 986 

The Judicial Branch. 989 

State Government. 990 

Local Government. 994 

DEPARTMENT XVII 

Our Great State Papers. 

Declaration of Independence and List of Signers. 996 

Constitution of the United States. 999 

Washington’s Farewell Address. 1009 

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Speech. 1011 

The Monroe Doctrine. 1011 

DEPARTMENT XVIII 

Political History of the United States 

Short Biographies of Our Presidents. 1012 

Vice-Presidents of the United States. 1018 

Naturalization Laws of the United States. 1018 

Presidential Elections. 1020 
































VI 


CONTENTS. 


DEPARTMENT XIX 


The Panama Canal. 

Summary of the Great Engineering Feat that United the 
Atlantic and the Pacific. 1024 


DEPARTMENT XX 

The Covenant of the League of Nations.. 1027 

Complete Text of the Great Covenant, as it was Signed 
at Versailles in June, 1919. 

DEPARTMENT XXI 

The World War. 10-15 

A Summarized Chronology, Giving the Outstanding 
Events in the Great Conflict from the Assassination 
that Started the War to the Signing of the Peace 
Treaty. 






HOW OUR LANGUAGE HAS GROWN. 


The study of a foreign language may have given you your first realiza¬ 
tion of the relationship between English and the other languages of the world. 
When you begin the study of a foreign speech, you are surprised to find how 
many words in the language you are studying are like English words. If 
you study Latin, you will meet parens, for instance, which by the simple 
change of the $ to t becomes our English word parent. The word rumor is 
exactly like the English word. November, transferc {transfer), and a great 
many more are easily recognized by their resemblance to English words. 

If you study French, you will have the same experience. In French 
you will find, for instance, annoncer, to announce, consoler, to console, and a 
large number of other words much like their English equivalents. 

The English language, therefore, is closely related to several other 
languages. French and Anglo-Saxon are her parents; she is a grand¬ 
daughter of Latin and a distant cousin of Greek. And, as is the case -with the 
descendants of human families, English has some traits from all the languages 
which have helped to make her what she is. 

The story of the birth and development of English is most interesting. 
Twelve or thirteen centuries ago England was not the busy, important island 
she is now, but was covered with forests and inhabited by the Britons, a 
people belonging to a race called the Celts. They used one of the forms of 
the Celtic language, for no English language was then in existence. 

Over on the eastern coast of Europe, where your maps now show you 
Denmark and Holland and Germany, lived tribes of bold and cruel pirates 
called the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These peoples spoke a language 
somewhat like the present German language, or perhaps more like the Dutch 
spoken in Holland. These pirates, in their many-oared boats, made their 
way to the coast of Britain in search of food or of treasure. But once on 
the shores of the island, they found this land so much pleasanter than their 
own cold and stormy home on the other side of the North Sea that many 
of them decided to stay and make new homes for themselves in Britain. 

And thus grew up in Britain the Anglo-Saxon tongue, a result of the 
mixture of the forms of German spoken by the two strongest invading tribes. 
The name of the country, too, was changed, and became Angleland or Engelond, 
taking the name of one of the pirate tribes. From this it is easy to see how 
the name became England and the language came to be called English. 

Though at first Anglo-Saxon words seem entirely unfamiliar, a closer 
study will show you a number whose resemblance to English is easily recog¬ 
nizable. Morgan tid is easily converted into morning tide. Godes means 
of God or God’s, for the apostrophe has come to take the place of the e in the 
Old English possessive. Condel becomes candle by only a slight change, 
and beorht merely shifts the position of r and changes eo to ig to become 
bright. 

A rather hasty study shows how nearly related are English and Anglo- 
Saxon. But there is another interesting fact to be observed in this study. 
The life of these people was so simple that it was occupied chiefly with the 
simplest needs of existence—eating and drinking and keeping themselves 
alive in spite of many foes. It naturally followed that the words that have 
been inherited by modern English from the Anglo-Saxon tongue are for the 
most part simple words. These simple words are sometimes called “ homely 
words,” because they “come home” to people as the everyday words of 

(vii) 


Vlll 


How Our Language Has Grown 


everyday life. Such words are home, light, fire, God. In this list are also 
included most of our common prepositions and conjunctions, such as to, 
from, over, and. 

A new element was brought into the language, however, by the intro¬ 
duction of Christianity in the sixth and seventh centuries. The Anglo- 
Saxons were heathens, worshiping many gods who, they believed, presided 
over the forces of nature. Thus there were Thor, the thunderer, famous 
. for his strength, and Balder, the sun god, and CEstre (compare Easter), the 
goddess of spring. But in the year 597 there came from Rome a missionary 
of the Christian religion, named St. Augustine. Other missionaries followed 
him, who established the church in Britain and converted many of the people. 
The church services were read in Latin. And so there came into the language 
a number of Latin words, some of them having a Greek origin. These words, 
for the most part, have to do with religion and the church, as bishop, priest, 
creed, and similar words. Such words do not come to us directly from the 
Latin. As they were used by the Anglo-Saxons, they came to be slightly 
changed. The word bishop will show how such modifications came about. 
The Latin form was episcopus (compare the English word episcopal —per¬ 
taining to a bishop); under the influence of the Anglo-Saxon it became biscop, 
for the tendency of the simple, unlearned English was to shorten the long, 
ponderous Latin words, and to change a p into a 6/ our modern word is 
bishop, the c being changed to h for the sake of greater smoothness in pro¬ 
nunciation. Similar changes took place in many of the other Latin words 
which at this time enriched the language. 

But the most important new element was yet to come. In 1066 a band 
of men from the continent of Europe, under the leadership of William of 
Normandy, known as William the Conqueror, landed in England. These 
people, known as Normans, or Norman French, came from a district in the 
northwestern part of France, called Normandy. As their name shows the 
Normans were originally Northmen, from the shores of Denmark, Sweden 
and Norway. During their piratical raids they had often landed on the coast 
of France, and being pleased with the fertile soil and the balmy climate, had 
at last forced the king of France to grant them some territory, and made 
permanent homes for themselves in the land. 

But the Northmen had adopted the civilization and, in large part, the 
language of the French. This language was a form of the Latin language, 
for the Gauls, ancestors of the French, had been subjects of the Romans and 
had used their speech, adaptmg it to their own speech and needs. Thus the 
Norman French spoken by William of Normandy and his followers was a 
tongue founded on the Latin, or, as it is often called, a Romance language, 
because it was one of those languages based on the speech of the Romans. 

thus was brought into England an entirely new language familv. And 
it had come to stay; for the Normans in a great battle conquered the Saxon 
king Harold, and William became king of England. As the Normans were 
now the ruling race on the island, French became the language used in law 
courts, the language of literature, of the rich, and of the nobles. French 
was taught m the schools. It was used at the court of the king. It was the 
language of writing. 6 

The Anglo-Saxons, however, who hated the Normans as their conquerors 
and despised the French language as the language of Ithe conquerors, clung 
to their native tongue. Thus for a long time the two languages existed sidi 

* he i lan ^ a £ e of the noble, rich, and educated; Saxon! 
the speech of the simple and the poor. ' 

As time wore on, however contempt on one hand and bitter hatred 
on the other gave way to a feeling of interest and friendship. The people 
ceased to be French and Anglo-Saxon, and became Englishmen, citizens 
of a common country. It thus became more and more necessary that all 


How Our Language Has Grown 


IX 


the people be able to communicate with each other; Normans used more 
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Saxons more French. The result was a new language, 
the slow growth of many years, the vocabulary of which was largely Anglo- 
Saxon, the grammar, largely French. 

As we noticed that the words expressing simple, homely ideas are largely 
from Anglo-Saxon, so the language of learning and formal speech is from the 
French; for the Norman French were more highly civilized and educated 
than the Saxons. As the French had Latin as its foundation, a large Latin 
element came, in changed form, with the French into English. The following 


table will help 

Anglo-Saxon 

to make this clear: 

Latin-French 

Anglo-Saxon 

Latin-French 

Origin 

Origin 

Origin 

Origin 

home 

residence 

king 

sovereign 

show 

signify 

relieve 

horseman 

cavalier 

help 

break 

destroy 

dear 

precious 

keep 

maintain 

hard 

difficult 

kind 

gracious 

hide 

conceal 

buy 

feeling 

purchase 

freeze 

congeal 

sentiment 


It is thus to Anglo-Saxon that we look back as the source of our familiar, 
everyday speech; to Latin, through French, as that tongue which has 
enriched and dignified our language with the terms of science, learning, 
and more formal speech. 

The Norman French was the last great influence brought to bear upon 
the English language. Year by year, century by century, English has grown 
and changed. How different from present-day English, for instance, is the 
language of Shakespeare! 

These changes come about in various ways. Sometimes words creep 
into the language from foreign tongues, as, for example, the French word 
chic , stylish, or the Latin expression vice versa, which have now become a 
real part of the English language. Often words drop out of use altogether 
or come gradually to have new meanings. Thus the old word clept, meaning 
named, and an, meaning if, are no longer used. The word humorous originally 
meant, not funny or causing laughter, but full of whims; straight meant at 
one time immediately, as Shakespeare writes, “I’ll be with you straight ” 
Presently formerly had the same meaning; when a man said, “I will come 
presently,” he meant immediately and not in a short time, which is our modern 
meaning. Again, new conditions and new inventions call for new words. 
Thus automobile and phonograph and airplane and many, many more words 
came into the language as the things they name came into existence. Such 
words, too, as mugwump, carpet-bagger, landslide were originally political 
slang, but are now recognized parts of the English language. So also, any 
one can give numerous illustrations of new words that came into the language 
during the World War. Some such change in our speech is brought to pass 
almost every day. 

Such, in outline, is the story of the growth of the English tongue—a 
growth which will never cease as long as English is spoken. For language 
S alive, a real being, growing, developing, changing, as man, as the race, 
grows, develops, changes, and bearing from year to year traces of the history 
of the race. 

Making New Words 

Now that you know something of the history of our language, you will 
be interested to learn how some of the separate words became a part of the 


x How Our Language Has Grown 


English language, and how some have been put together and built up from 
others. 

Interesting stories are connected with many of our words. Have you 
over wondered, for instance, why two slices of bread with meat or some 
other food between them is called a sandwich? In the eighteenth century 
an English nobleman, as he was sitting at table one day, quite by chance, 
or perhaps as an experiment, put a slice of meat between two slices of bread 
and ate it. What the nobles do their followers copy; thus others about 
-the table tried the same experiment. The new dainty soon grew popular, 
and was named after the man who invented it, the Earl of Sandwich. 

Another instance of a “story word” is the word 'palace, meaning the 
house where a king or a wealthy and important person lives. This was so 
named from the Palatium, one of the seven hills of Rome, where lived Augustus, 
the first great Roman Emperor. 

Many more such story words might be mentioned; but there are other 
and more common ways in which words are adopted into the English language. 
As we shall see, one of the most common ways is by fitting together parts 
of words from other tongues, especially from Latin and from German. Most 
words of more than one syllable are formed of two or more distinct parts. 
The most important part, or foundation, of the word—the part that really 
gives the thought of the word—is called the root or the stem. For instance, 
in the word marine, the stem is mar, from the Latin word mare (pronounced 
ma-ra), meaning sea. Thus marine means pertaining to the sea; we have 
extended its meaning so that we say that marines are sailors of the sea, and 
marine trade means trade on the sea. The same stem appears in the words 
■maritime and mariner. The stem of the word dictate is diet, meaning speak 
or say, a stem which we find also in such words as predict , to say before or 
foretell, contradict, to say against or oppose, and dictionary , that which says. 
The stem of the Latin word for foot is ped. So we have ped, as a stem in pedal, 
quadruped, and pedestrian. 

In many words there are two parts of equal importance, or two stems. 
Such a word is phonograph. Phon is a Greek stem meaning sound, found 
also in telephone, megaphone, and other words; graph is also a Greek stem 
meaning write. You will recognize it in such words as telegraph, autograph, 
and paragraph. A phonograph, then, in its literal meaning, is a contrivance 
that writes sounds. 

The word thermometer is another two-stem word. Thermo is from a 
Greek word meaning heat, and meter is a common stem meaning measure. 
Thus a thermometer is an instrument that measures heat, as a thermostat 
is a device for keeping the temperature of a room always the same. For 
thermo, as we have seen, means heat and stat is from a Greek word meaning 
to stand still. Many more such words of two stems you will find from a 
study of an unabridged dictionary. 

Words of one stem, however, are much more common than those of 
two or more. Most words have just one important part whose meaning 
is more or less changed by a less important syllable. If this syllable is put 
before a stem, it is called a prefix; if it is added after a stem, it is called a suffix. 

A knowledge of prefixes and suffixes is a great help to a fuller under¬ 
standing of English words. A prefix usually alters the meaning of the word 
itself, and the suffix changes the part of speech. Thus if to the word take 
we prefix mis, the meaning becomes to take wrongly, or to make an error; 
for mis means wrongly. If, however, we add to mistake the suffix en, the 
word is changed from a verb to an adjective, though the meaning of the 
word itself is not changed. Again, to prefix trans to the word plant adds 
to the original meaning the idea of removal from place to place, but to add 
to transplant the suffix able merely makes the word an adjective without 
changing the thought. 


XI 


How Our Language Has Grown 


The following table will help you to see how words are built up from 
stems, prefixes, and suffixes. Notice that, though the literal meamng and 
the meaning in common use are by no means always the same, yet the literal 
meaning helps, decidedly, the understanding of the word. Notice also that 
the prefix frequently becomes changed in form for the sake of g rea ter ease 
in pronunciation. Thus ad, meaning to or for or against, becomes ac when 
usecl with a stem whose first letter is c, as in the words ^ept (pc, to, cept, 
take = take to oneself) and accede {ac, to; cede yield-yield to). When arf 
is placed before a stem beginning with /, ttie d becomes /..Such a^hange 
has taken place, for instance, m the word affix ( af, to, fix, fasten - fasten to;. 
Again con becomes col when used before a stem whose initial letter is l, as 
in the word collect (col, together; led, to gather = gather together). 


Word 

Prefix 

Stem 

Suffix 

Literal 

Meaning 

Common 

Meaning 

transport 

trans- 

across 

-port 

carry 


to carry 
across 

to remove, to- J 
carry 

'i 

portable 


port- 

carry 

-able 

able to be 

able to be 
carried 

easily carried 

action 


ac - (g) 
do 

-tion 
act of 

act of do¬ 
ing 

performance 
of a deed 

reference 

re- 

again or 
back 

fer- 

carry 

-ence 

that which 

that which 
carries 
back 

that which 
sends one 
elsewhere 
for infor¬ 
mation 

expend 

ex- 

out 

-pend 
weigh out 
or pay 


to pay out 

to pay out 

benefactor 

bene- 

well 

fad- 

do 

-or 

one who 

one who 
does well 

one who con¬ 
fers a bene¬ 
fit 

_ — 


Some of the more common prefixes and suffixes derived from Latin, with 
their meanings, are included in the following lists. 


Prefixes 

a- or ab- = away, from. 

ad-, ac-, af- — to, at. 

ante- = before.• ■ • • • •• 

anti-, ant- = against (Greek)- 

auto- = self (Greek). 


bi- = two. 

eircum- = around.• • • • • • • 

con-, col-, com-, co-, cor- = with or together. 
de- = away from, from, down. 


Used in Words 

, ab-duct, ab-stract, ab-sent, ab¬ 
normal 

, ad-here, ad-just, a/-fix, ac-cept 
. ante- date, ante- cedent 
. anti-slavery, anti- septic, antago¬ 
nist . 

.auto- mobile, onto- graph, auto bi¬ 
ography 

. bi-sect, bi- cycle, bz-ped 
. circum-ierence, circum- stance 
.con- nect, col- lect, co-operate 
. de-tach, de- scend, de-pend 



































How Our Language Has Grown 


xii 


Prefixes Used in Words 

equi- = equal..egm-distant, equi -angular 

ex-, e- or ec- = out, from....ex-cept, ex-clude, ex-pel 

in-, il-, im-, ir-, en-, etc. = in, on, not.m-dorse, fn-clude, ?7-legal 

inter- = between. inter-pose, inter -cede 

mon-, mono- = one, alone (Greek). . . mono- tone, mono -logue 

per- = through..per-ceive, per-mit 

post- = after, behind.postpone, postscript 

pre- = before.pre-pare, pre-cede 

pro- = before, for, forth, forward.pro-vide, pro-cession, pro-pose 

re-, red back, again.re-gain, re-read, re-fresh 

sub-, sue-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup- = under. . . sub- ject, suf-ier, sub -mit 

trans- = across. trans-ier, trans-pose, trans-port 

un-, um one.wra-form, wra-com 


Suffixes 

-able, -dble = capable of. 

-age = amount, state. 

-ance, -ence = relating to, condition of 

-ar, -ary = relating to. 

-ate — to act, to cause. 

-ation = action, condition. 


- ceous , -cious = like. 

-cy = quality, state. 

-fy = make. 

-dc, -ical = one who or that which .. 

-icious = like unto. 

-ion = action, being, condition. 

-ions = full of. 

-ise, -ize — to do, or make. 

*ive = having the character, given to 

» ment = state. 

-ous — full of, of the nature of. 

-ty = condition or character. 


Used in Words 

. cap -able, measur-a&Ze 
mile-a^e, cour-a^e 
.appear-awce, independence 
. muscul-ar, pulmon-ary 
. anim-ate 

. degener-a/i'on, civil iz-ation, 
ation 

. falla -cious, gra -cious 
.pira-cy, luna-cy 
.satis -fy, horri -fy 
■ class-feed, geometr-ic 
. del -icious, mal -icious 
• miss -ion, rebell-ion 
. relig-fons, suspicions 
criticise, bapt -ize 
talkative, positive 
astonish-menf, banish-men< 
peril-ows, wondr-ons 
dignity, puri-ty 


vari' 


The Latm roots prefixes, and suffixes, however, form by no means the 
whole of the English language. They have been spoken of fifst became they 

t r „ e m ZT - | Und mr tand ’, aS . they a , re little chan S ed .“ form and meaning* 
from the onginah The real strength of the language, the more familiar 

orTem er Thev ° f .'common everyday speech, are Teutonic m . 

They were brought into England by Teutonic tribes, the Angles 
and the Saxons, who settled there in the fifth century 8 

. i ^‘ ud y of th f following list, of Anglo-Saxon words will give some idea 
En^^Tnd\°meri^: eUt0mC eIement in the familiar speech of ever y 


bacan = bake. 
beatan = strike 
beran = bear.. 
bindan = bind. 
bittan = bite... 
bugan = bend. 

cat = cat. 

ceap = bargain 


. bake, baker 
.beat, beater 
bear, bearer, bearable 
. bind, bound, bond, band 
. bite, bitten, bit 
bow, bough 
cat, kitten 
.cheap, chop 








































How Our Language Has Grown 


xiii 


cleofan = split.cleave, cleft, cliff 

cnawan = know.know, knew, knowledge 

cunnan = know.cunning 

daelan = divide.deal 

dragan = to draw.draw, drag, dray 

faran = go or travel.far, fare, farewell 

fleogan = flee.flee, fled 

hlaf = bread.loaf, lord (= bread-keeper, from hlaf -f- 

weard, a guard), lady (= bread-kneader, 
from hlaf -f digan, to knead) 

licgan = to lie.lie, lay 

maegan = be able.may, might, mighty 

raedan = read or guess.read, riddle 

tredan = to walk.tread, trot 

treow = good faith.true, truth 

witan — know.wit, wot, witty 

A comparison of these stems with the Latin stems mentioned above 
will show that the Anglo-Saxon stems have been far more changed in their 
conversion into English words than have the Latin. These changes, how¬ 
ever, have come about for the very reason that the Anglo-Saxon is the oldest 
element of our language and has thus been much altered because of the 
passage of many centuries and the influence of other tongues brought later 
into England. Similar changes are seen in the Anglo-Saxon prefixes and 
suffixes. 


Prefixes 


an- or a- = on. 

fore- = before. 

for- = thoroughly. 

gegen- or gain- = back or again 

mis- = wrong. 

un- = not. 

al- or all- — quite. 

in- = in. 

of- or off- = from. 

over- = above or over. 

twi- = two. 

under- = under. 


a-bed, a-board 
fore- bode, fore -cast 
for- give, for -get 
gain -say 

mis-lead, mis-trust, mis -deed 
nn-holy, un-do, nn-bind 
al- one, almost, aZ-mightv 
in-come, in-step, in-land 
o^-spring, off-shoot 
over- cast, oyer-throw 
fwi-light 

understand, under -bid 


Suffixes 

-craft = skill.handi -craft 

-dom = power, office.king-doni, prince-dom 

-en *= diminutive.chick-en (from cock), kitt-«n (from cat) 

-er = one who or that which.bak-er, work-er 

-hood = state or rank.boy -hood, man -hood 

-ing (originally son of) = part of. iavth-ing (fourth part) 

-ung or -ing = verbal noun suffix. sing-ing 

-kin, -ling = diminutives.lamb-fcin, dar -ling 

-loch or -ledge = gift, sport.know -ledge 

-scipe or -ship = shape or form.king-s/dp, worship 

-stede or -stead — place.home-stead 

-ed or -en = material.gold-en, wood-en, gild-ed 

-feast or -fast = firm.stead -fast 

-feald or -fold = denotes multiplication . mard-fold, two -fold 
-isc or -ish = nature of.child-is/i, fool-ish 










































XIV 


How Our Language Has Grown 


Suffixes 

-less = loose from. hope-less, power -less 

-like or -ly — like....home-fa/, lo ve-ly, lady -like 

-sum or - some = like.win-some 

-ward = direction.back -Ward 

-ling or -long = direction.head-fon <7 

-t vise = manner.like-tme 

Another kind of words which come to us from the Anglo-Saxon is the 
group of “self-explaining” phrase compounds. Such words are offhand, 
meanwhile, throughout, nobody, oftentimes, whenever, and a number of others 
which will readily occur to you. For the Old English was rich in words 
formed by the union of two independent words. 

From the word land, for instance, there were once sixty-three compounds. 
Most of these are no longer part of the language, though some remain, as 
landlord and landmark. 

Though the Anglo-Saxon language forms, as has been shown, the basis 
of the English language, and the Latin has made a very large contribution, 
no small part of our vocabulary has been transferred bodily from other 
languages besides these two. Italy, Spain, India, Arabia, the West Indies, 
all have contributed their share. From Italy we have borrowed many terms 
pertaining to music and to the refinements of cultured life. Such words 
are libretto, crescendo, balcony, cameo, intaglio, catacomb. Spain has con¬ 
tributed many words naming commercial products, as indigo, guava, vanilla, 
alligator, as well as some others such as matador and mosquito. From Holland 
and Scandinavia come words pertaining to commerce and the sea, among 
which are schooner, wagon, yacht, skipper, sloop. India and Arabia with 
their products sent words naming them, such as chintz, candy, orange, borax, 
divan, alcohol, amber, coffee, cotton. Biblical literature brings us Hebrew 
terms, as cherub, jubilee, amen, alleluia, ephod. 

America's contributions to the English language have come from the 
Mexicans, from the peoples of South America and the West Indies, and 
from the North American Indians. From Mexico come chocolate, coyote, 
tomato; from South America, tapioca, guano, jaguar, quinine, alpaca; from 
the West Indies, hurricane, maize, potato. The North American Indians 
have given us such terms as moccasin, moose, raccoon, tobacco, squaw, papoose — 
words which name things common in an Indian’s daily life. 

In this way has the whole world contributed and still is contributing 
to the language of the English-speaking peoples. What wonder, then, that 
the English tongue is full and rich and flexible? Its wealth of meaning its 
beauty, its power, are the result of centuries of growth and of the gifts bestowed 
by East and West, by North and South. Such a heritage may well be the 
pride of every Englishman and every American. 








SIMPLE RULES FOR SPELLING DERIVATIVE 

WORDS. 


1 . Monosyllables, and polysyllables accented on the last syllable, ending 
in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final 
consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel. 


plan | 
oc-cur' 


+ ed = planned. 

+ ing = plan'ning. 

( + ing = oc-cur'ring. 

\ + ence = oc-cur'rence. 


2 . Words ending in two or more consonants, words ending in a consonant 
preceded by two or more vowels, and polysyllables not accented on 
the last syllable, do not double the final consonant before a suffix begin¬ 
ning with a vowel. 

act + or = actor, 
feud + al = feudal, 
of'fer + ing = of'fer-ing. 


3. Words ending in a double consonant usually drop the last consonant 
before a suffix. 

full 4 - ness = fulness, 
skill + ful = skilful. 

Usage permits many such words to be spelled .with either a single or a 
double consonant. 


4. Words ending in silent e retain the e before a suffix beginning with a 
consonant, and drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel. 

state + ment = statement, 
state + ing = stating. 


+*-{£«&. 


/ acknowledgment. 
\ judgment. 


Exceptions: 

whole + ly = wholly. 

? u C d k "° W,edge )+ment 

due 1 
true / 

awe + ful = awful, 
argue + ment = argument, 
dye + ing = dyeing. \ 

Words ending m ce (as place) and ge (as courage) retain thee before a 
or o, so that c and g may have their soft sounds: 

peace 4 - able = peaceable, 
courage 4 - ous = courageous. 


5. Words ending in ie drop e and change i to y before ing, 
die 4 - ing = dying. 

(xv) 


2 


xvi Simple Rules for Spelling Derivative Words 


6. Words ending in y, if a consonant precedes y, change y to i before any 

suffix except one beginning with i; if a vowel precedes y, the y is 
unchanged. 

pity + ful = pitiful. 1 
pity + ing = pitying, 
buy + er = buyer. 

7 . The regular rule for formation of plurals of nouns is to add s to the singular. 

If the final letter of the singular will not unite with s (as ch, ah , a, j , 
x, z ), add es. 

church, churches, 
fox, foxes. 

8 . Nouns ending in a consonant and y form the plural by changing y to i 

and adding es. 

daisy, daisies. 

9. Nouns ending in a consonant followed by o form the plural by adding es. 

negro, negroes. 

10. The formation of the third person singular present of verbs follows the 
rules for the plurals of nouns. 


EXPLANATORY NOTES. 


Varied Spellings. If two or more variations of the spelling of a single 
word exist, the rule followed is to let each appear in its proper alphabetical 
place in the list, with pronunciation, definition, etc., given as usual, followed 
by “Also,” and the variant in heavy type. An exception is made to this 
rule when the position of the two variants is consecutive or practically so. 
In this case, the word given first, and defined, is that selected as preferable. 
For illustration, see aegis and fusileer. 

Analogous Forms. In cases where two derivatives from the same root 
word are practically identical in meaning, the less common one has been 
given in heavy type, with “Also,” and has not been listed elsewhere. See 
accusatory , acceptability. Cross references have occasionally been used, 
with “Also,” in words almost identical in meaning. See heather. 

Capitals. When the word listed is a proper noun or adjective, it 
appears in the vocabulary with a capital. If it has two forms, one common, 
one proper, the form given in the vocabulary is the original or more impor¬ 
tant form of the word, the other being repeated beneath, with the definition 
belonging to it. See genesis. 

Hyphens. A light hyphen is used to mark division into syllables, except 
after an accented syllable; as, e-lab'o-rate. A heavy hyphen is used to 
separate the parts of a compound word; as, fa'ther-in-law. 

Pronunciation. Pronunciation of every word in the vocabulary is 
given in parenthesis immediately after the word. If a word serves as more 
than one part of speech, and the second is pronounced differently from the 
first, the pronunciation of the second is inserted in parenthesis after the name 
of the part of speech. See alternate. 

Grammatical Information. Principal parts of verbs are given in 
brackets after the name of the part of speech (v.i. or v.t.),- if the verb is 
irregular or if they are desirable for other reasons. Similarly, irregular plurals 
of nouns and comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives are given in 
brackets. 

Etymology. No attempt has been made to analyze sources of words, 
except when a word or phrase has been adopted bodily from a foreign language. 
In that case the name of the foreign language appears in brackets after the 
definition. 

Derivatives. Certain derivative words which come directly from words 
listed in the vocabulary are given after the definition of the original word, 
with the part of speech of the derivative indicated. See adorable. 


(xvii) 


ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK 


adj . 


It. 

.Italy, Italian. 

A. D. 

.Anno Domini (Year 

Jap. 

.Japan, Japanese. 


of our Lord). 

Lat. 

.Latin. 

adv . 

.Adverb. 

masc . 


Am. 

. . . . .America, American. Meth. 

.Methodist. 

Ant . 

.Antonym. 

Mex. 

.Mexico. 

Ar. 


mt. 

.Mountain. 

A. S. 

.Anglo-Saxon. 

n . 

.Noun. 

Aus. 

.Austria, Austrian. 

N. 

.North. 

B. C. 


naut . 

.Nautical. 

Bapt. 

.Baptist. 

neut . 

.Neuter. 

Bel. 


N. Z. 

.New Zealand. 

Br. 

.Britain, British. 

obs . 

.Obsolete. 

Can. 


p.adj . 

.Participial adjective. 

Ca-th. 

.Catholic. 

pfd . 

.Preferred. 

C. 


Pi . 


Co. 

.Company. 

Poet. 

.Poetic. 

CO. 

.County. 

Port. 

.Portugal, Portu- 

COLLOQ. 

.Colloquial. 


guese. 

com . 

.... Commonly. 

P-P . 

.Past participle. 

corny . 

.Comparative. 

p.pr . 

.Present participle. 

CoNFED. 


Pres. 

.President. 

Cong. 

.Congregationalist. 

prep . 

.Preposition. 

C. S. 


pres . 

.Present. 

Dept. 

.Department. 

Presby. 

.Presbyterian. 

E. 


pron . 

.Pronoun. 

Egypt. 

.Egyptian. 

prov. 

.Province. 

Eng. 


Pd . 

.Past tense. 

Epis. 

.Episcopal, Episco- 

Russ. 

.Russia, Russian. 


palian. 

S. 


etc. 

.Et cetera (and so 

Scot. 



forth). 

sing . 

.Singular. 

F. 

.Fahrenheit. 

Span. 


fem . 


sq . 


Fr. 

.France, French. 

sq. m. 

.Square miles. 

G. Br. . .. 

.Great Britain. 

superl. 

.Superlative. 

Gen. 

.General. 

Switz. 

.Switzerland. 

Ger. 


.Synonym. 

Gr. 

.Greece, Greek. 

Teut. 

.Teutonic. 

Hind. 


Turk. 


Hung. 

.... Hungary, Hunga- 

Unit. 

.Unitarian. 


rian. 

U. S. 

.United States. 

i.e . 

.Id est (that is). 

v.i . 

.Verb intransitive. 

interj . 


v.t . 

.Verb transitive. 

Ir. .. 

.... Ireland, Irish. 

W. 



See “Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing,” page 803. 


(xviii) 












































































A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. 

Key to the Signs Indicating Sound. 

Accent. 

The word accent is applied to the special emphasis which is placed upon 
certain syllables in words of more than one syllable. Sometimes a word has 
one accented syllable, which is indicated by a single mark ['] after the syl¬ 
lable. Sometimes a word has two accented syllables, a principal, or heavier, 
one and a secondary, or lighter, one. The principal accent is indicated by a 
single mark ['], and the secondary by a double mark ["]. 

Vowels. 

a, as in ate, pale, fa'vor, is called long a. It occurs in accented syllables, 
a, as in fo'li-age, sen'ate, often represents long a in unaccented syllables. 
a, as in rare, par'ent, pre-pare', represents a in accented syllables ending in r. 

as in cat, gar'ret, is called short a. It occurs in accented syllables, 
a, as in lo'cal, af-fect', often represents short a in unaccented syllables ending 
in a consonant. 

a, as in calm, far, cart, is called broad or Italian a. 
a, as in ask, com-mand', is called intermediate a. 

а, as in ba-na'na, pa-rade', represents intermediate a in unaccented syllables} 

usually those not ending in a consonant. It is called indeterminate a. 
e, as in e'ven, scene, con-cede', is called long e. It occurs in accented syllables, 
e, as in e-vent', de-scribe, cre-ate', pro-pri'e-ty, often represents long e in 
unaccented syllables. 

e, as in de-fect', ex'tra, edge, ef-fect', end-ed, is called short e. It occurs in 
accented syllables and in unaccented first and last syllables, 
e, as in nov'el, re'cent, often represents short e in unaccented syllables. 
e, as in writ'er, re-fer', con'fer-ence, represents unaccented e before r. 
i, as in right, de-light', I-de'a, is called long i. It occurs in accented and 
unaccented syllables. 

I, as in sin, be-gin, dis-sect', is called short i. It occurs in accented and un¬ 
accented syllables. 

o, as in hope, cold, ech'o, is called long o. It occurs in accented and unaccented 
syllables. 

б, as in po-ta'to, o-bey', often represents long o in unaccented syllables. 

6, as in c6rd, or'der, a-dorn', cloth, is called open or intermediate o. It occurs 
in accented syllables ending in a consonant, often before r. 

6, as in cor'al, stop, ob-la'tion, is called short o. It occurs in accented and 
unaccented syllables. 

6, as in com-pare, cor'S-net, usually represents short o in unaccented syllables. 
u, as in cure, u'nit, hu'man, is called long u. It occurs in accented syllables, 
u, as in u-nite, hu-mane', cii 'cfi-late, represents long u in unaccented syllables. 

(xix) 


XX 


A Guide to Pronunciation 


ft, as in bftrn, oc-cftr', fftr, represents accented u before a single r in the same 
syllable. • 

ft, as in hftr'ry, up-set', cut, is called short u. It occurs in accented and 
unaccented syllables. 

u, as in fo'cus, sup-port', suc-ceed, usually represents short u in unaccented 
syllables. 

ii, as in me'nu, represents French u or German w-umlaut. 

Sometimes a certain sound of one vowel is indicated by a special marking 
of another. Thus: 

a, as in all, wa'ter, walk, is represented by 6. 
a, as in what, was, is represented by 6. 
e, as in re-fer', herd, is represented by ft. 
e, as in there, where, is represented by a. 
i, as in stir, irk'some, is represented by ft. 
i, as in e-lix'ir (unaccented), is represented by e. 
i, as in ma-chine, mo-bile', is represented by e. 
o, as in move, do, to, is represented by do. 
o, as in wom'an, wor'sted, is represented by do. 
o, as in come, hon'ey, is represented by ft. 
o, as in word, worse, is represented by ft. 
u, as in true, sure, is represented by oo. 
u, as in pull, su'gar, is represented by do. 




Diphthongs. 

ay.aYSipfcy,} have the sound of a - 


au, as in haul, 
aw, as in law, 

ai, as in aisle," 
ay, as in aye, 


> have the sound of 6. 
have the sound of I. 


au, as in laugh, has the sound of a. 


ea, as in steak, 1 

ei, as in veil, [ have the sound of a. 
ey, as in they, J 

ea, as in learn, has the sound of ft. 


ea, as in steam, 
ee, as in meet, 
ei, as in seize, 
eo, as in peo'ple, 
ey, as in key, 

ei, as in height, 
ey, as in eye. 


have the sound of e. 


have the sound of I. 


eu, as in feud, 
ew, as in new, 


have the sound of ft. 


eu, as in rheum, "1 
ew, as in threw, / 


have the sound of oo. 




A Guide to Pronunciation 


xxi 


ew, as m sew, has the sound of 6. 
ie, as in yield, has the sound of e. 
ie, as in tie, has the sound of I. 
oa, as in foam, ] 


have the sound of 6. 


oe, as in doe, 
oo, as in door, 
ow, as in blow, J 

oy, as in toy, has the sound of oi. 
oo, as in boot, is marked do, long, 
oo, as in foot, is marked do, short, 
ou, as in soup, has the sound of do. 
ou, as in could, has the sound of do. 
ow, as in prowl, has the sound of ou. 


Consonants. 

Certain consonants are used to indicate other special consonant sounds. 
Thus: 


f tch, as in catch. 

ch, as in chase, is used to indicate \ ti, as in question. 

[ te, as in righteous, 
ph, as in physician, 
gh, as in cough. • 

f gu, as in guest, 
j gue, as in plague. 
( gh, as in ghastly. 

gz is used to indicate x, as in ex-ist, ex-ample, 
hw is used to indicate wh, as in when, where. 

g, as in gem (soft g). 


f, as in feel, is used to indicate 

g, as in good (hard g ), is used to indicate 


j, as in joy, is used to indicate 


k, as in kept, is used to indicate < 


gi, as in religion, 
ge, as in pigeon, 
di, as in soldier, 
dge, as in judge. 

( ch, as in chorus (hard ch). 
c, as in cure (hard c). 
ck, as in back. 

( qu, as in conquer. 


kh is used to indicate the German ch, as in loch. 

ks is used to indicate x, as in sex, extra. 

kw is used to indicate qu, as in inquire. 

n is used to indicate gn, as in design. 

n, as in bank, function, is used before hard g or k. 

h is used to indicate French nasal n or m , as in enfant. 


. . , • /is used when g is soft, 

ng, as m long, singer, j indicates gue, as in tongue. 

r, as in red, is used to indicate rh, as in rheumatism. 



A Guide to Pronunciation 


xxii 


S, as in seem (sharp s), is used to indicate 


sh, as in show, is used to indicate 


c, as in center (soft c). 
_ sc, as in science. 

[ ss, as in miss. 

ch, as in machine, 
ce, as in ocean. 

ci, as in racial, 
sci, as in conscience, 
si, as in version, 
ss, as in issue. 

w ti, as in motion, 
ed, as in stopped, 
th, as in thyme. 


t, as in try, is used to indicate 

th is used to indicate th, as in thin, thick. 

th is used to indicate th, as in soothe, they. 

v, as in vain, is used to indicate f, as in of. 

, . • j. , f s, as in rise (soft s). 

z, as in gaze, is used to indicate | x ’ ^ ^ Xe rxes. _ 


zh is used to indicate 


z, as in azure, 
zi, as in glazier, 
s, as in measure, 
si, as in provision, 
g, as in rouge. 













A DICTIONARY OF THE 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE 


A, a 


Aar 


(a or d), adj. and indef. art. (contraction 
> •* of an), one; any: used before words 
beginning with a consonant or the sound of 
h: prep, to; in; into; as, once a month; 
to go a-Maying. 

~(ar un), n. in the Bible, the brother 
-UJ .1 D f Moses; the first high priest of 
the Hebrews.—Exodus iv, sq. 

a V.n r 1r (a-bak'), adv. backward: said of 
-uaun. sails when pressed back against 
the mast: used frequently with taken to 
mean disconcerted; as, he was taken aback 
when he was 
refused 
tance. 


admit- 


' {sN 

deviceforcount-1 
consisting | 
of beads or balls s 
strung on wires | 
or rods set in a ^ 
frame; the top 


ab - a - cus 

(&b'd-kus), ?i. a I 
ing, consisting ts 



Abacus 

section of the canital of a column or pillar, 
p Uoff (a-baft'), adv. and prep, a nautical 
a-ua.lL term: at, towards, or in the direc¬ 
tion of the stern or back part of a ship; 
astern. 

p h»n Hrvn (o-ban'dun), v.t. to give up 
a-uau.-u.ui-i entirely; as, the sailors were 
forced to abandon the sinking ship; to desert 
or forsake; to give up all claim to: n. freedom 
of manner; dash; careless ease. 

Syn., v. leave, forsake, desert, renounce, 
relinquish, quit, forego, let go. 

Ant. (see keep, cherish). 

n Ko vi il ac p A (d-ban dund), p.adj. for- 
a-uaii-uunou saken, deserted, given up 

entirely; shameless; wicked. 

a hpn rirm mprit (d-ban'dun-ment), n. 
a-DHIl-UOIl-IIlcIll total desertion; ab¬ 
sence of self-restraint or control. 
a (d-bas'), v.t. to humble or degrade; 

d-Udoc to take away self-pride; to cast 
down, as in rank or office; to dishonor. 

•a finch (o-bash'), v.t. to put to shame; to 
a-Uctoll disconcert; to humiliate. 

Syn. bewilder, confuse, shame, embarrass. 
Ant. (see embolden). 

n hn+P» (d-bat'), v.t. to lessen; suppress: 
a-fja 1C v to decrease; moderate; sub¬ 
side; as, the storm abates. 

Syn. decrease, diminish, lessen, moderate, 
reduce. 

Ant, (see continue, increase). _ 


p hpfp mpnt (d-bat'ment), n. decrease;a 
<a.-ua.LC-iiiCiiL lessening, as of grief or pain. 

«h p tic (ab'a-tls; 1 e. a"ba"te'), n. a bar¬ 
er u-a.-lio ricade or defense of felled trees 
with the branches pointing outward; in 
modern warfare, a barbed wire entanglement. 
Also, abattis. 

p hpf fnir (a"ba"twar'), n. a building in 
a-uai-iuu which animals are slaughtered 
and their meat prepared for use. 

Ah hp (ab'd), n. father; a title of a bishop, 
nu ' ua used in some far Eastern churches; 
a name for God found in the New Testament; 
as, “And he said, Abba, Father, all things 
are possible unto thee.”—Mark xiv. 36. 
ph h£ (a'ba), n. an abbot; a title of a 
dU-UC p r i e st or theological scholar in the 
Roman Catholic Church. [Fr.] 
ph hpQQ (ab'es), n. the head of a nunnery, or 
dU-UCoo community o. women devoted toa 
religious lire; a mother superior in a convent, 
ph hpv (Sb'D.n. [pi. abbeys (-iz)], an insti- 
au-u\zy tution where persons of either sex 
live apart from the world and devote them¬ 
selves to a religious life; the building in whi< h 
they live; a monastery, or religious community 
of men; a nunnery, or religious community of 
women; the church of either, 
ph hnf (ab-ilt), n. the head of a monastery, 
clU-uul or community of men devoted to a 
religious life; a father superior, 
ph hrp Tri (d-bre'vi-at), v.t. to short- 

au-ui. c-vi-atc en> as by contraction of a 

word, as Dec. for December. 
p k krp -iri p +■J n-n (d-bre"vi-a'shun), n. 
au-ul c-Vl-d-LlUIl the shortened or con¬ 
tracted form of a word or phrase, as U. S. A. 
for United States of America. 
ph fH rpfp (ab'dl-kat), v.t. to give up or 
au-ui-uaic withdraw from; as, the king 
was forced to abdicate his throne in favor of 
his cousin. 

oVk rit C'O +J/vr» (ab"di-ka'shun), n. the act 
du-Gl-Cci-llUli G f giving up an office. 

power or authority, right or trust. 

Q u A rnon (ab-do'men), n. the lower 
dU-UU-lllcil cavity of the body, contain¬ 
ing the digestive organs* 

ph rlrvm i npl (ab-ddm'i-nal), adj. per- 
d.U-UUiII-1-lla.i taimng to the lower cav¬ 
ity of the body. 

ph rhirt (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry off by 
dU-Lluoi stealth or force; to kidnap. 

oh rhir finn (ab-duk'shun), n. the act of 
aU-UUG-tlUll carrying off wrongfully; 

kidnaping. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh ==z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 

























abeam 


2 


Abraham 


or 

a 


a hpflm (a-bem'), adv. a nautical term: 

, opposite the middle part of a 

ship’s side, and in line with its main-beam; 
in a direction at right angles to the keel of a 
ship; as, we had the wind abeam. 
p KfifJ (d-bSd'), adv. in bed; as, the sluggard 
a ‘ ucu is still abed when the sun is high; to 
bed; on a bed. 

A hoi (a'b§l), n. in the Bible, the son of 
Adam and Eve, slain by his brother 
Cain.—Genesis iv. 

ah Pr Ti 1 tirvn (S-b'er-a'shfin), n. a wan- 
^lU-ci-xa-UUU dering from the right 

way, especially from truth; error; mental 
disorder.— padj. aberrant. 
q Kp+ (“"bet'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. abetted, 
a ' ucl p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid 
or assist in doing an act, usually of a criminal 
nature.—n. abetter, abettor. 

Syn. aid, assist, countenance, sanction, 
support, uphold. 

Ant. (see hinder, impede). 

p hpv jitipp (d-ba'&ns), n. a holding 
a-UC^-cUlbC keeping back for a time; 
holding over; temporary inactivity, 
ph Vinr (S-b-hor'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. abhorred, 
, , p.pr. abhorring], to shrink from 

with horror, dread, or disgust; to hate; to 
loathe. 

Syn. despise, detest, dislike. 

Ant. (see admire, approve). 
oK Tinf TPTIPP (ab-hor'ens), n. a feeling 

ao-nor-rence ofs t rojlghatred . i oa thing. 

oft lint* TPtvf" (ab-hor'ent), adj. hateful, 
cxw-xxv/x-x^xxi. repulsive; repugnant. 

p hidp (tt“bld'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. abode, 
v -' pr • abiding], to wait for; put up 
with; tolerate: v.i. to dwell, reside, remain; 
as, “Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot 
be saved. ’—Acts xxvii. 31. 

Syn. dwell, lodge, remain, sojourn, stop, 
reside, live. 

Ant. (see abandon, depart). 
a hid jnor (o-bid'ing), p.adj. remaining; 

7 p staying; steadfast; as, an 
abiding faith; abiding purpose; abiding love, 
p hil t +Tr (a-bn'I-tl), n. power or capacitv 
, 7, , to do or act; mental gifts; 

skill; talent.^ 

oft ipef (ab'jekt), adj. cast down; ignoble; 

... J cringing; mean; low; hopeless; as, 
abject poverty.— adv. abjectly. — n. abjectness, 
oft iiifp (ab-joor'), v.t. to renounce or give 
„ 'J U1C up upon oath; to recant; to 
disavow; withdraw formally from; as, to 
abjure allegiance to a king, 
ph la tivP (ab'ki-tlv), n. one of the cases 
*77 a tAVC of Latin nouns, expressing 
chiefly separation or removal. 

a hlfl 7 P (d-blaz'), adj. and adv. on fire; 

, Uld£C well alight; in a blaze; eager; 
In a state of excitement; ardent, 
p ft] p (a'bl), adj. possessed of power, fitness, 
^ , or m eans; as, he is not able to pay 

so much; competent; as, he is an able lawyer - 
vigorous, active, strong.— adv. ably. 

a-ble-bod-ied ( S $>i s bsd*id), ad j ph yS |_ 

a. UJLC uuu. 1CU Ca lly strong and sound; 
capable or efficient_for duty. 

a-bloom ». adj- and adv. in 

u blossom or m flower; blooming. 

ab-lu-tion §**%%*& 

ceremomal washing doneas a religious duty. 

ab-ne-^afp (&b'ni§-gat), v.t.to refuse (any- 
a.u lie gait: thing) to oneself; to deny 

and reject; give up or surrender. 

ab-ne-^a-tion (ah-nS-ga'shfin), n. self- 
, AAC o a LAU1A sacrifice; denial; a giv- 
lng up. 


hatred or 
shame. 


flh nnr mfll (ab-nor'm&l), adj. irregu- 
jar; deformed; unnatural; 
out of the common; not conforming to rule 
or type.— adv. abnormally.— n. abnormality, 
o hnard (u-bordO, adv. on or within a 
a-uuaiu ship or railroad train: used also 
in the command to enter a ship or train; as. 
“All aboard!" 

o hndp (0-bod'), n. a place of continued 
a-uuuc residence; a dwelling; a habita¬ 
tion; a home; residence generally. 

P hoi fch (a-bol'Ish), v.t. to do away 
ct-uui-lbll with; put an end to; as, the 

Civil War abolished slavery. 

Syn. destroy, end. 

Ant. (see continue, renew). 

ah Ct 1i tirvn (ab"6-nsh'fin), n. the act of 
*x*x-v-xx-i,xuxi destroying or doing away 

with; extinction; the state of being done 
away with; the annulment or ending of 
decrees, rites, customs, etc. 

of) o 1i firm ict (ab'ft-llsh'fin-lst), n. one 
ctU-U-II-llUIl-lbl who is m favor of doing 

away with some law or custom; one of those 
who, during the Civil War, believed that 
negro slavery should be ended. 

3.-bom 1 na hip .(^-bbm'I-na-bl), adj. 

a. UUJ.11 1 lla-Ulc hateful; odious; of¬ 
fensive; unclean; xWe.-^dv. abominably. 
a-bom-i-na+P (a-bom'I-nat), v.t. to re- 

a uuiii l Halt; gard Wlth f eedn g s of dis _ 

gust or hatred; to abhor. 

a-bom-i na tinri (G-bdm'Tr-na'shfin), n 
a. uuiii i iia-liUIl excessive hatred n, 

disgust; anything vile or hateful. 

Syn. nuisance, annoyance, offense. 

Ant. (see blessing, delight). 

ab-o-rie-i-nal adj. ongi- 

*7 , 7® aA nal; first; existing from 

the beginning: n. one of the class of animals 
or plants which have originated or had their 
beginning in a certain place. 

ab-0-rip--i-npq (ab"6-rlj'l-nez), n.pl. the 
f U , U A ° 1 first or earliest inhabi¬ 

tants of a country; the native animals or 
plants of any part of the^ world. 

a-bor-tion n. a premature 

a. uui null birth; any fruit which fails 

to mature; any failure to complete what has 
been begun. 

a-bor-tive (®~ b6 ^tlv), adj. born too soon; 

. V . AAVC imperfectiy developed; fall¬ 
ing; fruitless. 

a-bound (G~ b ?und'), v.i. to have in plenty 
, UAAU or abundance; to exist in great 
numbers or quantity: followed by in or with- 
as, the sea abounds with fish. 

a-botlf (?-b°ut'), adv. around; on every 
... nearly; near to: in a reversed 

position; half around; as, about face; in- 
tending, as, he was about to go; in rotation; 
as, turn about is fair play: prep. Concerned in : 

^i m 7!T he T e . near 7^ a11 around; over; beside; 
relating to; as L the story was about animals. 

a-bove i a " b u v h adv \. in a hi ^her place; 

77 .7 overhead; in heaven; before, espe¬ 
cially in a book or writhig; as, from what has 
been said above: prep, superior to; as, to be 
a6o»e doing,a mean thing; beyond; in excess 
of, as, happiness above measure. 

a-bove-board <®.- bbv ' b °rd'), adj. and 
trickery ° PeDly: without 

ab-Lfl d P (^h-rad'), v.t. to wear or rub awav; 

, to remove, as by friction; to 
corrode, as by acids. 

A-bra-ham (£' br a-h&m), n. in the Bible. 

tt . flrs^.great patriarch of 

*11 -"Shrews: founder of the race: originally 
called Abram. —Genesis, xi. sa. _ y 


ate, senate, rare,^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, st6p, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 








abrasion 


3 


abusive 


ab-Tfl Qlftn (&b-ra zhun), n. a wearing or 
ia oiuil rubbing away, as of stones by 
running water, or coins by constant handling 

o llfpkpet (a-brest'), adv. side by side; in 
tt Ul CdM the ]ine with . opposite to . att] 

same level. 

a hri (a-’bre'), n. an undergroxmd retreat, 
, such as a cellar, dugout, etc., used as 
place of refuge during bomb attacks by 


enemy airplanes. [Fr.J w 

a lyriHfrp (a-brlj'), v.t. to shorten; con 
a unugc dense; as, to abridge a die 
tionary. 

a-bridfr rnpnt (fl“brlj'm6nt), n. a short¬ 
en e ned form of a book 

etc.; a shortening^ a small reproduction. 

3-broad adv • widely; beyond 

y a the limits of house or country; 
out of doors; out of the country or to a for¬ 
eign country. 

oK ffi otq+p (&b'r6-gat), v.t. to abolish, 
au-iu-gaic annul, or repeal by authority; 


to do away with.— n. abrogation. 

ah rirnt (^b-rupt'), adj. broken; ending 
A ujJt suddenly; steep; as, an abruvt 
cliff; precipitous; unceremonious or discour¬ 
teous; unconnected; sudden.— adv. abruptly. 
— n. abruptness. 

Ah «;a Inrn (Sb'sd-lSm), n. in the Bible, 
the favorite but rebellious 
son of David.—2 Samuel xviii. 

ah QfPCC (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses (-ez)], 
au-ovcoo a collection of pus in the tissues 
of the body; a boil. 

ah crrvnd (&b-sk6nd'), v.i. to flee or retire 
au-ocunu in haste from one’s residence 
or post of duty; quit the country in secret; 
to hide oneself; to disappear, often to avoid 
arrest. 

Sun. run off, steal away, 
ah Qpr»r<» (ab'sens), n. the state or period 
a.u'-ocuvxC °f being away; failure to be 
present; inattention; as, absence of mind, 
ah cprif (S,b-sent'), v.t. to withdraw or 
au .keep (oneself) away from: adj. 
(fib'sent), not present; away; unoccupied. 

Syn., adj inattentive, listless, dreamy; ab¬ 
stracted. 

Ant. (see present). 

ah QPti tpp (ab'sen-te'), n. one who Is 
ao-acn-icc away or keeps away pur¬ 
posely from home or duty. 

ah cpnt 1v (ab'sent-11), adv. in an ab- 
au-ocm-ijf stracted manner; Inatten¬ 
tively; forgetfully. 

ah cpnt-minH prl (ab'sent=mln'ded), 
dU-bCHl minu-eu ad p forgetful; inat¬ 
tentive; abstracted, 
ah on liifp (ab's6-lut), adj. free 
aU-oU-lUlc condition; perfect; 
despotic, applied to a system of government 
in which the ruler is free to act unrestrained by 
any law; positive; unlimited.— adv. abso¬ 
lutely. —n. absoluteness. 

Syn. supreme, arbitrary, unequalized. 

oh cn In firm (^b'scS-lu'shun), n. the act 
dU-bO-lU-llUIl of forgiving or freeing 

from the consequences of sin; the declaring 
an accused person innocent of a charge; for¬ 
giveness of sins in the sacrament of penance, 
ah cnlvp (ab-solv'), v.t. to release or set 
au-auivc free; clear of crime or guilt; to 
forgive. 

Syn. pardon, release, clear, acquit. 

Ant. (see condemn, bind). 

ah enrh (&b-sorb'), v.t. to drink in; suck 
ttu-ouiu or swallow up; as, a sponge 
absorbs water; to engross or engage wholly. 
Syn. consume, swallow, take in, engross. 
Ant. (see emit, dissipate). 


ah corh pnt (ab-sor'bent), n. anything 
dU-bUiU-ent which drinks, soaks. 


or 

as. 


takes, in: adj. swallowing or taking in; 
absorbent cotton. 

ab-sorh inp- ( a b-s6rb'Ing), p.adj. taking 
a.u oui U itig, or drmkmg in; engaging 

wholly, as the attention. 

ah Qnm ti’nn (ab-sorp'shiin), n. the proc- 
dU-bUip-llUIl ess or act of taking in, 
imbibing, or swallowing up; the mental state 
of being entirely occupied with, 
ph cfoin (ab-stan'), v.i. to do without; 
du-o iaui refrain; hold aloof; keep away 
from; as, to abstain from the use of to¬ 
bacco. 

ah Q+arri pr (ab-stan'er), n. one who 
aw-oiam-ci voluntarily goes without; 
especially, one who gives up intoxicants; a 
teetotaler. 

ah dtp mi rmc (ab-ste'ml-us), adj. mod- 
aU-olc-llil-UUo erate and sparing in the 

use of food and drink; temperate.— adv. abste¬ 
miously. —n. abstemiousness. 

ah eft npnrp (ab'stl-nens),n.self-denial; 
au olMlciltC partial or total giving up 
of food or drink. 

Syn. moderation, sobriety, temperance. 

Ant. (see excess, intemperance), 
ah Q+rart (ab'strakt), n. a summing up of 
au-ouaci the principal parts of a larger 
work: v.t. (ab-strakt'), to take or draw away; 
separate; purloin or steal; to reduce to a 
summary; separate from and consider apart: 
adj. considered apart; as, abstract truth; 
ideal; expressing a quality apart from any 
subject; as, abstract words. 

Syn., v. detach, remove, separate, with¬ 
draw, divert. 

Ant. (see restore, complete). 
oh ctrflcf pH (ab-strakt'6d), p.adj. ab- 
au-ouaci-cu sent-minded; separated 
from other things.— adv. abstractedly. 

oh Q+rflr firm (ab-strak'shiin). n. with- 
dU-b irdC-IlOIl drawal, as of the mind 

from any object, or a quality from a thing of 
which it is- a part; absence of mind; dis¬ 
honest removal; theft; something unreal. 

o h c+rn ct 1 tt (ab-strakt'll), adv. sepa- 
dU-btrdOI-iy rately; by itself. 

oh pirnc p (ab-stroos'), adj. obscure; hid- 
au-ouuoc den; hard to understand. — 
adv. abstrusely. —n. abstruseness, 
oh qurH (ab-surd'), adj. contrary to rea- 
au-ouiu son or sense; ridiculous; untrue. 
— adv. absurdly. —n. absurdness. 

Syn. foolish, incorrect, monstrous, senseless, 
wild, nonsensical. 

Ant. (see consistent, sensible). 

j° flh <51 irfl i tv (ab-sur'dl-ti), n. [pi. absur- 
flxed; dU-bUi U-l-iy Cities (-tlz)J, the state of 

being ridiculous; want of common sense; 
that which is contrary to reason or sense. 

a hun HfltirP (o-bun'dans), n. plenty; 
a. uuu uauec an overflowing quantity; 
profusion. 

a hiin Hant (d-bun'dant), adj. ample; 
-DUn-aani plentiful; sufficient. — adv. 

abundantly. 

o hii5P (a-bus'), n. ill-treatment; insulting 
a-uuoc speech; the excessive, extreme, or 
improper use of anything; as, abuse of privi¬ 
leges; insult; v.t. (a-buz'), to use improperly; 
treat rudely or wrongfully; to defile or vio¬ 
late; use violent or insulting language towards; 
upbraid. 

Syn. v. revile, vilify, reproach, defame, 
slander, malign, traduce, ill-use. 

Ant. (see praise). 

P hll oi vp (a-bu'slv), adj. wrongly used; 
CL ~ uu,-OAv c ill-natured; using harsh words; 


boot, foot; found; boil function; chase; good; joy; then, thick ;hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









abut 


acclimation 


corrupt; as, an abusive use of power.— adv. 
abusively. — n. abusiveness. 
n Kilt (a-but'), v.i. \p.t. and p.p. abutted, 
a-uui p.pr. abutting], to border upon; 

touch at one end; terminate or end: with CCpt B. bil i ty 


on, upon, against. 


Nova 



<a Vyiif rnPTlt (a-but'ment), n. that which 
u u i-iucii t borders upon something else; 
the supporting structure at the end of an 
arch or bridge. 

o Hvcc (a-bls'), n. great depth of water or 
a " u J DS space; a bottomless gulf, 
n (a-ka'shd), n. the plant yielding 

a-va-ua gum arabic and other gums; a 
thorny yellow-flowering plant of the bean 
family. 

op o rlom t r (ak'd-dern'Oc), n. a college 
a ^ha-ao student or member of a 
university: adj. scholarly; literary; theoreti¬ 
cal not practical. Also, academical. 

o rac\ p m\T (d-kad'4-mi), n. a private 
a.-V/a.u.-c-iiA < y school or seminary for the 
teaching of the higher branches of education; 
a school for instruction in special subjects; 
an association or society of men famous in 
literature, science, and art; a building devoted 
to educational purposes. 

A ret Hi an (d-ca'dl-an), adj. of or per- 
-Ld.-U.l-dn. taining to Acadia 
Scotia: n. a native of Acadia. 

a pori "flii(d-kan'thus), n. a 
-tall liluo plant of southern 
Europe characterized by prickly 
leaves. In Greek art the leaves 
are frequently used as models in 
decorating the tops of pillars, etc., 
especially the Corinthian pillar. 

ftr ppHp (ak-sedO, v.i. to agree . 
ab-tCUc or yield; as, to accede -Acanthus 

to some request; to succeed, as to a throne. 

Syn. assent, consent, acquiesce, comply 
with, coincide, concur, approve. 

Ant. (see protest). 

op pp n+p (ak-sel'er-at), v.t. to hasten; 
at-V/Ci-ci-aic to cause to move or ad¬ 
vance faster; to quicken the speed of; to 
bring nearer in time. 

Syn. hurry, expedite. 

ar r*c»| cxr a firm 'ak-sel-er-a'shun , n. 
aC-CCl-Ct -ex -null tbe act of increasing 

speed; the state of being increased in speed; 
the rate of increase of velocity. 

op rpl pr a fnr (ak-sei er-a"ter), n. one 
dU-V/Cl-Cl-d-Lul who, or that which, in¬ 
creases speed; any method in photography to 
shorten the time of exposure; any mechanical 
attachment or device for increasing speed; as, 
the accelerator of an automobile, 
op pppf (ak'sent), n. the stress laid bv the 
voice upon a particular syllable of 
a word, so as to render it more prominent 
than the rest; a mark or character used in 
writing and printing to show the proper 
pronunciation of a word; a peculiarity of 
utterance or expression distinguishing the 
language of different parts or districts of the 
same country or of a foreign country; the 
emphasis placed^ upon certain notes of a bar 
of music: v.t. (ak-sent'), to express the em¬ 
phatic syllable in, or denote the vocal division 
of, a word by stress or modulation of the 
voice; to pronounce; mark the stressed 
syllable of a word by use of a sign; dwell 
upon or emphasize, as a passage of music. 

op ppti fii qtA (ak-s6n'tu-at>, v.t. to em- 
ac-ccn-iu die phasize in speaking or 
writing; to lay stress upon.—n. accentuation. 
or* po n f (ak-sept'), v.t. to take or receive 
a PP r <>val, a« a gifr, or an 
office; to agree to, or acquiesce in; as, to accent 


an excuse; to recognize as true; to agree to 
pay; as. to accept a draft. 

Syn. receive, take, admit. 

Ant. (see refuse). 

(ak-sep^td-bll'I-ti), n. 
_ „ the quality of being 

welcome or agreeable. Also, acceptableness. 

pppf o (ak-sep'ta-bl), adj. pleas- 

ai/-cc[n-a-uic ing; welcome: agreeable; 
as, an acceptable gift.-— adv. acceptably. 

<1 r* pp-nf onrp (ak-sep tans), n. the act of 
dC-Ct,pL-dJ.ILc taking what is offered; a 
receiving with approval; agreement to pay a 
note, or bill of exchange. 

ar re*n \a firm (ak'sep-ta'shun), n. an 
cio-vcpp-let-tittn assent to an opinion or 

belief; the meaning in which a word or state¬ 
ment is generally understood. 
ar ppnf or (ak-sep'ter), n. in commerce, 
the person who receives a bill 
of exchange.^ Also, acceptor, 
op ppco (ak'ses), n. admittance or approach 
at-tcoo to a person or place; means of 
approach or admission; as, the access to 
a building; addition or increase, as of land, 
op ppo cq vtt (ak-ses'a-ri), n. one who, or 
a.u-t/Co-oa.-ijr that which, aids in an action; 
an accompaniment: adj. contributing. Also, 
accessory.— adv. aecessarily. 

ar re *Q oi 1-»i1 \ +*r (ak-ses'I-bH'I-tl), n. 

the condition of being 

easily reached. 

ar re*<z ci Klo (ak-ses'I-bl), adj. capable 
avz-t/Co-oi-uic of being approached; easy 

to be reached; attainable. 
ar re*<2 cirm (ak-sesh'un), n. a coming to, 
as by succession or by right; 
as, the accession of a prince to the throne; 
the acquirement of property by improve¬ 
ment, growth, or labor expended. 

ar ppo ca 1 -T 7 - (ak-ses'o-rl), [pi. accessories 
ab-V/Co-oU-lj (-rlz)J, adj.aidinga design or 
assisting a chief agent; contributory; addi¬ 
tional; aiding in a crime: n. one who, or that 
which, aids the principal agent; one who, 
though not present, aids or abets in a crime 
either before or after its commission; an 
agent or accomplice. Also, accessary. 

Syn., n. abetter, ally, confederate, helper. 
Ant. (see hinderer, opponent). 

ar r t Hpnf (ak'si-dent), n. an unexpected 
ac-ci-ucm or unforeseen event, generally 
unfortunate. 

Syn. incident, adventure, chance. 

Ant. (see certainty, calculation). 

ar rt Hp-ri tfll (&k*sl-den'tal), adj. hap- 
•XL pemng by chance or unex¬ 

pectedly; casual; as, an accidental meeting- 
connected with, but not necessarily belonging 
to; nonessential; incidental: n. that which 
happens unexpectedly; a sign used in music 
to lower or raise the note before which it is 
placed.— n. aecidentalness. 

ar pi Hpti +o1 1 v (ak'sl-den'tS.l-I), adv. in 
aG-Ld-Ueil-lcU-iy a casual manner; unex¬ 
pectedly. 

ar rliiim (&-klam'), v.i. to shout applause: 
at-Udiill n> a shout of joy or praise. 

a c p]f5 TY\a ■f-iryn (ak"ld-ma'shun), n. a 
S' GId.-IIld.-ll.OIl s bout of applause, or 

other demonstration of hearty approval; an 
outburst of joy, or praise; the adoption of a 
resolution by oral -pte. 

ar Hi ma+e* (a-kli'mSt), v.t. to accustom 
aG-Gll-llld.lt; to different or foreign con¬ 
ditions of temperature, moisture, etc.; to 
adapt- to new conditions of temperature 
moisture, etc. Also, acclimatize. 

ac-cli tna firyn (&k"ll-ma'shfin), n. the 
liicL llUI1 process of becoming used 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










acclimatize 


to new or different conditions of temperature, 
moisture, etc. Also, acclimatization. 

ac-cli-ma-tize te-kii'ma-tiz), v.t. and 

V.t. to accustom, or be¬ 
come accustomed, to new or foreign condi¬ 
tions of temperature, moisture, etc.: said of 
plants or animals^ Also, acclimate. 

aC-CliV-i-tv ’ n • IP** acclivities 

. . v (-tlz)J, an ascent or upward 

slope of the earth, as the side of a hill. 

aC-CO-lade (^k^la-d'; ak"8-lad'), n. the 
. . , , , salutation used in conferring 

km 0 hthood, formerly a kiss or embrace, now 
usually the tap on the shoulder with the flat 
blade of the sword: in France, when the 
croix de guerre or other award of honor is 
given, the accolade is a kiss on each cheek. 
aC-Ofim mn rlfif#* (2<-k6m'6-dat), v.t. to 

7X mo-uaie adapt or make flt or 

suitable; to adjust, settle; supply or furnish; 
do a favor to; to lend money for the con¬ 
venience of a borrower. 

Syn. serve, oblige, adapt, flt, suit. 

Ant. (see disoblige, impede). 

ac -com : mo-dat-ing 

ing; of a yielding disposition; adapting one¬ 
self to the desires of others. 

ac-eom-mo-da-tion 

tion or adjustment; that which supplies a 
want or desire; lodging; a loan of money, as 
a favor: accommodation paper, notes, or 
bills of exchange, not actual sales. 

ac-com-pa-ni-ment men k t? m n pd thlt 

which goes with; something which is added 
to the principal thing by way of ornament, or 
for the sake of harmony; as, the violin and 
harp were a pleasing accompaniment to the 
voice of the singer. 

fic com_r»a riv (W** ni, P°~ n b> v to &° 
aL-lsUlll-pa-liy with; to escort; join in 

movement or action; in music, to supply 
the instrumental background for a voice, a 
chorus, or another instrument.— n. accom¬ 
panist. 

pp f'/’vm Til if*P* (^-kSm'plIs), n. an associ- 
ao-vom-^iU/C ate or companion in crime. 

Syn. confederate, accessory, abettor, assist¬ 
ant, ally. 

Ant. (see adversary). 

ctr mm nlicVi (a-k5m'pllsh), v.t. to bring 

ac-com-pusn. to pass; to comp i c te; to 

finish. 

Syn. effect, execute, achieve, perfect. 

ac com plished 

finished; perfected; possessed of social quali¬ 
fications. 

ac - com-plish-ment £5s£?. m '„ B 1 ts t fe 

completion of an act or undertaking; fulfil¬ 
ment; attainment; skill in some art. 

Syn. qualification, acquirement, 
o p f*f^Y*ff (a—kord ), v.t. and v.i. to agree; 
ab-V/Uiu ori ve; grant; as, to accord due 
praise; to adjust or bring to agreement; to be 
in harmony; to agree in pitch and tone: n. 
agreement; unison; harmony. 

Syn., v. grant, allow, admit. 

Ant. (see deny). 

51 f* 5 J-nr*fi (a-kor'dSns), n. agree- 

ac-LUiu.-dAii^c me nt; harmony; as, his 

acts were in accordance with his belief. 

q c r*/vt*rl q Tvf* (a-kor'dant), adj. corre- 
<lC-CUlU.-a.llL sponding; of the same 

mind. 

op rnr(\ in O' (S-kord'Tng), p.adj. agreeing; 

harmonizing: adv. in asrree- 


accurate 


ment with; accordingly; agreeably; 
acted according to his belief. 


as, he 



ac-cord-inp’ lv (a-kord'ing-11) adv. in 
ac cuiu Ulg, ly agreement with; conse¬ 
quently; agreeably; as, he believed he was 
right and acted ac¬ 
cordingly. 

ac-cor-di- on 

(a-kor'dl-un), n. a 
small keyed musical 
ins trument which 
opens and shuts like 
a bellows, producing 
sound by the play of 
the wind upon free 
metallic reeds. Accordion 

51 r rnc+ (a-kost'), v.t. to speak to first; to 
ac-cuat salute; to greet; to address, 
op mi inf (S’-kount'), v.t. to reckon; com- 
a.o-ouuiii pute; count: v.i. to assign or 
give an explanation: with for; take into con¬ 
sideration; relate: n. a reckoning; a financial 
statement or memorandum; a narrative; 
anything in the form of a statement, written 
or verbal; reason or consideration; profit; 
estimation; importance. 

Syn. n. narrative, description, narration, 
recital, reckoning, bill, charge. 

ac-count-a-bil-i-ty 

ity for the carrying out of an obligation or 
trust. Also, accountableness. 

o r> rniirsf O Kick (a-koun'ta-bl), adj. an- 
ac-cuU 1 IL-a-UlC swerable; responsible; 

liable to be called to explain one’s actions.— 
adv. accountably. 

Syn. punishable, amenable. 

o/■* mun toti at. (a-koun^tan-sl), n. the 
au-uuuii-iaii-uy art or practice of one 
skilled in bookkeeping. 

or mitti totit (a-koun tant),n.oneskilled 
au-uuuil-iaill j n the keeping or exam¬ 
ination of books ^ an_expert bookkeeper. 

51 r mil (a-koo'ter), v.t. to dress; 

cxvy-v/uu-tci equip; to array in military 
dress; to outfit a soldier. Also, accoutre. 

ac-cou-ter-ments 

equipments or outfit. Also, accoutrements. 

51 f* rr&r I if (^-kred'It), v.t. to trust; to 
av/-ucu-n have confidence in; to author¬ 
ize; stamp with authority; send wdth cre¬ 
dentials, as an ambassador to a foreign coun¬ 
try; to believe and accept as true. 

51 r pro firvn (a-kre'shun), n. increase by 
au-Ul C-LIUll natural growth; as, the filling 
a channel by an accretion of shifting sand. 

51 f* rriip> (a-kroo'), v.i. to grow; to increase; 

uc come to, or happen naturally; 
to come or be added by increase, as interest 
on money lent. 

op pm! mil loto (S-ku'mfl-lat), v.t. to 
au-uu-lliu-iaie collect or bring together; 

amass; heap up: v.i. to increase in size, num¬ 
ber, or quantity; to add to. 

ac-cu-mu-la-tion 

lecting together; a heap. 

ac-cu-mu-la-tive Sntog 6 <ut 

posed to, collect or heap up; collective, 
or* f*n C‘\r (ak'li-m-si), n. the quality 
avz-^Li-Aa-uy 0 f being correct; exactness 
or precision. 

55 P P11 1*51+** (ak'u-rat), adj. conforming to 
av/-cu-iatc fact; free from error; precise. 
— adv. accurately. — n. accurateness. 

Syn. correct, exact, truthful. 

Ant, (see erroneous, careless). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 




















accursed 


acquit 


<5 


ar ntrcpH (a-kfirst; 5,-kur'sed), p.adj. 
aVz-tiuscu doomed to destruction; ruined; 
detestable. Also, accurst. _ ma 

n a a.. c!o tirtti (ak (i-za'shun), 71 . a charge 
du-uu-od-liuil of wrongdoing; a declara¬ 
tion of the commission of a crime or error. 

a (+ 00 "tixTCk (a-ku'zd-tlv), n. the ob- 

cio-uu.-oa.-u.vc jective case, denoting the 
object of tne verb or preposition. 
of> /'ll co fn i*Tr (a-ku'zd-to-rl), adj. per- 
a.o-ou-Od-lu-iy taining to, or containing, 
a charge of wrongdoing. Also, accusational, 
ar* otico (a-kuz), v.t. to charge with guilt 
dt-tUoc or blame; to And fault with. 
an rue pr (S.-kuz'er), n. one who formally 
dO-OUo-ci charges an offense against 
another. 

an r*iic tn-m (S.-kus'tum), v.t. to become 
do-ouo-LUlil familiar with by use; as, to 
accustom oneself to new conditions. 

an me trm-iArl (S.-kus'tumd), p.adj. fre- 
aV/-tua-iumcu quent; usual; often prac¬ 
ticed. 

npn (as), n. [pi. aces (-ez)], a unit; a card or 
dl ' c die marked with a single spot; a very 
small quantity; an earned point, in tennis or 
similar games; an aviator who has brought 
down at least five enemy airplanes. 
a rpr Hi +v (d-sQr'bl-tl), n. [pi. acerbities 
d-OCl-Ui-iy (-tlz)J, sourness, as of unrip 1 
fruit; sharpness; harshness or severity of 
temper or expression. 

an At an i HHp (as"et-an'I-i:d; -lid), n. 
ciu-cL-cixi.-i.-xi vac a pungent white powder: 

one of the coal tar products, used as a medi¬ 
cine to prevent or reduce fever. 

a ro fin nn i/\ (a-set'Ik as'Id). a clear 
-CC-Llo do-iu liquid, with a strong sour 
taste and peculiar sharp smell; the acid in 
vinegar. 

a rpf M 1a«a (o-set'I-len), n. a colorless 
a. tci jf-icnc gas produced by mixing 

water with calcium carbide: the most brilliant 
illuminating gas known, used extensively for 
lighting purposes and in working iron and steel, 
nnfip (ak), n. pain, more or less constant: 
done p.j. t. 0 suffer, or be in pain, bodily or 
mental; as, my tooth aches; my heart aches. 

a rVllAVA ( 0 -chevO, v.t. to perform, carry 
a-uueve out, accomplish; to gain or 
bring to a successful end by an effort: v.i. to 
bring about a desired result. 

Syn. do, accomplish, effect, fulfil, execute, 
gain, win. 

a ntiiAxrA tyi pti4* (a-chev'ment), n. a suc- 
v C-illClil cessful action; a great or 
heroic deed; something accomplished or car¬ 
ried out by boldness or unusual ability. 

A ntiil Iac (a-kirez), n. the greatest Greek 
■fX-V/llil-lCo hero of the Trojan War; hero 
of Homer’s Iliad. 

ork ino- (ak'Ing), p.adj. enduring or caus- 
a.oii-u.i£ ing pain; jiainful.— adv. achingly. 

opli * rnaf in (ak^ro-mat’Ik), adj. col¬ 
ei Oll-iu-llld 1-11/ orless: a term used in 

optical work to describe glass that transmits 
light without affecting its quality; as, the 
achromatic lens of a camera; in music, with¬ 
out accidentals or modulation. 
an \c\ ( as ' Id ). ad i sour, and sharp or biting 
ai/-iu. to the taste, as vinegar: n. a sour 
si bstan e, usually liquid; iin chemistry, that 
which combines with a base to form a salt. 

a «l|4 ; frr (d-sld'l-fp, v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and 
" A,AV 7 -1-J v p p. acidified, p.pr. acidifying], 


tart- 


to make or become sour; 

a-cid-i-ty 

an Irnourl pfJcp (ak-nol’ej), v.t. [p.t. and 
aC-KnOWl-eage P .p. acknowledged. 


to embitter. 
(d-sid'I-tl), n. sourness; 
ness. Also, acidness. 


Acorn 





p.pr. acknowledging], to admit or own to be 
true; to recognize; as, to acknowledge an ac¬ 
quaintance by bowing; to confess; to admit 
the receipt of; as, to acknowledge a letter. 

Syn. avow, grant, allow, concede. 

Ant. (see deny)- 

ac-knowl-edg-ment £4*" “S. 1 ' 

admission or recognition of a truth; con¬ 
fession; avowal; the expression of apprecia¬ 
tion of a favor or benefit conferred; a receipt. 
an mA (ak'me), n. the top; the highest 
dO-IIlc point; the crisis of a disease. 
an m 1ir+A (ak'5-lit), n. an attendant; an 
al-U-iyIc assistant; the boy who waits 
upon or serves a priest at the altar during 
the Mass. 

an n -nit a (ak'6-nit), n. a poisonous plant 
dc-U-llllc w ith blue or purple flowers, the 
monkshood being one of the family; a pain- 
soothing extract from the plant, especially 
used for fever or neuralgia, 
o rom (a'korn; a'kern), n. the seed or 
d-OUIli fruit of the oak; a small nut with its 
base held in a natural 
woody cup. 

a-cous-tic £nc?°t 

kous'tlk), adj. having to 
do with the sense of hear¬ 
ing; pertaining to the 
science of sound; as, we 
heard every word because 
of the unusual acoustic 
properties of the room. Also, acoustical. — adv. 
acoustically. 

a miic f]pr« (d-koos tiles; u-kous—tlks), n. 

-i/Uua-ii^a the science of sound; the 
study of the effects of sound upon the organs 
of hearing. 

an niiarnt (S-kwant'), v.t. to notify; 
ab-quallit make familiar with; furnish in¬ 
formation to; as, to acquaint oneself with 
facts. 

Syn. enlighten, make aware, make known, 
communicate. 

ac-quaint-ance Si k J an k„ 4 owkd" g 'e p Tr 

either persons or things; a person known to 
one, but with whom one is not very intimate. 
—n. acquaintanceship. 

op nrtainf Arl (a-kwan , t8d), p.adj. tav- 
a.o-qua.iui.-uu i n g personal or mutual 
knowledge. 

o /■» rtiii ac r*A ( a k wl-es), v.i. to agree by 
a^-tjui-cot-c not, objecting; to quietly 
comply or submit; to assent by silence: fol¬ 
lowed usually by in; as, to acquiesce in a policy 
determined upon.— adj. acquiescent. — adv. 
acquiescently. 

Syn. agree, accede, comply", consent. 

Ant. (see protest). 

op oil] oo AAtir*A ^k wl-Ss'ens), n. the 
do-qui-eb-ceiice actof submitting; 

silent assent. 

or* nil ita (a-kwir'), v.t. to gain or obtain 
a^uuc possession of, usually by one’s 
own physical or mental exertions; as, to 
acquire a habit. 

o c miirA mA-rit (a-kwir'ment), n. the 
dO qUII c-lllclll act 0 f gaining, as knowl¬ 
edge, skill, etc.; attainment; that which is 
gained. 

an mii ci +inn (ak'wl-zlsh'un), n. the 
dO-qui-ol-llUll ac t of gaining possession; 

as, the acquisition of property; a material 
possession gained by any means. 

(ci-kwlt'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. ac- 
pr. acquitting], to re- 
arge, as a debt; to nro- 


ar nn it (a-kwit'), 
du-quil quitted, p. 

lease; set free; discha 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, menu; 








acquittal 


nounce not guilty; as, the prisoner was 
acquitted. 

Syn. pardon, forgive, clear. 

Ant. (see condemn, convict). 

op niiit ti ll (Sr-kwIt'S. 1 ), n. the act of set- 
dG-quil-lcU ting free; the state of being 
set free; the judicial declaration of “not 
guilty.” 

aC-Ollit tfltlfP (a-kwlt'ans), n. a dis- 
a.\, 4 uil-lcU.IV/t; charge or release from 

debt or other liability; a receipt in full, or a 
written statement freeing one from further 
payment. 

„ rrf=k (a'ker), n. the measure of land con- 
a-v^ic taining 160 square rods, or 43,560 
square feet; a field. 

o efp o nrp (a'ker-ftj), s. the number of 
a-uc-agc acres in a tract of land; the 
entire quantity of land in a tract. 
fir riH (ak'rld), adj. sharp or bitter to the 
av/-xxvx taste, as vinegar; pungent; irri¬ 
tating; stinging: n. an acrid or irritant 
poison.— adv. acridly.—n. acridness. 

ac-ri-mo-ni-ous SSSSSSScV e tSg- 

ing: said of language or temper.— adv. acri¬ 
moniously. 

op ri tyi «tt (ak'rl-m 6 -nl), n. bitterness 
aG-ll-lllu-liy or severity of temper or 
speech. Also, acrimoniousness. 

Syn. sharpness, tartness, sourness,harshness. 
Ant. (see gentleness.^ courtesy). 
op rp y-»of (^k r&-bat), n. one who per- 
at-iu-uai forms daring gymnastic feats, 
such as tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, etc. 
— adj. acrobatic.— adv. acrobatically. 

a Pf*i-i-r» p lie (a-krop' 6 -Us), n. [pi. acropo- 
-trUp-O-US Uses (-ez); Gn.-leis (-11s)]. the 
highest part or citadel of a Grecian city, 
usually the site of the original settlement; 
as, the most splendid production of Greek 
art, the Parthenon, is on the acropolis of 
Athens. 

a prrkcc (a-kros'), adv. and prep, from side 
to side; crosswise; from one side 

to another. 

a rrr»Q fir (a-krSs'tlk), n. a composition, 
_A ' A vO-ug usually in verse, in which one 
or more sets of letters, taken in order, form a 
motto, phrase, name, or word, 
opf (akt), n. a deed; that which is done; 
<*■'*>*• the process of doing; a decree, edict, or 
law; as, many acts were passed by the legis¬ 
lature; the judgment of a court; a formal 
writing; one of the principal divisions of a 
drama or play: v.t. to perform or play, as on 
the stage; personate; feign: v.i. to exert force 
or energy; to behave; to do; to perform on 
the stage. 

Syn., n. action, achievement, exploit, feat, 
motion, work, effect. 

Ant. (see suspension, cessation), 
opf in a (ak'tlng), p.adj. operating; doing 
<xi/L-uig the duties of another, as those of 
an official; as, the acting chairman, 
op tinn (ak'shun), n. the state of being 
aV/-llUll ju motion, as opposed to that of 
being at rest; the doing of something; the 
effect of one body or substance upon another: 
only when singular; something done; con¬ 
duct; behavior: only when plural; a suit begun 
by one party against another in a court of law; 
the manner of a speaker, as his gestures, etc.; 
effective motion, as of machinery; a military 
or naval engagement. 

Syn. deed, achievement, feat, exploit, 
accomplishment, battle, engagement, de¬ 
portment. 

ar firm a KTo (Sk'shfin-d-bl), adj. giving 
aU-LlUll-q-UlC grounds for a lawsuit. 


adapt 


fir fivr* (ak'tlv), adj. having or using the 
av ’ uvc power or quality of motion or force; 
lively; busy; moving freely or quickly; in 
grammar, denoting the voice or form of the 
verb which represents the subject as a doer of 
something, and as exerting force on some¬ 
thing.— adv. actively. 

Syn. sprightly, alert, agile, nimble, brisk, 
quick, supple, prompt, vigilant, industrious. 

Ant. (see lazy i passive), 
op fi tt -I frT (ak-tlv'I-tl), n. [pi. activities 
aG-liv-l-ty (_tiz)], energy; quickness in 
doing; the quality of doing promptly; a 
mode of doing. Also, activeness, 
op frir (ak'ter), n. a doer; one who takes 
ciV/-tux the part of a character in a play; 
a theatrical or motion picture player. 
fir frpQC (&k'tres), n. a woman who per- 
at-uooo forms on the stage or before the 
camera. 

op f t1 «1 (ak'tti-al), adj. existing in fact; 
civ- tix-ctx real as opposed to merely possi¬ 
ble; present. 

Syn. positive, genuine, certain. 

Ant. (see fictitious). 

fir fii f\\ i f xt (ak"tfi-al'l-tl), n. [pi. actual- 
d.C-1u.-d.l-1-iy ities (-tlz)J, reality; fact; 
that which is in full existence, 
op +ii ol Itt (ak'tfi-al-I), adv. really; in 
ctV/-tu-cu-iy truth; as a matter of fact; 
as, he actually came at last. 

fir fii fl rv (ak'td-S-rl), n. [pi. actuaries 
du-tix-cx-xj (-rlz)], a registrar or clerk of a 
court; one who is skilled in computing life 
insurance, risks, premiums, etc. 
op ofo (ak'tti-at), v.t. to move or Incite 
«.v/-tu.-citc to effort; as, men ar e actuated 
by various motives^ to put into motion, 
o ri1 -mpn (fl-ku'mgn), n. quickness of 
a-v/u-xuuu perception; penetration; dis¬ 
crimination; keenness of insight. 

Syn. insight, keenness, sagacity, sharpness, 
cleverness. 

Ant. (see bluntness, stupidity), 
o pufd (a-kut), adj. sharp-pointed; men- 
d-V/ixtc tally keen; clever; quick of per¬ 
ception; severe, as pain or symptoms attend¬ 
ing a disease; high in pitch; shrill.— adv. 
acutely. 

Syn. shrewd, intelligent, penetrating, pierc¬ 
ing, keen. 

Ant. (see blunt or dull). 

a rilfp npcc (a-kut'nes), n. the quality 
a UUie-Hcbb 0 f being sharp; mental 
alertness; severity, as of pain or disease. 
flH oo-p (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb or 
civx-cigc pithy saying in current use; as, 
“a stitch in time saves nine.” 

A Hfl crin (o-da'jo), adj. and adv. in music, 
a-ua-gxo slow; slowly; with grace: n. a 
piece of music in which the movement is slow. 
Afl Am (ad'eim), n. in the Bible story of 
xxvx-cxxxx the creation, the first man.—Gene¬ 
sis ii. 

ft A a rnATlf (ad'a-mant), n. a real or 
a - VA_CA_AAAClAA '' imaginary stone of great 
hardness; any substance of extreme hardness, 
such as the diamond: adj. unyielding; hard. 

fid A TT»An find (ad'd-m&n'tln), adj. 
dU-d-man-line made of a very hard 

substance; impenetrable. 

Ad-am’s ap-ple SSSSJSSSjJS 

in the front of the throat, most noticeable in 
males. 

fl riflnt (d-dapt'). v.t. to make suitable; to 
<x-vxcipL conform to; as, to adapt oneself to 
conditions; remodel or fit by alteration; as, 
to adapt a story for the stage.— adj. adaptable. 
Syn. accommodate, suit, fit, conform. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







adaptability 


8 


q o Tvil i Hr (a-dap"td-btri-t!), n. 

a-aapI-a-DlI-l-iy the quality of being 

able to conform to conditions^ 

_j -fo -fT/vr. (ad"ap-ta'shfln), n. the act 
aa.-ap-Xd.-UUU. of adjusting; the state of 
being adjusted or fitted; adjustment to 
circumstances. 

a A (ad), v.t. to join; unite; sum up; 
aau increase; affix; to go on to say. 

Syn. adjoin, annex, append, attach, extend. 
Ant. (see deduct, reduce). 

nA Han Hum (&-den'dum), n. [pi. ad- 
au-aen-aum denda (-dd)J, a thing to 

be joined to something; an appendix to a 
book. , 

Q j (ad'er), n. a harmless American 

dU-uci shake; the poisonous viper of f u- 
rope; a person or thing that sums up numbers. 
oH Hir*f (a-dlkt'), v.t. to devote or give one- 
du-Ultl seif U p to: often in a bad sense: n. 
(ad'lct), one who is devoted to something. 

oH Hi -firm (a-dish'un), n. the act, proc- 
d.U-Ul-llUli ess, or result of summing up 
numbers; the thing joined; the uniting of two 
or more numbers in one sum; a title placed 
after a name, denoting rank, as esquire; a dot 
placed at the side of a note to indicate the 
lengthening of the sound by one-half. 

Syn. increase, accession, enlargement, ex¬ 
tension, annex. 



tionally. 


oH Hla (ad'l), adj. rotten: applied to eggs; 
dVA-VAAC muddled or confused: v.t. to make 
corrupt; to spoil: v.i. to become spoiled. 

qH HI a TiaaH pH (ad'l=hed'ed),odj. stu- 
3.Q-Q1G ilcaU-cU. pid; weak-brained; 

muddled. Also, addle-pated. 

oH HrACC (a-dres'), v.t. to speak or write 
du-Uicso to; to direct, as a letter; con¬ 
sign or intrust to another; to pay court, as a 
lover: n. a speech delivered or written; 
manners and bearing; tact; cleverness; a 
person’s place of residence. 
oH Hrpcc op (a-dres'e'), n. one to whom 
dU-Uiooo-cc anything, as a letter or a 
package, is directed. 

ad-dress-o-graph 

for a machine used to direct circulars, letters, 
etc. 

oH Hiirp (a-dus'), v.t. to bring forward 
du-uui/C as a reason; to present, or offer 
proof or evidence in support of some state¬ 
ment; to cite; to quote. 

nA A tioiH (ad'6-noid), n. a spongy growth 
a.VA-c-AAVM.VA j n the passage leading from the 
nose to the throat, often causing difficulty in 
breathing: adj. in the form of a gland; of or 
relating to glands. 

a Han+ (d-dept'), adj. well skilled: n. one 
ct-UCpi w ho is fully proficient or skilled in 
an art; an expert.—n. adeptness. 
oH p nil a (ad'6-kwd-sl), n. sufficiency 
<tu.-c-4ua.-V/jr or suitability for a particu¬ 
lar purpose. 

oH p mia+P (ad'£-kwat), adj. equal to 
au.-c-4ua.LC requirement; sufficient 
enough.— adv. adequately.— n. adequateness 
Syn. competent, suitable.^ 

Ant. (see insufficient). 

nA V»arp (ad-her'), v.i. to stick fast as if 
du-llClC glued; to become firmly attached. 

aH Tipi* p«pp (ad-her'ens), n. the act or 
aa-ner-ence state of holding fast to; 
unwavering attachment or devotion. 
nH Vipr P-nt (ad-her'ent), adj. sticking; 
CUJ -“ 1ACA “ CJ - AI< clinging: n. one who holds 


adjustment 

fast to; a follower or supporter, as of a political 
party. 

qH Tip cinn (ad-he'zhun), n. the state or 
dU-IlC-olUii act of being stuck together, 
united, or attached; firmness in opinion; as, 
a man’s adhesion to truth. 

Syn. adherence, attachment, fidelity, de¬ 
votion. 

Ant. (see aloofness). 

nA Tip civp (ad-he'slv), adj. holding fast; 
u-vl-llC-oivc gummed for use; sticky; as, 
adhesive plaster.— adv. adhesively.— n. ad¬ 
hesiveness. 

n Hipii (d-du'), n. [pi. adieus (a-duz'): 
a-UlcU adieux (c-du')], a farewell; good 
wishes at parting: interj. good-by; fare¬ 
well. [Fr.J 

a A \n ran r\r (&-ja'sen-sp, n. the state of 
aU-Ja.-V/Cli-V/j being close to; nearness. 
Also, adjacence. 

aH To rpn+ (a-ja'sgnt), adj. near; close; 
atl-ja-V/Ciil adjoining. 

Syn. bordering, neighboring. 

Ant. (see distant). 

art Tpp tivp (aj'ek-ttv), n. a part of 
au-jCL/-uvc speech expressing quality or 
condition; a word used to qualify, limit, or 
define a. noun.— adv. adjectively. 
ari imn ia-join'), v.i. to lie close together: 
O.U-JU111 v 1 f 0 ii e next to; as, his prop¬ 
erty a 'joins his brother’s. 

n H inin iticr (a-join'ing), p.adj. being 
au-juiii-iiig close to; joining to; as. 

adjoining houses. 

o A inum (a-jfirn'), v.t. to put off to 
au-juuiu another day or time; as, they 
adjourned the meeting; v.i. to cease business 
for a time; as, the court adjourned; the legis¬ 
lature adjourned. 

Syn. postpone, close, end, suspend. 

pH iniim ■mpirf" (^"jurn'ment), n. the 
du-joum-meiu act of putting off; the 

postponement of a meeting till another day, 
or time specified, or without day. 
pH TiiHcrP (a-juj'), v.t. to decide a dispute 
au-juugc according to law; to award; to 
assign; to determine; bestow; to sentence; 
to condemn. 

p H in H crpH (a-jujd'), p.adj. determined by 
avx-j uugcu the court’s decree or sentence. 

p A in A i nr i+p (a-joo dl-kat), v.t. to hear, 
du-ju-ut-taic or try, and decide a case 
in court.— n. adjudicator. 

pH in Hi f*a firm (&-joo"dl-ka'shQn), n. 
aU-JU-ai-Cd.-X10lJ the act of deciding 

legally, or by a court; a judicial decision. 
pH innr+ (aj'unkt), n. something added 
avx-j uiiV/t to another thing, but not a nec¬ 
essary part of it. 

Syn. addition, appendage. 

aH iiinr +ivp (a-junk'tlv), odj.havingthe 
au "J UIIV /-11 v c quality of joining or uniting. 

pH in rn firm (§-j’’db-ra'shun), n. the 
au-j u-ia-uuu solemn charging on oath; 

the form of an oath. 

pH iiirp* (a-joor'), v.t. to command on oath 
avx-j lax c under pain of a penalty; to charge 
solemnly; to^entreat earnestly. 
pH iiicf (a-just'), v.t. to fit, or make exact; 
avA-jLAot to make similar; to make accu¬ 
rate; to settle or bring to a satisfactory state; 
as, to adjust accounts.— adj. adjustable. 

Syn. set right, fit, put in order. 

aH iiic+ ar (^-jus'ter), n. one who regu- 
au-juot-ci lates, sets right, or makes to 
fit; one who settles the amount of claims in 
cases of losses by fire^ as an insurance agent. 

pH iucf tTiAirf (a-just'ment), n. the act 
a va-j ua L-lliCli l 0 f regulating or setting 

right; settlement or arrangement. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 








adjutancy 


adulteration 



a A in fan r\r (aj'oo-t&n-sl), n. the office 
ctU.-JU.-LaJ.l-i/jr of an army officer who 
assists a colonel or other high officer. 
a A in fanf (aj'oo-tant). n. a 
ctu-j helper; a regimental 

staff-officer who assists the 
commanding officer; a large 
stork, common in India. 

ad-ju-tant gen-er-al 

(&j'oo- tint jSn'er-al), [pi 
adjutants general], the chief 
staff-officer of an army, through 
whom are received all orders, **•. 

etc., issued by the command- 
ing general. __ Adjutant 

a A min io f^t* (^d-mln'is-ter), v.t. to 
manage as chief agent or 
minister, as a king, president, or judge; 
direct the application of the laws; dispense; as, 
to administer justice or relief; to cause to be 
taken, as medicine; to give, as an oath or a 
6 acrament; to settle a deceased person’s estate. 

ad-min-is-tra-tion Sn“‘“” Is offl3ai 

part of a government or the part which 
enforces or carries out the laws; the ministry 
or any body of men entrusted with executive 
powers; the act of managing, dispensing, or 
giving, as government, justice, medicine, a 
sacrament, or a deceased person’s estate. 

ad-min-is-tra-tive aaf m Jentinm v L 

the management of affairs or to government; 
executive. 

a A min ic fra fnr (ad-mln'Is-tra'tSr), 

clfA-AAAiii-io- Li. d-lui n _ one w ho manages, 

directs, or governs affairs; one who settles the 
estate of a person dying without making a 
will. 

ad-min-is-tra-trix ir£^) ml n”%h r ld- 

ministratrices (-tri-tn'sez)], a woman ap¬ 
pointed by law to settle a deceased person’s 
estate. 

a A mi ra "hi a (ad'mi-rd-bl), adj. worthy 
£UA-llAl-lo.-uic 0 f extreme approval; ex¬ 
cellent.— adv. admirably. 

Syn. striking, surprising, wonderful, aston¬ 
ishing. 

Ant. (see detestable). 

a A tni rol (ad'ml-ral). n. the chief com- 
dU.-1111-l a.1 mander of a fleet; a naval 

officer of the highest rank. 

a A mi ral i\r (ad'ml-ral-tl), n. [pi. admi- 
aa-mi-rai-xy ralties (-tlz)], the depart¬ 
ment of the English government having 
authority over naval affairs; the building in 
which British naval affairs are transacted; 
the office of the chief commander of a fleet. 

_ j ; ^. 0 x* __ (ad^ml-ra'shun), n. won- 
au-mi-rd-liuu der mingled with approval 
excited by beauty or excellence. 
a A mirp (ad-mir'). v.t. to regard with 
d.U-11111 C strong approval or pleasure.— n. 

admirer. 

„ j i~ 1 ^ (ad-mls'I-bl), adj. worthy 

ad-iniS-Si- DIG of being allowed to 
enter; allowable.— adv. admissibly. 
n 4 (ad-mlsh'fln), n. the power 

aU-mib-blUIl or permission to enter; 
admittance; acknowledgment that something 
Is true; as, he made full admission of his 
guilt. 

oA mif (5d-mlt'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. admit- 
aCl-mil ted, p.pr. admitting], to permit to 
enter: allow in argument; to receive.— adj. 

admittable. 

Syn. allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. 

Ant, (see deny) 


nA mif fg nrp (ad-mlt'ans), n. the power 
or permission to enter; 
actual entrance. Also, admission. 
a A miy (Sd-mlks'), v.t. to mix, or combine. 
dU.-U.UA with something else. 

a A miy ii\m (ad-rnlks'tur), n. that which 
dU-IIllA-lin C is mixed; a compound made 
by mixing two or more ingredients. 
a A mrvri ioVi (ad-mon'ish), v.t. to reprove 
atl-mon-lSIl gently; to warn; to in¬ 
struct; to direct; to guide; to caution. 

a A m n ni firm (ad"mo-nish'un), n* 
dU-niu-in-llun friendly reproof or warn¬ 
ing. 

a A TH nn i f fl TV (Jd-mttn'I-to-ri), adj. 
au.-iii.UAi- 1 -LCi-A y giving reproof or warn¬ 
ing. _ 

„ j. (d-doo'). n. unnecessary bustle; fuss; 
d-UU baste; trouble; as, much ado about 
nothing. 

JS An Via (d-do'be).n.unburntbrick’driedin 
d-UU-UC the sun. used in southwest Amerl * 
ca and Mexico; a structure made of such brick. 

aH n loc rn-nrn (Sd'b-l&'Sns), n. the 
au-u-ico-i/CiU/C period during which a 

person passes from childhood to mental and 
physical maturity; youth. 

a A nine rnni (ad'fc-les'Snt), adj. growing 
au-u-ico-ucm U p; passing from child¬ 
hood to manhood or womanhood; youthful, 
o A nnf (d-dopt'), v.t. to choose or take t*> 
d-UOpi be one’s own, as a child, an opinior, 
or a course of action.— p.adj. adopted.—n. 
adopter. 

a A nr\ firvn (d-dop'shun), n. the act of 
d-HUp-UUii taking as one’s own; the act 
of accepting and putting into use; as, the 
adoption of reformed spelling, 
o A nr a "hie* (d-dor'd-bl), adj. worthy of 
d-UUl -d-UiC worship or the utmost love. 
— adv. adorably. 

orl n 1-0 +i/vn (ad'o-ra'shun), n. the act 
dtl-U-id-null 0 f worship; profound rev¬ 
erence; the utmost love. 

_ Anm (d-dor'), v.t. to pay divine honors 
d-UUIc to; to honor highly; to love 
intensely; to admire greatly: v.i. to offer 
worship.— p.adj. adoring.— n. adorer. 

O Anrrt (d-dorn'), v.t. to beautify; to dig- 
d-LlUlll nify; to ornament; to decorate*, 
to bedeck. 

_ (d-dorn'ment), n. orna- 

a-aorn-ment ment; decoration. 

_ (d-drlft'), adj. and adv. floating at 

d-UXlil random; at the mercy of the wind; 
<s ’ifting. 

O Amli (d-droito, adj. skilful; expert; 
d-UlUll clever; cunning; ready in inven¬ 
tion.— adv. adroitly. 

O Amii nace (d-droit'ngs), n. the quality 
0 .- 0 . 1011 -HCoo 0 f being skilful or (lever. 
nA (ad'fl-la'shfln), n. excessive 

aa-U-ia-UOIl or unmerited praise; flat- 
tery, 

a A la in nr (ad'fl-ld-tS-rl), adj. exces- 
aU-U-ld-lU-iy sively flattering; praising 

extravagantly. 

O Artli (d-dulto, adj. grown up to full age, 
d-OUlt size, and strength: n. a man or a 
woman. 

a Hnl inr ain (d-dul'ter-at), v.t. to cor- 
a-UUl-lOI-dLC rupt, debase, or make 

impure by mixing in a foreign or poorer 
substance; as, to adulterate candy by the use 
of coloring matter.— n. adulterator. 

a Hill inr a firm (d-dul-ter-a'shtin), n. 
a-OUl-ter-a-XlOn the substitution or 

placing o” something of an inferior Quality 
in a mixture with the intention of passing it 
for the genuine article. __ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = whas in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


3 









adultery 


10 


aerate 


a /lul -f^-r tr (a-dul'ter-I),«. [p/. adulteries 
-UUl-ier-y (_i z )] t the act of breaking or 
Violating the marriage vow of faithfulness. 

a A t ret In mm ( ad va-lo'rem), according 
Vd-lU-I dll value: ad valorem 
duty, an import duty or charge on goods at 
a certain rate per cent based on their actual 
value at the port of shipment. [Lat.] 
r%A Tronm (ad-vans'), v.i. to go forward: 
au-van^c v t' to cause to go forward; to 
propose; as, to advance an opinion; to in¬ 
crease; as, to advance prices; to further; as, 
to advance a cause; to make a payment of 
beforehand: n. a moving forward; improve¬ 
ment; an addition to or rise in value; an 
approach, as toward acquaintance: usually 
in plural; a loan; payment beforehand: adj. 
being or occurring before; as, an advance sale 
of tickets; an advance agent. 

o A ttq- firp Tnfi'tib (Sd-vans'ment), n. fur- 
dU-VdJlLc-IIlcIlt therance; progress; 

promotion. 

rt /1 irn tci op (ad-van't&j), n. a state of 
civA-vciii.-edge; advance or forwardness; 
superior position; a benefit; anything that 
aids or assists; as, he had the advantage of a 
good education. 

ad-van-ta-geous 

favorable.—a dr. advantageously. 

nA vp-nt (ad'vent), n. a coming or arrival; 
aej.-v cm as, the advent of a visitor; the 
advent of winter.—Advent, the period of the 
year including the four Sundays before 
Christmas, which prepares for the coming of 
Jesus Christ. 

icrn (ad'vgn-tlzm), n. the doc- 
- V Cll l-lolll trine that Christ is com¬ 
ing a second time to establish a personal 
kingdom on earth. 

A A Trpryf iot (ad'v&n-tlst), ti. one 
rku-vcm-ioL believes in the second com¬ 
ing of Christ. 

o A \TAn ftAttc (ad'ven-tish'us), adj. 
aa-Ven-Tl-T10US happening by chance: 

casual; accidental; produced out of normal 
and regular order.— adv t adventitiously. 

ctA vpri +1 (S.d-vSn'tflr), n. a bold 
au-vcu-iuic undertaking; a daring feat; 
the encountering of risks; a remarkable 
experience; the taking part in an uncertain 
enterprise. 

o A Trckti +nr fxT (&d-ven'tflr-er) ,n. one who 
v Gii-LUi -Cl engages in new and dan¬ 
gerous enterprises; a soldier of fortune; one 
who seeks distinction by false show or pro¬ 
tense. 

ad vpn tilt* pcc (M-ven'ttir-es), n. a 
au vcu-iui-coo woman who seeks dis¬ 
tinction by false show or pretense. 

ad-v en-tur-ous ££ toim?w danger ;■ 

full of risk; daring; requiring courage; ven¬ 
turesome. Also, adventuresome.— adv. adven¬ 
turously. 

A(\ vprh (ad'vfirb), n. a word used to 
O.V*- V Cl V modify a verb, an adjective, or 
another adverb. 

ad VPT hi fll ,(& d -vfir'bl-8,l), adj. modify- 
, , CA , A_cAA mg a verb, adjective, or 
adverb.— adv. adverbially 


trary; hostile; unfortunate; as, adverse 
circumstances.— adv. adversely. 

fid vpt ci tv (ad-vur'sl-ti), n. the reverse 
au ‘ v Cl -ol -ly or opposite of prosperity; 
misery; distress or unhappiness, 
o A vprt (ad-vflrt'), v.i. to turn one’s 
CIU.-V CJ. L attention to; to refer to incidental¬ 
ly; to allude to; as, to advert to what we were 
saying a while ago. 

o A ■t rpri* pupp (ad—vur'tens), n. atten- 
d.U-Vt;rL-eilCC tion; notice; heed. 

ad-vert-ent &f 2 i. tSnt) ’ adj ’ attentlve: 

fid xrpr tic ci (ad'ver-tTz"; ad'ver-tiz'), v.t. 
au-vci-usc to give notice to; to turn 
the attention of others to; announce; inform; 
publish: v.i. to give notice, as in a newspaper, 
etc. Also, advertize.— n. advertiser. 

ad-ver-tise-ment 

a printed notice regarding goods ofiered for 
sale; an announcement; a bringing into notice, 
o d virp (ad-vis'), n. an opinion given that 
«.va- vivc j[ s worthy to be followed; counsel; 
as, I have come to you for advice concerning 
my choice of a college; information given by 
letter, telegram, etc.; as, advices from Europe 
indicate a desire for peace. 

fid vic fi hil 1 fv ( ad- viz 'd-bH'I-tl), ti. 
d.U-Vlb-a-Dll-1-iy the quality of being 

in accordance with good judgment; desirabil¬ 
ity. Also, advisableness. 

fid vi<? fl hip (ad-vlz'a-bl), adj. proper to 
dU-Vlt>-d.-Die be done; in accordance 

with good judgment; prudent; expedient or 
suitable.— adv. advisably. 

o A njcp (ad-viz'), v.t. to offer an opinion; 
au - vlov ' to counsel; inform; to recom¬ 
mend as wise, prudent, etc., to suggest as a 
proper course of action.—n. adviser. 

who fid Vic; (±r\ 1 v (&d-vTz'ed-lI), adv. with cau- 
avi-vi;»-cii-iy tion; purposely; not hastily. 

ad-vise mput (^ d-v i z . ,rn ^ n t'). n. con¬ 
cur Vl»c liicill sideration; as, I will take 

the matter under advisement. 

fid vi TV (&d-vl's 6 -rl), a dj. having 
oax-vx-ov-xj power to suggest or to coun¬ 
sel; as, an advisory^ committee. 

fid Vfi ffl PV ( a d-v 6 'ka-sl), n. the act of 
dU-VU-td-ty pleading for, supporting, 

or recommending. 

fid Vfi pfifp (&d'v 6 -kit), n. one called to 
<xu.-vu-Ccll,C the aid of another; one who 
pleads the cause of another in a court of law 
a pleader in favor of any person or thing- 
as, an advocate of peace. 

o Ay ( 2 -dz), n. a cutting tool, somewhat like 
^ , an ax, having a curved blade at right 
angles to the handle, and used in shaping and 
finishing timber. Also, adze. 

fP dilp (fdd), n - Roman official who had 
cc-vxixc charge of public and private build¬ 
ings, public games, etc. Also.edile. 
fp prio ( e ,'i&,). n - any influence or power 
which protects; originally, in Greek 
myth, the storm-cloud around the thunder¬ 
bolt, the especial weapon of Zeus; in art, it 
is usually shown as a shield bordered with 
serpents, carried by Athena. Also, egis. 

JE-O 1 i fin (e-b'll-5 n ), adj. pertaining to the 
'-'-li-axi winds: from Aeolus 


foe; opponent; antagonist. 

ad-VPT <?fl tivP ( a< i-vfir'sd-tlv), adj. ex- 
ttu. vCl-oo.-11 VC pressing opposition; as, 

an adversative conjunction is one that con¬ 
nects contrasting words or ideas. 

- A VPTQP (ad'vers), adj. opposed to; 
” v ^ opposite: unfavorable; con- 


_ - -- “ ~. —-winds: from ^Eolus, the god of 

ad-ver-sa-rv ^ • ver -sa-ri),n. ipZ. adver- the winds: aeolian harp, an instrument, the 
_ , J sanes (-!z)], an enemy; strings of which give out musical sounds when 


the wmd blows through them. Also, eolian. 
fP GT1 ( e dn )» 71 ■ a period of time too long 
to measure; an age. Also, eon. 
apt- ofp (a'er-at), v.t. to charge with gas. 

" , as air or carbon dioxide; to ex¬ 

pose to the action of air; to treat with 
oxygen, as the blood. 


ad- 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, fSr, ask, paradej scene, event, edge, novfel refer* 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus,’menu; 








aerated bread 


11 


affluence 


a-er-at-ed bread 


(a'er-at"ed bred), 
bread raised by 
charging the dough with gas, instead of 
using yeast or baking powder. 

_ " r * ol (a-e'rl-al). adj. relating to the 
a-e-Il-dl a i r ; existing or happening in the 
air; airy; hence, high; lofty; as, aerial flight, 
a or icx (e'rT, or a'er-I), n. an eagle’s nest; 
d-Cl-lt; a brood of eagles or hawks. Also, 
aery, eyrie, eyry. 

a Hr i frirm (a'er-I-form), adj. having the 
d-ci-l-lUIUi form of air; gaseous. 

o Hr i fir (a'er-I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
d-Cl-l-iy aerified, p.pr. aerifying], to com¬ 
bine with air; to fill with air. 

Q Hr o (a'er-b-drom"), n. a build- 

a-Ci -u-U-i uinc jng where flying machines 
are stored and tested; a ground or field used 
for airplane instruction and practice. Also, 
airdrome. 

O Hr frkil (a'er-o-foil), n.any thin wing- 
d-cl-O-lUli like structure, flat or curved, 
designed to support bodies by its reaction on 
the air through which it moves. 

Q Hr n rrram (a'er-6-gram), n. a wireless 
d-Cl-U-gi cun telegraph message. 

o Hr rk rriiri (a'er-6-gun"), n. a gun for use 
d-CI -U-gUJl against aeroplanes and air¬ 
ships. 

q Hr r\ li+o (a'er-o-lit'), n. a meteorite or 
d-CI -O-llLc shooting star. Also, aerolith. 
Q Hf a1 A o-rr (a"er-ol'6-jI) , n. the science 
d-cI-UI-U-gj of the air; atmospheric laws 
and conditions. , ^ 

_ •• ^ i (a"er - o-me - kan'- 

a-er-o-me-cnanic ^k), n. one who is 

expertly trained in the care, adjustment, and 
repair of flying machines.— adj. aeromechani- 

o ov rxrrt a. +or (a'er-Om'fi-ter), n. an 
a-er-oni-e-tei instrument for weighing 

air. 

_ Hi- Vk -n 01-14- (a'er-6-not), n. an aerial nav- 
a-er-O-IldUt igator; an aviator or 

balloonist. . _ ^ v 

o Hr rw non +ir* (a'er-6-no'tIk), adj. re- 
a-er-o-nau-tic lating to the science or 

art of flving. Also, aeronautical. 
n ij-c (a"er-6-no'tIks), n. aer- 

a-er-O-naU-tlCS iai navigation; the sci¬ 
ence or art of traveling in the air. 

„ •• ^ (a'er-6-plan"), n. an air- 

a-er-O-plane craft or flying machine, 
kept aloft by the reaction of motor-propelled 
planes upon the air. Also, airplane. 

• • _ j-,4. (a'er-o-plan'Ist), n. the 

a-er-O-pidll-lb l operator of an aeroplane 

• • _ o4-o4- (a'er-S-st&t), n. a balloon; a 

a-CI-O-bldl flying machine. 

• • r ,i n x ; (a'er-d-stat'iks), n. the 
a er-O-Siai-lCb branch of science that 
deals with the properties of air and of gases 
not in motion, and with the balance between 
them- used in connection with the operation 
of gas balloons or lighter-than-air flying 
machines. 

.. 4-i^.n (a'gr - <5 -sta'shun), n. 

a-er-O-Sia-UOn that part of the science 
of aerial navigation that deals with lighter- 
than-air flying machines, or aircraft unpro¬ 
vided with motive power. _ 

__ +V»ck4- in (es-thet'Ik), aaj. pertaining to 
aes-inei-ic beauty; appreciating the beau¬ 
tiful. Also, esthetic.— adv. estheticaUy, aes¬ 
thetically. (gs-thSt'Iks), n. the 

aes-thet-ics science or theory of the 

Also, esthetics. 


science 
beautiful in nature or art 

a 


as, heat affects the body; 
be fond of; to frequent; to 


(d-far), adv. at, to, or from a distance; 
-iai as> the sound came from afar. _ 


of fo lvil i +17 (af'd-bll'I-ti), n. the quality 
dl-ld-Ull-l-iy of being friendly or cour¬ 
teous. 

of fo Vklo. (af'd-bl), adj. easy to approach; 
dl-ld-Uit courteous in speech and manner; 
friendly.— adv. affably.—n. affableness, 
of foit* (a-far'), n. that which is done, or Ip 
di-idll to be done; business of any kind; 
often in plural. 

(a-fekt'), v.t. to produce an effect 
d-I-icLL upon; 
to influence; to 
pretend. 

r £ r (af'Sk-ta'shfln), n. the 

dl-lCO-ld-HUH assuming .of a manner 
which is not one’s own; pretense; display. 

f f a „j. 0< 4 ( 5 -fek'ted), p.adj. acted upon 
-leiA-CU. or influenced; attacked, as 
by disease; not natural; as, affected man¬ 
ners.— adv. affectedly. 

of f -i. (a-fek'tTng), p.adj. having 

di-iCl/l-lllg power to excite the emotions; 
pathetic.— adv. affectingly. 
of far firm (a-fek'shun), n. the state of 
dl-ltJ^-lIUll having the feelings touched 
or excited; inclination; attachment; fond¬ 
ness; disease. 

Syn. love, attraction, liking. 

Ant. (see aversion). 

of for Q+p ( 5 .-f§k'shfln-at), adj. 

di-lct-liUli-atC having or expressing 

love; kind; fond.— adv. affectionately, 
of fj ernre* (8.-fi'ans), n. trust; faith; a 
dl-ll-dimarriage-contract: v.t. to be¬ 
troth, or bind by promise of marriage. 

„f r Jo T7i+ (af"I-da'vlt), n. a sworn state- 
di-ll-Ud-VIt ment in writing, 
of -fil i o+o (5-fITI-at), v.t. to adopt; to 
ai- 111 -l-ctlC receive into a family as a son 
or daughter; to receive into a society or club; 
to join; as, to affiliate oneself with a certain 
set of people: v.i. to be intimately connected 
or associated: followed by with', as, he 
affiliated with a number of learned societies. 
— n. affiliation. 

; x_ r ( 5 ,-fIn'I-tI), n. [pi. affinities 
«-l-lllI-I-iy (-tlz)], nearness of kin; relation¬ 
ship by marriage, in distinction to relation¬ 
ship by blood; a natural liking for a person; 
physical or chemical attraction; a relation¬ 
ship between species or groups depending on 
likeness of structure. 

-.£ 45(a-furm'), v.t. to assert strongly; 
d.i-111111 v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, 
decree, or order, in court; to tell with con¬ 
fidence. 

rvlo b‘on (af'er-ma'shfin), n.theacfc 
d.L-lLL -Ilia.- L 1 UII G f asserting or declaring 
anything to be true; a solemn statement or 
declaration in court that he will tell the 
truth, by one opposed to taking an oath. 

_r 0 4-ixr^ (5-ffir'ma-tiv), n. that 

0.1-111 111 - 3 .-XIVc which declares; a state¬ 
ment which asserts that a fact is so: adj. 
positive; confident. 

_r 42 v (a-flks'), v.t. to attach; to fasten to: 
d.1-11A n ( a f'iks), a letter or syllable added 
to the beginning or end of a word; a suffix 
or prefix. 

43 • 4. (a-fllkt'), v.t. to cause prolonged 
di-lUU pain to body or mind; to distress? 
to cast down; to trouble grievously, 
of fl+irv»i (^-fllk'shfin).n.prolonged pain. 
O-l-lU^-Lllul Q f body or mind; great 

trouble. 

Syn. pain, calamity, misfortune, adversity, 
distress 

of flu a«pa (af'loo-ens), n. an abundant 
3.1©HC0 SU pp]y f as of thoughts,, 
words, riches; wealth. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











affluent 


12 


aghast 


AT flit ATlf (Sf'Ioo-ent), n. a stream or 
r jver that flows into another: 
adj. having abundance; wealthy; flowing 
freely.— adv.~ affluently. 

af forH (3-ford'), v.t. to supply; produce; 
cu-ioru yie i d; to be able to bear the 

expense of. 

af ffo-ir (3-fra'), w. the fighting of two or 
< 3 . 1-11 <xy more persons in a public place;j a 
noisy quarrel 


o o-oi-n (d-g§n'), adv. a second time; once 
ct-^aill more; in return; further; anew; 
on the other hand; besides; repeatedly; as, 
again and again. 

n 0 -ojrict (d-gSnst'), prop, opposite to; in 
d-gdiiiot opposition to; contrary to one’s 
inclinations or wishes. 

n p-Q-n** (a-gap'; a-gap'), adj. and adv. gap- 
a ~S a r c ing; with the mouth wide open in a 
state of expectation, astonishment. 


. . _ . _ ___ or eager 

nt -fricrTvt (a-frit'), v.t. to frighten; terrify; attention. 

** A-AAA & AA1, alarm; confuse. 


ag-ed 


of frnnt (3-frunt'), v.t. to confront; oppose 
cti-iiuiit face to face; insult designedly or 
intentionally. 

Syn. annoy, displease, insult, irritate, 
offend, provoke* 

Ant. (see please, conciliate). 

„ £ 0 (af'gan), n. a c roc heted or knitted 

cAA- b AA<AAA so ff wool blanket.— Afghan, a 
native .of Afghanistan:- adj. relating to 
Afghanistan. 

« (a-feld'), adv. to, in,or on, the field; 

d-iiciu. astray; out of the way. 
ja -firA (o~fir'), adj. and adv. on fire; as, a 
■a-xii c bouse afire; to set afire. 

a flam A (a-flam'), adj. and adv. on fire; 
a-namo ablaze; as, aflame with patriotism, 
o fl^nf (d-flot'), adj. and adv. borne on the 
<wiuai water; on shipboard; in circula¬ 
tion; unfixed; adrift; moving. 
a fnnf (d-foot'), adv. on foot; as, they 
•a-iHUi. traveled afoot; astir; stirring; 
about. 

a fruit (d-foul'), adj. and adv. in entangle- 
-ci-i u in ment or collision; as, to fall afoul of 
an obstacle. 

a froiH (d-frad'), adj. frightened; filled 
-ird.lLL with fear. 

of rppf (af'ret; d-fret'), n. a powerful and 
<AA-A,C ' C4 ' evil spirit,' demon, or monstrous 
giant, in Arabian legends Also, afrit. 

a ffAcfh (d-fresh'), adv. again; anew; 
a-iieon newly; over again. 

Af ri ran (af'rl-kan), n. a native of Africa: 
xax-i (l( ij relating to Africa, 

off (aft,), adj. and adv. a nautical term, 
meaning towards the stern or back part; 
as, the aft part of the ship; the sailor went 
aft. 

aft At* (3f'ter), adj. next; subsequent; 

^ A later; as, after-days; behind in 
place; as, the after part of a ship: adv. behind; 
subsequently in time or place: prep, in succes¬ 
sion to; later in time; in imitation of; accord¬ 
ing to; next in rank or excellence; in pur¬ 
suit of. 

aft Ar r\an (af'ter-klap"), n. something 
cix i-ci -ina.p happening after an affair is 
supposed to be at an end. 

aft a r Hiitrm (af'ter-d&mp*), n. the suf- 
l-Cl -UcUlIJJ focating gas found in coal 
mines after an explosion of fire-damp: called 
also choke-damp. 

off pr crlmxr (3f ter-glo"), n. the reflec- 
«xlL-Ci-glUW tion left in the western sky 
after sunset. 

flff-er-tnfltTl (3f'ter-math), n. a second _ 

... ... mowing in a season; that ful entering upon another’s rights or territory. 

which follows any condition, circumstance, or___•_(a-srres'Tv) mu 

emotion; as the aftermath of love. 

aft a r -nn/vn (after-noon'), n. the part of 
<£LL l-cl -iiUUIl the day between noon and 


evening. 


off or fTiAiipcTif (3f'ter-thot"), n. reflec- 
<Ul-CI-UlUUgIU tion begun after an act 

is finished; an idea that comes too late. 

off At* war He (af'ter-weruz), adv. at a 
< 0.1 t-ci-Welltlo i a ter time; subsequently. 
Also, afterward. 


n ry rtffx (§g'at), n. a precious stone, with 
aic colors in stripes, clouds, etc.; a 
boy’s playing marble; a small size of type. 
OCA ( aJ h n - a particular period of time in 
a b c life or in history; the length of time 
already lived; time: v.i. and v.t. to grow old; 
to make old. 

(aj'ed; aj'd), p.adj. old; far on in 
years; having lived long. 

4 crAn rv (a'jen-sl), n. operation; action; 
Cl- & CAA-A 'j the business of one acting for 
another; a place where business is done for 
another person or firm. 

a CTATlf (3'jent), n. one who acts, especially 
CA- o CAAI ' for another; an active power or 
cause. 

Syn. actor, doer, factor, operator, performer, 
instrument. 

Ant. (see principal, chief). 

a or crl/vm AT af A (3-glbm'er-at), v.t. to 
a o giuiil-ci -a. 1C gather into a cluster or 

heap; accumulate: adj. (a-glom'er-at), gath¬ 
ered into a heap or cluster: n. a collection or 
heap of things of different kinds. 

ag-glom-er-a-tion •fESSKfS: 

lection or heap of things. _ 

go 1 cfl ii fi nat& (3-gloc'tl-nat),' v.t. to 
o ALA ~ AA “ AA<ALC unite, as by glue: adj 

glued together; adhering. 

on- err an Hiva (3g'r&n-dlz), v.t. to make 
a S'S A ciAi-vxix ^ greater in power, rank, or 

riches; enlarge; elevate; extend. 

ag-gran-dize-ment 

vancement; increase i* power, honor, size, 
onf frra wafA (3g'ra-vat), v.t. to add to a 
CA &“o AlCl_va ' ,/t ' burden; to make heavier or 
worse; to increase; to trouble or annoy.—n. 
aggravation. 

a?-era-vat-inf (3g'rd-vat'Ing), p.adj. 

& & ACA v CA - L AAA & making worse or more 
annoying.— adv. aggravatingly. 
opr err "a orofA (agr6-gat), v.t. to collect or 
c '6 aic bring together; to amount 
to; as, his debts aggregated fifty dollars; gather 
into a mass or body; accumulate: n. (ag'rS- 
gat), total; as, the aggregate of his debts: the 
entire number; mass; a mass formed by the 
union of similar particles: adj. formed into a 
mass or total; as, the aggregate amount. 

an PTA lion (3g"re-ga'shun), n. a col- 
o A v---&«--iauii lection gathered into one 

whole or mass. 

a O' PTAQ Qlfvn (3-gresh'un), n. unpro- 
& A t,AU1A voked attack or assault; 
an act of unfriendliness or offense, as an unlaw- 


a cr prrpc ctVA (3-gres'Iv), adj. moving 
cA oo A ' : '^ > ”^ :>A ''^ forward with vf 


vigor; 
aggressively. — n. 


un- 

ag- 


justly attacking.— adv. 
gressiveness. 

act OTAC oor (3-gres'er), n. one who attacks 
a & o A co-oUI or injures another. 

a or PT1AVA (3-grev'), v.t. to bear heavily 
upon; to oppress; to cause 
sorrow to; to afflict. 

a pfin «?f (o-gast'), adj. struck with sudden 
surprise, horror, or terror. 


ate, senate, rare,^ c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 












agile 


13 


air chamber 


a& (&J A), adj. quick-moving; brisk; 

active; nimble: said of the mind as 
well as the body. 

a ail i tv (a-ifl'I-tl), n. nimbleness; quick- 
"e> AA_A " , v ness;_ briskness. 
no- i n a'jl-o), n. [pi. agios (-oz)l, 

“■o -1 u the premium on money or foreign 
bills of exchange; discount; loosely, money 
changing. 

on- i fofia (aj'l-tat), v.t. to stir violently; 
a &“ discuss; excite; disturb; keep 

constantly before the public. 

f»a i ta tint! (aj"I-ta'shun), n. the act of 
a -&~ A_l,CA_LA '-' li exciting or arousing; excite¬ 
ment; open, active discussion; violent motion 
or emotion. 

acr i ta tnr ( ai'I-ta"ter), n. one who starts 
tt & _A “ AcA “ or keeps up political or indus¬ 
trial disturbance: an implement for stirring. 

a alnw (d-gld'), adj. and adv. in a glow; 

‘b luvv glowing; flushed with pleasure or 
excitement; as, her cheeks were all aglow, 
ney tin mpm (ag-no'men), n. an addi- 
a -& _AA '“ ,-AAACAA tional expression or name 
applied to a person; as, Washington received 
the agnomen. Father of his Country. 
acr noc fir* (ag-n6s'tlk), n. one who denies 
a -& -AA '- ,a_AA ^ that man knows the final or 
essential nature of things; one who neither 
affirms nor denies the existence of God: adj. 
relating to those who deny all knowledge of 
God or to their teachings; expressing ignorance. 

nrr n ac fi riem (ag-nbs'tl-slzm), n. the 
“& -AA GS-ll-l/lbIIl belief or doctrine that 
the existence of God and the essential nature 
of things are not matters of certain knowledge. 
a ern Cd-go'), a dj- gone; past: used always 
after the noun; as, a thousand years 
ago: adv. in past time; as, long ago. 
a erner (d-gog'), adj. and adv. in a state of 
eager desire; highly excited by 
eagerness or curiosity; astir; alive with „j rrr<aff<^ (a-gret'; a'gret), n. the small 
Interest; as, the village was all agog. ai-giClLC white heron; a plume arranged 


acr r\ ni7P (ag'6-niz), v.i. to suffer extreme 
ttg-U-llit-C pain; to make great effort of 
any kind: v.t. to cause to suffer greatly. 

acr r\ nt 7 in a (ag'6-niz'Ing). p.adj. full 
«■&-of anguish; torturing.— adv. 

agonizingly. 

acr r\ mr (ag'6-nl), n. [pi. agonies (-nlz)] 
-Hj intense suffering; extreme mental 
or physical pain; death struggle. 
a err a ri on (d-gra'rl-an), adj. relating to 
A_ «- AA land, or to the right or man 
ner of holding real estate; growing wild in the 
fields: n. one who is in fa\or of an equal divi 
■ion of public lands. 

n rrrn ri on {cm (d-gra'rl-an-Izm),n.the 

a ri-an-ism principle of a uniform 
or equal division of public land; agitation with 
respect to land or real estate holding. 
n err (d-greO, v.i. to harmonize pliysi 
cally, mentally, or morally; to 
yield assent; consent; accede; to accord; 
to come to one opinion; to be similar; match; 
to be suitable; as, the same food does not 
agree with everybody; settle; arrange. 

« nrmo. n i +T 7 (d-gre'd-bll'I-tl), n. the 

a-gree-a-Dll-l-ty quality of giving pleas¬ 
ure; easiness of disposition. Also, agreeable- 
ness 

a arPP a V»1 p (d-gre'd-bl), adj. pleasing 
a-gree-d.-Uie to the mind or senses; 

comfortable; suitable. 

Syn. pleasant, pleasing, charming. 

Ant. (see disagreeable). 

a-gree-a-bly <322^® ’ 
a-gree-ment5^S£: 


correspondence of one word with another in 
gender, number, case, or person; a compact; 
a contract; mutual understanding. 

onr -ri Pill tilt* ill (ag"rl-kul' tdr-al), adj . 
d.g-11-CUi-lUI-cU pertaining to the culti¬ 
vation of land. 

ocr ri pul fiit*P> (S.g'rI-kul't(Lr), n. the sci- 
1-GU1-IUIC ence and art of cultivat¬ 
ing fields by use of the plow, etc.; tillage; 
farming. 

o nr ri pul flit* icf (ag^rl-kuhtlir-ist), n. 
<*-&- Il-GUi-lUI -lo l one engaged in tillage; 

a farmer. 

r, o-rminrl (d-ground'). adj. and adv. on the 
G U11U. ground; in thesituation of aship 
whose keel touches the bottom; stranded; 
opposite to afloat; hence, brought to a stop 
by lack of^ something. 

a an a (a'gu), n. a malarial fever occurring 
d-gUC regular intervals and attended by 
chills, fever, and sweating; a chill, or state of 
shaking as with cold. 

nX\ (a), interj. an exclamation expressive of 
«- AA sudden emotion, as contempt, pity, 
triumph. 

a \\a (a-ha/), interj. an exclamation expres- 
cL-lLa. s j V e of triumph, satisfaction, surprise, 
or contempt. 

a Yiaad (d-hed'), adv. to or in the front; 
d-JlCdU. forward; onward. 
a Tick-m (d-h&rn'). inter j. an utterance, clear- 
a-llclll ing of the throat, or shght cough to 
attract attention. 

a Ti r\\T (d-hoi'), inter j. a term used in hailing 
d-IlUy a vessel; as, Ship ahoy! 

(ad), v.t. to assist; support: n. help; 
assistance; a person or thing that helps. 

aid d** ra rrm (ad'd^kamp"; ad'd§= 
aiQ-ae-Camp kan*), n. [pi. aides*de = 

camp], an officer who assists a general; called 
also an aide. Also, aide-de-camp. 


n. 

or 


harmony 
feelings; 


in imitation of the feathers of the heron, worn 
on helmets and as an article of woman’s head¬ 
dress. Also, aigret, egret. 

1 cal), v.t. [p.t. ana p.p. ailed, p.pr. ailing], 
to give or cause pain or discomfort to; 
as, something ails the child: v.i. to feel pain; 
be afflicted with pain. 

• 1 0 rrm (a'l$-ron),n. a small hinged wing 
d.l-iC-1 Uli tip on an airplane, operated by 
the pilot, for preserving or destroying the 
horizontal balance of the machine, 
oil m<vn+ (al'ment), n. a shght disorder or 
dll-lllcllt disease of the body or mind; 
sicknessj illness; indisposition, 
oim ( am )< v -i- [p-t. and p.p. aimed, p.pr. aim- 
dllll ing], to endeavor; to point a weapon at 
something; v.t. to point or direct (a weapon) 
at with the purpose of hitting; to direct 
against; as, to aim a remark at any one; n. a 
purpose; an endeavor; target. 

Syn., n. mark, object, design, 
oim Ickcc (am'les), adj. without definite in- 
dUli-lCbb tention; purposeless.— adv. aim¬ 
lessly.— 7i. aimlessness. 

(ar), v.t. to expose to the air; dry thor- 
oughly, as clothes; to display; bring 
into public notice; as, to air one’s views: n. 
the fluid which we breathe; the atmos¬ 
phere; external manner; behavior; in music, 
a melody: pi. affected manners. 
nir l\ralra ( &r ' brak), a railway brake 
dll UldlVC operated by compressed air. 

nir ra c ( ar ' kas'l), a day dream; a 

dll tdo- lie reverie. 

•*. r.V» o-m k Q r (ar' cham'ber), a com- 
air Cnam-Der partment filled with air; 

as, the air chamber of a lifeboat. ___ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








aircraft 


14 


alderman 


air rrafi (&r'krai't), n. [pi. aircraft], any 

O.XA -ci ax t f orm 0 f craft or machine for fly¬ 
ing or sailing through the air, as an airplane, 
balloon, etc. 

air drnmp (ar'drom), n. an aviation field; 
«.xx -vxx oxixc a building where airplanes are 
stored. Also, aerodrome. 
ck it* pro q Sa< s )i an illuminating gas 
S** 0 ma( ie from air charged with the 
vapor of petroleum, naphtha, etc. 
air crirn (&r giin), a gun from which the 
a11 fe UAA projectile is expelled by com¬ 
pressed air. 

air Vlnip (ar' h51), a local region in the 
«.Ax xxuxc atmosphere having a downward 
movement and offering less than the usual 
support to a flying machine; a spot in the 
ice not frozen over. 

air ino- (ar'Ing), n. a walk, ride, or drive 
„ o in the open air; exposure to the 
air or fire. 

air linp a Straight line between 

^ two places; a bee line. 
air—\nc\c (ar'ldk"), n. an air-tight ante- 
7”, ,chamber for a submarine caisson; 

in the World War, the space between two 
damp blankets, placed at the opening of a 
dugout to make it gas proof. 

air nlfinp (ar'plan"), n. an aircraft or 
cxxx-pxcuxc flying machine kept aloft by 

the reaction of motor-propelled planes upon 
the air. Also, aeroplane. 

air til Ant Pl& n t>). a plant uncon- 
Fxcxxxt nected with tho ground, which 
appears to live upon air; popular name for 
certain orchids. 

ait TVJimn Pump), a machine for 
«. piAxxxp exhausting, compressing, or 
transmitting air. 

air sbin far'shlp"), n. any large machine 
” , xiF for navigating the air; most often, 
a machine supported by gas-filled bags and 
propelled through the air bv mechanical 
power, as the dirigible or steerable balloon. 

air-sneed mp fpr (ar'sped* me ter), 

axx opecu xiic-lCI an instrument for 
measuring the speed of aircraft, or flying 
machines. 

Air_finrkf (ar'tit"), adj. so thoroughly 
< 0.11 llglll c i 0 sed that no air can enter. & 

air V a dj- exposed to, or composed of, 
..~J air; breezy; unsubstantial; gay.— adv. 

airily.— n. airiness. 

■aiclp n : a passageway leading to the 

seats in a Church nr nthcr 


train. 


a~iar (^“iar'), adj. and adv. slightly turned 
J _ or opened, as a door; out of harmony 
as, ms nerves were ajar. 

a-kim bo G< y* and adv. with 

UU the hands on the hips and the 
elbows turned outwards. 

a-kin and adv. of kin; re- 

f- ^axx lated by blood; allied by nature, or 
having the same properties; as, envy and 
jealousy are akin. 

al-a-bas-ter (al'd-bas'ter), n. a white, 
a. ua& LCI marblelike mineral, found, 
chiefly, near Florence, Italy. 

H la carte k art'), according to the 

•,, ca F d or . bl11 of fare: used of a 
menu card with the price of each dish given. 
|r R.J 

a lark d*-lak'). inter j. an exclamation ex- 
pressive of blame, sorrow, or sur¬ 
prise. 

a-lac.ri tv (® _ lak'r)(-tl), n. eager readiness; 
T" 1 v joyous activity; briskness; as 

to move \»nth alacrity 


a1 a mnd<a (al'a-mod"; a/'ld-mod'), adv. in 
<AA_cA ~ AAA '“''" 1 ^ the fashion: adj. fashionable; 
served in a special manner, as pie with ice 
cream, beef with vegetables, etc.: n. a thin 
light, glossy black silk. Also, a la mode. [Fr.] 
a 1 Arm (o-larm'), v.t. to arouse to a sense 
ex xcixxxx d an g er; strike with fear of 
danger: n. a call to arms; a warning of dan¬ 
ger; the fear of danger. Also, alarum. 

a-larm inp - (a-larm'Ing), p.adj. exciting 
a. xcxxxxx-xxxg apprehension or fear; dis¬ 
turbing with sudden fear; filling with 

anxiety. 

A lArrm ic+ (a'larm-Ist), n. one who excites 
fear by exaggerating bad 
news or foretelling calamities. 

3 la TV (a'la-rl; al'a-rf), adj. of or pertain- 
J mg to wings; wing-shaped. 

A lac: (a-l&s'), inter j. an exclamation expres- 
**■ ACl „ uve of unhappiness, 
alb ^alb), n. a church vestment of white 
linen worn over the cassock, 
al Ha trncc (51'bd-trfis), n. a sea-bird of 
<AA_ the petrel family, found on 

«outhern seas and the , 

whole Pacific Ocean, Albatross 

but not the ISlorthern L _^~. 

Atlantic. 

al-be-it 

though;even though; 
notwithstanding. 

son with white skin 1 
and hair and pinkish 
eyes; an animal or plant paler in color than 
most of its kind. 

al blim (al'biim), n. a blank book in which 
to insert autographs, photographs, 
stamps, etc. 

al bll mpn (al-bu'm8n), n. the white of 
o-x-wix-xiicix an egg; a thick, sticky sub¬ 
stance found m many animals or plants. Also, 
albumin. 

a l_bll mi none: (al-bu'ml-nfis), adj. con- 
cU UU-IUvnOUS taming a form of 

nourishing matter like the white of an egg. 
Also, albuminose. 

al-Cal dp (al-kal'd6), n. in Spain, the 
^cxx-vxc mayor or judge of a towm. 

al rbp miert (al'ke-mlst), n. one who 

sturJiort or 

chemistry. 



n. 

practiced 


early 


wmwn 11 £ al-che-my Jh^lSwie”' h Thl tr pr£ 


fessed art of transmuting or changing ‘the 
common metals into gold. 

al ffl bnl (al'kb-hol), n. a colorless liquid 
axw-xiui formed by the fermentation of a 
watery sugar solution, usually prepared by 
the action of malt on starch; a powerful 
stimulant and antiseptic; diluted with 
water, an intoxicant: wood alcohol, a by¬ 
product of charcoal, extensively used com¬ 
mercially.— adj. alcoholic. 

al-CO-hol-ism ( ai ' k j*- b Sl-izm), n. a dis- 

i . OA1A eased condition produced 
by the too great use of fermented or distilled 
liquors. 

a 1_COVP (al'kov; 5,1-kov'), n. a recess in a 
, room, as for a bed, bookcases, 

etc.; a retired spot. 

al-dpr (ol'der), n. a class of shrubs growing 
in moist la,nri and rp.latpd tn fba 


birch. 


al-der-man ( 61 'd 8 r-m&n), n. [pi. alder- 
TriciT , 5 ™ en (-m8n)], in English and 

Irish municipalities, a magistrate next in 
rank to the mayo r; in the United States. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus,’menu; 












ale 


15 


Allhallows 


one with varied powers and duties, repre¬ 
senting a city ward or district, 
ol a (al), n. a light-colored beer made from 
malt. 

o 1 a fx (d-le'), adj. and adv. a nautical term: on 
d-icc the lee or sheltered side of the ship, the 
side away from the wind: opposite to aweather. 
ol ( 5 . 1 'em), n. the imperial standard of 

dl-clll the Turkish Empire. 
n Ickrf (a-Klrt'), adj. on the watch; active; 
<x -id L brisk; ready; vigilant: n. the look¬ 
out; a guarding against surprise; as. to be on 
the alert. — adv. alertly. 

a 1 p1 4 riocc (a-lGrt'nes) , n. the act or 
-lCi l-ucao quality of being vigilant or 
watchful; activity. 

Al PY ovi Hrinp> (aPSg-zan'drln), it. a 
m-CA-dll-Uillie verse of six feet of 

two syllables each, the accent falling on the 
second syllable of each foot, 
ol f fl 1 fo (al-fal'fa). n. a deep-rooted plant 
ai-iai-ia G f European origin which grows 
from one to four feet in height and produces 
two to six crops a year. In the western part 
of the United States it is the staple hay and 
forage plant. 

ol o-p, "hra (STj^-bra), n. a branch of 
mathematics using letters and 
other symbols to represent quantities, 
al era Ivra if* (al"j$-bra'Ik), adj. occurring 
c AA-gC-urd-lL in, or dealing with, that 
branch of mathematics which uses letters and 
symbols to represent quantities. Also, alge¬ 
braical.— adv. algebraically. 
p i: oq (a'H-5s), n. [pi. aliases (-ez)], an as- 
d-Ii-db sumed name: adv. otherwise named. 

: i.j (al'i-bl), n. the plea of having been 
ctl-l-Ul elsewhere at the time an offense 
was committed. 

al i*vn (al'yen), n. a foreigner; a person 
al-icil living in a country other than his own 
without the rights of citizenship; a stranger: 
adj. foreign; strange: different, 
al ion otp (al'yen-at), v.t. to estrange or 
dl-lCll-dLC turn away, as the affections; 
transfer to another, as property. 

ol ion a firm (al-yen-a'shun), n. a with- 
tu.-icxi-d-LJ.UiJ. drawing or an estrange¬ 
ment, as of feeling or the affections; trans¬ 
ference; insanity. 

a lion ic+ (al'yen-Ist), n. a doctor engaged 
a-llcll-lo L j n the study and treatment of 


mental diseases. 

(d-lit'), v 


to dismount; to descend 


a HaTit (a-ht'), v.i. 1 
a-llgnt and settle; 

dentally: adj. and adi>. in a flame, 
a lirrn (a-H 0 '). v.t. to place in a straight 
«-"Al£li line; to adjust to a line; to form in 
line, as troops. Also, aline. 

a lirm monf (o-hn'ment), n. act of 
<t-ligli-liicilt arranging in a line or lines; 

the state of being so adjusted. Also, aline- 
rnent. 

o lilro (a-lik'). adj. resembling one another; 
d-ilivc similar: adv. in the same manner. 

i (al'f-ment), n. food; nutriment; 

dl-I-IIlcil L hence, that which sustains or 
supports.— adj. alimental. 

ol i mpn fa rv (alT-men'ta-rl), adj. per- 
ai-1-meil-Xd.-ry taimng to food; nutri¬ 
tious or nourishing. 

al-i-men-ta-ry ca-nal the 

great duct or tube which conveys food to 
the stomach and carries off unused matter. 

_i \ nrr (al'I-mA-nl), n. means of liv- 

ai-l-IUU-liy ing; an allowance made by 
decree of court to a wife out of her husband’s 
estate on separation or divorce, or pending 
an action for the same 


adj. relat¬ 
or having the properties 


a lino (a-lin'), t.f. to lay out or adjust by a 
^■AlllC line: v.i. to form or fail into a line. 
Also sili^u* 

a 1 in a rnont (a-lin'ment), n. the act of 
<*-A.uic-iiiCiiL laying out or adjusting by 

a line; the ground-plan of a railway or road. 
Also, alignment. 

a lixrti (a-llv'), adj. having life; in a state 
d-ilvc c f action; sprightly; attentive; 
sensitive; opposite to dead. 
al Ira It (al'ka- 11 ; al'ka-ll), n. [pi. alkalies; 
dl-ivd-il alkalis (-liz; -llz)], one of a class 
of substances, as soda or potash, having the 
common properties of being soluble in water 
and in alcohol, of combining with fats to form 
soap, and of changing the tint of many color¬ 
ing matters; in chemistry, a base. 

al-ka-line 

of, an alkali, 
oil (61), adj. the whole quantity of, as sub¬ 
til stance, duration, extent, amount, or 
degree; the whole number of, collectively, as 
individuals, particulars, or parts; every, as 
all kinds; any: used after a preposition or 
verb; a^, he was free from all thought of 
danger: pron. the whole; the whole quantity 
or amount; total; aggregate: n. a whole; 
an entirety; one’s entire possessions; adv. 
wholly; entirely; completely. 

Al l«Vi An. al-la'j, n. the Arabic 

iAA-AdAl nam 0 f or God, in use among the 
Mohammedans. 

al lav (o-la'). v.t. to quiet or calm; to 
< *A-Idy assuage; to appease; to pacify; 
to abate or lessen; to mitigate; as, to allay/ 
pain or grief. 

ol 1 « tra firm (al'e-ga'shun), n. assertion; 
dA-lC-gd-llUil declaration; that which is 
asserted or offered as a plea, excuse, or justi¬ 
fication; the statement, by a party to a suit, 
of that which he is prepared to prove, 
al 1 acre* (S'-lejO. v.t. to produce as argu- 
dA-icge rnent, plea, or excuse; affirm; 
declare; assert. 

al 1 p ffifltiCA (5i-le jSns), n. the tie or 
dA-1 C -j^ldliL/ o obligation of a citizen or 
subject to his sovereign or government; 
fidelity to a cause or person; devotion; tho 
duty of loyalty. 

al Id OYYt* i pal (al* 6 -g 6 r'I-k&l), adj. flgu— 
dl-Ac-gUr-l-Cdl rative; describing by 

resemblance. Also, allegoric. 

al-le-gor-i-cal-ly ^ 

al Id crr\ rv (al' 6 -g 6 -rl), n. [pi. allegories 
tti-iC-gU-ij (-rlz)], a manner of treating a 
subject by the use of other terms or circum¬ 
stances than the real ones; representation 
in a story of one thing under the imago 
or likeness of another; a narrative in 
which the meaning of something is con¬ 
veyed symbolically; as. Pilgrim's Progress is a 
great allegory. — n. allegorist. 
ol 1o In la (81'6-lOT'ya), interj. Praise ye 
dl-iC -1 U-ld the Lord! n. a song or cry of 

Also, alleluiah, halle- 


v.t. to lighten; 
make easier; miti- 


thanksgiving and joy. 

luiah, hallelujah. 

al Id vi afd (S-le'vI-at), 
dA-lC-vl-dlC lessen; ma 

gate.— n. alleviation. 

al IdV ( Rl,i )> n - alleys (-Iz)], a passage; 
di-icj a narrow way in a city; a lane. 

al IdV wav (al'Uwa'), n. a short or nar- 
di-icj w ay row passageway. 

all Vi ail (Slhal), all health! a phrase of 
dll Ildll salutation or greeting. 

All Viol Inuro (Al'hSl'Sz), n.pl. All Saints’ 
ixll-lidi-lOWb Day, celebrated on the 
first of November, in honor of all the saints. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









alliance 


16 


aloes 


pi orirp ( 2 t-li'§.ns), n. relation or con- 
<u-u-cuit/C nection by birth or marriage; 
union between nations or parties. 

Syn. confederacy, fusion, league, partner¬ 
ship, union, coalition, compact. 

Ant. (see separation). 

ol H era -frkf (&l'i-ga'ter), n. the American 

ai-ll-gd-XOr crocodile. 



Alligator 

pi lif or ct firm (£-Ut"er-a'shfin) t n% the 
d.I-11 L-t/I-d.- 11U11 repetition of the same 

initial letter in closely succeeding words, or in 
words directly following ea' h other. 

ol lit p.r n tivrp (a-llt'er-a-tiv), adj. per- 
cti-liL-ci-cl-Li. v c taming to, or charac¬ 
terized by, the repetition of words beginning 
with the same letter; as, alliterative verse, 
a] 1 n r*of(P (al' 6 -kat), v.t. to assign or allot; 
oi-iu-^d lc distribute; apportion; as, to 
allocate shares.—n. allocation, 
o] l n pi <a-lo'dl-al), adj. free of rent; 
cn-AVi-Lii-held independently: opposite 
to feudal: n. land thus held. Also, alodial, 
pi l n •no+Ti (al'S-path), n. one who favors 
til or practices a system of medi¬ 
cine which treats disease by inducing an 
action opposite to that of the disease treated. 
Also, allopathist. 

pi lo -nofh ip (al" 6 -path'Ik), adj. relating 
to the system of medicine 
which treats disease by causing an action op¬ 
posite to that of the disease treated, 
pi 1 riri p +V.tt (a-lop'a-thi), n. a method of 
dA-AVJjj-ci— LAAjf treating disease by inducing 
an action opposite to that of the disease it is 
sought to cure; distinguished from[homeopathy. 
pi 1 n f (a-lotO, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. allotted, 
cil-iUL p.pr. allotting], to distribute cr 
divide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; assign 
or grant for a specific or definite purpose. 

ill Inf mn-nf (&- 16 t'ment), n. act of divid- 
cti-iUL-lllcllL jug fairly; that which is so 

divided; an allowance; especially, an allowance 
made to a soldier’s family for their support 
during his absence for service in war. 
pi (a-lou'), v.t. to grant; consent to, 

cii-i vj w yield; admit; deduct; set apart; 
as, to aZlou? so much for loss; permit; approve: 
v.i. to make concession or provision: followed 
by for. 

pi Inw p Kick (a-lou'a-bl), ad), permissi- 
ctl-lO W-d.-UlG b le; lawful; praiseworthy; 
acceptable.— adv. allowably. 

ill Inw sinm (a-lou'ans), n. admission; 
di-ivj vv-ciiiv/c concession; a definite sum 

or quantity granted; as, an allowance of 
spending money; an allowance of food; 
sanction or approval: v.t. to limit to a fixed 
expenditure or consumption of money, food, 
etc. 

pi Inv ( 3 ,-loi'), n. any mixture of metals; a 
aj.-i.Kjy baser metal used in mixture with a 
finer one; an admixture^of good with evil: v.t. 
to combine; to form a compound by the fusion 
or mixing of two or more metals; reduce in 
standard or quality by mixture; as to alloy 
gold or silver with copper; debase. 


5i11.miinH (ol'round"), adj. versatile, or 
CUA ivjuiiu. many-sided; capable of doing 
many things; as, a good all-round workman. 

All Souls* Day 

celebrated ^November 
second, by the Catholic Church, in honor 
of the dead. 

pll cnirfi (ol'spls"), n. the fruit or berry of 
ail-opicc the pimento, a tree of the West 
Indies: so named because it is supposed to 
combine the flavors of cinnamon, nutmeg, and 
cloves. 

ol lii si a (&-lud'), v.i. to refer indirectly: 
di-iUUc with to; to hunt at. 
pi 1 11rA (a-lur'), v.t. to tempt by the offer 
cu-llil C 0 f something good, real, or appar¬ 
ent; entice; attract. 

p 1 1 -nrck motif ( 3 ,-lur'mSnt), n. the act of 
cLl-lUIC-llIClll attracting; temptation. 

pi 1 11t * fno- (a-lur'Ing), p.adj. tempting; 
cli-au.a-iaa£ enticing; fascinating, 
pi 1 .. cmti ( 5 -lu'zhfin), n. a casual refer- 
a.l -1 U-olLUi ence to, or slight mention of, 
something; a comparison or reference for 
illustration. 

pi 1 11 civo (S^ln'slv) , adj. having reference 
oi-iu-DlVC to something not definitely or 
fully expressed.— adv. allusively. — n. allusive¬ 
ness. 

pi 1 i t pi (a-lu'vI- 3 . 1 ), adj. relating to, or 
ai-iu-vi-ai composed of, clay, mud, or other 

material left by running water. 

'll 111 vi rvn (a-lu'vi- 6 n), n. land added to 
cii-iu-vi-uu a shore or river-bank by the 

action of the water. 

pi In xri lim (a-lu'vl-fim), n. [pi. alluvia 
cil-iu-vi-um (_ a )], a deposit of earth, 

sand, and clay (mud), or of layers of sand and 



league, or confederacy; bind or connect by 
friendship or resemblance: n. [pi. allies ( 5 ,-Uz')J 
one united, related, or associated by these 
means; a confederate. 

A 1 mp TV/To +or (al'ma ma'ter), the col- 
xAl-IIld. iVid-Icr j e g e or institution in 

which one has been educated; literally, fos¬ 
tering mother. [Lat.] 

551 mu 1151 r (ol'ma-nak), n. a year-book, 
awua-nav/ or calendar, giving the order 
of the days of the week and month, facts 
about the heavens, tide-tables, church festi¬ 
vals and fasts, and other varied information, 
pi mierht v ( 61 -mIti), adj. possessing all 
L ~j power; of unlimited might.— 
The Almighty, the omnipotent God. 
pi mrvnH (a'mfind; al'mfind), n. the nut- 
cj.i-i_m.iuhu. fike kernel of the fruit of a small 
tree somewhat like the peach; the tree itself; 
anything like the almond in shape, 
pi rnrm Pi* (al'mun-er), n. one who dis- 
C 1 A-AJ.AVJ 11 - , penses or distributes charity, 
pi rnncf ( 61 'most), adv. nearly; very 
di-iiiuot nearly; well-nigh; all but. 

(anaz), n.sing. [used sometimes as 
0.11110 n.pl], charity; anything freely given 
to relieve the poor. 

p 1 m <5 "hrkiiQP (amz'hous"), n. a house en- 
ciiiiio-iivjuoc; dow r ed bj r private or public 

charity and_devoted to the use of the poor. 
P 1 /-ip (al'o), n. f pi. aloes (-oz)], the common 
cii- l/c; name for a number of plants, natives 
of the warm climates of the Old World, and 
especially of the southern part of Africa, 
pj nPQ (al'oz), n.pZ. a very bitter drug, made 
0.1 UCO from the juice of the leaves of 
several kinds of aloe; the fragrant resin or 
wood of the wood-aloe: the usual meaning 
in the Bible. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus,’menu; 












aloft 


17 


amalgamation 


a l n f f (d- 16 ft'), adv. a nautical term: on high; 

* 1UAl far above the earth; at the mast¬ 
head, or on the higher yards or rigging of a 
ship. 

o (a-lon'), adj. and adv. without or 

apart from another; solitary; single 
or singly; only; by itself. 

« Irvna (d-long), prep, and adv. by the 
length; lengthwise; in a line parallel 
with the length; onward; as, let us walk along. 

a Inner cirl p (a-long'sid"), adv. by the 
-lUllg-blUC side; side by side. 

o lnnf (o- loo O. adv. at a distance but 
ca-auua within sight; purposely keeping 
apart; as, to stand aloof. 

a lnnf riPQC (a-loof'nes), n. the state of 
-iuui-ncoo keeping away from; exclu¬ 
siveness; as, aloofness of manner. 

a lnilfl (d-loud'), adv. with raised voice; 

-aviava loudly; with a great noise; audibly, 
al rxan a (al-pak'a), n. a sheeplike animal 
cU-pdC-d native of the Andes of Chili and 
Peru; the cloth made from the long, soft, 
silky wool of this animal. 

pi nnn-hnm (al'pemhorn"), n. a long 
di-pcii aauaaa an d nearly straight horn 

used by the mountaineers of the Alps. 

ol non d"nr*lr P©n=stok"), n. a stout 
dl-pcll blUl/lv staff, furnished with an 

Iron spike, used by mountain-climbers, 
al -nila (al'fd), tt. the first letter of the 
«cu.-piia. Greek alphabet; hence, the first or 
beginning of anything. 

al rfha V»p+ (al'fa-bet), n. the letters of a 
di-pua-ucc language arranged in the 
usuqI order 

al nil a tc (al fd-bet'Ik), adj. relating 

di-Uiict-U c I-IC to the letters of a language 

in their proper order. 

o 1 nh n h pi < pal (al"fa-b6t'I-kal), adj. 

L-1-Cd.J. arranged in the usual 
order of the letters of a language; as, an alphcv- 
Metical list of names.— adv. alphabetically. 

ol villa Hpi 170 (ill fd-bet-iz), v.t. to ar- 
ai-jjaa-wci-iAC range in the usual order 

of the letters of a language. 

nl rparl v (dl-red'i), adv. by or before a 

tU-iCdU-J/ particular time; beforehand. 

( 61 'so; ol'so), adv. and conj. in like 


3.1-SO manner; likewise; 
addition; too; besides, 
al -fov ( 61 'ter), n. in the] 
cU-ldl Christian Church, 
the Communion table; in 
ancient times and in hea¬ 
then countrias, a raised 
place of earth or stone, on 
which to offer sacrifice or 
burn incense to the gods. 
„1 (ol'ter), v.t. to 

ell- tci change in some 
respect; to vary somewhat: 
v.i. to become somewhat 
different. 

al-ter-a-tion ^1%' 


further. 



Altar 


n. a change of form or state; the act of mak¬ 
ing the change. 

0 j (al'ter-kat; 61 'ter-kat), v.i. 

dl-Lv; 1 -UcttC £0 contend or dispute in 
words; wrangle; dispute with anger or heat, 
ol +01- nek nn (aPter-ka'shfln), n. a dis- 
ai-ier-Ca-XlOn pute; angry debate. 

ol +ov na+p (al'ter-nat; ol'ter-nat), v.t. to 
UI-Lci-IidtC cause to occur by turns: 

o. i. to take place by turns: followed by with: 
adj. ( 5 , 1 -tfir'nat; al'ter-nat), taking place by 
turns; first one and then the other; in bot¬ 
any, following each other by turns on oppo¬ 
site sides of a stem: n. a substitute. 


al-ter-na-tion 


(al"ter-na'shun; ol'tSr- 
na'shun), n. the taking 
turns or the following in succession, one after 
another; as, the alternation of day and night. 

al tar no +i-tra (al-tfir'na-tlv; ol-tfir'na- 
cU.-lci-Ild.-UVt; tlv), adj. giving the choice 
of two things, only one of which may be 
taken, done, etc.: n. something that must be 
done, taken, etc., instead of something else; a 
choice between two things.— adv. alternatively. 
Syn., n. choice, option, preference, pick. 
Ant (see compulsion). 

al (ol-t/io'), conj. though; even if; 

dl-tiJU Ugll notwithstanding. Also, altho. 

al tim p tpt* (al-tlm e-ter), n. aneroid 
di- aaaaa-c-ica barometer graduated to show 
altitude instead of pressure: used on airplanes, 
etc. 

al ft +11 dp, (51'tl-tud),n.spaceextendedup- 
aj-u-tuuc ward; height; as, the altitude of a 
mountain; highest point or degree, 
al -fp (al'to) , adj. high: n. the part sung by 
o.A-uy the lowest female voice, between the 
tenor and soprano; the contralto; the tenor 
violin or viola. 

ol pi* (ol'too-getfc'er), adv » 

laa-x;a wholly; completely; en¬ 
tirely; without exception. 

al frit icm .(al'troo-Izm), n. regard for the 
caa-ca ia-aoaaa interests of others: opposite 
to selfishness. 

al frii icf (al'troo-ist), n. a person devoted 
CAi-tJ d-Aot t, 0 the welfare of others. 

al frit ic fir* (al-troo-ls'tlk), adj. mindful 
O.A-LA u-Ao-iAi/ 0 f t he wants and interests of 
others. 

al lim (Skum), n. a white, transparent, salt- 
like substance largely used in medi¬ 
cine and industrv; common alum is a double 
sulphate of aluminum and potassium. 

a 111 mi na (d-lu'ml-na), n. a compound 
ca-aia-aiaa-aio. from two parts aluminum and 

three parts oxygen; the most abundant of 
all the earths; the main part of all clays: 
largely used in dyeing and calico-printing. 

a lii m i tiiim (d-lu'mi-num),w.abluish- 
-AU-JliA-AiUill white metal noted for its 
lightness: the most plentiful of all metallic 
substances, but never found in a pure state. 
Also, aluminium. 

a liim na (^IQmkm), n. [pi. alumnse 
ia-aiaiia-aio. (_ne)], a woman graduate of 

a school, college, or university. 

a Inin rmc (o _ lnm'nfis), n. [pi. alumni 
cl-AUJJA-Aiuo (-ni)J, a man graduate of a 
school, college, or_university, 
al wave (dl'waz; ol'waz), adv. at all times; 
ci x-wciyo constantly; ever; continually. 

a Ivc Clim (o-lls'um), n. a plant bearing 
a-ijo-ouiu small, white, sweet-scented 
flowers: commonly called sweet alyssum. 
a main (o-man'), adv. with fone or vio- 
a. aaacaaaa lence; suddenly; at full si eed. 

a mal cram (a-mal'gam), n. any‘metallic 
a.-AAAa.A—gauiA mixture of which mercury 

is the chief ingredient; a mixture or com¬ 
pound of different things. 

a mal era mafp (d-mal'ga-mat), v.t. to 
-mai-ga-maie alloy or mix mercury 

with another metal; mix to form a compound: 
v.i. to mix or combine so as to make uniform • 
as, one race amalgamates with another. 

a-mal-ga-ma-tion 

mixing mercury with another metal; the 
separation of precious metals from the mother- 
rock by means of quicksilver; the blending or 
mixing of different elements or things; the 
union or consolidation of two or more com- 
panies or businesses into one concern. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





















amanuensis 


18 


amerce 


a man 11 PH C 1 Q (d-man'u-en'sls). n. [pi. 
a-xilaJl-U-di-oio amanuenses (-sez)],one 

who writes at the dictation or direction of 
another; a secretary. 

am a ranfh (am'a-ranth), n. an imagi- 
^Hii-a —1 dll lii. nary flower said by poets to 
be unfading; a plant; a color-mixture in 
which the chief ingredient is magenta, a 
dark red dye. 

Ptn p r pff fhitlP (am d-ran'thln), adj. 
cU.Il-d.-IdlI-LIIU.ic never-fading; undying; 

of a purplish color. 

a macc (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a 
a-llidbb heap; gather together in great 
quantity; to accumulate. 

Syn. collect, gather, hoard, store up. 

Ant. (see disperse). 

am a fpiir (am'd-tdr'; am'a-tur), n. one 
ftiu-a-icui who practices any art, study, 
or pursuit for pleasure but not professionally 
for money.— adj. amateurish, 
pm a fn nr (am'd-t 6 -rt), adj. relating to, 
a_iu.-a.-tu-J.jr or expressive of, love, 
p m{)7 p (a-maz'), v.t. to bewilder with 
d-lUdiC fear, surprise, or wonder; aston¬ 
ish; perplex.— adv. amazedly. 

ti m!J7P mprfl (d-maz'mgnt), n. aston- 
a-nidPC-nicui ishment; perplexity or 

bewilderment arising from sudden surprise. 

Syn. awe, wonder, surprise, confusion, 
admiration, bewilderment. 

Ant. (see composure). 

a m 9 7 fncr (d-maz'Ing), adj. very wonder- 
-map-mg ful, astonishing.— adv. amaz¬ 
ingly. 

A rna 7nr\ (^va'a-zon) , n. one of a fabulous 
n-ma-iuu ra ceof female warriorsi ama¬ 
zon, an unusually tall, strong, or masculine 
woman. 

Prn V»oq oo rlAt - (am-bas'a-der), n. a 
dlii-Udb-bd-U-UI government agent of 

highest rank representing his country’s inter¬ 
ests at a foreign capital; any representative or 
agent of another charged with a special mission. 
Also, embassador. — adj. ambassadorial. 

am-bas-sa-dor ex-traor-di-na-ry 

(am-bas'a-der eks-tror'dl-nS.-rl), a minister 
or agent sent on a special mission by the 
government of one country to another. 

am-bas-sa-dor plen-i-po-ten-ti- 

o -»-tt (am-bas'a-der plen"I - p 6 -ten'shi - a - rl), 
a ~ x J an agent sent by one country to another 
with full powers to make a treaty or agreement. 

am-bas-sa-dress 

bassador; a woman charged with the perform¬ 
ance of a special mission. 

pm hpr (am'ber), n. a yellowish resin or 
aiu-uci gummy substance found on the 
shores of the Baltic: adj. made of amber; 
yellowish in color. 

ofri Kpr otic (am'ber-gres), n. a fragrant 
cuu-uci-^uo waxy substance coming 

from the sperm-whale, usually found floating 
in tropical seas: used in perfumery, 
om hi (\PY trnuc (am"bl-d§ks'trils), 

<uii-ui-uex-xroub adable to use both 

hands alike. 


am hi PH 1 tv (am'bl-gu'l-tl), n. [pi. 
OJ.U Ul-gU-l-iy ambiguities (-tlz)], doubt¬ 
fulness or uncertainty, especially of language. 

Also, ambiguousness. 

am hip - 11 one (am-blg'fl-fis), adj. doubt- 
0.111-Ulg-U-UUb ful . having two or more 

possible meanings.— adv. ambiguously. 

am hi firm (am-blsh'un), n. an eager 
cuu-ui-uuu desire to obtain some object, 
as political power or literary fame. 


am hi timic (&m-blsh'fis), adj. eager for 
aiu-ui-uuuo advancement; strongly de¬ 
sirous; as, ambitious of wealth; showy.-— adv. 
ambitiously. 

pm hip (am'bl), v.i. as applied to people, 
cU.il-U 1 C to go at an easy pace; to meander; 
as applied to horses, to go at a peculiar pace 
in which the animal moves by lifting the two 
feet on the same side together: n. a peculiar 
gait of a horse; any easy gait. 

am hrn ci a (am-bro'zhl-a), n. anything 
ani-niu-oi-a exquisitely pleasing to taste 
or smell; in mythology, the food of the gods; 
ragweed. 

am hrn ct a 1 (am-bro'zhI-S. 1 ), adj. deli- 
OJ.il-uiu-ol-a .1 cious; fragrant; sweet¬ 
smelling. 

am hrn fvnp (am'brd-tip), n. a photo- 
ani-uiu-ijfpc graphic process by which 

the light parts of a photograph are produced 
in silver, the dark parts showing as a back¬ 
ground through the clear glass. 

ptri hn lan rp (am'b<l- 12 Lns), n. a cart or 
a-ituu/C wagon for the conveyance 
of the sick and wounded to a hospital; a 
field hospital. 

am hn la tn rv (am'bil-ld-t 6 -ri), adj. 
cUIl-UU-ld.-XO-ry having the power to 

walk about; movable; temporary: n. a 
place for walking; a covered way, such as a 
corridor. 

am hue rarlts (am'bfis-kad'), n. a place 
aJIl-UU.b-Ca.UcJ -where troops lie hidden 
to attack the enemy unexpectedly; the act 
of hiding for such a jiurpose. 
am hiieh (am'boosh), n. a concealed sta- 
am-uuDU tion where troops lie hidden to 
attack the enemy unexpectedly; the act of 
lying concealed in order to make such an 
attack: v.t. to waylay; to station for the pur¬ 
pose of attacking by surprise, 
a mppr (d-mer'), n. a prince; governor; 
a " lucw the Mohammedan ruler of Afghan¬ 
istan. Also, amir, emir L 

a mpl ip •*•o+p (a-mel'y 6 -rat), v.t. to make 
-iiici-iu-i O-tc better; v.i. to grow bet¬ 
ter; improve. 

a-mel-io-ra-tion 

a mPtl (a'm&n'; a"m 6 n'), adv. verily; a 

a word used at the end of a prayer 

meaning “so be it.” 

a mp n a hip (d-me'na-bl), adj. easy to 
** inC-iicl-Ulc lead; ready to accept 

advice; as, amenable to criticism; account¬ 
able: liable; as, amenable to the law.— adv. 
amenably.— to. amenability. 

a mpn d (d-mend'), v.t. to change for the 
a-uicnu better; improve; correct. 

Syn. better, mend. 

Ant. (see impair). 

a-mend-a-to-ry 

datory or supplementary clause was added 
when the law was found defective. 

a-mend-ment 

a freeing from faults; the alteration or change 
of a government bill; an addition to the 
United States Constitution or to a state con¬ 
stitution. 

a mPfirlc: (d-mendz'), n.pl. compensation 
a-iucuuo or payment for loss or injury; 

as, to make amends. 

a-men-i-tv n - IP*- amenities 

a. AAA p AA x iy (-tlz)], pleasantness; genial¬ 
ity; civility. 

a mprrp (a-mOrs'), v.t. to punish by a 
, ,7 flne or by taking away any right 
or privilege.—n. amercement. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





American 


anachronism 


19 


A mnr i pan (Q-mer'I-kSn), adj. pertain- 
•rx-nici -1-V/d.J.I j n g to, or situated in, 

America; pertaining to the United States; 
as, an American citizen: n. an inhabitant of 
America. 

A-mericanasm < d P 2 , S'; k wd, m tki"; 

custom, or object, peculiar to, or originating 
in, the United States. 

A tYip r i pnu iv/a (d-mer'T-kan-iz), v.t. to 
xi-mcibrihg into agreement 
or accord with the manners and customs of the 
United States.— n. Americanization. 

o p +Ti vet r $-thlst), n. a violet— 
cxxxi-c-laij ai purple variety of quartz or 

rock-crystal; a precious stone. 

o rp +Vittq ■fitlA (Am' r £-thls , tln) , adj. 
dxn-e-my&-ime containing, composed 

5, rnt ji hil t tv (a'ml-d-bH'I-tD, n. ex- 
11 - 1 -tj cellence of disposition; 

lovableness. 

o mi a Klo (a'ml-d-bl), adj. friendly; lov- 
< *- _AAAA “« A “ AAA ' : ' able; kindly.— adv. amiably. 

am i ra "hlf* (am'I-kd-bl), adj. friendly; 

tuu-i-ba-uic peaceable.— adv. amicably. 

a mirl (d-mld'). prep, in the middle of; 
a - -AAAA '- A among. Also, amidst, 
n mi A oViirvc (d-mTd'shlps), adv. in the 

a-mia-smps middle of a ship. 

a -mice (d-mls'), adj. wrong; faulty: adv. 
ct-lllloo -wrongly; out of the way. 

am t tv (am'i-tl), n. friendly or peaceful 
cUli-l-iy relations; friendship. 

am m r\ tit a (S^mo'ni-a), n. a clear, sharp, 
or pungent gas, readily solu¬ 
ble in water, used in medicine, for manufac¬ 
turing ice, and in many other ways. 

am mil mi tirvn (am"u-nlsh , un), n. for- 
din-mu-lll- 11 U 11 merly, military stores 

and the storehouse for them; now, the mate¬ 
rial used in the discharge of cannon, fire¬ 
arms, etc., such as powder, balls, shells, 
bombs, etc. Also, munitions, 
arm mao -Hr (am'nes-tl), n. a general par- 
don or conditional offer of 
pardon for offenses against a government; a 
pardon for politicaloffenders. 
a mra \\a (d-me'bd), n. [pi. amoebas (-bdz) 
ct-IIlbC-Ud a nd amoebae (-be)], a tiny or 
microscopic animal found in fresh-water 
ponds: the simplest form of animal life. Also, 
ameba. 

o memo - (d-mung'), prep, in the midst of; 
d-lilUlig surrounded by, in the group 
with; so as to be shared by. Also, amongst. 
am nr rmo (am'S-rfis), adj. fond of the 
cU.lJ.-Ul-UUO opposite sex; loving. 

a mnr iVhnuc (d-mor'fus), adj. formless: 
a-mor-pnous irregularly shaped. 

o m nr W'rn (d-mor'tlz), v.t. to pay off or 
ix-lUUl- tlAC satisfy (a debt) by means of a 
sinking fund, or money regularly set aside for 
the purpose.—n. amortization. 

A rm nc (a'mus), n. a book of the Old Testa- 
■IIiuo rnent which contains the prophecies 
Of Amos, the herdsman, concerning the punish¬ 
ment of Israel. 

a rtiAtimt (d-mount'), v.i. to reach; to 
a-lllUUllL jje equal to; as, his answer 

amounted almost to a threat: n. the total sum. 
arm r\nrn (am-p&r'), n. the unit of meas- 
diil-JJd c urement of the strength of an 
electrical current. 

Arm mViiK i a (am-fifb'I-d), n.pl. animals 
xHn-pillD-l-cl living both on land and in 

water, such as frogs and turtles; the fourth 
division of animals with backbones, midway 
between fishes and reptiles, which in then- 
early state breathe by gills. 



q m nlnT*\ i am (am-fib^-an), n. an animal 
cUIl-pillU-l-clIl bving both on land and in 

water: adj. relating to animals that live both 
on land and in water; amphibious. 

am mbiTi i nuc (am-flb / l-us), adj. hav- 
am-pniD-l-OUb ing the power of living 

both on land and in water. Also, amphibian. 

orn mlli thp f) fpl* (Am"f!-the'a-ter), n. 
dJIl-pm-lllC-d-Lei an ova ] or circular 

building 
with rows 
of seats 
rising 
around a 
central 
space; 
comm on¬ 
ly, the 
highest 
gallery in 
a theater 

house era Am r )hltheater (The Coliseum at Rome.) 

am mlp (am'pl), adj. full, largo; extensive; 
cxxxx-jjic spacious; abundant; sufficient to 
meet all needs. 

am-pli-fi-ca-tion 

tension; as, the amplification of a subject. 

am mli fi nr (am'pli-fUer), n. one who, or 
cxxxx-px x-xx- cx that which, makes larger; a 
telephone device used for receiving and trans¬ 
mitting sound: it has the qualities of a very 
sensitive telephone transmitter. 

Jim mil fv (am'pll-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
axu-pxx-xjf amplified; p.pr. amplifying), to 
make larger or more full: v.i. to add to what 
has been said or written; to speak or write at 
great length. 

Syn. develop, expand, extend, widen, 
enlarge. 

Ant. (see abbreviate). 

Jim mil f 1 1 HP (am'pll-tud), n. the exten— 
cxxxx-jjxx- xxxvxv^ s ion in space, especially 

breadth and width; largeness of mind; 
breadth of thought. 

Jim nlv (am'pll), adv. liberally; abun- 
cxxix-pxj dantly; as, he is amply provided 
for. 

Jim mil iain (am'pff-tat), v.t. in surgery, 
dill-pU.-Idle? to cut off a human limb or 

part of a limb; to prime, as branches of trees 
or vines. 

Ptu mil "fj! -ti/vm (anUpfi-ta'shun), n. the 
dill-p LI- Id- liUli operation of cutting off 

a limb. 

jj miirlr (o- m uk'), adv. in a reckless or 
d-xxxuuJA. frenzied way: used in the phrase, 
to run amuck. 

am 11 Ipf (am'u-let), n. a charm worn to 
dxix-u.-iC l p ro tect against disease or bad 
luck; a talisman. 

a milQP (“- m uz'), v.t. to entertain; divert; 
a-ixiixoc as, to amuse children with toys. 

a mii cd mnr\'i m (d-muz , ment), n. that 
“ AAALAac-AAACAAl ' which diverts or enter¬ 
tains; a pastime. 

Pti (an), indef. art. any; each: properly an 
cAAA adj., used before nouns of the singular 
number only, and only before words having an 
initial vowel or silent h: it has a distributive 
force in such expressions as once [an hour; a 
dime an ounce. 

J1 TlJlfl J1 cic (d-nab'd-sfe), n. a military 
CA “ AACAA ' -CA “ OA ‘- > advance into a^country. 

Jim ji pTi Tm mi cm (an-ak'ro-nlzm), n. an 

ddi-d.CH-1 u-niblll error in the order of 

time; a mistake in the date of an event; 
especially, the placing of something in a 
wrong time; as, Shakespeare places a clock 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch, See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 
























anaconda 


20 


anemia 


pam- 

pain. 


In Julius Caesar, although clocks had not yet 
been invented at the time when Csesar lived, 
an a rnn d a (an'd-kCn'da), n. a very 
aii-d-tlUi-Ud. large South American snake 
which crushes its victims, usually birds and 
small animals; any large snake that kills its 
prey by squeezing it; a python or boa 
o n rp m i a (a-ne'ml-a), n. the condition of 
a.-xxcc-xixi.-a. not having enough blood, or of 
having blood of poor quality. Also, anemia, 
an a crram (an'a-gram), n. the changing 
aj.i-a.-gi cull 0 f the order of the letters of a 
word or sentence so as to form a new word or 
sentence; a word obtained by reading the 
letters of another word backwards; as, live is 
an anagram of evil. 

o rial (a'nal), adj. relating to the anus or 
C4.-XXC4.X e nd 0 f the digestive tube or aliment 
ary canal. 

on ol nrc>Q in (an"al-jes'ik), adj. 

<m-ai-ges-ic dumng; insensible to 
n. analgesia. 

a rial n orbit C (a-ual'6-gus), adj. having 
some resemblance; similar; 
corresponding to something else, 
o no] n crw (d-nal'6-jl), n. [pi. analogies 
a-IlcU-O-gy (_j Iz)]t agreement or resem¬ 
blance between things somewhat different; 
as, we say study enlightens the mind, thus 
making an analogy between study and light, 
the former being to the mind what the latter 
is to the eye.— adj. analogical. — adv. ana¬ 
logically. 

Syn. likeness, similarity, relation, propor¬ 
tion, comparison. 

Ant. (see unlikeness). 

a nal XT cie (d-nal'1-sls), n. [pi. analyses 
et-UcU-y-olb (_ sez )] t fhe division or separa¬ 
tion of a thing into the parts that compose it; 
as. analysis of a plant; analysis of a chemical 
compound; analysis of a sentence; analysis of 
a mathematical problem; analysis of the 
contents of a book. 

'liTl a IvQt (an'a-llst), n. one who divides 
x-a.-xj oi or separates things into the parts 
that compose them, especially in chemistry or 
mathematics. 

an a Ivt ip (an"a-l!t'Ik), adj. relating to, 
aj.x-a.~xj i-iv or separating into, component 
parts. Also, analytical. — adv. analytically. 

an a Iwza (an'a-llz), v.t. to separate into 

<*xx-<*--xj compoi 

closely and critically. 

alyzer. 

An a ni ac (an-a-m'5s), n. in the Bible, 
a follower of the Apostles, 
who, with his wife, Sapphira, was struck dead 
for lying; hence, a liar.—Acts v. 
oti o ppcf (an'a-pest), n. a poetic foot or 
cui-a-^cai measure consisting of three 
syllables, with the accent on the last; as, 

I am mon' | arch of all' | I survey'. Also, 
anapaest. — adj. anapestic, anapaestic. 

o nat* pliir (a-nar'klk), adj. in a state of 
a.~xxa.x lawlessness qr disorder; with¬ 

out rule or government; in confusion. Also, 

anarchical. 

an arch icm (an'ar-klzm), n. lawless- 
axi-dA uxi-AOiii ness; confusion; anarchy; 

the doctrine that all government is an evil. 

an arrh ict (Sn'dr-kfet), n. one who re- 
au-ai V/U-lol gards all government as evil 
and believes as a political ideal in living with¬ 
out any government: any person who stirs up 
violent revolt against established rule or 
custom. 

an arrll V (an'ar-kl), n. absence or lack 
ajx-a.x v/ai-j of government; a lawless con¬ 
dition of society; disorder; confusion in 
general; the theory of individual liberty. 


nc parts; to examine 
Also, analyse.—n. an- 


relat- 
or to 
Also, 


a f*o+l'» p tn a (d-nath'6-m<i), n. [pi. anath- 
-Ua.tll-C-J.llct emas (-mdz)j, the solemn 
curse of the Church in excommunication; 
a prayer that calamity may fall upon a per¬ 
son; the thing or person so cursed. 

an a tnm tr* (an"d-t6m'Ik), adj. 
cUl-d-LUIU-lC ing to dissection, 

the parts or structure of the body, 
anatomical.— adv. anatomically. 

o p gt a tnict' (d-n§,t'6-mLst), n. one hav- 
t-C-lllio L j ng a complete knowledge, 
derived from dissection, of the structure of 
plants and animals. 

o «a+ /~v mw (d-nat'ft-ml), n. [pi. anato- 
&--XXG. l-u-lliy mies (_miz)], the science of 
the structure of plants or animals, but espe¬ 
cially of the human body; the art or science 
of dissection; a descriptive account of the 
parts of an organic body, 
an rpc for (&n'sSs-ter), n. a person from 
au-cco-un whom one is descended in 
direct line; a forefather; a progenitor. 

an rpc tral (kn-ses'tr&l), adj. pertaining 
au-V/CO-Utti to, or connected with, one’s 
forefathers; derived from one’s progenitors - 
lineal. 

an rpc frrr (an'ses-trl), n. the line of one’s 
an-i/co-uj' descent traced from a period 
more or less remote; the persons comprising 
such a line; lineage, 
an pVmr (ah'ker), n. a heavy 
iron implement for 
seeming a vessel to the ground 
under water; that on which de¬ 
pendence is placed for security or 
stability; a metallic clamp securing, 
a tie-rod connecting opposite walls 
to prevent bulging: v.t. to secure a 
vessel by a heavy iron implement 
lowered into the water; grapple: 
hold fast. 



Anchor. 


an-chor-age 

tomary place for the seeming of crown or 
vessels to the ground under water; throat; e, 
the hold attained by an anchor; fluke; /, g, 
harbor-dues for mooring vessels in b i 11 s or 
a port. p e a k 8 : A, 

an clin f (8.n'k6-r6t), n. one e ^ e : o, ring 
all-LUO-lc t who voluntarily or shackle. 

leaves the world and lives alone, usually to 
devote his time to the study of religion or 
philosophy; a recluse; a hermit. Also, an¬ 
chorite. 

an cho xttt (Sn-cho'vf; an'ch6-vl), n. [pi. 

J anchovies (-viz)], a very small 
herringlike fish found in the Mediterranean, 
noted for its peculiar flavor, and used for 
pickling and as a sauce. 

an rtp»n+ (an'shent), adj. of or relating to 
CUA-V ' AC11 - 1 ' the early history of the world; 
of past times or remote ages; of great age or 
antiquity: n. one who lived in times long ago; 
a standard bearer, or ensign: now obsolete, 
and ( and )* c °nj. a word connecting a word, 
clause, or sentence with one of like 
kind and equal rank that precedes it. 

and i rnne (andT'urnz), n.pl. the two 
auu.-1-i uuo metal supports for holding 

logs in a fireplace; fire-dogs. 

an PP dfit al (an'ek-d6t"5.1), adj. relating 
aii-cv^-U-UL-al or consisting of short 

personal stories. 

an pr dnfp (an'ek-dot), n. a brief story 
a-u.-ci^-u.uic G f au entertaining character; 
terse and pithy account of some incident. 


chiefly about a well-known person. 

a-ne-mi-a . - n - lack 


in a living body. 
mia. — adj. anemic. 


of blood 
Also, anec- 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, nov§l, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









anemometer 


21 


animalism 



on a mnm ci for (an' , 6-m£)ni'$-ter), 7i.a 

cui-c-iiiuiii-C- Id wind-gauge; an instru¬ 
ment which measures the 
speed, or force, of the wind. 

a-nem-o-ne Si: 

[pZ. anemones (-nez)], the 
wind-flower or wood- 
anemone, 

an-er-oidi 5 f? r -°®t 

containing a liquid, such 
as quicksilver; as, an aner¬ 
oid battery; an aneroid ba¬ 
rometer: aneroid barometer, 
an instrument in which at¬ 
mospheric pressure is shown 
by the movements of the 
elastic top of a closed box 
from which the air has been 
partially exhausted, so that 
a pointer is moved, indica¬ 
ting on a scale the air-pres¬ 
sure: much used in measuring altitudes. 

gti pc +Vip ot a (5,n'es-the'sl-a; -zhI-4), 
cUl-Co-LllC -ol-d n a i oss 0 f f ee ii n g <j ue to 

the influence of drugs or disease. Also, anaes¬ 
thesia. 

an pc p-f Ip (an'es-thet'Ik), adj. relat— 
all-Co-UlCL-U/ fng to loss of the sense of 
feeling: n. a drug which produces insensi¬ 
bility. Also, anaesthetic. 

a -nfiw (d-nu'), adv. afresh; over again; 

-lie w in a new manner or style. 
an creA (an'jSl), n. a messenger of God; 

one of an order of spiritual attend¬ 
ants supposed to form a connection between 
heaven and earth, as from God to mankind; 
a spirit of evil, as a fallen angel; an old 
English gold coin bearing an image of the 
archangel Michael. 

an crc»1 ir (Sn-jgl'Ik), adj. celestial; pure; 
* AAA_ & CA " AA/ beautiful; saintly. Also, angel¬ 
ical. 

An cre* liic (an'jS-lfls), n. a prayer or devo- 
tion, said morning, noon, and 
night, in memory of the annunciation by 
the Angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary of 
the incarnation of Christ; the church bell 
which is rung to announce the time of such 
devotions or prayers: commemorated in a 
famous picture by Millet called The Angelas, 
an crp»r (&A'ger), n - excessive emotion or 
<AAA- & CA passion aroused by a sense of in¬ 
jury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to provoke to resent¬ 
ment; excite to wrath; enrage. 

Syn. fury, ire, passion, offense, temper. 
Indignation. 

Ant. (see forbearance, love). 
an cri n a (an'jl-nd; gn-jrnd), n. an in- 
* AAA “fo A_AAcA flamed condition of the throat, 
as in quinsy, mumps, etc. 

an-gi-na pec-to-ris S! jr ~J d mSS 

spasm of the chest, very often accompanied by 
heart disease and often fatal. [Lat.] 
an cr1i=» (an'gl), n. the figure formed by two 
« AAA_ & AC lines or surfaces meeting; a sharp 
or projecting 
corner; a 
corner; a 
nook: v.i. to 
flsh with a 
hook and line: 
v.t. to flsh for 
prey, 



Angles. 

obtuse. 


1, right; 2, acute; 
one who fishes with 


«« (Sn'gler), n. one who Ashes wltn 

an-gier rod and line; the name of a flsh 
that feeds on smaller flsh: also called flshing- 
f rog and sea-devil. -_- 

boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; t hen, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


an cl a worm (an'gl-wumO.n.anearth- 

cill-glC-WUIIIl worm used as bait in fish¬ 
ing. 

An rrli nan (an'gll-kan), adj. English; re- 
■rlli-gll-Lctll lating to the Established 
Church of England and to churches in other 
countries in accord with it: n. a member of 
the Anglican Church or the Church of 
England. 

A n trli nan icm (an gll-kan-Izm), n. the 
An-gll-can-ism principles and ritual 

or rites of the Church of England. 

An cli (an'gU-sIz).r.Z.tomakeEng- 

" AA -& AA ~ A ' A *' C ' lish; to make to accord or 
agree with English manners and customs, 
on rrlinrr (an'gllng), n. the_art of fishing 
< AAA “&tlIlg with rod and line. 

Anglo-A-mer-i-can 

lating to England and the United States 
together, as to commerce or population: n. 
an American citizen of English descent. 

Afl ffln tn a ni a gl6-ma ni-d), n. an 

wvAI-glU-lJ.i.ct-ll.i.-a. excessive or undue 

respect for, or imitation of, that which Is 
English or peculiar to England. 

An crln iVhn In a (an'glft-fo'bl-d), n. an 
An-glO-pilO-Dl-a intense dislike or fear 

of England and everything English. 

An rrl n Qlo y nn (an"gl6=s&k'sun), adj. 
xAIl-glO OoA-OIl relatmg to the Saxon 

settlers in England prior to the Conquest, or 
to their language: n. one of the Saxon settlers 
in England as apart from those on the Con¬ 
tinent; the language of the Anglo-Saxons: pi. 
the English race. 

An crr\ ra (an-go'ra), n. a town in Asia 
-^ AAA- &G-l.cl Minor giving the name to the 
cat and goat so called; a light cloth made 
from Angora goats’ wool and used for coats 
and cloaks; a kind of knitting yarn. 
an cri 1v (an'grl-ll), adv. in an indignant 
dll-gll-iy or enraged manner. 

an crrxr (an'grl), adj. inflamed with passion; 
<AAA ~& A J provoked; feeling resentment; 
wrathful; fierce; enraged. 
an m-Mcli (an'gwlsh), n. intense pain or 
cAAA_ & AlA£,AA grief; acute suffering, bodily 
or mental; torture. 

an rrii 1 or (an'gfi-ldr), adj. having an 
< AAA -6 AA-AtAA outline I in which lines meet or 
intersect; sharp, bent, or cornered; pointed, 
or full of points; ungraceful; moving awk¬ 
wardly.— adv. angularly.— n. angularity. 
an it (an'Il), n. a West Indian plant from 
dll-IA which indigo is made. 
an i 1inf> (an'I-lln; an'i-len), n. a colorless 
cUl-l-mie oily compound which is the base 
or starting-point in the preparation of many 
rich dyes. Also, analin. 

an-i-mad-ver-sion ih?n7." n. a ?^5e“; 

criticism; reproof. 

an i in a d Vpt*f (an "I-mad-vurt'), t’.t. to 
dlM-maU-VCAl pass unfavorable com¬ 
ment upon; criticise; censure. 
an i rncil (an'I-mal), n. a living creature 
ctll-l-Illctl possessing feeling and volun¬ 
tary motion; a beast; an inferior being; a 
brute: adj. of or belonging to feeling and 
moving creatures; as, the ani maZ kingdom; an 
animal instinct. 

qyi 1 rno 1 oil Iqt (an^-maiTdi-ldr) f o.d). 
aii-1-IIld.l-t/U.-lclI 0 f or relating to any 

minute or microscopic creature. _ 

an i rn at ml o (Sn^I-mSl’kul), n. one of a 

<AAA_A-AiAcAA_A ' UAC class of minute or nearly 
invisible creatures. 

an i mol icn (SLn'I-mSMzm), n. the state 
d.Il-1-IIid.l-lbIIi Q f being Influenced by 














animate 


22 


answer 


sensual instincts or appetites: the theory 
which regards mankind as mere beasts, or as 
dominated by brutish qualities and passions, 
and not by spiritual impulses. 

ATI i TTlA'f'f* (ihbl-mat), v.t. to impart life 
txxx-x-xxxcxxu to; to inspire with energy or 

action; enliven; stimulate; rouse: adj. 
(Sn'I-mSt), endowed with natural life; f ull of 
spirit and vigor.— p.adj. animated. 

ATI 1 m A tinti (an'fi-ma'shun), n. the act 
axi-l-nict-UUll 0 f giving life or spirit; the 

state of being enlivened; vivacity; exhilara¬ 
tion; eagerness; sprightliness. 

an i i tv (an"i-m6s'i-ti), n. [pi. ani- 

aii-i-mu o -1- ly mosities (-tlz)J, hostility; 
hatred; active enmity. 

An i mild (and-mfis), n. mind; moving 
cui-i-iiiuo spirit, or purpose; hostile inten¬ 
tion. 

An icc» (an'is), n. the common name for an 
w Egyptian plant yielding the aro¬ 

matic aniseed. 

An Irlp (ah'kl), n. the joint or articulation 
cxxx-xvxu connecting the foot with the leg. 
at -1 Iflpf (an'klet), n. an ornamental ring 
cui-nici f or the ankle; a fetter or shackle; 
a support for the ankle. 

An tiaI icf (an'al-Ist), n. a compiler 
oii-iioi-ioi, historical events as they oc 
year by year t 
An nAld (an'Slz), n.pl. a description, his- 

uu-iuuo tnrv r— 


Of 
occur 


in, or promotes, the addition of territory to 
his own country by joining to it the whole or 
part of another country. 

AH-Ill-111 laif* (S-nl'hl-lat), v.t. to reduce 
./ A ,to nothing; wipe out of 

existence; destroy. 

an ni-hi-la tion (^-ni'iii-ia'shfin), n. 

0 X 1 1 X 1 XXX-lO-LlUIl total destruction; non¬ 
existence. 

an-ni-ver-sa-rv ( an 7- vfir/s «.- rI ). «■ w- 

TT oa i) anniversaries (-riz)l, 

the return in each year of the date of an 
event; the annual commemoration of an 
event; a day for the annual celebration of an 
event. 

an-no Do-mi-ni (an ' 6 dom'T-ni), in the 

™ 1AA year of our Lord; in 
the year (specified) of the Christian era: 
commonly abbreviated A. D. [Lat.] 

an-no-tatc (an'6-tat), v.t. to mark or 
17; A note by way of explanation 
or criticism, as a book 


tory, or register issued from 
time to time, of events as they happen year 
by year; chronicles. 

ATI TIpaI (S'-nelO. v.t. to render soft and 
, , a tough by heat; as, to anneal 

glass so that it will be less brittle; bake or fuse. 

ATI T1PY (& _n &ks'), v.t. to add or attach at 
<UA " X1CA the end; to affix or connect; to 
umte, as a smaller thing to a greater; as, 
to annex a conquered province to a kingdom: 
n. something attached to something else; an 
auxiliary building. 

an-neX-A-tion (an'Sk-sa'shun), n. the licly; announce. 

, a act of adding or joining; 

as, the annexation of territory; that which is 

joined or added. . the act of making known"" pr“oc‘lamMton.- 

an-nex-a-tion-ist cau»Hc church festival 

*- — - . .. - one h° believes (Lady Day, Maych 25) celebrating the an 


in a public manner; to pronounce by judicial 
sentence; to publish; to proclaim. 

an-nounc e -ment the°a “t“f“r5cVaim: 

ing or declaring; that which is set forth or 
made known; a proclamation; publication; 
notification. 

ATI nnv v -t- [p-t. andp.p. annoyed; 

cxxx-xa^j p.pr. annoying], to vex or trouble 
by repeated acts; tire or disturb by petty 
injury or opposition. 

An nnv Anr-p (5-noi'ans), n. the act of 
axi.-xi.uj-dXiCC causing vexation; a feel¬ 
ing of trouble or vexation; the thing or act 
which teases, bothers, or troubles. 

An nnv incr (a-noi'ing), adj. vexing; teas- 
axx-ixuj-ixlg ing; irritating. 

an-nnv inp - Iv (a-noi'Ing- 11 ), adv. in a 
axx xxuj-xxxg-lj vexatious or troublesome 

manner. 

An nil a 1 (an'll-al), adj. happening once in 
M_i.i-xxi4.-cxx twelve months; yearly; of or 

pertaining to a year; completed in a year; 
lasting or living Tor only a year or season; 
as. an annual plant: n. a book or literary 
collection published once a year; anything that 
lasts but one year, as a_plant.— adv. annually. 

An nit i +Ant (&-nu'i-tant), n. one who is 
cxxx xiu-x-uxxiL in re ceipt of, or is entitled 

to receive, a certain sum of money each year. 

an-nu-i-tv ’ n - \P L annuities 

cxxx xx x x ij (_tiz)], a sum of money pay¬ 
able m periodical or yearly installments; a 
yearly income granted by another. 

o-n nill (a-nul'), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. annulled, 
cxxx xxxxx v pr annulling], to make void, 

abolish, or do away with, as a law, decree, or 
compact. 

an-nul-ment (a-nul'ment), n. the act of 
1 AAACAAL destroying the force of; 
abolition. 


destroying the force 
an-nun-Ci-Afp (a-nun'shl-at), v.t. tomake 

max xxixxx x,x ate known oflBcialiy or pub- 

hcly; announce. 

an-nun-ci-a fiori (3.-uun , ’’sI-a'shiin: 
cxxx xxuii u-d-uon a-nun"shl-a'shfin), n. 

T ho a nr. nr ty-io l-ino- ~_ i _a. _ 


' • v J — ---— / V'VXVX/XU/Ullg UliC d I !■ 

nouncement to Mary, by the angel Gabriel, 
of the incarnation of Christ.—Luke i. 28-38. 

an-nun-ci-a-tor (^-Hun'shi-a'ter), n . & 

cxxx xxixxx vx cx tux signaling device; an 
indicator used in hotels, elevators, etc. and 
connected with the bells and telephones to 
show where attendance is required. 

an-O-dvne (^'S-dm), adj. assuaging or 
u u i * relieving pam: n. a drug 
which relieves pain; an opiate. 

a-noint . (d ' noinA ')-. v - t - to pour oil upon; 
cx xxuxxxt in a reixgious ceremony, to pour 

oil upon by way of consecration; consecrate. 

a nom-a-lous (u-ubm'd-IGs), adj. deviate 

cx xxuxxx a urns mg or turning aside from 

the common order; abnormal; irregular. 

a-nom-a-lv (o-nSm'd-H), n. a deviation or 
^ V turning from the natural 

deviates from the com- 

(d-non'), adv. soon; straightway; 


anon 


without delay; again. 


an-no-ta-tion - m a m r« e a-non-y-mousl^«. 

or criticism, made in connection with any text! __ out tne . author s name; 

an no-ta-tor (an't-ta"ter), n. one who 
. , writes remarks by way of 
comment or criticism upon the work or works 
of an author; a commentator. 

an nounce (^-nouns'), V.t. to proclaim 

or make known, formally or 


nameless; as, an anonymous letter. 

an-Oth-er (a-nudb?r), adj. and pron. one 
v/xxx cx more; not the same; as, he has 
become another man; any other; any or some 
one else. 

an-SWer - n - a response or rejoinder; 

— a reply to a charge; a soIution r 


-. _j., A w , , —— ---" 1 a ^ipe, a solution 

ate s e n a t e , rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge novel refer- 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cit, focus, mend; 










answerable 


23 


anticipation 


as of a mathematical problem: v.t. to speak or 
write in reply to a question, request, challenge, 
demand, letter, or anything said or written; 
respond to an act; as, to answer the bell; to be 
accountable for; as, he had to answer for his 
sins; to reply to a charge. __ 

on pwor q Vvl /i (an'ser-a-bl), adj. admit- 
HJl-bWer-d.-Oie ting of a satisfactory 

reply; liable to give an account; responsible. 
QT1 i (ant), n. a small insect, usually social 
iik e the bees. 

o-r ) fpnr a n•Jerri (an-tag'6-nlzm), tl. the 
Ull-Lctg-U-xllolll active opposition of two 

opponents or opposing forces; hostility, 
nn +q (y a -ntc-t* (an-tag'6-nlst) , n. a com- 
cUJ.-la.g-U-lAXot petitor; one who contends 
with another in combat or argument; an 
opponent. 

oft fpnr a nte tif* (an-t5,g'*5-nls , tlk), adj. 

contending against; 
acting in opposition; opposed. 

an-tag-o-nis-ti-cal-ly &i-i?'aS!Vn 

rivalry or opposition. 

on facr n ni* 7 A (an-tag'6-niz), v.t. to op- 
tu. 1 -pose; hinder; counter^ 
act; contend against; compete with: v.i. to 
act in opposition. 

on+ errr +lr (ant-ark'tlk), adj. opposite to 
dll L-dl ts-ills the arctic, or north pole; 

relating to the south-polar regions; southern: 
Antarctic Ocean, the south-polar ocean. 

Qtv *. or* (ant'et'er), n. an animal which 

alll-cal-Cl feeds upon ants. 

on "hoi llim (an'tS bel'um), before 
d.11-It? Ucl-lUlU the war; usually, before 

the American Civil War. [Lat.] 

on fo port a (an'tS-sed'), v.t. to precede 

ou-tc-touo or go before in time or space. 

on r&r\ onro (an'tg-sed'ens), n. the 
dll-lC-lsCU.-dilsC ac t or state of going 

before in time, place, rank, or order; pre¬ 
cedence; priority. Also, antecedency, 
nn tp a p-nt (an t§-sed ent), n. the 
dir- ic-V/CU-cn i noun to which a relative 
or other pronoun refers; as, Lincoln is the 
president who is most beloved by the common 
people: “president” is the antecedent of 

“who”: pi. the previous events and influences 
In a person’s life: adj. preceding._ 

on tf* rhom "hpr (an'tS-cham'ber), n. 
dll- IC-Llldlll- Cl an apartment leading 

into the principal room; an outer room where 
persons wait for an interview, 
on +o rJgtp (an'tS-dat"), v.t. to give an 
dll-lc-UdltJ earlier date to than the right 
one; as, to antedate a check; to occur at an 
earlier time; as, the Civil War antedated eman¬ 
cipation; Shakespeare antedates Milton: n. a 
date earlier than the actual date. 

on r \t In xrj on (an'tS-di-lu'vI-Sn), 
an-Ce-Ul-iU-Vl-dll adj. of or relating to 

the time or period before the Flood; pertain¬ 
ing to very ancient times; antiquated: n. one 
who, or that which, lived before the Flood, 
on -fo Iaaa (an'te-lop), n. an animal be- 
dll-LC-lupc longing to the same family as 
the deer and the goat. 

on tp trip tM/4 J on ^an t6-mS-rId I-Sn), 

an-ie-me-ria-i-an before noon; 

relating to the forenoon: regularly abbreviated 
or shortened to A. M. 

a« tp no 4"o1 (an'tfe-na'tSl), adj. occur- 
d±l- LC-lla-Ldl ring or existing before birth. 

on +on no (an'ten-a), n. [pi. antennae 
dll-LCll-lld (_g)] i one of the jointed horns 
or feelers upon the heads of insects; a frame¬ 
work of wires supported in the air for sending 
and receiving the electric waves of wireless 
telegraphy. 


on +<a nnn tial (an'tS-nup'shal), adj.pre- 
axA-LC-J~tu.jJ-tJ.ciA ceding marriage; made 

before marriage; as, an antenuptial agree¬ 
ment about property. 

on fp, «a niilf (an'tfe-pe'nult; 5n't6-p6- 
dIl-ltJ-pc-llu.lL nult'), n. the last syllable 

but two of a word; the third syllable from the 
end. Also, antepenultima. 

an-te-pe-nul-ti-mate 

la ting to the last but two: n. that which Is 
last but two. 

rkt . (an-te'rl-er), adj. situated 
dll-LC-1 I-Ux m0 re to the front; former; 
earlier; preceding. 

on rnnm (an'tfe-room'), n. a room 
diA-LvJ-iLMJiiA before, or forming an en¬ 
trance to, another; an antechamber, 
on llipni (an'them), n. a composition 
dll-Llieiil from the Scriptures or liturgy 
set to sacred music; a song of praise or 
gladness. 

on +V« (an'ther), n. the part of a flower 
containing the pollen. 

on a! a onrr (S.n-thol'6-jl), n. a collec- 
<**•*•“ LllUl-U-gy tion of choice poems, epi¬ 
grams, or other literary extracts by different 
authors. 

an +Vira rl+o (Sn'thrd-sTt), n. a hard, 
cU ~*- - a-^Jl-C mineral coal burning with¬ 
out smoke and giving intense heat, 
on -fVirav (an'thraks), n. [pi. anthraces 
dll- Llll OA (-sez)J, a contagious disease of 
animals, especially of cattle and sheep; a 
burning ulcer or tumor, like a boil, 
an +Virn nnlH (an'thr&-poid), adj. man- 

an-xnro-poia like: n . one of the higher 

apes resembling man. 

an-thro-pol-o-gist 

studies the science and history of the human 
race. 

on fhrn nnl n erv (an'thr&-p8l , p-jl). n. 
dll-Uiru-pui-u-gy the science of man or 

mankind; a systematic study of man as 
regards his origin, nature, original condition, 
etc.— adj. anthropologic, anthropological. 

an-thro-po-met-ric 

to the measurement or proportions of the 
human body. 

an-thro-po-mor-phic &nk)( 6 'a& 

manlike or resembling man. Also, anthropo¬ 
morphous. 

an fir (Sn'tlk), n. a funny trick or action: 
dii-llls v.i. to perform odd actions; play 
tricks; cut capers: adj. odd or strange in form, 
dress, or gesture; fantastic; grotesque. 

ori +J_aJr profi' (&n , tl=§j / kraft), adj. di- 
aix -la ax l rected against airships; 
as, anti-aircraft guns; equipped to shoot 
against airships; as, anti-aircraft batteries. 

A-n -ti AVvrJot (an'tl-knst), n. an opponent 
•rill-ll-llll lot 0 f Christ; especially, the* 

great personal opponent expected by many to- 
appear before the end of the world.—1 John 
11 . 22 . 

an +Jr J no+o (an-tls'I-pat), v.t. to look 
dll-llL-l-pdLtJ forward to; to expect; to- 
foresee and do beforehand; to prevent: v.i. 
to treat of something before the proper time;, 
to recur at shorter intervals than usual.— adj . 
anticipatory, anticipative. 

Syn. apprehend, expect, hope, forecast, 
forestall. 

an fir J na +Jnn (5n-tfe*l-pa'shfln) t n. 

dll-llL-l-pd-llUIl the act of taking 

beforehand; expectation; hope; foretaste; 
foresight. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii, 





anticlimax 


24 


anyway 


an-tl-Cll-maX nr™ is nr ridiculous drop 


(&n'tl-kli'in&ks), n. a ludi¬ 
crous or ridiculous drop 
in thought and expression; an abrupt descent 
from the mention of more important to less 
important things: opposite to climax. 
q ti pTr rlArip (an'tl-sl'klon), n. an at- 

au-u-ty-uunc mospheric condition in 
which the ordinary features of a cyclone are 
reversed, or when the winds, which are light, 
flow from instead of towards the center. 

art ti rlnf al (an'tl-dot'al), adj. of the 
oii-Li-uut-ai nature or quality of a rem¬ 
edy for poison. 


fln-ti-Hofp (&n/tI-dot), n. a medicine anti (^tl^epm), adj. destroy- 

which counteracts the effects LI SCp-llC jpg the germs of disease or 


that which annuls, 
to prevent evil; a 


of poison or disease; 
counteracts, or tends 
remedy. 

art ti "hrilpk (an'tl-fe'brll), adj. tending 
tui-u-io-ui xac to cure or prevent fever. 

an-ti-ma-cas-sar 

or arms of a chair, a sofa, etc.; a tidy. 

a TI ti mo nv (an'tl-mb-nl), n. a white 
su.l-Ll-JJ.lU -II y shining metallic element 

entering into various important alloys, as 
pewter. Babbitt metal, type metal, etc.; also 
used in certain medicines, as tartar emetic. 
art tin o mv (an'tln'ft-ml), n. the opposi- 

dii-iiu-u-my tion of one ruIe> laWi or 

principle to another; any rule or law opposed 
to another. 

q ft tin a tVlV (an-tlp'd-thl), n. [pi. antip- 
mi-up-d-xny a thies (-thlz)], a strong 

the 


decay: n. any substance which destroys 
disease germs or prevents their growth. 

art titTi p cio (an-tlth'6-sls), n. [pi. an- 
cui-LlLll-C-olo titheses (-sez)j, opposition; 

contrast; expression by contrast or opposi¬ 
tion of words or ideas; a figure of speech that 
shows contrast; as, “To err is human; to 
forgive divine."— adj. antithetic, antithetical. 

art ti fnv in (Sn"tj-t6k'sm), n. a prevent- 
<aii-ti-LUA-ili j ve of, or cure for, diphtheria 

and other contagious diseases. 

art ti-tra H p (an'tl=trad"), n. a tropical 
cui-Li Li cxvic or southern wind blowing 

steadily in an opposite direction to the trade 
wind, which blows easterly toward the 
equator. 

ant 1 pr (ant'ler), n. the entire horn, or any 
branch of the horn, of any member 

. — -— v “/j, ** of the deer fa mil y. 

aversion or dislike; loathing; disgust; the (an'to-nlmi n a word which 

object of dislike: followed by to, against, SJl-tO-IiyjJl is the opposite, in meaning. 


between, or for. 

Syn. aversion, distaste, hatred, hostility, 
repulsion. 

Ant. (see attraction). 

fiTt ti (an'tl-fon), n. a musical re- canal. 

sponse, as in a chant. *1 (an'- 

a-t i finVi (an-tlf'6-nal), adj. relating ®U-VUv«n 

-tipii-u-iicll to responsive singing: n. 
a book of anthems; a collection of musical 
responses, charts, or hymns. 

an-tinh-o nv ( ai ?-tif'&-ni), n. [pi. antiph- 

cui-LIjJU-U-liy ouifts (. nIz)]) the alternate 

or responsive singing by a choir divided into 
two parts, each part rendering alternately 
verses of a hymn or anthem; a musical 
setting of sacred verses arranged for alternate 
6inging. 

an-fill O Hfll (an-tlp'6-dal), adj. relating 
, , u ’ UcU to the opposite sides of the 
globe; diametrically opposite. 


flTl ti unrip' (anti-pod), n. one who re- 
«ui li-jjuuc sides on the opposite side of 
the earth; that which is directly opposite to 
something else. 

an-tin n Hp< 3 (an-tip'6-dez), n.pl. those 
,. 1 % V , , who - resi ding at opposite 

sides of the globe, have their feet directly 
opposed to each other; the two portions of the 
earth s surface which are exactly opposite 
to each other; the direct opposite of a 
person or thing. 

an-ti-nv rin (an'tl-pl'rln), n. a drug, 
, “ , obtained from coal-tar, used 

for the rehef of neuralgia, nervous headaches, 
and fevers. 


an-ti-mifl rv (an'tl-kw&-rl), n. one who 
TT 11 1^ 7 is attached to ancient 
things and is learned in their history; one 
who collects relics of former times for the 
purpose of study. 


an ti miflt pH (S.n'ti-kwat'ed), p.adj. 
Oll-ll-qucll-eu grown old; old-fashioned; 

obsolete or out of use; ancient. 
art tinilP (an-tek'), adj. of or pertaining 
clA1, “ l ' A 4 u - c to a former age; ancient: n. 
something of great age; a relic of ancient times. 
iSyn., adj. old-fashioned. 

Ant. (see modern, new). 

an tin ni tv (an-tlk'wl-tl), n. [pi. antiq- 
CU1 Liq-Ui-iy mties (-tlz)j, great age; 

early ages; the people or races of ancient 
times; that which belonged to, or survives 
from, ancient times; a relic. 



of another word in the same language: oppo¬ 
site to synonym. 

a miq (a'nus), n. the posterior opening of 
Z , the digestive tube or ahmentary 

(an'- 
Vll). 
n. a block, 
usually of 
iron faced with steel, 
on which i metals are 
lia'mm.ered and 
shaped. 

zi'e^tl), n. [pi. anxieties (-tlz)J. 
a condition of mental uneasiness arising from 
fear or solicitude. 

Syn. concern, care, dread, fear, worry, 
trouble. 

Ant. (see ease, calmness). 
amr imiQ (&nk'shfis), adj. deeply con- 
”77 AVJUC> cerned; greatly troubled; very 
solicitous or uneasy; desirous; as, anxious to 
please.— -adv. anxiously.— n. anxiousness. 
an V one, indeterminately or 

J indefinitely; some; one of an indefi¬ 
nite number, quantity, or degree: pron. one; 
anyone: (pi.) some: adv. to any extent; at 
all; in any degree: used with comparatives; 
as, any better. 

an V Tlf»H V (en'i-bod-I), n. an ordinary 
J person; any person: some 

one of importance; as. Is he anybody? 
Everybody who was anybody w r as there. 

an V Vinw (en'i-hou), adv. in any way or 
C4JLJ. j no w manner; in any case; at any 

rate. 


an-ti-nilfl ri an (&n"tl-kwa'rl-5n), adj. 
tui Ll qutl-ri-ail relating to ancient 

thSS ° r 68: n ‘ a student of ancient an-V thine- (^'I-thlng), «. a thing of any 

J UAm & sort; something or other. 


no matter what; any object state, act! 
event or fact, whatever. 

an M WAV (Sn'I-wa), adv. in any manner; 
J r ~ YVC, v anyhow; no matter what hap- 

pens; nevertheless. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
ngat, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 














anywhere 


25 


Apostles’ Creed 


tt rrrti nyp (OH l-hw&r), Udi'. iu OZ* at 

au-jr-wiicic any place; as, I cannot 
find it anywhere. 

nn v wicA (Sn'I-wzz), adv. in any way or 
aAA “J" VVAac manner; anyhow; at all. 

An 7 a r* (Sn-z&cO. n. a name given in 1915 
rul-Z,cU/ ^o the troops from the Common¬ 
wealth of Australia and the Dominion of New 
Zealand in the British Empire: composed of 
the initial letters of Australia—New Zealand 
Army Corps. 

a nr ta (a-6r'td), n. [pi. aortse (-te)], the 
chief artery which carries the blood 
from the heart to all parts of the body except 
the lungs. 

a nnrA (^Pas'). adv. quickly; at a quick 
a-pabC pace; speedily; rapidly. 

A nn clip (a-pa'cha), n. one of a tribe of 
-pa.-ciic American Indians originally in¬ 
habiting what is now part of New Mexico, Ari- 
zona, and Mexico; a member of a gang of des¬ 
perate criminals infesting the streets of Paris. 

-a -nnrf (fl-P&rt'), adv. separately; aside; 
a-pa.11 asunder; so as to be separated for 
■use. 

a nart mnn+ (a-part'mSnt), n . a separate 
a.-ya.i. l-iiicu l room or several connected 

rooms of a building; two or more rooms of a 
house set apart as a home: pi. any suite of 
rooms. 

a-n a fhnf ir (ap'a-thet'Ik), adj. without 
feeling or emotion; passion¬ 
less; languid. Also, apathetical. — adv. apa¬ 
thetically. 

an a (ap'd-thi), n. [pi. apathies (-thlz)], 

ap-d-Uljf lack of feeling; want of passion 
or emotion; indifference. 

Syn. composure, unconcern, sluggishness. 
Ant. ^see agitation, anxiety). 

^ (ap), n. a tailless monkey resembling 

man in structure and organs, semierect, 
with very long arms: the family of the apes 
includes the gorilla, chimpanzee, orang¬ 
outang, etc.; a silly mimic; a fool: v.t. to 
mimic, as an ape. 

o npolr (fl-pekO, adv. a nautical term: in a 
<l-pcctlA nearly upright position; in an up 
and down direction. _ 

a no -ri ont (a-pe'rl-ent), n. a mild laxa- 
tl-pc-Ii-cliL tive medicine or food, like figs 
or prunes: adj. gently laxative; opening the 
bowels. 

<tr\ of -fi-ifo (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; a 
•ctp-Ci-lllI C gap, hole, chasm, or passage; 

any direct inlet or outlet. 

a noY (a'peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'I-sez), 
d-pcA and apexes (a'pek-sez)], the point, 
tip. or summit of anything, 
o rVha ci a (d-fa'zhl-a), n. loss of the 
d-pilcl-ol-a. power of speech, or the proper 
use" of words, due to disease or injury of the 
brain. _ r , 

O i rv-n (a-fel'yfin; c-fe'll-5n), n. [pi. 

a-pnei-l-OIl aphelia (-yd)], that point in 
the orbit or path of a planet or a comet which 
is farthest from the sun. 

o Whirl (a'fld; af'id), n. a plant louse; a 
d-piIIU. small, wingless insect, parasitic on 

plants. 

anli n rkm (af'6-rlzm), n. a concise or 
ctpiI-U-I lain brief statement of a rule or 

precept; a maxim. 

Anli m Hi tA (af'rft-di'tfi), n. the Greek 
Apil-1 U-1X1- 1C goddess of love and beauty ; 
Venus.— aphrodite, a richly colored butterfly, 
a ni a tnr (a'pl-a-rl), n. [pi. apiaries (-rlz)], 
a.-jJL-cL-ly a place where bees are kept; 
bee-house; a collection of hives. 

0 (d-pesO, adv. to or for each person 

or thing; each: severally._ 


an icV) (ap'Ish), hke an ape in manners; 
dp-loll s iiiy; affected; foppish; foolish; 
pi one to servile imitation. 

n nlnmh (a"ploh ), n. self-possession; as- 
a-pilUiiU surance; a perfect confidence 
in oneself. [Fk.] 

o nftp a iuricp (d-pdk'd-llps), n. revela- 
ci-puc-a-iy poc tion; discovery; disclo¬ 
sure: Apocalypse, the last book of the New 
Testament, called the Revelation of £t. John 
the Divine.— adj. apocalyptic, 
o nftr rv -nha (d-p6k'ri-fd), n.pl. used as 
y a sing, with pi. apccryphas 

(-faz), a writing or statement of doubtful 
authorship: Apocrypha, certain -writings ap¬ 
pended or added to the Old Testament 
which are received by some Christians and 
rejected by others. 

o nfip fxr -fYhal (d-pQk'rI-fS,l), ad), of 
a-poc-ry-pilcll doubtful authority; fic¬ 
titious; false; of or relating to the doubtful 
writings formerly printed with the Bible, 
an n rroo (ap'o-je), n. that point in the 
dp-U-^CC orbit or path of a planet, espe¬ 
cially of the moon, which is most distant from 
the earth; the highest or most distant point; 
the height; the climax; the culmination. 

A nr ,l (d-pol'6), n. the god of the sun, 
-pUl-XU music, poetry, eloquence, medi¬ 
cine, and the fine arts; son of Jupiter and 
Leto. Also, Helios. 

a nel e nr At if* (o-p51 ,, 6-jet , fk), ad), de- 
a-puz-u-gc z-ze fending by words or argu¬ 
ment ; making defense or excuse. Also, apolo- 
getical.— adv. apologetically. 

o nnl r\ crivA (a-pol'6-jzz), v.i. to make an 
u.-pv>i-u-g ) iz.c excuse; to express regret or 
make amends for anything said or done, on 
one’s own behalf or that of another, 
a-n Inrrup (ap'6-lSg), n. a fable or tale 
ap-U-lUguc which teaches a useful lesson; 
a fictitious story containing a moral truth, 
such as iEsop’s fables. 

a -nrd <rw (a-pol'6-ji), «. [pi. apologies 
d-poi-u-g_y (-jlz)J, a vindication or excuse; 
something spoken, written, or offered In 
defense; an explanation by way of amends; 
a temporary substitute; a makeshift. 

Syn. acknowledgment, justification, plea. 
Ant. (see censure). 

a-n n rd ac tic (ap'S-plek'tlk), adj. relat- 
clp-O-picC-llC ing to, or cf tho nature of, 
the physical state caused by tco high blood 
pressure; afflicted with loss of power through 
the breaking of a blood-vessel in the brain. 
Also, apoplectieal. 

an n nlAY xr (Sp'A-plSk'sI), n. tho sudden 
ap-U-piCA-y ] oss 0 f consciousness and 
motion, resulting from a broken blood-vessel 
in the brain. 

a to o-ir (a-pos'ta-sl), n.[pl. apostasies 

d.-pOb-ld.-oy (-siz)], the giving up cf what 
one has professed or believed, as faith, prin¬ 
ciples, or party. 

a nnc tat a (a-pos'tat), n. one who has 
ct-puo-IdLC forsaken his faith or party; 
one who abandons his profession after having 
been in holy orders; a renegade: adj. false; 
traitorous. 

a nnc tlA (o-pos'l), n. one charged with a 
d-pUo-lit; high mission; one of the twelve 
persons specially selected by Christ to teach 
his gospel.—Luke vi. 13; the first missionary 
who plants the Christian faith in any region; 
one who labors with special success as a moral 
or social reformer. 

A -nnc tlAc’ Pt*aaH W-PCs'lz kred), an 
-puo-uco early summary of 

the Christian religion, in its present wording 
dating from about 500 A. D._ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function;chase; good; joy ; then , thick;hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









apostolic 


26 


application 


an nc tnl iV (&P'5s-t61'Ik), adj. of or re- 
lating to the twelve follow¬ 
ers of Christ, chosen to preach his gospel, 
or to their age, doctrine, or practice; as, the 
apostolic age or the apostolic faith. Also, 
apostolical. 

a n/\c ■frr\ r\li p (o-p6s'tr6-f6), n. a break- 

-pob-tro-pne j n g off j n a S p ee ch to 

address directly a person or persons who may 
or may not be present; the sign [’], used to 
denote the omission from a word of one or 
more letters, or to denote the possessive case 
of nouns. 

a nAfli p /»o t*TT (d-poth/fe-keL-rf), n. [pi. 

-pulll-C-Ca-iy apothecaries (-rlz)J, one 
who prepares and sells medicines and drugs 
for profit; a pharmacist. 

a-poth-e-ca-ries’ weight ^&-?iz 

wat), the weight used for dispensing drugs, 
and comprising the pound (12oz.),the ounce 
(8 drachms), the drachm (3 scruples), the 
scruple (20 grains), and the grain, 
an r\ fk p o"rn (ap'6-themj, n. a short, 
ap-u-uiogm pithy, instructive saying; 
a maxim. Also, apophthegm. 

an p +V »pk a cic (ap"6-the'6-sis; d-p8th*— 
ap-U-lilc-O-blo e-o's!s),n. [pi. apotheoses 
(-sez)J, deification, or the bestowing of godlike 
qualities upon a person; excessive honor paid 
to a distinguished person: during the Roman 
Empire such divine honors were given deceased 
emperors and members of the royal family. 

a n n +Vi p o (ap"6-the'6-slz), v.t. to 

ap-U-lilC-U-aliC exalt or elevate to the 
rank of a god; to deify; to glorify. 
a -n -nail (8-POlO. v.t. [p-t. and p.p. ap- 
a^/-^au palled, p.pr. appalling], to frighten, 
depress, or discourage by fear; to dismay; to 
terrify. 

an nail inp - (^PSl'ing), p.adj. inspiring 
ya.ii mg horror or dismay; frightful. 

an na rsi fuc (ap'a-ra'tfis), n. sing, and 
a .-1 lio pi an outfit of tools, uten¬ 
sils. or instruments adapted to, or necessary 
for. the accomplishment of any branch of 
work, or for the performance of an experiment 
or operation; a set of such appliances; ma¬ 
chinery; mechanism. 

an nar pi (S-pSr'Sl), n.clothing, dress, or 
ay-ya.i-K;i garb: v t [px and p.p. appar¬ 
eled, p.pr. appareling], to clothe; furnish or 
fit out. 

an nar pnt (S’-P&r'Snt), adj. open to view; 
i *.r'-v?xxi, capable of being easily under¬ 
stood; evident.— adv. apparently. 

Syn. likely, probable, seeming. 

Ant. (see doubtful). 

an na ri tinn (ap'a-rlsh'iin), n. a visible 
o.|/-pa.-xx-i,iuii object; an appearance of 

something not real or tangible; a ghost or 
specter; the first appearance of a star after 
having been obscured or invisible, 
an npal (& - Pel'), V.t. to transfer or refer to 
o|/-|;ccu a superior court or judge; as, to 
appeal a case: v.i. to refer to another person 
or tribunal; entreat, call for, or invoke aid, 
sympathy, or mercy: n. a call or invocation 
for aid or sympathy; the right of referring a 
Judicial decision to a higher court; a summons 
to answer a charge; a call or reference to 
another for proof.— p.adj. appealing.— adv. 
appealingly. 

an.npat" (5, - Per'), V.i. to come or be in 
. * sight; to become visible; come 

before; as, to appear in court; to seem; as, 
he appears to be very ill; to come before the 
pubhc. 

(5-pgr'S.ns), n. the act of 
becoming visible: the 


ap-pear-ance 


object seen; an apparition; outward show; 
the act of coming before the public; the com¬ 
ing into, or the being present in, court; out¬ 
ward look, bearing, or aspect. 
an npa<?P (&-Pez'), v.t. to quiet; to satisfy; 

to pacify;^ as, to appease anger, 
on tjpI Iptlf (a-pel'ant), n. one who 
^Jrappeals to a higher court; 
one who appeals to a judge, or to any tribunal. 
an npl 1 ofp (S-pSkit), adj. relating to 
a.y-y^i-ia.\,^ appeals; as, an appellate 
court. 

an npl la tinn (S.p'8-la'shfin), n. the 
cip-pei-icl-llUIl name, title, or designa¬ 
tion by which a person or thing is called or 
known; the act of appealing from a lower to a 
higher court. 

an npnH (a-pend'), V.t. to attach, hang, or 
suspend; add to; annex. 

an npn Hpo-p (&-p8n'dftj), n. something 
ctp-pciX-Udgc added or attached which 

is a proper part of a greater thing, such as an 
arm; something added as an adjunct or that 
is not a necessary part, such as a porch to a 
house. 

Syn. accessory, adjunct, addition. 

Ant. (see total). 

an npn Hi ri tic (S.-pSn'dl-si'tfe), n. an 
ap-pen-Ql-Cl-IlS inflammation or dis¬ 
ease of the vermiform appendix, or small 
blind intestine. 

an npn Hiv (S-pen'diks), n. [pi. appen- 
dixes (-dlk-sez), appendices 
(-dl-sez)l, that which is added as supplemental: 
as, the appendix to a book; the vermiform 
appendix, a wormlike organ, ordinarily three 
or four inches in length, situated at the begin¬ 
ning of the intestine in man and some animals. 

an fipr rpn tinn (Sp'Sr-sSp'shiin), n. an 
ap-pci -cep-11UII act of voluntary atten¬ 
tion ; the act of the mind by which it becomes 
conscious of its ideas as its own. 

an nPT tain (8p*®r-tan'), v.i. to belong 
ctp-pei-ld.Ul to by right, nature, and 

custom; to pertain. 

an np titn (ap'S-tit), n. a physical craving 
for food; the desire to satisfy 
a want or inclination; a mental longing. 
gr\ a p -ft <r fir* (ap'S-tiz^er), n. something 
<l P“P c-l ' AZ '" CA that excites or whets the 
desire for anything; anything that gives a 
relish for food.— adj. appetizing. 

an nlailH (&-plod'), v.t. to express ap- 
< *x /- x 7 J ‘ cllAVA proval or approbation of by 
clapping of the hands; to commend: v.i. to 
clap the hands in praise or approval. 

an.nlaiicjp (5-ploz'), n. the expression of 
ap-pauoo approval by clapping; appro¬ 
bation or praise expressed openly, 
fin flip (ap'l), w. the round fleshy fruit of 
a well-known tree almost universally 
cultivated in temperate regions, of which there 
are many varieties; the tree itself. 

an nli.anrp (S-pli'&ns), n. the act of 
a.y-yn putting into use; something 

used as a means to an end, as tools, machin¬ 
ery; as, the appliances of a trade; the appli¬ 
ances of w'ar. 

an nli ra hil i tv (&P'w-kd-bn'i-ti). 

ctp-|m-Cd.-Ull-l-iy fitness for use; a] 

pnateness; suitability. 

ap-nli-ca-ble fit; suit- 

a.y yii \,a. UlC able; appropriate; as, that 
remark was not applicable to me.— adv. ap- 
plicably. 

an nli pant (fip'll-kftnt), n. one who asks 
or requests something; a 

candidate. 

an nli ra firm (Sp'lT-ka'shfin), n. the act 
ay pii-Cct-llun of pitting on: as. the pain 


n. 
appro- 


a_te, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







applied 


27 


apricot 


was lessened by the application of heat; the 
thing put on; the practical demonstration of 
a principle; the act of requesting; a request; 
close attention. 

fl-n -nli pH (&-Pl»d), P-adj. put on or to; 
o-p-p-LicvA employed or used; as, applied 
mechanics. 

fin nli mi A (a"ple"ka'), n. any ornamenta- 
tion in dress or upholstery cut 
from other patterns and laid on to a founda¬ 
tion of any material; adj. laid on. [Fr.] 
fin nlv (a-P 11 )* V - L lP-t • and p.p. applied, 
p.pr. applying], to bring into con¬ 
tact with something; lay on; to put into 
practice; to devote to a particular purpose; to 
fix the mind upon: v.i. to ask; to petition; 
to request; to have some connection; as, 
their remarks do not apply to you. 
fin nnint (&-point'), v.t. to name; to 
dp-pUiiiL establish by decree; to assign; 
to designate for an office; to fix the time 
and order of: to furnish or equip: v.i. to 
decree; ordain; determine; nominate. 

tvArnf pp (S,-poin"te'). n. one who is 
dp-pULilL-ct; chosen to fill an office or 

position of trust. 

fin nnint mpnt (a-point'ment). 71. the 
«P - PUllil-lll-CJ-AC act of assigning to an 

office or trust; the position or office assigned 
or held; an engagement; an arrangement to 
meet by mutual agreement: pi. furniture or 
equipment. 

ctr\ nnr firm (3,-por'shun), v.t. to assign by 
ctp-pui-null some rule; distribute or set 
out in just proportions. 

Syn. allot, assign, appoint, divide. 

Ant. (see collect). 

ap-por-tion-ment< s th 5 elcfof m diS: 

Ing into just shares. 

on nn cifp (ap'6-zit), adj. appropriate; 
ap-pO-Slte suitable; well adapted; fit. 

__ (ap"6-zish'un), n. the act 

ap-po si-tion G f placing side by side; 
the setting of a word or phrase beside another 
without a connective, by way of explanation; 
as, St. Mark, the Evangelist. 

an Tin Ql* tivP (a-Poz'I-tiv), adj. explana- 
ap-pu-ol-llvc tory: n. a word or phrase 

set beside another to explain it. 

on nt-oio o 1 (S-praz'al), n. the act of val- 

<tp-pictl&-a.i uing or putting a price upon; 

valuation. 

on nroioo (a-praz'), v.t. to set a price upon; 
ap-pidloc value; estimate the worth of. 

_(a-praz'ment), n. the 

ap-praise-ment ac t of valuing; an 

authorized estimate or valuation, 
on nrot’c or (&-praz'er), n. a person 
<ip-piclio-Ci licensed and sworn to esti¬ 
mate the value of goods or estate. 

__ O V»1o (a-pre'shl-a-bl), adj. ca- 

ap-pre-Cl-a-Die pa ble of being valued, 

perceived, or estimated; perceptible. 

oi o+o (a-pre'shl-at), v.t. to value; 
ap-pre-Cl-ate estimate the worth of; 
esteem highly; to recognize worth and quality 
of- to prize; to be sensible of; to raise in 
value: v.i. to rise in price or value. 

oi o +Jnn (S.-pre shi-a shun), ti. 

ap-pre-ci-a-tion fbe j US f valuation, or 
proper recognition of worth or merit; sym¬ 
pathetic understanding; a rise in value. 

__ _ +; T ro (a-pre'shf-a-tfv), adj. 

3.p-pr6-Cl-R-tlV6 shoving esteem or in¬ 
terest; as, an appreciative audience. 

_v j (ap"re-hend'). v.t. 

ap-pre-nend 0 r lay hold of; 

arrest; take mental hold of; as, to apprehend 
the meaning of a state ment; anticipate or 


to take 


expect, usually, with fear: v.i. to incline to 
believe; suppose; catch the idea or meaning; 
to look forward with fear. 

on nrp pti ci ViIa (ap ff r§-hen'sl-bl) 0 
ttp-pre-Iieil-bl-Ult; capable of be¬ 
ing conceived; understandable. 

an nrp ViAn cirm (ap"r6-lien'shun), n. 
d.p-pre-neil-blUIJ the act of seizure or 

of laying hold of; arrest; mental grasp; 
perception; anticipation of evil; fear or dis¬ 
trust of the future; anxiety. 

an nrp jipn ciT/p (ap^rfr-h&FsTv), adj, 
ap-pre-nen-bive quiC k to learn, or 

grasp; fearful of evil; anxious for the future; 
worried.— adv. apprehensively. — n. apprehen¬ 
siveness. 

an nrpn fir#* (a-pren'tls), n. one bound 
txy-jjx by agreement to serve 

another a certain number of years in order to 
learn a trade or craft; a novice, or one slightly 
versed in anything: v.t. to put under the care 
of a master for instruction in atrade or craft. 

an nrpn fir#* chin (a-pren'tis-shlp), n, 

ap-preil-llLc-bllip the term of service, 

or time served while learning a trade. 
an rvricA (a-priz'), v.t. to give notice 
ap-piiac to by way of warning; to advise; 
to inform. Also, apprize. 
a n -nri 7 #* (a-priz'), v.t. to put a value upon; 
to appraise. 

an nrnarh (a-prSch'), v.i. to draw or be 
uawi near: v.t. to come near to in 
quality, character, or condition; to nearly 
equal; n. the act of drawing near; access, 
as, the approach to kings; passage or avenue; 
as, the approaches to the city were well 
guarded.— adj. approachable. 

an nrn ha firm (ap"r6-ba'shfin), n. the 

act of pronouncing good; 
commendation; sanction. 

an nrn -nri at a (a-pro'prl-at) , v.t. to take 
«.p-pi U-pi 1-dlc to oneself, in exclusion 
of others; claim or use, as by an exclusive or 
sole right; set apart or assign to a particular 
use; as, the government appropriated money 
for the building of good roads: adj. (a-pro'- 
prl-St), fit; apt; suitable; proper.— adv. appro¬ 
priately. —n, appropriateness. 
an nrn nri a firm (&-pr6"prI-a'shfin),n. 

ap-pro-pri-d-iion the act 0 f setting 

apart for a particular use or person; the act 
of taking to oneself; anything set apart for a 
special use or purpose^ 

an nrnv ol (&-proov'al), n. approbation; 
«P“P-i U sanction; ratification; consent, 

o n nrmio (a-proov'), v.t. to test, or demon- 
ctp-piUVC s trate; ratify; pronounce effi¬ 
cient or sufficient; be pleased or satisfied with; 
commend: v.i. to express satisfaction with: 
usually followed by of. — p.adj. approving. 

an nrnv in or 1v (a-proov ing-li), adv. in a 
a F - F AUV- - ul o A .y commendatory manner 
or one implying satisfaction. 

an -nr ay i matA (a-prok'si-mat), v.t. to 
3-P-pt t/X-1-IIld.lt; come close to; to 

cause to approach: v.i. to approach closely; 
to be nearly equal: adj. (a-prok'si-mat), near 
in resemblance or position; almost equal; 
nearly correct.— adv. approximately. _ 

an pm* fp tiQtipp (a-pfir tfe-nans), n. 
ap-pur-ie-nance that which belongs or 

relates to something else; an adjunct or ap¬ 
pendage; that which belongs to an estate or 
property, as trees and shrubbery. 

an •mil' fA tlJifif (a - pfir'tS - nant), adj. 
ctp-pLii-ic-iicu.il, pertaining toa more im¬ 
portant thing; accessory; incident, 
seize; 0 (a'pri-kot; ap'ri-kot), the fruit 

- d-pil-t/Ul 0 f a f r ee allied to both the plum 
and the peach. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







April 


28 


Arcadia 


lm- 

on 


A -nrtl (a'prfl), n. the fourth month of the 
-piil year, containing thirty days. 

A nril fnnl (a'prll fool), one who is i 
-pAii posed upon or deceived 

April 1, or All Fools’ Day. 
q -nri rv ri ( a prl-o'rl; a-prl- 6 'rS), from the 
«• pil-U -11 former; characterizing an argu¬ 
ment proceeding from cause to effect. [Lat.] 
a rvrrm (a'P r un; a'purn), n. an article 
d-piUil. made of cloth, leather, or other 
material, worn on the front of a person’s 
clothes for protection or ornament; a leathern 
covering for use in an open carriage; any¬ 
thing like an apron in form or use. 
a nrn nee (ap"ro-po'), adv. to the purpose; 
d-piu-puo to the point; seasonably; with 
reference to; as, apropos of that remark; by 
the way: adj. seasonable; happy. Also, 
a propos. [Fb.] 

a rkcia (aps), n. [pi. apses (-ez)J, a semi- 
apoc circular recess terminating the choir 
or sanctuary of a church. 
arxt (apt)’ ad i- suitable; pertinent; appro- 
< *r*' priate; liable; inclined; prone; ready; 
expert; quick of comprehension.—n. aptness, 
fl-nt i +ii (ap'tl-tud), n. capacity for 
a P l-a- tuvic anything; fitness; readiness 
in learning. 

a niifi (a'kwd), n. water: a term much 
a-qud used as A q. in pharmacy to indi¬ 
cate the addition of water. [Lat.]_ 

a niio rn si fin a (a'kwa-ma-ren'), n. a 
-Hlid.-IIld.-11I1D transparent beryl, blu¬ 
ish-green in color, used as a gem. 
on no (ak"wa-r610, n. a painting in 

**H -A * C * ,_A water colors. 

a mifl ri lim (o-kwa'rf-um), n. [pi. aqua- 
-qUd-Il-UIil r j a (-a), and aquariums 

(-flmz)], a tank or globe in which water plants 
and animals, such as fish, etc., are kept; a 
public building devoted to the showing of 
large collections of water plants and animals. 

a fill 5* + if* (a-kwat'Ik), adj. relating to 
-VJUal-fU water; growing or living in or 
upon water; performed in or upon water; 
as, aquatic sports: n. an animal or plant that 
lives in water: pi. water sports. 

a nna tri +aa (a'kwa vl'te), brands'- and 
-quid. Vi-lee other distilled spirits. [Lat., 
water of life.] 

an ii ck Hiif'+ (ak'w£-dukt), n. a conduit 
aq-uc-uuu or artificial channel for con¬ 
ducting water from a distant source, such as 
the Catskill aqueduct, by means of which 
New York is supplied with water. 

a »up rmc (a'kwfe-us), adj. of the nature 
- 4 UC-UU 0 0 f or abounding in, water; 
watery; formed in or by means of water. 
on 111 1fn#» (ak'wl-lln; -lin), adj. relating 
f 0> or resembling, an eagle; 
curved, as the beak of an eagle; hooked; 
prominent; as, an aquiline nose. 

A r nk (ar'ab), n. a native of Arabia; a 
xU.-dD desert-dweller; a 
Bedcvin, one of the Arabic 
races spread over the Afri¬ 
can and Syrian deserts: 
arab, a homeless street- 
urchin or outcast. 

ar-a-besque 

n. a kind of ornamentation 
in low relief consisting of 
the representation of 
plants, fruits, flowers, foli¬ 
age, etc., fancifully com¬ 
bined or oddly grouped. 

Ar a Kir (ar'a-blk), adj 
XU.-d.-UlL ins' to AraWa 



Arabesque 


_ Arabian; pertain¬ 
ing to Arabia or the Arabs: n. 
the Semitic language used by the Arabs. 


Ar-a-bic nu-mer-als Sir-m, D the 

figures 0. 1, 2, 3, etc., of Hindu origin, used 
by the Arabs and introduced into Europe in 
the twelfth century. 

ar a K1<=> (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; 
dl-d-Ulc suited to the purposes of culti¬ 
vation; as, arable land. 

o r V.: r (ar'bl-ter), n. a porson having 

dl-Dl-lcl the power to decide a dispute; 
an umpire or judge. Also, arbitrator. 

ar Ki+ ra mant (ar-blt'rri-ment), n. the 
di-Ull-id.-iilcill right or power of decid¬ 
ing; the decision of chosen judges or umpires; 
an aivard. 

o f Ki fra ri I 17 (ar'bl-tra-ri-li), adv. in a 
ai-ui-ua-A A - A j capricious or unreason- 
ble manner; imperiously. 

-u* ±. rCi (ar'bl-tra-rl), adj. not fixed 
cti-Ul-Lict-l y by rule or law; capricious; 
imperious; unreasonable; despotic, 
ar Ki tra+d (ar'bi-trat), v.t. and v.i. to act 
-Ul-lid.lt? 0 r decide as judge in a dis¬ 
pute; to settle a dispute as umpire; mediate. 

ar Ki +ra firm (ar"bl-tra'shun), n. the 
<A -*- “ Ul- tl d,- llUll settlement of a dispute 

by a group of persons chosen by those on each 
side; settlement of a question by mutual 
agreement; as, disputes between modern 
nations should be settled by arbitration. 

ar Ki +ra fnr (ar'bl-tra"ter),n. one chosen 
di-Ui-Lid-lUi j,y the parties in a dispute 

to settle the difference between them; one 
who has power to decide. Also, arbiter. 

Knr (ar'ber), n. a bower formed by 
dl-UUl treas or vines trained over a lattice- 
work so as to make a leafy roof; a shaded 
nook or walk. 

Ar Knr T)av (ar'ber da), a day legally 
xt.a-uua A-vcrj set apart in certain states 

for the planting of trees, 
ar Kn m al (ar-bo'r6-51), adj. like, orper- 
ai-uu-ic-ai tabling to, a tree or trees; 
attached to, or living among, trees. 

ar Kn roc mn+ (ar'bA-res'ent), adj. tree- 
di-UU-rcb-LcllL like; branching like a 

tree. 

ar Kn rn +nm (ar"b&-re'tum), n. [pi. ar- 
dl-UU-i c-lulii boretums (-ttimz)j, a place 

in which rare trees are cultivated and exhib¬ 
ited for scientific purposes. 

ar Kn ri r*u1 +11 m (ar'b6-ri-kul"tbr), n. 
dr-DO-ri-LUl-LUre the cultivation of 

trees or shrubs. 

ar Knr vi ta^ (ar'bSr vl'te), an ever- 
di-uui vi-icc g reen tree extensively cul¬ 
tivated in gardens, etc. [Lat., tree of life.] 

ar Kn tnc (ar'bu-tus; ar-bu'tus), n. a 
ai-uu-iuo genus or class of evergreen 
trees, including the strawberry tree; a creep¬ 
ing plant with small fragrant flowers; the 
Mayflower. 

nxc (ark), n. a curved line; any section of a 
curve forming part of a circle; the por¬ 
tion of a circle described by the sun or any 
heavenly body in its apparent passage through 
the heavens; a bow; an arch, 
ar raHn (ar-kad'), n. a row of arches sup- 
ai-baUC nnrt.pf? by pillars; an arched 


ported 

gallery, or 
promenade, 
lined w r ith 
shops or stores. 

Ar-ca-di-a 

(ar-lca'dT-d), n. 
a mountain dis¬ 
trict in ancient 
Greece inhab¬ 
ited by simple, 



Arcade 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






































arch 


29 


are 


contented pastoral people; hence, any region 
or scene of simple pleasure or quiet happi¬ 
ness. Also, Arcady.— adj. Arcadian. 

arcVl n - a structure of brick or 

* masonry, the wedge-shaped parts of 
which follow a curved line: usually forming 
the top of a door, window, or gateway; part of 



of plants or animals have 


natural group 
descended. 

Jirrh fid-nrl (arch'fend'), n. the chief of 
cUV/ll-lieilU demons; Satan. 

A rrh i'p (ar'chl) n. in the World War, an 

xix i^xx-xc anti-aircraft enn. 


a curved line: v.t. to cover with a curved 
structure; to bend or curve: v.i. to form a 
bent or curved top or covering; curve: adj. 
chief; of the first rank: used as a prefix; as, 
archbishop; cunning; crafty; shrewd; mis¬ 
chievous; roguish; sportive; coy. 

o r»V» oq rvl nrt (ar"k6-61 'fi-jist), n. one 
ar-Cn^-Ol-O-glSI versed in the study of 
ancient things; an antiquary. Also, arche¬ 
ologist. 

of pViop /vl i-i cr\T (&r' l 'k$-<51'&-jl), n. the 
"t'HcC-Ul-U-gy science of antiquities; 
the study of prehistoric remains, or the relics 
of the early races of mankind. Also, arche¬ 
ology.— adj. arehseologic, archaeological, 
of fV»o -ir (ar-ka'Ik), adj. relating to a 
<xx-V/XX<a-iV/ remote period; old-fashioned; 
antiquated. Also, archaical. 

o r olio icm (ar'kA-Tzm), n. an antiquated 
di -t/Xid-loxii or old-fashioned word, ex¬ 
pression, or idiom. 

arrh on cr^l (ark'an'jSl), n. an angel of 
drtll-dll-gei the highest order. 


district or province in the Greek, Roman, and 
English churches. 

-offyn fir* (arch'blsh'Op-rlk), n. 
dIUIl-Ulbll-Up-riU the offlce district, or 

province of an archbishop; the province over 
which the archbishop has authority. 

■nrrh rloa mn (arch'de'kn), n. a church 
< * A t/tl-UC£t-t/UU officer ranking next below 
a bishop. 

acc (arch'duch'fe), n. the 
Ull-UUUIl-tJbb wife of an archduke; 

a daughter of the imperial family of Austria. 

ctrrh HiirVi xr (arch'duch'I), n. [pi. arch- 
<11 dl-U.UGU.-y duchies (-Iz)], the territory 
or rank of an archduke or archduchess. 

AfAt, rliilria (arch'duk'), n. a prince of the 
di Oll-LX U-XVC imperial house of Austria. 

.. a prln- 

Satan. 

(ar'cher), n. a bowman; one 
skilled in the use of the bow and 

arrow. 

offVt Af (ar'cher-I), n. the art, practice, 
<U. V/lI-Cl -y or skill of one who uses the 
bow and arrow. 

of rlif* hmA (ar'kS-tip). n. the original 
dx-A/Xic-tyjpc pattern upon or after which 
a thing is made; a model; the original or 
fundamental type-structure from which a 


Arch Afi n YYVT 7 (arch'en'6-ml), n. 

itrcil-eil-e-my cipal enemy; Sata 

arch-er 


anti-aircraft gun. 
offVi •Jf»cr (ar'chlng), p.adj. curving above 
cix v/xi-xxxg something; as, the arching elms 
shaded the street. 

ar-Chi-Del a p-O (ar'kl-pel'a-g5), n. f pi. 
a.i oxxx pci a-gU archi pelagoes, -gos 

(-gbz)], any sea or body of water containing 
numerous islands; the island-group itself, 
nr rV»t +00+ (ar'kl-tekt), n. one versed in 
dl-dll- 1 C CL the ar f of building and its 
various styles; one who plans or designs 
buildings and superintends their construc¬ 
tion; hence, one who plans, devises, or plots; 
a contriver; a designer; a maker. 

of flii fpr* +111* ol (ar'kl-tgk'tfir-Sl), adj. 
a.l-dll-ieC-lUI-<H re i a ting to the art of 

building; in harmony with the rules of the 
building art.— adv. architecturally. 

of flii tpf turo (ar"kl-tek'ttlr), n. the 
di-dll-ICC-LUl c science or art of build¬ 
ing, especially of fine or beautiful buildings; 
the method or style of building; construc¬ 
tion; workmanship. 

c\r rbi tfflTO (ar'kl-trav), n. the lowest 
cu-v/iu-uavc division of an entablature, 
or wall supported by columns; that part 
which rests immediately on the columns of 
a building or structure. 

Af rhivp (ar'kiv),n. [pi. archives (-kivz)], 
CAA-V/AAAVC a record I preserved as evidence: 
pi. the place where public or state records are 
kept; state or public documents, or records 
of historical value relating to a nation or to 
a family. 

n rrh hr (arch'll), adv. in a coy manner; 
didl-ly roguishly; playfully. 

flf/'h riACC (arch'nes), n. coyness; roguish- 
CAA dx-xxcoo ness; playfulness. 

of phrvn (ar'kon), 71 . a chief magistrate of 
CAA “dxvxx ancient Athens; one of the nine 
chief magistrates chosen to superintend civil 
and religious matters. 

ofph wnv (arch'wa), n. an opening or 
axi/ii-wajf passage beneath a curved or 


o r of| htch an (arch'blsh'up), n. the chief vaulted roof. 

_ . A- *“' A2>AA . .r of the bishops jif a church light a Jklht produced by 


current of electricity passing 
between two carbon points placed a short 
distance from each other, such as the lights 
used on city streets. 

o ff hr (ark'tik), adj. relating to the region 
dx V/-u\s G f north pole; polar; northern; 
frigid: n. in the United States, a warmly 
lined, waterproof overshoe.— Arctic Ocean, the 
north-polar ocean. 

ctrr hr rtr rlo (ark'tik sfir'kl), an imagi- 
dio-UG Oll-OlC nary circle parallel to the 

equator and distant 23° 28' from the north 
pole. 

ar Hont ( ar 'd§nt), adj. hot; burning; fiery; 
dx-vxcxxL TO rm; glowing; passionate; eager; 
zealous; vehement. 

rldtvf c-nir t-f-c (ar'dent splr'ltz), alco- 

dr-uenx bpir-its holic i iqui( i St SUC h as 

brandy, whisky, etc. 

ar Hor ( ar 'der), n. warmth of affection or 
dx-vxux passion; eager desire; zeal. 

or rlti rnic (ar'dti-us), adj. steep; hard to 
al-UU-UUs climb; attended with great 
labor or exertion; difficult.— adv. arduously, 
(ar), present tense plural number of 
the verb to be. 

Afp (S.r), n. in the metric system, a measure 
411 c of surface; 100 square meters, equal to 
119.6 square yards. 


are 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to m 










































































area 


30 


armlet 


a rp o (a/r§-d), n. [pi. areas (-dz)J, any 
-ic-a. surface having bounds, whether 
natural or artificial, as the floor of a hall, 
etc.; any defined extent of land-surface; 
the sunken space at the base of a building 
separating it from the street and affording 
light to the basement; extent; range; scope; 
region; tract; as, the settled area of the 
United States. 

n r<a ftn (d-re'nd), n. [pi. arenas (-ndz)], 
d-i c-iicl the central inclosed space (usually 
strewn with sand) of a Roman amphitheater, 
in which the gladiatorial combats took place; 
hence, a scene or field for combat or exertion 
of any kind; as, the western arena of the 
great European War. _ 

At* pi nn a cite (ar^S-op'd-gus), n. the 
-c-UJJ-a-g Uo tribunal, or highest court, 
of ancient Athens, so named from its situa¬ 
tion on the hill of Ares (Mars); hence, any 
high court or tribunal. 

AT CPtlf (ar'jent), adj. made of, or resem- 
eAA -gciil filing, silver; silvery white; bright 
like silver. 

AT COT! (& r, gon), n. a colorless, odorless, 
gaseous element found in the air. 

A r ern -no 11 + (ar'gd-not), n. one of the 
-gU-lldUL band of Greek heroes who 
sailed in the ship Argo to Colchis in quest of 
the golden fleece; one of the gold seekers who 
went to California in 1849. 

AT CO QV (ar'gft-sl), n. [pi. argosies (-siz)], 
a large merchant vessel filled 
with costly goods. 

AT C11P (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer reasons 
ai ‘b uc in support of, or in opposition to, 
a proposition, opinion, or measure; to reason, 
dispute, discuss; contend in debate: v.t. to 
debate or discuss; prove. 

•Syn. debate, dispute, reason upon. 

AT cil mpnf (ar'gfi-ment), n. a presenta- 
CAA - 6i* - xixcxxi, tion of proofs of, or reasons 
for or against, something; a discussion, con¬ 
troversy, or debate; the subject of a dis¬ 
course or writing; an abstract or summary of 
a book. 

ar-gu-men-ta-tion 8 t S - t t'd 

of reasoning and disputing; discussion. 

ar-gu-men-ta-tive 

or exhibiting a process of, reasoning; given to 
discussion; showing reasons for; controversial. 
Ar erne (ar'gus), n. a giant fabled to have 
w»_i-gu.o a hundred eyes: argus, a watchful 
person. 

(ar'gus=id"), adj. watchful; 
vigilant; extremely observ- 


ar-gus-eyed 

ant; sharp-sighted. 


a-n-a 


(a'ri-d; a'rf-d), n. an air; a melody 


or tune for a single voice with accom¬ 
paniment; an elaborate solo part in a can¬ 
tata or oratorio, jetc. 

A ri ATI ( a ' r *-an), adj. relating to the doc- 
xi-ii-tui trines of Arius, who taught that 
Christ was the noblest of men, but that he 
was not divine. 

AT \fl ( ar, M), a dj‘ having little or no rain- 
ch-ja-a fall; dry; parched; barren, 
o riH i fir (d-rld'I-t!), n. the state of being 
M.-xxvx-x-i.j dry . barrenness; want of life or 
interest. Also, aridness. 

A flVht (d-rit), ado. correctly; in a proper 
way or form; without sin or error. 
A T*iciP v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen. 

W P-pr. arising], to mount up or ascend; 

to come into view; to rise or get up; to 
spring up; to come into existence or action; 
to originate. 

Syn. flow, spring, proceed, rise, issue. 


ot* tc cn (ar Ls-t 6 k rfl-sl), 71. [pi. 

a,l-lo-lUL-ict-Gy aristocracies (-siz)], gov¬ 
ernment by persons of the highest rank in a 
state; the nobility or chief persons in a state; 
those regarded as superior to the rest of their 
community in rank, wealth, or intellect. 

a ric +r\ rrc if (d-rfe'tfi-kr&t), n. a per- 
-llo-lU-cxcll sonage of high rank or 

noble birth; one who upholds the aristocracy 
or favors government by the few; a person 
who possesses traits like the nobility; a 
haughty person.— adj. aristocratic, aristo- 
eratical.— ado. aristocratically. 

o rifVi mo fir (d-rlth'mS-tik), n. the sci- 
d-xitix-xxic lxo ence of numbers; the art 

of computation or reckoning by figures. 

AT itfi tnof i pol (ar"ith-met'I-kal), adj. 
d.r-im-mc t-l-cai of or relating to the 

science of numbers, or to its rules.— adv. 
arithmetically. 

a -rith-me -ti-cian 

one skilled in the science of numbers. 

AtXc ( ar k), n • a chest; the oblong box, kept 
clAJ:v ’ in the Holy of Holies, containing the 
Covenant, or tables of the Law, in the Jewish 
Tabernacle, and later placed in the Temple 
of Solomon.—Exod. xxv., 1 Kings viii; the 
ship in which Noah and his family remained 
during the Deluge.—Gen. vi; hence, a place of 
safety or refuge. 

at m ( arm )* n - the limb of the human body 
CAAAAA which extends from the shoulder to 
the hand; the anterior or fore-limb of any 
animal having a backbone; any projecting 
or diverging organ or part of a main body or 
trunk, as the branch of a tree, the side-piece 
of a chair, an inlet of the sea; a weapon; v.t. 
to furnish or equip with weapons of offense or 
defense; fortify or provide against: v.i. to 
fit oneself with weapons, or take to oneself 
means of defense. 

of* tt\A fI a i^r-maMd), n. a fleet of armed 
-xiiOL-oxa. vessels; a squadron: Invincible 
Armada, the Spanish fleet sent against Eng¬ 
land in 1588, by Philip II. 

AT m A Hit In (ar"md-dIl'o), n. [pi. arma- 
d.r-md.-UlI-iO diUos (_ 5 Z )] t a four-footed 
animal found in South America and Texas 
having the body and head covered with an 
armor of small bony plates, like a coat of mail, 
or triJl m#*nf (ar'ma-ment), n. a body of 
CAA-A4-LCA-A ' l ' l ^ AAl ' forces prepared for war, 
either military or naval; the cannon and small 
arms of a fort or warship; the number and 
■weight of guns of a war vessel; the equip¬ 
ment or act of equipping for defense or 
resistance. 

AT m A till*#* (ar'md-ttlr), n. armor; that 
CAJ ‘ A which serves as a means of 

defense; iron bars or framework used to 
strengthen a building; in dynamo-electric 
machines, that part in which electric power 
is produced in a generator or consumed in a 
motor. 

orm f'T'lfjit* ( arm 'ch&r*), n. a chair fur- 
aim-ciian nished with supports for the 

clbow T s. 

Arm fill (armTSSl), n. as much as the arms 
cxxxxx-xui can hold. 

ar-mi-stice 

(ar'ml-stis), n. 
a brief pause in 
war by agree¬ 
ment of the op¬ 
posing forces; a 

truce. Armlets 

arm l**t (arm'lSt), n. a small 
qxxii-xci j n ] et Q f t b e sea . o 




ate, senate, rare, eat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sm, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









armor 


31 


arrogant 



metal band for the arm used for ornament or 
for protection. 

•firm r»r (Sr'mer), n. defensive weapons; pro- 
tective covering for the body in 
battle; the steel plating of a 
■warship. 

ar-mor-clad 

flron- or steel-clad: n. a war 
vessel protected by steel plat¬ 
ing. 

or rnAf £*+• (ar'mer-er), n. 

ar-liior-er formerly, a 

maker of weapons, shields, etc., 
or one who had charge of the 
military outfit of another; the 
keeper of the weapons of a 
troop or battleship. 8 1 

ar-mo-ri-al gtS 

to armor or to the arms or 
escutcheon of a family: n. a 
book or dictionary of heraldic 
devices with the names of per¬ 
sons entitled to use them. 

ar-mor plate 

'xon or steel plate with which 
a fort or ship is covered for 
protection against shell-fire. 

jaf* V ( ar,m © r ~i). n. [pi. 

•a-i-lllUl-y armories (-rlz)], a 
place for the storing of weap- -^mor. 1. bas¬ 
ons; a place for the assembling 
of soldiers, usually containing e ~® 

a drill hall, offices, etc.; a or eordere 
Knanufactory of weapons, such of ’plate- 4 5 
as, pistols, rifles, etc. pauldr’ons; 6) 

arm ntf (arm'plt'), n. the rerebraces: 7, 
tCAAAA1_ F 11 ' hollow beneath the gauntlets; 8, 
arm near the shoulder. dagger ormiseri- 

•a-rmo (armz), n.pl. weapons cor de hanging 
drills of offense or defense; from military 
the military service; as, a call b . elA or cingulum, 

to arms ; war as a profession iVakirt- loTuillra 
heraldic bearings or devices; as, t „ i i i 

the coat of arms of the United cuisses, 12 ) 
States. genouilleres of 

nr mv (ar m *). n. [pi. armies knee-pieces; 13, 
<lA " AAA J (-mIz)],abodyofmenjambes; 14, spur 
trained and equipped for war straps; 15, sol- 
on land, and organized in regi-lerets; 16, sword, 
ments, brigades, or similar suspended by a 
divisions under proper officers;transverse belt, 
a great number or multitude; an organized 
body of persons engaged in moral warfare; a 
host; an array; forces; troops. 

or -mv warm (ar'ml wfirm), the very 
<tr-my worm destructive larva of a 
moth, so called because of the great numbers 
in which it marches across a country, strip¬ 
ping the land of all young grain and grasses, 
ar ni pp (ar'nl-ka), n. a medicinal plant or 
<ctA -lll-Ud herb; the mountain tobacco: 
from the roots or flowers of this herb a valu¬ 
able remedy for bruises is made. 
a m rnp (h-ro'md). n. [pi. aromas (-m&z)], 
«t-l U-liia the odor of plants or other sub¬ 
stances, generally of an agreeable or spicy 
nature; perfume; fragrance, 
or n mat in (Sr'd-m&t'Ik), ad), fragrant; 
ai-U-ina. i-iu spicy: n. a plant, herb, or 

drug yielding a fragrant smell, as ginger, cin¬ 
namon, etc. Also, aroma tical.— adv. aro¬ 
matically. 

o (a-roz'). past tense of the intransi- 

d-lUac tive verb arise. 
o rrmnrl (a-round'), adv. in a circle; on 
d-IUUlIU every side; roundabout: prep. 
about: on all sides; encircling; encompassing. 


a kind of 
before the mus- 


a rmi cot (fl-rouz'&l), n. the act of awak- 
-lUU-oal ening; the state of being 
awakened. 

o rnilQP (d-rouz'), v.t. to excite or stir to 
a ' Iuuac action; put in motion that which 
is at rest; awaken from sleep or a state of 
rest; stimulate; animate: v.i. to waken; 
become active. 

o rnw adv - in a Mne; order; 

a-x kj w successively. 

p r rw^cr <rin (ar-pSd'jS), n. the tones of a 
aA 'r c o"bi u chord produced in rapid suc¬ 
cession, as in playing a harp. 

pi* Tine (ar'kw&-bus), n. 

dl-que-UUb g Un in use befor< 

ket. Also, harquebus. 

PT r p icm (a-ranO, v.t. to call to account; 
ax -a axgxx summon (a prisoner) into court 
to answer to a charge; censure or accuse pub¬ 
licly; impeach; indict; denounce. 

PI* fpiprfi rnpilt (a-ran'ment), n. an ac- 
dl-ldlgll-llieill cusation; an impeach¬ 
ment; denouncement. 

pr rflncrA (5-ranj'), v.t. to put in proper 
clA “ A ail b c order or sequence; classify; 
adjust or settle; adapt; group. 

pr rntlffP tnpnt (^ranj'mSnt), n. the 
dr-rdJlge-meill act of putting in proper 

form or order; that which is ordered or dis¬ 
posed; the method or style of disposition; 
preparation; settlement; classification; ad¬ 
justment; adaptation. 

pr rant (ar'ant), ad), notorious; thorough 
ax-xam or downright (in a bad sense); 
as, an arrant coward; shameless, 
pr roc (ar'as), n. tapestry; hangings cov- 
caj. -a aa ering the walls of a room, usually 
made of rich figured material. 

Pr nv ( a - ra ). n - order; the grouping or 
a - A ~ A arrangement of a body of men 

when drawn up for battle; an orderly collec¬ 
tion or series of things imposingly displayed; 
clothing, especially gay clothing; apparel: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. arrayed, p.pr. arraying], to 
place or dispose in order; to marshal; to 
deck or dress. 

pr r^pr (S-rer 7 ), n. the state of being 
CAA_Acai behindhand; that which is un¬ 
done, outstanding, or unpaid; a debt which 
remains unpaid; as, arrears in rent or taxes: 
commonly in plural. 

<3 •*- f-Qot* a o*o (a-rer'&j) , n. the state or 
dl -ical-dgc condition of being behind¬ 
hand; that which remains unpaid and over¬ 
due after a previous payment, 
pr rp>Qf (a-rest'), v.t. to stop or stay; to 
ax -a cot check or hinder the action or 
motion of; to seize, take, or apprehend by 
legal authority; to seize and fix, as the eye or 
attention: n. the act of seizing; stoppage or a 
holding back by force or restraint; the state of 
being seized or detained by legal authority. 
Syn. n. and v. capture, hold, detain, secure. 
Ant. (see release). 

pr riv pi (a-rlv'al), n. the act of coming 
<tA “ AAV_cAA to a place, or reaching a destina¬ 
tion from a distance; attainment of any 
object; the person or thing coming, or that 
has come, to a place. 

pr riv** (SrrivO, v.i. to come to or reach, 
aA-AAVC as a destination; reach a point or 
stage; gain or compass an object; attain to a 
state or result: with at. 

o «• v/\ Qrnu pp (ar'6-gS.ns) , n. a feeling of 
CAA ” A '-'“fo a “ AAV/C personal superiority; an 
exorbitant or undue claim to dignity, rank. 



bearingly haughty. — adv. arrogantly. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 
















arrogate 


32 


ascendant 


QT Tf\ <rof<a (ar'6-gat), v.t. legally, to lay 
w-ga 1C claim to on behalf of another; 
to claim unduly or with presumptuous pride. 

**/-. (Yd 1 1 Ati (ar shfin). w. the act of 
til -I U-ga-llUU making unjust claims; the 
act of taking more than one is entitled to take, 
at* Yw«r (ar'o). n - a slender, pointed shaft, 
«~L-I U W usually feathered and barbed, made 
to be shot from a bow; a figure used in maps, 
etc., to indicate direction, 
at* row VtaaH (&r'o-h6d), n. the head or 
ar-row-nedu barb of an arrow; an 
aquatic or water plant so named from its 
leaves. 

Of f/vur i*r»rvf (ar'o-rdbt*), n. a starch 
tti-rOW-IOOl obtained from the root- 
stock of several kinds of West Indian plants, 
much used for food. 

or co na ! (ar'sS-nSl), n. a building for the 
ax -oc-uai storage or manufacture of arms 
and military stores for land or naval service. 
ar cp tlir (ar'sS-nlk), n. a deadly mineral 
ai-oC-Uit/ poison used in medicine, rat 
poisons, dyes, etc.: called also white arsenic, 
ar crvn (ar'sun), n. the malicious or inten- 
tll -bUli tional setting fire to and burning 
of any building. 

or-f (art), n. the use of means to the accom- 
1 plishment of some end; music, painting, 
sculpture, or literature, or the practice of 
one of them; practical skill; knack; cunning: 
pi. the branches of learning included in the 
ordinary course of academic study: r. i. sec¬ 
ond pers. pres, indie, sing, of the verb be: used 
only in solemn or poetic style. 

Ar f<a mic (ar't6-mls), the Greek goddess 
xoJ.-LC-iiJ.lo G f the moon and of the hunt: 
called by the Romans Diana. 
ar 4. p r i ol (ar-te'rl-al), adj. relating to, or 
ai-ic-il-ai contained in, the large blood¬ 
vessels. 

n r tpi- tt (ar'ter-I), n. [pi. arteries (-Iz)], 
o.i-LCi-jr one 0 f a system of tubes or ves¬ 
sels which carry the blood from the heart to 
all parts of the body; any great channel; as 
an artery of trade. 

dr fo cion (ar-te'zh§,n wel), a deep 

dX-lc-oloil Well ^11 made by boring 

into the earth. 

drf frt t (art'fool), adj. cunning; crafty; un- 
dii-iui real.— adv. artfully. — n. artfulness. 

Syn. shy, tricky, insincere. 

Ant. (see candid). 

at- /»Vi(ar'tl-chok), n. a tall plant, 
ctl - Il-UIUAC C f tbe aster family, having a 
flower head that is used as food; the root of 
an American sunflower (Jerusalem artichoke) 
used as a substitute for potatoes. 
dr f i ri#* (ar'tl-kl), n. a distinct portion or 
ai-Li-cic member; a single clause, item, 
or particular, as in a formal agreement or 
treaty; a concise statement; a prose com¬ 
position, complete in itself, in a newspaper, 
magazine, or work of reference; as, an article 
on peace; a material thing, as one of a class; 
as, an article of clothing; an item; any of the 
English words a, an, and the used before 
nouns and substantives to define or limit 
their application; also, their equivalents in 
other languages: v.t. to bind by written 
agreement, as an apprentice. 

or fir ii lor (ar-t!k'fl-ldr), adj. relating to 
dl - 111/-U.-IdI fbe joints or to a joint. 

n«* fip ii | o 4~p (ar-tTk'fl-lat), v.t. to join 
til-lie-LI-let LC together; unite by a joint; 
to form words; utter in distinct syllables; 
speak as a human being: v.i. to utter distinct 
sounds; speak with distinctness: adj. (ar-tlk'fl- 
l&t), jointed; formed with joints; uttered with 
distinctness.— adv. articulately. 


or fir ii 1 o finn (ar-trk'fi-la'shfln),n.tho 

dl-Lle-Ll-lcl-llUll act of speaking distinct¬ 
ly; a distinct utterance; the act of joining; 
a joint or juncture between bones; the point 
of separation of organs or parts of a plant, 
ar ti fi.ee (ar'tl-fls), n. a skilful contriv¬ 


ance; a crafty device; a ruse, 
wile, trick, or stratagem. 

Syn. finesse, cunning, craft. 

Ant. (see openness). 

or fif i r<=»r (ar-tif'I-ser), n. a skilled or 
dl-111 -1-UCi artistic worker; a mechanic; 
a maker or constructor; an inventor. 
a T +: fi rial (ar-tl-flsh'&l) , adj. made or 
ll-ll-l'la.l contrived by art; produced 
by human skill or labor; as, artificial heat; 
feigned; unreal; assumed; affected; not 
genuine or natural.— adv. artificially. 

or fi -fi ri ol i fv (ar'tl-flsh'I-al'I-tl), n. 
ar-Il-n-Cl-cU-l-Xy the quality of being 

unreal or unnatural; that which is affected or 
unnatural. Also, artificialness, 
or fil lor v (ar-tn'er-I), n. mounted can- 
al-llL-lcl-j non; great guns; ordnance; 
the officers and men handling the mounted 
guns of an army. 

a r +i con (ar'tl-zSn), n. a trained work- 
**-*■ “*'■*'■-04X11 man; a mechanic; a handle 
craftsman. Also, artizan. 
ax+ icf (ar'tist), n. a person of especial 
dl l-lo L skill, talent, or ability in painting, 
sculpture, music, or literature: especially 
applied to a painter or sculptor. 
ax fic fir (ar-tls'tlk), adj. beautiful; con- 
dl-lio-LID ceived and executed with skill; 
as, an artistic ending to a play or book; dis¬ 
playing perfection of design or coloring; 
characterized by esthetic feeling or having 
an appreciation of beautiful things; as, an 
artistic temperament. 

dY* fic: fi rol lx/ (ar-tis^ti-kal-I), adv. in a 
ax - ilo- n-V/cn-iy mann er agreeable to the 

rules and practice of art. 

orf 1#*cc (art'l&s), adj. free from guile; bon- 
<ti L-icoa est; simple; natural; unaffected; 
sincere.— adv. artlessly.— n. artlessness. 

Ar von (ar'yan; dr'I-Sn), adj. relating to 
-yaxx Aryans, or to their language: 

n. one of the race of mankind from which the 
white people of Europe and southern Asia 
have descended. 

ac (az)» adv. equally; in like manner; for 
*** example; because; similar to: con). 
while; when; because. 

oc a ia f i Ad (as'd-fet'I-dd), n. a valu- 
ao-a-iCL-I-ua able drug with a persistent 
odor and a bitter taste made from the roots 
of certain Oriental plants of the celery family 
and especially useful in treating hysteria or 
in quieting the nerves. Also, asafoetida, assa- 
letida. 

oc "hoc fnc (as-bes'tSs; az-bSs'tCs), n. a 
aa-uco-iuo soft, fibrous, incombustible 
material used in fireproof curtains, clothing, 
roofing, etc. Also, asbestus. 
oc r#*nH (a-send'), v.i. to take an upward 
ao-icuu direction; mount; go up; rise; 
to proceed from an inferior to a superior posi¬ 
tion ; rise from a lower to a higher pitch or tone: 
v.t. to go or move upward upon; climb; go 
toward the source; as, to ascend a river. 

oc r#*n#1 on rv (S’-sSn'dan-sI), n. a gov- 
clo-1/CliU.-cU.i-l/y erning or controlling 

power or influence; domination; sway. Also, 
ascendency. 

OC rptiH onf (5'~s8n , d5nt), adj. rising; 
a.o-v/V/Ai.vx-oAi.e superior; predominant: 

above the horizon: n. superiority; a com¬ 
manding influence; predominance; an ance6- 
tor: opposite to descendant. Also, ascendent. 


ate, senate, rare, efit, local, far, Ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 






ascension 


33 


aspirate 


oc p qii cion (^"Sen'shiin), n. the act of 

ao-v/cu-oiuu moving upward; a rising: 
Ascension, the ascent of Christ into heaven. 

As-cen-sion Day 

after Easter, on which is celebrated Christ’s 
ascension into heaven.—Acts i. 
oo (Srstot'), n. the act of rising; an 

ao-ccm upward movement; the act of 
climbing; the way or means of reaching a 
height; a hill or high place; an upward slope. 
<, c car ■f’citTi (As^er—tan / ), v.t. to make cer- 
ao-bci-laiU tain; to find out; to deter¬ 
mine definitely by test or examination, 
oc rof if* (a-set'Ik), adj. severely self- 
aa-vci-U/ denying; exceedingly rigid in 
the exercise of religious duties: n. one who 
gives up the things of the world and devotes 
himself to religious exercises; one who sub¬ 
jects himself to severe methods of living; a 
hermit; a recluse.— adv. ascetically. 

oc rot i piem (S-setff-sIzm), n. the con- 
do-Gcl-l-Glolll <iition or mode of life 

adopted by one who renounces worldly 
affairs; severe^ self-denial. 

PC rriTlf* (as-krib'), v.t. to attribute, im- 
ao-uiuo pute, or refer, as to a cause; to 
consider to belong to; to assign; set down; 
as, losses may often be ascribed to imprudence. 
— adj. asorieable.—n. ascription. 

P cpn fir (a-sep'tlk), adj. free from the 
a-oep-uu germs of disease; surgically 
clean. 

PcVj (ash), n. [pi. ashes (-ez)], a common 
clOA ' 1 timber and shade tree belonging to the 
olive family; the wood of the ash tree; hence, 
something made of the wood,as a staff or the 
shaft of a spear or lance; what remains of a 
body or substance that is burned: pi. the 
waste of burned coal; the remains of a 
human body. 

a cViamprl (a-shamd'), p.adj. affected or 
-Diiaiuou touched by contempt or dis¬ 
grace; cast down or dejected by conscious 
guilt; abashed by a sense of indecorum or mis¬ 
behavior; reluctant or hesitating through 
fear of reproach. 

p C "U pri (ash'en), adj. relating to the ash- 
aau-cu tree; made of ash; of the pale 
grayish color of ajhes; pale. 

P qVi orp (d-shor), adv. on shore; to the 
a-onuic shore; as, a ship driven ashore 
in a gale; on land. 

A ch pc rlciTT (S-’h "wenz'da), the 

Abn w euneb-ciay, first day of Lent: 

so called because of the former custom of 
sprinkling ashes on the heads of penitents, 
p ciHg* (d-sid'). adv. on or to ono side; out 
d-olUC 0 f a given direction; apart; away 
from: n. a speech or remark mado in a lower 
tone than the rest of the conversation, and 
assumed to be heard only by the person for 
whom it is intended; something apart from 
the main issue 


as-i-nine 


(as'I-nln), adj. relating to the 


ass; having the nature or qual¬ 
ities of an ass; obstinate; stupid; silly; as, 
an asinine remark. 

p C i nin t +v (as^-nln'i-ti), n. the quality 
do-l-lilll-l-ty 0 f being like an ass; obsti¬ 
nate stupidity. 

pclr (ask), v.t. to request; seek to obtain by 
ctbiA words; petition or beg for; claim or 
demand; expect or require; as, what price 
do you ask? inquire respecting; _ as, to ask 
the way; question; invite: v.i. to make 
request; inquire after. 

Syn. crave, beg, beseech, petition, request, 
solicit. 

Ant, (see command). 



P clrnnrp (d-sk&ns'), adv. sideways; awry; 
a-oncuU/C from the corner of the eye; 
disdainfully; distrustfully. Also, askant. 

P clrpw (d-sku'), adj. and adv. awry; out 
c *’“ oxv '"' vv of order or position; crooked. 

P clptrf (d-slant'), adj. and adv. not at 
a-oxam right angles; sloping; oblique; 
obliquely: prep .across in a slanting position, 
o cl pan (a-slep'), adj. and adv. in a state 
a-oiocp 0 f slumber; dormant; uncon¬ 
scious; numbed. 

P qlnnp (d-slop'), adj. and adv. in an 
ci-oiupc inclined position; in a sloping 
direction; leaning, 
pen ( as P)> n • a small 
poisonous snake of 
Egypt; the common vi- 
por, or adder, of Europe. 

Also, aspic. 

as - par - a - gus 

(as-par'a-gus), n. a plant 
of the lily family having 
tender eatable shoots, 
used as a 
vegetable. 

as -pect 

(as'pekt), n. 
visual or| 
mental ap- 
p earance; 
look; mien; air; outlook or prospect; appear¬ 
ance; view. 

nen pr| (as'pSn; as'pen), n. a kind of pop- 
dop-cil i ar tree whose leaves tremble in 
the slightest breeze: adj. relating to such a 
tree; quivering like a leaf of such a tree; 
tremulous; shaking. 

nq npt* t -tv (as-pgr'I-t!), n. f pi. asperities 
oia-pci -x-ly (-tiz)], roughness of surface; 
unevenness; roughness or harshness of sound; 
sourness; bitterness of taste or temper; 
crabbedness; moroseness. 

PC TiPf-QP (as-purs'), v.t. to spread false 
d^-pcioc reports against a person or his 
character; to slander; to besprinkle. 

PC npr cinri (as-pfir'shun), n. injury by 
cio-jjcx-oivii. false charges; a slanderous 

report; calumny; a sprinkling, as of dust or 

water. 

PC -lYholt (as'falt), n. a black bitumen; a 
do-piidll mineral pitch used for paving, 
roofing, and cementing: v.t. to lay down or 
cover with bitumen. Also, asphaltum. 
qo -rkVip rlol (as'f6-del), n. the name of 
do-pilU-UtJJ. several plants of the lily 
family; the daffodil of the older English poets; 
in Greek mythology, the asphodel was the 
flower of the dead, its pale blossoms covering 
the meadows of Hades. 

oc -nViTTxr i o (as-flk'sl-a), n. a stopping of 
aa-pil y A-l-d the pulse; the lifeless con¬ 
dition caused by the stopping of the breath, 
as in choking, drowning, etc.; suffocation. 
Also, asphyxy. 

oc -rvhiTTV t a+a. (Ss-fix'sl-at), V.t. to suffo- 
d-O-piiyA-1-d.LC cate; to cause death or 
its symptoms, by depriving of oxygen, 
oc -nir (as'pflc), n. a poisonous asp, or 
do-piG Egyptian viper; a clear meat jelly 
containing fowl, game, fish, etc.; the spike 
lavender yielding a volatile oil. 
oc nir apt (as-pir'ant), adj. ambitious: «. 
do-pii-cU.it one who seeks to attain, or is 
ambitious for, some high object or position; 
a candidate. 

oc* Tii rota (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce 
dO-pi-ldlC with a full breathing; to pre- 
flx or add the sound of the letter h: n. the 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








aspiration 


34 


assignation 


sound of the letter h, as in horse: adj. (as'pl- 
r5t), pronounced with the audible breath. 
oo r»i **a firm (5s'pl-ra'shiin), n. the act 
ctb-pi-Ia-Hull 0 f breathing; a breath; 
the yearning desire for something higher or 
better than that already possessed; ambition, 
oe ni ret fn r\r (as-pir'a-tfi-rl), adj. relat- 
jng to breathing; smted 
to the inhaling of air. 

q -> «ira (5s-plr') f v.i. to seek after or desire 
ab-jJl! C -with longing; yearn for that which 
Is better or nobler; rise or ascend; to soar, 
oc -ni rt-n (&s'pl-rln), n. a white powder 
do-pi-llll or pellet used as a remedy for 
rheumatism, headache, colds, etc. 

o cniiint (a-skwlnt'), adj. and adv. out of 
d.-a4UUU fhe corner of the eye; askance; 
furtive; furtively. 

ace (as), n. an animal of the horse family 
having longer ears and a shorter mane 
than the horse; a dull, stupid fellow. 

ac ca fat i Ha (5s'd-fgt'I-dd), n. a drug 
ao-aa-icl-l-ua. with a persistent odor 

and bitter taste made from the fetid gum 
resin of certain Oriental plants of the celery 
family. Also, assafoetida, asafetida. 
qc coil (5-sal'), v.t. to fall upon or attack 
ao-oau violently; to attack with argu¬ 
ment or abuse.— adj. assailable. 
a q rjn.1 oTit (5-sal'Snt), adj. assaulting; 
aa-aau-am attacking: n. one who, or 
that which, attacks. 

oc coc cin (5-sSs'In), n. one who kills, or 
cto-oao-olii attempts to kill, secretly as 
the agent of another or others, or for reward; 
a murderer. 

oc coc ci no+o (5-sas'I-nat), v.t. to kill 
as-oa.o-v3l-l.Aaic by secret or treacherous 

means; slay suddenly or unawares; murder 
by sudden or treacherous violence._ 

oc coc ci tifl firm (5-sas*l-na'shfln), n. 
ab-bas-bl-nd.-X10Il the act of slaving In 

secret, sometimes at the bidding of others or 
for reward; murder. 

oc coi lf (5-solt'), n. an attack with vio- 
ao-oauu lence by physical means; an 
onslaught; an attack by military force; a 
violent attack by moral force, as by use of 
argument or hostile words; an attempt or 
threat to do bodily violence or injury to 
another; the charge of an attacking party 
on a fortified position: v.t. to attack violently; 
6torm, as by armed force; attack by moral 
force; threaten or attempt by visible means 
bodily violence or injury to another; attack a 
fortified position by a sudden charge, 
r c Cfl v (5-sa'), n. the act or process of flnd- 
Ub-bay ing the quantity or proportion of 
any one or more metals in a metallic com¬ 
pound, ore, or alloy, especially the standard 
purity of gold or silver coin or bullion; the 
substance or metal to be tested; in the 
days of chivalry, a trial by danger; risk; 
adventure: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. assayed, p.pr. 
assayingl, to subject to analysis; to find the 
quantity or proportion of one or more of the 
parts of a metal. 

oc oott or (5-sa'Sr), n. one who analyzes 
ttb-ody-ci metals; an officer of the Mint 
appointed to test the purity of bullion and coin. 

ac com bid fro (5-sSm blftj), n. the act 
db-bcIIl-Ulagc 0 f gathering together; 

the state of being collected in one place; a 
group or collection of persons cr particular 
things; the fitting together of parts and of 
pieces, as of machinery; a congregation; an 
audience. 

ac cam HI a (5-s8m'bl), v.t. to collect or 
ab-bCUi-LUC gather together into one 
place or body; congregate: to fit the parts of 


machinery together: v.i. to meet or come 
together; convene. 

oc cam HHr (5-sgm'blI), n. \pl. assemblies 
aS-bcm-Uiy (-bllz)J, a collection or com¬ 
pany of persons brought together in one 
place and for a common object, whether 
religious, educational, political, or social; a 
meeting; a congregation; a legislative body; 
a bugle call to bring troops together; the 
second beating of a drum before a march, 
upon which the soldiers strike their tents. 

_ _ _-uItt (a-sem'bll-m&n), n. a 

as-sem-bly-man member of a legisla¬ 
tive, or lawmaking, body. 

oc cant (5-sent'), v.i. to admit as true; to 
ab-oclil concede, to agree to; to consent: 
n. the act of agreeing to; consent; acqui¬ 
escence; approval; concurrence, 
oc cart (5-surt'), v.t. to maintain; to 
ab-bcl l declare positively, or with assur¬ 
ance; to affirm; to declare; to defend by 
words; as, to assert our rights and liberties, 
oc cat* tinn (5-sflr'shfin), n. the act Of 
ab-bcl-HUH declaring positively; that 
which is affirmed; a positive declaration 
without attempt at proof; an unsupported 
statement. 

oc car fitra (5-sflr'tIv), adj. positive; con- 
db-bcl-livc fldent in statement. 

oe oaec (5-sSs'), v.t. to fix or determine, as 
ab-btbb damages; to fix, rate, or set a 
certain charge upon, as a tax; as, the property 
was assessed too high; to estimate or value 
officially for the purpose of taxation.— adj. 
assessable. 1 

oc caccarl td y ac (SrsSsttSks 6z), taxes 
ab-bcbbcu iaA-ca levied on income, 

houses, and other property. 

oc cacc matrf (5-ses ment), ti. the act of 
ab-bCbb-iiiCAiL determining an amount 
to be paid; an official valuation of property, 
or income, for the purpose of taxation; the 
tax paid on property. 

oc coc car (5-sgs'er), n. one appointed to 
ao-oCb-bUl estimate the value of property 

for taxation. 

ac cafe (5s'8ts), n.pl. all the"property of a 
ab-bClb person, firm, or estate which may 
be used to pay his or its debts; property 
which is usable for paying creditors; all that 
one owns; property in general: sing, any 
item of one’s property. 

ac cav ar afa (a-s8v'Sr-at), t>.f. to affirm 
db-bcv-ci-aio or aver positively, or with 

solemnity. 

oc caxr at* a tlotl (5-sSv er-a shfin), fi. a 
etb-bc V-d-a-llUll solemn affirmation or 

declaration, as upon oath; an emphatic 
assertion. 

oc ci /In 1 fxr (5s I-du I-tl), fi. [pt. assi- 
as-si-au-l-xy duities (-tlz)J, close appli¬ 
cation or unremitting attention to; diligence; 
perseverance; constancy: pi. studied and 
persevering efforts to please. 

oc ci/f 11 A 11 C (5-sid'fi-fis), adj. constant 
ab-blU-U-ULlb j n explication; devoted; 

attentive; perseveringly diligent; unremit¬ 
ting; untiring.-— adv. assiduously, 
oc ctem (5-sin'), v.t. to allot; to appoint; 
do-oigu m ark out; apportion; makeover: 
fix; to set apart for a particular purpose: 
point out exactly; to transfer or make over 
to another, as for the benefit of creditors: n. 
one to whom property or interest is left or 
made over by will or deed: as, a deed to a 
man, his heirs, and assigns. 

oc cioc via firm (5s"lg-na'shiin), n. an 
ab-blg-lia-UUH appointment for meet¬ 
ing: used chiefly in speaking of love affairs 
and now usuallv in a had sense. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, perade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








assignee 


35 


astonishing 


qc CiOTi pp (8s'I-ne'), n. one to whom 
uij-oxgii-cc anything is made over, either 
In trust or for his own use and enjoyment. 


as-sien-ment ( 5 '- si n'mSnt), n. a setting ciimn firm (a-sump'slbunj, n. the act 
. AAACAAL apart, allotment, or ap- db-bUIIip-XlUll of taking to or upon one- 


pointment to some particular person or use; 
transfer of title or interest; the deed of writing 
effecting such a transfer. 

oc cicrn or (8sT-nor'), n. one who trans- 
do-oigii-ui f ers an interest; one who 
appoints or allots. Also, assigner. 

ac cim f 1fl+P (a-slm'f-lat), v.t. to bring 
db-bllll-l-lclXe to likeness or agreement 

with something else; to absorb or take into 
itself, as nourishment: v.i. to become similar; 
harmonize. 

oc cim i la fio-n (S--sIm'I-la'shfin).n.the 
ttO-oilli-l-ia-UUll act or nr ocess of bring¬ 
ing into agreement or harmony; the state of 
being absorbed, or of becoming a part of. 
qq (3,-sIst), v.t. to act as a helper; 

as-sioi to help; to aid; give support to; 
attend; relieve: v.i. to lend help or aid. 

ac cic fanrp (8-sIs't8ns), n. help; aid; 
db-blb-IdliCe succor; support. 

(8-sIs'tant), adj. helping; lend¬ 
ing aid; auxiliary; n. one 
who. or that which, helps; a helper; an 
auxiliary. 

(8-sTz'), n. [pi. assizes (-ez)], a court 
session of justice for the 


as-sis-tant 


as-size 


or session of justice for the trial 
by jury of civil or criminal cases; the sessions A c ctrr ia (2^sIri-8), 
held regularly in each county of England by Ao>oyi-ld G f Asia ea 
Judges of the Supreme Court: usually in plu¬ 
ral; the time or place of holding the assize: 
usually in plural; in English History, an 


ordinance fixing the weight, measure, and A„ C wr t on (a-slr'l-8n), adj. relating to 
price of articles of general use sold in market; **®~byJ.-l-dll Assyria, its people, or their 


as, the assize of bread and ale. 
qc cn q+<* (5,-so'shl-S.t), n. a compan- 
dO-ou-V/l-dlc j on ; a confederate; an ally; 
one belonging to a society or institution: 
adj. joined in interest, object, or purpose; 
sharing office or employment, as a colleague 
or partner; connected by habit, function, 
or sympathy: (8-so'shI-at), v.t. to unite; join 
with; connect; accompany, as a companion, 
friend, or confederate: v.i. to unite in com¬ 
pany; to have fellowship; to unite in action. 
a o crk 0 -fi/m (8-so'sI-a'shfin; 8-so'shi- 
«ib-bO-Ci-d-XlUIl a'shfin), n. the act of 

Joining together or the state of fellowship; 
the union of persons in a society or club; a 
body of persons organized for a common 
object; a corporation; a connection of ideas; 
that which is mentally connected with a thing. 

Syn. combination; company; partnership; 
society. 

Ant. (see isolation). 

nn n a n p a (8s 8-n8ns), ti. resemblance 
ttb-bU-iidllucJ of sound; rhyme in which 
vowels correspond but consonants do not; 
as, baby and lady. 

qc cp rto-nf (8s'6-n8nt). adj. having re- 
db-bU-ildiil semblance of sound. 


<jc cnr+ (5.-s8rt'). v.t. to divide or separate 

db-bUl l into lots, classes, or kinds; to _ _ 

classify; arrange: v.i. to agree; to suit; be oe +icr ma ticm (a-stlg'md-tlzm), 
in accordance with. w aS-TIg-ma-IISm defect in the btr 

qc corf* niont (8-sort'ment), ti. the act 
db-bui t-iiiciiL 0 f separating and arrang¬ 
ing; a classified collection of articles or goods 
of a varied character; as, the box contains a 
choice assortment of candy. 

Q c on Q rro (8-swaj'), v.t. to soften or soothe; 
do-bllago allay or lessen, as pain or grief; 
appease or pacify, as passion. 
qc cmrio (8,-sum'), v.t. to take to; take 
db-bLillie U p or into; take upon one- 
gelf; appropriate: take for granted; take in 


appearance; pretend to possess: v.i. to b® 
arrogant; to presume.— p.adj. assuming. 

Syn. claim, arrogate, appropriate. 


self; the act of taking for granted; the thing 
supposed; the taking of a person to heaven; 
a verbal or unsealed contract; arrogance; 
supposition; a disposition to claim more than 
is one’s due. 

«c; cin* iinr a (8—shdor'8ns) , n. the act or 
ao-oui-cUU/C state of being sure; certain 
expectation; a pledge; confidence; certain 
proof; clear evidence; self-possession; self- 
reliance; courage; impudence; a deed or 
other legal evidence of the conveyance of 
property; insurance. 

oq ciirp (a-shdor'), v.t. to make sure or 
ab-oUiC certain; to inspire confidence by 
declaration or promise; to secure to another; 
to free from uncertainty; to insure, as 
against loss by flre_o.r death, 
oe Qiirprl (S'-shdord'), p.adj. made cer- 
aa-ouicu tain; guaranteed; self-possessed; 
insured : n. a person in whose favor an insur¬ 
ance policy stands. 

o c cm* aH Itt (8-shoor'Sd-l 1) , adv. cer— 
db-bur-eu-iy tainly; without doubt; 
with firmness. 

nc* out* a d ti acc (a-shoor 6d-n6s), w. cer* 

tlb-OUI "CU-ii Cbb tain tv full fwnf1rlpnr , A 


tainty; full confidence. 

an ancient country 
east of the river Tigris, 
long at the head of a powerful empire which 
included Babylonia, Palestine, and the 
neighboring countries. 


language: n. a native of Assyria; the language 
of Assyria. 

qc tAr (8s'ter), n: a variety of garden 
do-tci plant of the thistle family, with 
alternate leaves and ray-flowers which vaiy 
from white to lilac, blue, or purple, common 
in the United States; any plant of this class. 
qc tor iclr (as-ter-Isk), n. the figure of a 
db-tcl-lbii. st ar [*] used in printing or 
writing as a reference mark, or to indicate 
letters or words omitted [* * *]: v.t. to mark 
with such a star. 

a Q x_ rT1 (d-stfim'), adj. and adv. a nautical 
-oicxu term: at or toward the back of a 
ship; behind a ship. 

„„ (as'ter-oid), n. one of the many 

ao-ici-uiu small planets whose orbits lie 
between Jupiter and Mars: adj. starlike; 
star-shaped. 

ae+1-i ma (8z'ma; as'ma), n. a disease, at- 
db lll-llld tended by difficulty of breathing, 

oo+Vi mo+ in (az-m8t'Ik; as'mat'Ik), adj. 
dbin-IIldX-lU affected with difficulty in 
breathing: n. a person suffering from a 
disease attended by difficulty in breathing. 
qc +irr m q+ ir* (Ss'tlg-mat'ik), adj. relat- 
db-Ug-mdl-lU i n g to, affected with, or 


curing, a defect of the eyes because of which 
the rays of light do not focus properly. 

n. a 
structure 

of the eye because of which the rays of light 
do not meet in a point on the retina but form 
aline; the same defect in a lens. 

a c f: r (d-stfir'), adj. or adv. on the move; 

-bill apiiver stirrinc 


active; stirring. 

+nn iefi (S^-ton'Ish), v.t. to strike with 
db-lUii-Aoii sudden wonder; to surprise; 
to amaze. 

qc fnti tell in cr (^ s- ^8n'ish-Ing), p.adj . 
do-luiA-ioii-i.Ji.xg very wonderful; surpris¬ 
ing. 


boot, foot; found; boil function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when ; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 











astonishment 


36 


atmospheric 


oc -f/vn icV» mpnt (3s-t6n'lsh-ment), n. 

as-xon-isn-meni £be state of being 

surprised; amazement. 

ao r\ (Ss-tound'), ").t. to strike with 

do-IGLillLl amazement; shock; alarm; 
stun.— p.adj. astounding.— adv. astoundingly. 
o c>+r-orl (a-strad'l), adv. with one leg 

d-olIdU.-U.lC on each side of something; 
astride. 

oc -fro than (as'trd-kan), n. the skins of 
do-LId-iU.Idll young lambs, the curly 

wool of which looks like fur, obtained from 
Astrakhan, a city in Russia; an imitation of 
this wool or fur. 

oc frcil (as'tral), adj. relating to the stars; 
do-LLdl starry; star-shaped. 
a c+rav (o-stra'), adv. out of the right way 
d-Oli a.y or proper place; wandering. 
a c+ririck (d-strid'), adv. with the legs wide 
a-oUlUC apart; astraddle. 
q n fYpti pT 7 (as-trln'jSn-si), n. the 

do- LI Ul-g Cll- Gy quahty of being binding ; 

harshness; severity. 

qc +rin crian+ (as-trln'jent), adj. binding; 

AAA- & CAA *' contracting: opposite to 
laxative: n. a substance or medicine that con¬ 
tracts the tissues and checks discharges. 

QC 4 - rr . (as'trb-lab), n. an instrument 

ho-Li U-ldUC formerly used for measuring 
the height of the sun or stars: now, super¬ 
seded or replaced by the sextant. 
qc +rrd r\ cr&r (as-trSl'u-jer), n. one who 
do-Li (Ji-U-gCl claims to foretell events 
by means of the stars. 

qc +i-n 1 n cnr (as-trdl' 6 -jl), n. astronomy in 
do-tl Ui-U-gy its earliest form; the art of 
predicting or foretelling events by the ap¬ 
pearance of the heavens, or by reading the 
stars. 

gc troTi o rnpr (as-tron'b-mer), n. one 
cAa-l ' A tlii-U-lliCl w ho studies or is versed 

in the science dealing with the stars, planets, 
and other heavenly bodies. 

qc trn nnm ip q 1 (S,s / 'tr 6 -nom , lk-S.l), 

db-iru-lioill-lc-dl adj. relating to, or 

according to, the laws of the heavenly bodies. 
Also, astronomic.— adv. astronomically. 

as-tro-nom-i-cal signs S r6_ 

the signs of the zodiac, or paths of the Eicon 
and principal planets, j 

as-tro-nom-i-cal year ®a tr6 y&.® m i 

year the length of which is determined by 
observing the heavenly bodies. 
qc +rrm n mw (as-trdn' 6 -ml),n. the study 
<A * 5 - *' A UH-U-Hiy of the heavenly bodies; 
the science which describes the heavenly 
bodies and their motions, 
ne (as-tut'), adj. shrewd; keen; cun- 

do- LU 1C ning; crafty; subtle.— adv. astutely. 
Syn. acute, sharp, sagacious, skilled, wily. 
Ant. (see blind). 

qc + 11+0 -nooo (as-tut'nes), n. cunning; 

db-lUie-Iiebb shrewdness. 

p ciin rlor (a-sun'der), adv. apart; sep- 
a-ouu-uct arately; into parts; in pieces. 

a-sl'ldm), n. {pl.~ asylums 
(-lumz)], a place of refuge, 
retreat, or security; an institution for the 
care or relief of the aged, poor, or afflicted. 
nf (at), prep, simple presence or position in, 
aL on, nearby, or the like; as, at the center; 
at the top; at home; at hand, etc.; position, 
state, condition, etc.; as, at dinner; at play; 
at work, etc.; relative position, degree, price, 
time, etc.; as, at the beginning; at the fourth 
house from the corner; at ten years of age, etc. 

o v jcrn (at'd-vlzm), n. a similarity or 
ai-ft-Yiam likeness to a distant ancestor 


a-sy-lum 


or relative, such as the strong resemblance of 
a child to his great-grandfather, but not to his 
own father; the return of any disease from 
which an ancestor in remote generations has 
suffered. 

q+ q trie tip (at'd-vfs'tlk), adj. of or re¬ 
el L-ct-vlo-tiG la ting to the resemblance 

to ancestors. 

£$+£* (at), past tense of the transitive and 
01 intransitive verb eat. 
q ia. 1i<ar (a"te-lyaO, n. a workshop; a 
d-lc-UCi studio; specifically, the studio 
of a painter or sculptor. [Fr.] 
q + 1 io icm (a'the-Izm), n. disbelief in, or 
d-Llie-lblil denial of, the existence of a God. 
Q +Vifi iof (a'th$-Ist), n. one who dis¬ 
ci-lllC-Ib l believes or denies the existence 
of a God. 

Q +Via ic +ir (a'thfe-fs'ttk), adj. pertaining 
d-uic-ia-UG to, containing, or implying, 
disbelief in God. Also, atheistical. 

A +Vip nil (d-the'na), n. in Greek myth- 
-UiC-lid ology, the goddess of w isdom 
and of war: called by the Romans Minerva. 

o +Ti a n p iitti (ath $-ne um), n. \pl. ath- 
dLIl-c-lie-lilll eneums (-umz) and athe- 

nea (-a)], an institution or club devoted to 
the study of literature and art; a building 
used as a library or reading room. Also, 
athenaeum. 

p +V»irc+ (d-thhrst'), adj. thirsty; figura- 
d-liiii £>l tively, haying a keen desire; as. 
athirst for knowledge. 

Q+Vl 1 p+o (ath'let), n. one trained to con- 
dUi-IC 1C tend in feats of physical strength; 
one possessed of great physical power and 
endurance. 

q+Vi 1 c>+ ip (ath-let'ik), adj. relating to 
dtii-ic 1-1G those trained for physical con¬ 
tests, or to their performances; strong; robust; 
vigorous; muscular.— adv. athletically. 
q+Ti l^f. IpQ (&th-16t'Iks), n. any system of 
dtil-lCL-lGo training by gymnastic exer¬ 
cises or outdoor sports; the system of rules 
and principles used in physical or bodily 
training, as running, rowing; gymnastic exer¬ 
cises collectively.—n. athleticism. 

o thwart ( 0 -thw 6 rt'), adv. across; from 
d- til w eti t side to side; crosswise: prep. 
across the course or direction of, as of a ship; 
from side to side of. 

o tilt (®~tflt), adj. and adv. in the position 
ct-u.it or with the action of a person making 
a thrust; tilted. 

At Ian tir* pppti (at-lan'tlc o'shan), 
xxl-ldll-llL W-Cedll tte ocean which 

separates Europe and Africa frem America.— 
adj. Atlantic. 

q+ lac (atias).n. [pi. atlases 
di-ids (_gz)], a collection of 
maps bound in a volume.— 

Atlas, in mythology, one of the 
Titans condemned to bear up 
the heavens or the earth. 

at-las pow-der 

a powerful explosive used for 
blasting purposes, as in build¬ 
ing railroads, removing tree 
stumps, etc. 

at-mos-phere f! i r) m5 ? s l ' 

the air w hich surrounds the« 
earth; the influence, mental 
and moral, exerted on a per¬ 
son by his environment or surroundings. 

pt rnne TVhpi* if* "m 6 s-f§r'Ik), adj. re- 
<lt-II10b-piier-lG lading to, resembling, 

consisting of, existing in, or dependent upon, 
the air. Also, atmospherical. 



Atlas 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 







atmospheric pressure 


37 


attorney-general 


at-mos-pher-ic pres-sure 

presh'ur), the pressure exerted in every 
direction upon a body by the air: equal to 
14 2/3 pounds to the square inch. 

P +a 11 (a-tol'; at'ol), n. a coral island in the 
d-twjj. f orm 0 f an outer ring of coral sur¬ 
rounding a basin or lagoon, 
p f fym (&t'iSm), n. the smallest part into 
M.L-V/J-LX which an element can be divided 
without losing its nature; a minute quantity; 
as, he has not an atom of sense, 
p tom ir (a-tom'Ik), adj. consisting of 
a.- l matter in the smallest particles; 
extremely minute. ^ Also, atomical. 
p+ nm i^p (^'um-iz), v.t. to reduce to 
very flne p ar ticles; to spray 

of nm 17 nr (&t'fim-iz"§r), n. an instru¬ 
ct.- vfiij.-iz.-ci m ent for changing a liquid 

to a flne spray in order to disinfect, cool, etc. 
a tnnn (a-ton), v.i. [ p.t. and p.p. atoned, 
a ‘ luuc p.pr. atoning], to make reparation 
or amends, as for injury done or implied; 
give satisfaction for; v.t. tojexpiate. 

P tAfip m pn t (fl-ton'ment), n. amends or 
d-LUixc-xiiCllL satisfaction for wrong or 

injury; something done or suffered by way of 
reparation. 

a tri nm (a'trl'um), n. a square hall or 
U ~ LXX court lighted from above, into 
which the other rooms of the house open: in 
ancient Greece, the main room of the house; 
the main part of the auricle of the heart. 

P frn (a-tro'shfis), adj. wicked in 

a-uu-tiuuo the highest degree; extremely 
criminal or cruel; outrageous.— adv. atro 
ciously. 

P -4Tfvp 1 'txT (® - tros'I-tI), n. [pi. atrocities 
w-i-ty (_tlz)J, enormous wickedness; 
extreme cruelty. 

at rn nViv (at'rfc-fl), n. a wasting of the 
ai-io-pnjf body, or any part of the body, 
due to the lack of food, or arising from lack of 
nourishment: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. atrophied, p.pr. 
atrophying], to waste away; to dwindle. 

at rn niriP (St'rft-pln), n. a very danger- 
a ous poison found in the deadly 

nightshade or belladonna. Also, atropin. 
at tacti (&-tach') f v.t. to fasten, or fix, 
at-iawi or on . bind; connect with 
appoint to; connect by ties of affection; 
take, or seize, by legal authority: v.i. 
adhere or belong to; as, no blame attached to 
him. 

at ta r h p (a' , ta''sha'), n. one who is 
dL-La-i^iic. attached to an embassy or lega¬ 
tion in a foreign court, as an aide or assistant 
to the ambassador; an officer on the staff of a 
higher officer. IFr.] 

at tar'll mant (a-tach'ment), n. adher- 

ctl-UtGLI-IIltUIl ence . fidelity, affection 

or regard; that which connects, or the thing 
which is connected; in law, a seizure of the 
person, goods, or estate by legal process. 
at tacXc (5,-tak'), v.t. to assault; fall upon 
with force; assail with intent to 
overcame, or to damage, discredit, or bring 
into ridicule; begin to affect or act upon, as 
disease: v.i. to make an onset: n. the act of 
assailing in any sense of the word; specifi¬ 
cally, a battle; a seizure by illness. 

Syn., v. assail, assault, encounter. 

Ant. (see defend). 

of tain (3<-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; ac- 
o.t-Ldill complish: v.i. to reach; come, or 
arrive, at. 

at tain a Kick (a-tan'd-bl), adj. that may 
dl-UUll d-Ulc be reached or gained. 

at tain Hpi* (a-tan'der), n. the depriving 
dl-ldlll-Utff of c ; n and legaI rjghts Qf 


to 

or 

to 

to 


at-tempt 


at-tend 


persons under sentence of death for treason 
or felony. 

at tain monf (a-tan'mSnt), n. the act of 
cl t- loua-aucaa i. arr jving at or reaching as 

the result of exertion or effort; an acquire¬ 
ment. 

at taint (a-tanto, v.t. to taint; to cor- 
rupt; sully or stain by disgrace. 

at tf11 * TCkC Ckc* (at'ar of roz'ez), an 

dt-iai Ul lUb-Cb essential or pure oil 

from the petals of the rose. Also, atar, 
ottar, otto. 

(a-tempt'), v.t. to make an effort 
to accomplish; try; endeavor 
or essay to perform; try to win; attack, or 
invade: n. a trial or endeavor; an effort to 
gain a pointy an attack or assault. 

(a-tSnd), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. at¬ 
tended, p.pr. attending], to wait 
upon; accompany or be present with; serve 
or look after in any capacity; be present at; 
accompany or follow: v.i. to pay heed or 
regard to; listen; care for. 

at "tpiiH anct* (a-ten'dans), n. the act of 
ciL-tcAxu-cuA^c waiting on; presence; the 

persons in waiting. 

at fpnrl ant (S-ten'dant), n. one who 
ccc-c^xAu-cuii, accompanies in the service 
or train of another; one who is present; that 
which is consequent upon anything else: 
adj. accompanying or immediately following; 
as, intemperance, with all its attendant evils; 
being present; depending on or owing duty 
or service to. 

at fpn ftn-n (a-ten'shtin), n. the act of 
a-i-tcAA-iAvu applying the mind to any¬ 
thing; consideration or regard for any per¬ 
son or thing; a mark or act of civility or 
courtesy; care for the comfort of others; a 
military command to assume the attitude of 
motionless erectness and heed. 

(S-ten'tiv), adj. heedful; in¬ 
tent; mindful; regardful of 
the wishes of others. 

at tpu it a tp (a-ten'u-at), v.t. to make 
<xl- LCU-u-d 1C thin or slender; thin out 
by dilution: v.i. to become thin, slender, or 
flne; lessen: adj. (a-ten'fi-ftt), thin; slender. 

at fpn 11 a fl’rvn (a-ten"fi-a'shun), n. the 
ut-LCii-u-a-UUll act or process of mak¬ 
ing slender, or of thinning out by dilution; 
the state of being slender. 
at tpqf Ca-tSst'), v.t. to bear witness to; 
tti-ico l to certify as being genuine or true, 
especially in an official sense; to give proof 
of; to manifest. 

at fpc ta tirvn (at'es-ta'shfin), n. the act 
at-tco-ut-UUlt 0 f certifying; testimony or 

evidence given on oath, or by official declara¬ 
tion; swearing in. 

at tic (at'Ik), n. the room or space immedi- 
ul-uu a tely beneath the roof of a house; 
a garret. 

At fir (at'Ik), adj. relating to Attica, in 
xxi-cxu Greece; classical; delicate. 

at tirp (a-tlr'), n. dress; clothes; habit; 
cal-lia c g ar b: v.t. to dress; clothe; array; 
adorn. *~ 

at ti tllHp (at'I-tud), n. bodily position or 
cll- u-iuuc posture; the bearing assumed 
by a person which shows or indicates his 
feeling, opinions, or intuitions; pose. 

at tnr riPV (S'-tur'nl), n. [pi. attorneys 
ut-uu -aacji (_nTz)], a lawyer or legal repre¬ 
sentative; one legally qualified to act for 
another in the transaction of private business, 
or in the management, prosecution, or de¬ 
fense of actions at law. 

at-tor-ney-gen-er-al g:m r,n n‘ i ^'; 


at-ten-tive 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, tnick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










attract 


38 


autnentic 


chief law officer appointed to act for a govern¬ 
ment; the chief law officer of a state. 
o+ trorl (a-trakt'), v.t. to draw to, or 
ill-Hall towards; cause to approach; 
draw by moral influence; invite; allure. 

4-irk-n (a-trS,k'shdn), n. the power 
til- 11 ells-llUli or a ct of drawing to or to¬ 
wards; charm; that which charms. 

Q ii r(W , (a-trak'tlv), adj. charming; 

til-Ha.I/-live; alluring; inviting. 

«+ +i-,*Vk nia (S'-trlb'flt), v.t. to ascribe; 
ai-triD-Uie impute; assign: n. (at'ri-but), 
trait; property; a characteristic. 
o+ -K-t Km firk-n (at"rl-bu'shun), n. the act 
til- Hi- UU-llUli 0 f imputing a quality or 

characteristic to a person or thing; an 
ascribed quality or character; designation. 

Q x + —u. (a-trib'ti-tlv), n. a word 

al-lilD-11-11 VC denoting a quality; a 
word joined to and describing a noun; an 
adjective or adjective phrase. 

0 x x • x* „ (a-trlsh'un), n. the act of 
til-HI-HUH wearing by rubbing; abrasion; 
the state of being worn; grief for sin arising 
only from fear of punishment. 
a x + 11T1 c. (a-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; bring 
tll-lUllC into accordance or harmony. 

kni-r> (o'burn), adj. reddish-brown: 
aU-DUm sa id usually of the hair, 
on/' -firm (ok'shun), n. a public sale of 
M.UU-HU11 property or goods to the highest 
bidder; the property or effects so offered for 
sale: v.t. to sell to the highest bidder: auction 
bridge, a yariety of the game of bridge whist. 

aim +ien por (6k"shun-er'), n. one li- 
alU/-UUn-cci censed to sell property or 
goods by public sale: v.t. to sell to the 
highest bidder. 

an a rimiQ (6-da'shfis). adj. bold; dar- 
all-lla-vlUllo g pj ri ted; insolent; im¬ 

pudent.— adv. audaciously, 
on A a o i -Hr (o-das'I-tl), n. [pi. audacities 
ttU-UttC-l-iy (-tlz)J, boldness; daring; 
spirit; presumptuousness; impudence. 

Syn. impertinence, hardihood. 

Ant. (see meekness) . 

on Al "kto (o-dl-bl), adj. loud enough to be 

ail-Cll- DIG heard.— adv. audibly. 

an Hi onrp (o'dl-ens), n. an assembly of 
ttU-Ul-CiilC hearers; admittance to a 
hearing or formal interview with one of high 
position. 

on Hit (o'dlt), n. official examination of 
Ull-mi claims or accounts; a regular set¬ 
tlement of accounts: v.t. to examine and ad¬ 
just, as accounts or claims: v.i. to act as 
examiner of accounts. 

on Hi tnr (o'dl-ter), n. a hearer or listener; 

IU1 a p erson appointed to examine 
and verify accounts and claims. 

on Hi tn ri iim (G'dl-to'rl-ffm), n. \pl. 
au-ai-xo-n-um auditoria (-a), and audi¬ 
toriums (-umz)], the space in a theater or other 
public building assigned to the audience. 

on Hi tn TV (o'dl-tft-rf), adj. relating to 
au-ui-tu-ij hearing, or to the sense or 
organs of hearing: n. an audience; a place or 
space allotted to hearers; an auditbrium. 
oil rrpr (6'ger), n. a carpenter’s tool for 
clU-gCl boring holes larger than these 
bored by a gimlet. 

oii<rTvf (6t), n. anything; any part; in 
alignl arithmetic, a cipher; her.ce, naught, 
nothing: adv. in any way; at all. Also, ought, 
oil a mon+ (og-mgnt'), v.t. to increase; to 
<lu 6“- lAACA11 ' enlarge in size or extent: v.i. 
to grow larger; increase in strength, 
oil criir (^'sQr), n. in ancient times, one 
ctu-gul who officially foretold events by 
natural signs or omens, such as the flight of 


birds, thunder and lightning, etc.; one who 
professes to foretell events by omens; a 
soothsayer; a prophet: v.i. to infer from 
signs or omens: v.t. to predict, betoken or infer. 
Syn. v. forebode, predict, prophesy, foretell. 
Ant. (see assure). 

an mi tit ( 6 'gtl-ri), n. f pi. auguries (-rlz)J. 
du-gu-lj th e art or practice of foretelling 
events by reference to natural signs or omens; 
an omen; prediction. 

aii oncf ( 6 -gust'), adj. imposing; having 
au-guol grandeur and dignity; majestic; 
of a nature to inspire awe and reverence; of 
high rank; eminent; noble; solemn; awful.— 
August, n. the eighth month of the year, 
having thirty-one days: named by the Roman 
emperor, Augustus Caesar, in his own honor, 
a lint (a nt )> n - the sister of one's father or 
dulll mother; also, an uncle’s wife. 
cjii ro ( 6 'ra), n • an imaginary influence, 
dU-Id force, or matter issuing from the 
human body and surrounding it like an 
atmosphere. 

on k otia ( 6 're-cit), adj. golden; gilded; 
dU-re-die splendid. 

aii re o 1o (o-re'ft-ld), n. a halo, radiance, 
dU-lc-U-ld or bright cloud surrounding 
the figures of Christ, the Virgin, and the 
saints, as represented by the painters. Also, 
aureole. 

cjii ri rla (o'rl-kl), n. the outer ear; that 
dU-Il-Uc part 0 f the ear which projects 
from the head; one of the two chambers of 
the heart which receive the blood from the 


veins. 

an -rir n lor (o-rlkfi-ldr), adj. relating to 
dll-11C-U-ldl th e ear or to the sense of 
hearing; privately addressed, as to the priest 
in the confessional; perceived by the ear; 
known by report; obtained by the ear; ear- 
shaped; belonging to the chambers of the 
heart. 

oii Tif c»r olio (o-rlf er-fis), adj. gold- 
du-iu-ci-uuo bearing; yielding or con¬ 
taining gold; as, auriferous quartz or strata, 
on ri frkrm ( 6 'rl-form), adj. ear-shaped; 
du- 11 - 1 U 1 111 having the form of the human 
ear; as, an auriform shell. 

PH r o r p (o-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras (-rdz)], 
dU-lU-ld the rising light of the morning; 
the dawn or dayspring: Aurora, the Roman 
goddess of dawn.— adj. auroral. 

au-ro-ra bo-re-a-lis i < fe r6 ^t b Stnt 

radiance of the sky in far northern latitudes 
at night. [Lat.] 

au-ro-ra aus-tra-lis Sfgjf 

radiant night lights of the southern polar sky. 
[Lat.] 

piiq riirp (bs'pTs), n. \pl. auspices (- 6 z)], 
auo-piic an omen or sign drawn from 
birds; an omen or sign in general; as. an 
auspice of good fortune; protection; patron¬ 
age; favoring influence: generally in plural. 

5 iiiQ ni rinn« ( 6 s-plsh'fis), adj. having 
auo-p-uuuo promise of success or hap¬ 
piness; favorable;_ fortunate; prosperous. 
Pile; ( 6 s-ter'). ad j- unadorned; severe 

dua-icic or strict; rigid in character or 
mode of living; severely simple; sour; harsh; 
rough to the taste.— adv austerely. 

Syn. rigid, rigorous, stern. 

Ant. (see dissolute). 

piic tpr i +v (Ss-tgr'I-tT), n. roughness or 
“ us ici-i l y severity of manner or life: 
harsh discipline; stern simplicity. 

pii tVian fir ( 6 -thgn'tuc), adj. genuine; 
du-mcii-liu original; duly authorized; 
true; trustworthy. Also, authentioal. 


ate, seriate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






authentically 


39 


available 


o 11 fjipri -fi pol 1\r (6-thSn'tI-kal-I), adv. 

au-men-xi-cai-iy in a trustworthy 
manner; authoritatively; actually; really; with 
certainty. 

aii ti catn (o-then'tl-kat), v.t. to 

d.U-Uieil-11-Cclie establish as correct or 
genuine. 

ail-then ti pa firm (o-then'ti-ka'shfln), 
<x\A UlCii ll ba llUll n the act of show¬ 
ing the genuineness, truth, or credibility of 
anything; in law, the official verification of a 
written document. 

aii •f’tipn tip i tv (d^then-tls'I-tl), n. the 
au-inen-lic-l-iy qualit y Of being true, 

correct, or genuine; the state of being 
entitled to acceptance. 

fill thnr (d-ther), n. [fern, authoress], the 
au-uiui beginner or prime mover of any¬ 
thing; an originator; a creator; one who com¬ 
poses or writes a book; one who makes a pro¬ 
fession of 'writing; a composer. 

au-thor-i-ta-tive 

demand obedience; with the air of being 
duly empowered; dictatorial; positive; com¬ 
manding; as, he acted in an authoritative 

manner.— adv. authoritatively. 

an fh/vr i +v (d-thor'I-tl), n. [pi. authori¬ 
al ll-L11U1 -1 -ly ties (-tlz)], power or right to 
act or command; dominion; power derived 
from respect or reputation; influence; justi¬ 
fication or support for statement or action; 
a person with, or given, power to act or com¬ 
mand; a ruler; one to whom appeal or 
reference can be made: pi. the government 
or legal officials. 

au-thor-i-za-tion Se th 5ct z lf h h&ng 

legal power; sanction; warrant. 

an tVmr 17 P (o'thor-Iz), v.t. to clothe with 
au-lllUl-iz,c power; give a right to act 
or command; empower; legalize, 
ail tfk (o't6-), prefix meaning self; of one- 
ctll-lU- self; ofitself; as, automobile,moving 
of Itself. 

au-to-bi-o-graph-ic 

to a self-written life history. Also, autobio¬ 
graphical.— adv. autobiographically. 

au-to-bi-og-ra-phy 

raphies (-flz)],a biography, account, or char¬ 
acter-sketch, of a person written by himself. 

ail tn rat* (d'to-kar"), n. a carriage or 
dU-LU-Udi wa g 0 n moved by motor power 
within itself; an automobile. Also, autoboat, 
autobus, autocycle. 

an fnc ra r*v (o-tok'ra-sl), n. [pi. autoc- 
0 . 11 -IUU-I d-Uj racies (-slz)j, absolute su¬ 
premacy; government by one invested with 
absolute and uncontrolled authority. 

ail tn rrat (d'tfi-krat), n. an absolute 
du.-lU-UJ.dl prince or sovereign; a mon¬ 
arch who rules without restriction; one whose 
rule is undisputed in any company, 
oti t f\ r ro i i/' (b tS-krat Ik), adj. abso— 
dil-tU-UI dl-lU lute; holding unlimited 

powers of government; despotic; dictatorial. 

Also, autocratical.— adv. autocratically. 

an tn errant 1 (S'td-graf), adj. written in 
dU-LU-gJ.djJJ.1 one’s own handwriting: n. 
a person’s own handwriting or signature; 
a manuscript written by the author himself. 

an tner ra rfhv ( 6 -tog'rd-fI), n. the sci- 
dU- 1 U 5 -I d-piiy ence or study of original 

signatures and original manuscripts; a way 
of making printed copies of writings or 
drawings. 

au-to-in-tox-i-ca-tion ff-kfehfi"n) 6 k n: 


a form of poisoning, or the state of being poi¬ 
soned from substances produced within one’s 
own body. 

011 f a rnat lo (o"t 6 -mat , Ik), adj. having 
au-iu-mat-U/ the power of self-motion or 
self-action; done unconsciously or from force 
of habit: n. a pistol which can be rapidly dis¬ 
charged without raising the hammer. Also, 
automatical.— adv. automatically. 

011 +aiyi 0 +Ati (o-tom'a-ton), n. f pi. au- 
d U- lUIll-d- IU11 tomata (-td) and automa¬ 
tons (-tonz)], that which has the power of 
movement without consciousness; a self-act¬ 
ing machine, especially one made to imitate 
living beings, as a mechanical doll. 

ail f a tn a Viild (o"t 6 -mo'bil; 6 *t 6 -mlJ- 
dU-XO-mO-DUe bel'). n. a vehicle moved 
by a source of power within itself; a motor¬ 
car; an autocar. 

an tn tn a liil ?ct (o , t 6 -mo*’bfl-lst), 71 . 

du-xu-mo-uu-lbl one who uses and con¬ 
trols a motor-car; a chauffeur. 

ail tn mn tnr ( 6 'td-mo'ter), n. a self- 
du-xo-mu-xor ac ting machine. 

ail ton n vniQt (e-ton' 6 -mist), n. a sup- 
dU-lUll-U-liU&L norter nf splf-p-ovfirn- 


porter of self-govern¬ 
ment. 

011 +a»i a tti nilQ (6-ton'o-mus), adj. self- 
dll-LUll-U-IIlUXlb governing; independ¬ 
ent in government. ^ 

011 Iaa a wvtt (o-ton'o-mi), n. [pi. auton- 
dU-lUIl-U-IIiy omies (-mlz)], the power or 
right of self-government; the state of political 
independence. 

ail tn cfa Tiil i tv (d^tS-sta-bil'I-tl), n , 
du-iu-bld-uil-l-xy stability or steady 

poise secured in an airplane either by virtue of 
the shape and proportions of the planes or by 
self-operative mechanical devices. 

ail tnn cv (d'top-sl), n. a post-mortem 
au-iujJ-oy examination, or the inspection 
of a dead body, to find out the cause of death. 

an tn triirlr (o't6-truk), «. a self-moving 
du-lU-li LiUxV truck; a motor truck. 

ail tn tvnp (o'tS-tip"), n. the name of a 
au-ie-ij^c process for making perma¬ 
nent prints or copies of pictures; a picture 
made by this process; a copy; a reproduction 
in facsimile, or an exact copy. 

ail tiimn (o'tfim), n. the season between 
au-uuim summer and winter, beginning 
about September 22, and ending about 
December 23: often called fall, as being 
the time of the falling of the leaves; a period 
of decline or decay; as, the autumn of fife. 

an turn nal (o-tum'nal), adj. pertaining 
du-lXilll-lldl or peculiar to the fall; pro¬ 
duced or gathered in the fall; relating to the 
period of life when middle age is past. 

au-tum-nal e-qui-nox 

the time of the sun’s southward passage across 
the equator, about September 22. 

anv il 1 a rv (Sg-zil'yd-ri), adj. helping; 
auA-u-i-a-ij aiding; assisting: n. [pi. 

auxiliaries (-rlz)J, a helper; an assistant; a 
confederate or ally; aid of any kind; a verb 
which helps to form the moods and tenses of 
other verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service 
of a nation at war. 

a vail (d -va JO. v.i. to be of use, value, or 
a-v ail service; to give aid toward an end; 
to serve for a purpose; as, wealth does not 
avail on a desert island: v.t. to t»t" .^van¬ 
tage of, or profit by; as, I availed myself of his 
offer: n. use; means towards an end; advan¬ 
tage toward success. 

a vail a hln (d-val'a-bl), adi. usable; 

-vau-a-uic suitable for ones purpose; 
as, an available candidate. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. , See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









avalanche 


40 


avidity 


nu n IflnrliP (S,v'd-lanch), n. the sudden 
av-u-laiU/Ilc sliding of a mass of snow or 

ice down a mountain slope; a fall of rocks or 
earth from the heights of a mountain; any¬ 
thing that overwhelms by sudden and resist¬ 
less force; as, an avalanche of woe. 
qtt o -rincx (av'a-ris), n. an insatiable desire 
dV-d-llLc f or wealth; covetousness; cu¬ 
pidity; greediness. 

ott o ri rirrnc (&v /, d-rtsh'fis), adj. eager to 
dv-d-Ii-ulUUC> possess and to keep riches; 

greedy for gain; grasping; rapacious; miserly. 
Ant. (see generous). 

o ttqcI (a-vast'), interj. a nautical term: 
d-Vdol s top! cease! hold! 
o TTO-iinf (a-vont'; a-vant'), interj. begone! 
<t~VdUAll depart! an expression of con¬ 
tempt or abhorrence. 


quality; midway between extremes; ordi¬ 
nary; n. any estimate or general statement 
based on a comparison of a number of different 
cases; the general type: v.t. to find the aver¬ 
age by arithmetic by dividing proportionally 
among a number; to reduce to a mean, 
o xmrco (o-vOrsO, adj. unwilling; re- 
<*-Vcloc luctant; having a repugnance or 
disinclination to; as, he was averse to entering 
the contest.— n. averseness. 

q cirvn (d-vur'shfin), n. opposition or 

d-Vci-olUll repugnance of mind; antip¬ 
athy; fixed dislike; the object or cause of 
dislike or repugnance. 

Syn. hatred, antipathy. 

Ant. (see affection). 

(a-vfirt'), v.t. to turn aside or away; 
a-ven turn or ward off; prevent. 



Stages in Aviation. 1, Langley airplane (1896); 2, Wright biplane (1911); 3, Bleriot monoplane 
(1913); 4, Curtiss biplane (1915); 5, Caproni triplane (1918). 


a (a've; a'va), interj. hail! farewell! n. 
a-Vc a salutation: Ave, an Ave Maria (“Hail, 
Mary”). 

o tramro (a-venj'), v.t. to inflict injury or 
a-VCllgC ev ji in return for: v.i. to execute 
vengeance; to require satisfaction for injury; 
as, time averages. 

a\r gk «iif> (av'e-nfi), n. a way or means cf 
dv-c-llUc approach to a place; a wide 
roadway or drive usually bordered by trees 
leading to a country house; a broad street; 
figuratively, means of access or attainment; 
as, hard work is the surest avenue to success, 
o trcM* (o-vtir'). v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. averred, 
d-Vd p,pr. averring], to affirm positively; 
declare to be true. 

ott — orra (av'er-aj), adj. equal in amount 
ttV-b* "C to the sum of all the different 
quantities of the same kind added together 
and divided by the number of them; as, if a 
pound of sugar cost at various times 5, 6, 7, 
8 , 9 cents, the average price for the year 
would be 7 cents: cf medium character or 


A rrive. +q (fl-ves'ta), n. the bible or sacred 
-Vco-let scriptures of Persia, of which 
Zoroaster is tim author; the Zend-Avesta. 
a vi a rxr (a'vl-a-rl), n. [pi. aviaries (-Iz)], 
d-Vl-d-ly a house, large cage, or inclosure 
for the keeping and rearing of birds, 
o tti o firm (a'vi-a'shun), n. the art of 
d-Vl-d-lluii flying; the act of mechanical 
flight; the art or science of traveling by air¬ 
planes. 

a vi a for (a'vl-a'ter), n. a flyer; the 
operator of a flying machine; 
the driver of an airplane. 

o „ + r : Y (a'vl-a'trlks), n. a woman who 
d-Vl-d-lllA. drives an airplane. Also, 
aviatress. 

o Tri />id -hire* (a'vl-kul'tur),n.thetreed- 
d-vl-cui-iuic fng and rearing of birds. 

n xt\(\ \ fv (a-vxd'I-ti), n. as applied to the 
»ltl-l-iy senses, greedinass; strong appe¬ 
tite; as applied to the mind, eagerness; as, to 
read with aridity; intenseness of desir-r r 
chemistry, degree of affinity. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, dsk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 































avocation 


41 


azure 


axr ca firm (av-6"ka/shun), n. a second- 
av-u-ta-uuii ar y or occasional occupa¬ 
tion; work that is outside of one’s regular 
business; a diversion or distraction. 
n -rmirl (a-void'), v.t. to keep away from; 
to shun; to abstain from. 

a Trnid an pa (a-void'ans), n. the act of 

v uiu.-cu.i^c shunning anything disagree¬ 
able or unwelcome. 

ott nir Hn nmc (av"er-du-poiz'), n. a 
av-oir-au-pois system of weights m 

which one pound contains sixteen ounces: used 
for weighing all commodities except precious 
metals, gems, and drugs. 

a ttwiiaTi (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm or ac- 
d-VUUUl knowledge openly; to maintain; 
to declare positively; to vouch for or answer 
for; to guarantee; admit or confess, 
a TTAttr (fl-vou'), v t. to declare openly; 
d-VUW acknowledge frankly; to admit and 
justify.— adj. avowed.— adv. avowedly. 

Syn. aver, confess. 

Ant. (see deny). 

_ wnm o1 (a-vou'al), n. an open declara¬ 
nt- VOW-cU. tion; a frank acknowledgment; 

o /*r\nfAccirwi 

a min rn lor (a-vuh'kil-ldr), adj. pertain- 
ct-V UU-hU-xai ing to or like an uncle. 

o (d-wat'), v.t. to wait for; to look for 

<l-Wd.ll or expect; to be ready for. 
o ittoIta (d-wak') t v.t. [p.t. and p.p. awoke, 
d-Wd-lkC awaked, p.pr. awaking], to 
arouse from sleep, or from any state resem¬ 
bling sleep; put into action; to infuse new 
life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; to rouse one¬ 
self; to become alert: adj. not sleeping; 
roused from sleep or inactivity; in a state of 
vigilance or action. 

_ ii-»rr (d-wak'n-in ), n. the act 

2l-WaJ£-6Il-ing 0 f rousing from sleep; a 
revival: adj. rousing; exciting; stirring. 

_ ___ _(d-word'), v.t. to assign by judicial 
a-WalU sentence, or arbitration; as, he was 
awarded heavy damages; bestow in considera¬ 
tion of merit; as, they avoerded prizes in a 
contest; to determine or make an award: n. 
a prize; a judgment; a decision; a sentence; 
the decision of arbitrators on po nts submitted 
to them; the document containing such de¬ 
cision; that which is awarded or assigned, as 
a medal for merit, or a sum of money as 
damages, etc. . , . . 

,irora (d-w§r'), adj. on guard watchful; 
d-WdlC conscious; vigilant.—n. awareness. 

• wo c>V» (d-wosh') - adj. and adv. level, or 
a-wasn j Us t above the surface of the 
water so that the waves break over, as wreck¬ 
age just appearing above the wa er; covered 
with water; kept wet; as, the decks were 
awash; tossed about by the waves. 

_ „, T _ __ (d-wa'), adv. absent; at a distance; 
a-way out of existence; off; removed; 
remote; in another direction; contnuously; 
as he worked away: interj. begone! depart! 
_____ (6), n solemn fear; the feeling or 
aWc emotion inspired by viewing some¬ 
thing sublime; a sense of deep admiration 
and respect; reverence: v.t. to strike or 
inspire with feelings of solemn respect or 
fear; restrain by fear or respect. 

Syn. n. dread, fear, reverence. 

Ant. (see familiarity). . _ 

„ (a-weth'er ), adv. toward the 

a-weaill-ei wind: opposite to alee. 

owa cmriP (o'sum), adj. appalling; caus- 
awe-bUlUC ing terror; weird. 

(o'fobl), adj. inspiring or impress- 
aW-IUl i n g with great fear or reverence; 
as. the awful majesty of God; of a dreadful or 
appalling nature: solemn.—n. awfulness 



Awl 


.... r ,1 i_. (o'fdol-i), adv. dreadfully; terrl- 
dW-iUi-ij bly; sublimely; majestically, 
a virViil a (a-hwil'), adv. for a period of time: 
«■-Wllllt properly written as two words, 
a -iirlr «ra r H (ok'werd), adj. wanting clever- 
aWK-Wara ness; unskilful; ungraceful 
or ungainly in shape, movement, or manners; 
clumsy.— adv. awkwardly.— n. awk¬ 
wardness. 

Syn. uncouth, boorish. 

0 ,„l (61), n. a pointed tool for making 
dVVl small holes in leather, wood, etc. 

i-no- (on'Ing). n. a movable, 
awu-mg roof]ike covering of can¬ 
vas or other cloth stretched upon a 
frame and used over any place, or in 
front of a door or window as a shelter 
from wind or sun. 

o waIta (d-wok'), p.t. of awake; 
ct- W UlkC aSt he awoke with a start 

to his danger. 

o wrv (d-ri'), adj. and adv. turned 
d.-WI y or twisted toward one side; 
as, his face was awry with pain; not 
straight; crooked; as, her cap was 
awry; perverse or perversely. 

„ (aks), n. a tool, consisting of an 
iron head with a cutting edge of 
steel, attached to a handle, used for 
the hewing of timber and chopping of wood; 
also a weapon of defense. Also, axe. 
ov (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by the 
dA-il upper side of a leaf, branch, etc. with 
the stem or trunk to which it is attached. 

Q • (ak'si-um), n. a self-evident truth; 

dX-l-UIII a proposition or statement gen¬ 
erally believed to be true; one of the princi¬ 
ples of an art or science. 

Syn. adage, byword, maxim, proverb, say¬ 
ing, saw. 

Ant. (see absurdity). 

_ „ • _ (ak"si-o-mat'lk), adj. self- 

aX-l-O-niai-lC evident; proverbial; of the 
nature of a received principle. Also, axiomati¬ 
cal.— adv., axiomatically. _ 

(ak'sis), n. [pi., axes (-sez)], the 
d..X.-l& motionless, straight hne, real or 
imaginary, passing through a body, upon 
or around which such a body revolves, or 
is supposed to revolve; as, the earth turns 
on its axis; that on which any matter hinges 
or turns. . . 

ov i. (ak'sl), n. the cross-bar or spindle 
ctA-lc which supports a vehicle, and on 
which the wheels turn. 

nv Ip trAA (ak'sl-tre), n. a bar connecting 
oJL-lC-li CC the opposite wheels oi a car- 
riage, on the rounded ends of which the 
wheels revolve. . 

.... (a), adv. always; forever; contmually. 

«y e Also, ay. . 

ott-a (i). adv. yes; yea; even so; indeed: 

aye n [ p i . ayes (-Iz)], a vote in the affirm¬ 
ative; an expression of assent. Also, ay. 

Attt cTtiVa (S-r'sher; ar'shur), n.. a fine 
iiyr-bmre breed of cattle, grown in, and 

named for, the county or shire of Ayr, Scot¬ 
land; an animal of this breed. 

_ loo (d-za'18-d), n. [pi. azaleas 
a-za-ie-a a kind of plant, belonging to 
the shrub family, related to the rhododendron, 
and remarkable for its beautiful flowers. 

A rr (az'tek), n. a member of the 

JA Z-teO Indian tribe which founded the 
Mexican empire conquered by Cortez in 
1519: adj. relating to the Aztec race or 

a 7 nr a ( azh ' fir )- ad h thc cl f 1 f 

az-uie of the sky; sky blue: n. the clear 

blue sky; the blue vault of heaven _ . 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 










42 


backsheesh 


baa 


B 


ho a (ba), v - i • to bleat or cr 3 r » as a sheep: 
Had. n . the bleating or cry of a sheep or 
lamb. 

D fl a l (ba'51), to. the sun god, or supreme 
•Dct-ctl being worshiped especially by the 
Phoenicians before the time of Christ. 

"Ro ho (ba'ba), to. father: an hasten* title 
•Da-Da. 0 f respect. |Tuek.] 

KqT* (bab'l), v.i. to utter indistinct or 

UaU-U AC imperfect sounds; to prattle; to 
talk childishly; to jabber; to murmur con¬ 
stantly: v.t. to utter indistinctly or imper¬ 
fectly; to tell, as secrets; blab: to. unmeaning 
or foolish talk; a confused murmur. 

Syn., v. and n. chatter; prattle. 

Kl#ir (bab'ler), «. one who talks idly 
UaU-Ulci or thoughtlessly, or who chat¬ 
ters heedlessly or mischievously, 
hah A (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], an infant 
UdUC or young child of either sex. 

D„ V|c»| (ba'bel), to. the city and tower 
ha-UCl described in Genesis, where the 
confusion of languages took place; tumult; 
confusion; a place of confusion: often babel. 

bab-i-rous-sa 

(bab"I-roo'sd), to. 
the wild hog of 
Eastern Asia. It r 
has upturned;** 
hornlike tusks. 

ba-boon r 

(b&-boon'), to. the „ ., 

popular name of Babiroussa 

the large apes or monkeys with doglike mu: • 
zles, of Africa and Arabia. 

Via hv (ba'bi), to. [pi. babies (-Iz)J, a child 
ua-uy in arms; an infant of either sex; 
a small child: baby bond, colloquially, a bond 
having a face value of $100.— adj. babyish. 
■Rob tt Irvn (bab'I-lSn), to. the capital of 
JjaU-y -lull ancient empire of Baby¬ 
lonia in the Euphrates Valley, famed for its 
wealth, luxuriousness, and extravagance; 
hence, any rich but wicked city. 

Bab-y-lo-ni-an .( b $ b 'i-io'ni- 5 n) > «#• re- 





lating to 
Babylonia; luxurious; grand; 
Also, Babylonish. 


Babylon or 
magnificent. 


kor /»« Toil re offi (b&k'c-lo , r 6 -&t), to. 
UaL-ta-ldU-I c-alc tlie degree of bache¬ 
lor, or first degree, given by universities and 
colleges: adj. relating to the degree of 
bachelor: baccalaureate s»rmon, a farewell 
sermon delivered to a graduating class. 

"hflr ra rat bak"a-ra'). to. a French card 
Udo-oci-i & t g ame G f chance: used as a 
gambling game. 

bac-cha-na-li-an 

Bacchanalia, a feast in honor of B? cchus, 
the god of wine: hence, pertaining to drunk¬ 
enness and revelry. Also, bacchanal. 
l>or» chant (b&k'&nt), n. [fem. bacchante], 
UaC-lilalil one devoted to the worship of 
Bacchus, the god of wine; hence, a drunken 
reveler. Also, bacchanal. 

Rar rhiic (bak'fls), to. the Roman god cf 
jjat-cuuo wine; the Greek Dionysus. 

a Inr (b&ch'fi-ler), n. an unmarried 
uacn-c-iui man; one who has taken the 
first degree in any field of learning at a college 
or university. 


bach-e-lor’s-but-ton 

the flowering plants the blossoms of which 
resemble small balls or buttons, as the 
cornflower and ragged robin. 

ha ril liic (ba-sll'us), to. [pi. bacilli (- 1 )], 
ua-ui-iuo any of a genus, or kind, of rod¬ 
shaped vegetable organisms, visible only 
under the microscope: some are harmless; 
others cause disease: especially in nlural, any 
bacteria: commonly known as bacteria, 
harlr ( b & k )> to. tbe hinder part of the body 
Ud.U\ 0 f m an, or cf other animals, from the 
neck to the end of the backbone; the whole 
region of the spine; that which is opposed 
to the front; the rear or hinder part of any¬ 
thing; the part of a book where it is sewed iu 
binding; the part of a knife, sword, etc., 
opposite to the cutting edge: v.t. to furnish 
with a back or backing; get upon the back 
of, or mount; second or support: usually with 
up; bet or wager on the successful outcome 
of; sign or indorse; to cause to move in a back¬ 
ward direction: v.i. to move or go backward: 
adj. lying or being behind, or in the rear, as 
to time, situation, or direction; in a backward 
direction; in arrears; overdue; no longer cur¬ 
rent; as, the back numbers of a magazine: adv. 
to or toward the rear; to or toward a former 
place, state, or condition; to or toward time 
past; in withdrawal; as, to take back hasty 
words; to keep concealed or in reserve; as, 
to keep back part of the truth; in return; as. 
to pay back. 

hart hi+A (bak'blt' 1 '), v.t. [p.t. backbit. 
Ual/Jl-UllC p.p, backbit and backbitten, 
p.pr. backbiting], to slander or speak evil of 
(one who is not present): v.i. to find fault 
with or blame spitefully one who is absent. 
t)RCk bdlC (h&k bon), ri. the 6pine; 


to 


(bak'bon'), n. the 
firmness; the courage 
cling to and act upon principles of right. 

harlr At* (hak'er), n. one who aids or 
uacn-cx assists another; especially, one 
who bets in favor of a person, animal, or 
thing in a contest. 

harlr cram vnnn (bak'g&m-fin), n. a 
UdLK-gd.m-mon game of chance played 

by two persons upon a board made with foxfr 
marked-off spaces called “tables.” Each 
person plays with fifteen pieces whose moves 
he determines by throwing dice. 

harlr ornuti (bak'ground*’), n. the dls- 
Ud.GK.-gI UUI1U tant portion of the land¬ 
scape; the portion of a picture farthest away 
from the spectator, or lying between or 
above the chief figures; the whole of a sur¬ 
face upon which patterns or designs are 
executed; that which is dimly seen because 
it is far away; a place obscure or out of sight; 
that which is back of something and against 
which it can bo looked at or viewed. 

harlr hand (bfik'h&nd*), n. handwriting 
UaCA-llaliU. which slopes upward to the 

left: adj. made with the back of the hand, 
or with the hand turned backward; as, a 
backhand stroke; indirect; insincere. — adj. 
backhanded. 

harlr fner (bSkffng), n. something placed 
behind to support or strengthen; 
aid or support given to a person or cause. 

harlr chAAch (b&k'shesh), n. an Oriental 
Ud.Gry.-oilCColl term for a present or gra- 

tuity. Also, backshish, baksheesh, bakshish. 


ate, senate, rtre, c&t, loc&l, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novfcl, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 








backside 


43 


bakery 


back-side 

to the front; 


(b5k"sTd'), n. the hind part of 
, or that which is 
the hind part of an 


opposed 
animal. 

harlr clirl o (bak"slld'), v.i. [p.t. backslid, 
p.p. backslid, backslidden, 
p.fr. backsliding], to slip back; gradually to 
turn away or fall away from a religion once 
believed in.— n. backslider. 

harlr c+awc (bak'staz"), n.pl. a nautical 
Uatn-oLajo term: long ropes stretched 
from the masthead to the side of the ship, to 
ascist in supporting the mast; any support 
devised to strengthen at the back. 

V, q clr tiro (bak'werd), adj. directed to 
uaviV' w ai u r e ar j moving or done in 

a way opposite to the normal way; reversed; 
reluctant; hesitating; retiring; bashful; 
behind in learning or progress; dull; as, a 
backward pupil; behindhand; late: adv. 
toward the rear; with the back coming first 
or foremost; as, to tumble over backward. — 
adv. backwards, baekwardly.— n. backward¬ 
ness. 

Korlr xzra tor (bak'wo"ter), n. water held 
Ud.vJi.-W<l-l,cr backbya damor weir; the 
body of water thus held back; water thrown 
back by the turning of a water-wheel or the 
paddles of a steamer. 

harlr wnnHc (bak'wSfidz'), n.pl. forests 
OaCK-WOOtlb or p art i y cleared land on 

the outskirts of a newly settled country; a 
rough or thinly settled district far from any 
town or city._ 

kn rnr5 (ba'kn), n. the salted and dried or 
ua-tuu smoked flesh of the hog, especially 
the back and sides. 

knp r : n (bak-te'rl-a), n.pl. vegetable 
Udb-lC-u-a organisms which can be seen 
only under the microscope: some cause 
decay; some cause fermentation; and many 
cause disease.— adj. bacterial. 

kop In r| pi p nricf (bak-te'rl-ol'S-jlst), 

Dd-v-ie-li-Ol-O-gliSl n% one w ho studies 

the germs causing disease. 

ko p fp i*i pi c\ erxr (bak-te"rl-cl ' 6 -jI), n. 
Dac-ie-n-oi-o-gy the scientific study 

of bacteria, microbes, or disease germs, 
karl ( b ^d), adj. [compar. worse, svperl. 
Uctu worst], evil; morally wicked; vicious; 
corrupting; hurtful; offensive; defective; 
legally worthless; severe; as, a bad cold: 
unfortunate; ill; sick: in bad form, not in 
good taste; not according to accepted social 
customs.— adv. badly.—n. badness. 

Syn. imperfect, inferior, wrong, sinful. 
Immoral, detrimental, disagreeable. 

Ant. (see good). 

Ka rl fro (baj), n. a distinctive mark, sign, 
Uciugc or token to denote the occupation, 
association, or achievements of the person by 
whom it is worn; the mark or token cf 
anything. 

hader or (baj'er), n. a hairy, flesh-eating 
uaug-ci animal which burrows in tho 
ground, like a mole: v.t. to annoy; to pester; 
to tease; to worry. 

hnr\ i via era (ba"de"nozh'; b&d'I-raj), n. 
Ud.U- 1 -IiagC light or playful jesting cr 

banter; good-humored pleasantry. [Fn.] 
Kof f\a (baf'l), v.t. to bring the efforts of to 
Ual-llC nothing by placing difficulties in 
the way; hence, to hinder, foil, or check. 

Syn. balk, frustrate, counteract, checkmate. 
Ant. (see promote). 

V»of flirur (b&f'llng), adj. disconcerting; 
fl' aA_AA1 - u & confusing; perplexing. 

bs.f fy ^w'l) • n '- the . game . of a 

shots. 


wooden club used to play lofting 


bag 


(bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wallet; 
that which is contained in a bag; a 
sac or receptacle in animal bodies, containing 
a fluid or other substance; a certain quantity 
cf grain, etc., purchased “by the bag”: v.t. 
to inclose in a bag; secure or capture, as 
game: v.i. to bulge; hang down like a full 
bag. 

Kacr q folio (bag'd-tel'). n. a trifle; a 
Lfdg-el-lwliti g ame played with a billiard 
cue and nine balls on an oblong board con¬ 
taining nine holes; a short, light piece of 
piano music. 

Ivoo- era era (bag'aj). n. the tents, clothing, 
fl a &*& a b c utensils, etc., of an army; the 
trunks, packages, etc., which a traveler re¬ 
quires; luggage; a worthless person, usually, 
a worthless woman; familiarly cr jokingly, a 
playful, saucy, young woman; a flirt. 

Korr rrfncr (bag'xng), n. the act of putting 
into tags; coarse cloth cr other 
material used for bags. 

kniy o-rr (bag'!), adj. having a loose or 
flabby appearance; swelled, loose, 
or puffed out like a bag. 

I>f»cr -mrto (bag'plp"), n. a shrill-toned 
Scottish musical instrument 
consisting of a leathern wind-bag from which 
air is forced by the performer’s arm into 
pipes, one pipe (the chanter ) giving the mel¬ 
ody: commonly in plrral.— n. bagpiper. 

Koil Obal), v.t. to liberate or set free from 
UdiA arr est upon receipt cf a guarantee 
(money or bond) that the person thus freed 
will return at a stated time; to empty of 
water by dipping cr throwing it out; as, to 
bail a boat; to dip or scoop out, as water, with 
a pail or other utensil; v.i. to dip w ater frem 
a boat, etc.; n. the person or persons who pro¬ 
vide security for the release of a prisoner; the 
security tendered, or accepted; the scoop or 
pail used in dipping water out of a heat; in 
cricket, either of two crosspieces placed end 
to end on the wicket. 

•Jiff (bal'If), n. a sheriff’s officer or 
Ddll-Hi. constable; 
steward on an estate. 

t* iwirlr (bal'I-w!k), n. the district 
Cdll-I-WlCzv within which a sheriff or 
bailiff has legal power. 

T>ai1 mnion-f (bal'ment). n. a delivery of 
UctU.-U.LKtu .I goods in trust to another; 
the action of becoming surety fer a prisoner 
or accused person. 

koim (b&rn), n. a child; a son or daughter 
UdlAll 0 f any a g e , [Scot.] 

(bat), n. any substance used to entice 
or allure fish or other animals with a 
view to catching them; temptation; re¬ 
freshment taken on a journey: v.t. to harass 
or provoke, as an animal, by the setting on 
of dogs for sport; to worry by biting or 
tearing; to torment; annoy persistently; to 
prepare, as a hook, trap, or snare, by cover¬ 
ing with food; give food and drink to upon 
a journey: to feed (an animal): v.i. to take 
food or drink upon a journey; , hence, to 
stop for rest. 

va (baz), n. a'coarse woolen stuff, with 
we UXC a i ong nap, fer table covers, etc. 

(bak), v.t. to cook or prepare, as food, 
in an oven; to dry and harden by 
dry heat, as bricks: v.i. to do the work of 
baking; to become hard by heat. 

"holr of (bak'er), n — 1 

Udii-ci naa; 

cakes, etc. 

hair ar (bak'er-!), n. \pl. bakeries (-Iz)J. 
LiaxL-CJ. -y a p] ace where bread, cakes, pies, 
etc., are made and sold. __ 


an overseer cr under- 


bait 


bake 


one whose business It is 
and sell bread, biscuits. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







steel-yard; the 


baking 44 

hair irtcr (baking), n. the act or process 
uaxv.-AAAg 0 f baking; the quantity of bread 
or pies, etc., made at the same time; a batch. 

hfll anpa (bal'ans), n. a pair of scales for 
Ud.l-ance weighing; a ’ 

act of weighing or esti¬ 
mating mentally; equal 
poise of any opposing 
forces, especially mental 
poise; steadiness of mind; 
sanity; an equality be¬ 
tween the totals of two 
sides of an account; the 
excess shown on either side; 
the sum or weight necessary 
to make two unequal sums R .. lnnp „ 
or weights equal; poise; a 


balm of Gilead 



movement in dancing; v.t. to weigh by means 
of a balance; weigh by means of the mind; 
hence, to compare, estimate, etc.; to set off, 
as one thing against another; to equal or 
make equal; to find out the difference be¬ 
tween the debits and credits of, or to bring 
about an equality between; as, to balance an 
account: v.i. to be of equal weight, force, or 
amount; in dancing, to move to and fro. 

bal-ance of pow-er SgfS&ftSS: 

sion of power among certain nations as guar¬ 
antees the independence of each; the power 
of a small party to join with- either of two 
larger ones and so gain a majority. 

bal-ance of trade STSSMS: 

tween the actual value in money of the im¬ 
ports. and exports of a country. 

Viol gtipp (bal'ans shet), astate- 

uai-aiiLC ment made to s bow 

the true condition of a business: a balance 
sheet should show the capital or assets, the 
liabilities or debts, and the profit and loss of 
the business. 

bal-anrp whppl (bSl'Snshwel), awheel 
uai aAAV ' c VVlietM in a watch which regu¬ 
lates its rate of motion. 

Kfll hrip* O’Jin (bal-brlg'an), n. a knitted 
utu-uug-gdn cotton fabric for either 
hosiery or underwear. 

bill m 1W (bal'ko-nl), n. [pi. balconies 
Ual UU Iiy (-nlz)], a platform or gallery 
built out from the wall of a building, and 
inclosed by a balustrade or railing, 
bfllfi (bold), adj. destitute of hair ; without 
ist4.ji.v4 the natural or usual covering of hair 
feathers, fur, foliage, etc., to the head, sum¬ 
mit, or top; unadorned; bare; without dis¬ 
guise; as, a bald statement; as applied to birds, 
having a white spot or patch on the head; as, 
the bald eagle.— adv. baldly. 

bal-der <ia«lb (bhl'der-dash), n. non- 
t -,T V aiA sense = a foolish jumble of 
words; silly talk or writing; bombast; jargon, 
bflld rspcQ (bold'nes), n. lack or loss of 
UdlU-llCbb hair; bareness; as, baldness 
in style of writing. 

bal drir (hoi'drlk), n. a broad belt, often 
iso.i-ui.xv/ richly decorated, worn around 
the waist, or over one shoulder and across the 
breast, usually to support a bugle or sword. 
Also, baldrick. 

balp (kal), n. a large bundle or package of 
. Roods; as, a bale of cotton: v.t. to make 
up into large bundles for storage or packing. 

bale fill (baTfool). adj. full of deadly 
uaiC 1U1 mtent; direful; woeful; de¬ 
structive; wretched; miserable. 

balk (b6I P’ n - a stri P or ridge of land left 
ucvAxx unplowed; a thick, heavy piece of 
timber; a barrier or check; disappointment: 
v.t. to hinder; to thwart: to check or disap¬ 


point: v.i. to stop short or swerve. Also, 
baulk.— adj. balky. 

boll (hol), n. a social gathering of persons 
vail 0 f both sexes for the purpose of danc¬ 
ing; a round body; any mass resembling a 
sphere; a round body used for play; a 
bullet; any roundish part of the body; a 
game played with a round body, which Is 
pitched, kicked, or knocked; the globe or 
earth: v.t. to make into a round mass: v.i. to 
form or gather into a round mass, 
bol loH (bal'ad), n. a short, popular, nar- 
ua.L-ia.U- ra tive poem, adapted or suitable 
for reciting or singing. 

bal 1 q cf (bal'ast), n. heavy material car- 
uai-iaai ried by a ship to balance or 
steady her; sand carried in the car of a 
balloon to steady it; gravel filling the space 
between the sleepers or ties of a railway; 
that which gives strength to the character: 
v.t. to place heavy material in or on in order 
to steady or balance; strengthen or give 
steadiness to. 

ball h**£ir Jncr (bol bar'Ing), a method 
ua.ll UCdi-llig, of reducing friction by 

causing a shaft, to rest upon or be surrounded 
by loose balls of metal partly contained in 
sockets and turning with the shaft, 
bol Ipf (bal'a"), n. an artistic dance; a 
uo.i-xk;i complete pantomime or play in 
which a story is told, and actions, characters, 
and passions are show r n by gestures, accom¬ 
panied by music and dancing; the company 
of persons who perform the dance or the play. 

bfll Itc fire (bH-lis'tlks), n. that branch 
ua.i-iA 0 -LAV /0 of gunnery which deals with 

the motion and impact of projectiles, with the 
forces involved. 

bal-lo-net Vf"' - 

n. a small balloon in 
a larger balloon for 
controlling the ascent 
or descent, and for 
maintaining pressure 
on the outer envel¬ 
ope to prevent its 
collapse. Also, bal- 
loonet. 

bal-loon i bS -f 5 &e 

bag of prepared silk or f" 
other material, which 
when filled with a light- v* < 
er-than-air gas such as ‘ 
hydrogen, ascends and 
floats in the atmosphere; 
a large, inflated ball fire ^ Balloon 
balloon, a hot-air balloon, inflated from Are 
attached beneath. 

bal-loon-ist ( ba_ io° n,ifs t'). n. one who 

uolx auvmi lot makes, or ascends in, a bal¬ 
loon; an aeronaut. 

bal-lot (ba V fit J* n • originally, a little baU 

u i AUL used f o r se cr e t voting; a ball, 
ticket, or paper by which a secret vote Is 
registered or taken; the system of secret 
voting by the use of a printed form; election 
by secret vote; also, the total number of 
votes cast or recorded: v.t. and v.i. to vote or 
choose by using a printed form, or ticket, 
balm ( bar P)» n. an oily, gummy substance 
, coming from certain trees or shrubs, 
used for healing or soothing; balsam; anything 
which heals or soothes pain; a healing ointment. 

(bam'I-nes), n. the state or 
r if Quality of being soothing or 

refreshingly fragrant. 

balm of Gil-e-ad 6v s n '*? d >- 

wu t.he name of various 



ate senate, rare, cat, local, fSr, dsk, parade; scene, event, edge, novSl, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, fociis, menu; 




































Balmoral 


45 


bank 


kinds of fragrant resins, as that of the ever¬ 
green tree of Arabia; the balsam flr. 

Pol mr\ rol (b&l-mdr'al), n. a striped 
woolen stuff, strong_and dur¬ 
able; a laced walking shoe. 

Kal-rm tt (bam'I), adj. soft; mild; soothing; 
Ua.1111-j spicy; fragrant; refreshing; as, 
the balmy air of spring.— adv. balmily, 

Kol com (bol'sSm), n. an oily, fragrant 
Ual-octlil substance obtained from cer¬ 
tain trees or shrubs, and used for medicine 
or in perfumery; balm; the name applied to 
severed trees, shrubs, or plants yielding an 
oily, resinous substance; as, the balsam nr; 
anything soothing or healing. 

KqI C om if* (bol-sam'Ik), adj. haying the 
UcU-ocllll-lv/ qualities of, or yielding, a 
fragrant, oily, resinous substance; soft; 
soothing; healing. 

Kol iic for (b&l'fis-ter), n. one of a set of 
IJal-llo-lCl small pillars that support the 
hand rail of 'a parapet 
or balustrade. 

bal-us-trade 

(bSl'fls-trad), n. a row of 
small pillars, or balus¬ 
ters, topped by a pro¬ 
tective rail. 



bam-bi-no 



Balustrade 

(bam-be'no), n. [pi. bambini 

- (-ne)J, a child or baby; a 

figure of the infant Christ wrapped in swad¬ 
dling clothes. [It.] _ 

Kom Kan (bam-boo'). n. the name of cer- 
Dalll-UUU ta j n tropical grasses having 
hard, thick-jointed stems, used for furniture, 
poles, canes, etc. 

l 0 « (ban), n. a public announcement or 
Doll edict; a sentence of excommunication 
passed by the church; a curse; any authorita¬ 
tive prohibition: pi. public announcement 
given in a church of an intended marriage: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. banned, p.pr. banning], to 
curse; to call evil down upon; to place under 
a curse; to forbid the use of. 

Kor» ol (ban'al; ba'nSl), adj. common- 
Ddll-dl place; trivial; hackneyed; trite. 
l _ Q i • x_. (bd-nal'I-tl), n. a common- 
Da-Ilcll-l-lj place remark, idea, etc. 

L a _ Q (ba-na'na; ba-n&n'a), n. a 
Da-Ha-Ild. tropical plant which bears a 
fruit used as food; the fruit of the plant. 

(band), n. that which binds to- 
Da.HU. gether; that which connects: that 
which embraces, supports, or restrains; a 
strap, tie, shackle, or fetter; collar; a driving 
belt; a company of persons united by a com¬ 
mon object; a body of soldiers; a body of 
musicians performing on wood and brass 
wind-instruments: v.t. to unite in a troop, 
company, or confederacy; to mark with a 
band: v.i. to associate or unite together for 
6©me common purpose. 

Konrf ao-a (ban'd&j). n. a strip of cotton 
DauQ-agc or other .material used m 
dressing and binding up wounds, etc.; a 
band: v.t. to dress, cover, or bind with a 
strip of any soft material, 
i _„ j „„ „ 0 (ban-dan'd), n. a large, 
D3H-C19.Il-Ila bright colored, silk or cot¬ 
ton handkerchief, having a red or blue back¬ 
ground with yellow or white dots or figures 
upon it. Also, bandana. . . . . 

(band'boks"), n. a light box of 
D8.I1CI-D0X pasteboard, etc., for holding 

bonnets or hats. _ , , . . 

• _ (ban-d50. n. [P l - bandeaux 

ban-aeau (_do Z )], a narrow band or fillet, 
- -- - above the forehead or 


Uo-nH aH (ban'ded; ban'dld), p.adj. allied, 
uanu-cu confederated; united; marked 
by stripes of different color or material. 

Kan Ha ml a (ban'de-rol), n. a little flag 
Lkui-uc-iuxc or streamer; a small flag 

carried at the head of a lance or mast. 

Ko-ri Hi-f (ban'dlt), n. [pl. bandits (-dlts) 
Uall-Ull an( j banditti (-dlt'I)], an outlaw; a 
brigand; a robber; a highwayman. 

Kan Ho laar (ban"d6-ler'). n. a broad 
Dail-uu-lCCl leather belt, worn over the 
shoulder and across the breast, for holding 
cartridges. Also, bandolier. 

KanH caw (band so), an endless steel saw 
uailU. oaw running on pulleys; a belt- 
saw. 

ban 

knock __,--„ , -- 

from one to another; give and take; to 
exchange; as, to bandy words: v.i. to con¬ 
tend; strive: n. a club bent at the end for 
striking a ball; a hockey-stick; a game 

E layed with such a club, commonly called 
ockey: adj. bent outward at the knees; as. 
bandy-legged. 

Kama (ban), n. a scourge; disease; poison; 
Dalle that which causes death, ruin, or 
destruction; hence, a deadly poison, vice, or 
sin; as, intemperance is the bane of society. 

Syn. poison, ruin, injury, destruction, pest. 
Kama fill (ban'fool), adj. poisonous; per- 
UOllC-lUl nicious; deadly.— adv. banefully. 
Kamo- (bang), n. a heavy blow; a loud, sud- 
Uallg den noise; front hair cut short and 
worn in a fringe over the forehead: v.t. to beat, 
as with a club or cudgel; to thump; to handle 
roughly: to produce a loud sound by or from; 
as, to bang the door; to cut straight across, 
as the hair over the forehead: v.i. to make a 
loud noise; to thump violently. 

Kam o-la (ban'gl), n. an ornamental riDg 
Dall-glC -worn upon the wrists and ankles 
in India and Africa; a ring-bracelet, generally 
with small ornaments hanging from it. 

Kam {am fra a (ban'y&n tre), the Indian 
Doll-loll ll CC fig-tree, which spreads over 
a largel area by sending down shoots from its 
branches: these take root and become new 
trunks. Also, banyan. 

Karn JoK (b&n'Ish), v.t. to condemn to 
Dall-Ioll exile; expel from the country as 
a punishment; to drive away; to dispel from 
the mind. 

Syn. eject, dismiss, evict, oust, dislodge. 

Kam ioK imomt (ban'Ish-ment), n. the 
Dall-loIl-IliCiil ac t of expelling or driv¬ 
ing away; *'- 

expulsion 


as of ribbon, worn 
around the hair. 


the state of being expelled; exile: 

Kamio +at* (b&n'Is-ter), n. a baluster: 
DdJLl-lo-lCi pi. a balustrade of a staircase. 
Kam ia (b&n'jo), n. a stringed musical 
Doll-J U instrument somewhat like a guitar, 
having a long neck, and a body like a tam¬ 
bourine.— n. banjoist. 

Kamlr (b&nk), n. a place for the custody, 
DaHlv. loan, exchange, or issue of money; the 
office of a banking company; a heap, mound, 
or ridge of earth; a steep slope; an eleva¬ 
tion or rising ground beneath the sea or at 
the mouth of a river, forming a shoal or 
shallow; as, the Banks of Newfoundland; 
the ground forming the sides of a river or 
stream; a bench for rowers; a row of oars: 
v .t. to put, as money, in a bank; to inclose, 
defend, or fortify with a bank; pile or heap up; 
to incline (an airplane) laterally, or make to 
revolve about the fore and aft axis: v.t. to 
have an account with a banker: right bank. 
to incline (an airplane) with the right wing 


ftiuuuu nuo ****** ■ ____—-—- . ... - , 

boot, fobt; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n thick;hw = wh asm when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 
















bank bill 


4(3 


bar 


down: to bank a fire, to cover with ashes and 
use other means to prevent it from burning 
too quickly and yet-at the same time to pre¬ 
vent it from going out. 

Kanlr Kill (bank bll), a note issued by a 
Uctilrv UJIA bank, payable on demand, and 
current as money; a draft or bill of ex¬ 
change of a bank payable^on demand, 
kan \r (bank book), the pass book 

KJallii. UUUH. kept by a depositor, in 
which aro entered credits and charges, and 
which serves as a receipt for deposits. 

Karstr it (b&nkkred'It), the amount 

rJdlii.V Ll cei-i a person, on giving proper 

security, is allowed to draw upon a bank. 

Kanlr fiiQ mimf - (bank dls'kount), an 
\)cLlLi\ lAlA t amount which equals 

the interest at a certain rate upon the prin¬ 
cipal of a note from the time of discounting 
until it becomes due. 

Hfmlr r=>r (bank'er), n. one who engages 
uaun-ux in the business of lending, ex¬ 
changing, issuing, or caring for money. 

Kamlr ttl O' (bank'Ing), n. the business of 
UclAiiV-XJig lending, exchanging, issuing, or 
caring for money. 

Knnl r r? nf p (bank not), a promissory note 
Uaiux no tc issued by a legally authorized 
bank, payable on demand, and forming 
part of the money in circulation; a note 
payable at a bank. 

ha-nlr rnn+ (bahk'rupt), n. a person le- 
Uctiiik-X UJJ L gaily declared to be unable to 


- *7 

obligations; insolvent: v.t. to exhaust the 
financial credit of; to impoverish; as, to bank¬ 
rupt a corporation. 

Kanlr rimf ( % \r (bahk’rupt-sT), n.\pl. bank- 
UcllIJx-I up l-vj ruptcies (-slz) ] , the state 
of being legally insolvent, or unable to pay 
all debts; failure in business, 
ha-n -not* (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth or 
*“'* :IAA '' aA ' : ' a silk attached to a pole or staff, 
and usually worked with some device or 
motto; an ensign, standard, or flag of a 
country, state, or order. 

Kan nnrIr (ban'uk), n. a thick cake made 
of oatmeal, barley-meal, or 
pease-meal, and baked on an iron plate or 
griddle. 

Kann«2 (bSnz), n.pl. the due notice of a 
uauus proposed marriage, given out, as in 
church. Also, bans. 

Kan fillet (b&n'kwet), n. an elaborate or 
uau-i|uc t costly feast or sumptuous 
entertainment: v.t. and v.i. to feast. 

Kan cHpp (ban'she), n. a supernatural 
A - ,CAAA-OAAC ' c ' being, a woman, who, accord¬ 
ing to the belief of the poor of Ireland, and 
some parts of Scotland, attaches herself to a 
particular house, and foretells the death of 
any member of the family by appearing and 
uttering a weird, wild, mournful cry. 

Kan fam (ban'tam), n. a fowl of any of 
Ucu.x-tOJ.il numerous small breeds; slang, a 
soldier under the standard army height of 
five feet, three inches. 

Kan f(ban'ter), n. good-natured plea- 
yau ’santry or teasing: colloquially, a 
challenge: v.t. to address good-humoredly; at¬ 
tack jestingly; make fun of; to trick meanly; 
i mnose upon; colloquially, to challenge. 

Syn., n. chaff, mockery, ridicule, jeering, 
derision. 

Kant liner (b&ntUng), n. a young child; 
vc-vu. a callow or inexperienced youth. 

Kan van (b&n'y&n), n. an East Indian tree 
uccLL-y cu.i the branches of which send out 
aerial roots that grow down to the ground 
and form additional roots. Also, banian. 


Kan 7fl i (ban'za'8), interj. the Japanese 
Udii-Zctl hurrah: an expression meaning 
ten thousand years, used as a salutation to 
the Japanese ruler, and equivalent to “Long 
live the Emperor!’’ 





Baobab 


Ka o KaK (ba'6-bab), 

Ud-U-UaU with an enr 


n. an African tree 
with an enormously thick trunk. 
Also, monkey bread. 

pay his debts: adj. unable to meet one’s Kan tlQm (b&p'tlzm), n. the sacrament 

uap-iioiu j n which immersion or sprin¬ 
kling with water symbolizes the washing away 
of sin, and which admits to membership in 
the Christian church; the act of sprinkling 
or immersing as a sacrament, or of being 
sprinkled or immersed; any experience by 
which one is cleansed spiritually, or any 
sanctifying ordeal; as, the adventurer here 
suffered his baptism of fire. 

Kan fie -mal (bap-tiz'm&l), adj. relating 
Ld.JJ-llb-llla.1 to the sacrament of sprin¬ 
kling or immersion. 

T$an fief (bap'tlst), n. one of a Christian 
XJap-Lio l denomination, which bases its 
administration and government on the New 
Testament only, and believes that Christians 
should be immersed completely, or put 
under water in the baptismal ceremony, 
after a public declaration of faith has been 
made; the denomination described. 


bap- 


Kan tic i&r \r (bap'tls-ter-I), n. [pi. 
Uap-llo-lcl-y tisteries (-iz)], a building or 
portion of the church building in which the 
rite of baptism is performed. Also, baptistry. 
Kan a (bap-tiz'), v.t. to sprinkle or pour 
uap-uic water on, or immerse in water, 
as a religious ceremony; to admit to the 
Christian church by applying water; to 
christen; to name. 

Kar (bar), n. a rigid piece of wood, metal. 
ua. 1 . or other solid matter, long in propor¬ 
tion to its thickness; a quantity contained 
in such a shape; as, a bar of chocolate; 
a rail; a barrier; anything which impedes or 
obstructs; a bank of sand, gravel, etc., 
obstructing navigation at the entrance to a 
harbor or mouth of a river; the railing in¬ 
closing the space occupied by counsel in 
courts of law; the place in court where 
prisoners are stationed for trial, or sen¬ 
tence; the profession of a lawyer; any 
tribunal; the portion of a hotel, etc., where 
liquors are served; a band or stripe; in 
a bridle, the mouthpiece connecting the 
checks; one of the upright lines drawn 
through the staff of a piece of music, dividing 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 







barb 


47 


barometric 


It Into equal measures of time; the space and 
notes inclosed by two such lines: v.t. [p.t. and 

E .p. barred p pr. barring], to fasten with a 
ar; to hindei; to obstruct; to exclude; to 
close; to prohibit; to mark with bars. 

U r U (barb), n. that which resembles a 
McxikJ beard at the mouth of animals; one 
of a race of horses noted for speed and endur¬ 
ance. brought by the Moors to Spain; the 
sharp point axtending backward from the 
point of an arrow, fish-hook, ete., any sharp 
projection resembling such a point: v.t. to 
furnish with sharp points, 
kof kq r ; on (bar-ba'rl-Sn), n. in history, 
uai-ua-u-au a foreigner, usually in a be¬ 
littling sense; a man in a rude state above that 
of the savage; a cruel, brutal man: adj. rude; 
uncivilized; inhuman. 

U r Kor (bar-bar'Ik), adj. relating to, 
pai-utti-iu or like, uncivilized people; 
cruel; rude; roughly gorgeous; as, barbaric 
splendor; striking or picturesque; wildly 
magnificent; foreign. 

Uj,,. ricm (bar'bd-rlzm), n. a word or 
Ddl -Uct-llsi.il expression not in good use; 
uncivilized state; rudeness of manners; igno¬ 
rance of art and literature, 
kn r kn r : f-rr (bar-bar'I-tl), n. [pi. bar- 
Dar-Dctr-l-iy barities (-tlz)], brutal or 
Inhuman conduct; an act of savage cruelty; 
as, the barbarities of war; lack of good taste 
in style or art. 

har ha rnnc (bar'ba-rus), adj. uncivil- 
Uai-ba-iUUa ized; rude and ignorant; 

cruel; inhuman; wild; unpolished in speech; 
rude or harsh in sound.— adv. barbarously. 

Syn. brutal, rude, uncouth, 
hor bo (bar'ba-riz), v.t. and v.i. to 

UcU-Ua-iliC make or become rude or 

uncivilized. 

kor Vkia nito. (bar'be-ku), n. a frame on 
Udl-Uc-tUo which all kinds of meat or 
fish are roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass 
of an ox, hog, etc., roasted whole; a social or 
political feast at which animals are roasted 
whole: v.t. to dress and roast whole, as a hog. 
Also, barbacue. 

korkoH (barbd; bar'bed), adj. having a 
Ddl U CU sharp point or points; as, barbed 
wire entanglements are placed before trenches: 
barbed wire, a twisted wire full of sharp 
points, or thornlike projections. 

L or (bar'ber), n. one whose business 

Ddl-UCl i s to shave the beard and cut and 
dress the hair. 

t. Qr rw (bar'ber-I). n. a shrub bearing 

Udl-UCi-iy bright red berries. 
har (bar-bSt'), n. the platform or 

Odl-UCllC breastwork of a fortification, 
from which cannon may be fired over a para¬ 
pet; naval, an armored parapet protecting 
guns which are fired over the turret and not 
through portholes. 

l 0 « "u; nan (bar'bl-kan), n. a tower or 
Dfli -Dl-Cdll other outpost which defends 
the entrance to a castle or city. 

har ra taIa (bar'ka-r51), n. a simple, 
Ddl-Cd-1U1C popular song or melody 

sung by Venetian gondoliers; an imitation 
of such a song. Also, barcarolle. 
hard (bard), n. formerly, a poet and singer 
Od.ru. w ho composed and sang verses m 
honor of heroes and princes, generally to the 
accompaniment of a harp; a poet. 
i ^ (bar), adj. uncovered; naked; nude; 
Dale having the head uncovered; uncon¬ 
cealed; simple; unadorned; unfurnished; 
plain; threadbare; empty; poor; scanty; 
mere: v.t. to uncover; to reveal; to expose 
— adv. barely.—n. bareness.___ 


bark 


hare* (bar-bak'), adj. and adv. on 

UalC-UatA a horse without saddle or 
covering; as, a bareback rider; he was used 
to riding bareback. 

hare* f qcpH (bar'fast), adj. without con- 
uaic-iatcu cealment; undisguised; 
shameless; audacious; impudent.— adv. bare¬ 
facedly. 

har cra\rt (bar'gen; -gin), n. an agreement 
uai-gaui or contract between two or more 
parties with reference to the sale or transfer 
of property; a compact or pledge mutually 
agreed upon; that which is acquired or sold 
at a low price; an advantageous purchase: 
v.i. to make a contract or agreement; to 
trade; to negotiate: v.t. to hand over for a 
consideration; barter; trade. 
haver p* (barj), n. a flat-bottomed vessel, of 
UaigC large carrying capacity, used In 
loading and unloading ships, and for carry¬ 
ing freight on rivers and canals; a pleasure 
boat; a large double-banked boat or a war¬ 
ship, used by a flag officer.— n. bargeman. 
har i tnn(bar'I-ton), n. a male voice 
■Jal -l- IU11C midway between a tenor and 
a bass and having some of the characteristics 
of each; a person having such a voice: adj. 
having a range of voice higher than bass and 
lower than tenor. Also, barytone. 

(bark), n. a three-masted vessel; 
any small boat or vessel; the cover¬ 
ing of the trunk, branches, stems, etc., of 
trees and other plants; the sound or cry 
made by dogs, or a sound resembling it: v.t. 
to remove by stripping; to scrape the skin 
from; to tan by means of an infusion of bark: 
v.i. to utter a sharp, short sound like the 
noise made by a dog; to cough. 
har loir (bar'll), n. a grain, used as a food 
Dal-icy and in the manufacture of malt 
liquors; the plant which yields the grain. 

har 1/aw r*/vr-n (bar'll-korn"), n. a grain of 

Udi-lcy-tUIIl barley: John Barleycorn, 

the personification of strong drink. 
harm (barm), n. the foam rising upon beer 
Udllll or other malt liquors when ferment¬ 
ing, and used as leaven in bread making; 
yeast. 

har maid (bar'mod"), n. a girl or woman 
Udi-llldlU. who serves food and drink at 
the liquor counter of an inn or ether place of 
refreshment. 

Tlar tyia rid a (bar'mS-sId), adj. imagi- 
XJctl-lliC-Cldc nary; unreal; sham. In 

the Arabian Nights it is related of one of the 
Barmecides, a Persian family, that, having 
invited a beggar to dine with him, he servec 
his guest only imaginary food. 
harrt (barn), n. a covered building for the 
Octlll storage of grain or other farm pro¬ 
duce: often used as a stable. 
har rta r>1<a (bar'na-kl), n. a kind of wild 
Ddi-lld-dC goose of northern seas; a 
shellfish that clings or adheres to rocks and 
the bottom of ships. 

har a or a Till (bar'o-graf), n. a self- 
Udi-U-gidpli registering device for re¬ 
cording the pressure of the atmosphere, 
kor err am (bar'6-gram), n. the record 

Dar-O-gram of a barograph. 

(bd-rom'e-ter), n. an in¬ 
strument for measuring 
the weight or pressure of the atmosphere: 
used for showing or foretelling changes of 
weather, or to find heights, etc. 

kar r\ -mA+ riV (bar"o-met'rIk), adj. re- 
Ddl-O-IilCl-l 1C jating to, made with, or 

shown by, a barometer, or instrument for 
measuring the weight and pressure of the 
atmosphere. Also, barometrical. 


ba-rom-e-ter 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








baron 


48 


basilisk 


bar-on 


(bar'un), n. in Great Britain and 
other countries, the title of a peer, 
or nobleman, of the lowest rank 
Har rm acre* (bar'un-aj), n. formerly, the 
Udl-Uil-dgc whole body of British peers; 
now, the body of peers of the lowest rank; 
the dignity or rank of a member of the lowest 
grade in the peerage. 

la air rm ecc (b&r'iin-es), n. a baron’s 
Uai-UlA-coo wife; a lady holding a baro¬ 
nial title in her own right. 

AT1 of (bar'fin-et), n. an inherited 
uai-GiX-cl title or degree of honor next 
below a baron and above a knight; the per¬ 
son holding this title. 

Ln- nr (bar'fin-et-sl), n. the title 

UcU-Uil-tJl-Gy an ^ dignity of a baronet, 
kp rr » ol (bd-ro'nl-al), adj. relating to 
Ma.-x w-iu-di a b a ron, or peer of the lowest 
grade, or to a barony; as, a baronial castle. 
kp«- nn XT (bar'6-nl), n. [pi. baronies (-Iz)], 
ua.i-uiJ.-jr the rank of a baron, or peer of 
the lowest grade; the domain of a baron. 

Har n ernnp (bar'6-skop), n. an instru- 
uai -u-ouupc me nt for showing changes 
4n the pressure of the atmosphere without 
measuring its weight; a storm- or weather¬ 
glass. 

kn rnurlio (bd-roosh'), n. a roomy, four- 
Ua-X is UGHc wheeled carriage with a fold¬ 
ing or falling top. 

barmifl (bark), n. a small three-masted ves- 
UaX qlie se i ; any small boat. Also, bark, 
kpr (bar'dk), n. a large structure or 

row G f buildings for lodging 
soldiers and officers; a building or collection 
of huts within an inclosure in which a body 
of men are lodged: generally in plural. 

r Y n rj-fy (ba^rozh'), n. a curtain of burst- 
uai-xage ing shells fired by artillery so 
as to pass over the heads of advancing troops 
and fall in a line in front of them to protect 
them from attack. [Fr.] 

Un<- (bar'el), n. a round, bulging cask 
uai -a ct or vessel, of greater length than 
breadth, and having flat ends or heads; the 
quantity which a barrel should contain; any¬ 
thing like a barrel in shape; the tube of a 
firearm; a drum or cylinder: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
barreled, p.pr. barreling], to put or pack in 
a barrel. 

(bar'el or'gan), a port- 
organ turned by a 

crank. 

kpr rpn (bar'en), adj. unproductive; un- 
uai-icu fruitful; sterile; lacking; profit¬ 
less; empty: n. an unproductive tract of 
land.— adv. barrenly. —n. barrenness. 

Hat* np/ln (bar'I-kad'), n. a fort made 
uai-u-i/auc in haste of such materials 
as are nearest to hand, and which will serve 
to obstruct the progress or attack of an ene¬ 
my, or shield a basieged party; any bar or 
obstruction: v.t. to obstruct or stop up; 
fortify or inclose by a barrier. 

■kpr ri pr (bar'I-er), n. anything which 
hinders or obstructs; a bar or 
obstacle to progress, approach, or attack; 
an inclosing fence or boundary wall; a limit 
or boundary. 

Syn. bar, hindrance, obstacle, obstruction, 
rampart, bulwark. 

Ant. (see opening). 

Kor t*t pr rppf (bar'l-er ref), a reef of 
utti-u-u coral surrounding an is¬ 

land, or skirting the mainland, and inclosing 
an open channel or lake. 

kor Tin O’ (bar'Ing), p.pr. obstructing; keep- 
uai-iuig ing ou t : prep, excepting; leav- 
Ing out of account. 


bar-rel or-gan 28 ? 


*.{0 fci r (b&r'is-ter), n. in England, a 
uai-iia-ici lawyer; in Scotland, an advo¬ 
cate; an attorney^ or counselor at law. 

Har rn U r (bar'o), n. a frame covered with 
UdX-X UW boards, and fitted with handles 
at both ends, or with a wheel at one end and 
shafts at the other, and used for transporting 
goods by hand; a light hand-carriage carried 
by two men. 

■Upr fpr (bar'ter), v.i. to traffic or trade by 
uax-ici exchanging one commodity for 
another: v.t. to give in exchange. 

Har v frnip (bar'I-ton), adj. intermediate 
uai-jr-iuxic between bass and tenor, as a 
male voice or instrument: n. a person with 
such a voice; a voice having such a compass. 
Also, baritdne. 

Hac pi (bas'&l), adj. relating to or forming 
uao-ax the base; fundamental; essential. 
k.p calf (bd-solt'; bas'olt), n. a hard, 
ua-oau greenish-black rock of volcanic 
origin.— adj. basaltic. 

Hacp (bas), n. the part of a thing on whict 
uasc it rests; a foundation or groundwork; 
that which combines with an acid to form a 
salt; a fortified line from which the opera¬ 
tions of an army proceed; a starting place; 
in some games, a station or goal: v.t. to 
lay a foundation for; establish: adj. worth¬ 
less; inferior; spurious or false; of mean 
spirit; morally abject or low; deep or grave 
in sound: commonly, bass. — adv. basely. 

Syn., adj. vile, mean, dishonorable. 

Ant. (see noble). 

k oco Kail (bas'bfil'), n. the national game 
Udoc-UaXl c f the United States, played 
with bat and ball by nine players on a side, 
on a field with four stations known as bases, 
arranged in the shape of a diamond. 

Kaca Krko-rrl (bas'bord"), n. a board form- 
baoc-UUaXU ing the foundation or bot¬ 
tom of something; a wide molding at the 
bottom of the walls of a room. 

Kpcp Knrtl (bas'bfirn*), adj. of low or 
uaoc-oum mean parentage; mean; ple¬ 
beian; illegitimate. 

Hacp 1*acc (bas'lgs), adj. unfounded; 
uaac iCoa groundless; untrue. 
Kaop—linP (bas=lin), n. a measured line 
uaac used in surveying and triangu¬ 

lation; a line traced injhe rear cf a gun. 

Ka cp -man (bas'man), n. [pi. basemen 
uaoc-XiXdXX (-men)], n. any one of the 

players who, in baseball, are stationed at the 
first, second, and third bases or stations, 
respectively. 

kqop TYipnf (bas'ment), n. the lowest 
uaoc-Aiiciil p ar t of a structure; the 

lowest story of a building. 

Kacp npcc (bas'nes), n. the state or 
uaoc-xicoo quality of being mean or 
dishonorable; meanness; disgraceful con¬ 
duct. 

KocK fill (bash'fool), adj. shy; easily em- 
uttou-iui barrassed; modest to excess; 
retiring; diffident.— adv. bashfully.— n. bash- 
fulness. 

ko oip (bas'Ik), adj. fundamental; as, a 
w«-oj.v basic principle; in chemistry, per¬ 
forming the office of a base in a salt. 

Hfi cil i r*a (bd-sfl'I-kd), n. [pi. basilicas 
Ud.-bll-1-Ca (_kaz)], in ancient Rome, & 

public hall of simple oblong design used as a 
court of law; a church built on such a plan; 
for example, St. Peter’s, in Rome. 

Kao i Heir (oaz'I-lisk; Ms'I-lIsk), n. a 
, . ~ fearful, imaginary creature, a 

kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, whose 
breath and look were supposed to be fatal in 
their effect; the name of a lizard. 


ate senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, eSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 







basin 


49 


battering-rain 


lha cin (ba'sn), n. a round, wide vessel for 
XlM-oill holding water or other liquid; the 
quantity such a vessel will hold; a pond, or 
dock, or other reservoir for water; tho land 
drained by a river and its tributaries. 

c : c (ba'sls), n. [pi. bases (-sez)], a base 
Ua-olb or foundation; the groundwork or 
first principle of anything; the chief ingredient. 
Kaclr (bask), v.i. and v.t. to lie in warmth; 
Udivn. aS( to bask in the sun; to expose, or 
to be exposed to cheerful heat; be at ease and 
thriving under benign or kindly influences. 
Kao (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of 

Udb-xvC L rushes, twigs, splints, reeds, or 
other flexible material, plaited or interwoven; 
the quantity or amount which such a vessel 
will hold. 

Kao Vat Kail (bas'ket=b61), n. a popular 
Uds-ja.ci~uau game somewhat resem¬ 
bling football, usually played in a gymnasium 
with teams of five on a side, and with goals or 
baskets at each end; a spherical air-filled ball 
used in the game. 

Kao Vat r\T (bas'ket-ri), n. the art of 
Uao-nc L-i-jf making baskets. 

Kao ro Hof (ba'rS-lef; bas're-lef). n. low 
D3.o-rt3-llcI relief; in sculp true, a form 
of cutting in -which the figures stand out very 
slightly from the background. Also, bass- 
relief, basso-relievo, basso-rilievo. 

Kaoo (bas), n. the name of various fishes 
Daab D f the perch family; the American 
lime-tree; matting made from its bark. 
Kaoo (bas). adj. low in tone; deep; grave: 
DdSb n . the lowest part in the harmony of 
a musical composition; the lowest male voice; 
one who sings the lowest male part. Also, base. 
Kaoo Kat* (bas'bar"), n. a piece of wood 
DaSS-Dar placed lengthwise inside stringed 
Instruments to resist the pressure of the 
bridge 

(bas klSf), the character placed 
DaSS CI0I a t the beginning of the lowe st, 
or bass, staff. 

bass horn deep-toned wind 

Instrument. 

bas-si-net “^cker 

basket with a hood at one 
end, used as a cradle for 

young children. _ 

Kao on on (bi-soon'), n. 

oas-soon a wind m- ^ 

strument of deep tones 
haring a long curved 
mouthpiece, and a doubled 
wooden tube. 

bass staff parallel \ines 
on which the notes of the 
lowest part of a piece of 
music are written. 

Kaoo Tri nl ( bSs v*' 51 ). » Bass Horn 
DaSS Vl-OI largestringed 

Instrument of the violin class, used for play¬ 
ing the lowest part in music. 

Kaof (bast), n. the tough inner fibrous bark 
Do-SX 0 f various trees, especially of the 
lime; rope or matting made from this bark 
v n . 4-n-rA (bis'tdrd), n. a child whose 
DaS-I3.ni parents were not married; an 
animal of inferior quality orjbreed: adj. 
begotten and born out of lawful wedlock, 

not genuine; false. 

(bast), v.t. to beat with a stick, to 
DaSt6 drip or pour melted fat or butter on, 
while roasting; to sew slightly, or fasten 
temporarily with long stitches, as in dress¬ 
making. 



_ao +ilo (bas-tel'; bas'tll), n. a tower or 
Jao-lllc fortification used for the defense 
of a fortified place:— Bastile, an old castle in 
Paris used as a state prison, destroyed by the 
people in 1789. Also, bastille, 
kae ti -net (b&s'ti-na'dd), n. an Ori- 
ental form of punishment, 
consisting of beating an offender upon the 
soles of his feet with a stick or rod: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. bastinadoed, p.pr. bastinadoing], to 
beat on the soles of the feet with a stick or 
cudgel; to flog. Also, bastinade. 

Kao +irvn (bas'chun), n. an earthwork 
Udo-LIrill faced with brick or stone, pro¬ 
jecting from the main body of a fort, com¬ 
manding the outworks and grounds before it. 
t_ (bat), n. a heavy wooden stick or club; 
Odl the wooden club used in baseball, 
cricket, and similar games; a batsman; a 
brickbat or part of a brick; a nocturnal flying 
creature which has a soft furry body, and 
wings formed by a skin stretched between the 
fingers, legs, and tail, and which feeds on 
insects: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. batted, p.pr. batting], 
to hit or strike: v.i. to use a club in baseball 
or cricket. 

Ko+aK (bach), n. the quantity of bread 
rid. trill baked at one time; a quantity of 
anything produced at one time; a group or 
collection of similar things. 

Ka (ba-to'), n. [pi. bateaux, batteaux 

Dd-lcdll (-toz)], a light boat used on 
American rivers; a clumsy boat with a flat 
bottom. Also, batteau. 

Ka+K (bath), n. [pi. baths (baifrz)], the act 
rid. 111 0 f washing or covering the body with 
water, or of exposing it to any other fluid or 
vapor; the state of being covered with a 
fluid, as sweat; a vessel holding water for 
bathing; a building or room fitted up for 
bathing purposes; a vessel containing a 
liquid for treatment of an object put into 
it; the water or other liquid used in bathing. 

_ (bath) , v.t. to put into water or 
other liquid; to wash; to lave; to 
wet; to overspread; put into or surround 
with anything, as vapor or light: v.i. to take 
a bath.— n. bather. 

Ka +Kac? (ba'thos), n. a ridiculous descent 
Da-IilOb from the lofty to the common¬ 
place in writing or speech. 

Ka ticha (bA-testO, n. a fine cotton or 
Da-UblC linen muslin. 

Ka ■f/vf-i (ba"ton'; bat'un), n. a staff used 
Da-IOH as a weapon, or as a badge of office; 
the stick used by the leader of a chorus or 
an orchestra with which to beat time. 

Ka+ -fal Inn (bSL-tal'yun), n. a body of 
DaX-Xai-lOIl foot-soldiers, usually forming 

about one-third of a regiment. 

Ka+ (bat'n), n. a narrow strip of wood 

Ddl-lCll used for various purposes, such 
as fastening the edges of a piece of canvas to 
the deck of a ship: the slope of a wall: v.t. to 
fasten or form with strips of wood; to make 
fat by plenteous living; as, the sheep-raiser 
battens his flocks in rich pastures; fertilize or 
enrich: v.i. to grow or become fat; be pros¬ 
perous at the expense of others. 

Ka+ (bat'er), v.t. to strike with heavy, 

UtlL-td repeated blows, so as to bruise, 
shatter, or destroy; injure: v.i. to make an 
attack by heavy blows: n. a thick, liquid 
mixture of several materials, as flour, eggs, 
etc., beaten together and used in cookery; the 
backward slope of a retaining wall. 
i (bat'er-ingsr&m"), n. 

bat-ter-ing-ram a military engine used 
in ancient days to beat down the walls of 
besieged places, and consisting of a large 


UUlhlHfe. _______—-. . « 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as m when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 





























battery 


50 


beaming 


beam with a head of iron somewhat resem¬ 
bling the head of a ram. 

Via-fr ,, (bat'er-I), n. [pi. batteries (-Iz)], 
U& L-ICA -y the act of beating another; 
as, in law, assault and battery, a number of 
large guns with their accompaniment of offi¬ 
cers, men, and equipments, for field opera¬ 
tions; any raised work where guns are moun¬ 
ted and gunners protected; an apparatus for 
producing electricity. 

kni or (bat'Ing), n. wool or cotton 
UdL-llllg) prepared in sheets; 
hitting or striking, as in a ball game. 

ViQ'f +1 ex (bat'l), n. a fight or encounter 
UdL-LAt; between opposing forces; a com¬ 
bat; a contest or struggle for mastery: v.i. 
to contend in a fight; to struggle; as, to 
battle against difficulties. 

Syn., n. action, combat. engagement. 

bat-tle-dore ”• a kind of 


hat? win Hnw < bi wbl ' d6 )' 1 lu ' window 
Day wm-UOW or windows forming a 

bay, or recess, in a room, and extending out¬ 
wards from the wall: usually of a many- 
sided shape. 

mar Cbo-zar'), n. in the East, a mar- 
Ua-zacU ket-place or exchange; a hall or 
series of rooms with stalls for the sale ol 
goods; a sale of fancy articles, usually in 
aid of some charity. Also, bazar, 
or cotton (be), v.i. [v.t. was, p.p. been, p.pr. being), 

the act of D^ to exist; have existence in fact, physical 
or mental; to include or involve as a result; 
produce; become; last; mean; to happen; 
to concern; to belong. 

Upnat, (bech), n. [pi. beaches (-6z)], the 
MCaia! portion of the shore of the sea 01 
of a lake which is washed by the waves, 
especially the sandy or pebbly part: v.t. to 
run or haul up, as a vessel or boat, upon the 
beach: v.i. to land on a beach; to strand. 


light racket used for play¬ 
ing battledore and shuttlecock, a game in mmh or (bech kom'er), along 

which a light ball is tossed back and forth UCaCll lUlllU-Cl curling wave rolling in 

from the ocean; one who waits about wharves 
or along the shore on the lookout for wreck¬ 
age or plunder. 

kpn prm (he'kn), «• a signal of warning 
uca-cuii or guidance, on sea or land; 
formerly, a fire lighted on a hill or in a high 
tower to signal danger or assemble troops, 
etc.: v.t. to light up, as a beacon; furnish 
with beacons: v.i. to shine as a beacon. 

(bed), n. a little ball of any material, 
ucau. pi erce( j through and intended to be 
strung with others and worn as an ornament, 
or to form a rosary, etc.; any small body 
shaped like a little globe; a drop or bubble; 
as, a bead of perspiration; a small knob of 
metal at the end of a gun-barrel used in 
taking aim; hence, to draw a bead is to take 
aim; a narrow, rounded molding or pro¬ 
jecting band: v.t. to ornament with beading. 
Upo/4 intr (bed'Ing), n. bead ornaments; 
UCaU-llig beads collectively; froth on 
liquors; a kind of openwork trimming 
through which ribbon or tape is run. 
kpn /lip (be'dl), n. a messenger or crier 
uca-uic of a court; a parish officer with 
various small J ,duties connected with a church 
or vestry, etc. 

kp/. p-lci (be'gl), n. a small hound, form- 
uca *b lc _erly used for hunting hares. 

ek), n. the bill of a bird; the 
horny jaws of some animals; any¬ 
thing which is pointed or shaped like the bill 
of a bird; the metal-covered prow of an 
ancient ship intended to pierce the vessels of 
an enemy; the powerful projection of steel 
forming part of the bow of modern war 
vessels.— adj. beaked. 

kpolr pe (bek'er), n. a large drinking cup 
or vessel with a vide mouth; an 
open-mouthed vessel with a projecting lip. 
kpp?vi (bem), n. a long piece of timber or 
uctUil iron used to support the rafters of a 
building; one of the principal crosswise 
horizontal timbers of a building or ship; the 
extreme breadth of a ship; the bar of a 
balance on which the scales are hung; the 
principal stem of a deer’s horns which bears 
the antlers; a ray or the parallel rays of 
light given out from the sun or any other 
body which gives forth light: v.t. to 6end 
forth, as rays of light: r.i.to shine. 

beam CftTTI nflcc; (bemkum'pds), anin- 
ucain i/Uiii pabo strument used fo» 

drawing large circles. 

Kpflrn iricr (b.em'Ing), p.adj . radiant; 
Ucalll-lllg bright; cheerful; giving forth 
rays.— adv. beamingly. 


between two players with rackets. Also, 

battledoor. 

tla mpnt (b&t'l-mSnt), n. a wall for 
UaL-lie-lilt.lit defense or a castle tower, 
consisting of alternate solid and open spaces; 
a parapet with open spaces. 

nlarta (bat'l-plan), n. an air- 
Uat-llC-piaiiC plane equipped with 

machine guns, etc. 

hat tlo chin (b&t'l-shlp"). n. a large, 
Mat-ti^-oixxp strongly armored ship car¬ 
rying heavy guns. 

hcni hla (bd'bl), n. a trifling piece of 
DaU-UiC finery; anything showy or gay 
but without real value; as, Christmas trees 
are trimmed with many a pretty bauble: a 
child’s plaything; the wand or staff carried 
by a court jester, or king’s fool. 
hoxxrH T 7 (bod'I), adj. obscene; immoral; 

DaWli-y indecent; lewd, 
hflwl (b61), v.i. to cry out with a loud, full, 

Ua .WA an{ j sustained sound: v.t. to pro¬ 
claim loudly; to shout: «. a loud prolonged 
cry.— n. bawler. 

Un v (ba), n. a curve or inlet in the shore of 
D«jr a sea or lake; the body of water 
between two capes or headlands; a recess 
or opening in walls; a place for storing coal; 
the fore part of a ship between decks; the 
laurel-tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay; an (bek) 

honorary garland or crown, composed of Dean, horm 
woven laurel leaves, given as a prize to 
conquerors and successful poets; the deep- 
toned prolonged bark of a dog; state or 
position of anyone obliged to face an enemy 
or other pursuer when no escape is possible; 
as, to stand at bay; a horse of a red or red¬ 
dish color approaching to chestnut: v.i. to 
bark writh a deep sound, as hounds in the 
chase: v.t. to bark at; to pursue with bark¬ 
ing: adj. red or reddish approaching to 

chestnut: applied to horses, 
bay-ber-ry f b5,,b6r ' b - W. the laurel tree; 

bay-o-net 

(ba'6-n8t), n. a 
short dagger- 


the wax myrtle. 




Bayonet 

like instrument attached to the muzzle of a 
rifle: v.t. to stab or drive writh a bayonet. 
koTr (bi'ob), n. [pi. bayous (-ooz)], in 
Doy-UU. southern United States, the 
outlet of a lake, or one of the mouths of a 
river; a slow watercourse, 
kon rtltn ( b5, r * m ). a fragrant liquid. 
ua J A prepared from the leaves of the 
bayberry and used for toilet purposes. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade) scene, event, edge, novfel, refer) 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 











bean 


51 


beauty spot 


u AflT1 (ben), n. the smooth, kidney-shaped 
UCcUl seed of many plants; the plant 
Itself; the popular name of other vegetable 
seeds or fruits resembling true beans. 
u par (b&r). n. a large, heavy wild animal 
UCOl which lives on flesh, and insects; 
the name of two groups of stars in the north- 
e/n hemisphere called the Great Bear and 
the Little Bear; one who attempts to lower 
the value of stock in order to buy cheap: 
opposite to bull; a rude, uncouth, or 
brutal person: v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p. 
borne, p.pr. bearing], to support or hold 
up; carry or convey; suffer or endure; be 
answerable for, as blame; possess, wear, or 
use; have in or on; contain; keep, especially 
in the mind; as, to bear no malice or hatred 
In my heart; admit or be capable of; as, 
his life will not bear examination; show or 
exhibit; bring forth or produce; as, the oak 
tree bears acorns: v.i. to be capable of sup¬ 
porting; be fruitful; to press, or weigh upon 
or against; tend; be related; take effect; be 
situated: when used passively bear (to pro¬ 
duce) has as its p.p. born; as, an infant was 
oorn. 

u fiar 0 (bar'd-bl).G dj. capable of being 

UCd.X-a.-UiC borne or endured; tolerable. 

hoar K«ji+ intr < Mr bat'Ing), the sport 
Deal DalX-lUg G f setting dogs to fight 

with captive bears. 

ho«r<1 (berd), n. the hair that grows on 
UCditi £he human face, chiefly of male 
adults; anything which resembles this hairy 
growth: as, the beard of a goat; the bristle- 
ike hairs on the heads of barley and other 
grains; any of various points or projections, 
as the point projecting backward on an arrow 
to prevent it from being easily drawn out of 
a wound, etc.: v.t. to take by the beard; 
oppose face to face; to defy; as, to beard 
the lion in his den.— adj. bearded. 

L 001 .4 1c.ee (berd'les), adj. without a 
D@ 3 .rO- 16 SS growth of hair cn the face 
or anything resembling such growth; as, a 
beardless youth; beardless wheat; youthful, 
n.—beardlessness. 

L..,. (bar'er), n. one who, or that which, 
DCdX-CI carries or sustains; as, a bearer 
of dispatches; a tree or plant that yields a 
good crop of fruit: one who holds a check or 
other order for the payment of money. 

__ J (bar gar'dn), a place 

bear gar-den where bears are kept for 
sport; hence, any scene or place of tumult 

or disorder. , . 

fr (baring), n. the act of enduring 
Dear-mg with patience; manner of carry¬ 
ing the head and body; as, I knew him by 
his bearing; behavior: meaning or signifi¬ 
cance; the act or power of producing; the 
part of a machine that supports the friction; 
the direction or point of the compass in 
which an object is seen; the position of one 
obiect with respect to another: usually in 
plural; as, it was so dark that it was impossible 
for us to get our bearings; an emblem or 
figure on a coat of arms: usually in plural. 

JcK (b&r'Ish), adj. rude; surly; as 
Ucai-loli bearish behavior, 
v-.-i (best), n. any four-footed animal, as 
Dcdbl distinguished from birds, insects, 
fishes, and man; a person rude, coarse, or 
filthy, or whose actions degrade him below 
the level of a reasonable being; a brute. 

Itt (best'll), adj. brutal; low; vile; 
Deasi-iy beastlike; as, beastly habits.— n. 

beastliness. . . . . . 

L aa i, (bet), v.t. f p.t. beat, p.p. beaten, beat, 
DCttC v . vr „ beating!, to strike with repeated 


blows; thrash; knock; pound or break; 
flatten or spread by blows; in hunting, to 
range (Over in order to rouse and drive out 
game; as, to beat a, thicket for a hare; dash 
or strike against, as water or wind; tread, 
as a path; overcome or vanquish; excels 
be too difficult for; flutter, as wings: v.i. to 
strike repeatedly; throb; dash or fall with 
force or violence; to'sound a signal or summons, 
as by a drum: to sail against the wind by tack¬ 
ing : n. a stroke which is made again and again; 
a throb; a footfall; a round or course which is 
frequently gone over; as, the policeman’s 
beat; the rise or fall of the hand or foot mark¬ 
ing the divisions of time. 

(bet'n), p.adj. worn by use, as 
UCO.I-CU by the tread of feet; conquered; 
exhausted; baffled. 

+ «« ■urrvrlr (bet'n-wflrk), n. metal 
D0aX-6Il-WOrK shaped by being pounded 

on an anvil. 

Q (be'd-tlf'ik), adj. having power 

Uc-a-Lli-iv to bless or render perfectly 
happy; blissful: beatific vision, the direct 
vision of God, regarded as the bliss of the 
angels and saints. Also, beatifical. 

i A (b$-at"l-fl-ka'shfln), 

D6-3.t-l-Xl-C3.-tlOH n . the act of blessing 
or the state of being blessed; in the Roman 
Catholic Church, the act of the Pope in 
declaring a dead person to have reached the 
rank of the blessed. 

o + i fir (b&-at'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
Uc-dl-l-ljr beatified, p.pr. beatifying], to 
make happy; bless with complete heavenly 
enjoyment; in the Roman Catholic Church, 
to declare by public decree that a dead person 
has attained the rank of “the blessed,” giving 
him the right to public religious honor.—n. 
beatification. 

itnr (bet'Ing), n. the act of striking; 
Ucal-lllg a flogging; a pulsing or throb¬ 
bing; a defeat. 

+ (bfe-at'I-tud), n. bliss of the 

Uo-d 1-1-luLLC highest kind; blessedness: 
any one of the nine declarations made in the 
sermon on the Mount (Matt, v.) with regard 
to the blessedness of those who have certain 
virtues. , 

(bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux (boz)] a 
Ucali man who dresses himself strictly 
according to the fashion; a ladies’ man or 
suitor; an escort ; a lover. 

•l i A « ol (bo' i-de'Sl), an ideal of 

Dcall 1-uc-al excellence; a faultless 

TTL -rvn/vnrlia (bd"m6nd'). the fashion- 

b 0 au mona© ab i e world, [fr.i 

Kao-ii +a mic (bu'tfi-fis), adj. beautiful.— 

DcaU-lc-Uuo cdp. beauteously.—n. beau* 

f Ahll CT1 PCD 

Kao ti fill (bu'tJ-ttHH). adj. possessing 
D6aU-Cl-lUi qualities which charm ana 

delight the senses; lovely. 

Syn. fine, handsome, comely, exquisite. 

Ant. (see homely, ugly). _ 

4 .: i,,i 1 ,. (bu'tl-fflbl-I)# adv. In a 
beau-tl-im-iy charming or attractive 
manner. 

Kaoii +1 fir (bu'tl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
D0aU-Xl-iy beautified, p.pr. beautifying], 
to make charming or delightful; to adorn. 
Kaoh +17 (bu'tl), n. [pi. beauties (-tlz)l, 
ueau-iy those qualities which are most 
pleasing to the eye or ear, or to the mind; 
a particular grace or charm; a charming, 
graceful woman. 

Kaoii fir ennt (bu'tl sp5t), a patch or 
D0aU-Xy SpOX spot placed on the face 

to increase or call attention to its charm. 


boot ffibt; found; boil: function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
eh-z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 











beaver 


52 


Beelzebub 


Kao ir P r (be'ver), n. an animal living 
wa-vd p ar tiy on land and partly in 
water, having teeth formed for gnawing, and 
feet for both swimming and walking: noted 
for its skill in building dams across streams, 
and valuable for its fur; a gentleman’s high 
hat: so called because formerly made of 
beaver skin, though now of silk; a heavy 
woolen cloth; the fur of the beaver. 

Kao mr -fro a (be'ver tre), the sweet- 

oea-ver tree bay> common in the 

United States: so called because beavers eat 
its bark. 

Ha ralm (bS-kam'), v.t. to make still; in 
&/C7-va.u..u. nautical language, to keep (a 
ship) motionless because of a lack of wind. 

Ha PAliCA (b 6 -koz'), adv. by reason of; 
uc-eauec as> you are m because of your 
own imprudence: conj. for the reason that; 
since; inasmuch as; as, you are punished 
because you do wrong. 

Ha rHonr a (bo-chans'), v.t. and v.i. to 
UC-LIla.lJ.vC b efall; to happen. 

HapIt (kek), n. a little brook, or the valley 
ucvxv through which it runs; a nod. or 
other gesture full of meaning; as, they come 
and go at your beck and call. 

KapIt pt (bek'et), n n 
Ucth-cl ships to 

loose ropes, eta 
HapV ntl (bek'n), v.i. and v.t. to make a 
ucua-uu signal to another by a motion 
of the head or hand; call or signal by signs. 

Ha plniirl (be-kloud'), v.t. to darken; to 
UC-L1UUU obscure; to dim. 

be-come ,(^'_^^ m v -i- lP-L became, p.p. 


n. a contrivance 
confine small spars 


in 

or 


become, p.pr. becoming], 
pass from one state to another- come or 
grow to be: v.t. to suit, or be suitable to; 
agree with; grace or adorn. 

Ha POTTI ill O' (bS-kum'Ing), p.adj. fit; 
uu-vvuu-uig proper; appropriate; be¬ 
fitting; as, respect for old age is becoming in a 
young person. 

Syn. decant, seemly, suitable. 

Ant. (see unbecoming). 

HAfi (bfid), n. an article of furniture upon 
which one rests or sleeps; anything 
which serves as a resting-place, or in which 
something lies or is imbedded; a portion of a 
garden prepared and set apart for plants; 
the bottom of a river or any body of water; a 
layer of rock; either of the horizontal sur¬ 
faces of a building stone: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
bedded, p.pr. bedding], to furnish with a 
bed; plant, as flowers; lay in a layer; lay 
flat, or in order: v.i. to go to bed. 

Ha HaH HI a (bS-d&b'l), v.t. to sprinkle; 
UC-UdU-bie to splash; to wet. 

Ha flflllH (bS-dob'). v.t. to smear over with 
uc-uauu something oily or dirty; to 
soil; besmear. 

Ha Hji7 ^Ia (bS-daz'l), v.t. to dazzle; to 
UC-UaX-Zdc bewilder; to confuse. 

bed-blip- (kea'bug >. n. a small, dark- 
ucu u brown, flat-bodied, blood-suck¬ 
ing insect, of vile odor, 1 often found in beds. 

Hpd rlino* (bSd'Ing), n. a bed and its 
uuu-uuig covers, etc.; the materials of a 
bed, whether for man or beast; bed clothes. 
Ha rlpplr (be-dSk'), r.f. to adorn; to 
decorate; to ornament; to 

garnish. 

Ha Haw (b$-du'), V.t. to moisten with, or as 
w-vAvw vnth, dew. 

bed-fel low (bSd'f61-lo), n. one who 
, , ro AUW shares another’s bed; hence. 
0?/.) two people sharing the same experiences, 
hp dim (be-dlm'), v.t. to darken; to cloud; 
uc to dim; as. tears bedim the eves. 


Ha Hi -7 An (b 6 -d!z'n; bfi-dlzn), v.t. to 
deck or adorn with vulgar 

finery. 

HaH Ifltn (bed'l&m), n. a madhouse; an 
uuu-uuu asylum or hospital for lunatics; 

hence, any scene of uproar and confusion. 
"RaH mi in (bed'ob-In; b 6 d'd 6 -en), n. a 
ucu-uu-m wandering Arab or tent- 
dweller of Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa. 

Ha rimer cl a (bfc-dr&g'l), v.t. to make wet 
uc-uiag-gic and dirty by dragging (as 


garments) in mud or rain. 

HaH rid (bed'rld"), adj. confined to bed 
ucu-au age or sickness; bedfast. A! 


by 
Also, 


bedridden. 

KaH rnrlr (bed'rdk), n. a mining term: 
UC7U-XUVXV the solid rock underlying the 

superficial upper crust; solid bottom. 

bAd ctood (bed'sted), n. the framework 
PCU-MCdU supporting a bed. 

bAd tirlr (bed'tlk), n. a bag or case ot 
x/vva-uvxx strong linen or cotton for con¬ 
taining the feathers or other materials of a 
bed. 

Ha A (be)t n. an insect which stores up the 
ucc pollen of flowers for food, or which 
makes honey and wax; the honey-bee kept 
in hives for the sake of its honey and wax; 
an industrious person; a social meeting for 
work on behalf of a neighbor, a charitable 
object, or for some other purpose; as, a 
spelling bee, a quilting bee, or a husking bee. 

Haa HrAfld (be'bred*), n. a brown bitter 
ucc-mcau substance, consisting of the 
pollen of flowers, collected and stored by bees 
as food for their young. 

to HaaaH (bech), n. [pi. beeches (-Sz)], a tree 
uvvvaj. yielding a hard timber and edible 
triangular nuts. 

HaaaH An (bech'n), adj. pertaining to, or 
ucctu-cu made of, the wood or bark of 

the beech. 

Haa Aflt or (be et'er), a brightly colored 
UCC cdl-ei bird of the Old World that 

feeds on bees. 

HAAf (bef), n. f pi. beeves (bevz)], the flesh 
uwx 0 f an ox> bull, or cow, when killed 
for food; the name 
applied in a cattle 
country to an ox, cow\ 



or bull when full 
grown. 

beef - eat-er 

(bef'et'er), n. one who 
eats beef; hence, a 
large, fleshy person; 
a popular name for I 
one of the Yeomen of 
the Guard in England , Beef. 1, neck; 2, shak- 
who attend the king mg Piece; 3, chine; 4, ribs; 
on state occasions: n’ brisket; 7, flank; 

also applied to the 9 ,*o r H™?: Jo* JSSRS* 

guards of the Tower 14 ’ slfin ^lV/ eheek 3 ' udd ^- 
of London. _ smn ’ lj * cheek - 

HAAf QfAAlr (bef'stak"), n. a slice of beef 
UCCA-blCdh. suitable for cooking by 
broiling or frying. 

f) 00 f_y ^bef'I), adj. fleshy; brawny; fat; 

Haa HlVA (be'hiv'), n. a box or other 
^ u ^ covering for a swarm of bees, 
and serving for_the storage of honey. 

Haa lit! A (be lin), the straight course pur- 
c ? ued by a bee returning laden 
to the hive; hence, the most direct way from 
one point to another. 

Be-el-ZA-HllH fb§^® # 2 ®-bttb), n. in the 
. ^ Bible, the prince of demons 

or devils; hence, the devil himself. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 













bee moth 


53 


being 


Ua« -mrkt'h (be moth), a moth which lays 
DCC UlUlll its eggs in beehives, and whose 
young feed upon the wax. 

l (bin; ben), past participle of the 

ueen verb be. 

* n • a fermented liquor made from 
DC Cl an y grain from which flour may be 
made, but generally from barley which has 
been soaked and allowed to sprout, with 
hops or other substances added to give a 
bitter flavor; a fermented extract of the 
roots and other parts of various plants, as 
ginger, spruce, etc., such as ginger beer. 

bees wax ( bez ' waks ')* n ■ the wax of 


kpaf (bet), 
uccl sweet. 


which bees make their comb. 
n. a plant cultivated for its 

___ edible, fleshy root: used as a 

vegetable andalso in making sugar. 

+ 1 ** (be'tl), n. any insoct having four 
DCC-liC wings, the outer pair being hard¬ 
ened and serving as a horny covering to the 
inner pair; a heavy wooden mallet: v.t. to use 
a heavy wooden mallet on; to finish, as cotton, 
cloth, etc., by beating with a heavy wooden 
mallet: v.i. to be prominent; jut out; over¬ 
hang, as a cliff: adj. overhanging; prominent; 
as, a beetle brow. 

+1 trier (be'tllng). adj. standing out; 
UCC-llillg overhanging; as, beetling eye¬ 
brows; a beetling cliff. 

foil (bft-fSl'), v.t. [p.t. befell, p.p. be- 
UC-laU fallen, p.pr. befalling], to happen or 
occur to: v.i. come to pass. 
v._ f? 4 - (bS-flt'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. befitted, 
Ov-Ul p.pr. befitting], to be worthy of; 
suitable for.— p.adj. befitting. — adv. beflt- 
tingly. 

lio fner (b 6 -f 6 g'), v.t. to envelop in a fog 
DC-lUg or mist; hence, to confuse. 

frir .1 (bS-fool'), v.t. to deceive; to lead 
Uc-iUUi astray; to delude, 
t - f Aro (b$-f5r0, prep, in front of; com- 
UC-iUlC ing first in space, time, or rank; 
in presence or sight of; earlier than: adv. in 
front; in advance; previously; formerly; 
already: conj. sooner than; rather than, 
v, Via-n /1 (bS-for'hand''), adv. in 

D0-1 Or6-I13.iladvance; before the time: 

adj. forehanded. 

fniil (bi-foul'), v.t. to soil; to dirty; 
D0-IOUi to pollute; to foul. 

lid friend (bS-frfind'), v.t. 

De-inena friend to; aid 

assist; to favor; to benefit. 

i._ rile (bS-fttd'dl), v.t. to confuse; 

D0-IU.U-U10 to becloud, as with liquor. 

(beg), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p.. begged, 
DC 5 p.pr. begging], to ask in charity; ask 
for earnestly; beseech; entreat with humility; 
ask as a favor; to practice asking for alms: 

I beg to, in polite usage, to ask, request, 
desire; as, I beg to state. 

Syn. implore, solicit, supplicate. 

Ant. (see give). „ ^ , 

n-on (bS-gan'), past tense of the verb 
D0-g3H begin. 
u 0 (be-gSt'), v.t. [p.t. begot, begat, 

D0-g0l p.p. begotten, begot, p.pr. beget¬ 
ting], to be the father or sire of; produce; 
cause to exist; as, idleness begets discontent. 

(beg'er), n. one who asks with 
D0g-gar humility; one who makes it his 
business to ask for alms; one who is reduced 
to extreme poverty: v.t. to take everything 
away from; to use up all the possibilities 
of; as. the horrors of a battlefield beggar 

rro f 1 i nccc (beg'er-ll-n 6 s), n. ex- 
D©g-gaiMl-Il©SS treme poverty; mean¬ 
ness 


(beg'er- 11 ), adj. like, or in the 
condition of, one in great 
poverty; poor; mean; contemptible. 

Vmrr rrar xr (beg'er-i), n. the act or state 
DCg-g31 -y 0 f one who asks alms; extreme 

poverty. 

"ho /yin (bfi-gln'), v.i. [p.t. began, p.p. begun. 
DC-gm p.pr. beginning], to come into exist¬ 
ence; to arise; to take the first step or do the 
first act; to start: v.t. to cause to be; to 
commence. 

n ckt- (b 6 -gin'er), n. one who enters 
De-gin-n©r upon anything for the first 
time; a founder; an originator. 


beg-gar-ly 


-nincr (bS-gin'Ing), 

De-gin-ning cause; the 


to act as a 
or shield; to 


n. the first 

_ _ , _ first stage of 

anything; the source; the starting point. 

crrvnp (bfi-gSn'), interj. go away! de- 
D C-gUIlC part! as, begone from my sight! 

rrr\ J o (bS-go'nl-a), a kind of plant 
De-gO-111-3 cultivated for its ornamental 
leaves and showy flowers. 

•e a (bS-got'), past-tense and past par- 

DC-gOt ticipleof the verb beget. 

(b$-g 6 t'n), past participle of 
DC-gO l-LCll the verb beget; as, wealth be¬ 
gotten of toil. 

V n-r-Im*! (be-grim'), v.t. to soil with dirt; 
DC-glUHC as, smoke and dust begrime 
the workers. 

o-ntdp-p (bS-gruj'). v.t. to grumble at; 
DC-gl UtigC to envy th© possessions of. 

•L, rt-Mtlck (bfc-gil'), v.t. to impose upon or 
D C-gullC deceive by a trick or a false 
statement; to ensnare; to cause to pass 
pleasantly, as the time; entertain.—n. 
beguilement. 

rni-n (b6-gGn'), past participle of the 
DC-gull verb begin. 

V»o1f (bfe-haf'), n. advantage; favor; 
DC-11311 support; defense; stead; inter¬ 
est: preceded always by the prepositions 
in, on, or upon. 

•L _ 1 _ OTr _. (bS-hav'), v.t. to conduot, carry. 
DG-I13VC or manage: v.i. to act; conduct 
oneself in a proper manner. 

•« p. OT _ (bS-hav'yer). n. conduct and 

DG-H3V-1UI manners whether good or 
bad; carriage; deportment; demeanor. 
Also, behaviour. 

•l Vi ao A (bfe-hed'), v.t. to cut off the head 
DG-HC3U. 0 f ; to execute by cutting off the 
head. 

■l (bS-held'). past tense and past 

DC-11C1U. participle of the verb behold. 
p.~ V.do+ (b$-hestO, n. a command: pre- 
DC-llCoL cept; as, todo his master’s behest. 
p. _ Vii-r »/4 (be-hind'), prep, at the back of; 
DC-Illlltl on the other side of; remaining 
after; inferior to: adv. at the back; in the 
rear; toward the back; out of sight; past 
in point of time; in arrears. 

Ui-nA Vio-n A (bfe-hind'hand"), adj. and 

be-nina-nana a(iv _ baC k in time or in 

progress; late; backward; in arrears in pay¬ 
ment. 

Ucx linlrl (bS-hold'), v.t. [p.t. and p.n. 
D0-X1O1D beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix 
the eyes upon; have in sight; look at; 
observe with care: v.i. to look; direct or fix 
the mind.—n. beholder. 

Vi^ld (bS-hSJ'dn), p.adj. indebted; 
DG-HOlll-CIl obliged; bound in gratitude; 
as, the world is much beholden to its great 
inventors. 

•l _ Vi^rvfr^ (bS-hoov'), v.t. to be necessary, 
D0-I1OOV© or be fit; as, it will behoove you 
to mend your ways. Also, behove. 

„ (be'Ing), p.pr. of be, continuing to 
D0-lIlg exist: n. the state of existing; that 


hoot fd&t; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh=’z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 













be jewel 


54 


beloved 


which exists in 
Supreme Being; 


any form; as, God, the 


supreme aemg; a person. 

Kp ip»w pi ibS-ju'el; b§-joo'el), v.t. [ p.t. 
uo-jcw-ci and p.p. bejeweled, p.pr. be- 


jeweling], to ornament or furnish with gems 
f. Ar (bS-la'ber), v.t. to beat with 
Uc-la-UOA hard blows; to thrash. Also, 

belabour. 

lo,f (b§-lat'ed), p.adj. delayed; over- 
uc-icxt-'C'U taken by darkness; benighted. 
■Up lav (bS-la 7 ), v.t. make fast, as to wind 
SJC-Icly a rope around a pin, cleat, etc. so 
as to hold fast, 
bplfb (bSlch), v.t. to throw out with force 
UCiAll or violence; as, factory chimneys 
belch forth black smoke; v.i. to force 'wind 
from the stomach: n. the act of forcing out 
wind from the stomach. 

KpI ri a rn (bSl'dam), n. an ugly old wo- 
UCI-U.a.lll m an; a hag. Also, beldame. 

Kp loo mipf (bS-le'ger), v.t. to besiege; 
uc-ica-guc .1 to surround with an army 
so as to make escape impossible, 
hp) frv (belTrl), n. a bell tower; 
UCx-iij that part of a steeple or 
tower in which a bell is hung: called 
also bell-tower, or campa ile. 

Tip H qI (be'li-al; bel'yal), n. the 
juc-xa-o .1 ancient Hebrew name for 
an imaginary person representing 
evil; as, “Certain men, the children 
of Belial, are gone out from 
among you.”—Deut. xiii. 13; the 
devil; any fiend; the spirit of evil 
or lawlessness. 

Tip lip (bS-ir).r.b to speak false- 
uc ly about; to slander; to 
show to be falsej to misrepresent. 

Tap lipf (b§-lef'), n - a state or 
uc-uci habit of mind in which 
one accepts as true something 
stated, without personal knowl¬ 
edge; trust; the. religious doc¬ 
trines considered true by any 
body of people; as, the belief of 
the Mohammedans is founded on 
of the Koran, their sacred book; creed. 

Syn. credit, faith, confidence, conviction. 
Ant. (see doubt). 

bp 1 Jpv n b] p (b§-lev'a-bl), adj. capable 
uc-iicv-a-uic or worthy of being ac¬ 
cepted as truth; credible. 

T»p lip vp (he-lev'), v.t. to accept as true, 
uc-xicvc without personal knowledge; 
place confidence in; as, to belie'e the Bible; 
expect or hope: v.i. to have faith; be more 
or less sure of the truth of anything; to think 
or suppose: often with in; as, to believe in 
ghosts. 

bo Kpv p r (bfr-lev'er), n. one who accepts 
uc-iU/V-w as truth something not actual¬ 
ly seen; one who accepts a religious faith; a 
Christian. 

TlP lit tip (bS-Ht'l), v.t. to cause to appear 
x/c-xxx-xxc small; to run down by speak¬ 
ing slightingly of; to depreciate. 

KpI] (bel), n. a hollow metallic vessel, 
usually cup-shaped, and giving forth 
a clear, ringing sound when struck; anything in 
the form of a bell, as the corolla of a flower: 
pi. the divisions of daily time marked each 
half-hour by strokes on a bell, especially on 
shipboard: v.t. to put a bell on; as, to bell a‘cat. 

KpI 1A firm Tin (bel'a-don'd), n. the 
uei-id-uon-lia deadly nightshade, a 

European poisonous plant with reddish bell¬ 
shaped flowers used in medicine to relieve pain 
and to expand the pupils of the eyes. 

TlPll folinv (bel boi), a buoy bearing a 
UP 1 A UliUy bell. which is made to ring by 



Belfry 

teachings 


the movement of the water, and thus warn 
mariners of rocks, or shoal water. 

Kp]Ip (b<51), n. a fair lady; a handsome 
LPCJLJ.C society woman; a reigning beauty; 
a very popular young lady; as, Mary was the 
belle of the ball. 

hp 11 pQ_lp+ trpo (beHlot'r). n.pl. litera- 
ucuca lcl - t - LC;o ture regarded as an art; 
polite or elegant literature, including poetry 
and fiction. 

K p ]1 flnw pr (bel'flou"er), n. a kind of 
w ci plant whose flowers resem¬ 
ble little bells; in England, a daffodil; a 
variety of apple. 

bcl li C0S6 (bel'I-kos), adj. inclined to 


pugnacious. 


fight; quarrelsome; warlike; 


KpI licr pr ptipp (be-llj'er-ens), n. the 
UCl-ilg-ci-cliCc ac t or state of warfare. 

Also, belligerency. 

Kp1 lie pr pnf (be-llj'er-ent), adj. wag- 
ug-ci-cut j n g war; relating to war 
or warfare; warlike: n. a power which is 
carrying on war; as, the chief belligerents in 
the World War. 

VipII 1 #r (bel jar), a bell-shaped glass 
ucii jo .1 vessel used by chemists. 

Kp|| mari (bSl'm&n), n. [pi. bellmen 
ucn xiicu. 1 . (-men)], one who uses a bell to 
attract attention to a public announcement; 
a town crier; formerly, a night watchman 
whose duty was to call out the hours, the 
state of the weather, and other information 
as he passed. 

KpI] rrspt «1 (bfil mgt'Si), a variety of 
AA xAxct-cu. bronze; a mixture of cop¬ 
per and tin, of which bells are made. 

TJpl 1 n Yin (bS-16'nd), n. the goddess of 
uci-iu-ua war; a high-spirited and vig¬ 
orous woman. 

Kp] Inw (bel'o), v.i. to utter a full, roaring 
uvv sound, as a bull; bawl; roar, as 
the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when 
violent; as, the bellowing river: v.t. to utter 
with a loud, full voice; as, he bellowed out 
his orders: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, re¬ 
sounding outcry. 

KpI 1pvf<s (bel'oz), n. sing, and pi. an in- 
Mt ' A “ A '- / , ° strument for producing a cur¬ 
rent of air, and used for various purposes, 
such as blowing fires, or filling the pipes of an 
organ. 

Kpll 'WpTTi Pt* (bel'wSfh'er), n. a sheep 
ucn-wcLii-ci which wears a bell on his 

neck and leads the flock. 

KpI 1 v (bel'I). n. [pi. bellies (-Iz)], that part 
of the human body which extends 
from the' breast to the thighs, and contains 
the bowels; the abdomen; the corresponding 
part in the lower animals; the part of any¬ 
thing that swells out into a larger size; as, 
the belly of a flask: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. bellied 
p.pr. bellying], to swell and extend; bulge 
out, as sails in the wind: v.t. to cause to 
swell out; as, the winds belly the sails. 

KpI 1v TlATIfl (bSli-b&nd), n. a band 
uci-iy-UdllU. fastened around the belly 

as of a horse; a girth. 

Kp lfynp f (biS-long'), v.i. to be the property 
,5; , A ® (of); go along (with); be a part 

(of); be added (to), or *onnected (with)- 
be the concern or business (of); to live lu¬ 
be suitable (to); be tho due (of); be native 
(to). 

be-lonfr inpr (bfi-long'Ing), n. that which 
. xx/xxg-xxxg 1S one>s own . generally 

in plura 1 ; property; possessions; goods; 
effects. 

be-loved (b ^- 1<A . v 'f d Or bS-luvd') p.ad). 
xvxvcvx rega rded w ith grea t affection: 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer ; 
right., sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus, menu; 











below 


55 


b entomb 


dear to the heart: n. one who is greatly 
loved. 

v.~ lmir (bS-15'), prep, under in place; 
UtJ-lUW beneath; not so high; lower 
(than) in rank or excellence; lower in value, 
price, etc.: adv. in a lower place; on the 
earth; in hell, or the regions of the dead; 
in a lower rank or grade; under. 

T> „1 cYtd'j 7 or (bSl-sh&z'ar), n. in the 

cei-snaz-zar Bible, the last king of 

Babylon.—Daniel v. 

VkCkl-f (b81t), n. a girdle or band used around 
Dell the waist; anything like a band, or 
anything which encircles, restrains, or sup¬ 
ports as a band; a strip; a band; a badge 


only, and held at the pleasure of the donor; 
the position of priest in some especial parish 
in the Church of England; a church in pos¬ 
session of a regular income; the income itself. 

i r(iT , r p (b6-nef'I-sens), n. active 
DC-iiCl-l-t/CiAVyC goodness; a kind act, 
gift, or work. 

Kck nof i (b6-nef'I-sent). adj. doing 

UC-iiCi-x-v>cm or producing good; char¬ 
itable; kindly.— adv. beneficently. 

Syn. bountiful, generous, liberal. 

Ant. (see covetous, miserly). 

Vk*vn p* fi rial (ben"6-flsh'§.l), adj. useful; 
Deil-c-Il-Clai helpful; profitable.— adv. 

__^ _ beneficially. 

showing knightiy rank; one of»the rings p fi Cl TV (ben"e-flsh'I -a-rl), n. 

around the planet Jupiter; an endless band D“H-e-U-Cl-d-iy one who receives j 
connecting two wheels, pulleys, or cylinders 
and passing motion from one to the other, 
such as the belt connecting the two wheels of a 
sewing machine: v.t. to encircle, as with a 
band or girdle: surround; to gird on, as a sword, 
v. ~1.fr (bSlt'ed), adj. wearing a distinc- 

DtJit-eU tive belt; as, a belted knight; 
marked or adorned with a band or circle; 
as, the belted kingfisher. 

V ,„1 _ r ~ J(bervfi-der'; It. bSl'vS- 
D61-V e-uere da'ri), n. literally, a 
beautiful view; an open structure raised upon 
the top of a house affording a wide view; a 
summerhouse built on a little hill so as to 
command a view. 

(bS-mir'). v.t. to soil by passing 
DC-UllIc through mud; to fix in the mud. 

3 _ (b 6 -mon'). v.t. to lament; be- 

De iTIOclIl wa ii; pity; to grieve for; as, 
to bemoan one’s lot. , v 

Konrfi (bench), n. [pi. benches (-6z)l, a 
DGIK/il long seat; a strong table on w^hich 
mechanics do their work; the seat where 
judges sit in court; the persons who sit as 
Judges; the court. 

bench war-rant legal paper, providing 

for the arrest of an offender, given out by a 

court or judge, as distinguished from a firework- 

justice’s warrant given out by»_ magistrate. Bell-gal light fer slgna°tag 


__ any¬ 
thing as a gift; one who receives a benefit or 
advantage, as the person who receives the 
proceeds of a will, or insurance policy; a 
priest who has been given a church living: 
adj. of the nature of a charity or donation; 
as, beneficiary gifts. 

Kck-n a. -fifr (ben' 6 -fit), n. an act of kindness; 
Ucll-c-lll a favor conferred; whatever 
promotes the happiness and well-being of a 
person or thing, or adds to the value of 
property; a theatrical performance, the pro¬ 
ceeds of which go to one of the actors, etc.: 
v.t. to do good to; be of service to: v.i. to 
gain advantage; make improvement. 

Syn., n. favor, advantage, kindness, 
civility. 

Ant. (see injury). ^ _ 

be-nev-o-lence S?Tto v do good; ”hS- 

tableness; good-will; an act of kindness; a 
royal tax formerly imposed upon the people 
under the name of a gift to the ruler. 

Syn. beneficence, humanity, kindness, ten- 
derness 

Ant. (see malevolence). 

ne±\r n Ip-nt (b 6 -ngv' 6 -lSnt), adj. kind- 
De-nev-o-ient i y; charitable; generous; 
ready to give to good objects.— adv. benevo¬ 
lently. 


at sea because it gives a steady bright blue 
light: called also blue light. 

(bfc-nlt'). V.t. to enshroud In 
LJC-illgilL darkness; overtake by 


K A (bend), v.t . to curve or make crooked; 

D6UU m ove or turn aside out of a straight 
line- direct to a certain point; cause to 
yield; fasten: v.i. to be or to become curved 
or crooked; be turned towards; bow or be 
submissive: n. a_ curve; a turn; a crook; 
as, the bend of a river. 

Syn., v. deviate, incline, twist. 

(bS-neth'; bt-neth'), prep, lower 
De-neam j n place, with reference to 
something above; under the pressure of; 
lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; 
unworthy of: adv. in a lower place; below'. 

~ (ben' 8 -dlkt), n. a newly mar- 

D 6X1-G-UK/1 ried man, especially one who 
has been long a bachelor: from Benedick in 
Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Aothing. 
l (ben * 6 -dIk shun), n. the 

bGIl-0-CllC-tlOIl a ct of blessing; a bless¬ 
ing or expression of kind wishes solemnly or _ . .*“*» Vblta'ifl mini n in 

SSSfffiJ&'SS-SSS a u t p The°&s th o e f Ben-ja-mm & W 

f U “ C " 7 “ P + . „ (batfllrtlta), n the 
Den-e-iac-uoil act of conferring a bene¬ 
fit; a benefit conferred; a charitable gift. 

. ’ ~ foe (ben' 6 -fak'ter), n. [fern. 

Den-e-iac-ior benefactress], literally. 


one who does good; one who does a favor 
or performs an act of kindness; a friendly 

heloer or patron. . . „ 

« JL ~ flock (b 6 n' 6 -fls), n. originally, an 
D611-6-il C6 estate in lands granted for life 


_ _ _ _ night: 

usually in past participle: benighted, over¬ 
taken by darkness; ignorant; depraved. 

tklfrn (bS-nin'), adj. of a kind or gentle 
DG-lllgll disposition; favorable; health¬ 
ful; as, a benign influence.— adv. benignly, 
kp {nr nant (b6-nlg'n5,nt), adj kind; 
Dc-Dig-IldllL gracious; as, he showed a 

benignant interest in our small affairs; genial; 
helpful; gentle; salutary.— n. benignaney. 

Vk£k -nirr -ni -Hr (bfi-nlg'nl-tl), n. [pi. benig- 

be-mg-ni-ty nities (-tlz)], kindliness of 
nature; graciousness; gentleness; mildness; 
as, benignity of character. 

t ___ i o/vn (ben'I-zn; bgn'I-sn), n. a bless- 
UcII-l-bUli j n g- a benediction. 

- the Bi¬ 
son of 

Jacob.—Genesis xxxv. 18. 

(b 8 nt). p.t. and p.p. of bend: adj. 
Ut/Ill curved; crooked; strongly inclined; 
determined: n. a turn; a leaning (mental or 
intellectual) toward something; as, a bent for 
music or art; disposition; a stiff or wdry 
grass. 

Vk«. (b 8 -num'), v.t. to stupefy; to 

DG-IiUIIiD deprive of feeling; as, a foot 
benumbed by cold; to render inactive: to 
deaden. 


boot foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










benzene 


56 


bestial 


Kan 7 Pn p (bSn'zen; bfin-zen'). n. a liquid 
which evaporates quickly and 
is very easily set on fire, obtained commer¬ 
cially from coal tar, and used in gas, in the 
manufacture of dyes, etc. 
hpn 7irtA (bSn'zIn; bgn'zen), n. a liquid 
ucu- 4 .mc which evaporates quickly and 
is very easily set on fire, obtained from nat¬ 
ural oil or petroleum, and used for cleaning, 
dyeing, painting, etc. 

Hfvn 7 e in (b 8 n'z 6 -In), n. the fragrant 
ucu-z,u-ui juice of a tree of Sumatra, 
etc., used chiefly in toilet preparations, per 
fumes, and incense. Also, benzoine. 

(bbn'zol; ben'zol), n. a liquid 
obtained from coal tar, and used 
in gas, in making dyes, etc. Also, benzole, 
kp miPfl-fh (bS-kweih'), v.t. to give or 
UC-qUcalii leave by will; hand down; 
transmit by inheritance.— n. bequeathment. 
Via mtAcf (bS-kw&t'), n. the act of leav- 
UC-yucol ing by will; something left by 
will; a legacy. 

$>£» t-afp (b 6 -rat'), v.t. to scold; to rail at; 
uc-i.aic to chide harshly; to rate. 

Pp* Upf (bflr'ber), n. a member of a 
AJCi-uci native North African race; any 
Moor or native of Barbary. 

Kp t’Pfl'iT'p (bfi-rev 7 ), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. be- 
uc ' 1 cave reaved, bereft, p.pr. bereaving], 
to deprive of; make destitute; strip; rob: 
with of before the tiling taken away; as, 
‘‘If I be bereaved of my children, I am be¬ 
reaved ."—Genesis xliii. 14. 

hp fpavp tTlPTlt (b$-rev'm&at), n. the 
uc -1 eave-mcm act or state of belng 

deprived of something valuable, etc.; the 
loss of a relative or friend by death; a griev¬ 
ous loss. 

kp rpff (bfi-reft'), past tense and pastpar- 
uo-ioh ticiple of the verb bereave. 

Kprcr (hflrg), n. a large floating mass of ice; 

an iceberg; a high pointed rock 
projecting from the sea. 

Kpr era rnof (bflr'gd-m5t), n. a kind of 
ucl “o a " 1AAU *' lemon, the rind of which 
yields the oil of bergamot, much used in 
perfumery; a kind of pear; a variety of mint. 
Kprm (bfirm), n. a horizontal ledge on a 
slope; in the World War, a narrow 
ledge cut along the walls of a trench to prevent 
earth from failing in. 

hpr rv n ,* IP 1 - berries (-Iz)J, any 

UC1 small pulpy fruit, as the straw¬ 
berry, etc.; in botany, any simple fruit, as 
the currant, cranberry, etc.; the dry seed or 
kernel of certain plants, as the coffee berry: 
v.i. [p.t. and p.p. berried, p.pr. berrying], to 
bear, produce, or gather berries, 
kpr eprlr (bflr'sQrk), n. a savage heathen 
uoi-ocih warrior of old Scandinavia; 
one given to fits of wild violence. Also, 
berserker. 

hprth (bflrth). n. enough room at sea for a 
UC1111 ship to throw an anchor in; a 
station which a ship occupies at port; a 
room in a vessel set apart for officers or sea¬ 
men; a bunk or bed for a passenger on a 
ship or railway carriage; a situation or 
appointment: v.t. to give an anchorage to; 
to give space to lie in; to give a sleeping 
place to: v.i. to come to an anchoring place. 
Kpr thn (bdr'thd), n. a kind of cape or 
uci-ilia collar, often of lace, used as a 
trimming for a woman's dress.—big Bertha, 
in the World War, slang, a name given 
by the Allies to the large German guns: 
so called from the first name of the owner 
of the Krupp munition works at Essen, 
Germany. _ 


Hpt vl (bfir'fl), n. a precious stone of 
varying colors, commonly green or 
greenish-blue; as, the aquamarine and the 
emerald are beryls. — adj. beryline. 

cpprK (b§-sechO, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
uc-occv/ii besought, p.pr. beseeching], to 
entreat; implore; beg eagerly for; to ask 
earnestly.— p.adj. beseeching.— adv. beseech¬ 
ingly.— n. beseechingness. 

epprn (bi-sem'), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and 
uo-oocm p.p. beseemed, p.pr. beseeming], 
be suitable or becoming to; to befit, to seem, 
"hp cpf (b6-s6t'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. beset, 
cc-oci, p.pr. besetting], to set with orna¬ 
ments or prominent objects; as, a crown 
beset with gems; a sky beset -with stars; to 
attack; to harass; to hem in; to surround; 
as, a spy is constantly beset with dangers; 
to press upon all sides. 

k« fi-ncr (bS-sbt'Ing), p.adj. constantly 

uc-aci-uug waylaying; habitually at> 



down 

v,... upon: a word used as a 
mild curse; as, "Beshrew your eyes!”— Shake¬ 
speare. 

kp ciHp (bfr-sld'), prep, at or by the side 
uc-oiut of; ^ n ear by; as, sit beside me. 
Kp (b&-sldz'), adv. more than that; 

uc-oiuco j n addition; also; as well: 
prep, over and above; separate or distinct 
from; other than; except, 
kp cipo'P (bS-sej'). v.t. to surround with 
ui/-oic b c armed forces, in order to com¬ 
pel to surrender; press upon all sides; to 
harass in any way.—n. besieger. 

Kp QtYlP 5 ?r (bS-smer'). v.t. to besmirch; to 
uo-omoai sully; to cover with any soft 

or sticky substance. 

Kp QrnirrK (bS-smflrch'), v.t. to soil; dis- 
uc-oiiiii. t/Xi color; dishonor; as, to be¬ 
smirch a man’s reputation. 

Kp entn (be'zum), n. a brush of twigs for 
uo-oum sweeping; a broom. 

Kp enf (be-sot'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. besotted, 

, , P-P r ' besotting], to make brutish, 
as wxth drink; to deaden; to stupefy; some- 

'■ * i admiration of. 
tense and past 
_ * . -_»e verb beseech. 

Kp SnflTl pdp (be-span'gl), v.t. to adorn 
u with spangles; dot or 

sprinkle with something that glitters. 

be.snat tpr (b 6 -spat'er), v.t. to soil by 
UC apai LCI splashing with a wet sub¬ 
stance; spot with mud; injure by speaking 
evil of. 

be-Stiealr (bfr-spek'), v.t. f p.t. bespoke. 
UC apeaik p bespeaking]; to ask for 

beforehand; to order or arrange in advance- 
to show, as by signs or marks; as, the relics left 
by the Aztec Indians bespeak a high degree of 
civilization. 

Kp^lt [superl. of good], having 

uc „ the highest degree of goodness or 
excellence; of the first quality or standing; 
most desirable, suitable, advantageous, etc. “ 
largest: n. the highest state of excellence; 
the greatest endeavor; all one can do or 
show: adv. [superl. of well], in the highest 
degree; with most advantage or success: 
v.t. to get the better of; to surpass. 

Kp QfpjiH (bS-stSd'), v.t. to put in an 
UC blCdU undesirable situation or place: 
used now only in past participle; as. many 
are worse bestead than he. Also, bested, 
bes-tial (bes'ch&l) adj. having the quali- 
7 v. tT ties ? f * beast; beastly; brutal; 
as, the Homan gladiatorial shows were bestial 
amusements.— adv. bestially. 



ate senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

ngbt, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, Unite, barn, cut, focus, menu; 






bestiality 


57 


beyond 


U oc +: Q 1 : (bes-chal'I-tl; bSs'chl-kl'I- 

Ueb-llcU-I-iy tl). n the qua iities or 
nature of a beast; conduct or mental condi¬ 
tion unworthy of human nature. 

Vw* ctir (be-stdr'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. be- 
UC-DUi stirred, p.pr. bestirring], to put 
into brisk or vigorous action; to move with 
life and vigor; as, to bestir oneself. 

Vwa c+rvw (bft-sto'), v.t. to lay up in store; 
UC-olUW deposit in safe keeping; use or 
apply: give or confer; as, to bestow a person 
in marriage; bestow gifts. 

ctnw ol (bfc-sto'5,1), n. the act of 
UC-otUW-ai giving or conferring; that 
which is given. Also^foestowment. 

"hck otrAW (bS-stroo'), v.t. to strew or 
UC-oUCW scatter over; to cover with 
things scattered; as, to bestrew flowers; be¬ 
strew a place with flowers. Also, bestrew. 

o+rirlfi (b 6 -strid'),®.<. \p-t. bestrodeand 
Uc-oLilU-C bestrid; p.p. bestridden, be- 
strid; p pr. bestriding], to stand or sit on 
with one leg on each side; embrace with the 
legs, as a horse; to straddle; to pass over 
with one long step. 

u.a (bgt), n. the act of wagering; that 
UCl which is laid, staked, or pledged on any 
event or contest, the outcome of which is un¬ 
certain; the terms on which a wager is 
arranged: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. bet and betted, 
p.pr. betting], to stake or wager on the pos¬ 
sibility of some future happening: v.i. to 
lay a wager. 

Vw» -taXro (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. betook, p.p. 
UC-ULlxC betaken, p.pr. betaking], to 
resort (to); to remove or go (to); to take 
oneself (to); as, to betake oneself to a 
place of safety. 

Ko (be'tl), n. a climbing kind of pepper, 

, UC-ICI which grows in the East Indies, 

• and the leaves of which, with the nutlike seed 
and a little lime, are chewed by the natives. 

-nrki-rci (bat" nwiir'), literally, a black 
SJc Lc beast; something especially 

disliked; an aversion; a bugbear. [Fr.] 
u.il, -,1 (bSth'el), n. a holy place; in 
L)C lll-Cl England, a chapel in which people 
worship who are not members of the English 
Church; a seaman’s chapel, 
t-•fkrnV (bS-thinkO, v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and 
Uc-LIllIlxV. p.p. bethought, p.pr. bethink¬ 
ing], to call to mind; to consider; to remind 
oneself; to remember; to recollect; to recall. 

(bS-tld'). v.t. to happen to; to 
UC-U.U.C befall; as, woe betide the wan¬ 
derer! v.i. to come to pass. 

-t-i-m qo (bfi-tlmz'), adv. in good season 
OC-lUIIco or time; before it is too late; 
early; soon; as, come betimes in the morning. 

ko +rklr on (bS-to'kn). v.t. to give prom- 
Uc-lUh-cli j se 0 f ; to show by signs; to 
serve as a sign or token of; as, a plentiful 
supply oi nuts is said to betoken a cold winter. 

(bS-tobk'), past tense of the verb 
betake. 

(bS-tra'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. be- 


be-took 

be-tray trayed . p.pr. betraying], to give 
over into the hands of an enemy by treachery; 
as, Judas betrayed his Master for thirty pieces 
of silver; to fail to be true to through fraud 
or unfaithfulness; as, to betray a trust; to 
disclose, as a secret or that which one is bound 
In honor not ro make known; to deceive; to 
indicate or show; as, his manner betrays 
uneasiness.—n. betrayal, betrayer. 

(bS-trotfi'; b6-tr5th'). v.t. to 
De-IlOXIl promise formally to give in 
marriage; to engage to marry. _ #Jtlx 
1 _ _ 0 i (bS-trofh'Sl; b6-tr5th'51), n. 

Pe-irum-dJ. an engagement to marry; 


the state of being engaged; a promise of 
future marriage made between a man and a 
woman. 

■l _x x r (bet'er), adj. [compar. of good], 
UCL-IC1 having good qualities in a greater 
degree than another; preferable or more 
suitable; improved in health; more perfect; 
larger; greater: adv. [ compar. of well], 
in a superior or more excellent manner; 
more correctly or thoroughly; in a higher 
degree; more in extent: v.t. to improve; 
to increase the good qualities of; as, organ¬ 
ized charities try to better the condition of 
the poor; to surpass; to outdo: v.i. to 
become more excellent: n. a superior: 
usually in plural; superiority, or advantage 
over: usually with of. 

(bet'er), n. one who wagers or lays 
Dei-ier bets. Also, bettor. 

k~f for mpnt (bet'er-ment). n. a mak- 
ufcl-lcl-UlCIll big more suitable or 

excellent; an improvement; the improve¬ 
ment of lands or houses. 

(bS-twen'), prep. In the space 
uc-iwcui or time which separates; as, 
the space between the eyes; the distance 
between Washington and Philadelphia; from 
one to another of; shared in common; with 
relation to both of; as, to choose between 
good and evil. 

+, X7 ; V + (b&-twlkst'), prep, and adv. 
Ue-IWlAl between: li " 


separates. 

bev-el 


between; in the space which 



(bev'el), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. beveled, 
p.pr. beveling], to cut to an angle 
other than a right angle; to 

give a sloping _ 

edge to; as, to ■ i>c\ Bevel 

bevel the edge of 
a table: v.i. to 
slant or incline off to an 
oblique angle: n. the angle 
that one line or surface makes 
with another when they are not 
perpendicular to each other; an instrument 
consisting of two rules or arms, opening at 
any angle, used for drawing angles: adj. 
aslant; oblique. 

U OTT or acre* (bSv'er-Aj), n. a drink of any 
UC V -cl -o-gC description; liquor for drink¬ 
ing: especially applied to refreshing drinks. 
t, 0 .. , r (bev'I), n. a company or assembly of 
UCV-y persons, especially of girls or 
women; a flock of birds, especially quails 
or larks. 

v.~ woil (bfe-wal'), v.t. to mourn or weep 
Uc-vvcUI aloud for; to lament: v.i. to 
express grief or sorrow. 

k*i nraro (bS-war'), v.i. to be on one’s 
UC-WdlC guard; to be wary or cautious: 
v.t. to look out for; be wary of. 
ko wtl A or (be-wil'der), v.t. to perplex or 
UC-Wll-UCi confuse; to puzzle; to mystify. 

be-wU-der-ment 

greatly puzzled or perplexed; a tangled or 
confused network; as, 
passages. 

k<a uri+ck (bfe-wlch'), v.t. to cast 
UC-wilCJJ. over; to enchant; to fa 

to charm. 

xxrifrTi fner (bfc-wlch'lng). adj. having 
U c - W1 Itil-lllg power to fascinate; charm¬ 
ing; enchanting.— adv. bewitchingly.— n. be¬ 
witchment. 

k« T , (ba), n. a governor of a province or 
UCy district in the Turkish dominions; a 
title of respect. 

k^ vr/vn/1 (b6-y6nd') t prep, on the farther 
Pe-yUIlU. side of; before; as, history 


a bewilderment of 

a spell 
to fascinate; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 














bezant 


58 


bifocal 


reaches back beyond the earliest written 
record; past; out of reach of; later than; 
above; in a degree or amount exceeding or sur- 

E assing; as, he succeeded beyond his highest 
ope: adv. at a distance farther away; yonder: 

n. the existence after death, or in the future. _ . . . 

(bez'ant), n. a gold coin of u: rCkT .a (bi'seps), n. a muscle having two 
~ ..U-l-GCJJo places of attachment to the bone; 


ho <rcirvf (bez'ant), n. a gold coin 
UC-z.cUJ.1 Byzantium or Constantinople, in 
use in Europe from the 6th to the 16th cen¬ 
tury. Also, byzant. 

ho -7 ol (bez'el), n. the slope at the edge of a 
Ucz.-cl cutting tool; the rim which sur¬ 
rounds and fastens a gem in its setting; the 
upper part of the gem which is above the 
setting; the groove in which the glass of a 
watch is fitted. 

ho <710110 (bS-zek'), n. a game played with 
UC-z>X4UC cards from which the two and 
six spots have been taken. 

(bl-), a prefix meaning two; twice; 
doubly. Also, bin-. 

W on mi a 1 (bi-an'u-al), adj. twice a 
-cui-uu-cu year; semiannual.— adv. bi- 

annually. 

hi ci c (bl'as) , n. [pi. biases (-ez)], an oblique 
U2--&& or rliaervrml v a nut 


the large muscle of the froDt of the upper arm 
and thigh. 

hi ohln ririo (bi-klo'rid; -rid), n. acorn- 
Ul-ciliu-iiuc pound of two or more parts 

of chlorine combined with another substance; 
as, bichloride of mercury. Also, bichlorid. 
hirlr or (blk'er), v.i. to engage in petty 
UICJ4.-C1 quarreling; to wrangle; to move 
rapidly with a noise; to quiver; to flicker, 
as flame: n. an angry or petty dispute, 
hi rn .m (bi'kflrn), adj. having two horns; 

crescentlike. Also, bicornus. 
hi one niH (bi-kus'pld), adj. having two 
Ui.-CU.o-jJi.U- points: n. one of the double- 
pointed teeth forming the first pair of grind¬ 
ing teeth on each side of the jaw, above and 
below. Also, bicuspidate. 

or diagonal line, especially a cut "Ui (bi'sl-kl), n. a light vehicle 

across a fabric; hence, in dressmaking, a ui-c^y-cic haring two wheels one behind 


seam formed by uniting the edges of two 
pieces of cloth cut across the threads of the 
material; a leaning of the mind toward a 
particular thing, desire, or opinion; preju¬ 
dice: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. biased, p.pr. biasing], 
to give a particular direction to; incline to 
one side; influence; prejudice; as, the news¬ 
papers we read bias our opinions: adv. in a 
slanting manner. 

hfh (bib)• n - a cloth placed under the 
chin, especially of a child, to protect 
the clothes. 

Hill Tl (blb'er), n. a man who drinks fre- 
UlU-UCi quently; a tippler. 

IhiK rnrlr (blb'kok), n. a faucet having a 
UIU-CUtiY turned down nozzle. 

■pf 1-kTp, (bi'bl), n. the sacred writings of the 
IJ1-UJ.C old and New Testaments, whether 
In the original tongue or translated; the 
Scriptures. 

■RiK 1J ml (blb'II-k&l), adj. of or pertain- 
OiD-iI-Cd.1 ing to the Bible; scriptural.— 
adv. Biblically. 

VriK It f%cr t*Q t\T ipr (bIb"li-og'rd-fer), n. 

UlU-11-Ug-rd.-pner one who writes about 

books, especially in regard to their authorship, rfi-ncr (bld'ing), n. an order; 

date, editions, etc. UlU.-u.JUlg mand; proclamation; t 

TijTi OP - YS\ Till V (blb"lI-og'rd-fI), n. the 
UlU-ll-U^-ld-piiy science or description 

of books, their authors, material, style of 
printing, dates, editions, classification, his¬ 
tory, etc.; a list of books relating to any 
given subject. Also, bibliology. 

Trill 1i n TT1?J rii a (bib' 1 ’li-o-ma'nI-d),?i. a 
UlU-11-U-llld.-lll-cl ra ge for collecting and 

possessing rare and curious books. 

bib-li-o-ma-ni-ac , ( “o'“^”o n h"al k a 

craze for collecting and possessing rare books. 

Si 


TriTl Ho TlTlllo (bIb'h-6-fIl; -fll), 
UlO-ll-O-pillIt lover of books. * 

KiH ii 1mic (bib'u-lus), adj. readily soak- 
UlU-U-lULlo ing U p fluids; spongy; fond 
of drinking; given to tippling. 

Tri ram nr al (bi-kam'er-al), adj. two- 
Ui-vaiu-ci -al chambered; relating to or 

consisting of two legislative chambers. 

Tii rar bnn ofn (bl-kar'bon-at), n. a 
m-tax-uuu-ttic substance containing 

two parts of carbonic acid and one of some 
other substance. 

hi mil tp -na nr (bi-sen't^-na-ri), n. the 
Ul-l/eil-ie-lld-iy two hundredth anni¬ 


versary of any event, or its celebration: 
pertaining to a bicentenary. 


adj. 


Til p pti j-pti ti I ol (bi sen-ten P-5.1), adj. 
Ul-t/dl-Lcll-Ill-ctl consisting of two hun¬ 
dred years: n. the two hundredth anniversary 
of an event, or its celebration. 


the other connected by a metal frame and 
supporting a saddle for the rider, the ma¬ 
chine being sent forward by the feet by means 
of treadles attached to cranks or levers: v.i. 
to ride on such a vehicle. 

Tii r-xr Hina- (bi'sl-kllng), n. the practice or 
U-l-uy-triillg art of riding a bicycle. (The 

abbreviation cycling is new in common use.) 
Also, bicyclism. 

Tii cir rlic-f (bi'sl-kllst), n. one who rides 
U1 Gy-Gilo l a bicycle; a cyclist. i t 
Vii/J (bid), v.t. [p.t. bade (bad) or bid, p.p. 
UJA - A bidden, bid, p.pr. bidding], to make an 
offer of; to propose as a price; to offer for; 
to invite; as, “Go ye into the highways, and 
as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.” 
—Matt, xiv; to offer or express by words; 
as, to bid a welcome; to command; to order 
or direct: v.i. to make an offer; to offer a 
price: n. an offer of a price; a price offered 
at auction. 


TiirT i\a Tile, (bld'a-bl), adj. obedient; do 
UlU-Uct-UiC cile; as. a. hiddnJhl.fi fhilfl 

bid-der 


(bld'er), n. one who offers 
price, as at a sale or auction. 

com- 

. _ . the act 

of offering a price at auction. 

TrifTfi ( bIcl )< r - i - and P-P • bode, bided, 
U1UC p.pr. biding], to live in; to reside: 
v.t. to endure; suffer; to wait for; as, I 
bide my time. 

Tii fa 1 (bi-den'tSl), adj. haring two 

ui-ucu-iai teeth, or two toothlike pro¬ 
jections. Also, bidentate. 


TriH iticr (bid'Ing), n. an awaiting; expec- 
viKi. uig tation; a place to live. 

Hi PTl rii al (bi-en'I-al), adj. happening 
, “ >A- '"' AA ~ AAA-a - A once in two years; as, a 
biennial convention; continuing or existing 
for two years, as plants: n. a plant which 
produces roots and leaves in the first year, 
and flowers, fruit, and seed in the second, 
after which it dies; an event which is held 
once in two years.— adv. biennially. 

Trif^t* (ber), n. a frame or carriage on which 
lJACA a corpse or the coffin containing it is 
placed or carried to the grave; a hearse; a 
tomb. J 

Hi fn rn T (bi-fo'kS.1), adj. bringing to- 
. A '- , “ V ' CAA gether rays of light at two 
points: n. a lens which brings together rays 
of light at two points, as eyeglasses which 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
Jigkt, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit-, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







bifoliate 


59 


bill of mortality 


may be 
distance. 


used both for reading and long 


in botany, 


Ki fr\ li o'f'/a (bi-fo H-at). ndj. i 
‘-u having two leaves, 
fur raff* (bi-fur'kat; bi'fur-kat), v.i. 
Ul-ilU-talC to divide in two directions: 
adj. (bi-fur'kat), divided into two branches: 
forked. Also, adj. bifurcated^ 

hi flit* PH firm (bi^fur-ka'shun), n. afork- 
UA-AU~i-^ci-tAUAi i 11 g > or division into two 

branches. 

b io- (big), adj. [compar. bigger, superl. big¬ 
g's gest], large, bulky; grown up; full of 
something important; full to overflowing; as, 
big with grief; teeming; as, big with promise; 
pompous; as, to feel big. —n. bigness, 
hi cr a micf (big'a-mist), n. one who has 
U A g-«.-ni A &t more than one husband or 
wife at one time. 

hio- o rmr (blg'a-ml), n. the crime of hav- 
A ' A & -<A-AAA y ing two wives or husbands at 
one time.— adj. bigamous. 

hirr hr\w (blg'horn"), n. the wild sheep 
Dig-HOrn Q f ^b e Rocky Mountains, 
hirrhf (bit), n. a bend in a coast-line form- 
Ulgiil i n g an open bay; a small bay be¬ 
tween two headlands; a loop in a rope any¬ 
where but at the ends. 

hi cr rkf (big'fit), n. one who is unreasonably 
Ulg-Ul an d. blindly attached to a particular 
creed, church, or party; one who will not 
allow to others the enjoyment of opinions 
which differ from his own. 
hirr zvf or1 (blg'ut-ed), adj. obstinately 
ulg-Ul-CU. an d bluntly attached to some 
creed, practice, or party; unwilling to allow 
to others opinions differing from one’s own; 
illiberal. 

hirr n+ rw (big'ut-rl), n. [pi. bigotries 

Dlg-Ol-ry (-rlz)], the state or condition 
of a narrow-minded person; blind and 
obstinate devotion to a particular creed, 
party, or opinion; intolerance, 
hirr uricr (blg'wlg'), n. an important per- 
AAA &~ WA & son: originally, a slang phrase 
referring to the large wigs worn by judges 
and others in authority injGreat Britain. 

Vvi (be^zhoo'; be'zhoo), n. [pi. bijoux 

Ul-JUU (be"zhoo'; be'zhooz)], a jewel; a 
trinket; any small and elegantly finished 
article. [Fr.] 

hi £k-r* ol (bl-lat'er-al), adj. relating 

ul-ldl-cl-dl or having two sides; 

two-sided. 

hil hr\ (bfl'bo), n. [pi. bilboes (-boz)], a 
Ull-UU rapier or sword; pi. a long bar of 
iron with chains for the feet, and a hook at 
the end, formerly used to fasten the feet of 
prisoners. 

hil^ (bil), n. a yellow 
UllC duced by the liver 
humor; peevishness. 

hilrrfk (bllj), n. the bulging part of a cask; 
Dll&o the broadest part of a ship’s bottom, 
on which the vessel rests when aground: 
v.i. to spring a leak by a break in the bottom, 
or bilge, of a ship. , . , 

hilrr^x ,,ro (bllj wd'ter), water which 

DllgG wa-ter gathers in the bottom of 
a ship, usually very disagreeable in odor, 
hi Hn mini (bi'llA-gw&l), adj. written or 
Dl-JLlIl-gUdl expressed in two languages; 
using two languages.— adv. bilingually. 
hit (bll'yus), adj. suffering from an 

Dll-lUUb illness usually accompanied by 
indigestion, headache, and drowsiness, with a 
coated tongue, etc.; having the health out of 
order because the liver does not act properly; 
ill-tempered; peevish.— adv. biliously, 
biliousness. 


bitter 

from 


fluid pro- 
olood; ill- 


paper 



a note or 


hi 1i+ ck-r dl (bl-llt'er-al), adj. consisting 
ul-ill-Ci - dl of two letters: n. a word, root 0 
or syllable consisting of two letters, 
hillr (bilk), v.i. to deceive or defraud, as by 
U112V failing to pay a debt or fulfil an 
engagement; to escape or steal away from 
(a person, place, or thing); to dodge. 

■u:i1 (bil), n. an account for goods sold, 
UI11 services given, or work done; a 
binding the signer or signers to pay a 
definite sum at a certain date or on 
demand; a copy of a proposed law 
presented to a legislature; a printed 
advertisement; any written paper con- , 
tabling a statement of particu-^. / 
lars; a written declaration of wrong A 
or injury; the beak of a bird; a kind v 
of hatchet with a blade hook¬ 
shaped toward the point, used in 
pruning, etc.; a battle-ax, attached 
to a long staff, formerly used by 
soldiers on foot; the end of the 
fluke or hook of an anchor: v.t. to 
advertise by bills or posters; to 
make a list of; as, to bill goods: v.i, 
to join bills; as, doves bill and coo; 
hence, to caress fondly, 
hill e±A (bfld), adj. having a bill or 
ullAcU. beak; posted. 

M i - x (bll'et), n. a small stick or 
-1c l i 0 g of wood used for fuel; 
short letter; a ticket directing a soldier to board 
and lodge at a certain house; a place where 
a soldier is lodged; in the World War, the 
village or camp to which a soldier is sent for 
rest and nonflghting work after his duty in the 
trenches: v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers; 
v.i. to be quartered or lodged. 

H/miy (bfl'esdoo'; Fb. be'yg'doo'), 
-let-aOUX n [pi. billets=doux (bil'e- 
dooz'; Fr. be"ye"doo')], a love-letter: from 
billet, note, and doux, sweet. [Fr.] 

Kill Knnlr (bll'hook"), n. a small kind of 
Olll-IlUUJx hatchet with a hooked point. 

Kil liardc (bll'yardz), n. a game played 
ull-lldAtio on an oblong, cloth-covered 
table, with ivory balls and a cue. 

Kil li-no-c an+P (bll'ingz-gat"), n. coarse 
uu-inigo-gaic or profane language. 

M l inn (bll'yfin), n. in the United States 
-11U1I an( f France, one thousand millions 
U,000,000,000); in England and Germany, a 
million millions (1,000,000,000,000). 

Kill nf pn frw (bil ov en'trl), a written 
urn ux CAA-tAjf account of goods entered 

at the custom house whether imported or for 
export. 

bill of ex-change 

from one person or house (the drawer) to 
another (the accepter) to pay to the person 
named a certain sum at a fixed time, in pay¬ 
ment for value received. 

Kill nf KphI+K (bn 5v belth), a certi- 
Dlli U1 Ilcdllll fleate given to the master 

of a vessel, signed by a consul or other author¬ 
ity, making statement of the state of the 
health of a ship’s company or passengers at 
the time of her leaving port. 

Kill nf 1 oH incr ( bil 6v ] ad'Ing). a paper 

ulll UA lcilA-iAAg issued by a common 

carrier, signed by the proper officials, acknowl¬ 
edging the receipt of goods to be shipped by 
land or water, and promising to deliver them 
safely to the person to whom they are ad- 
dressed • 

bill of mor-tal-i-ty ti), "an account 

of the number of deaths (also births) in a 
place writhin a given time. 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 










bill of sale 


60 


biscuit 


Kill n f colo (bil 6v sal >. a formal paper 
Ulll Ui oaic given by the seller of per¬ 
sonal property to the buyer. 

1*1 Irvn (bll'un), n. a mixture of gold and 
UU-lUll silver, with a large amount of 
copper or other base metal, used in making 
coins of low value. 

Kil Inf (bil'ht), n. uncoined gold or silver 
Uli-iUl i n the mass or bar. 

Kil Iaw (bll'o), n. a great wave of the sea 
LfJl-iUW SW elled by the wind: v.i. to rise 
and roll in large waves or surges.— adj. 
billowy. 

Kil lir (bfl'D, n • a bludgeon or club; a 
Uli-ijr policeman’s club. 

Ki -mn fol 1iV (bl-mfc-t&l'Ik), adj. of, re- 
UHUC-UU’Ut lating to, or using, a double 
metal standard for a system of coins or cur¬ 
rency; relating to two metals. 

Ki mof nl licm (bi-met'al-Ism), n. the 
DWUt l-cll-llblli adoption by law of two 

metals (as gold and silver) to be used in the 
money of a country at a fixed relative value. 
Ki mn-nfK Ixr (bl-munth'll), adj. occur- 
ring once in two months; 
as, a bimonthly magazine. 

L: n (bin), n. an inclosed place used as a 
Ulll receptacle for any material; as, a coal bin. 
Ki na y\t (bl'na-rl), adj. consisting of two 
Ul*Ud-ljr things or parts; as, water is a 
binary compound because it is composed of 
two substances, hydrogen and oxygen. 

KinH (bind), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. bound, p.pr. 
UlllVI binding], to confine or make fast 
with a cord or band; confine or hold by physi¬ 
cal force; unite by bonds of affection, loy¬ 
alty, or duty; hold by any moral tie; hinder 
or restrain; protect or strengthen by a band, 
border, or cover; fasten together; cause to 
stick together; to oblige by a promise, law. 
duty, etc.; to fasten together in a cover, as a 
book: v.i. to tie up something; as, to reap 
and bind; to have the force of a duty or 
necessity; grow hard or stiff; to stick: n. 
anything which holds or ties; a twining stem; 
a stalk of hops; a musical sign or brace group¬ 
ing notes together. 

Syn.. v. fasten, restrain, restrict, shackle. 
Ant. (see free). 

Ar .. (bin'der-I), n. a place where 
CA ~j books are bound. 

Ki-nrl in cr (binding), n. the act of making 
UlllVl-lllg fast; a bandage; the cover of a 
book; something that secures the edges of 
cloth from fraying. 

Kfnrl wppH (bind'wed"), n. any plant of 
umu-wccu the genus Convolvulus: black 
bindweed, a species of bryony; rough bind¬ 
weed, a species of smilax. 

Kino (bin), n. the twining stem of a hop 
U111G vine or other climbing plant. 

Kin tin rip (bln'd-kl), n. a wooden case or 
Uui-lla-ViC box on board a ship in which 
are kept the compass and lights. 

Kin a Hp (bln' 6 -kl), n. a field or opera 
Uiu-u-uc glass with two eye-tubes for 
the use of both eyes at once. 

Kin nr 11 lot* (bln-ok'ti-ler, bi-ndk'fi-ler), 
Um-Ub-U-ldl adj. adapted to the use of 
both eyes at the same time; as, binocular 
glasses: n. any glass fitted for use of both 
eyes at one time, as a field glass, an opera glass. 
Ki nn mi n\ (bI-no'mI-3,1), n. an expres- 
ui-uu-uu-ai sion or quantity consisting 
of two terms connected by the sign plus [ + ] 
or minus [ — 1 , as b + 6 : adj. consisting of two 
terms; having two names. 

Ki n trrnnh (bi'ft-graf). n. a device for 
cxyvi. throwing moving pictures up¬ 
on a screen. 


bind- 


Ki nrr rc i nK nr (bi-og'rd-fer), n. one who 
Dl-Og-ra-pner writes the history of a 

person’s life. 

Ki n rrrcmK ir (bi'ft-graf'Ik), adj. consist- 
Dl-O-grapil-lC j n g 0 f a bfe history. Also. 

biographical.— adv. biographically. 


Ki a rr t*o nKxr (bl-og rd-fl), n. [pi. biog— 
Dl-Og-ra-pny raphies (-flz)l, the written 

history of a person’s life; such writings in 

Ki n incr i rn 1 (bi'fi-loj'I-k&l), adj. relat- 
Ul-U-lUg-1-V^a.l j n g to the science which 

treats of living forms. Also, biologic. 

n crtcf (bMl'6-jfet), n. one who 
-Ol-O-glbl studies, or is skilled in, the 

science of living forms. 

Ki rvl r\ crxr (bi-61'ft-jl), n. the science which 
Ul-Ui-U-gy deals with the origin and life- 
history of plants and animals. 

Ki (bi'ped), n. an animal having two 

Ul-peu f ee t ) as man: adj. having two feet. 
Ki -nlorip (bi'plan'), n. an airplane with 
Ul-picUlC two supporting surfaces or 
guiding boards, in typical forms, one above the 
other, as in the Wright machine. 

KirrK (bfirch), n. [pi. birches (-Sz)J, a tree 
Uli GJ.I or shrub which has a smooth outer 
bark and close-grained wood which takes a 
high polish; a rod formed of birch twigs, 
used for punishment; a birch-bark canoe: 
adj. made of birch: v.t. to punish with a 
birch rod; flog; whip. 

KirrK pji (bfir'chn), adj. relating to, or 
UH consisting of, birch. 

KirH (bfird), n. a warm-blooded, feathered. 
UllU. egg-laying animal, with wings; any 
small bird shot by a gunner, as distinguished 
from a waterfowl: v.i. to shoot or catch birds. 

Kirri inti ri nr (bfird fan'sl-er), one who 
UAA collects or rears rare and 

curious birds; one who sells caged birds. 

KirH limp (bfird'11m'), n. a sticky sub- 
uuu-muc stance prepared from holly- 
bark, and used for catching small birds: 
v.t. to smear with birdlime. 

bird of par-a-dise 5g M a 

in New Guinea and near-by islands, noted 
for its magnificent feathers. 

KirH J c mm (bfirdz'I'), adj. seen from 
uiiu. o-cyc above, as by a flying bird; 

hence, general, not detailed; as, from the 
top of Washington Monument can be seen a 
bird's-eye view of Washington City; marked 
with spots resembling a bird's eyes; as, bird’s- 
eye maple. 

Ki rpmp (bi'rem), n. an ancient boat or 
ui-i chic galley, having two banks of oars. 

M rpf fo (bl-ret'a), n. a square cap worn 
-ict-ui by priests, and other church 
officials or ministers. Also, beretta. 

Kir+K (bfirth), n. the act of coming into 
WAA in nf e ; the fact of being born; the act 
of bringing forth; descent; as, Abraham 
Lincoln was a man of humble birth; origin; 
beginning. 

Kir+K Hoir (bfirth'da'), n. the day on 
Uli Ul-Ucty w hich one is born; the time 
of origin or beginnings; the anniversary of 
such a day or time. 

Kir+K rnfn (bfirth'rat'), n. the increase of 
uu tAA_A a tv population as shown by the 
percentage of births to the number of inhabi¬ 
tants in a district within a certain period. 

KirtK ricrKt (bfirth'rit'), n. any right or 
WAA tAA - AA & AA1, privilege or possession to 
which a person is entitled by birth; the right 
of the first born. 

Kic mif (bls'klt), n. a kind of unraised 
Ufj-VUll bread, baked hard and dry, and 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu: 






bisect 


61 


blackcap 


shaped into flat cakes; crackers; pottery after 
the first baking and before it is glazed and 
burned. 

hi cppf (bi-sSkt'), v.t. to cut or divide into 
Ul-oCV/l two equal parts.—n. bisection. 

hi cor for (bi-sfik'ter), n. that which 
Ul-oCL-lUl divides an object into two 
equal parts; a straight line which divides 
an angle into two equal parts, 
hi oh rktv (blsh'up), n. one of the highest 
UloU-up orders of an Episcopal Church, 
below an archbishop in rank, but above a 
priest; a spiritual overseer; the spiritual 
head or ruler of a diocese or church district; 
one of the pieces used in playing chess. 

hich on rip (blsh'up-rik), n. the office 
Uloil-up-ilL or dignity of a bishop; a 

diocese, or church district presided over by a 
bishop. 

hiclr (bisk). n. a thick rich soup made from 
Uloxi. several kinds of meats, fish, or toma¬ 
toes; a kind of ice cream into which crushed 
macaroons are stirred. Also, bisaue. 
hie miifh (biz'muth; bls'muth), n. a light, 
Ulo-IilUlil readish-colored metallic ele¬ 
ment of brittle texture. 

hi erm ( bi-sfin), n. an animal, somewhat 
Ul-oUlI iik e the ox, still found in Lithuania; 
a wild ox-like animal of America, inaccurately 
termed the buffalo, which has now almost dis¬ 
appeared. 

hicnii** (bisk), n. an unglazed white porce- 
Uibquc Jain, used for statuettes, etc.; a 
thick rich soup made from several kinds of 
meats, fish, or tomatoes; a kind of ice cream 
into which crushed macaroons are stirred. 
.Also fcisk* 

' (bit)’, p.t. and p.p. of the verb bite: n. a 
*-'*L tool for boring; the metal mouthpiece 
of a bridle; the part of a key which enters 
the lock and acts on the bolts and tumblers; 
the cutting blade of a plane; a small pi ice 
or fragment of anything; any small coin; 
any tiling that curbs or restrains; in southern 
and western United States, twelve and a half 
cents; v.t. [p.t and p.p. bitted, p.pr. bitting], 
to put a bridle upon; put a bit in the mouth 
of ; check; restrain. 

'Ki+r‘ 1-1 (blch), n. the female of the dog, 
U11LI1 wolf, fox, etc. 

t-hp (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bitten, bit, p.pr. 
UlLG biting], to seize, grip, cut, or crush 
with the teeth; sting, as an insect; cause 
smarting pain to; cut; pinch, as with 
intense cold; blight or blast; take fast hold 
of; to eat into: v.i. to have the habit or 
exercise the power of biting; cause injury 
with the teeth; to sting or smart; take 
a bait; take a firm hold: n. the act of 
seizing with the teeth; a wound made by 
the teeth, or by a sting; a mouthful; a 
hold or grip.— n. biter. 

incr (bit'Ing), adj. sharp; cutting; 
Ull-lllg sarcastic.— adv. bitingly. 
uni (bit), n. a post of wood or iron on 
UHL ships to which cables, ropes, etc., are 
made fast: generally in plural: v.t. to put 
round the cable posts. 

tu a- — (blt'er), adj. having a sharp or 
Ull-LcI harsh taste; sharp to the feeling; 
as, bitter cold; painful; grievous; as, biUer 
woe; severe; reproachful; sarcastic; as, 
bitter words; cruel; full of hatred; as, a 
bitter enemy: n. any substance that is sharp 
or harsh to the taste.— adv. bitterly. 

Syn., adj. acid, acrid, keen, mournful, 
sharp, sour. 

Ant. (see sweet). 

for rim (blt'er-kup), n. a cup made 
UlL-lCl-LUp of quassia wood. which 


imparts a bitter taste to liquids poured 
into it. 

Kif forr i (blt'ern), n. a wading bird of the 
UH-lciil heron family; the brine remain¬ 
ing after the salt is extracted, from which 
Epsom salts is prepared, 
kjf npc .Q (blt'er-ngs), n. a quality in 
un-ici -licoo things which causes a bit¬ 
ing, disagreeable sensation on the tongue; 
sharpness; severity. 

ku (blt'erz), n.pl. liquor in which 

UH-lclb herbs or roots are soaked. 

hit trr curopf (bit'er-swet"), n. the 
Ull-lcI-bWccl woody nightshade, the 

roots and leaves of which when chewed 
produce first a bitter, then a sweet taste, 
hi tii rn on (bl-tu'men;blt'u-men),aname 
Ul-LU-lllcli used for various substances 
found in the earth, which are easily set on 
Are and have a strong smell; mineral pitch. 

hi tii mi nmic (bl-tu'ml-nus), adj. hav- 
Ul-LU-im-nOUb iug t he qualities of, or 

containing, bitumen; easily set on fire; as, 
bituminous or soft coal. 

hi volim (bl'valv), n. a shellfish whose 
Ul-Vdlvc snell is composed of two parts 
or valves, connected by a ligament or hinge, 
and opened or closed by muscles, as the 
oyster or mussel: adj. having two valves or 
shells united by a soft hinge. Also, adj. 
bivalved, bivalvular. 

hixr rm or (blv'wak; blv'oo-ak), n. a 
Ulv-UU-aO camp of soldiers in the open 
air, without tents; hence, any open-air 
encampment; a kind of tent made of water¬ 
proof sheets: v.i. to encamp without tents 
in the open during the night, 
hi -urnnlr hr (bl'wek'll), adj. occurring or 
ui-wcciv-i^ appearing every two weeks; 
as, a biweekly magazine; fortnightly; n. a 
periodical issued once in two weeks.— adv. 
biweekly. 

'rerrro (bl-zar'), adj. odd in manner or 
-utile appearance; fanciful; grotesque, 
(blab), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. blabbed, p.pr. 
blabbing], to tell thoughtlessly: v.i. 
to talk unwisely: tell tales: n. one who lets 
out secrets, or tells tales. Also, n. blabber, 
hlcsrlr (hlak), adj. entirely without light; 
UldLXV. 0 f the darkest hue; opposed to 
white; wrapped in darkness; dismal; 

gloomy or forbidding; without moral light 
or goodness; evil; threatening; clouded 
with anger; sullen: n. the darkest color; 
the opposite of white; a black color or dye; 
a negro; mourning: v.t. to make black; 
blacken; apply blacking to. 
hlo/T'lr o monr (blak'ri-moor), n. a ne- 
UldLXV.-d-IXXUUi gro, especially an African 

negro. 

hlorlr o rf (hlak art), the magic practiced 
UldLXV dl L by witches and conjurers. 

h1or»lr hall (bl&k'bOl'), v.t. to reject or 
UldLXV-Udll exclude, as a candidate, by, 
or as by, placing black balls in the ballot box. 

hlo/'l r hat- -rir (blak'ber-I), n. the fruit 
DiaCK-Der-ry of several kinds of prickly 
shrubs, of the genus Bubus, the British name 
for which is bramble. There are two Ameri¬ 
can species. 

hlo/'lr hirrl (blak'bflrd), n. an English 
DiaCK-Dira song-bird, a kind of thrush, 
called also merle, ousel, or black thrush; a 
crowlike bird of North America; formerly, a 
name given to a kidnaped negro or Polynesian. 

black-board slate, or \ioard painted 
black, to be written or drawn on with chalk. 

hlarlr ran (bl&k'k&p*). n. the popular 
Uld.LXV.-Lap name of several black-crested 


bi¬ 
blab 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

z h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







blacken 


62 


blast 


thirds; the cap worn by a judge when pronoun¬ 
cing sentence of death; the black raspberry 
Klorlr on (blak'n), v.i. to grow black or 
Ula. dark:r.Z. to make black; to soil; to 

speak evil of, as of the character or reputation 

hlprlr floe r (blak flag), the flag of s 
UictGrv lldg pirate, decorated with a 
skull and crossbones. 

hlflflr fri pr (blakfrl'er), a monk of the 
uid^n. xx i-ax Dominican order: so called 
from the black gown worn by members of the 
order. 

cnmtvl (blag'ard), n. a man of 
Ulath-g udl U. j ow character who habit¬ 
ually uses foul or abusive language; a scoun¬ 
drel: adj. vicious; low; vile; indecent; 
abusive: v.t. to speak contemptuously of, in 
vile and indecent language. 

TJtopTf XIfatiH (blak hand), a Sicilian 
xxcuiu secret society organized 
to force money from people by fearful threats 

hlarlr in cr (blak'Ing), n. a mixture for 
oiav/iv-mg giving a shining black polish 
to boots. 

HI p r lr ia rtr (blak'jak*), n. a small bludg- 
lyXd^xv-JctOxV eon or c i U 5 with a flexible 
handle, used as a weapon. 

hlprlr 1 poH (blakled), a mineral formed 
uxai^xv icau Q f caroon and iron and used 

as the “lead” in pencils; plumbago: v.t. to 
cover with black lead or plumbago, 
hlnrlr Ipo* (blak'leg), n. a cheating gam- 
bier; a contemptuous term 
ifor a workman who is not a member of any 
trade union. 

hlprlr 1 At* fpr (blak let'er), the old 
UlaUli. lCl-lcI English or Gothic letter 

used in the early manuscripts and the first 
printed books: adj. written or printed in 
such letters. 

hi fir licit (blak list), a list of persons 
xfxcivxv uol who are considered deserving 
of punishment, or whom it is desirable to 
exclude from business transactions: v.t. 
(blalc'llst"), to enroll as undesirable or as de¬ 
serving of punishment. 

hlfirlr mail (blak'mal"), n. a tax ancient- 
ui.c<.v/.c\.-xixcixx ly paid i n money, corn, or 

cattle, in the north of England, and in Scot¬ 
land, to the agents of robbers, to secure pro¬ 
tection from theft; hence, the securing of 
money by frightening one into giving it up: 
v.t. to secure money or goods from by causing 
fear of any land. 

hlnrlr ctnitli (blak'smith"), n. a person 
who works in iron and 
makes iron utensils, horseshoes, etc. 

hlfirlr cjtmlrp (blak'snak"), n. any of 
oxcxvxv-oxxcixvc; several very dark serpents; 

a heavy whip made of braided cowhide. Also, 

black snake. 

hlfirlr thnrn (blak'thorn"), n. a shrub 
Uldl/lv- UUU 11 bearing large thorns and 

small black cherries, largely used for hedges: 
called also sloe; a stick cut from the stem of 
the sloe; a kind of hawthorn, 
hlarl rlpr (blad'er), n. a thin elastic bag 
or sac in abimais, in which a 
fluid is collected; any sac or blister, con¬ 
taining fluid or air. 

hlfirlr (blad), n. the leaf of a grass; the 
uxavxc young stalk or spire of a grass; the 
broad expanded part of a leaf; the cutting 

E art of a knife or other instrument; the 
road part of an oar; anything resembling the 
broad flat cutting part of a knife; a dashing, 
reckless, rollicking fellow: v.i. to put forth 
blades.— adj. bladed. 

blain (blan), n. a blister; an inflamed sore 


or swelling. 


hlfim fi hip (blam'd-bl), adj. deserving of 
uiani-a-me blame or censure; faulty.— 
adv. blamably.— n. blamableness. 
hlfimp (blam), n. an expression of dis- 
Uiaxiic approval of something thought to be 
wrong; a fault; responsibility for anything 
wrong: v.t. to find fault with; reproach.— 
adj. blameworthy. 

Syn., v. condemn, reprove, upbraid, censure. 
Ant. (see praise). 

hi amp Ipcc (blam'lSs), adj. free from 
uiamc-xcos fault or wrongdoing.— adv. 
blamelessly.— n. blamelessness, 
hlanrfl (blanch), v.t. to take the color 
AAAcAAAl -' AA of and make white; as, celery 
growers blanch the celery stalks by burying 
them away from the light; to make white by 
removing the peel; as, to blanch almonds: 
v.i. become white; turn pale, 
hlanr mano-p (bld-manzh'), n. a white 
WA<AAAA/ ~ AAAcAAA &^ jellylike dessert composed 
of some gelatinous or starchy substance, such 
as cornstarch, combined with milk, 
hi an H (bland), adj. mild; soft-spoken; 
uiaxiu. gentle; as, a bland smile.— adv. 
blandly.—n. blandness. 

hlan filch mpnt (blan'dlsh-ment), n. a 
AAA ^ A- ' AA&AA-AAAt ' AA *' flattering expression 
or action; an artful caress; coaxing, 
hiPnIf (blank), n. any empty space; an un- 
uicuixy fliied space in a written or printed 
document; a lottery ticket which fails to draw 
a prize; disk of metal before it is stamped: the 
white spot in the center of a target: adj. free 
from writing or print; without result or in¬ 
terest; confused; empty; absolute; as, blank 
silence; without rhyme; as, blank verse.— adv. 
blankly.— n. blankness. 

hi Pin Irpf (blan'ket), n. a soft, loosely- 
UACAJ “ L_XVCA woven, heavy cloth, usually of 
wool, used as a bed covering, as robes, or as 
a cover for a horse, etc.: v.t. to cover, as with 
a blanket; to take the wind out of the sails 
of (a vessel) by sailing to windward of (her), 
hlprp (blar), n. a harsh noise like the blast 
uiaic of a trumpet: v.i. to bellow; to give 
forth a loud brazen sound like a trumpet: v.t. 
to sound loudly; to trumpet forth, 
hi At* -n Pir (blar'nl), n. soft, coaxing speech; 

Didr-ney flattery: [p .,. and pPt 

blarneyed, p.pr. blarneying], to influence or 
deceive by soft, coaxing speeches; to h um - 
bug with flattery; to wheedle. 

"Rlpi* n fiTr cfntus (blar'nl ston), a stone 
XJlcti -licy olUJ.it; j n the wall of Blarney 

Castle, Ireland, upon kissing which a person 
is said to become a skilled flatterer, 
hip cp (bla/'za'), adj. wearied by too much 
uia -° c pleasure so as to have lost the 
power of enjoyment. [Fr.] 

hlflQ iVhpmp (bias-fern'), v.t. to speak 
uiao-pilGlllC irreverently of; to mock 

at (sacred things): v.i. to use profane or im¬ 
pious language.— n. blasphemer. 

blas-nhe monc: (blas'fe-mus), adj. ut- 
, . P AA t?-lilUUS» tering, containing, or 

showing mockery of sacred things; profane. 
adv. blasphemously. 

blas-ohe mv (bias'flS-ml), n. [pi. blas- 
Illy phemies (-miz)], impious, 
profane, or mocking speech concerning God or 
sacred things; expressed contempt or hatred 
for the personality or authority of God; the 
claiming of equality with God; sacrilege. 
blflQ'f (blast), n. a violent or sudden gust 
“ of wind; a forcible stream of air 

from an opening; as, a blast of heat comes 
from the opened furnace door; the sound pro- 
ky blowing a wind instrument; any 
sudden harmful influence, as a wind upon 


ate, senate, rare, c£t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, <5bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu: 







blasted 


63 


blind shell 


plants or animals; a blight; the explosion of 
gunpowder, dynamite, etc., in rending or 
removing rocks, or the charge so used: v.t. 
to injure; cause to fade or wither by some 
evil influence; to ruin or destroy; to break 
open or shatter by any explosive agent. 

pH (blast'Sd), adj. blighted; with- 
uiaoi-cu ered; accursed; detestable. 

Hl5l^t it! O' (blast'ing), n. a breaking open 
uiaoi-uxg of stone, etc., by explosives; a 
blighting or withering. 

hlfl font (bla'tant), adj. bellowing; bawl- 
um-icuu ing; noisy; conspicuous; coarse; 
offensively obtrusive.— adv. blatantly. — n. 
blatancy. 

Vila-Hi or (blath'er), n. foolish talk: v.i. 
Uid tll-Cl and v.t. to talk foolishly. 

HI51 70 (blaz), n. a fire; a body of flame; 
UAax,c intense direct light, as brilliant 
sunlight; a sudden bursting out; as a blaze 
of anger; brilliant display; as, a blaze of 
glory; splendor; a white spot on the face of a 
horse or other animal; a white mark cut on a 
tree, to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as 
trees, by removing a portion of the bark, so 
as to mark out a path or boundary; as, to 
blaze a trail; to publish widely: v.i. to flame; 
to burn up; to send forth a brilliant light; 
to be clearly and quickly seen. 

HI517 pr (blaz'er), n. a bright colored 
uiaz-ci striped jacket, originally worn at 
tennis, cricket, etc. 

HI51 7nn (bla'zn), n. a coat of arms; a 
uia-z.uii description of the figures on 
coats of arms, banners, etc.; showy display: 
v.t. to explain in proper terms the figures on 
coats of arms, banners, etc.; to adorn; dis¬ 
play ; as, a drunkard’s face blazons his 
character; to proclaim boastingly. 

HI si -7,vn rv (bla'zn-rl), n. figures on coats 
Ulct-z.Ull-iy of arms; the art of describing 
and explaining coats of arms, heraldic 
shields, and armorial bearings. 

H1p>opH (blech), v.t. to make white or 
UiCaclI whiter by a chemical process or 
by exposing to the sun’s rays: v.i. to 
grow or become white. 

HIpsipH p "C (blech'ers), n. the low-priced, 
UicaUl-Cxo roofless space or seats for 
spectators at baseball and other games. 
H1 p5i1t (blek), ad}, exposed to wind and 
Ulcctxk cold; desolate; unsheltered; cheer¬ 
less; piercing; cold and cutting; as, a 
bleak wind.— adv. bleakly. — n. bleakness. 
Hlpor (bier), ad}, sore or dim from a watery 
UlGdl discharge: said of the eyes: v.t. to 
make sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim or 
obscure; hence,Ho deceive or hoodwink. 

Hip of (blet), n. the cry of a sheep, goat, or 
UlCdl ca if ; t 0 cry as, or like, a sheep. 
Also, blat. 


bleb 


(bleb), n. a blister; a bubble: a bub¬ 
ble in a solid substance that has been 


fluid; as, a bleb in glass. 

HIppH (bled), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. bled, p.pr. 
U1CCU bleeding], to give forth or lose blood; 
to shed one’s blood; to lose sap or juice; as, 
trees bleed if trimmed after the sap is up in 
the spring; to be filled with sympathy or 
pity; as, all hearts bleed for Belgium: v.t. to 
take blood from; to take money, etc., from. 
Hlptn icH (bl&m'lsh), n. any defect or de- 
Ulclil-loii formity, physical or moral: v.t. 
to injure; to mar*, to sully; to stain; to dis¬ 
figure; to tarnish; to injure (reputation or 
character). 

Syn., n. flaw, speck, spot, stain. 

Ant. (see ornament). 

HIpnrH (blench), v.i. to start back; to 
UibilUi shrink back or from; to give way; 


to quail: to blanch or turn white; grow pale: 
v.t. to make white or pale. 

HIptiH (blend), v.t. to mix together, so that 
*“ ,ACAAU - the things mixed cannot be sepa¬ 
rated or distinguished from each other: v.i „ 
to mingle; to shade into each other: said of 
colors: n. a thorough mixture of colors, 

liquids, tobaccos, teas, etc.; a shading ol 
one color, etc., into another. 

HIpco (bigs), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. blessed and 
uicioo blest, p.pr. blessing], to set apart for 
a holy purpose; to call down a blessing upon; 
to give happiness to; as, “O Lord, bless thy 
people”; to praise or extol.— p.adj. blessed. 

Hlpco pH n pcc (bles'ed-ngs), n. felicity; 
uicao-cu-ucoo bij ss; happiness; heaven¬ 
ly joys; complete prosperity and contentment. 
HIpqq in O' (bles'ing), n. a wish of happi- 
uicoo-mg ness or holiness for another; 
a benediction; that which causes prosperity; 
a divine benefit or gift; a mercy or boon; 
grateful worship. 

Hlpcf (blest), past tense and past participle 
UiGoL 0 f the verb bless: p.adj. blessed. 
Hlp-irr (bloo), past tense of the transitive 
U1C W a nd intransitive verb blow. 

HIpatt i+c (bloo'its), n. the purple mush- 
uxcw-na room used for food. 

HlicrHf (blit), «. a disease that causes plants 
UAA & AAL to wither partly or wholly; smut; 
mildew; anything which serves to check, 
nip, or destroy: v.t. to affect with a withering 
disease, or baleful influence; to check, nip, de¬ 
stroy, or frustrate.—n. blighter. 

"Rlio-Hf \T (bli'ti), n. an East Indian word 
- DA1 & AA, ' - J meaning ‘‘over the seas”; in the 
World War, used by the British soldiers to 
signify home, or Britain; as, back to Blighty 
on a furlough. [Slang.] 

Hlirrvn (blimp), n. a small dirigible balloon, 
UiiiiijJ used to locate submarines. [Slang.] 
HHnH (blind), adj. without the sense of 
umiu sight; sightless; unable or unwilling 
to understand, judge, or realize; heedless; 
unthinking; as, blind haste, blind admira¬ 
tion; hidden; closed at one end; as, a 
blind alley; without understanding: n. any¬ 
thing which serves to hinder or obstruct 
vision, or hinders the passage of light; a 
window-shade; a hinged shutter for windows; 
a blinker on a horse’s bridle; something to 
mislead the eye or the understanding; as. 
photographs of wild animals in their natural 
homes may be taken if the camera is hidden 
behind a blind made of boughs and leaves; 
an ambush; a subterfuge: v.t. to deprive of 
sight; to make blind, mentally or morally; 
to hide; to dazzle; to conceal.— adv. blindly. 
HHnH f*r (blin'der), n. one who or that 
UJ.iIiU.-Gl which prevents from seeing; 
a blinker on a horse’s bridle. 

HHnH -ficH (blind fish), a very small fish 
UIUIU 11 oil without eyes, found in the 
waters of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. 

HHnH fnlH (blind'fold*), adj. having the 
uimu.-j.uiu eyes covered so as to be un¬ 
able to see; having the understanding 
darkened; hence, reckless; heedless: v.f. 
to cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; 
to hinder from seeing. 

blind man’s buff «« ."S-JSffi 

some one who is blindfolded must catch and 
name one of the other players. 

HHnH tiocc (blind'nes), n. want of sight; 
umiu-iicoo sightlessness; want of thought, 
wisdom, or understanding. 

HH-nH cHoil (blind shSl), a shell which 
UilIlU. bllcll f a ii s without exploding, or 

which contains no charge. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






blind spot 


64 


bloom 


cnsvf (blind spftt), that point 
UJLU1U oJJUL where the optic nerve enters 
the eye and which cannot be affected by light. 

w/vrm (bUnd'wurm*), n. a small, 
DimQ-WOrm slender, limbless lizard with 
tiny eyes, so named from the popular but 
wrong belief that it cannot see. 

Klitilr (blink), v.i. to see indistinctly, as 
U III IK. with half-closed eyes; to wink with, 
or as with, the eye; twinkle; to get a glimpse; 
to glimmer: v.t. to evade or shut one’s eyes 
to; to shirk; to ignore (what one is looking 
at); as, he blinks a question: n. a glimpse or 
glance; a gleam; a glimmer; a twinkle. 
Klinlr (bllhk'er), n. one who winks or 
Ui.ilJLK.-Cl. evades; a leather flap placed one 
on each side of a horse’s bridle to prevent him 
from seeing objects beside or behind him; 
pi. colored glasses to shield the eyes from 
too much light; hence, any obstruction to 
eight or understanding. 

VJioc? (blls), n. the highest degree of happi- 
Uilbb ness; blessedness; the perfect joy 
of heaven. 

Klioc? fill (blis'fool), adj. filled with glad- 
Ullbb-lUl ness or j oy . extremely happy.— 
adv. blissfully.— n. blissfulness. 

Klio + 01 - (blls'ter), n. a small, bladderlike 
Uilb-lCl cavity vmder the skin containing 
watery matter; any eruption resembling 
one made by such a cavity under the skin, 
as the blister raised by heat on painted sur¬ 
faces; something put on the skin to produce 
an eruption: v.t. to cause such an eruption to 
come upon: v.i. to rise in, or become covered 
yrith, such an eruption. 

(blim), adj. gay; 

UUtllC mirthful; cheery; 
blithely. 

y .1 1 *(blim'sum), adj. cheery; 
JU 11 liiC-bUi.ilC ga y. merry; joyous. 
v,i •_ _ or , J (bltz'drd), n. a furious hurricane 
VilZ-Zdlu 0 f wind accompanied by fine 
driving snow, and intense cold. 

(blot), v.t. to cure or dry (herrings) in 
i/iUctl smoke; to cause to swell; to distend 
or puff out, as with water or air; inflate; 
make vain: v.i. to become swollen; to be¬ 
come puffed out. 

or (blot'er), n. a large herring, 
UiUd.l**d salted, smoked, and partially 
dried. 

(blfik), n. any unshaped solid mass 
ImUv/JY 0 f matter, as of wood, stone, etc.; 
a piece of wood for supporting the 
neck of a person condemned to be 
beheaded; a piece of hard wood pre¬ 
pared for the tool of the engraver; 
a wooden mold for shaping hats; a 
grooved pulley or pulleys in a frame 
to which is attached a hook or ring 
which it may be suspended; a 
row of buildings; a square or por¬ 
tion of a city inclosed by streets; 
that which closes the way or chan¬ 
nel; an obstacle; a hindrance; quan¬ 
tity, section, or number of something 
dealt with as a unit; as, a block of 
seats in a theater; shares of stock 
bought or sold in the mass: v.t. to 
stop the passage of: to obstruct; _ 
stop up; to plan or sketch without bi oc ]j an( j 
working out any details; to secure Tackle 
or support by blocks; to mold or 
shape on a block; to stop (a train) by signal. 

Klnrlr orlo (blok-ad'), n. the shutting 
uiucJY-auc U p 0 f a place, as a port, by 

ships or troops of an enemy in order to pre¬ 
vent anything from coming in or going out: 
v.t. to surround and shut up; to block. 


joyous; glad; 
happy.— adv. 



block-head ZrXk . n ' a stupld ,el ‘ 

block-house building or^ fortress built 

of heavy timber, furnished with loopholea 
for musketry, and having a projecting upper 
story. 

hi nrlr cvc fpm (bl6k sfe'tfm), a sys- 
DJLOCK sys-iem £ em providing for the 

safe passage of railway trains, by which the 
line is divided into short sections. _ No train 
is allowed to leave a section until the next 
section is signaled clear. 

hlnnrl (blond), adj. of a fair color; light 
U1U11U colored: n. a person of very fair com¬ 
plexion and light hair. Also,usually feminine, 
blonde. 

hl/inrl (blud), n. the red fluid which circu- 
DIUUU i a tes in the heart, arteries, and veins 
of an animal; sometimes, the juice of any¬ 
thing, especially if red; kinship; relation¬ 
ship; as, “God has made of one blood all 
nations of men for to dwell on earth.”— 
Acts xvii. 26; descent; lineage; a line of 
royal ancestors; as, a prince of royal blood; 
a man of Are and spirit; a rake; as, a young 
blood; temper, accompanied by cold or hot; 
as, a murder in cold blood; slaughter or 
murder. 

blood-ed adj - of the be6t s “ ck 

blood heat *& SZS! 

blood in health which is 98.6* F. 

■hlnnH li/vunH (blud'hound"), n. one of a 
DlOOQ-HOuIlQ. breed of large dogs re¬ 
markable for their acute sense of smell, 
employed to track wounded game and es¬ 
caped prisoners or criminals. 

•l .1 __ J | i T7 . (blud'I-11), adv. in a murderous 
UiUUU—1-iy manner; relentlessly; cruelly. 

Wlnn/I 1 nocc (blud'I-nes), n. the state 
UlUUU.- 1 -J. 1 coo c f being bloody; a dispo¬ 
sition to kill by savage methods. 

Klruirl lace (blud'les), adj. without blood: 
UlUUU-lcoo used of a run-down physical 
condition; pale; spiritless; cold-hearted; un- 
feeling 

IvlnnH -mnn ott (blud mun'I), money 
UlUUu mon-ey obtained at the cost of 

another's life; as, Judas, when he betrayed 
Jesus, received thirty pieces of silver as blood 
money; the reward paid for discovery or 
capture of a murderer; money paid by the 
slayer to the next of kir^of a slain person. 
ftlnnH root (blud root), a plant of the 
UIUUU lUUl poppy family, having red 
roots and white sap, and bearing a white 
flower which blooms in early spring. 

Vdnnrl (blud'shed"), n. slaughter; 

Diooa-snea destruction of Ufe. 

Klnnrl cVi/if (blud'shot*), adj. red and in- 
UiUUU-bllUL flamed: said of the eyes. 

hlnnrl ctnrua (blud'ston"), n. a dark 
UlUUU-olUUC green variety of quarts 
spotted with red jasper. 

hlnnrl ciirlr (blud'suck'er), n. an 
UiUUU.-bULK.-er aminal that sucks blood: 

especially, a leech; one who forces money 
from another; an extortioner. 

Klruif! thirQ fir (blud'thflrs'tl), adj. mur- 
UiUUu-tilllb-iy cl er ous; eager to kill; 

cruel. 

VkIrmH ■tj (blud'I), adj. relating to, contain- 
uiuuu-jr ing, or resembling blood; blood¬ 
stained; cruel; murderous; attended with 

slaughter. 

hlnrvm (bloom), n. a blossom; the flower 
LUUU1U 0 f a plant; the state of having 
flowers; as, the tree is in bloom; a state or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bffrn, cut, focus, menu: 













bloomer 


period of health and growth, promising higher 
perfection, cm* showing freshness and beauty; 
the delicate color or powdery coating upon 
certain fruits or leaves; as, the bloom on 
peaches, plums, grapes, etc.; a flush; a glow; 
a rough mass of iron from the melting furnace, 
intended to be drawn out under the hammer 
or rolled into bars: v.i. to produce blossoms; 
flower; show the freshness and beauty of 
youth; glow. 

lYlnrvm pr (bloom'gr), n. a costume for 
UlUUAii-ci women introduced by a Mrs. 

Bloomer, of New York, in 1849-50, and 
consisting of loose trousers under a short 
dress: pi. loose wide trousers gathered below 
the knee, and worn, with or without an over¬ 
skirt, by women in athletic sports. 
k|pr (bloom er-1), n. the first 
UlUUIil-ei-y forge through which iron 
passes after it is melted from the ore; the 
forge in which iron is wrought into masses 
ready for the hammer. 

Vdnnm incr (blooming), p.adj. blossom- 
uiuum-mg, ing; flowering; thriving in 
health, vigor, and beauty. 

"hlrkC cnm (blos'um), n. the flower of a 
UlUo-oUiU plant; the state of flowering; 
v.i. to put forth flowers; to flower; to flourish. 
TVlnt (blot), n. a spot or stain; a wiping 
UiUl ou t or erasure; a spot on the reputa¬ 
tion; disgrace: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. blotted, 
p.pr. blotting], to spot or stain; to disfigure; 
to dishonor; to stain -with disgrace; to 
cancel: usually with out; to destroy utterly; 
as, Sodom was utterly blotted, out; to dry 
(ink) with absorbent, or blotting, paper; to 
darken or hide; as, a cloud blots out the moon: 
v.i. to make a blot or blots. 

Vdnfrli (bloch), n. a large irregular spot, 
U1ULU1 as 0 f jut; a clumsy daub; a 
coarse eruption; as, a blotch of pimples on the 
face: v.t. to mark or disfigure with irregular 
blots or spots.— adj. blotchy. 

“hlrvfr tpr (blot'er), n. a sheet of paper 
UIUl-lcI intended to dry or suck up wet 
ink. 

k1o+ +I«0' npt* (blot'ing pa'per), 
DIQT-Tlllg p cl-per paper specially pre¬ 
pared to dry or suck up wet ink. 

I^lnncp (blouz; blous), n. a light, loose 
UlUUoC overgarment originally worn by 
workmen as a protection from dust; a 
shirtwaist; a loosely-fitting waist worn by 
children. 

"hlrkixr (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. 
U1UW blowing], to blossom; to flower; to 
move, as air, at different rates of speed and 
force; to pant; to breathe quickly; to sound 
by having air forced into, as a whistle; to 
spout water: v.t. to drive a current of air 
upon: to send forward or impel by a current 
of air: to cause to sound by forcing air 
through, as a whistle; to clear by forcing 
air through; form by forcing air into, as 
bubbles; put out of breath by fatigue; scat¬ 
ter or shatter by explosives: n. a flower; a 
blossom; a blast; a gale of wind; an egg 
laid by a fly; the spouting of a whale; a 
stroke with the hand or with a weapon; an 
act of enmity; a sudden shock or misfortune. 
— adj. blowy. 

Vk1/\ur or (blo'er), n. a device for causing 
UlUW-cI a i r to move in a current. 

blow fly n * any kind of fly wbIcb 


lays its eggs on meat or in 

wounds. 

ni.,.. (blo'gun"), n. a long tube of 

DlOW-gUn cane or reed, used by South 
American Indians and the Dyaks of Borneo, 
to shoot arrows by the force of the breath. 


65 bluing 

Vilnw nine* (bio'pip' 1 '), n. a tube through 
" ‘r 1 r c which a current of air or gas 
is driven upon a flame so as to bring all its 
heat upon a substance to melt it. 

Tilnw*/ v (blouz'I), adj. ruddy-faced; high- 
uxuwi-y colored; coarse-complexioned, as 
by exposure to the weather; disordered by 
wind; as, blowzy hair. Also, blowzed. 

"hliih Kpr (blub'er), v.i. to weep noisily 
jjJ.U. a nd go as to disfigure the face: 
v.t. to disfigure (tho face) with weeping; to 
utter sobbingly: n. the act of weeping noisily; 
the fat of whales and other sea animals, 
from which train_oil is prepared; a jelly-fish, 
"hln cVior (bloo'cher; bloo'ker), n. a strong 
uiu-wlici half-boot, so named from the 
Prussian general Blucher; also, a low cr high 
shoe in which the tongue and toe are made 
of one piece of leather. 

"hillHa #^r»n (bluj'fin), n. a short heavy 
uluu b' cuu stick used as a weapon, one 
end of which is heavier than the other or is 
loaded with_lead, etc. 

hlllP (bloo), adj. of the color of the clear 
UJ.UC sky*; azure; low-spirited; dismal: 
n. color of the clear sky; one of the three 
original or primary colors (blue, yellow, and 
red) from which the others are made; a dye 
or paint which colors blue; pale without 
glare; as, a blue flame: pi. low spirits; 
melancholy: v.t. to make, or dye, blue. 

"hliic* "h,o 11 (bloo'bel*), n. the wild hya- 
cinth; _theharebell of Scotland. 

"hliiek r-xr (bloo'ber-I), n. [pi. berries 

Uluc-UcI-iy (_iz)], a small berry, blue in 
color, suitable for eating; also, the shrub 
which bears this fruit. 

Kill** hirH (bloo'burd"), n. a small Ameri- 
UlUC-UliU can S ong bird of blue color. 

"hlii^ "h1r»r»H (bloo blud), the blood of 
UlUc DiOOU. dd an d honorable families; 
a person of such a family. 

+ 1 #a (bloo'bot'l), n. the corn- 
UAUe-UOl-lie flower; a large fly with 
steel-blue body. 

Klii#a ictrlr of (bloo'jak"gt), n. a sailor; an 
uiuc-jaeiv-c l enlisted man in the navy. 

lowc (bloo loz), certain very strict 
UlUC IdWb laws enacted by the Puritans; 
hence, any severe laws, especially in regard to 
Sunday amusements^ 

"hlii^ t£»r (bloo' pe'ter), a blue flag 
U1UC F c - lcl with a white square in the 
center, indicating that a ship is about to 
sail. 

"hlii+a ri"h "hrm ( bl °o rlb'fin), usually, tho 
U1UC uo-uuu highest award in a compe¬ 
tition; a prized honor. 

cforlr i-na (bloo , st 8 k /, Ing),), a 
scholarly woman, so 
interested in books that she cares for little else. 
THu (bloo'St), n. a delicate, dainty plant 
U1U--CL -with small, bluish flowers, found in 
the United States: called also quaker-ladies. 
Kliiff (bluf), adj. having a broad, flattened 
UALUA front; rising steeply or boldly; 
rough and hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high 
steep bank; a cliff or headland with a broad 
steep face; the act of putting on an air of 
confidence for the purpose of deceiving: 
v.t. to deceive by putting on a confident air m 
order to accomplish some purpose or escape 
some danger: v.i. to deceive an opponent by 
putting on an air of strength.-—n. bluflness. 
VHliff 1.. (bluf'll), adv. in a blunt, out- 
A ' AAAAA “ A y spojcen, or offhand manner. 

"hill fna (bloo'Ing), n. a bluish preparation, 
Uiu-Ulg as 0 f indigo, used in laundering; 
the act of giving a blue color to iron or steel. 
Also, blueing. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; t hen, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









blunder 


60 


bobsled 


hlirn Hpr (blun'der), 
Diun-uer a serious ei 


n. a stupid mistake; 
a serious error: v.i. to make a 
bad mistake from stupidity, ignorance, etc.; 
err stupidly; to move or act clumsily.— 
adj. blundering.— adv. blunderingly. 

Mii-n Hpr Tvnco (blun'der-bus), n. a 
DIUn-Uer-UUbS kind of short gun or 

firearm, no longer in use; a stupid fellow. 
Klnnt (blunt), adj. having a thick or 
rounded edge or point; not sharp; 
dull in understanding; stupid; abrupt in 
speech or manner; plain-spoken: v.t. to 
dull the edge or point of; to make weaker or 
less keen: v.i. to become dull; lose keenness.— 
adv. bluntly.— n. bluntness. 

Kliir (blur), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. blurred, p.pr. 
U1U1 blurring], to make indistinct in out¬ 
line; to dim by causing imperfect vision in; 
to stain; to blemish: v.i. to become indis¬ 
tinct in outline: n. a smudge; indistinctness; 
a moral stain; a dim confused appearance. 
Kin ft (blurt), v.t. to speak out suddenly 
UlUI l a nd without thought; to utter un¬ 
wisely: usually with out; as, to blurt out a 
secret. 

Kin qK (blush), v.i. to redden or become 
UlUo.ll rosy; to become red in the face, 
as from shame or confusion; to feel shame: 
with for: n. the red color that rises in 
the cheeks or face through shame, confusion, 
modesty, etc.; a red or reddish color; a rosy 
tint. 

hill<2 fp>r (blus'ter), v.i. to be windy and 
UlUo-LCi boisterous, as the weather; to 
talk in a noisy, swaggering style; to bully; 
to use empty threats: v.t. to utter with 
noisy violence: with forth or out: n. the noise 
and violence of a storm, or of the w T ind in gusts; 
noisy talk; empty threats; swagger. 

Ihliic mi <2 (blus'ter-fis), adj. noisy; 
DlUS-lcr-OUo roU gh; windy. Also, 

blustery. _ 

hn a (bo'a), n. [pi. boas (-az)], any large 
UU-ct s nake which crushes its prey; a long 
fur or feather tippet or neckpiece. 

bo-a con-stric-tor 1 “*“^ wound 

in tropical Amer¬ 
ica, remarkable for 
its length and its 
power of crushing its 
prey to death in its coils. 

Knar (bor), n. the male 
UUd.1 0 f swine; the wild 
hog. 

Knarrl (bord), n. a piece 
UUUIU of timber 

sawed thin, and 
much broader and 
longer than it is 
thick; a table for 
food; provision of 
meals, usually 
given for pay; 
entertainment, in 
the sense of food 
and shelter; a 
number of persons 
elected to the 
management of 
some public or private office or trust; a thin, 
usually folding, square on which a game is 
played; as, a checkerboard; pasteboard; one 
of the two stiff covers of a book; the side of 
a ship; as, over board: pi. the stage of a 
theater: by the board, away; as, her career 
had gone by the board: on board, on a ship 
or in a train: v.t. to cover with flat timbers; 
furnish with food, or food and lodging, in 
return for money; to cause to be lodged and 



Boa Constrictor 


fed, as a horse at a stable; go on (a ship) 
or enter (a train): v.i. to be supplied with 
meals, or obtain food and lodging, at a fixed 
charge. 

hrkft rr\ or (bor'der), n. one who pays for 
UUaiu-ci lodging or food by the day or 
week at the table or house of another; one 
who gets upon a ship. 

k ncjr /1 (bord' foot'), a volume 

UUdltl 1UOI equal to that of a timber 
one foot by one foot by one inch, or 144 
cubic inches: used in measuring lumber. 

hnarr\ incr (bbrd'fng), n. light timber; a 
uuciiu.-ii.ig covering of light timber; the 
act of supplying, or state of being supplied 
with, food and lodging, for a stated sum; the 
act of going on a ship. 

KnarH Tvt pq c iirn (bord' mezh' fir), 
Wctitl incao-UiC measurement of tim¬ 
ber or lumber in board feet. 

(bost), v.i. to brag; to speak of 
uudot oneself or belongings in loud and 
vain terms; to exult: v.t. to brag of: n. a 
proud, vainglorious speech; a cause or 
occasion of pride, vanity, or praiseworthy 
triumph; as, it is England’s boast that the 
sun never sets on her possessions. 
k n oc+ pf (bos'ter), n. one given to loud, 
UUdol-Ci vain bragging. 

hnocf fill (bost'fool), adj. given to brag- 
UUdsi-iUl ging, or full of vanity.— 
adv. boastfully.— n. boastfulness. 

(bot), n. a small open vessel usually 
uuai moved by oars or paddles but often 
by means of a sail; a ship; any vessel for 
navigating the water; an open dish resem¬ 
bling a ship in form: v.i. to go in a small open 
vessel; to row; to sail. 

boat hook^, 5 4 h t sk) ’ a po J e us ™ lly 

sharp point and a hook 
used in holding a boat to 
a ship’s side or to a wharf, 
or for pushing off. 

incr (bot'ing), n. 

UUd L-lllg act of sailing or 

rowing, particularly as an L 
amusement. ^ 

boat-swain |£"S: 

sn), n. a petty officer of a 
ship w ho has charge of the 
rigging, anchors, cables, and cordage, and who 
calls the crew' to their duty. 

KnK (hSb), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. bobbed, p.pr. 
uuu bobbing], to give a short jerking motion 
to; to cut short, as the hair: v.i. to have a 
short jerking motion; move or play to and 
fro, or up and down; to fish with a weight on 
the line: n. any small round object playing 
loosely at the end of a cord, chain, etc.; a 
pendant; the weight at the end of a pendu¬ 
lum, plumbline, fishing-line, etc.; a knot of 
worms or rags on a string, used in fishing for 
eels; a short jerking action or motion. 

KfiK-Kin (hob'In), n. one of the pins or 
uuu-uu .1 small cylinders-of wood used to 
carry and steady the threads in pillow-lace 
making; a spool or reel with a head at one 
or both ends, used on machines to hold 
yarn or thread for spinning, wealing, or 
sewing; a cord or braid run through a casing. 

KnK IKi npf (bhb'I-net'; bobi-net), n. a 
uuu-ui-uei machine-made cotton netting. 

KnK n linlr (bob' 6 -link), n. an American 
ueu-u-iunv song-bird: called also, in cer¬ 
tain localities, ricebird , reedbird. 

KnK clorl (bob'sled), n. a sled made of 
uuu-oicu two s hort sleds called bobs 
placed one behind the other, used for hauling 


' XV ) , cl, yui 




1 


Boat Hooks 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 















bobtail 


67 


boll 


lumber and, when smaller, for coasting; some¬ 
times called a double-runner. 

fail (bob'tal), n. a short tail or a tail 
UUU-ldiJ. CU {, short; colloquially, in “rag¬ 
tag and bobtail ,” used to mean the rabble, or 
lowest class of people.— adj. bobtailed. 

wVlifp (bSb'hwft), n. the common 
UUU-WllHC American quail or partridge, 
finofin (bosh), 77 . [pi. boches (bosh'Sz)], in 
UUUlC the World War, a soldier of the 
German army: from the French caboche , a 
hobnail with a hard, rough, square head. 
[Slang.] 

VjgHg (bod), v.t. and v.i. to portend; to 
UUU.C foretell; to be a sign of: usually 
of ill; as, to bode misfortune or disaster. 

icp (bod'Is), 77 . the close-fitting waist 
UUU-iLC or body of a woman’s dress; a 
wide belt or girdle. 

Knrl inrl (bbd'id), adj. possessing or hav- 
UUU-lcu hjg a body: usually foimd in 
compounds; as, able-bodied seamen were 

asked for. 

i Ipcc (bod'I-les), adj. possessing no 
uuu-i-icoo concrete form; not made up 
of matter. 

VinH i lv (bbdi-lT), adj. pertaining to, or 
UUU.-1-iy belonging to, the body; as, bodily 
sickness or harm: a dr. in the form of the 
body; entirely; completely. 

incr (boding), n. an omen; a belief 
DUU-LLlg or feeling that harm or evil is 
approaching: p.adj. foreshadowing evil; omi¬ 
nous.— adv. bodingly. 

Vinf! Irin (bod'kin), n. a pointed instru- 
UUU-hlll ment for piercing holes in em¬ 
broidery; a blunt needle with a large eye for 
drawing tape, ribbon, etc. through a hem, 
eyelets, etc.; a long pin or stiletto to fasten 
up the hair. 

HnH vr (bodi), n. [pi. bodies (-Iz)], the 
UbU-y form and substance of an animal 
living or dead; the trunk or main portion 
of an animal or tree; the main or principal 
part of anything; as, the body of a letter 
is the part that carries the message; a 
person; a number of individuals united by 
some common tie or distinct purpose; a 
mass; as, a body of troops; a material thing; 
a certain thickness or weight; as, china silk 
is a material of very little body: r.t. [ p.t. and 
p.p. bodied, p.pr. bodying], to furnish with 
a material form; to embody; to picture 
as if existing in material form: usually with 
forth; as, to body forth the form of things 
unseen. 

Syn., n. carcass, clay, form, frame, trunk, 
corpse, system. 

Ant. (see spirit). 

tt (bod'i-gard*), n. one who 

Doa-y-guara protects or defends the 
person; a group of soldiers or police officers 
assigned to protect the person of some ruler 
or official. 

tt i (bod'I pol'I-tlk), the 

DOCl-y pOi-1-tlC people of a nation, 
state, or community regarded as a political 
unit; a number of people, considered col¬ 
lectively, living under an organized political 
government. 

(boor), n. a South African colonist or 
•DCJCr farmer of Dutch descent. 

Krvrr (bbg), 77. a tract of wet, spongyground, 
DUg composed of decayed and decaying vege¬ 
table matter; a quagmire; marsh; morass: 
v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. bogged, p.pr. bog¬ 
ging], to sink or submerge in a marsh or 
quagmire. 

Vw Vtrtvir (bo'gl), n. a hobgoblin; a specter; 
PO-gey a bugbear; a four-wheeled truck 


used to partly support a locomotive; an tsti- 
mated or arbitrary amount; in golf, an arbi¬ 
trary score for each hole supposed to be made 
by Colonel Bogey, a mythical opponent against 
whom the players contend. Also, bogie, bogy, 
"hncr rrlo (bog'l), v.i. to hesitate; waver; 

act clumsily; bungle: v.t. to 
make a bungle of. 

finer erv (bfig'l), adj. full cf wet, muddy 
DUg-gy places; marshy; swampy, 
fin one (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit; not 
UU-gUo genuine; as, a quack is a name 
sometimes given to a bogus physician; sham, 
ftno- wnnH (bog'wood"), n. the wood of 
uug-wuuu. trees preserved in peat bogs, 
shiny black in color, and much used for 
ornament. 

fin erv (bo'gl), 77. [pi. bogies (-giz)]. n. a 
J hobgoblin; a specter; a bugbear. 
Also, bogie, bogey. 

Pin fin mi ern (bo-he'mT-&n), n. a native 
-DU-iJ.c-1111-clJ.I G f Bohemia; the language 

of Bohemia; a person interested in art, 
literature, etc. who disregards the conven¬ 
tional observances of social life, or shows a 
wild or roving disposition; a gipsy: adl. 
pertaining to Bohemia; unconventional: 
free and easy.— n. Bohemianism. 
finil (boil), v.i. to bubble through the action 
UUli 0 f beat; in case of liquid, to become so 
hot that the liquid begins to turn into gas; 
be cooked in water; to seethe with an agita¬ 
tion like boiling; as, the swollen river boiled 
and swirled; be er cited by passion and anger; 
as, his blood boiled: v.t. to heat to the boiling 
point; cause to bubble by heat; to cook in a 
boiling liquid: n. an inflamed, hard, festering, 
and painful tumor in the tissues of the body, 
with a central eore, caused by infection, 
finil nr (boil'er), n. a strong metallic ves- 
UU1J.-CJ. se b i n which steam is produced 
for driving engines or for other purposes; 
a tank for storing hot water; a vessel In 
which a liquid is heated. 

finil itnr (boil'Ing), adj. heated to the 
UUU-IIIg point of seething or bubbling; 
swelling with heat: n. the act of bubbling 
and seething as a result of heat; the effect 
of subjecting to the action of hot liquid: 
boiling point, the temperatime at which a 
liquid begins to change into gas. 
finic for mic (bois'ter-fls), adj. violent; 
DUJ.o-iCJ.-uuo rough; loud; stormy; noisy; 


rude; turbulent; tumultuous; uproarious, 
finlrl (bold), adj. courageous; fearless; 
DU 1 U venturesome; planned or carried out 
with courage and spirit; steep, abrupt, as a 
cliff; prominent; as, newspaper headlines 
are printed in bold type; in high relief; 
rude; presuming; overstepping limitations. 

Syn. brave, daring, intrepid, undaunted, 
brazen, vigorous. 

Ant. (see timid). 

Fwvlrl -foro (bold'fas*), n. a term used In 
UUlU-lctUC printing to denote a particu¬ 
larly heavy and conspicuous type, 
finlrl Ivr (bold'll), adv. in a fearless manner; 
UUIU-iy courageously; rudely; impudently; 
vigorously. 

finlrl nnee (bold'nes), n. courage; dar- 
UUlU-JlC&o ing; dauntlessness; rudeness; 

forwardness. 

finl (bol), 77. the trunk or stem of a tree; any 
OUlc of several kinds of easily crumbled clay, 
fin In -rn (b 6 -la'ro). n. a lively Spanish 
UU-ic-IU dance; the music accompanying 
such a dance; a short jacket, 
finil (bol), 77. the pod or seed-vessel of Vi 
UU11 plant, as of flax: v.i. to form into V, 
seed-vessel; go to seed. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







boll weevil! 


68 


bonhomie 


boll wee vil (S' ZZuVL' 


a grayish 
quarter of 

an inch long, which infests the cotton 
plant. 

hnll worm (bol'wurm), n. the larva of a 
uuu-wuiiu moth which devours the un¬ 
ripe pods of the cotton plant, and which 
also feeds on corn, tomatoes, beans, etc. 

BaI cV»a Iri (bdl'shS-ve'ke), n.pl. (sing. 
OOl-SIie-Vl-Kl Bolshevik), literally, the 
majority: a Russian party of extreme radi¬ 
cals, having as its aim the immediate realiza¬ 
tion of a socialist commonwealth: opposed 
to the Mensheciki or moderate socialists. 

Hoi cViia vicm (b61'sh6-vlzm), n. the 
LHJl-0J.lC-VioJ.il theory of government 

of the Bolsheviki.— n. bolshevist 

.. n. a long pillow or 
cushion used to support the head: 
a pad to ease pressure; a cushioned or padded 
part of a saddle: v.t. to support with a pillow 
or cushion; prop; support: usually with up. 
Hnlt (bolt), n. a short, thick arrow with a 
blunt head; a stream of lightning, so 
called from its darting like an arrow; a 
stout pin or rod of iron or some other metal, 
usually with a permanent head at one end, 
used for holding objects together; a slid¬ 
ing catch for securing a door, gate, etc.; 
the portion of a lock shot or withdrawn by 
the key; a shackle; a sudden departure; 
a roll or certain length, as of cloth; in United 
States politics, a refusal to support a nomi 


Viol ctpi* (bol'ster), 

UUl-blCr ruchirm u< 


nation made 
from one’s 


by 


one’s party, or withdrawal 
party: adv. directly; suddenly; 
^straight, as bolt upright: v.t. expel with force; 
cause to spring forth; fasten or secure with 
a sliding catch; blurt out; swallow hurriedly 
or without chewing; in United States politics, 
to withdraw from (a party), or decline to sup¬ 
port a (candidate); to sift or separate the 
coarser particles from; as, to bolt flour; hence, 
to examine with care; separate: v.i. to shoot 
forth or fall suddenly; to depart with sudden¬ 
ness; to start and run away; in United States 
politics, to refuse to support the policy or the 
nominee of a party: thunderbolt, n. the name 
given to a lightning flash that seems to strike 
the earth in an electric storm, 
hn In o (bo'lfls), n. [pi. boluses (-6z)], a 
uu-j.uo medicine in the form of a soft 
rounded mass, larger than an ordinary pill; 
hence, anything disagreeable which must be 
accepted. 

HomH Cb5m; bum), n. a hollow iron ball 
uuuxu or shell filled with an explosive 
material, fired from a short, heavy cannon 
called a mortar, and usually exploded by a 
tube filled with some substance easily burned 
and called a fuse; any shell similarly con¬ 
structed and thrown by the hand or dropped 
from an airshipaerial bomb, a long steel 
cylinder filled with high explosive, dropped 
by airplanes: incendiary bomb, a shell that, 
when exploded, throws out a flaming liquid 
which sets fire to anything combustible wi hin 
a large area: bombing post, a trench running 
from a front line trench to within a short 
distance of an enemy trench and used as a 
station for bomb-throwers.— n. bomber. 

hom bare1 (bom-bard'; bum-bard'), v.t. 
UUlll-UdXU to attack with cannon; fire 

shot or shell at or into; to assail persistently 
with artillery. 

hnm bar Hior (bom"bdr-der'; bum"bar- 
UUm-UdX-Uier d g r / )> n. an artilleryman; 
a gunner. 

bom-bard.ment 

a continuous attack with shot and shell. 


rockets, etc.; the act or process of shelling 
a town or fort. 

Hnm Hnct (bom'bast; bum'bast), n. high- 
uum-uaai sounding words; high-sound¬ 
ing language or style without much mean¬ 
ing. 

Hn-m Hac (bom-bas'tlk), adj. swelled 
ucM. 11 -ua. 0 - 1 .iU or puffed-up in manner or 

style. Also, bombastical. — adv. bombas¬ 
tically. 

HomH nroof (bom'proof). adj. secure 
uemu-puui against damage, or resist¬ 
ing injury, from the explosive force of shells. 

HomH oHoll (bom'shel"), n. an explosive 
uumu-oiicu missile, or bomb; anything 
very sudden and surprising. 

Ka no Hp (bo'nd fi'de), genuine: 
UU-Ud 11-U.t; without deceit; in good 
faith. [Lat.] 

k n non 7 a (b&-n&n'zd), n. a rich vein 
UU-liaiJ.-Z.cl 0 f ore j n a mine; hence, 
anything which brings wealth or good fortune, 
"hnn Hon (bonbon"), n. a sugarplum; 
uuu-uun a sugar candy; a sweetmeat. 
Honrl (bond), n. anything that fastens or 
uunu confines; a manacle; a cause of 
union; a uniting influence; as, the bond of 
peace; an obligation; an agreement under 
seal by which a person promises that he and 
his heirs, etc. will do, or abstain from doing, 
a certain act; a promise to pay a certain sum 
on or before a definite date; a certificate, 
bearing interest, issued by a government or 
company, in return for money borrowed: pi. 
chains, fetters; imprisonment; captivity: 
v.t. to put (dutiable goods) into a warehouse, 
the duties remaining unpaid till the goods 
are taken out, but security being given for 
their payment; to place under a mortgage: 
adj. in a state of servitude or slavery; cap¬ 
tive; as, “whether he be bond or free." 
Honrl orra (bdn'dSj), «. the act of serving 
UUuU-agc against one’s will; slavery, 
whether physical or moral; imprisonment. 
Syn. captivity, serfdom, thralldom. 

Ant. (see freedom). 

Horirf (bon'ded), ad), held In bond, or 
uuuu-^u under pledge, for payment of 
duties; secured by written agreement, as a 
debt: bonded warehouse, a place in which 

bonded goods are kept. 

hon ff ^ try an (bSndz'mSn), n. a slave or 
uunua-niail Berf . one who makes himself 
responsible for another’s payment of a debt, 
appearance for trial, etc. Also, brndman. 
Hono (bon), n. the hardened tissue forming 
uuuc tho skeleton of the higher orders of 
animals; one of the parts or pieces of an 
animal skeleton; a stay of whalebone, steel, 
etc., for a corset: pi. pieces of bone or ivory 
held between the fingers and rattled together 
as an accompaniment to music: v.t. to remove 
the bones from; to stiffen with whalebone, 
ae a dress: bone dry, very dry, as sun-dried 
bone: said of those states in which alcoholic 
liquors of every kind are prohibited by law to 
be made or sold or received from another 
state. 

Hon a o (bon'set"), n. a coarse herb of 
uuuc-ocl tho aster family with white- 
rayed flower heads, much used by old- 
fashioned housewives to brew a bitter- 
tasting remedy or spring tonic known as 
boneset tea. 

Hon firo (bSn'fir'), n. any large fire made 
iic j n the open air to celebrate an 
event or to destroy rubbish or trash. 

Hon lio mip (bSn'S-me'), n. good nature: 
uuu lJU-llilc a f ran j i> pleasant, easy man¬ 
ner. ai,so_, JEn-1 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bOrn, cut, focus, menu; 









bonnet 


69 


booze 


hnn TIPf (bon ot), n. a soft woolen cap 
uwx iici worn by men in Scotland; a 
woman s or child’s outdoor head-covering, 
usually having strings, but having no brim; 
anything resembling such a head-covering in 
shape or use: v.t. to provide with a cap or 
other similar headgear. 

lion nV (b6n'l), adj. good-looking; pretty; 
uuu-uy cheerful; gay; blithe; comely. 

Also, bonnie. 

hnn-nvrlflh hpr (bSn'lkl&b'er).cottage 
UUXI XXy UaU-UCl C h eese; milk that has 

thickened in souring. 

hnn toti (bon " ton'), the style of per- 
wu sor)s j n high society; good 
breeding; fashionable society; height of 
fashion. {Fr.J 

fin nuc (bS'nfis), n. [pi. bonuses (-&)], a 
uw-iAuo sum given, or paid, over and 
above what is strictly due, or actually pay¬ 
able; an additional payment made to the 
shareholders in a company out of the profits; 
a sum paid in addition to regular pay or 
wages. 

VlOtl V (bon'I), adj. like, or full of, bones; 

having prominent or conspicuous 
bones; thin and angular in figure, 
hnn (boo), interj. an expression of dislike, 
aversion, or contempt; an exclamation 
made to frighten. 

hnn hv (boo'bl), n. a dunce; a stupid fel- 
low; in a game, the player ending 
with the iowestjscore. 

hnn Hip (boo'dl), n. a political slang term 
ww-vi.it. meaning money paid for votes, 
or political influence; bribe money; graft. 

hnn hnn (boo'hoo'; boo'hoo'), n. and in- 
nuu-nuu f cr j the noise or act of loud cry¬ 
ing, weeping, or laughter: v.i. to cry loudly, 
hnnlr (book), n. a collection of sheets of 
paper and other material, blank, 
written, or printed, bound together in a vol¬ 
ume; a composition of some length on a 
particular subject, printed and bound; a 
division, section, or part of a literary com¬ 
position; a register or record; in card play¬ 
ing, a certain number of tricks held by one 
side; in horse-racing, a list of horses entered 
and the bets laid on them: Book, the Bible: 
v.t. to enter or register, as to book an order; 
to record. 

hnnlr hi-nH pr (book'bin"der), n. one 
UUUJS.-UUlU.-cI w hose business it is to 

fasten together or bind books.— n. book¬ 
binding. 

k1r onr(book'kas*), n. a set of 
UUUJ£-CdLbU shelves for books. 

hoplf in cr nf firp (book'ing of'is), in 
DOOK-mg Ol-nte England, an office 

where tickets are sold for railway or steam¬ 
ship traveling, or for seats in a theater; a 
ticket office. 

hnnlr icti (book'ish), adj. fond of study; 
UUUi\.-loll given to reading; better ac¬ 
quainted with books than with men; learned; 
pedantic; making a display of learning; as, 
bookish talk.— n. bookishness. 

hnnlr IrPP-n pr (b6Sk'kep"er), n. one 
UUUJx-J^.Ccp-Cl whose business it is to 

keep accounts; an accountant. 

hnnlr Irppn incr (book'kep'Ing), n. the 
UUUK-JietJp-mg art of recording ac¬ 
counts or business transactions in a regular 
and systematic manner. 

hnnlr Ipf (book'let), n. a small volume, 
UUUn-lcl usually intended either for 
ornament or for advertising purposes. 

hnnlr mfllr pr (book'mak'er), n. one 
UUUJS.-IlldJV-d who writes or publishes 

books; a professional betting man. 


hnnlr muc lin (took muz'lln), a fine kind 
UUUxV illUo-1111 c f transparent cotton 

cloth, folded in bookjorm. 

finnlr wnrm (book'wurm"), n. one of 
UUUJL-WOrm various kinds of insects 
which live in and injure books; a person who 
is unusually_devoted to reading and study, 
konm (boom), n. a long pole or spar run 
out to extend the bottom of a sail; 
a strong chain, cable, or line of spars bound 
together, extended across a river or harbor 
to keep out an enemy’s ships; a deep, hollow 
sound; a sudden demand for something Gn 
sale, accompanied by a rapid rise in price; 
as, the increased use of automobiles caused a 
boom in rubber and gasoline; a rapid growth 
in population: v.i. to make a deep, hollow 
sound; to grow rapidly in value, population, 
or popular esteem: v.t. to give forth with a 
hollow, resounding noise, usually with out; to 
cause to grow rapidly in value, population, or 
popular esteem. 

VlfiritTl PT* stiff (boom'er-ang), n. a weap- 
UUUIIl-ei-cillg on used by the Australian 

natives, consisting of a piece of flat curved 
hard wood, which, when thrown by the hand 
in a certain manner, makes a number of 
curves, and finally returns to the thrower, 
striking the ground behind him; hence, 
any plot or action the result of which recoils 
upon the maker to his disadvantage, 
hrtrm (bCon), n • a benefit; a gift; a privi- 
i e g e; a favor: adj. gay; kind; jovial; 
merry; convivial; as, a boon companion. 
Tirtnr (b 6 Br), n - a peasant; a rustic; a 
rude, ill-mannered person, 
hnnr Joti (boor'fch), Odj. clownish; awk- 
uuuwou ward in manner; ignorant; 
ungainly; without culture.—n. boorisbness. 
Vinnct (boost), v -t- to lift by pushing from 
uv/uot behind: n. a push or shove that 
aids one to_rise or advance. 

^oot), n. a leather covering for the 
UUUL f 00 t an( } the lower part of the leg: 
a compartment at the back of a coach, car¬ 
riage, or automobile for holding baggage: 
that which is thrown in to persuade one to 
make a bargain, or to make an exchange 
equal; as, I will exchange my house for 
yours and give you one hundred dollars to 
boot; an old instrument of torture consisting 
of a kind of wooden rack or leather case so 
made as to squeeze the leg very tightly: v.t. 
to.profit; to benefit; as, it boots me nothing; 
to put boots on; kick with the boot. 

V»nnt kdnrlr (boot'blak"), n. one whose 
uuu occupation is to polish shoes. 
Kruv (boo-te'), n. a little boot; a lady’s, 

UUU-ICC or child’s, light :boot or half-boot. 
Iinn+ll (boot)?), n. a covered stall or other 
uuu Ui temporary structure made of boards, 
canvas, etc., at a_fair or polling place, etc. 
Uiv/vf iorlr (boot'jak"), n. an instrument 
UUUl-JdCxi. for_pulling off boots or shots. 

hrxnt 1 #acc (boot'les), adv. without avail; 
uuut-icoa without advantage; useless; 
as, a bootless^ rrand. 

hnnt <5 (boots), 7 i. the servant in a hotel 
LMJUlo vho cleans and polishes the shoes 
of the guests; a bootblack. 

ffckci (boot'tre"), n. a block to 
UUUrucc stretch boots or to keep them 
from losing their shape. 

k nn (boo'tl), n. [pi. booties (-tlz)], food, 
UUU-iy g U ns, etc., taken from the enemy 
in war; plunder; that which is seized by 
violence and_robbery; any rich spoil. 
k nn7p (booz), v.i. to drink to excess; 
UUUxiC to tipple: n. liquor; drink; a 
carouse; spree. Also, boose. [Polloq.] 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = eh as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









bopeep 


70 


bottle 


Vw-k naon (bo-pep'), n. a quick, playful 
UU-Jpccp peeping out and withdrawing 
in a child’s game. 

ran ir (bo-ras'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
UU-IdU-JU or produced from, borax; boric: 
boracic acid, a colorless crystalline com¬ 
pound, largely used in solution as an eye¬ 
wash and antiseptic. 

fnf & A (b5'rat-ed), adj. mixed or 
UU-Ictl-CU- fined with borax or boric 
acid; as, borated talcum powder, 
t. r r%Y (bo'raks), n. a salt compounded of 
UU-I d. A. boracic acid and soda: used as an 
antiseptic, for cleaning metals, and in making 
glass, enamel, artificial gems, etc. 

■u nr Af* r (bor'der), n. the outer part or 
UUi-UCi edge of anything; a margin; 
boundary; rim; brink; frontier; verge; 
a narrow flower bed usually along a path: 
v.t. to make a decorative margin about: v.i. 
to touch at the edge or boundary: with on or 
upon; to approach. 

Kr»r dtvr or (bor'der-er), n. one who 
UUi-UCi-Ci dwells on the edge of a 

district. 

Urvr Hor land (bor'der-land), n. land 
UUi-U.Cl-lcU.lU. forming'a frontier; an un¬ 
certain or doubtful district; as, the border¬ 
land between right and wrong is often 
uncertain. 

v ftrA (b5r), v.t. [p.t. of bear], to pierce or 
UU1C (jrill a hole in; to form by piercing 
or drilling; to force (as a passage) with effort; 
to weary by tiresome repetition, or by dul- 
ness; to annoy: v.i. to make a hole; pierce; 
to push forward toward a certain point: n. a 
hole made by piercing or drilling; hence, 
the cavity or hollow of a gun; the inside 
diameter of a gun; hole; a stupid, uninter¬ 
esting person; any person or thing that 
causes dull weariness; a tidal flood which 
breaks in the mouths of some rivers, and 
being hindered in its course by the narrowing 
channel, rises in a watery ridge and courses 
along with great force and noise. 

Vk/-k -rek ol (bo're-al), adj. northern; relating 
UU-I C-dl f 0 the North, or to the north 
wind. Also, borean. 

r> n r „ (bo're-as), n. the north wind: 
13U-I C-cto one G f tlie names by which the 
Greeks personified the four winds. 

Vk<vr<a r\ r»m (bor'dum), n. dulness and 
UUi C-UUlil weariness of spirit; state of 
being wearied by dulness. 


(bor'er), n. one who, or that which, 
pierces or eats a hole, as certain 


bor 

worms, tools, etc. 


bo 


rif . (bo'rik), adj. pertaining to, or pro- 
-IIC duced from, borax. Also, boracic. 
V»rk rtr1p> (bo'rld), n. a compound of boron 
UU-llllc with some metallic substance. 
■u_ rr| (born), p.p. of the verb bear when 
UUI11 U sed passively: p.adj. brought forth 
or into being, as offspring; natural; made of 
a certain character by birth; ingrained; as, 
a born musician. 

i_ _ rr ,p, (bom), p.p. of the verb bear, carried; 
supported. 

rrm (bo'ron), n. an element containing 
UU-iUll no metal, and found naturally 
only in combination, as in borax. 

V»nr nucrVi (bur'o), ??. a town which has 
UUI-UUgll been organized into a self- 
governing body under a mayor, etc. 

Vk/vf fwwr (bor'o), v.t. to obtain the use 
DU1 of a thing, for a time, with the 

understanding that it is to be returned; 
to take; to copy; to adopt; as, almost all 
republics borrow their constitutions from the 
United States; in arithmetical subtraction. 


to take a number from the next higher 
denomination in order to add it to the next 
lower: v.i. to receive something with the in¬ 
tention of returning it. 

VirkcVi (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; 
UUoIl u tter nonsense. [Colloq.] 
hnclr (bosk),n. a grove; a thicket; a small 
UUoxv W ood. Also, bosket, bosquet. 

Vk/vclr (bos'kl), adj. woody; bushy; caused 

UUoA-y by a_bo.sk; as, bosky shades. 

KrkC /vm (booz'fim), n. the breast of a 
UUb-UJ.Il human being; the part of a 
garment which covers the breast; the breast 
as the seat of the affections or passions, or as 
the center of emotions, or desires; the heart; 
hence, any deep, central place; as, the bosom 
of the lake: adj. intimate; beloved; as, a 
bosom friend; worn on the breast: v.t. to place 
or protect close to the heart; to keep tenderly; 
to conceal. 

Vwvcc (bos), n. [pi. bosses (-ez)], an orna- 
UUbb ment of silver, ivory, or other ma¬ 
terial, Avhich stands out on a flat surface; 
as, the boss ornamenting a shield; a knob; 
a raised ornament on a ceiling: v.t. to decorate 
with ornamental nails, knobs, or studs. 

Vwvcc (bos), n. from the Dutch baas, mean- 
UUbb j n g master; hence, a master-work¬ 
man; a manager; a superintendent: col¬ 
loquially [U. S.], a political dictator: v.t. to 
hold mastery over; to direct; to manage: 
v.i. to be master.— adj. bossy. 

Vin fan ir (bo-tan'lk), adj. pertaining to 
DU-tcui-io botany, the science which 
treats of plant life. Also, botanical. — adv. 
botanieally. 

Vint a nict (bot/a-nlst), n. one who studies 
UUL-ct-JlibL or j s skilled in a know ledge of 

plants; one who is a specialist in botany. 

Vint a 11170 (bot'a-mz), v.i. to seek after 
UU 1 -d-lliZ.c pi an ts for the purpose of 

studying them; to go into the fields and 
woods for the sake of plant study. 

Vkn,t n nv (bot'a-nl), n. the science which 
UU l-ci-lly treats of plants. 

VintrVl (boch), n. a patch badly or clumsily 
DU Lull. p U t on; bungling work: v.t. to spoil; 
to disfigure; to mend or patch in a clumsy 
manner; to put together unskilfully: r.t. to 
do a poor pieco of w r ork.— n. botcher. 

VintrVl (boch'I), adj. poorly or clumsily 
uut'L/ii-j done: poorly repaired. 

VinV flv (bot/fli"), n. a fly which, in one 
UU l-iiy stage of its life, lives in horses 
and other animals. 

ViotVl (both), adj. and pron. the one and 
uuui the other; the two: conj. and adv. 
as well, equally, not only: withered; as, both 
the living and the dead; also; as, here were 
hate and love both. 

HfitVl pr (bo/h'er), v.t. to annoy; to tease; 
uuin-ci to worry; to give trouble to: v.i. 
to feel trouble or care; be troublesome: n. 
a source of worry; annoyance; vexation; 
perplexity; one that gives trouble. 

hofh PT* H firm (b 6 th"er-a'shfln), n. the 
UU mi-d -d-tlUJl a ctof annoying or worry¬ 
ing ; the state of being vexed or perplexed. 

K n tVi pkt* cntn p (boi/i'er-sum), adj. trou- 
uuiu-u-ouiuc blesome; annoying; caus¬ 
ing worry. 

V»n+Q (bbts), n.pl. the larva or first stago 
uulo j n tbe life of a kind of gadfly, w r hich 
lives in horses, oxen, sheep, etc. Also, botts. 
■kpjf flpk (bot'l), n. a hollow r vessel, usually 
uu l tic with a narrow' neck, and no handles, 
made of glass or earthemvare, for holding 
liquids; the contents of such a vessel: r.t. to 
put into such vessels; to shut in or to hold 
back; as. to bottle up one’s feelings. 


ate, senate, rare, cat,-local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
light, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 






bottom 


71 


bowlder 


Hnt tom (bdt'um), n. the deepest part of 

uvc-tcrux anything; the base; foundation; 
root; the ground under any body of water; 
the seat of a chair; low land; power to 
endure; the part of a vessel below the 
waterline; hence, a ship: adj. lowest; under¬ 
most: v.t. to found or build upon; furnish 
with a foundation; to understand fully; to 
get to the root or base.— adj. bottomless. 

rlnir (boo'dwar"), n. a small room, 
uuu-uuu usually a lady’s private sitting 
room. 

hrtirffo (boof), n. light opera; comic opera; 
UUUilc Paris, Italian opera. [Fr.] 

hfm crh (bou), n • a limb or branch of a tree, 
uuugii especially a main branch. 

hpiicrhf (bot), past tense and past parti- 
OUUglll ciple of the verb buy. 

hnn illrm (boo'yon'; bool"yon'), n. a 
D OU -moil kind of clear beef soup . a 

meat broth. [Fr.] 

Hnill H pr (bol'der), n. a large stone worn 
uuui-uti or rounded by running water; 
a large piece of rock which has been detached 
from its original bed^_ Also, bowlder. 

irorrl (boo'lS-vard), n. a broad 
'”*■ street usually bordered with 

trees. 

hniinrp (bouns), v.t. to cause to move with 
uuuucc an elastic motion; to cause to 
bound: v.i. to strike against anything so as to 
spring back again; to leap or spring suddenly: 
7i. a sudden bound or spring; a heavy sudden 
thrust or thump; boasting. 

Viniinr or (boun'ser), n. one who, or that 
UUUllls-cx -which, bounds or springs back; 
something unusually big. 

Vinnnrl (bound), v.i. to jump or spring 
UUUllU. suddenly or move in jumps, one 
after the other; to leap: v.t. to cause to spring 
back with elastic motion; to serve as a l imi t 
to; to inclose; geographically, to lie along¬ 
side of; as, Austria bounds Italy on the north; 
to name the countries or waters surrounding; 
as, to bound Italy: p.t. and p.p. of bind: 
n. a leap, spring, or jump; a light elastic 
step; a limit; extent; a country or body 
of water lying alongside another: pi. terri¬ 
tory within certain limits: adj. tied; re¬ 
strained; confined; intending to go; on the 
way; as, bound for France; inclosed in a 
cover, as a book; compelled; destined. 

firviinrl a nr (boun'da-rl), n. [pi. boun- 
UOlinu.-d.-ry daries (-rlz)], that which 

marks the extent or limit of anything, 
especially of territory. 

firm-nd loco (bound'l&s). adj. without 
UOUIlU-ltJoo a limit; unlimited; as, 

America has almost boundless wealth. 

’hnii-n Aiic (boun'tS-us), adj. giving 
DOUn-ie-OUb freely; liberal in gifts; 
very generous; plentiful.— adv. bounteously, 
hrviin fill (boun'tl-fdol), adj. liberal in 
UUUll-ll-lUl bestowing gifts or favors; 
generous; plentiful.— adv. bountifully. 

Hrm-n fir (boun'tl), n. [pi. bounties (-tlz)], 
UUUii-iy generosity in giving gifts or 
favors; that which is freely given; some¬ 
times, a prize offered by a government to 
persuade men to enlist in the army or navy, 
or to encourage some branch of industry. 

"hrm niiiaf (boo-ka'), n. a bunch of 
UUU-l|UCl flowers; an aroma, as of wine; 
perfume. 

Iirkiir triamc (boor'zhwa'), n. [fem. bour- 
UUUi-gctuo geoise], a French citizen of 
the merchant class; a shopkeeper; one who, 
in France, Is above the rank of peasant but 
below that of gentleman; in other countries, 
one of the middle class: adj. wanting in dig¬ 


nity; slightly vulgar; commonplace; a,s, bour¬ 
geois manners. [Fr.1 

kniif orpni c{p (boor"zhwa*ze'), n. the 
uuur-geoi-bie French middle classes; 
the middle class connected with the trade 
of any country. [Fr.] 

Tinut* cpfiti (bfir'jun), v.i. to put forth 
Dour-geon buds; n. a bud; a shoot. 
Also, burgeon. 

'hrtirm (born), n. a stream; a rivulet; 
uuuxxx a bound; a place toward which 
one is traveling; a goal; a limit; end. 
hmircp (boors), n. a stock exchange for 
uuuioc the transaction of business, espe¬ 
cially the Bourse or Stock Exchange of Paris. 
Viniif (bout), n. a going and returning, 
uuut as i n mowing, etc.; as much as Is 
performed at one time; a trial; a round; 
a contest; as, a fencing_6otd. 

Kaii fnfl m'prp (boo''tS*nyar / ), n. a but- 
uou-ion-lliere tonhole bouquet. [Fr.] 

irinp (bo'vin; bo'vin), adj. oxlike; 
UU-V111C sluggish; patient; stolid; dull. 
Tifitxr (bou), v.t to cause to bend or incline: 
UUW bend, as the head or body, in token of 
respect, submission, etc.; to crush; to usher in 
or out; to express, as thanks, by bending the 
head or body: v.i. to bend the head in greeting; 
to bend the knee or head in respect, sub¬ 
mission, etc.: n. a bending of the head or of 
the body, as a salute, or sign of reverence, 
respect, agreement, or of yielding to the 
authority or power of another; the forepart or 
prow of a vessel or an airship. 

Hmxr (bo), n. a weapon for shooting arrows; 
uu w anything curved; as, a rainbow; 
an implement; as, a violin bow; a looped 
knot of ribbon or other material: v.t. to bend 
or curve like a bow: v.i. become bent or 
curved. 

KniXT pi (bou'el), n., usually pi. the intestine 
UUW-ci 0 f an animal; the interior part of 
anything; in the Bible, the center of tender¬ 
ness or pity; as, bowels of mercy or compas¬ 
sion. i 

Vwyot pr (bou'er), n. a shelter made of 
LMJw-Cl boughs or twining plants; an 
arbor; in poetry, a bedchamber or a lady’s 
private apartment; a boudoir; an anchor 
carried at the bow of a ship; in the game 
of euchre, the knave of the trump suit (the 
right bower ) and the knave of the suit of the 
same color as the trump suit (the left bower): 
the tw r o highest cards after the joker. 

"hnixr pr v (bou'er-I), adj. sheltered by 
uuw-ci-y trees or vines: like a bower, 
— arhcr.—Bowery, n. a street in New York, 
once famous because of the peculiar character 
of its amusement halls and of the people who 
frequented them. 

k atit lmi'fp (bo r I nif; bCo'I nif), a 
DOW-lc Jaime strong hunting knife; a 
sheath-knife, long and curved. 

•Ufkwl (bol), n. a circular hollow vessel for 
UUWl holding liquids; a large drinking 
cup, especially for wine; hence, convivial 
drinking; the hollow part of anything; as, 
the bowl of a spoon; a weighted ball of wood 
used in the games of bowls and skittles: 
pi. a game played with such balls; nine¬ 
pins; tenpins: v.i. to play with bowls: 
in cricket, to serve the ball smoothly; roll 
a bowl or a cricket ball; to move rapidly 
and smoothly like a ball: v.t. to roll, as a 
bowl or ball; in cricket, to put out (a batsman) 
by bowling; to knock down; to prostrate; 
as, to bowl anyone over.— n. bowler. 
k AW 1 r\(±r (bol'der), n. any detached and 
uuwi-uci rounded or worn piece of rock. 
Also, boulder. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






bowleg 


72 


brainsick 


■hrviir lorr (bo'16g), n. a crooked leg; a 
uUW-lcg i e g bowed or curved outward.— 
adj. bowlegged. 

K/vixt- lirxo (bo'lln; bo'lln), n. a rope 
UUW-llllc fastened near the middle of a 
square sail, to keep the ship nearer the wind; 
a knot; as, single, double, or running bowline. 

K/ykt -1 trier (bol'Ing), n. the sport of play- 
DOWl-mg i n g bowls; or the game 
itself: bowling alley, a place for playing bowls. 
U mxr mart (bo'man), n. [pi. bowmen 
DOW-man (-men)], an archer; (bou'man), 
one who is rowing the foremost oar in a boat. 

Vtrvtir enrif (bo'sprlt; bou'sprlt), n. a 
UUW-opui large spar running out from 
the forward end of a ship or other vessel. 

Knw efrin o* (bo string ), n. the 
DOW-oLllllg 0 f a bow; string used by the 

Turks for strangling criminals: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. bowstrung, p.pr. bowstringing], to 
strangle with a bowstring. 

Vtrvv (boks), n. [pi. boxes (-ez)l, an evergreen 
DUA s hrub or small tree, yielding a hard, 
close-grained wood; a case or container with 
a bottom and sides, which has. or may have, 
a lid; the quantity such a case contains; 
the driver’s seat on a carriage; a compart¬ 
ment in a theater or other public place; a 
place of shelter for a man on duty; as, a 
sentry box; a blow on the head -with the 
fist, or on the ear with the open hand: v.t. 
to shut up in a box; to confine; to stow; 
to pack; to strike with the fist or hand: 
v.i. to fight with the fists; specifically, to spar 
with gloves. 

Ko-w pr (bok'ser). n. a pugilist; one who 
UUa-cI fights with gloved fists; a box 
packer.— Boxer, a member of the Chinese 
society which in 1900 tried to rid China of all 
foreigners by massacre. 

hnY incr (boks'Ing), n. the art of fighting 
UUA-lilg with the fists, or sparring with 
boxing gloves; material used for making 

t)OX6S. 

wnnrl (bbks'wood"), n. the hard, 
UUa-WUUu smooth wood of the box tree, 
used by engravers, etc. 

(boi). n. a male child from birth to 
about sixteen years of age; a young lad: 
sometimes used familiarly, to refer to a man; 
a male servant, especially when, as in China, 
he is a slave or of an inferior race. 

Vww rntt (boi'kot), v.t. to exclude from 
UUy-CUtL a ii dealings or intercourse; 
to combine against (a person) so as to shut 
out from society, and prevent or hinder from 
carrying on business or a profession, as a 
means of punishment: n. a combination of 
persons to refuse to deal or associate with 
another; the act of so refusing. 

■Krcrr Vinnrl (boi'hood), n. the state of 
Vyjy -I1UUU- being a boy; the time of be: 
a boy. 

r ioVi (boi'Ish), adj. pertaining to a 

'-1&U Kfw n .k - - 


boy-ioix boy or boyhood; childish; youth¬ 
ful; immature; young. 

Vbiw crnirf (b°i skout), a member of an 
UUy oUHU organization for training boys 
in character by non military methods, such 
as outdoor or camp life, civic service, etc. 
k r npp (bras), n. that which holds any- 
UiaCC thing tightly or supports it firmly; 
a prop; a bandage; a pair; as, a brace 
of pistols; a curve connecting two or 

more lines of print [ j ]; a curved instru¬ 
ment for holding and turning boring tools; 
a timber to strengthen the framework of 
a building: pi. the leathern bands clasping 
the cords at the side of a drum; shoulder 


straps to support the trousers: v.t. to bind 

or tie closely; strengthen; furnish with 
supports; to stimulate: often with up. 
Viroca (bras'let), n. an ornamental 
UId.l/C-lCl band or rintr for the wrist. 


the wrist. 


band or ring for the wrist, 
(bras'er), n. that which supports; 
Ulat-cl atonic; a stimulant: a guard for 


brag 


K-ro r'Vii ittn (bra'kl-um), n. [pi. brachia 
Dra.-CIll-U.IIl (l-d)], the part of the arm 

from the’shoulder to the elbow.— adj. brachial, 
hroc incr (bras'Ing), p.adj. giving strength 
Ul dC-Hig or vigor; as, bracing air. 
tv ror 1 r OT1 (brak'n), n. any of various 
DldCxi-cii i ar ge ferns. 

Viraolr (brak'et), n. a supporting piece 
DidCiv-cl projecting from a wall; a single 
or jointed gas-pipe, burner, etc., projecting 
from a wall or pillar; one of two marks [ ], 
used to inclose a word or note, or to set 
something off from the rest of the text: v.t. 
to furnish with, or inclose within, brackets; 
connect by brackets; to couple together. 
Kroolr ieVi (brak'lsh), adj. salty; hence. 
Di dCiY-loli distasteful; apt to make one 

sick* 

W-roH (brad), n. a small, slender nail, sorne- 
DlctU times flat and having a projection on 
one side: v.t. f p.t. and p.p. bradded, p.pr. 
bradding], to nail or secure with brads. 

■u tcx A owl (brad'ol"), n. a straight awl 
UldU-dWl haying a chisel edge. 

(bra; bre), n. a hillside; sloping 
Ula.c ground. [Scot.] 

(brag), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. bragged. 
_ p.pr. bragging], to boast; to vaunt; 
speak boastingly of: v.i. to talk boastfully; 
to talk with swagger: n. boasting; a thing 
boasted of; one who boasts.—n. bragger. 

hracr era Hn ri n (fc>rag"a-dd'shI-6), n. a 

boaster; a swaggerer; 

empty boasting; brag. 

kr/in- rro-H- (brag'art), n. a boaster; a 
DI d.^-g,dl t vain fellow:_ adj. boastful. 

"hr a Vi ma (bra'ma; bra'ma), n. a useful 
Di aiL-Uld variety of large domestic fowl.— 
Brahma (bra'ma), the first member of the 
trinity in Hindu religion; the Creator. 

'D r oVi man (bra/man), n. a Hindu of the 
Jji all-liicui highest, or the priestly, caste. 
Also, Brahmin. 

Bfoh man ictri (bra'm&n-Izm), n. the 
•DrcUi-mail-lbiil religion or doctrines of 

the high caste Hindus. Also. Brahminism. 
Virairf (brad), v.t. to weave, interlace, or 
UlalU. intertwine; to plait; to trim or out¬ 
line with braid: n. a plaited band; a narrow 
silk, wool, or cotton band used for trimming 
and binding clothing. 

(bral), n. a system of printing for 
DldlliC the blind, invented by Louis 
Braille, in which points raised above the 
surface are used to represent letters, as * a, 

. : c, . e, : : g, etc.; the symbols themselves. 
Virain (b ran )> n ■ the soft whitish mass of 
UAcl ' LLL nerve tissue occupying the skull, 
forming the center of the nervous system; 
the seat of consciousness and will; hence, 
often in the plural, understanding; power of 
mind: v.t. to dash out the brains of; hence, 
to destroy. 

Virain laoc (bran'les), adj. without under- 
SJlcUil-lcao standing; without wit.— adv. 
brainlessly.— n. brainlessness. 

Virain nan (bran'pan"), the cranium; the 
p art G f t jj e st u n inclosing the 

brain. 

Virain cirtr (bran'slk'), adj. disordered 
o-.ua-o.Iwxy - n t jj e m j U( i — n brainsiek- 
ness. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, oompare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu: 






brainy 


73 


break 


lira in V (bran'i). adj. possessed of under- 
Ulaill-j standing; acute; sharp-witted; 
powerful of mind. 

(braz). v.t. to stew or broil (as 
UictloC meat) in a covered vessel: n. meat 
thus cooked. 

(brak), n. an instrument or machine 
UIU.ILC to separate the woody part of flax 
from the fiber; any long lever, as a pump 
handle; a baker’s kneading trough; a sharp 
bit; a frame for holding unmanageable 
horses while shoeing; a kind of small wagon 
with high wheels; a heavy harrow for break¬ 
ing clods of earth; a device for checking, by 
friction, the motion of a vehicle or machine, 
as a bicycle; a place overgrown with shrubs 
and brambles; the common fern: v.t. to 
crush in a brake; to stop by using a brake. 

Kralro. mart (brak'm&n), n. one who 
Uld-h-C-llldli puts on the brakes or 

stops a railroad car, or acts as an assistant to 
the conductor. Also L brakesman. 

hr ill re* cVmp (brak shoo), that part of a 
Uidivc oiiUC brake which presses against 

the wheel. 

hr am hlia (bram'bl), n. the English 
Dram- Die blackberry; 

or shrub.— adj. brambly. 


any prickly bush 


from the flour by 
(-ez)], 


etc., separated 
sifting or bolting. 

hrfmrh (branch), n. [pi. branches 
DldllClI a shoot or limb from a main 
bough; any member or part of a body or 
system; a department; a division of a 
family descended from some particular 
ancestor; a section or subdivision: adj. 
turning aside from the trunk or main body; 
as, the Pennsylvania Railroad system in¬ 
cludes many branch roads: v.i. to divide from 
the main body; to diverge: with out: v.t. to 
divide. 

h ran A (brand), n. a burning piece of 
UI dliU W ood; a mark burned with a hot 
iron, as upon cattle; any form of trademark; 
hence, any quality or any kind; a mark of 
disgrace: v.t. to mark with a hot iron, or by 
other means; hence, to mark as infamous. 

b -o-nH (bran'ded), p.adj. marked with 

* dllU-CU a brand; as, cattle are branded 
with the mark of their owner, 
h-ro-nr! ich (bran'dlsh), v.t. to move, 
UldilU-loli wave, or shake, as a raised 

weapon; to flourish. 

\\ranA n&MLT (brand"nu'), adj. quite 
Drana-new new . Also, bran-new. 

Att (bran'di), n. [pi. brandies (-d!z)], 
Didll-Uy a n alcoholic liquor distilled from 
wine or the husks of grapes, or from other 
fruits.— adj. brandied. 

(brant), n. a small wild goose m- 
Dldlll habiting the Northern Hemisphere. 
Ut-a oiaf (bra'zher), n. an open pan for 
DEd-blcI burning charcoal; a person who 
works with brass. Also, brazier. 

Ur-aoc (bras), n. [pi. brasses (-&)], an 
Uldbb alloy made by mixing copper with 
zinc, or, sometimes, tin; a colloquial term 
meaning impudence: pi. instruments, vessels, 
ornaments, etc. made of a copper and zinc 
alloy, especially the brass wind instruments 
of a band. _ , , 

U-roe carH (bras'ard), n. a badge worn on 
Didb-odIU t j, e arm as a n insignia of 

rank. etc. Also, brassart. 

Ufoe ci» (bras'!), n. in golf a wooden 
Dras-Sie c i u b with a brass plate on the 

sole. Also, brassy. . 

Ut-oc ci prp (tra'sy&r'), n. an underwaist 
DiuS-blCrC worn hy womon. [Fr.]_ 


Uf-acc tt (bras !), adj. 
uiaoo-ji brass; impudent; 
ie ga 

_ _,, n. a, 

tuously. 

U r o (bra-va'do; 

DId-Vd-UU hrae-erinsr nr 


made of. or like, 

a club used in the game of golf.— adv. brassily. 
Ut*o+ (brat), n. a child: used contemp- 
Uldt tuously. 

brd-va'd5), n. 
bragging pretense of courage 
or indifference; boastful defiance. 

L r n V p (brav), adj. bold; courageous: 
UldVC fearless; making a fine show; 
as, brave attire: n. an Indian warrior: v.t. 
to meet with courage; as, a soldier must 
brave dangers and hardships; to challenge.— 
adv. bravely. 

Syn.,fadj. bold: v. dare, defy. 

Ant. (see afraid). 

Krciv pr v (brav'er-i), n. the quality of 
UldV-Cl-j being fearless; gallantry; hero¬ 
ism; bright show. 

Syn. courage, valor. 

Ant. (see cowardice). 

U r „ _ 7n (bra'vo), interj. well done! good? 
UId-VU n [pi bravos, bravoes (-voz)J, a 
shout of applause; a hired assassin; a bandit. 
Txraxxrl (brol), n. a noisy quarrel: v.i. to 
DIdWI quarrel or wrangle noisily; make a 
loud noise, as of water rushing over a rocky 
bed. 


U-ro-n (bran), n. the husks of wheat, rye, ‘k r a Wri (bron), n. firm, strong muscles, 
UIdll fttc.. senarated from the flour bv Uldwii especially 


of the arm or leg; 
muscular strength; boar’s flesh, especially 
when prepared by boiling and pickling, 
hrawm xz (bron'I), adj. muscular; strong; 
UldWll-y as, the blacksmith has a brawny 
arm.— n. brawniness. 

Krijxr (bra), n. a loud, harsh cry or sound; 
Uldj as, the bray of a donkey; the bray of 
trumpets: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. brayed, p.pr. 
braying], to pound or beat fine or small; to 
utter in a loud, harsh way: v.i. to utter a 
loud, harsh cry, as the ass. 

"h raves (braz), v.t. to join with hard solder, 
UI dZ.o especially with an alloy of zinc and 
copper; to make of, or ornament with, brass. 
lr\ra 7cm (bra'zn), adj. made of brass; 
Uid-Z.ClI resembling brass; impudent; 

shameless.'— adv._ brazenly.—n. brazenness. 
Vtra 7 ?pr (bra'zher), n. an open pan for 
Uld-Alcl burning charcoal; also, a oast 
iron pot used as a dugout stove; one who 
works in brass. Also, brasier. 

TJ-t-a rwW wii-f (bra-zll' niit), an edible 
JDra-Zli liu-L nut, the seed of a South 
American tree. 

brpflrb (brech), n. the act of making an 
Ulcdi/ll opening or separation; the break¬ 
ing of a law, a contract, or any other obliga¬ 
tion; a gap; a rupture of friendly relations; 
a quarrel: v.t. to make an opening in. 
u .. 05 A (bred), n. dough made from the 
UlCdU. flour or meal of some kind of grain 
and baked; food in general; as, he works 
hard for bis daily bread: v.t. to cover with 
bread crumbs before cooking. 

(bred'froot"), n. the fruit of 
Dreaa-iruii a ^ ree native to the Pacific 
islands: when roasted, somewhat like bread. 

Qtllff (bred'stun, n. any mate- 
DIcdlA-oLUIl rial, such as corn, flour, 
meal, from which bread is made. 

Vk-roorlfh (bredtb), n. the measure of any 
DICdU.Hl surface from side to side; 
freedom from narrowness; broad effect; 
liberality; a piece of fabric of uniform width; 
as, tw o breadths of cloth are needed for a skirt, 
krncilr (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. broken. 
UlCdli. p.pr. breaking], to separate into 
parts or pieces by a blow or strain; to force 
open; as, to break open a door; to Interrupt 
or disconnect; as, to break silence; to break 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


7 









74 


brevet 


breakage 


ranks; to fracture, as a bone; weaken or de¬ 
stroy ; as, to break a fall; to break pride; to scat¬ 
ter: with up; as, to break up a party; to set 
aside or fail to obey, as a promise or a law; 
to degrade, as an officer to the ranks; to 
tell cautiously or to inform; as, to break 
bad news; tame or subdue, as a horse; to 
plow or dig up; as, to break, ground: v.i. to 
separate into parts or pieces suddenly or 
violently; to begin or change suddenly; to 
fail, as in, health, strength, credit, etc.; to 
burst; to burst forth violently, as a storm; 
to be scattered, as clouds; to cease to be 
friendly (with): n. an opening; an open place; 
an interruption; a first appearance or marked 
change; as, the break of day; a pause; a sud¬ 
den fall in prices; as, a break in the stock 
market; an abrupt change in the musical 
quality of a tone; as, a break, in a boy soprano’s 
voice. 

Syn. v. bruise, crush, pound. 

Ant. (see bind). 

o o*p (brak'ij), n. the act of break- 
uican-agc ing; state of being broken; 
allowance for things broken by accident. 

hrpnlr Hnwn (brak'doun"), n. a physi- 
UI can.-UUWU cal collapse; failure; down¬ 
fall; a noisy, shuffling dance, sometimes 
accompanied by singing. 

kfpnb f^ r (brak'er), n. one who, or that 
ocm-ci which, separates by force; a 
machine to crush coal, rocks, etc.; a wave 
dashing itself into foam upon the shore or 
against a rock: usually in plural, 
hroolr fool* (brek / fdst), n. the first meal 
UiCcUa.-xa.oL j n the day: v.t. to provide 
with, or entertain at, the morning meal: v.i. 
to eat the morning meal. 
b rea k H0ck Sk*), ad), danger- 

life. 


ously fast; causing risk of 


\jitc i 401* (hrak # whiter), n. any 
U1 c<uv ‘ wa-tcx structure built to exhaust 
the force of the waves, and protect shipping, 
as a seawall. 

hrpflm (brem), n. a broad-shaped, fresh- 
uiccuu water European fish of the carp 
family: v.t. to clear, as a ship’s bottom, of 
shells, seaweed, etc., by fire. 
hrAilcf (brest), n. the fore part of the 
body between the neck and the 
abdomen; one of the glands in women, and 
some other mammals, for the secretion of 
milk; the front of anything; figuratively, 
the affections; the conscience: v.t. to present 
the front to; meet or oppose manfully or 
openly; as, to breast a storm of opposition. 

Kronct hono (brgst'bon"), n. a bone in 
Ui Casl-UUllC the front part of the chest 
to which some of the ribs are joined, 
hrpficf run (brest'pin*), n. an ornamen- 
casi-piu tal pin worn on the front of a 
waist. 

hroacf rda+o (brest'plat*), n. a portion 
UXCabl-pmic of armor covering the 

front of the body; a square ornament worn 
by the Jewish high priest, bearing twelve 
precious stones engraved with the names of 
the twelve tribes of Israel. 

Vjfpoc-f (brest / wfirk' r ), n. a hastily 

mcaoi-wuia constructed defensive wall 
or parapet of moderate height. 

Ivrpfl+fl (brSth), n. the air drawn in and 
uicaiij. forced out of the lungs; a single 
act of drawing in or forcing out air; as, to 
take a long breath; the power to use the lungs 
freely; as, to lose one’s breath; life; a pause; 
an instant; air in gentle motion; a mere word; 
fragrance; as, the garden is sweet with the 
breath of flowers. 


breathe lone's 


v.i. to draw air into the 
lungs and force it out again; 
to be alive; to rest from action; to exhale; 
as, perfume breathes from dowers; to blow 
softly: v.t. to draw into and force out of the 
lungs, as air; to give forth; as, the flower 
breathes perfume; to express; to whisper 
softly; as, to breathe a secret; to infuse; as, 
to breathe courage into. 

hr path in o’ (breeding), n. the act 01 
uxcaui-uig drawing in air to the lungs 
and forcing it out again; air in gentle motion; 
a gentle influence; eager desire. 
ht*pofh locc (breth'les), adj. spent with 
uicauMCoo action, or out of breath; 
without breath, or dead; holding the breath; 
as, breathless with fear; eager; excited; as, 
breathless attention. 

hrpprh (brech), n. the hinder part of 
mccui anything; the part of a cannon 
or other firearm behind the part which con¬ 
tains the powder: v.t. to put into breeches, 
to whip on the breech, or buttocks; to fasten 
(a cannon on shipboard) by a rope. 

hrpprh PC (brlch'gz), n.pl. a garment 
uiccv/ii-co worn by men, covering the 

legs from the knees to the hips; less properly, 
trousers or pantaloons. 

Ivfpppl'i pc Tiiinv (brlch'ez boi), a life- 
UiCCUl-CS uuuy saving device consist¬ 
ing of short-legged canvas breeches attached 
below a cork ring, by which persons can be 
hauled , along a rope from a wrecked vessel 
to the shore. 

hrpprfl fnfr (brlch'Ing; brech'Ingi, n. the 
mg harness which passes round 
the hind part of a horse’s body; in gunnery, 
on board a ship, a strong rope fastened to a 
cannon and to rings in the ship’s side to 
prevent the gun from rolling. 

KrpprTi 1 narl or (brechiod'er), n. a flre- 

Dreecn-ioaa-er arm i oa ded at the 

back instead of at the muzzle.— adj. breech¬ 
loading. 

(bred), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. bred, 
U1CCU p-pr. breeding], to hatch; to pro¬ 
duce or cause; to train; to rear: v.i. to bear 
young; to be fruitful; to come into being. 
n. a race or offspring from the same parents 
or stock; as, horses or cattle of good breed; 
a class or kind.—n. breeder, 
hfppfj tTiO f (bred'Ing), n. the process of 
gcu-mg producing, especially reproduc¬ 
ing young; the bringing up or training of the 
young; polite and courteous manners; good 
behavior; as, a person of good breeding. 
hrpp7P (brez), n. a, fresh soft wind; a 
uiccxp moderately t >isk wind not so 
strong as a gale; as, a -tiff breeze; a slight 
excitement or disturbance house sweep¬ 
ings; sifted ashes and cinders used «n burn¬ 
ing bricks; fine coal or coke; a gadfly or horse¬ 
fly; a breeze-fly. 

hl*PP 7 v ( br ez'*). ad), airy; fresh' brisk; 

vivacious; as, a breezy manner, 
hrpfh rpn (br&k'r6n), n. plural of 
U1 c t-XA-i cu brother: used in solemn address 
and to the members of religious orders. 

Rrpf rm (bret'un; brlt'ffn), n. a native of 
JJXCt-UlX Brittany, a district in north¬ 
western France; the native language of 
Brittany: adj. relating to Brittany. 

V>1*pvp ( br ® v )« n • in music, a note of time; 
ux c v c a mark [wj uggjj to i ndicate a short 

vowel. 

hrp vpf (b^-vSt'; br6v'6t), n. an official 
. . ,, note to an officer in the army 

giving him a higher nominal rank, but with¬ 
out change of duty or increase of pay; thus 
a brevet major serves as captain and receives 


ate, Semite, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu, 








breviary 


75 


bright 


pay as such: v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. brevetted, 
p.pr. brevetting], to confer brevet rank upon: 
adj. conferred by brevet, 
hr /a vi o f*Tr (bre'vl-a-rl), n. [pi. breviaries 
WA j (-rlz)], a book containing the 
daily service and prayers of the ltoman 
Catholic Church. 

PV t tv (brev'I-tl), n. [pi. brevities 
*“ ,Av “ A “ c J (-tlz)], shortness in speech, 
writing, or style; conciseness. 
ki* pw (broo), v.t. to make liquors from 
uxcw ma jt, or other materials; to plot; 
as, to brew mischief: v.i. to be in preparation; 
as. a storm is brewing: n. the process of mak¬ 
ing liquor from malt; a particular brand or 
make of malt liquor.— n. brewer. 
hrp>w pr V (broo'er-I), n. the house and 
c vv ~j apparatus where beer or other 
liquors are made from malt, etc. Also, 
brewhouse. 

hrPW incr (broo'Tng), n. the making of 
*“ ,ACVV - AAA & beer and other malt liquors; 
all the liquor made at one time, 
hri ar (bri'er), n. any plant with a woody 
UA 1 ' £li stem bearing thorns or prickles; 
as, the briar rose, the blackberry briars. 
Also, brier. 

v>ri nr rnnf (bri'er root), the root of the 
*- /AA-a - A A '-''- ,t white heath, used in making 
tobacco pipes. Also, brier root, 
hrihf* (brib), n. a sum of money or other 
UIIU6 gift given or promised with the 
object of causing him who receives it to 
decide a cause or do some act against what 
he believes to be truth, justice, or upright¬ 
ness; as, an ignorant Mexican will sell 
his vote for so small a bribe as a drink of 
liquor: v.t. to influence by a gift of money: 
v.t. to give or offer money in order to influ¬ 
ence another.— n. briber. 

KriK ot* t r (brib'er-I), n. [pi. briberies 
UIlU- 61 -y (_iz)], the act or practice of 
buying another’s influence or action, or 
of corrupting another. 

hrir-n-hrar (brik'd-br&k"), n. rare or 
*- ,A Ui£U/ antique articles, as plate or 

china; knickknacks; ornaments which are 
pretty or odd; articles with no real value: 
sometimes used contemptuously, 
hrirtr (brlk), n. an oblong block of clay 
UII 61 V dried in the sun or burned in a kiln: 
adj. made of, or resembling, brick: v.t. to lay 
or build with bricks; to place in brickwork; 
to surround, close, or wall in, with bricks, 
hrirlr hat (brlk'bat"), n. a piece or frag- 
uxxi/jv-uat ment of a brick, especially one 
used as a missile. 

hrirlr Iriln (brlk'kfl"),n. a furnace in which 
Ui lvlx-lvini bricks are baked or burnt. 

hrirlr law (brlk'la-er), n. one whose 
miUA-iaj-ci occupation is the laying 
of bricks in buildings, walls, etc.—n. brick¬ 
laying. 

lift ml (brl-kol'; brfk'ul), n. harness 
UI i-tUlC worn by men for dragging guns 
or loads. 

"hrirl a 1 (brid'al), n. a marriage: adj. 
UIIU.-&I pertaining to a bride or w T edding; 
nuptial. 

hriH** (brid), n. a woman newly married, 
UIIU.C or about to be married. 

hriHp» ffrnntn (brfd'groom") n. a man 
uiiuc-giuum new iy married, or about 

to be married. 

hnHpQ rnair! (bridz'mad*), n. a young 
uxivic;o-j.xxa.iu. unmarried woman who 

attends a bride at her wedding. 

ht*i(i p U7P11 (brid'wel), n. 

UIIVI6-W6II correction for 

ment of disorderly persons. 


who 

a house of 
the conflne- 


KriH <y<=» (brij), n. a structure of iron, 
Uilugc stone, or wood, built across a river, 
road, valley, etc.; anything resembling a 
bridge in form or use, as the upper bony 
part of the nose, or the arch for the strings 
on a violin; a game of cards, first known as 
bridge-whist; the platform above the deck 
of a ship used as an observation station by the 
officer in charge: v.t. to build a bridge 
over; span; find a way of overcoming. 

hriHcro hnnrH (brlj'bord"), n. a notched 
DriU.g6-UOa.rtl board into which the 

ends of the steps of wooden stairs are fas¬ 
tened. Also, notch board. 

hriHer£» haaH (brlj'hed"), n. a fortified 
UIlUg6-H6aU. position or group of mili¬ 
tary works intended to protect one or more 
bridges or the crossing of a river. 

hriHcro train (brlj' tran"), a portion of 
Uixugc ixaixi an arm y with its equip¬ 
ment that constructs temporary bridges by 
which to cross a river; a pontoon train. 
"Kririrr incr (brlj'Ing), n. a piece of wood 
uxiug-liig between two beams to keep 
them apart. 

Kri HIipi (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, and 
Uxi-Ulc reins by which a horse is managed ; 
a restraint: v.t. to put a bit and reins on; to 
control; to guide: v.i. to hold the head up, or 
toss it, as a sign of pride, scorn, or anger. 
Tvri -nafh (bri'dl path), a path only 

Uil-ulC in w ide enough for horsemen 
or pack animals to pass one at a time. 
Ivriof (bref), adj. short; concise; con- 
DI 16 I densed: n. a short statement of a 
case for the instruction of a lawyer: v.t. 
to shorten; to make a shortened statement 
of.- — adv. briefly. — n. briefness, 
lvriaf 1 pec (bref'les), adj. having no 
UllCl-lCoo clients; as, a briefless lawyer. 
■u r * (bri'er), n. a thorny plant or shrub; 
UI 1-61 a brierwood pipe. 

(brig), n. a 


Also, briar. 


brig 



two-masted, 
square-rigged vessel. 

bri-gade 

n. a subdivision of 
an army, usually 
consisting of two 
or more regi¬ 
ments, under the 
command of a 
brigadier gen¬ 
eral ; an organ¬ 
ized body act- 
ing under 
authority; a s, 
a fire brigade. 

hricr fl Hi or (brlg'd-der'), n. a general 
CA officer commanding a bri¬ 
gade, and ranking next below a major general. 
Also, brigadier general. 

"hricr o-nr} (brlg'and), n. a robber; a mem- 
WAA & _aAAVA ber of a gang of robbers, often 
living in mountainous districts; a highway¬ 
man. 

hricr anH a cp (brlg'an-daj), n. the life 
uxig-axivx-agc an( j practices of a robber 

or outlaw; organized robbery; as, the Doones, 
a band of English outlaws, lived by brigandage. 

hricr an tin a (brig'an-ten; brlg'Sn-tln), 
Ullg dll- IIII6 n a small, two-masted 

square-rigged vessel differing from a brig in 
not carrying a square mainsail, 
hrioht (brit), adj. [comp, brighter, superl. 
L,AA o A1L brightest], showing light; brilliant; 
shining; sparkling; glorious; witty; clever; 
lively; fortunate; glowing.— adv. brightly. 
—n. brightness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; jojr; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







brighten 


7G 


briquet 


bricrht pri (brit'n), v.i. to grow clearer, 
* JAA & AAI '" CAi lighter, or more radiant; as, the 
day brightens: v.t. to make light or shining; to 
make gay or cheerful; as, to brighten the neigh¬ 
borhood. 


Bright’s dis-ease 


(brits' dl-zez'), any 
of several forms of 
kidney disease, marked by the persistent 
presence of albumen in the urine, and attended 
by disintegration and wasting of the organ: so 
named from Dr. Richard Bright, of London. 


brill 


(bril), n. a European 
bling the turbot. 


flat fish resem- 


(brim), n. the edge or margin of any- 
Lf ilxil thing, as a fountain, the rim of a 
hat, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. brimmed, p.pr. 
brimming], to fill to the upper edge of: v.i. 
to be full to the very top or edge. 

brim fill (brlm'fool"), adj. full to the 
UX1111-1 Ui edge; completely filled. 


buipuur. UU/. 

of the 


hrim Qtnrsp (brim'ston), n. suip 
Ulilll-blOIiC niade of sulphur; 

yellow color of sulphur. 
bri« rllckrl (brln'dld), adj. of a gray or 
lll-Uicu. dark yellow color, with spots 

or streaks; as, a brindled cat. 



„ of Bridges. 1 old wooden bridge; 2, steel suspension bridge; 3, single arch stone 
8 1 rolLing 4 drawbfid^c aWbndSe ’ 3 ’ C0QCrete bridge: 6 * steel bridge; 7. military pontoon bridge; 


bril liaprp (brilyans), n. glitter; great 
^ AA “ AACiAAVyC brightness; splendor; as, the 
brilliance of a speaker or writer; the brilliance 
of a jewel. Also, brilliancy, 
bril lisinf (brll'yant), adj. sparkling; glit- 
A-AAClAAl ' tenng; having exceptional talent 
or culture; distinguished by splendid mental 
ability; as, a brilliant career: n. a diamond or 
other precious stone, cut to show its sparkling 
quality to the best advantage; the smallest 
size of type; a cotton fabric with a raised pat¬ 
tern.— adv. brilliantly. 

bril lian tin#* (brtl'ySn-ten), n. a mix- 
uiii-iicui-iHie ture for giving a smooth 

shining appearance to the hair; a dress 
material of fine quality somewhat like alpaca. 


brinp (brih), n. salt water; pickle; the 
x/a-llic; ocean; tears: v.t. to soak in salt 
water or saline solution. 

hrimfr (bring), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. brought, 
, AAA o p.pr. bringing], to carry from another 
place; to cause to come; to produce; to pro¬ 
cure; to conduct; to lead; to advanee. 
brinlr (brink), n. the edge, margin, or 
border, especially of a steep place, 
brin v (brln'I), adj. very salty; as, the 
AAAAAA_ J briny ocean; bnny tears, 
bri nilpf (brl-ket'), n. a block or brick 
uu-ijuci made of coal dust and used 
as fuel. Also, briquette. 

bri mi#*t (brl-ka/), n. a steel (for striking 
»ll-quei a hght); a tinder box. [Fr.] 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, <isk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, st5p, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 


































































































brisk 


77 


bronchi 


hriclr (brisk), adj. lively; animated; ac- 
UIloxX tive; swift; sparkling; nimble; 
burning freely; as, a brisk fire; rapid; quick: 
v.t. and v.i. to make or become lively, swift, 
etc.: generally with up. — adv. briskly. 

KricV nocc (brisk'nes), n. the state of 
UUda-ucoo being lively, quick, etc. 

Hric 1(bris'ket), n. that part of an 
UIlo-IvcL animal's breast where the ribs 
Join the breast-bone. 

'Uric xi_ (brls'l), n. a short, stiff, coarse 
UiIo-llC fiair, especially upon the back 
and sides of pigs; any stiff, sharp hair: v.t. 
to cause to stand up in a stiff, prickly way; 
to furnish with bristles, as a brush: v.i. to 
stand up in a stiff, prickly way; to be covered 
with, or full of, sharp points; as, the battle 
front bristles with bayonets; to become 
angry; as, to bristle up at an insulting remark. 
Hric tlv (brls'li), adj. covered with stiff, 
UIAo-liy sharp hair; rough. 

V»ric +r*1 \\r\arr\ (brls'tftl bord), a thick, 
L/Ilo-LUl UUaIU. smooth, whitecardboa,rd. 

hric rw*r (brls'tul pa'per), a kind 

uiio-iux pa-pcx of stout drawing paper. 

blit n ‘ the younf? of the> herring and 


sprat; 
whales feed. 


small animals upon which 


Ut-i ton oi o (brf-tan'I-d), n. the United 
Dri-ldll-lll-a Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland; the female figure symbolizing it. 

Bri-t&n-ni-a met-al white 

metal mixture of tin, copper, antimony, and 
bismuth. 

•p ; c u (brit'Ish), adj. of or relating to 
Great Britain or its inhabitants; 
relating to the ancient Britons. 

TD-ix (brlt'un), n. a native of Great 
£>111-011 Britain. 

u *x xi _ (brlt'l), adj. easily broken; fragile; 
OilL-Lie breakable; not tough.— n. brittle¬ 
ness. 

t f/ .o(broch), n. a spike; a skewer; 
OlOdull any boring tool; a stonecutters 
chisel: v.t. to tap or pierce, as a keg of wine; 
to begin a discussion about; as, it is difficult to 
broach an unpleasant subject. 

•l _ j (brod), adj. [comp, broader, superl. 
UlU<xU. broadest], wide; ample; vast; 
liberal; as, broad opinions; widely distrib¬ 
uted; open; clear; unrestrained; evident; bold; 
as, a broad hint; indelicate.— adv. broadly. 

o-r (brod air'd), a mark by 

Droaa al-lOW which the British govern¬ 
ment distinguishes its property. 

Kfoorl ov (brod'aks*), n. an ax for cut- 
DrOdU-dA ting timber; an ancient mili¬ 
tary weapon. Also, broadaxe. 
i j UvJ-m (brod'brlm), n. a hat like 

Droaa-Drim those worn by Friends, or 
Quakers; a name applied in jest to a Friend, 
or Quaker. 

i _ J „ _ x (brod'kast'), v.t. to scatter 

Ul oaa-cast or throw by hand in all 

directions, as seed: adj. scattered far and 
wide; widely suffused: adv. so as to scatter 
widely; as, to sow seeds broadcast: n. a 
casting or scattering of seed far and wide. 

(brod'kldth), n. a fine 
DrOaCl-CiO 111 woolen cloth with a smooth 
finished surface, usually of double width. 


(brocUpes), n. an old Eng- 


broad-piece fish coin broader than a 


guinea. 


(brod'sel"). the public seal 
DrOaQ seal of a country, especially the 
great seal of England. 


Umart (brod'sid*), n. the entire 

UlUdU-olUc side 0 f a s hip above the 
water-line; shots from all the cannon at 
once on one side of a warship; a sheet printed 
on one side only, and containing information 
of a popular character; a printed or verbal 
attack on some public person; adv. with the 
side turned or exposed. 

V,road cwnrH (brod'sord"), n. a sword 
Drodu-bworu with a wide cutting blade. 

Brob-ding-nag4-anS r n a ) b ' a d i? g r -“i;: 

bling an inhabitant of the fabled country of 
Brobdingnag in Swift’s Gulliver's Travels; 
hence, colossal; gigantic: n. a giant. 

(bro-kad'), n. a rich silken 
UIU-UcUAC material woven with gold and 
silver threads, or ornamented with raised 
figures in silk or velvet, in designs of flowers, 
fruits, etc.: v.t. to decorate with a raised 
pattern.— p.adj. brocaded. 

‘hrnr a (brok'a-tel), n. a material 

UI UG-ct-LCl made of silk and wool, silk 
and cotton, or pure wool with a silky surface; 
a colored marble obtained from Italy and 
Spain. Also, brocatelle. 

"hrnr* rn It (brok'kS-H), n. a variety of 
UIUL-tU-Jl fhe common cabbage closely 
resembling cauliflower. _ 

V»rn rVmrp (br6-shoor'), n. a booklet 
UlU-oiiuic dealing with a subject of 
passing interest. 

•u rn crctn (bro'g&n), n. a coarse, heavy shoe 
bi U-gctll ] a ced or buckled over the instep. 
V»rrkO"ii (brog), n. a coarse, rough shoe: 
LUUguc a prommciation of English used 
in a certain section of a country, especially 
that common in Ireland. 

hrnil (broil), v.t. to cook directly over a hot 
GI Gil fi r e t as on a gridiron or a fork: v.i. to 
be exposed to great heat; to be heated by 
excitement: n. a noisy quarrel; as, a street 
broil; a brawl. 

Vkrnil nr (broil'er), n. a utensil for cooking 
LUUU-Ci food directly over the fire; a bird 
suitable to be so cooked; a person who 
quarrels noisily. 

1 _ r . r . 1 r ^ (brdk), past tense and past participle 
OI vlxLc 0 f the verb break. 

lrnn (brS'kn), p.adj. not entire; in 
UI U-xvcil pieces; rough; billy; as, broken 
coimtry; transgressed; as, a broken law; 
bankrupt; crushed; infirm; imperfect; 
interrupted; as, broken sleep; trained to 
obedience: used especially of a horse. 

bro-ken-heart-ed ^f'overcome^by 

grief and misery; not to be comforted, 
hrn Irnr (bro'ker), n. a dealer in drafts, 
UiG-AVci notes, money, stocks, etc.; one 
who acts as agent to transact business for 
another. 

t. Irckf * cya (bro'ker-Sj), n. the business 
UlU-Jvci-agC of a broker; his fee or 
commission. 

mirla (bro'mld; bro'mld), n. a com- 
OIU-AAHvAC pound of bromine and some 
other drug; a drug with a soothing effect; a 
person who thinks and talks in platitudes; a 
platitude; a commonplace person or remark: 
bromide of potassium, a compound of 
bromine, used largely in medicine to relieve 


(br6d'n)7 v.i. to grow wide or pain. Also, bromid.—ac/j. bromidie. 
Droad-en ^der: V.t. to make wider. U rr . Trs ; r . p (bro'min; bro'men) u. a sub- 

- - — UI U-IiiiLiic stance related to chlorine and 


iodine; a reddish-brown element with a dis¬ 
agreeable odor. Also, bromin. 

Ivr/vn rbi (bron'kl), n. pi. the two principal 
Ui Oil-Gill branches of the windpipe or 

trachea.— sing, bronchus. 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw—wh as in when; 
zfc = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to^xxu. 






bronchia 


78 


crush wood 


V»tvvn r*hi a (brdn'kl-d), n.pl. the tiny 
ui uii-ciaa d t u i) es into which the wind¬ 
pipe divides in the lungs, 
hrnn rhi (br6n'kl-al), adj. of or per- 
uu-tiH-ai taining to the small tubes 
in the lungs. 

Virnn rTi-i +ic (brbn-kTtls), n. an inflam- 
mation of the mucous lin¬ 
ing of the bronchial tubes, accompanied by 
coughing. 

brnn rVlO (brbn'ko), n. a small, hardy 
uj. Indian pony or mustang, espe¬ 

cially one that is unbroken or imperfectly 
broken. Also, Ivonco. 

hrrvn (brdh'kus), n. [pi. bronchi 

Ul Uil-biXUo (-ki)J, one of the two principal 
branches of the windpipe or trachea , 
brniryp (bronz), n. an alloy of copper 
aaauaaz,^ a nd tin, to which other metallic 
substances, especially zinc, are sometimes 
added; a work of art cast or wrought in 
this alloy; a yellowish or reddish brown, the 
color of bronze: adj. made of, or resembling, 
bronze: v.t. to make of the color of bronze; 
tan by exposure to the sun; apply bronze 
color to. 

1 "\YnY\ 7 (± a c ro (bronz aj), the age fol- 
Uiuuic lowing the stone age, the 

ornaments and weapons of that period being 
made of bronze. 

hr/vn7 inp (bron'zln), n. a metal resem- 
'JllX-llltJ biin^ bronze. 

hrnnrlh (broch; brooch), n. an ornamen- 
ux tal pin used for fastening the 

di’ess, etc.; a_breastpin. 

brood (brood), n. offspring: the yoimg 
birds hatched at one time: v.i. 
to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger over sorrow¬ 
fully: with on or over: v.t. to sit over, cover, 
and cherish; jis, to brood eggs. 

broolr (brook), n. a small, natural stream 
aaa\ava.ix of wa ter: v t ' to bear; to tolerate; 
to put up with; as, 1 cannot brook your 
insolence. 

brook Ipf- (brooklet), n. a little brook; 
i*in or rivulet. 

broom (broom), n. a stiff brush used for 
kjx aaaaaaa sweeping floors, etc., originally 
made from twigs of the broom-plant; a shrub, 
bearing large yellow flowers. 

broom corn (broom'kdmO, n. a species 

UiUUill lUhl 0 f sorghum, with a jointed 
stem, growing eight to ten feet high, used in 
making brooms. 

broom qfirk (broom'stDc'l.n. the handle 

UUlii-& llhJV of a broom. 

brotb (broth), n. a kind of thin soup made 
by cooldng meat slowly in water, 
sometimes with vegetables. 

brotb Pt* (bruffi'er), n. [pi. brothers (-erz), 
UAutAA-ci and brethren (brgffi rgn)], a 

male who has the same father and mother 
as another; one closely united to another by 
a common interest; a member of a religious 
order; a fellow creature. 

broth-pr hood (bruffi'Sr-hdbd), n. the 

, . C iUUU state or Quality of being 

a brother; an association of men for any 
purpose; as, the various orders of monks 
are rehgious brotherhoods; a fraternity. 

brotb (brihft'6r=In=16' r ), n. 

UIUUl-er m law the brother of one’s 

husband or wife; one’s sister’s husband. 

Broth-er Jon-a-than 

humorous imaginary character representing 
New England, or, more broadly, the United 
States. 

broth or 1v (bruffi'er-11), adj. becoming 
UlUUl-CI-1) to, or like, a brother: as 



brotherly love; affectionate; kind: adv. in a 
way suitable to a brother.—n. brotherliness. 

brough-am 

(broo'um; broom; 
bro'ilm), n. a close 
four-wheeled car¬ 
riage for one or 
two horses. 

brought 

(brot ). p.t. and Brougham 

p.p. of the verb bring. 

hrrvw (brou), n. ihe forehead; the arch of 
aaauw hair over the eye; the edge of a 
steep place; the upper portion of a hill. 

brnw hpflt (brou'bet*), v.t. [p.t. brow- 
uxuw-ucai beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr. 

browbeating], to depress or bear down with 
haughty, stern, or impudent looks or words, 
hrnwn (broun), adj. of a dusky or dark 
WAUWAA co i or; n . a d ark color between 
black and red or yellow: v.i. to become 
brow n: v.t. to make brown. 

Krmun io (broun'I), n. a good-natured 
UlUWll-lc e jf supposed to haunt old 
farmhouses and perform certain services, 
such as churning, etc. [Scot.] 

brown QtrvriP (broun'ston'), n. a dark 
uiuwil-bione kind of sandstone. 

brnwcp (brouz), n. the tender shoots or 
uluvvoc twigs of shrubs and trees fit for 
the food of cattle and other animals: v.t. to 
feed on; to pasture; to graze, as cattle, 
deer, etc.: v.i. to eat or nibble off twigs or 
buds; to graze. 

bni tin (broo'in), n. a common name for 
ux aa-aaa the brown bear: so called in 
popular tales. 

brili<5P (brooz), n. an injury to the flesh 
aaa uaoc 0 f an an imal, or to a plant or other 
body, caused by a blow, but causing no break¬ 
ing of the skin, etc.: v.t. to injure, crush, 
or indent by a blow or pressure without 
cutting; to crush by beating or pounding: 
v.i. to fight with_the fists; box. 

brillQ Pt* (brooz'er), n. a boxer; a 

aaa uAo-cx pugilist; as, these men were 
mighty bruisers at close quarters; a machine 
for t crushing_grain, etc. 

brilit (broot), n. report, rumor; fame: 
aaa aaal to report; spread abroad. 

bri1_npftp (broo-net'), n. a girl or woman 
aaa ia aaciic with a brown or dark com¬ 
plexion, usually with dark hair and eyes: 
adj. having such coloring. Also, brunet, 
bmnt (brunt), n. the heaviest part or ut- 
AAA iaaal most . violence of a shock, strain, or 
attack; as, the President of the United 
States bears the brunt of responsibility in 
international affairs. 

bmcli (brush), n. an implement made 
AAA iaoaa of bristles, feathers, or other ma¬ 
terial fixed in a back or handle and used for 
cleaning, smoothing, applying paint, etc. ; the 
bushy tail of a fox; a thicket of small trees; 
the small trees and shrubs of a wood ; a slight 
battle; a skirmish; the act of cleaning or 
smoothing with a brush ; thin metallic plates 
or wires bound together, to conduct a current 
to or from an electric motor, etc.: v.t. to 
sweep, cleanse, or rub with a brush; touch 
lightly m passing: v.i. to move with haste- 
to skim over with a light touch. — adj. brushy. 

brush hook (briish hook), a hook 
WJL U&li iiUU.lv f or cu tting small trees and 

shrubs. 

brush-wood n. rough, 

„ yvaaaava ci° se bushes; a thicket; 
small wood, suitable for the fire. 


f ?- r ’ pdrade ; ? c ene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cQt, focus, menu; 
















brusk 


79 


buffet 


Kmclr (briisk). adj. blunt: abrupt in 
UI Uott. manner. Also, brusque. 

Kmiclr n pcc (brusk'nes), n. abruptness; 
Ui U 0 A.-UC 00 blunt. manner. Also, 

brusqueness. 

oplc pot* npf (brus'elzkar'pet), 

Di llb-bclc> i/CH-pcL a strong kind of 

woolen carpet. 

■R-rvic cole loro (brus'elz ;ias), various 
DlUo-oclo IctCc kinds of costly lace, 

made originally at Brussels. 

Brus-sels sprouts i br SS,X ro con: 

sisting of small green heads, each a tiny 
cabbage, of two_or three inches diameter. 

Km fol (broo'tal), adj. savage; cruel; in- 
U*U-Lal human; unfeeling; rude; coarse. 

— adv. brutally. _ 

Km fol •» -Hr (broo-tal'I-tl), n. pitiless 
UI U-lctl-l-Lj cruelty; savageness; inhu¬ 
manity; a savage act. 

Km f«1 i<ro (broo't 3 i-Iz), v.t. to make 
UI U-ldl-IZ.C cruel or inhuman; as, war 

tends to brutalize men. 

Kmfo (broot), adj. inhuman; without 
UI UlC reason or intelligence; irrational; 
unthinking; soulless; rough; uncivilized: 
n. a beast; an inhuman person; as, a lazy, 
GPTlQllnl TiV'ltfP 

Knit JcK (broot'Ish), adj. savage; stupid; 
UI UL-loII coarse.— n. brutishness. 

Syn. base, sensual, sottish, vile, bestial. 
Ant. (see refined). 

KiiK Klo (bub'l), n. a small globe of water 
UUU-UlC 0 r other fluid filled with air or 
gas: a small body of air or gas rising to the 
surface of a liquid; anything unreal or fanci¬ 
ful, as an empty scheme to deceive people 
into investing their money without offering 
anything of value in exchange: v.i. to rise in 
bubbles; run with a gurgling sound. 

(buk"a-ner'), n. a pirate; 
buc-ca-neer a sea robber; one of the 

pirates who, during the 17 th century, made 
raids on the Spaniards in America. 

-t-oii-e (bll-sen'tor), n. an unagi- 
* Du-cen-iaur nar y monster, half man 
and half bull; the state barge of Venice 
used by the doges, or former rulers, in the 
annual ceremony of wedding the city to the 
Adriatic 

-1-. ’(biik), n. the male of the fallow deer, 
DU.CK. goat, rabbit, hare, etc.; a gay fellow; 
a male Indian or negro: v.i. to spring with 
a quick plunging leap: said of a horse: v.t. 
to throw by a quick plunging leap. 

knor/l (buk'bord"), n. a light 
bUCK-bOara wagon in which the body 
and springs are replaced by a long, elastic 

'kTiAK (buk'gt), n. a vessel for drawing 
DUCK-et or holding water, etc.; the scoop 
of a dredging machine or of a grain elevator, 
i -4. c*K/v»-k (buk'St shop), an office 

DUCK-6T SHOP for gambling In stocks, 
grain, etc., in small amounts, by going 
through the forms of buying and selhng 



of Ohio, the Buckeye State. 

1o (buk'l), n. a metal, clasp con- 
DUCK-ie sisting of a frame with movable 
tongue or catch, used for securing straps, 
bands, etc.; a bend, or kink, in metal, as in 
a saw blade: v.t. to fasten with a buckle; con¬ 
fine; join together: v.i. to prepare for action, 
to set to work with energy; as, to buckle down 
to hard work; to shrivel or bend under appli¬ 
cation of heat 


hurh It**- (bukier), n. a kind of ancient 
UUt/Jv-lCI shield, composed of wood or 
wicker, covered with skin or leather, strength¬ 
ened with plates of brass or other metal, 
and worn on the left arm. 

-rofn (buk'ram), n. coarse cloth of 
UUtii -1 aJ.lL linen, cotton, or hemp stiffened 
with glue: adj. made of, or resembling, such 
cloth; hence, stiff; precise. 

Kiirlr cow (buk'so"), n.. a saw set in a 
UUUi.-oaW frame and worked with both 

hands. 

Kii/'lr oK/\f (buk'shot"), «• shot of large 
U UV>iV-ollU l size: so called from its use 

in shooting deer. 

Kiif'lr clrtm (buk'skln*). n. a soft grayish- 
U Ut/XV-oJviII y e iiow leather made from the 
skin of a deer or, usually, of a sheep; clothes 
made of such skin: adj. made of such skin. 

Kiirlr nuKoof (buk'hwet*), n. a plant 
UllV/XV-WIIcctl cultivated for its triangular 

seeds, w'hich are ground into meal and used 
for food; the flour made from the seeds. 

K11 /'/VI iV (bu-kbl'Ik), adj. pastoral; rus- 
UU-tUl-lb tic; relating to country affairs 
and to a shepherd’s life and occupation: 
n. a poem which deals with such matters. 
K-i-i/3 (bud), n. the early stage of a branch, 
UUU leaf, or flower; a young girl in her 
first season in society: v.t. \p.t. and p.p. bud¬ 
ded, p.pr. budding], to graft: v.i. to put forth 
or produce new shoots; begin to grow; to 
sprout; to be like a young flower in youth 
and freshness, as a budding virgin. 

-p,, j jl. (bdod'a), n. Gautama Sidd- 
■OUCl-UIld. hartha, the founder of Bud¬ 
dhism, a religion of East Asia. 

TKi/4 /IKJem (bood'izm), n. a religion of 
JDUU-U.IllbIil Eastern Asia, named for its 
founder, which teaches self-denial, virtue, 
and wisdom. 

/4Kic-f (bdod'ist), n. one who accepts 
.DLlU-UIIlbL fhe doctrines of Buddhism: 
adj. pertaining to Buddha or Buddhism. 

Kit r\ rre^ (buj), v.i. to move from one’s 
DXHlgtJ position; to stir: v.t. to change 
the position of: n. lambskin dressed like fur 
and used for linings and edgings. 

Kii/i/r 0+ (buj'et), n. a bag with its con- 
UUUg-cl tents; hence, a quantity or store; 
as, a budget of news: the annual statement of 
the financial needs for the year to come of a 
nation or organization. 

Kn-Pf (buf), n. a thick leather prepared from 
UUU the skin of the buffalo, ox. etc., 
dressed with oil; a pale or faded yellowish 
orange; the bare skin: adj. made of thick 
oiled leather; of a pale yellow color. 

Kiif fa In (buf'ri-io), n.. [pi. buffaloes 
DUl-lcl-lU (_ioz)], an animal of the ox 
family; a name given to various wild oxen, 
such as the North American bison, the East 
Indian water buffalo, and the South African 
Cape buffalo. , . . . 

Kn-tf /it* (buffer), n. any device which 
DU-LL-tr serves to deaden the shock 
caused by the striking together of two bodies; 
as, a buffer is placed at each end of a railway 
car to lessen the jar when two cars come 
together. . . . . 

Kn-P (buffet), n. a blow with the hand; 
UUl-ltJl an y blow: v.t. to strike with the 
hand or fist; to box; to beat; to straggle 
against; as, to buffet the waves: v.i. to fight 
with blows; to force one’s way; as, to buffet 
with wind and weaves. 

Kn-f (boo-fa'), n. a sideboard with 
Dul-Icl shelves for the display of china 
or silverware; a counter for refreshments. 
[Fn.l 


cat ion of neat. -_--—— 1 — -7—— -: : T 

boot foot -found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick ;hw-wh asm when, 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









bu£fo 


80 


bumblebee 


bu^ 
bug- 
bug- 
bug 



bllf frt (boof'o), n. the comic actor in an 
vui-iu opera:^ adj. comic. [It.] 

bllf fnnn (bfi-foon'), n. one who amuses 
wui-iuuu others by low jests, antics, 
odd gestures, etc., as a clown. 

buf-foon er v (bu-fopn'er-p, n - ip^ buf- 

* JUA C1 ~J foonenes (-Iz)], the arts 

and practices of a clown or low comedian; 
vulgar tricks. 

ipr (bug), n. an insect, especially a beetle 
*o or other crawling insect. 

o form (bug'a-boo"). n. a fancied 
-a-uuo cause of fear; a fearful object. 
r fop or (bug'bar"), n. a frightful object; 
.-near an object of dislike or terror. 

. (bug'I), n. 

_ o J a light four- 
wheeled carriage: adj. 
infested withbugs. 

foil 0-1 a (bu'gl), n. a 

DU-gie hunting 

horn; a mihtary instru- , D . 
ment of music; an ob- ^ugle 

long glass bead of various colors, but com¬ 
monly black. 

foil orlpi* (bu'gler), n. one who plays or 
A/t * - & At ' A _sounds signals on the bugle. 

V| 1lV»l (bool), n. cabinet work or furniture 
UUAAi inlaid with tortoise shell, yellow and 
white metal, etc. 

follfor cfnriA (bur'ston*), n. a rock used 
u UAAA tunc to make a grindstone. Also, 

burrstone. 

follild ( bl ?, d b, lV- f - and p.p. built, 
UUXXU. bmlded, p.pr. building], to con¬ 
struct; to erect, as a house; to form by 
art; to raise on a support or foundation; to 
establish: v.i. to construct a building; to de¬ 
pend, or rely: with on or upon. 

follilH in cr (blld'Ing), p.pr. of build: n. 
uuuu AAA o the act of constructing, raising, 
or establishing; a structure put up for use 
or convenience, as a house, a church, etc. 
folllfo (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; a 
WLiAA/ kind of leaf bud; any swelling, or 
rounded portion of a stem or tube; a small 
globe containing^ an electric light. 

folllfo fine (bul'bfis), adj. pertaining to, or 
UUlU-UUo resembling, a bulb. 

folll folil (bSSl'bool), 7 i. the Persian night- 
vu-i-vus. jngale. 

Bul-ffa.ri an (b< 551 -ga'rl- 5 n; bul-ga'rl- 
_LmA o a 11 <AAl an), n. a native of Bulgaria, 
one of the Balkan states.— adj. Bulgarian, 
fouler a (bulj), n. the bilge or widest part 
& of a cask; a bending outwards; 
the part of a wall, a ship, etc. which swells 
out; a sudden rise in price, as a bulge m 
stocks: v.i. to jut out; to swell out: to get the 
bulge on, slang, to secure an advantage over, 
folllk (bulk), n. size; complete dimensions; 
~^ A the main mass or body; the cargo 
of a ship when stowed; volume; a small 
protruding structure; a stall. 

fotllk-foead (bunched"), n. an upright 
UUlA-ilCdU partition in a vessel which 
separates one part of it from another; a 
structure built to stand the pressure of water 
or earth. 

folllk i tiacc (bul'ki-nes), n. greatness in 
uuxxv-x-xiC£>& size and weight. 


bull (bd51) 


. . n. the male of the species of 
animals of which the cow is the 
female; the male of various large animals 
as the whale, elephant, etc.; in the stock 
market, one who endeavors to raise the 
price of stock in order that he may sell dear: 
tne opposite of a bear; an official letter or 


order sent out by the Pope; as, a papal bull , a 
ridiculous contradiction in language; slang, 
absurdly exaggerated statements or pre¬ 
tensions. 

follll fop if- imr (t°°( bat'Ing), the sport 
uuix uall-lllg G f attacking bulls with 

dogs: a favorite sport in Elizabethan Englaro. 
follll finer (bool'dog"), n. a variety of deg 
owu-uog of strong muscular build, ana 
remarkable for its courage and fierceness, 
formerly used for baiting bulls: adj. having 
courage and the quality of holding to a thing, 
as. a bulldog firmness of disposition, 
fond (bool'doz"), v.t. to bully; to 

DUxi-aOZejn ffhte m [Colloq.] 

fold Ipf (bool'et), n. a small ball or pro- 
UUA - ACL jectile intended to be shot from a 
gun or firearm. 

folll Ip fin (booFS-tln), n. an official 
LAA-A ^ /-LAAA report regarding some matter 
or event of public interest; a periodical pub¬ 
lication: v.t. to publish or announce m a 
brief authorized statement, 
follll fip"fof (bool'flt"), n. a combat held in 
^ tAAA_AA o AA1, an arena for public amusement, 
between armed men and a bull; popular 
in Spanish-speaking lands.— n. bullfighter. 

follll finpfo (bool'fmch"), n. a common 
UU11 1IX1EI1 British song bird. 

(bool'frog"), n. a large North 
_ American species of frog 
abounding in marshy places, remarkable 


a heavy 
gold- oi 


bull-frog jKSSf 

abounding in marshy r _ 

for its loud, bellowing croak, 
follll fopnd (bool'hed"), n. a broad-headed 
A ' AAAA_AACcA '‘ A saialeless fish; catfish, 
folll linn (bool'yun), n. uncoined gold or 
silver; foreign coin; 
twisted fringe covered with fine 
silver-wire, used for epaulets, etc. 

Tfodl MfifiQP (bool moos), a large male 
JJUAA x animal of the deer family, 

noted for its strength and endurance; a mem¬ 
ber of the Progressive political party formed 
in 1912 under the leadership of Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

follll nrk (booFuk), n. an ox or steer 

ouii-utn. over four years old. 

folllP^-PVP (boolz'i"), n. any circular 
wuu a c l c opening for fight or air; 
among seamen, a small cloud with a reddish 
center, supposed to show that a hurricane is 
coming; a lantern with a convex or bulging 
lens; a round piece of thick glass in the 
deck, port, or skylight covering of a vessel 
to admit fight; one of the plates of glass 
attached to a microscope; the center of a 
target; a shot that hits the center of a target, 
follll V (b°°FI). n. [pi. bullies (-Iz)], one 
a/iaaa-j w fio rules over others by insolence 
or threats; an overbearing fellow: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. bullied, p.pr. bullying], to overrule 
with bluster and threats: v.i. to be rudelv 
noisy and quarrelsome: adj. slang, fine; excel¬ 
lent: bully beef, slang, canned cornbeef issued 
as army food. 

bill rush (bool'rush"), n. the popular 
u . A UC>AA name for rushfike plants grow¬ 
ing in water or marshes. 

folll Wflrk (bool'wdrk), n. a mound of 
V'“- AAV earth raised around a place 
i it ^ defense against cannon-shot; a fort- 

bulk-V (b»b kD.a^.massree; ponderous: of like structure; a rampart- the boardine 
, «, S1 ??° r 'weight.—adr. bulkily. round the sides of a ship, above the level of 


the deck; any means of protection or defense, 
burn (bum), n. a worthless loafer- an idle, 
^ dissolute fellow. Also, bummer. 
[COLLOQ.] 

bum-ble-fopf* (bttm'bl-be"), n. a large 
uuiix uxc uee hairy bee, so named from 
its humming noise. Also, hiim hinhoo 


Parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, Bin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 














bumboat 


81 


burial 


K/^af (bum'bot'), n. a boat used in 
DUlIl-UUo .1 England to carry provisions, 
fruit, etc., for sale to vessels in port or lying 
off the shore. 

Kumn (bump), n. a shock from a blow; 

DUIIiJJ a swelling due to a knock or blow: 
v.t. to bring violently together; thump: v.i. 
to come in collision; to strike heavily. 

Kum-n or (bum'per), n. an overflowing 
UUlIlp-Cl CU p ( especially in drinking a 
toast: adj. overflowing; very large. 

Kiimtv tri-n (bump'kln), n. an awkward, 

Uli-ilip-xVili dvimsy countryman. 

kmrm fiouc (bump'shfis), adj. self-con- 
DUliip-HUUo ceited; forward; self-asser¬ 
tive.— adv. bumptiously. — n. bumptiousness. 

Kirn (bun), n. a small light cake or slightly 
DUJ .1 sweetened biscuit. Also, bunn. 

Kiir»r*V» (bunch), n. a cluster; a collection 
0 f things of the same kind growing 
or fastened together: v.i. to stick out; to form 
a cluster; v.t. to form into a cluster; to gather 
into folds; group together.— adj. bunchy. — n. 
bunchiness. 

Kim nr\ (bunTeS), n. a swindling game or 
ULllI-CU scheme: v.t. to swindle or cheat 
by trickery. Also, bunko. 

Kim /'/vmKo (bun'kum), n. speechmak- 
DUIl-GUiiiUC j n g to gain public applause; 

idle or showy speech, especially if intended 
to secure votes, etc.; anything done for mere 
show. Also, bunkum. [Coluoq.] 

Kim (bun'dl), n. a number of things 

L)uIl-UlC bound together; a roll or pack¬ 
age; two reams of printing or brown paper: 
v.t. to tie or bind in a bundle or roll; to send, 
as a person, off in a hurry: with off or out. 

Kim rr (bung), n. a large cork for stopping 

DUIlg the hole in a cask or barrel; the --, . . . 

hole itself: v.t. to stop with such a cork; close Kll TPflU l bu ro; i~ ro 
or shut up : bunghole, the hole in a cask or DU-1 bureaus or bureaux J-roz)L 

barrel stopped with a bung. 

Kn*i 1 r\ttr (bun'ga-lo), ti. a one-story 
DU.H-g 3 .-l 0 W house, lightly built, and 
generally surrounded by a porch or veranda. 

Kim o-l o (buh'gl), v.i. and v.t. to perform 
DuIl-glvJ i n a clumsy manner: n. a clumsy 
performance; a botch.— n. bungler. 

Kim inn (bun'yun), n. a painful swelling 
DUn-lOIl on the foot, usually over the 
joint of the great toe. Also, bunyon. 

Kim It- (bunk), n. a shelf or recess used for 
Dullxv. a bed in a ship, sleeping car, etc.: 
v.i. to sleep in a bunk; to go to bed. 

Kimlr Ar (bunk'er), n. a large bin, espe- 
DUIlJA-cr cially one for coal on shipboard; 
any rough, hazardous ground on a golf links. 
l)UIl kO (kun'kb), n> a swin( bing game: v.t 


Kii /mi (boi; bool; bwoi), n. a floating 
UUUy body moored to the bottom to show 
the position of rocks or shoals beneath the 
water, or to mark a channel; a device to 
support a person in the water to prevent 
drowning: usually called a life buoy: v.t. and 
v.i. to keep afloat in a fluid: usually with up; 
to mark with floats to indicate a channel; to 
support; to sustain; as, to buoy up one’s 

hope. _ 

Kii /mt on riT (boi'an-si; boo'l-an-sl), n. 
UUUy -cUi-v/y the property of floating on 
the surface of a liquid; power of a liquid to 
sustain a body floating in it; upward pres¬ 
sure of a liquid upon a body floating in it; 
lightness; gaiety of spirits. .... 

Kii att orvf (boi'ant; boo'T-ant), adj. able to 
DUOy-dJll fl oa t tn a fluid; not easily de¬ 
pressed; light-hearted. 

Km- (bur), n. the rough prickly seed-case 
DUI 0 f certain plants; the throaty pro¬ 
nunciation of the rough r ; any humming 
sound. Also, burr. .... . 

Km- A ^n (bfir'dn), n. that which is borne 
DliX-tlcH or carried; a load; something 
grievous, wearisome, or oppressive; a chorus 
or refrain; the bearing of loads or packs; 
as, a beast of burden; a topic of conversation 
or thought on which one dwells; the gist 
of a matter: v.t. to load; to lay a weight 
upon; to put too much up«»n; hence, to 
oppress. Also, burthen. 

bur-den-some <bar '. dn - sum )- 


adj. hard to bear; 
oppressive; weighty; troublesome. 
Also, burthensome. 

Km- AnrXc (bur'dbk), n. a large 
DuX-vlUviv. wayside weed with rough 

broad leaves. 


to cheat or swindle. Also, bunco. 
Kimlr w (bunk'f), n. a berthmate; room- 
DUlirv-j mate; tentmate. Also, bunkie. 
Kim rnr (biin'i), n. a squirrel or rabbit: 
DUIl-Ily a net name. 

Bun-sen bum-er i b Sbe s t n few Sles 

in length, with small air holes at the bottom, 
forming a mixture of air and gas which burns 
with a blue flame that gives intense heat. 
Kim+ (hunt), v.t. and v.i. to butt with head 
Dull l or horns; to push as with horns: n. 
a push with, or as with, horns; the middle 
part of a square sail, or of a fishing net; in 
baseball, a short hit to the infield. ^ . 

Kim finer (bun'tfng). n. a, bird related 
DUn-Iing to the finches and the sparrows; 
a light, loosely woven woolen stuff used 
chiefly for making flags. 

Kimf Him (bunt'lln; bunt'lin), n. one of 
DUni-line the ropes attached to a square 
sail to draw the sail up to the yard. 


a chest of drawers for clothing; a 
desk or writing table furnished with 
drawers; an office; as, a bureau of 
information; a governmental depart¬ 
ment for the transaction of public 
business; as, the Secret Service 
Bureau. .... 

bu-reau-cra-cy n. [pi. bureau¬ 
cracies (-slz)], government by bu¬ 
reaus, or departments, each under a 
head or chief; government by an 
official class; officials of the govern¬ 
ment spoken of collectively. 

Kii i-~++o (bu-ret'), n. a finely 
Ull-I c 11C graduated glass tube, from 
which a small quantity of a solution 
can be drawn off at a time: used in 
chemical analysis. 

Km- trocc (bur'jes), n. a citizen «?r 
UUI-^cbo freeman of a borough; m 
Pennsylvania, the chief administrative 
officer of a borough; in C ommcticut, 
a member of the town council. 

Kiir trlnr (bfir'gler), n. one who 
UUI-gial breaks into a house at 

night to steal. 

K,n- rrlo 1-17 (bfir'gla-ri), n. the act 
Dur-gia-ry or crime of breaking 

into a house at night to steal. 

bur-go-m as-ter r ' r l fee chle? 

magistrate of a town in Holland, Flan- Burette 
ders, or Germany. 

T2m» mm Axr (bur'gfin-di), n. a wine, red 
£5ur-gun-ay or white, made in Burgundy 

in France. . . ^ _ , 

Km- ; ol (bgr'l-al), n. the act of placing a 
DUI-X-ctl body in the grave; interment. 



boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 






















burin 


bustle 


82 


bu 
burl 


rit1 (bu'rfn), n. an engraving tool of 
-lill pointed steel. 

(bfirl), n. a small knot or lump in 
thread or cloth; a knot on a tree: v.t. 
to pick knots, etc., from, as in finishing cloth. 
Hiii* Ian (bur'lap), n. a coarse fabric made 
UUI-lctp 0 f jute or hemp, used for bagging, 
curtains, etc. Also, burlaps. 

Vnir locmitf* (bfir-lgsk'). n. a ridiculous, 
UUioverdrawn representation; 
a travesty; a parody; a composition in which 
a trifling subject is treated as a subject of 
dignity or importance: v.t. and v.i. to ridicule or 
make ridiculous by caricatured representation: 
adj. tending to excite laughter by exaggerat¬ 
ing the peculiarities or prominent features. 
V»iir Irr (bfir'H), adj. bulky; large; stout 
UUl-ljr and muscular of body; corpulent. 
— n. burliness. 

Vmr ma ri crnlrl < bar ma'rl-gold), any 
DUr ma-n-goia of a certain kind of 

coarse herbs of the aster family. 

"Riir mpcp (bflr'mez'; bur'mes'), n. in 
X) U 1 -lllCoC both singular and plural, 
a native or natives of Burma; in the singu¬ 
lar, the language of the Burmese.— adj. 
Burmese. 

'hiirn (bfirn), v.t. [p.t. burnt and burned, 
p.p r- burning], to destroy or injure 
by fire; to reduce to ashes; to scorch; to 
inflame or tan the skin; to affect with a 
burning feeling; in surgery, to apply heat 
or acid to for curative purposes: v.i. to be on 
Are; to suffer from, or be injured by, too much 
heat; to glow; to shine; to be inflamed with 
passion or desire; as, he burns to win fame: 
n. an injury to the flesh caused by fire; the 
result of too much heat. 

Syn., v. blaze, brand, consume, cremate, 
scorch, singe. 

Ant. (see cool). 

hum (bfim), n. a rivulet: a brook or small 
A,AAAAA stream. [Scot.] 

hum p»i* (bfir'ner), n. one who sets fire to 
UlUu-Ci anything; the part of a lamp, 
gas fixture, etc. from wb'ch the flame comes. 

hum in or crlacc (turo'Ing glas), a flat 
oum-mg gldbb glass, bulging on each 

side, used to set fire to something by 
bringing the direct rays of the sun to a point, 
or focus, on it. 

hum incr nnint (burn'Ing point), the 
UUni-lIlg pOlIlL temperature at which a 

volatile oil will take fire from a light held 
close to its surface. 

hut* nich (bfir'nlsh), v.t. to polish by 
UUA_AAAaAA rubbing or friction; make 
smooth and shining; [as, we burnish brass: 
n. polish; brightness. 

hur rirtncp* (bur-noos'; bfir'noos), n. a 
uux-uuuoc garment worn by Moors and 

Arabs, consisting of a cloak and a hood 
woven in one piece. Also, burnous. 
hiifr»+ (bfirnt), adj. charred, destroyed, or 
* AAAAAAA affected by fire. 

hurr (bur), n. the prickly seed-case of a 
UUAA plant; a thin ridge or roughness left 
by a tool in cutting or shaping metal; a 
whirring noise; the rough sound of r: v.t. to 
pronounce with this sound. Also, bur. 
hlir rn (boor'o; bflr'o), n. [pi. burros 
u UA “ A y (-r 5 z)], the name used in the 
southwestern section of the United States 
for an ass or donkey. 

hlir rnw (bur'o), n. a hole in the ground 
uui-iuw dug by a rabbit or other animal, 
as a refuge and home; a similar shelter: v.i. 
to dig; to work a way into or under some¬ 
thing; v.t. to make burrows in, or build by 
burrowing. _ 


hiivr o+rvn a. (bflr'ston'), n. a rock used for 
GUI A “O lUiiC millstones. Also, buhrstone. 

hur car (bur'ser), n. the treasurer of a 
UUl-od .1 college; a purser; a Scotch 
university student who receives an allowance 
for his support. 

hiircf (burst), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. burst, 
UUlol p.pr. bursting], to break open by 
flying to pieces; to explode; to break sud¬ 
denly into action, speech, or feeling: usually 
with out, upon, into , etc.; as, to burst into 
tears; appear or disappear suddenly; as, a 
scene bursts upon the view: v.t. to break by 
violence; to open suddenly: n. a violent or 
sudden breaking forth; as, a burst of applause, 
a sudden explosion; a rush; a spurt, 
hur v (ber'i), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. buried, p.pr. 
UUl-j burying], to place and cover in a 
grave or tomb, or in any final resting-place; 
hence, keep secret; hide; as, to bury one’s past, 
hur ir fntr (b&r'I-Ing), n. an interment: 
UUI-y-iAife p.adj. pertaining to burial; as, 
a burying ground or cemetery, 
hue (bus), n. a colloquial form of omnibus. 
A,AA& a public carriage or automobile, 
hiich (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a forest 
UUoli region; wild, uncleared country; a 
lining or tube of hard metal inserted in a hole 
to reduce wear by friction, 
hiich a 1 (boosh' 81 ), n. a dry measure 
U Uoii-cl containing four pecks or thirty- 
two quarts; a vessel of such a capacity: v. t. 
[U. S.J, to mend or alter, as men’s clothes.— n. 
busheler. 

hitch inn- (bdbsh'Ing), n. a metallic, de- 
Dllbll-lllg tachable lining for a hole. 
Also, bush. 

hiich man (bdbsh'man), n. [pi. bush- 
vj uon-liicill men (-men)], an Australian 

woodsman.—Bushman, one of a tribe of men 
near the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 
hiich rano- or (boosh'ran’jer), n. one 

uubn-rcing-er who leads the life of a 

plunderer, in the bush country, especially in 
Australia; originally, a criminal who escaped 
and lived a lawless life in the bush of Aus¬ 
tralia. 

hiich wbflrlr pt* (boosh , hw 5 k , "er), n. a 
UUoil-WIlcU/li-cI backwoodsman; in the 

Civil War, a Confederate guerrilla fighter; 
a tool for cutting brushwood, 
hiich v (boosh'I), adj. thick and spreading 
u UoJ.i-y like a bush; overgrown with shrubs. 

hiici npcc (blz'nes), n. employment; 
uuoi-ucoo trade; profession; something 
necessary to be done; duty; mission; right 
of action; affair; matter; vocation;, en¬ 
gagement: adj. pertaining to business; prac¬ 
tical; as, a business man. 

hue Irin (bus'kln), n. a covering for the 
UUb-JVill foot reaching to the middle of 
the calf of the leg; a high shoe with a very 
thick sole worn by ancient tragic actors to 
increase their height. 

hiicc (bus), n. a flying machine; as, the sky 
v uoo is stiff with busses. 
hlicf (biist), n. the human chest or thorax; 
UUoL the p ar t of the human body between 
the head and waist; a piece of sculpture rep¬ 
resenting the head, shoulders, and breast of 
a person. 

Vmc farH (bus'tard), n. an Old World and 
uuo-iai u Australian game bird related to 
the plovers and cranes. 

Hi 1C +1o (bus'l), n. tumult; noisy activity; 
ULio-tic a p ad or cushion formerly worn by 
women beneath the skirt, below the waist at 
the back: v.i. to be noisily busy; to move 
quickly; to make a fuss or stir. 

Syn., n. stir, tumult, fuss. 


ate, senate, rare, c£t, local, f&r, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novSl, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey. edrd, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 







ousy 


83 


Byzantine 


Hiiq v (blz'I), a dj- earnestly, actively, or 
UUo-j closely at work; characteristic of, or 
pertaining to, industry or diligence; as, the 
busy hum of the factory; bustling; full of 
employment; as, a busy day; meddlesome: 
v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. busied, p.pr. busy¬ 
ing], to keep constantly engaged; to occupy. 
— adv. busily. 

hllQ V hnH V (blz'l-b6d"l) , n. [pi. busy- 
OUo-y-UOU-y bodies (-Iz)], a person who 

continually concerns himself with the affairs 
of others; a person who meddles. 

(but), prep, except; besides: conj. 
UUI still; even if; however; yet; never¬ 
theless: adv. only; no more than. 

Kiitrli (booch'er), n. one who kills 
ULllt/il-ci animals to sell for food; some¬ 
times, a cruel and bloody murderer: v.t. to 
kill (animals) for food; to murder in a horrible 
and cruel maimer; to botch or mangle; 
to ruin. 

HtvtrVi or "hirrl (booch'er biird), a name 
uuLCii-ci uiAVi. given to certain birds 

from their habit of hanging their prey upon 
thorns. 

Kii-foli of -rr (booch'er-I), n. the business 
UU.ll/il-cr-y G f killing cattle; horrible, 
cruel, and unnecessary murder. 

i „ r (but'ler), n. a manservant in a 
UUl-ici household who has charge of the 
dining-room, silver, wines, etc.; the chief 
servant in a large household. 

Vkii-H- (but), n. a push or thrust delivered 
UUll fly the head of an animal; as, the 
butt of a goat; the thicker end of anything: 
a target; an embankment back of a target 
to stop bullets; that at which anything is 
aimed; therefore, one at whom jest or ridicule 
is directed; as, the butt of a joke; a large 
cask, chiefly for wine; a certain amount of 
wine in a cask, usually 126 gallons: v.t. to 
strike with the head; to join end to end. 
hiitfo (but), n. a steep hill or ridge stand- 
UUllc i n g alone. 

For (but'er), n. the fat or oily sub- 
UUl-lcI stance obtained from cream or 
milk by churning: v.t. to spread or smear 
w ith this fat.—n. 

Kii+ tar run (but'er-kup"), n. a plant 
UUl-lcl-CU|J bearing yellow cup-shaped 

flowers. r T , 

hiif tor fhr (but'er-fli"), n. [pi. butter- 
UUl-lcI-Aiy flies (-fliz)], a general name 
for an insect with four down-covered, brightly 
colored wings, which flies by day; a gay, 
showily dressed idler or trifler. 

Jtio (but'er-en"; but'er-in), n. an 
DUl-XcI-lIlc artificial butter; oleomar- 

C 3 .rinG. 

V.,,4. 4 -nr rviillr (but'er-mllk"), n. a thin, 
DUX-lcI-IllllJa. watery fluid separated 
from the cream in butter-making. 

nut (but'er-nut"), n. the North 
UXil-lcI -IIUl American white walnut or 

its fruit. . , . „ ,, 

Kitf tor tt (but'er-I), n. [pi. butteries (-Iz)], 
uux-xer-y a room or closet m which pro¬ 
visions, wanes, etc., are kept; the butler s 
pantry: adj. like butter; containing or 

spread with butter. . . , 

V,,,,* 4 -n^lr (but'fik), n. the rump or hinder 
DUX-XOCJ 1 part G f a man or animal: 
usually in plural; the part of a ship under 

£*£7™ (but'n), n. any small, rounded 
DUX-XOIl object used for fastening or 



Buttress 
and Flying 
Buttress 

by a 


securing a garment, or attached for ornament; 
a pivoted fastening for a door or window, etc.; 
the knob at the end of a fencing foil: pi. 
young mushrooms; a page boy: v.t. to fasten 
or furnish with buttons: v.i. to be capable of. 
or to admit of, being fastened by buttons; 
as, this dress buttons easily. _ 

inn firkin (but'n-hol"). n. a bole in a 
UllL-XUIl-IIUlc garment for fastening a 

button: v.t. to hold in conversation against 
the will; to furnish with button¬ 
holes; to edge (cloth) with button¬ 
hole stitching. 

but-ton stick i M b? a L U de’ 

vice ten inches long which slides 
over the buttons and protects the 
coat in cleaning. 

but-ton-wood i b 6f>d7~ 

n. a name given to the large North 
American plane tree because of its 
small, round, rough, buttonlike 
fruit. 

U,i r<SC c (but'res), n. ma- 
UUl-UCoO sonry or brickwork 
built on to an outside wall to afford 
support; a support; v.t. to support 
buttress; to prop. 

Vkii-v r . rn (buk'sflm), adj. cheerful; jolly; 
UUX-UlIl robust; plump and handsome; 
lively and vigorous. 

(bi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. bought, p.pr. 
U U-j buying], to obtain by paying an a greed 
price; to purchase; sometimes, to bribe. 

Tvii77 (buz), n. a constant humming noise, 
UUZZ as C f bees; a confused or blended 
murmur, as of many voices; a wiiispered 
report or rumor: v.i. to make a low humming 
sound; to speak with a low humming voice: 
v.t. to spread secretly.— adv. buzzingly. 

•L „ r,nrA (buz'ard), «. an American 

DXlZ-Za.IU. vulture; the name given to 
several other kinds of hawk. 
m 17 _. r (fcuz'er), n an electric instru- 
UXlZ-Zt/I ment for signaling; an instru¬ 
ment making a buzzing sound, used instead 
of an electric bell. 

t-,- (bi), prep, next or near to; with; along, 
Xiy over; through; in, on, or at; past and 
beyond; after: adv. near, present, aside: by 
and by, after some time. 

Kvr crono (bi'gon"), adv. past; gone by: 
Uy-gUIie n. something in the past. 

•l__ i 0 ,_ r (bi' 16 "), n. a private rule, usually 
Uy-idW 0 f action, framed by a company; 
a secondary law; as, a society has a constitu¬ 
tion and by-laws. 

Kir -rko+Vi (bi'path"), n. [pi. bypaths (bi'- 
Uy-JJd .111 paihz")], a side, private, indirect, 
or retired path or way. 

Vkxr c+o-nH or (bi'stan"der), n. one look- 
Uy -oldlilA-d i n g on but not taking part 

in; a spectator; an onlooker. 

Utto (bi the bi), a phrase meaning 
uy XI 1 C UytJ fly the way: the only way 
in which bye, as_a noun, is now used. 

Kir tiro it- (bi'wa"), n. a private or secluded 

Dy-way way . 

Utr wore! (bi'wfird"), n. a proverb; mck- 
Uy-WUiU name; sometimes, an object of 

laughing scorn. „ , w , 

■Rrr on h’tio (bi-zan'tin; blz'an-tln; biz - 
JDy-zail-XlIlC an-tin), adj. of or belonging 
to Byzantium, now called Constantinople, (he 
ancient capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2 h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











Caaba 


84 


cafe 


c 


C*a a \\a (ka'd-bd; kM/b A), n. the shrine of 

Mecca, the chief object of pil¬ 
grimage of Mohammedans: it contains a 
black stone said to be a ruby brought from 
heaven, and changed black by the sins of 
those who have touched it. Also, Kaaba. 

(k&b), n. a public carriage with two or 
four wheels, drawn by one horse; the 
shelter for the driver of a locomotive. 

CR Kill (kd-bal'), n. a. secret combination 
va-uai of a few persons for carrying out 
some special plan, usually evil: v.i. [p.t. and 
p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], to unite in 
secret with others to effect some design. 

o la (kab'a-ld), n. a secret system of 
u-o.-J.fil the Jewish rabbis to find the 
hidden meaning of the first five books of the 
Bible. Also, cabbala. 

a H«m (kab'd-llzm), n. secret and 
vciu-o-jjojij mysterious doctrine.— n. eab- 
alist. 

poK a lie tip (kab ,, d-lis'tTk), adj. mysteri- 
u<xu-a.-iio-uu ous; suggesting the secret; 
occult. Also, cabbalistic. 

ra Ha - ! rn (ka"bal-ya'ro), n. a Spanish 
knight or gentleman; a 
stately Spanish dance. 

paK a (kab'd-ret; ka^ba^e'), n. a 

v/au-a-iot restaurant in which guests are 
entertained at meals by dancing and vaude¬ 
ville acts. 

for. kofro (kab'aj), n. a common vege- 
tdfi-Udgc table of great food value, with 
a compact head of leaves; the terminal head 
of palm-trees. 

raVi in (kab'In), n. a small hut, cottage, or 
va.u-.j_ij. room; a room in a ship for officers 
or passengers: v.t. to confine in a cabin. 

paT\ i Tipf - (kab'i-net), n. a small apart- 
vrM.xx-x-j.xct me nt; a pri va te room; a piece 
of furniture to hold objects of art, curiosity, 
etc.; a committee of the heads of govern¬ 
mental departments; as, the President ap¬ 
points his own cabinet: adj. secret; small; as, a 
cabinet organ; of or pertaining to the advisory 
council of the chief executive of a nation. 

p a Vj i npf-mfllr Pf (kab'i-net=mak"er), 
l/UU-l-Iiei IlidJl-er n . G ne whose busi¬ 
ness it is to make house¬ 
hold furniture, etc. 
po W 1 p (ka'bl), n. a large 
ca-uic strong rope or 
chain; a submarine tele¬ 
graph line; a measure of 
distance used at sea equal 
to 100 to 140 fathoms: v.t. to 
fasten with a cable; to send 
by submarine telegraph. 

ca-ble-gram 

n. a message sent by sub¬ 
marine telegraph. 

ca-boose n ■ 

tached to a freight train. 



Section of a Sub¬ 
marine Cable 

the kitchen of a 
trainmen’s car at- 


CA-lnrf* (k& bra'), n. a flying attitude in 
«. kjx c which the angle of attack is greater 
than normal; that is, with tail down, down 
by the stern, or tail low. [Fr] 

poV» f*i <-v 1 pf (kab"ri-6-la'), n. a covered 
vau-u-u-ici carriage with two or four 
wheels, drawn by one horse; an enclosed auto¬ 
mobile with a top which can be folded back 
when it is used as an open car. 


C n C n (kd-ka'o; kd-ka'o), n. a small ever - 
l/a-ba-U green tree of tropical America and 
West Indies, from the seeds of which cocoa 
and chocolate are made. 

cache* (kash), n. a hiding-place for food 
caciic or supplies: v.t. to hide or store 

away. 

the poph. In tic? "ftotl (kak*I-na , shi5n), n. 
Cctdl-lll-lld- llUlx loud or uncontrolled 

laughter. 

each 1 <a (kak'l), n. the cry of a hen or 
CdCJV-iC goose; chatter; idle talk: v.i. 
to cry like a hen or goose: especially applied 
to the cry made by a hen which has laid an 
egg; giggle; prattle. 

pop fnc (k&k'tfis), n. [pi. cacti (-ti), and 
tab-ius cactuses (-ez)j, a prickly fleshy 
plant with showy flowers. 

pori (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fellow of 
tclu mean principles. 

po An vpr (kd-da'vSr), n. a dead body; a 
ta-ua-vci corpse being used for dis¬ 
section. 

po A o\r oy niic (kd-dav'er-fis), adj. like a 
td-UdV-ei-OUb corpse; pale; ghastly. 

oori Alex (kadi), n. a lad who carries the 
bclU-Uic clubs for golf players. Also, 
caddy. 

pqH Hie (kadis), n. a worm; the larva 
cmU-UIcj form of the caddis fly. Also, 
caddiee. 

end Hie ■Rv (kadis AT), an insect whose 
vjxct-vjio A -\y larva, growing in water, and 
called caddis worm, lives in and drags about a 
silklike case. 

poH HicTi (kadish), adj. mean; unmanly; 

ill-bred.— adv. caddishly.— n. 

caddishness. 

Par? r?ir (kadi), n. [pi. caddies (-Iz)], a 
i/au-ujf small box for keeping tea. 
po Hp-nrp (ka'dSns), n. the rise and fall 
oa-ucut/C of the voice in reading or speak¬ 
ing; rhythm; a musical run or trill; a uniform 
time and pace in marching, 
po Hpf (kd-det'), n. a younger son; a stu- 
ccx-cxc l dent in a naval or aiilitary academy. 
ra Af*i chin (kd-det'shlp), n. the position, 
oiijp or ran k > of a younger son. 
or of a young man in training for naval or 
military service; the commission of a youth in 
naval or military training. 
rad mi iim (kad'mi-um), n. a rare me- 
tallic element, white in color, 
malleable, and ductile. 

po Hi (ka'dl; ka'dl), n. a Mohammedan 
vex-exx judge: usually over a town or 
village. 

po Hu ce* lie (kd-du's§-us), n. the winged 
bd-UU-LC-Ub staff of Mer _ 

cury, the messenger of the gods, 
entwined with serpents. 

ctxx riitn (se'kum).n. [pi. caeca^ 
bcC-blUll (-kd)], the beginning 

of the large intestine. 

C'txx coir (se'zdr), n. a Roman 
vxcc-omi emperor: taken as a 

title by the first Roman emperor 

who was an adopted son of Julius 

Caesar; any dictator ,r autocrat. 

pea on ro (sS-zu'rd; sS-su'rd), 
vcc-ou-lcl n a pause or divi _ 

sion in a verse.— adj. ceesural. 

pa (ka'fa/), n. a coffee-house; 

bd-lC rani fTT ‘ 



rant. [Fh.I 


Caduceoa 
a restau- 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sm; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 











cafeteria 


85 


calf 


caf-e-te-ri-a 


(k§,f*6-te'rl-ri), n. a quick 
lunch restaurant where the 
patrons serve themselves. 

n ~r (kaf'S-In; kS.f'6-en), n. a bitter, 

Val-lv-lliv stimulating substance obtained 
from coffee. Also, caffein. 
raf (kaf't&n; kaf-tan'), n. a girdled, 

Lai-loll long-sleeved gown worn in Eastern 
countries. Also, kaftan. 

ra(y « (kaj), n. a box or inclosure furnished 
CagC with bars for confining birds, or other 
animals; a basket for raising and lowering 
men in a mine shaft; anything resembling a 
cage in form; the boxlike compartment or 
car of an elevator, in which passengers are 
carried; v.t. to confine in a boxlike compart¬ 
ment; to shut up. 

e*n (ka'ek'). n. a skiff or light row- 

Va.-lX|Uv ing boat used on the Bosphorus. 
r\ •_ (kan), n. in the Bible, the son of 
VscLUl Adam and brother of Abel, whom he 
killed; hence, a murderer, 
noi-m (kS.ro), n. a cone-shaped heap of 
vallli stones erected as a monument, espe¬ 
cially those in the British Isles, apparently 
the work of the early Britons.— adj. cairned. 

trnrm (karn'gorm"), n. a yellow or 
Callli-gUIIll brown quartz or rock- 
crystal. Also, Cairngorm stone, 
raic Qntl (ka'sta), n. an, ammunition 
Valb-oUll wagon or chest; in war, a box 
filled with explosives for firing a mine; a 
water-tight box or casing used for building 
structures in water; a structure for raising 
and floating sunken vessels. 



Artillery Caisson 


(ka'tlf), n. a mean villain; a cow¬ 
ardly wretch: adj. despicable; 
vile; cowardly 


cai-tiff 


rol o miic (k&l'd-mfis), n. [pi. calami 
Val-a-IIlllo (-ml)], a kind of palm pro¬ 
ducing the rattan canes; the sweet flag. 

loeVi (kG-lashO, n. a light carriage 
Va-laoll with low wheels and a folding 
removable top; a cover for the head formerly 
worn by women. _ . „ % _ 

pol po t*p aiic (k5.1-ka r^-fis), ad), of the 
Cd.l-vd.-l v-UUo nature of, or containing, 

lime; as, calcareous earth or stone. 

rck\ rif or 011c (kal-sif'er-fis), adj. bear- 
Cd.l-Cll-vI-UU.es mg, containing, or pro¬ 
ducing, lime. 

t r : (kal'sl-fi), v.t. Ip-t. and p.p. calci- 

Cd.l-Cl-iy fled, p.pr. calcifying], to convert 
into lime: v.i. to become strong by conversion 
into lime. 

mi-rso (kSTsI-min; kal'sl-mm), n. 
Cdl-Cl-IIllllv white or tinted wash for 
walls or ceilings: v.t. to cover with such a wash. 
eol -no 4 -isvn (kal'sl-na'shfln), n. the 
C3I-C1-I13-T1QI1 a ct or process of reducing 
to powder by heat: thus, lime is produced 
from chalk and certain shells by calcination. 
/»o1 cino (kal-sln'; kal'sln), v.t. to reduce 
Vai-VUlv ( a substance) to powder by heat: 
v.i. to undergo the change to powder under the 
influence of heat. 

_ 0 i (kal'sit), n. calcium carbonate; 

Cal-ClXv natural lime, chalk, marble, etc. 

' a soft white 

__ „ _occurring only 

in combination because of its strong chemical 
activity. . ,, ,. 

nol rii Id KIp (kal'kfi-ld-bl), odj.,capable. 
CdJ.-Cu.-la.-Dlv of being determined or 

reckoned.— adv. calculably. 

~ Q 1 rii 1 d+a (k&l'kfi-lat), v.t. to add. sub- 
CaI-Cll-ld.lv tract, multiply, or divide any 
sum to find the result; to determine by any 
process of reasoning; estimate; as, no one 
can calculate the benefits of electricity to the 
world: v.i. to make a computation; to rely: 
with or or upon. , _ . 

oai rii Id firm (kaF'kti-la'shfin) n. the 
Cal-Cu-la-llOH use of numbers for arriv¬ 
ing at a result; a result of reasoning or infer- 
estimate; 


as, the daughters of King Lear were able to 
cajole their father into giving up his throne. 

i/-vl ,q-i* tt (kd-jol'er-I), n. the act of de- 
C3-J Oi-UI-y ceiving or wheedling by means 
of flattery; deceit. 

TC1 (kak), n. a small mass of dough, 
ValVv sweetened and baked; a compressed 
or solidified mass of any substance, especially 
if thin or fiat: v.i. and v.t. to form into a hard 
mass; as, dry weather causes mud to cake. 
__i Uopti (kal'a-b&sh), n. 
Cal-a.-Da.Sll the hard-shelled 
fruit of a tree of tropical America ; 
a vessel made from the dried shell. 

eal-a-boose a k jaiL~ a° lockup, 
ca -lam-i-tousil? produlfng,’ 

or resulting from, disaster; as, 
calamitous floods often result from 
the overflowing of the Ohio Kiver.— adv. 
calamitously.— n. calamitousness. 

M Lm i hr (kd-lam'I-tT), n. [pi calami 
ca-iam-l-ty ties (-tlz)], any cause that 
produces evil, disaster, or extreme misfortune; 
distress; affliction. , . 

Syn. mischance, mishap, catastrophe 
Ant, (see good-fortune) 



Calabash 


ence; estimate; opinion. .... 

on 1o K'tto (k&l'kfl-lfc-ttv). ad), oi or 
Cai-CU-ia-Xl\ v pertaining to computa- 

'• i^ (ka-jolO, v.t. and v.i. to coax or tion; inclined to compute OT^reckon. 
C 3 -j 0 .lv deceive by flattery; wheedle; cheat; 


..i' „ l 0 + (kal'kfl-la't?r), n. one who. 
C3.l-CU-13.-X0l or a machine that, com¬ 
putes or reckons. 

rdl m Imic (kahku-lus), ad), stony; 
Vai-VU-iUUb gritty; as, a calculous mass. 

ool oil Inc (kal'ktl-lus), n. [pi. calculi 
C31-CU-1US (-U)], any branch of mathe¬ 
matics involving calculation, especially the 
differential calculus and the integral calculus; 
a hard substance sometimes formed in the 
kidneys or bladder. 

ool (kol'drtin), n. a large kettle or 

Vai-vlIUii boiler. Also, cauldron, 
ool on Hdr (kal'en-der), n. a register of 
C31-cu-Udi the days, weeks, and months 
of the year, etc.; a register or list; a list of 
criminal cases arranged for trial; v.t. to register 
or place on a list. 

- 0 i /vn Aoir (kal'en-dSr), n. a machine 
C31-0U-ClvI containing heated rollers for 
smoothing and glazing paper or cloth: v.t. to 
press in a smoothing machine, as paper or 

(kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz)], the young 
Vail 0 f the cow; the young of certain ani¬ 
mals, as the whale, elephant, etc.; leather 
made from the skin of a calf; a small island 
or iceberg near a larger one; the thick fleshy 
part of the lower part of the leg._ 


boot, fobt; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 


























caliber 


86 


came 


Cal 1 bpr (kal'I-ber), n. the diameter of a 
. * round body; especially, the diam¬ 

eter of the mouth of a gun or cannon; the 
diameter of a projectile or bullet; sometimes, 
mental capacity; as, many positions are 
open to a man of large caliber. Also, calibre, 
cal \ Kra(kal'I-brat), v.t. to compare 
(an instrument or device) with 
a standard to determine accuracy or to pro¬ 
duce a scale; as, to calibrate a thermometer, 
pal t rn (kal'I-ko), n. [pi. calicoes anc 
vcia-a-uu calicos (-koz)], white or printec 
cotton cloth. 

pal i npr (kali-per), n. a compasslike 
ucia-a-jjua device with bent legs, used in 
determining the inside or outside diameters 
of pipes, tubes, etc.: v.t. and v.i. to measure 
with such instruments. Also, calliper. 

pa litVh kal'If), n. among the 

Mohammedans, one having su¬ 
preme dignity and power in all matters of 
religion and government. Also, calif, kalif, 
khalif, khaliff. 

pa 1 IQ 'fViATi tPQ (kal'Is-then'lks), n.pl 
. ; 1Iien ' iCS the arfc of Promoting 
health by physical exercise; simple athletic 
gymnastics. Also, callisthenics, 
pal (k6k), v.t. to drive oakum or hemp 

vcun rope flber into tbe seams Q f c a ship) to 

keep out water; to furnish with metal pro¬ 
jections to prevent slipping: n. a piece of 
metal projecting from the shoe of a horse or 
an ox to prevent slipping. Also, caulk, 
polip pi* (kok'er), n. one who drives oakum 
vctj.xv-ci into the seams of a ship to keep 
out water. Also, caulker, 
poll (kol), v.t. to summon from, or invite to, 
any place; officially choose for an 
°fflce; as, to call a minister; name; exhort; 
as, John the Baptist called men to repentance; 
utter in a loud voice; rouse from sleep. 
v.t. speak in aloud voice; make a brief visit: 
n. a summons or invitation; a request or com¬ 
mand ; a short visit; the cry or note uttered 
by certain animals; a contract requiring the 
delivery of some commodity, as stocks, cotton, 
or grain, at a stipulated price: opposite to > 
put. —n. caller. 

po 1 lo (kal'd), n. a well-known plant; the 
vwl ‘ ia calla lily. 

cal-lipvm lYhv (kS,-Hg'rd-fl), n. elegant 
^.“. AA » lcL P n y or beautiful writing; hand¬ 
writing. Also, caligraphy. — adj. calligraphic. 
Call iricr (kol'Ing), n. the act of summon- 
T. & nig; a summons or invitation; a 
vocation; trade, or profession; a crying aloud. 

Cal-li-O TIP" (kS.-li'6-p$), n. the muse of 
^ epic poetry and eloquence: 
calliope, an organ in which steam produces 
the notes. 

Cal loQ i tv (ka-16s'i-tf), n. the quality or 
AT* AU£> " 1_ y state of being hardened; a 
thick or hardened place on skin or on outer 
covering like bark. 

Cal-lmiQ (kal'us), adj. hardened, as the 
, ,7 skin; unfeeling in mind or heart. 

adv. callously.^ — n. callousness. 

Cal-low (kal'o), adj. unfledged; very 
rr young and inexperienced; as, a 
callow youth.—n. callowness. 

Cal-luS (karfis) n. [pi. calli (-1)], the hard- 
v/tw iuo enmg of the skin from pressure; 
bony matter which unites the ends of fractured 
bones; a thick, hard place on the skin, 
palm (kam), n. stillness; serenity: v.t. to 
quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to become 
quiet: with down: adj. tranquil: still; un 
disturbed.— adv. calmly.— n. calmness* 

Syn. collected, composed, placid, serene 
Ant, (see stormy, unsettled). 


po 1 a mp] (kal' 6 -mel), n. a preparation of 
i/fti-u-mci mercury, used as a medicine 
to move the bowels. 

ra Tr*r ip (kd-lor'Ik), adj. of or pertaining 
l/d-lUl-lv/ tc heat. 

poI n (kal 6 -rI), n. the amount of heat 
vai-u-uc required to raise the tempera¬ 
ture of one gram of water one degree centi¬ 
grade. Also, calory. 

pa] p ritTl.p for (k3.1"6-rlm'§-ter), n. a 
vclA V -'~ A c-lci machine for measuring 

heat units, or calories. 

po Inttp (ka-lfit'), n. a skull cap worn by 
va. umc Roman Catholic clergymen; the 
close-fitting crown of any headdress; as. the 
calotte of a helmet; a dome, or caplike ceiling; 
a caplike covering for a spire, 
pp] frnn (kal'trop). n. a small four-pronged 
vajL-LA up instrument used to obstruct the 
advance of cavalry by piercing the feet of the 
horses; one of several kinds of plants with spiny 
heads, as the 
star thistle. 

cal-u-met 

(kal'il-met), n. Calumet 
the tobacco 



pipe of the North American Indians, smoked 
as a symbol of peace or to confirm treaties, 
po jiirn ; o-fo (kd-lum'nl-at), v.t. to 
Ud-iulll-Ill-cilC accuse falsely and with 

ill-will; v.i. to start evil reports for the pur¬ 
pose of injuring another’s character.— n. 
calumniation, calumniator. 

pa Inm fii mi 5 (kd-lum'nl-us), adj. slan- 
ba-lUlil-lll-UUo derous; defamatory; in¬ 
jurious.— adv. calumniously. 

oo 1 iim mir (kal'um-nl), n. [pi. calumnies 
Cctl-UllI-liy (-nlz)J, a false accusation; a 
slander. 

CbI va rv (kal'vd-rl), n. the place where 
V/O.A-va-ij Jesus was crucified; in Roman 
Catholic countries, a representation of the 
crucifixion erected in the open air. 

PoIt/p (kav), v.i. to bring forth the young of 
V/£11VC the cow; to give birth to a calf. 

Cal vin t*Qm (kal'vln-lzm), n. the doc- 
Kscil vlll-lolll trines of John Calvin [1509- 

64], the French reformer, who taught that 
God predestines man, and elects those who 
are to be saved. 

Cal vin iQt (kal'vln-lst), n. one who holds 
V/ai-\ jal-km the doctrines of Calvin, the 
French reformer.— adj. Calvinistic. 

Ca-lvX .kal'fks), n. [pi. calyxes 

. a (ka'liks-ez), calices (k&l'I-sez)], the 

circle of small leaves beneath the petals of a 
flower. 

ram (kam), n. a piece of machinery con- 
sisting of a rotating or sliding piece or 
projection for moving, or receiving motion 
from, a pin, roller, etc., moving against its edge. 
Cam bpr (kam'ber), n. slight convexity of 
vtuu-uci apart; the convexity of the sur¬ 
face of the deck of a ship. 

cam-bi-lim (kam'bl-fim), n. the layer of 
UO.A 1 A ui uni growing tissue which lies be¬ 
tween the young wood and the bark of trees 
and produces the new wood. 

Cam-bri-an ( ka ffi /brI -& n ). ttdj. pertain- 
ing to, or having reference 
to, one of the earliest geologic eras. 

cam-bric (kam'brlk), n. a very fine, thin, 

“ u WAA '-' white linen or cotton: ad-*, per¬ 
taining to, or made of, this fabric. 

cam-bric mus-lin fIC'Stton 2 ' 1 "!: 

tation of cambric. 

Camp (kam), past tense of the intransitive 
uciaiac verb come. 


ate senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer- 

right, sin: cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, clt, focus, mend; 










camel 


87 


candelabrum 


/•am (k&m'51), n. a large four-footed ani- 
CdlU-Cl mal that chews the cud, of which 
there are two 
kinds: the 
Arabian camel 
or dromedary, 
with a single 
hump, and the 
Bactrian camel, 
with two 
humps. 

ca-mel-li-a 

(kd-mel'I-d; ka- 
mel'ya), n. a 
hothouse shrub 
with evergreen 
leaves and 



_1___ „ (kam'fer tre), a kind 

cam-pnor tree of laurel from which 

camphor is obtained. 

(kam'fer-at), v.t. to sat- 
cam-pnor-ate urate or treat with 

camphor. . 

fy (kamp met ing), an 
Camp meet-mg outdoor religious gath¬ 


ering. 


stool 


Bactrian Camel 

either red or*white flowers; the Japan rose. 

_ ~ (kd-mel'o-pard), n. the 

ca-mel-o-paid giraffe. 

~ 1/-V+ (kam'S-lot), n. the place where 
cam-e-iot King Arthur, of ancient leg¬ 
end. had his palace and court. _ 

-am Ck — (k&m'S-o), n. [pi. cameos (-oz)], a 
cam-e-u precious stone or shell on which 
raised figures are engraved. 

— am >%*• a (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cameras 
cam-er-d (_a Z )], in photography, the ap¬ 
paratus by which images can be thrown on a 
plate sensitive to light. , 

«« m5 An (ka'ml-an'). n. a motor-truck 
ca-mi-on or motor-lorry: used in the 

World War. [Fr]. „ . 

(kam'lot). n. an Eastern or On- 
cam-iei ental fabric of great beauty; any 
imitation of it. , . . . 

-am - mU/a (kam'6-mil), n. a plant whose 
Caju-O-Illlie flowers have a bitter taste, 
and are largely used in mecUcine. 

- -fiasv— (ka"moo flozh ), n. m war, 

cam-ou-nage the art of disguising or 

deceiving by false appearances: the deception 
may take a variety of forms: shrubbery and 
painted landscapes are so employed that 
roads and gun-emplaccments are invisible to 
air scouts: ships are so marked and their 
smokestacks so painted that J'ke enemy 
range-finder is deceived as to the length of the 
boat, her rate cf speed, which way she i~> 
headed, etc. [Fr.] . , , 

-am-n (kamp), n. the ground occupied by 
camp an army, with tents, huts, etc., a 
place where tents are put Up for shelter, 
as, a fishing camp; theso persons in an encamp¬ 
ment: v.i. to live temporarily m tents, often 

with ouf. (kam-pan'), n. a series of mili- 

cam-paign tary operations; the period 
during w hich an army carries on 
active operations in the field; a 
series of operations designed to 
produce a certain result; as, a 
political campaign: v.i. to serve 
in such a series of operations. 
n. campaigner. „ .. 

cam-pa-ni-le 

campaniles (-lez)], a bell tower 
detached from the body of a 
church. „ 

cam - pan-u-late 

pan'ii- 

lat), adj. bell-shaped: applied 
especially to flowers. __ 

(kam'fer), n. a 
cam-pnor w hitish substance Campanile 
which wastes away on exposure 



WillCh W3/StGS Q/W3..V Oil cApub a frnAB onr] 

to the air, obtained from various trees and 
plants of eastern Asia. 


camp stool <“” p t stool) ’ afo,dlns 

-am mic (kam'pus), n. the grounds of a 
CcUM-p Uo college. 

(k&n), v.i. [p.t. could], to be able; to 
Call possess power physically, morally, or 
mentally: used as an auxiliary verb: v.t. 
[v.t. and p.p. canned, p.pr. canning], to put 
up in metal vessels for preservation: n. a 
metal vessel of small size, for holding liquids 
or preserving solids. . . 

r\*l (ka nan), n. in the Bible, the 

bE-I19.2n “Promised Land ” of the Israel¬ 
ites; generally speaking, Palestine.— adj. Ca- 
liaanitish.— ll. Canaanite. . 

in- on (kd-na'di-an), n. a native of 
^a-na-Ul-dn Canada: adj. pertaining to 

Canada. . . ., 

(kd-nal'), n. a man-made navigable 
ca-nai waterway; a tube for the passage 
of fluids; as, the alimentary canal is the pas¬ 
sage from the mouth through the intestines; 

a channel or groove. , w ,. .. . . 

the « n 1 (ka-nalffz; kan'a-liz), r.t. to 

ca-nal-ize furnish with canals; to cause 
to resemble a canal. 

— — a-/4 (ka-nard'), n. a ridiculous rumor 
ca-nara sent abroad to deceive the people. 

— —r (kd-na'rl), n. a light wine; a 

ca-na-ry pale or bright yellow color; a 
small singing bird with yellow .**: 

native of the Canary Islands: adj. bright 

(kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. can- 
can-cel ccled, p.pr. canceling], to deface 
writing by drawing lines across it; to destroy; 
as, to cancel a stamp; to mark out; as, to can¬ 
cel figures; to annul; m mathematics, to 
strike out, as in taking out a common factor 
from the numerator and denominator of a 

fra %n. n abolish, efface, nullify, repeal, revoke, 
erase. 

AnL (kan"se-la'shun), n. the 

can-cel-la-tion act of annulling or re¬ 
voking* the act of destroying the force or 
legal authority of; in mathematics, the proc¬ 
ess of striking out figures + W filv« 

(kan'ser), n. one of the twelve 
CflU-Cer divisions, called Signs, thro ugh 
which the sun passes 
in its yearly course: 
this sign, represented 
by a crab, is the 
northernmost point 
of the sun’s course; 
the sign of the sum¬ 
mer solstice, or the time 
when the sun is farthest from 
the equator: cancer, a disease i 
characterized by a tumor 
growth very dangerous 
to life.— adj. cancerous. 

can-de-la-brum }g§| 

(kan^de-i a/brum), n. [pi- — 
candelabra (-bra), can- Candelabrum 
delabrums (-brumz)], a 



lampstand; an ornamented branched candle¬ 
stick. 


































candescence 


88 


canonize 


Catl-dpct rpnr.Q (kan-des'eus), n. a state 
vail-UCb-ueilCe of glowing caused by 

great heat. 

ffiTl did (kan'dld), adj. honest; out- 
V(U1 ' U1U spoken; sincere: applied to per¬ 
sons; fair; as, a candid view of a matter.— 
adv. candidly. —n. candidness. 

Syn. artless, frank, truthful. 

Ant. (see crafty). 

ran di dfl rxr (kan'di-da-sl), n. the posi- 

vaii-ui-ua-uy tion or state of one who 

presents hunself, or is put up by others, as a 
contestant for an office, etc. Also, candida¬ 
ture. 

CflTl di tlntf* (kan'di-dat), n. one who 
uail-Ui-Udie offers himself, or is proposed 

oy others, to All some office; as, Henry Clay 
Was twice a candidate for the presidency, 
fap dif*d (kan'dld), p.adj. preserved with, 
vtui-uicu or covered with, a hard coat of 
sugar; changed to sugar. 

cart dip (kan'dl), n. a slender rounded 
uau-uic body of tallow, wax, or other 
fatty material, inclosing a wick of cotton, and 
used to furnish light; anything resembling a 
candle in form or purpose. 

ran dip liVht (kan'dl-lit"), n. the light 
t/Ctll lilt Ill'lll of a candle or candles; 

light produced by artificial means; twilight. 

r'o-rj dip maQ (kan'dl-mas), n. February 
OcUl-UlC-IlIdb 2> the day of the feast of 

the Purification of the Virgin Mary. 

can-dip now pr (kan'dl pou'er), the 
y™ U ! c W , r lighting power of a 
standard candle taken as a measure to deter¬ 
mine the power of any^ light. 

Can-dip (kan'dl-stlk"), n. a device 

CcUl UlC &LiLH f or holding, or a support 
for, a candle. 

can-dor n - - °P enne ss; frank- 


ness;____ „ 

ness; as, to judge with candor. 

J_'ll o 


as, candor of speech; fair- 


Cfln dv (kan'dl), n. a confection of sugar, 
vcixj.-vj.-y combined with flavoring or coloring 
substances; any sweetmeat made of, or cooked 
with, sugar or molasses: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. can¬ 
died, p.pr. candying], to make into or become 
sugar; to preserve in sugar: v.i. to become 
coated with sugar; to become sugar. 

Can-dv tllff (kan'di-tiift"), n. a plant 
vcm vxy lltiL bearing clustered or tufted 

flowers, originally from Candia. 

CfJTSP (kan), n. the stem of certain palms, 
Vttug grasses, and other plants, as the 
bamboo, sugar cane, rattan, etc.; a walking- 
stick: v.t. to beat with a walking stick; fur¬ 
nish with parts made of grasses, rattan, bam¬ 
boo, etc.; as, to cane chairs. 

canp IvraIrP (kan'brak"), n. a dense 
L-ctlAC Ulalkc thicket of palm growths or 
canes. 

Ofl fltf* 11 la (kd-nik'6-ld), n. in astron- 
omy, the Dog Star. 

ro niriP Ckd-nin'; ka'nin), adj. pertaining 
va-llliiC to dogs; having the nature or 
qualities of a dog; doglike: pertaining to the 
sharp-pointed teeth next to the incisors: n. 
the sharp-pointed tooth next to the incisors 
or one shaped like it. 

ca.ninp tpptli (ka-nin' teth; ka'nin 
Mt-uilie teem teth), two Sharp-pointed 

teeth on each side of the upper and lower 
jaws of most animals. Also, canines. 

IQ fpi* (kan'Is-ter), n. a metal box or 
vaii-io-tci case f or tea, coffee, etc.; a 

shell containing shot, or scraps of iron, which 
explodes when flrecl^ from a gun. 

Can kpr (kah'ker), n. anything which 
, , , causes rot or decay, or destroys 

by gradual eating or wearing away; a gan¬ 


grenous ulcer, particularly in the mouth; a 
popular name for certain small white sores 
in the mouth: v.t. infect with poisonous influ¬ 
ence: v.i. to become diseased; be infected 
with disease.— adj. cankerous. 

ran kpt* wnrin (kan'ker-wfirm*), n. a 
t-aii-Jvci-WOIIIl caterpillar destructive 

to trees or plants; something, as sorrow, evil, 
etc., that destroys one’s happiness, 
ran na (kan'd), n - any of certain tropical 
tau-na American plants with large leaves 
and flowers; the flower of any of these plants, 
rarmpfl (kind), adj. preserved in tin re- 
vaimcu ceptacles; as, canned meats, i 


soft coal 
a clear 


-, —---- vege¬ 
tables, fruits. 

rati npi rnfl 1 (kan'el kol), a ! 

tOdl that burns with 
bright flame. 

rati ti pi* \t (kan'er-I), n. [pi. canneries 
-J (-rlz)J, an establishment for 
preserving meat, fish, etc., in cans. 

rati rsi "hal (kan'I-bal), n. a human being 
vaii-iu-uai w h 0 eats human flesh; any 

animal that eats the flesh of its own kind: 
adj. pertaining to, or like, a human being who 
eats human flesh. 

can-ni lial (k&n'I-bal-Izm), n. the 

van iii-uai-l&iil act or practice of human 

beings of eating human flesh, or of animals of 
eating others of like kind; barbarity, 
ran nrvn (kan'un), n. [pi. cannons (-finz), 
or cannon (collectively)], a large 
gun; a piece of artillery. 

ran nnn cjHp (kan"un-adO, n. the act of 
tcOl-non-aae discharging artillery 

agamst a town, fort, etc.: v.t. to attack with 
artillery. 

can non hall (kan'un bol'), the round 
vail null UOll projectile discharged by a 

cannon; any missile for cannon. 

CHn-non DOT!P (kan'un bon), the bone 
van null UUllc from the hock joint 

to the fetlock found on hoofed animals. 

Can-n on -PPI* (kan"un-er'), n. an artillery 
van nun cci gunner; the member of 

the gun section who sights the gun on its 
object. 

can-not offunabi? 71 and not) ‘ am> are - 

can-nv l£ an a B ’ . a ^?- ^Wd; knowing; as. 
van ii y the Scotch are a canny race; cau¬ 
tious; reasonable; quiet; easy; safe. Also, 
canme.—cd». eannily. 

ca-noe (kd-nppO, n. [pi. canoes (-nCbz)J, 
va iiuu a n y ]lght boat driven forward 

paddles: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. canoed, p.pr „ 
canoeing], to paddle or sail in a light boat— 
n. canoeist. 

Can-On (kan'fin), n. a law or rule in gen- 
V™ T^ 1 ’ especially regarding religious 
doctrines, the books of the Holy Scriptures 
received as authoritative by the Christian 
Church: called the Sacred Canon; a catalog 
of samts acknowledged in the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church; a person who performs divine 
service m a cathedral. 

Ca-flOn (kan'yfln), n. a narrow deep pas- 
va null sage between hills or mountains. 
Also, canyon. 

ca-non-i-cal ( k d-Bf5n'I-k5.I), adj. pertain- 

, xiuii I vai ip g to or confoj-^jng t 

laws or rifles of the church: pertaining to 

the B J ble w kich are accepted 
3.s authoritative.— adv. canonically, 

ca-non-i-cals ^l'° 6n,I ' k51zB " n -p*- the 

. dress or vestments pre¬ 

scribed by the rules of the church to be 
worn by a clergyman officiating at services. 

can-on-ize V - L to declare 8 

-——- c decea sed perso n a saint and 


ate, senate, rare, cSt, local, far, dsk, parade; scene, 6vent, edge, novel refer" 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cJmpare; unit, finite, bfim, clt! focSs.’menu; 










canopy 


89 


caparison 


can’ 


ranf (kant), 
vcuix speech; 


enter his name in the catalog of the saints.— 

n. canonization. 

ran n nv (kan'S-pi), n. [pi. canopies 
(-plz)], a covering fixed above a 
bed, or hung over a throne; any similar cov¬ 
ering, as the arch of the sky: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
canopied, p.pr. canopying], to cover with, or 
as with, an overhanging shelter; as, the elm 
that canopies thy dwelling. 

,) 4 . (kant; kant), the contraction* of 
l nn.n/nnt- [COLLOQ.] 

n. a whining manner of 
the speech assumed by beg¬ 
gars; the slang spoken by thieves, gipsies, 
beggars, etc.; the insincere words and phrases 
used by a certain party, sect, etc.; the use of 
certain phrases and forms of speech without 
sincerity, especially those of a religious 
character; or the insincere use of sacred 
words; a slope; an inclination: v.t. to give a 
tilt or slant to: v.i. to speak in a whining voice, 
or with an assumed or hypocritical tone; make 
whining pretensions to goodness; to lean: adj. 
of the nature of affectation; as, a cant phrase. 

ran fa ire*r (kan , td-le"ver; kan'td-le*- 
vau-ia-ic-vci ver), n. a bracket or block 
projecting from the wall of a house, to sup¬ 
port a balcony, cornice, etc.; a form of 
bridge truss, usually supported on a pier, 
balanced or counterweighted and projecting 
towards a similar truss on the opposite side 
of the space bridged, with which it is con¬ 
nected directly or by a girder. Also, canti- 
lcvsr# 

ran fa Inline* (kan'td-loop; kan'td-lop), 
vdJ. 1 - n% a melon of delicate 

flavor. Also, cantaloup. 

can-tan-ker-ous 

some. [Colloq.]— adv. cantankerously. 
ran fa fa (kan-ta'td), n. a poem or story 
bdll-Ld-la s et to music. 

ran fe*e*n (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop in 
Gdll- LCcll barracks or camp where pro¬ 
visions and supplies are sold; a vessel used 
by soldiers for carrying water or other liquid 
when on the march; a box containing mess 
utensils, etc., for officers when on foreign 
service. 

ran fa.r (kan'ter), «. an easy gallop: v.i. 
Cdli-lCI and v.t. to move, or to cause to 
move, in an easy gallop. 

ran fVtari Aac (kan-tharff-dez), n.pl .An 
l/dll-UldX -1-iitJo medicine, a preparation 

made from any of several kinds of beetles, 
dried and powdered: used for blistering. 

ranf Vinnlr (kant hook )- a movable 
vallL llUUxx iron hook at or near the 

end of a wooden handle or lever: used 
to handle or turn over logs, etc. 
ran +* (kan'ti-kl), n. a song; a 

can-ll-cie passage of the Bible ar¬ 
ranged for chanting in church service: 
Canticles, the Song of Songs, or Song of 
Solomon. , 

ran fi In VPr (k&n'tt-le'ver; kiln - 

can-ll-ie-ver tl-lev'er), n. a 

bracket or block projecting from the 
wall of a house, to support a balcony, 
cornice, etc.; a form of bridge truss, 
usually supported on a pier, balanced 
or counter weighted and projecting 
towards a similar truss on the opposite 
side of the space bridged, with which 
it is connected directly or by a girder. 
cAiitalcvcr* 

ranf i tier (kant'Ing), p.adj. affectedly pious ; 
Cant-lllg whining; hypocritical. . 
ran tin (kan'tl) n. the upwardly projecting 
can-lie rear part of a saddle. _ ... 



Cant 

Hook 

Also, 


ran fn (kan'to), n. [pi. cantos (-toz)], a 
tau-lb division of a long poem, correspond¬ 
ing to a chapter of prose. 
ran ton (kan'ton; kan-tbn'), n. a district 
1/dXX-lUXl or division of a territory; one of 
the states of Switzerland: v.t. to distribute 
separate quarters to; as, to carton troops. 

Can-ton flan-nel 

with long fleecy nap. 

ran fnn tnent (kan 7 t Sn-ment, k&n- 
vdXX-lUli-iXiClX l toon'ment), n. the place 

assigned to troops for quarters. 
ran it a c (kan'vds), n. a coarse heavy 
cloth of hemp or flax, used for 
tents, sails, etc., and also for painting; sails 
in general; sometimes, a painting: adj. made 
of this coarse hempen cloth. 

ran na c f\arlr (kan'vris-bak'O.n.aNorth 
Cdll-Vcta-UctCH American wild duck. 

ran race (kan'vds), n. a close inspection 
Cctll-Vdoo or examination; discussion; a 
solicitation of votes, interest, orders, etc.: 
v.t. to examine; discuss thoroughly; as, to 
canvass a subject; ask for votes or opinions; 
to traverse ia district) for the purpose of 
securing votes, interest, orders, etc.; as, a 
book agent may canvass a town: v.i. to seek 
for orders, or solicit; as, he canvassed for 
subscriptions. 

ran \rnn (kan'yiin), n. a deep, narrow 
caii-j un gorge or ravine between moun¬ 
tains. Also, canon. 

rant'tf pViAiir (koo chook, kou chdbk), 
baUUl-UlUUo n. the gum obtained from 
the juice of many tropical plants. 
ran (kap), n. a covering for the head, 
usually without a brim; anything 
resembling such a head-covering; a small 
copper or brass shell used in exploding gun¬ 
powder ; the top or summit; a certain size of 
writing paper, usually 14 by 17 inches: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. capped, p.pr. capping], to 
put a cap on; cover with, or as with, a cap; 
cover the top end of; complete; crown; 
match or exceed; as, to cap the climax. 
ra na Tkt‘1 J +tt (ka'pd-bfl'I-tl), n. the qual- 

Ca-pa-Dil-l-ty for & being able to do; 

pi. mental attainments. 

ra na (ka'pd-bl), adj. having power. 

Cd-pd-SJXC skill, or ability; as, capable of 
crime ^capable ot exertion; capable of improve¬ 
ment.— adv. capably. —n. capableness. 

Syn. able, competent. 

Ant. (see incompetent). 

ra na rmiic (ko-pashQs), adj. roomy, 
1 /d-Jpd-l/iClAo having the power to hold 

much; as, a capacious trunk.-— adv. capa¬ 
ciously. —n. capaciousness. 
ra nar i faff* (kd-pas I-tat), v.t. . to en- 
Cd-]JdC-l-Idle a hle; to make able; to 

make fit. 

ra nar i (kd-pas'i-tl), n. [pi. capacities 
Cd-pdC-i.-iy (-tlz)j, the power of receiving 
or containing; the power of containing a cer¬ 
tain quantity exactly; the amount that can 
be contained; as, the capacity of the cask Is 
four gallons; mental ability; as, suit the 
instruction to the capacity of the child; pro- 
fession; position; as, Oliver Goldsmith once 
served in the capacity of a teacher. 
ran a -nio (kap"a=pe'), adv. from head to 
Cdp-d-plC f 00 t; a s, a knight fought armed 

cap-a-pie. 

ra nar t erm (ka-par'I-sfin), n. an orna- 
Id-pdi-l-oUii mental covering for a 

horse; gay or rich clothing: v.t. to coyer with 
rich clothing, as a horse; adorn with rich 
dress; as, kings were formerly caparisoned in 
velvet and ermine. 


boot, fdot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 












cape 


90 


captain 


A flT1A (kap), n. a covering for the shoulders, 
cape WO rn separately or attached; a point 
of land projecting into the sea. 
e*a npr (ka'per), to. a playful leap or 
V/d-pci spring; a skip; a prank; a plant, 
the flower-buds of which are pickled and 
used as a seasoning; the buds themselves: 
v.i. to skip; jump. 

ran il lar i tv (kap"I-lar'I-tI), to. in phys- 
Cap-U-iai - 1 - ly j CSi the action by which 
the surface of a liquid is raised or lowered 
where in contact with a solid: seen best in 
capillary tubes. 

ran iT la -t-kt (kap'I-la-ri; ka-pfl'dr-rl), n. 
vap -1 l-Id-iy a tube with a small bore; 

one of the minute blood-vessels connecting 
the arteries with the veins: adj. resembling a 
hair; slender; pertaining to the minute tubes 
or vessels of the body. 

cap-il-la-ry at-trac-tion i k _t p r “k ^ 

shun), the power possessed by porous bodies of 
drawing up a fluid; as, a blotter absorbs ink 
by capillary attraction. 

i 4-o 1 (kap'i-tal), to. the chief city 

Cctp- 1 -ld.I town - 

letter of the 
larger kind 
such as is 
used to be- 
gin sen¬ 
tences, 
proper nouns, etc 
the sum invested 
any particular busi¬ 
ness; stock or re¬ 
sources of any kind, 
moral or physical; 
that part of wealth 
which is saved and is 


kingdom or state; 

i,Jlf; 



Capital 


available for, or employed in, the production 
of more money; the head or top of a column 
or pillar: adj. punishable with death; as, 
treason and murder are capital crimes; first 
In importance; chief; principal; as, the 
capital points in a discussion; good; excel¬ 
lent; first-rate. 

f*a-n i fal icm (kap'I-tal-izm), to. the pos- 
Ldi-ioiii session of great wealth, 

especially by a few; the power of combined 
wealth. 

/f*ar» i fal (kap'I-tal-Ist), to. one who 
LclJL-iot has wealth; especially a per¬ 
son of large wealth which may or may not be 
Used in business.— adj. capitalistic. 

icap-i-tal-i-za-tion <£&>,; 

f■'hanging or converting into money for use in 
business; the amount of money resulting; 
the act of writing or printing with large, or 
capital, letters. 

1 fal V 7 p (kap'I-tJl-Iz), v.t. to count 
U p or ^ve in possession the 
present value of in money, as a pei'iodical 
payment; to convert into available money 
for use in business; also, to write or print 
with large, or capital, letters. 

1 fal Iv (kap'I-tal-I), adv. with loss of 
vajj-i- lch-ij ]if e; aSi a murdereris capitally 
punished; in an excellent manner. 

i fpl (kap'I-tol), to. originally, the 
vap-i-iui temple of Jupiter at Rome, on 
the summit of the Capitoline Hill; now, the 
building occupied by the United States Con¬ 
gress at Washington; the house occupied by 
a State legislature. 

Pan i fn linp (k&p'I-tft-lin), adj. indi- 

eating, or pertaining to, 
one of the seven hills of Rome: to. one of the 
seven hills of Rome. 


pa tiif it lafp (kd-plt'tl-lat), v.i. 
Ca.-pit-U.-la.LC render to an er 


to sur- 
enemy on 

conditions agreed upon; as, the Southern 



. t*i mm (kap'rl-korn), to. in astron- 
J-IJ.-CUI11 omy, a southern constella- 


ing; the written paper containing the terms 
of surrender; a summary. 

pa rdf ii turn (kd-plt'tl-lum), to. [pi. ca- 
Ctt-pil-U-lUIIi pitula (-la)], a cluster of 

flowers attached directly at the base, as in 
the clover. 

pan lin (kap'lxn), to. a small fish of the smelt 
cap-1111 family, largely used as bait for cod. 
po r\rm (ka'pSn), n. a cock which has been 
L'O.-pUil castrated and fattened for the 
table.— v.t. caponize^ 

pa i-krkiip'h (ka-poosh'), n. a monk’s hood 
ca-puucil or C owl; the hood of a cloak, 
pa nripfi (ka-pres'), n. a whim, freak, or 
ca-piiCC f a ncy; as, children have many 

caprices. 

pa -nri rinuc (ka-prlsh'fis), auj. unsteady; 
va-pii.-ciuuo flckle; as, a capricious 
temper.— ado. capriciously.— to. capricious¬ 
ness. 

pan ri olp (kap'rl-ol), to. a leap of a horse 
cap-il-uic made without advancing: v.i. 
to execute such a leap. 

Cap¬ 
tion; the tenth sign of the zodiac, into which 
the sun enters about December 21. Also, 
Caprieornus. 

pan t*i pa finn (kap rl-fl-ka , shfln), to. 
Cap-IX-ll-Ca-lIO 11 an artificial method 

of pollinating the cultivated fig in order to 
make sure of its ripening, 
pan ri ficr (kap'rl-flg), to. the wild fig, 
uap-xx-xjfa found in Asia Minor and in 
southern Europe. 

pan ci Piim (kap'sl-kum), to. any of 
vap-oi-vuiii several varieties of the night¬ 
shade plants bearing pungent berries; the 
dried and powdered fruit of these plants. 

Pan eivt* (kap-slz'), v.i. to be overturned; 
uajj-ox^u upset: v.t. to turn over or upset. 

ran cfan (kfip'stSu), TO. an upright drum 
vap-oiau or cylinder revolving upon an 
iron pivot and 
worked by bars 
or levers: used 
for winding a 
rope or raising 
heavy weights, 
especially the 
anchor of a 
ship. 

cap - stone 

(kap'ston"), to. 
the coping, or 
top course of 
the wall of a 
structure: the 
top of a wall. 

capsule 



Capstan. A, capstan-head; 
B. barrel; C, pawl-rim and 
pawls; D, capstan-bar. 


(kap'sui), to. a metallic seal or 
cover for a bottle; a small 
envelope of gelatin inclosing medicine; a seed- 
vessel or pod which opens when ripe; a small 
shallow vessel; a skinlike sac inclosing some 
part or organ of the body.— adj. capsular, 
capsulary. capsulated. 

ran fain (kap'tln), to. one who has com- 
V/O-p-taxAi mand of, or authority over, others: 
a chief; a commander; in the army, the com¬ 
mander of a company; in the navy, an officer 
commanding a ship of war; the master of a 
merchant vessel; the head of a team or side 
in athletic games, as football and baseball. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu: 




























captaincy 


91 


carburet 


Ann r\T (kap tlll-Sl) t W. the rank, 

V/ap-tain-^j post, or commission of one 
at the head of a company in the army, a ship 
of war in the navy, a merchant vessel, or an 
Athletic team. 

ran +irvr» (kap'shun), n. the heading of a 
written or printed chapter, sec¬ 
tion, page, or article; the title of an illustra¬ 
tion; the taking of a person under Avarrant 
of arrest; the introductory part of certain 
legal documents, as indictments, showing 
circumstances, authority, etc. 
ran -firkiic (kap'shus), adj. ready to catch 
Ca]J-IJ.UUC> a t faults or take offense; as, a 
captious temper.— adv. captiously.—n. cap¬ 
tiousness. 

Syn. fretful, cross, peevish, petulant. 

Ant. (see good-naturedb 
ran uoto (kap'tl-vat), v.t. to enslave or 
Cctp-ll-vcttC hold captive by beauty or 
excellence; to charm or lure; to fascinate; 
as, a person may be captivated by the melody 
of a song or tho beauty of a poem. 

y. T< n -finn (kap'tT-va'shun), n. the 

cap-tl-va-tion ac t of charming; the 
state of being charmed. 

ran fix ’a (kap'tiv), adj. made prisoner; 
CdjJ-llVC held in bondage; fascinated: n. 
one who is taken prisoner, especially one so 
taken in Avar; one fascinated. 


„ _ , r (kar"a-van'sd-rT), n, 

car-a-van-sa-ry [pp caravansaries 

(-rlz)J, in the East, a kind of inn consisting of a 
large unfurnished building surrounding a 
spacious court, where caravans rest at night; 
a large hotel. Also, caravanserai. 

. _ T _.i (kar'a-vel), n. a small sixteenth 
car-a-v Cl century vessel, used by the Span¬ 
iards and Portu- 
guese, av i t h 
broad boAvs, 
narroAV, high 
prow, three or 
four masts, 
and three-cor¬ 
nered sails. 

Also, carvel. 

car-a-way 

(kar'a-wa), n. 
a plant of the 
celery family 
Avhose seeds are 
used for flaAir¬ 
ing foods, and 
in medicine. 



Columbus’ Caravel 


-fixT J -f-TT (kap'tlv'i-tl), n. the state of 
Cd.p-LlV-1-iy being held in bondage or 

confinement. 

(kap'tor), n. one who captures, or 
Cap-XOr takes anv person or thing in such 
a way as to limit the freedom of the one 

po r)ti]pp(i 

i 11f0 (kap'tur), n. the act of seizing 
Cdp-IUIc or taking, as a prisoner or a 
prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. to take or 
seize by force, surprise, or trick; to make a 
prisoner or prize of. , w 

„„ ~Uin (kap'fi-chln; kap fl-shen'), n. 
Cap-U-Cilin one of the monks of the 
order of St. Francis: named from the long 
pointed hood, or capouch, Avorn by the mem¬ 
bers; a woman’s cloak and hood. . 

(kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, especially 
Cal one running on railroad tracks as 
part of a train ; as, a baggage car; the basket 
suspended beneath a balloon to contain the 
balloonist; an automobile; the cage of an 
eleAator; in poetry, a chariot of war or state. 
__ t-o Ua n (ka-ra-ba'6). n. a water buffalo 
Ca-Id-Dd-U used 

Philippine Islands. . . 

(kar'a-kol), n. a half turn 
Car-a-COie w hich a horseman makes, 
either! to the right or left: v.i. to move in 
such a Avay; to wheel. Also, caracol. 

(ka-rafO, n. a glass Avater-bottle 
ca-raie for the table; a decanter. 

__ „ ^,.1 (kar'c-meD.n. burnt sugar, used 

car-a-mei for coloring spirits, gravies, 
soups, etc.; a kind of SAveetmeat. 

car at (kar,s,t) ’ ”• the we - ght 


"oov ki’/la (kar'bid; kar'bfd), n. a com- 
Car-Diue pound of carbon with a metal. 

Ulna (kar'bin), n. a short rifle used 
car- Dine chiefly by cavalry. 

Ur "Utt Ara+c (kar"b6-hi'drat), n. a 

car-bo-ny-arate compound of carbon, 

hydrogen, and oxygen. 

^„ i 1 a. -.j (kar'bfc-lat'ed), adj. con- 
car-bo-lat-ea tabling, or treated with, 
carbolic acid; as, carbolated vaseline. 
ran iV (kar-bol'Ik).appertainingto.or 

Car-DOl-lC obtained from, coal-tar and oil: 
carbolic acid, an acid obtained from coal-tar. 
largely used as an antiseptic in surgery, and 
as a disinfectant: technically known as phenol. 
or phenic acid. . . . , . . 

_ JL Ur Urrr (kar'b6-liz), v.t. to treat or 
CaP-DO-IlZC mingle with carbolic acid. 
„ ot . (kiir'bon), n. a nonmetallic 

Car-D On element occurring in nature 
as the diamond and as graphite, and in coal, 
charcoal, coke, etc. and all organic substances; 
anything made of carbon, as the rod of an arc 
lamp.— adj. carbonaceous. 

~~~ Ur* (kar'bon-at), n. a compound 

Car-DOn-ate of carbonic acid xvith some 
ot*her substance: v.t. to charge xvith carbonic 
3>cid* 

asl draftlmhnalinthe car _b on di-OX-id© SrbonlS aJid gS d) ' 

am Um ir (kar-bon'Tk), adj. pertaining 
CdP- Dull -1C f Gi or obtained from, carbon: 
carbonic acid, a poisonous gas composed of 
carbon and oxygen; carbon dioxide. 

_ c (kar bon-If'er-ils), 

car-bon-ll-er-ous a< y. containing or 

yielding carbon or coal; as, carboniferous 

layers of soil. . „ . . . . 

Ur+-> irrr. (kar'bSn-iz), v.t. to convert 

car-bon-ize into carbon by the action 
of fire, or of an acid, or by any other means: 
to coat with carbon.— n. carbonization. 

Ur Anna (kar"b6-run'dum), n. 

car-bo-run aum a compound of car¬ 
bon Avith silicon, a A r ery hard substance. 
ran Um (kar'boi), n. a large glass bottle, 
Car-DOy protected by basket-work, used 
to contain or carry certain acids. 

(kar-buh'kl), n. a beautiful 

car-bun-cle gem of a deep red color; 

an inflamed tumor or malignant boil. 

na+ (kar'bti-ret), r.f. to charge or 
Car-Dll-PC l saturate with a volatile car- 
bon compound. 


n. the weight of 3.17 
grains, used for Aveighing precious 
stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth part: 
a term used to express the fineness of gold 
used in jewelry; as, gold 22 carats fine 
contains 22 parts of pure gold and 2 of copper 
or silver. Also, karat. . 

« , T an (kar'a-van; kar a-van ), n. a 
car-a-van company of travelers, mer¬ 
chants, or pilgrims, traveling together for 
safety, especially when passing through 
deserts or regions frequented by r ?|’ b ^ s - 
a large covered wagon or carriage foi the 
conveyance of traveling exhibitions or 
passengers; a v r an. 


p asseusci o, q- -----, . « 

boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when, 

’ • kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


zh = z as in azure; 






















carburetor 


92 


car king 



Cctr Vjit (kar'bu-ret'er), n. an ap- 

v/ai-uu-ici-ui paratus used to charge 
air with gas from gasoline for producing 
light or power; as, the carbureior jss. 
supplies the fumes of gasoline, mixed hSj) ■ 
with air, to the engine of an / fiTi' 

automobile. Also, carbu* 
reter, carburettor. 

car-cass n ka fpff ) ’ 

carcasses f-6z) 1, 
the dead body 
of an animal; in 
contempt, the 
corpse of a 
human being; 
hence, the de¬ 
caying remains 
of a bulky 
thing; the 
framework or 
skeleton of a 
building, ship, 
etc.; in con¬ 
tempt, the liv- 
1 n g human 
body. Also, 
carcase. 

card 

printed piece of 
pasteboard 
used for various 
social or busi¬ 
ness purposes; 
as, a post card; 
a calling card; 
such a p ie c e 

f irinted, bear- 
ng certain 
devices or 
figures, used for 
playing games: 
pi. any game or 
games played 
with cards: pi. 
card playing; a 
short business 
advertisement 
in a newspaper; 
the dial of a 
mariner’s com¬ 
pass ; an imple¬ 
ment for raising 
the nap on 
cloth; an in¬ 
strument for 
combing the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, to 
prepare the material for weaving or spinning: 
v.t. to comb, as wool, flax, etc., -with, or as 
with, such an instrument.— n. carder. 

rarrl a mrim (kar'da-mum), n. the aro- 
l/CU U-a-IIlOIU matic fruit of any of 

several Oriental plants of the ginger family; 
any of the plants. Also, cardamon, carda- 
mum. 

rarri VinsirH (kard'bord"), n. pasteboard 
IsalU-UUdlU. 0 f different qualities: used 
in making cards, etc. 

mr Hi sir* (kiir'dl-ak), ad), pertaining to, 
va.i. or situated near, the heart; 
quickening the heart’s action; pertaining to 
a certain part of the stomach: n. a medicine 
which increases the action of the heart and 
stomach. 

cor Hi crjin (kar'di-g&n), n. a knitted 
v.ui-ui-gan woolen jacket or waistcoat. 
Also, cardigan jacket. 

par* Hi n?H (kar'df nal), ad), chief; im- 
yq.iportant.; of a rich red color: 


Automobile Carburetor. Gas¬ 
oline enters the strainer D, ris¬ 
ing to the float chamber through 
needle valve Gl; as soon as the 
gasoline reaches the proper 
height, the float F rises and act¬ 
ing through the levers B and 
collar G2, closes the needle valve 
Gl. Gasoline flows through 
three different channels to the 
motor according to the speed of 
the motor and the degree of 
opening of the throttle valve T. 
With the throttle wide open 
most of the gasoline flows 
through the channel E and 
main jet G; some flows through 
compensator I which is located 
at the bottom of a well open to 
the atmosphere through holes 
A, then through channel K to 
the cap jet H which surrounds 
the main jet G. Air enters 
through large opening at right 
and is mixed with the gasoline 
in Venturi tube X in constant 
proportion regardless of motor 
speed. For idling, or very slow 
motor speed, gasoline is drawn 
up idling tube J, mixed with 
air in the chamber at the top 
and the mixture enters at the 
edge of the butterfly valve T 
where there is strong suction. 


necessary; as, justice is one of the cardinal 
virtues: n. a high official in the Roman 
Catholic Church, appointed by the Pope; 
a cardinal-bird; a rich red color, 
pni* dl yinl otn (kiLr^dl—n&l-at), Tim the 
Cell-U-l-licti-cllC ra nk, dignity, or office 

of a cardinal. Also, cardinalship. 

car-di-nal num-bers iam'bifzV. 

the numbers one, two , three, etc., in distinction 
from first, second, third, etc., the ordinal 
numbers. 

car-di-nal points 2S3S*2*!*S2k 

west. 

por Hi tifil utitiHc (kar'di-nal wlndz), 
Cdr-Ul-nai wmas winds which blow 

directly from the north, south, east, and 
west. 

rarH in O' (kard'Ing), n. the preparing of 
V/dxtA-xiig fibers for [drawing or sp innin g; 
as, the carding of wool or flax, 
pnt-p (kar), n. concern; uneasiness of mind; 

anxiety; a burdensome responsibility; 
caution; charge or oversight; attention; 
watchfulness; an object of watchful atten¬ 
tion and regard: v.i. to be anxious or solicit¬ 
ous; be concerned, troubled, or interested; 
to desire or wish; as, she did not care to go; 
to have a fondness: with for. 

Syn., n. anxiety, concern, solicitude, heed. 
Ant. (see heedlessness, negligence), 
oo rf-ptl (ka-ren'), v.t. to turn (a ship) 
ecu over on one side for the purpose 
of closing leaks, cleansing, or repairing: v.i. 
to incline on one side, as a ship under sail, 
pn rppr (kd-rer'), n. a run at full speed; 

general course of action, especially 
when remarkable; as, it is interesting to 
read of the careers of great men; an occupa¬ 
tion, or calling^ v.i\ to move or rim rapidly, 
popn fnl (kar'fool), ad), done with care: 
taic-uu formerly used to mean anxious; 
now, attentive; watchful; cautious; thoughtful. 
— adv. carefully. — -n. carefulness. 

('a lf*QC (kar'les), adj. neglectful; heed- 
taic-icaa less; free from care.— adv. 
carelessly.—n. carelessness, 
po fppp (ka-res'), n. any act expressing 
va-igoo affection; an embrace: v.t. to 
treat with tokens of affection; fondle; be¬ 
stow signs of affection upon. 

Syn., v. kiss, embrace. 

Ant. (see spurn, buffet), 
par Pt (k&r'fit; ka'ret), n. a mark [Al 
u . sed . 111 writing, or in correcting 
proofs, to indicate the place where something 
is omitted or is to die a dded. 

carp WOTTl (k&r'worn*), adj. showing the 
GCU.C WUiJ .1 mar ks of anxiety: tired: 


harassed. 


anxiety; tired; 

Car PT> (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes (-goz)J, the 
v ' clA lading or freight of a ship; load, 
car-i-boil kar"I-boo'), n. the 

v/cix 1 North American reindeer. 

Car-i Cfl tiirp (kar'I-kd-tfir), n. a picture 
} . _L T7 , description of a person 
or thing, m which the defects or peculiarities 
are exaggerated so as to produce a laughable 
effect; as, every caricature of ex-President 
Roosevelt shows him with enormous teeth- 
v.t. to represent in a ridiculous or exaggerated 
style.— n. caricaturist. 

Syn., n. mimicry, imitation, burlesque, 
exaggeration. 

Cf) 1*1 pc (ka'rl-ez), n. the ulceration and 
v . i-co decay of a bone or tooth.— adj. 
carious. 

cark-inp- (kark'lng), p.ad). causing vexa> 
S tion; wearing, as a trouble. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 























carminative 


93 


Carthaginian 


car-min-a-tive £5fcfVS'*3I& 

stomach and bowels of gas; relieving colic: 
n. a remedy for colic or griping. 
car m.inp (kar'min; kar'min), n. the 
vcu.-j.xxjj.jlc coloring matter of cochineal, 
which has a rich crimson color; this color. 
car rtucrck (kar'n&j), n. great slaughter; 
Lai-liagc great destruction of life by 
violence; as, modern methods of war produce 
dreadful carnage. 

car rml (kar'n&l), adj. pertaining to the 
Lax-xxai body, its passions and its appe¬ 
tites; impure; not spiritual, but human; 
as, a carnal appetite.— adv. carnally. 

car vici ftnti (kar-na'sh’ln), n. a light 
vctx-lid-HUH rose-pink; flesh color; the 
parts of a picture in which flesh is represented; 
a pink. 

car «p1 Ton (kar-nel'yan), n. a reddish 
'LOi-nci-iaii variety of chalcedony, light 
or dark red in color: used for jewelry and 
ueals. Also, cornelian. 

car mi it a 1 (kar'nl-val), n. the season of re- 
Gai -xix-vai joicing before Lent, observed in 
Roman Catholic countries; feasting or revelry. 
cnr- nitr f\ ra (kar-nlv'S-rd), n.pl. animals 
Car-xllV-U-ia that feed on flesh.— adj. 
carnivorous. 


car nl (kar'ul).n. a song of joy or praise; a 
Gal -U1 i a y ; r.i. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. caroled, 
p.pr. caroling^, to sing in joy; warble. 
car nm (kar'um), v.i. to move swiftly in a 
Lal-Ulii slanting line, as a billiard ball: 
n. the striking of a billiard ball against two 
others in succession. 

rn mf iH (kd-r 5 t'Id), n. one of the two 
XH-1UI-1U. principal arteries, one on either 
side of the neck, which convey the blood to 
the head: adj. pertaining to the two great 
arteries of the neck. 

ca miic a\ (kd-rouz'Sl), n. a carouse; 
ta-lUUo-al revelry; a drinking match or 

bout. 

ca mu cp* (kd-rouzO, n. a feast or festival; 
bd.-lUUod a noisy drinking bout or revel; 
v.i. to drink heartily and with noisy jollity; 
to revel.— n. carouser._ 

r(Jr cp ,1 (kar"oo-z6l'), n. a merry-go- 

baX-du-oci roU nd; a military pageant. 
Also, carrousel. [Fr.] 

earn (karp), v.i. to find unreasonable fault: 
GalJJ -with at: n. a fresh-water fish, often 
bred in ponds. 

-nol (kar'pal), adj. pertaining to the 

car-pd.1 wrist. 

car tip! (kar'pel), n. a simple one-celled 
GoT-pci seed-vessel, or one of the parts 
of a compound pistil. 

car non for (kar'pen-ter), n. one 
cai-pcii-td works in timber and pre¬ 
pares the woodwork of houses, ships, etc. 

car non frir (kar'pen-trl), n. the art of 
Gal -pCli-tiy cutting, framing, and join¬ 
ing timber. 

car nof (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or 
vd.1 -pci felted fabric, with a pattern, used 
for covering floors or stairs; a soft covering 
upon which one may walk; as, a carpet of 
grass: v.t. to cover with a carpet. 

n^f Uarr (kar'pet-b 5 g), n. a traveling 
CaX-p6t-bag bag, originally made of 
carpetlike material. 

„ _ _ _ rrar (kar'pet-bag'er). n. a 

car-pet-bag-ger political adventurer 
from the North in the Southern States after 
the Civil War: a term of contempt. 

_ _x -l. _ 4.1 „ (kar'pgt be'tl), a small 

car-pet bee-tie beetle whose larvae 

destroy carpets, etc, n/so, carpe t bug. _ 


car r»pf in a (kar'pet-Ing), n. cloth for 
vexx-jjcx-xxxg carpets; carpets in general. 

car npf Irnicrhf (kar'pet nit), one upon 
Ldi-pet xvIilgUL w bom the honor of 

knighthood or other distinction has been 
conferred for other than active service; a 
knight who has spent his time in luxury. 
cam i-n cr (karp-Ing), p.adj. complaining; 
Ldip-XXlg faultfinding; apt to catch at 
faults. 

car r\aere (kar'Ij), n. the act of convey- 
Gal-liagc ing or transporting; cost of 
transporting; behavior; manner of bearing 
oneself; as, an erect carriage is necessary 
to correct breathing; a wheeled vehicle; 
a wheeled stand or support, as of a cannon. 
car 2*20(J (kar'Id), past tense and past 


participle of carry. 

car ri pi* (kar'I-er), n. one who, or that 
Gal-ll-Ci which, transports or conveys; 
one whose business is to transport goods for 
hire; a frame for holding photographic plates 
or magic-lantern slides; a messenger; a 
basket, as of fruit; as, these peaches cost 
twenty cents per carrier. 

Car t*i PI* Tlf CPHTl (kar'i-er plg'fln), a 
GdX-il-ei px-geuil variety of pigeon 

trained to carry letters, messages, etc., as 
during war. 

car ri r\n (kar'i-fin), n. dead or decaying 
Gal-ll-Ull flesh; filth; garbage; as, the 
buzzard often feeds on carrion: adj. pertaining 
to, or feeding on, dead decaying flesh. 

car mn ac\e (kar"ti-nad'), n. a short 
Gal-A tm-au-c cannon with large cavity 
for close shooting, formerly used in the navy. 
car m+ (kar'fit), n. a plant with a yellow. 
bdX-iUl tapering root that is used for 
food; the root itself. 

car tv (kar'I), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. carried. 
Gal -ly p^r. carrying], to convey from one 
point to another; bear; to gain possession of 
by force; as, to carry a fort; lead; transfer: 
as, to carry an amount from one page of a 
ledger to another; accomplish; gain pos¬ 
session of; extend or continue in time or 
space: with up or back; as, the book of 
Genesis carries us back to the creation; 
exhibit; as, his face always carries a smile; 
imply; have in charge or conduct; as, to 
carry on business; to bear (oneself); to 
secure the passage of, as a bill or motion; 
to sustain; to bear the burden of; as, the 
office carries a great responsibility with it; 
v.i. to reach a distant point; as, his voice 
carries well: carry on, in the World War, 
to keep on; to bear up under difficulties and 
continue; to resume. 

Syn. lift, sustain, transport, bear, bring, 
who rCiT t-T7 cj 11 (k&r'I-ol"), n. a light covered 
Gal-ly -Oil carriage for family use. 
rctT 4 - (kart), n. a vehicle for carrying heavy 
Gait goods; a light delivery wagon used 
by tradesmen, etc.: v.t. to carry or convey 
in a cart.—n. carter. 

corf acre, (kar't&j), n. the charge made 
Gctl l-ttgc f Gr carrying by a cart; the act 

of carting. 

corfp Vila tip Tip (kart blanshO. ® blank 
Lai tc Uiouciic paper; a signed sheet 

of paper given to another to be filled up as 
he pleases; hence, absolute freedom of action; 
as, he had carte blanche to spend as much 
as he chose. [Fr.J 

car -fpt (kar'tel; kar-tel'), n. an agreement 
Gai-tci between hostile states regarding 
the exchange of prisoners; a challenge to 
single combat. 

(kar'thd-jln'l-Sn). 
adj. of or pertaining 


Car-tha-gin-i-an 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh -ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xLx to xxii. 







cartilage 


94 


cassimere 


to the city of Carthage: n. a native of 
Carthage. 

Car ti latyp (kar'tl-l&j), n. a smooth, solid, 
eai-u-iagc elastic animal tissue; gristle. 

CRT ti 1 jio’ t rmiic (kar"tf-laj'i-nus), adj. 
i/dl -U-ldg-l-IlOUb pertaining to, or in the 

form of, gristle, or cartilage; having a skeleton 
of gristle, as sharks. 

CRT—tf\& TR TiTitT (kar-tog'rd-ff), n. the art 

ecu iog-rd-pny of drawing maps or 

charts. — n. cartographer. 

CRT inn (kar'tSn), n. a pasteboard box; 
vo.a-i.uaa tlie pasteboard for making such 

boxes. 

CRT form (kar-toon'), n. a picture dealing 
voj.-i.vuaa with a political or social subject 
in an amusing or offensive manner; a full- 
size sketch to serve as a design for a work to 
be copied from it in oil, tapestry, etc.—n. 
cartoonist. 

car-tridge 

(kar'trij), n. a 
case of card- U. S. 30 Caliber Cartridge 

board, metal, or other material, containing 
the powder, or powder and ball, for a cannon, 
gun, etc.; a roll of protected films for a 
camera. 

CRTTTf* (karv), v.t. to form (a design or shape) 
W4XA vc by cutting; as, to carve a design in 
wood; to cut or grave out of stone, wood, or 
metal; cut into slices; as, to carve meat; to 
mark with lines or furrows; as, her face was 
carved with wrinkles; v.i. to make graven 
work or figures; to cut up meat, as at table. 
— 71 . carver. 

CRT\T if!O' (karv'Ing), n. the act or art 
w v -aaa£ G f one who sculptures or designs 
by cutting; the work so accomplished; 
ornamental sculpture. >-- 

par \r rt-t- i/sj (kar"f-S,t , ld), 71 . 'SS 
tax-j-ai-iu. a column in the fflJ 
form of a figure of a woman in ■/ 
long robes. 

pgc caries (kas-kad'), n. a 
tas-vaUc small waterfall; as, 

there are several beautiful cascades 
in Ausable Chasm, 
poco (kas),. n. a covering or 
" aoc container; also, a box with 
itscontents; in carpentry, a frame 
or casing; in printing, a shallow 
tray for type, divided into the 
upper case, which contains the 
capital letters, etc., and the lower 
case, which contains small letters, 
figures, etc.; the peculiar state, 
conditions, or circumstances that 



Caryatid 


surround a person; as, since that is the case, 

I shall let the matter drop; the matters in vol ved 
in a question under discussion or investigation; 
as, a case for a detective; a certain form or 
instance of disease; a suit or action at law; 
one of the forms or inflections in the declen¬ 
sion of a noun, pronoun, or adjective showing 
its relation to other words; as, the nominative 
case: v.t. to cover with, or inclose in, a case; 
as, to case anyone in armor; to case a wall 
with stone, ora box wi h metal; to cover (an 
object of glass) with a layer of glass of another 
color fused on. 

racf* harr\ on (kas'har"dn), v.t. to hard- 
Ca.oC-IlclIU.-cIl en the surface of (as. 

Iron) by conversion into steel, while the 
Interior keeps the toughness of iron. 

CR gp in (ka's§-in), n. the curd matter of 
v/a.-oc-AAA milk, forming the main part of 
cheese. 

ponp trnifp (kas nlf), a knife provided 
cq.ac AVAiiic with a sheath: a table knife. 


poop ma+f* (kas'mat), n. a shell-proof 
Ca.oC-liia.lC vault or battery, having 
openings through which cannon may be 
pointed and discharged. 


Section of Casemate 



pjjqp mp>Tvf (kas'ment), n. a window-sash 
CdoC-liiCiil made t,n onen on hintres: 


made to open on hinges; 
loosely, any window. * 

(kash), n. money; ready money: 
v.t. to turn into, or exchange for, 
money; as, to cash a check. 

Ko/vl/- (kash'book"), n. a book in 
Cdbil-dUUfi. which an account is kept of 
money received or paid out. 

CR dliPW tkd-shoo'), n - a tropical Ameri- 

vd-Ollv W pan trpp• itQ pHiTaJp nut. 


va-oiAow can tree; its edible nut. 
pock ip«r (kash-er'), n. one who has charge 
caoii- ici 0 f the money, and superintends 
the payments and receipts of a bank or other 
business: v.t. to dismiss in disgrace from a 
position of trust or from military service. 
facTi (kash'mer; kash "mer'),7i.a soft 

caoii-uicic woolen fabric for shawls, etc., 
originally made in Cashmere, India, from the 
downy hair of the wild goat of Thibet and the 
Himalayas; also, a soft woolen dress fabric 
made in imitation of the real fabric. . 
pooirifr (kasTng), n. the act of covering 
U1 b with, or placing in, a case; a 
covering; a framework; as, a window casing. 
CR ci tin (kd-se'no), n. [pi. Eng. casinos 
v^a->„i-iiu (_noz); It. casini (-ne)], a small 
country house; a public room or building used 
for social meetings, dancing, gaming, etc.; a 
game played with cards. 

CR clr (kask), n. a barrel-shaped vessel with 
vaoxv f| a f heads and wooden staves, bound by 
iron hoops, for holding liquors; the quantity 
contained in such a vessel. 
ca C 1rpf (kas'ket), n. a small chest or box 
vaa-au for jewels; a costly coffin. 
fPQffilP (kask), n. in former times, a piece 
G f arm or to cover the head; henoe. 

a helmet. 

pop pn (ka-sa'vd), n. a plant of trop- 
wa-aa-va ical America and Africa, culti¬ 
vated for its roots, which yield a starch; also, 
the starch, from which tapioca is made, 
poq <sP (kas'S-rol; kSs'e-rol'), n. a 

i/ao-oo-iuic covered earthenware baking 
dish, often with a metal stand or container; 
a saucepan; a baked dish consisting of 
vegetables or meat contained in a surrounding 
layer of rice, mashed potato, etc. 
paq C1Q (ka-sh'd ; kash'I-d), n. a cheap 
v/ao-oia grade of cinnamon; a kind of 
plant from the leaves of which the drug 
senna is obtained. 

poo ct rrwaro (kas'f-mer), n. a thin woolen 
Cdb-bl-mere cloth used for men’s 
ments. Also, casimere, kerseymere. 


gar- 


ate senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, menu; 























































cassock 


95 


catapult 


, flC onrlr (k&s'Ok), n. a long, close-fitting fortress; a strong and imposing mansion of a 
Ctto-DUV/Xk garment worn by clergy- ^ noble and wealthy person; one of the pieces 
men, choristers, etc., under the surplice. 

poo pa -it ro i'tt (k&s'6-w&-rl), n. [pZ. 

CaS-SO-Wd-ry cassowaries 


(-rlz) ], a large bird resembling the 
ostrich, inhabiting Australia and 
the Papuan Islands, 
ract (kast), v - t - (P-Z- and p.p. 
vetoL cast, p.pr. casting), to 
throw; hurl; to project; shed; 
as, the snake casts its skin; 
direct or turn; as, cast the eyes; 
throw violently; , as, to cast a r „ s , s;nw „ rv 
prisoner into jail; calculate, as, 
cast up a bill; form into a certain shape; 
assign (as parts in a play) to various actors: v.i. 
to throw the line in angling; receive form or 



shape in a mold: n. the act of throwing a line, 

shaping a mold, etc.; the distance to which a ... _ 

thing may be thrown; motion or turn: said Q ol +tt (kazh'u-al-tl), n. [pi. casual- 

i/ao-u-ai- ly ties (-tlz)], an accident, espe- 


spoon-shaped 



of the eye; the form or shape; manner; 
appearance; as, a cast of countenance; a 
tinge; as, a cast of green; the company of 
actors to whom the parts of a play are 
assigned; an impression or mold. 

cas-ta-nets «5T*SSB 

shells of hard wood or ivory, 
fastened loosely at the top, 
a pair of which is fastened 
to each thumb and shaken 
with the fingers to beat 
time to dances and music. 

cast-a-way J' 4 ; 

person or vessel wrecked on 
a barren coast; as, Robin¬ 
son Crusoe was a castaway; 
an outcast; one who has 
lost the favor of God: adj. , a 

shipwrecked; rejected. vastaneis 

poe i 0 (kast), n. one of the hereditary 
GaoLv divisions of society into which 
Hindus are restricted by Brahman religious 
law; the custom of this division; any similar 
division of society. 

rac fpl 1d + pH (kas'te-lat"ed), adj. fur- 
Cdb-XCI-ldt-cU. mshed_ wuth turrets and 

battlements; like a castle. 
pac i or . (kas'ter), n. one who, or that which, 
tdol-Cl throws, molds, calculates, etc.; 
a cruet or small vessel for holding salt, pepper, 
vinegar, etc., at table; a small roller on a 
swivel fastened under a piece of furniture, 
etc. Also, castor. 

_ QC , n-Q+ck (kas'tl-gat), v.t. to correct; 
Ifdb-LI-jjdLts chastise; punish; subject to 
severe criticism.—n. castigator. 

_ _ _ 1 : __ (kas"tl-ga'shun), n. the act 

CHS-Xl-gd-11U1I of correcting; a whipping; 
severe punishment. 

_ x;i _ PAnr . (kas-tel' sop), a superior 
V^a.S-tli6 soap kind of soap, originally 
made at Castile, Spain. 

+J1 (kas-tll'yin), adj. of or per- 

Cas-tll-ian taining to Castile: n. a 
native of Castile; pure Spanish. 

_x rr (kast'Ing), n. the act or process of 
forming from melted metal any 
article according to a given design; the process 
of taking impressions of statues, medals, etc. 
___x Tr/'cf-z* (kast'Ing vot), the decid- 

cast-ing vote i ng vote of a chairman 

when the votes are equal. 

_x • (kast i'urn), iron melted and 

CaSX 1-xOIl run into molds: cast-iron, adj. 
made of melted or cast iron; very hard. 

___ (kas'l), n. a house fortified for 
CaS-Xie defense against an enemy; a 


at chess: called also rook; v.t. to inclose in, 
or as in, a fortified place, 
rac +nr (kas'ter), n. a cruet for vinegar, 
Cdb-tUl oil, etc., at table; a small roller 
on a swivel fastened under a piece of furni¬ 
ture, etc.: also, caster: a heavy, all-wool 
fabric for overcoats; a hat, especially of 
beaver fur; an odorous secretion of beavers: 
used in perfumery. 

x r . r _*i (kas'ter oil), an oil from the 
Cdb-lUI U1I castor bean, used as a medicine. 
rflC 4- r n- fo, (kas'trat), v.t. to deprive of virile 
Ccto- II d 1C power; to remove from the male 
the semen-producing glands.-—n. castration, 
rac 11 ill (kazh'tl-al; kaz'ii-§,l), adj. hap- 
bao-U-ai pening by chance; accidental; 
as, a casual meeting; coming without regu¬ 
larity; as, casual expenses.— adv. casually. 


cially if resulting in bodily injury or death; 
as, the railroads are responsible for many 
casualties: pi. in military and naval usage, 
losses in general, caused by death, wounds, 
desertion, or discharge. 

r{JQ 11 iof (kazh'u-Ist; kaz'U-ist), n. one 
Cdb-U.-J.bl who studies questions of right 
or wrong in conduct.— adj. casuistic, casu¬ 
istical.— adv. casuistically. 

Pile 11 tef rv (kazh'fl-Is-tri; kaz'ff-Is-trl), 
bao-u-lot-i y 7|. science dealing with ques¬ 
tions of right or wrong in conduct; false 
reasoning as to morals; hairsplitting distinc¬ 
tions in these connections. 
pnX (kat), n. a flesh-eating animal: espe- 
Gdl cially, the familiar household pet; a 
stoutly-built vessel, with a narrow stern, pro¬ 
jecting quarters, and a deep waist. 
pq+ o plvom (k&t'd-kllzm), n. a deluge; 
Cdl-d-l/iyblll flood; a \iolent or sudden 
change of the earth’s surface, such as an 
earthquake; hence, an upheaval, social or 
political, such as a great war. 

o cornk (kat'd-kom), n. an under- 
bdl-d-bUlIIU ground burial place with 
niches hollowed out for the dead; commonly 
in plural; as, the catacombs of Rome. 

pa+a fcilniid (kat'd-falk), n. a temporary 
V/ai-a-xaiquc structure erected, usually 
in a church, to support the coffin of a famous 
person during the funeral. 

Artl’ q 1 p« c*TT (kat d-l£p si), rt. a sudden 
V/dt-a-icp-ojr suspension of motion and 
feeling, in which the patient is speechless, 
senseless, and motionless. Also, cata- 
lepsis.— adj. cataleptic. 

pcif Incr (kat'a-log), n. an arranged list: 
tai-a-XUg v.t. to enter in, or make, a list 
or register of; to put in a list. Also, catalogue. 

— n. cataloger, cataloguer. 

pci -nd (kd-tal'pd), n. a tree of the 

va-iai-pa trumpet-flower family. 

Pd+ d md rd-n (kat'd-md-ran'), n. a kind 
Ldl-d-IIld-IdlJ of float or raft made of 

logs or pieces of wood lashed together and 
propelled by paddles 
or sails; any vessel 
with twin hulls; a 
flat-bottomed boat. 

cat-a-mount 

(kat'd-mount), n. the 
wild cat; the puma, 
cougar, or mountain 

U °“; (kit'd- Catapult 

Cat-a-pUit ptilt), n. an ancient military 
engine for hurling darts and stones ; sometimes 



boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when: 
Zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 






















cataract 


9t> 


cat’s-paw 


red 
grape; 


n. the mocking- 
named from its cry 


a forked stick with an elastic band by which 
stones, dried peas, etc. are thrown: v.t. to 
throw from, or as from, such an engine. 

o rart (kat'ri-rakt), n. a large water- 
tdl-a-latl fall; a furious rush or down¬ 
pour of water; a disease of the eye in which 
the vision becomes impaired or is lost. 
no torrh (ka-tar 7 ), n. an affection of any 
Ld-lailu mucous membrane, especially of 
the nose or air passages; cold in the head. 
no torrh ol (kd-tar'al), adj. pertaining to, 
td-ldii ii-ai or produced by, catarrh; as, 
a catarrhal condition of the throat; of the 
nature of catarrh. 

no 4*q c fro nh p (ka-t&s'tro-ffc), n. a great 
ca-tao-Liu-jiiio calamity or disaster; 

the outcome of a plot: applied to a play. 

Syn. calamity, disaster, mischance, mishap. 
Ant. (see blessing). 

Co tow hil (ka-to'ba), n. a light 
va-ww-uft variety of American 
a light wine made from this grape 

not "hi-rvi (kat 7 burd 77 ), 

Ldl-UUU thrush: so 

of alarm. 

not hoof (kat'bot'), n. a small boat with 
tdl-UUdl one sa n on a mast near the bow. 
not no 11 (kat'kol"), n. a sound, Uke the 
vaL-cail cr y 0 f a cat, made in theaters to 
express disapproval; a squeaking instrument 
used for the same purpose: v.t. and v.i. to 
deride or to express disapproval by such calls. 
notnh (kach), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. caught, 
eaten p.pr. catching], to seize or grasp; 
lay hold of suddenly; take captive; to please 
or charm; to take, by contagion, infection, 
or sympathy, as a disease; attack; com¬ 
municate to, as a fire; come upon unexpect¬ 
edly; detect; to comprehend; as, to catch 
the idea; come up to; reach in time, as a 
train: n. the act of seizing or grasping; that 
which is taken; as, a good catch of fish; a 
song the parts of which are taken up by 
different voices; a scrap of song.— n. catcher. 
no+n h all (kach'dl*), n. a receptacle for 
tdltil-dU holding a great variety of 
things. 

notnh ino- (kach'lng), p.adj. contagious; 
catcu-mg infectious: said of diseases; 
captivating; fascinating. 

notnh rwa-n rnir (k&ch'pgnT), n. [pi. catch- 
WaiLn-pen-ny pennies (-Iz)l, an article 
of little value made attractively to effect a 
quick sale: adj. cheap; showy; made to sell 
to the unwary. 

ra+rh tin (kach'fip), n. a sauce made from 
eaten-up mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, 
etc. Also, catsup, ketchup. 

notnt i word (kach 7 ward 77 ), n. a word or 
caleil-WUIU. phrase that takes the popu¬ 
lar fancy; a cue. 

notch v (kach'I), adj. attractive; quick 
tdlUl-j t 0 v, r in popular approval; as, a 
catchy tune; captivating. 

not n r»Vj•} (kat"6-k8t'I-kai), adj. 

eat-o-CAiCL-l-cai consisting of questions 

and answers; as, the catechetical method of 
teaching. 

not & (kat 7 §-kiz), v.t. to instruct 

eat-c-CAiioc by means of questions and 
answers, and by offering explanations; espe¬ 
cially, to instruct in the Christian religion; 
ask questions or examine. Also, catechize.— 
n. catechist. 

not a r*fncm (k&t'S-kfzm), n. a small 
cat-G-ciiiolll book of instruction in the 

form of question and answer, especially in 
the principles of the Christian religion. 
not ® nror i pal (kat"$-g6r 7 I-kal), adj. of 

or pertaining to, or in 


the form of, a general classification of things; 
absolute; unconditional; positive; as, a 
categorical answer.— adv. categorically. 

not o cm rv (kat'6-gS-rI), n. [pi.. cate- 
eat-C-gU-iy gories (-rlz)j, a class in any 
general classification; any comprehensive 
class; one of the classes into which the 
objects of knowledge or thought can be 
divided, such as time, place, passion, etc. 
not o no nr (cat/e-n3,-rl), n. in mathe- 
cai-C-lia-iy matics, a certain curve 
formed by a flexible cord suspended by its 
ends: adj. indicating such a curve. 
no fpr (ka'ter), v.i. to supply food; as, 
Cd-lt/A j[t is hard to cater to the uncertain 
appetite of an invalid; to supply what is 
desired or needed: with to or for. —n. caterer. 

not or -nil lor (kat'er-pIFer),n. the hairy 
Ca.L-tJI-jJlJ.-lcU. wormhke stage in the life 
of a butterfly or winged insect; in the World 
War, a powerful traction engine used for haul¬ 
ing heavy guns. 

not or ixro-ill (kat'er-wol), v.i. to cry, as 
Ca.l-tJi-wa.lli ca ts at night; hence, to 

utter harsh, unpleasant sounds. 
not -ficli (kat'flsh"), n. an American fish 
CdL-lloil 0 f several species, differing much 
in size. 

not cm+ (kat'gut"), n. a kind of cord made 
L ~& U-** from the intestines of animals, 
usually sheep, and used as strings for musical 
instruments and for some other purposes. 
no thor t\n (kd-thar'tlk), adj. cleansing 
Cd-Llldl-LiC the bowels; purgative: n. 
a medicine to cause movement of the bowels. 
no flip (\ro 1 (ka-the 7 dral), n. the chief 
Cd-llltJ-u.1 dl church of a diocese or church 
district under the special charge of the bishop: 
adj. pertaining to such a church or the 
diocese of which it is the center. 
noth nH(kath'od), n. the terminal by 
eatil-UtAG which an electric current leaves 
the substance through which it passes, known 
as the negativejpole: opposite to anode: cathode 
rays, a stream of rays produced when an 
electrical discharge is passed through a gas at 
low pressure: when these rays strike on the 
surface of a solid, they produce Rontgen rays, 
popularly called X-rays. Also, kathode. 
coth n lir (kath'o-llk), adj. universal; 
eatii-u-AAC general; including all; as, a 
person who likes to read all kinds of books 
has a catholic taste in literature; liberal; 
large-hearted; including all mankind.—^Cath¬ 
olic, pertaining to the Church of Rome: n. a 
member of the Catholic Church, especially 
of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Co fhnl t ricrm (kd-thol'l-slzm), n. the 
v^a-LIlUI-l-cloIll belief of, or adherence 

to, the Catholic Church, or faith, especially 
to that of the Roman Catholic Church. Also, 
Catholicity. 

noth o lir* i fir (kath 77 o-lIs 7 I-tI), n . the 
Ca.lU-U-ilC-j.-iy quality of being univer¬ 
sal or large-minded; liberality. 

Co Ehnl i n* 7 P (kd-thol't-slz), v.t. to con-. 
t^ci.-lIiUJ.-1-ClZtJ vert to Roman Catholi¬ 
cism: v.i. to become Catholic or Roman 
Catholic. 

rot tri-n (kat'kin), n. the hanging blossoms 
cat-idll G f the willow, birch, etc. 

not run (kat'nlp"), n. a common plant of 
vat-iup the mint family. Also, catmint. 

cat-o’-nine-tails 

lashes of knotted cord, formerly used for 
punishment in the English army and navy; 
an implement used for flogging, 
rtif’c.naw (kats'po), n. a dupe; a person 
cat & paw who is deceived into doing 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










catsup 


97 


cede 


something to advance the interests of another: 

from the fable of the monkey, who used the 
cat’s paw to get the roasted chestnuts from 
the fire. 

pa-f Qim (kat'sup), n. a sauce made of 
v,ai ' ou f tomatoes, mushrooms, walnuts, 
etc. Also, catchup, ketchup. 
po+ -foil (kat'tal"), n. a tall plant which 
grows in marshes. 

pof +1 p, (kat'l), n. live stock, especially 
'oct.i,- llc oxen, bulls, and cows. 

f~'oii f*a ci an (kb-ka'shan; k5-kash'an), 
V^ctU-Ld-bl-an a tfj' of or pertaining to the 

Caucasus, a range of mountains between the 
Black and the Caspian Seas; more commonly, 
of or relating to the division of mankind 
including the chief races of Europe, North 
Africa, and southwestern Asia: n. a member 
of the Caucasian, or white, race; a native of 
the Caucasus. 

Cflll rnc (ko'kus), n. a meeting of the 
wa.u.-wuo leaders or members of a political 
party, to decide upon a policy to be sub¬ 
mitted to a convention or larger meeting. 
rail Hal (ko'dal), adj. pertaining to a tail; 
\,<x u-uai as, the caudal fin of a fish is the 
fin which forms the tail. 

can ertif (kot), p.t. and p.p. of catch; as, 
vaugni fish are caught in a net; a moth is 
caught by a flame; he caught the idea, 
ra111 (kol), n. a membrane, such as the 
\saux great omentum; the fold of the perito¬ 
neum which passes from the stomach to the 
large intestines; the enveloping membrane 
sometimes covering the head of a child at birth; 
a net, especially one covering the hair. 

Paul Hrrrn (kol'drun), n. a large kettle or 
LdUi-UlUIl boiler. Also, caldron. 

poii li flow PT (ko'lI-flou ,, er), n. a gar- 
ca U-ll-IIU W -GI den variety of cabbage 

with an edible flowering head; the flowering 
head. 

Pailllr (kok), v.t. to make tight by filling 
I/O.urn (crevices of) with soft material; as, to 
caulk the seams of a ship. Also, calk. 
railQ al (koz'al), adj. relating to, involv- 
tau&-dl ing, or expressing a reason, agency, 
or ground; as, hence and because are causal 
words; a causal fact or event. 
ran cal 1 fxr (ko-zal'i-tl), n. the relation 
of cause and effect; the 
action or agency that brings a thing about. 

rail ca firm (ko-za/shun), n. the act of 
cau-oa-LiUJA bringing about or produc¬ 
ing; also, the act or agency producing an 
effect. 

raiic a fivp (koz'd-tiv), adj. effective as 
taUS-a-UVC an agency or cause; expres¬ 
sing causation. 

paiiQP (koz'), n. that which produces or 
IsalloG contributes to a result; in law, 
ground for action; motive; reason; a move¬ 
ment; as, the suffrage cause; a side or party; 
as, the cause of right; a suit or action in 
court: v.t. to produce; to bring about.— adj. 
causeless. 

raiicp utraxr (koz , wa), n. a pathway 
cause- w cxy raised, as over wet ground, 
and paved with stone; a highway, 
pane fir (kos'tlk), adj. burning; hot; 
taua-ue having the power of gradually 
eating away by chemical action; sarcastic; 
as, a caustic remark: n. a substance which 
bums.— adv. caustically. —n. causticity. 

ran fpr i<7P (kd'ter-iz), v.t. to burn or 
cau-ici-iAC sear with a hot iron, or with 

some other caustic substance.—n. cauteriza¬ 
tion. 

(ko'ter-I), n. a burning or 
searing, as with a hot iron or 


cau-ter-y 


other caustic substance; the instrument of 
substance used to cauterize. 

rail firm (ko'shfin), n. a warning against 
cau-uuu evil; an act or word that con¬ 
veys a warning; heedfulness; prudence in 
regard to danger; watchfulness: v.t. to warn 
of danger; notify of danger. 

rail finne (ko'shus), adj. exercising dis- 
vau-uuua cretion; careful; heedful; pru¬ 
dent.— adv. cautiously.—n. cautiousness. 
pav a 1 paHp (kav'al-kad), n. a train or 
v "Ch-wo-vag procession of persons, usu¬ 
ally on horseback. 

pa V a lipi* (kav'd-ler'), n. an armed horse- 
vav-a-uci man; especially, a knight or 
gentleman soldier; a gay military man; 
a beau or attendant upon a lady: adj. gay; 
sprightly; careless; haughty; as, a cavaliel 
refusal: Cavalier, n. a partisan of Charles I in 
his struggle with the Parliament in the seven¬ 
teenth century: adj. of or pertaining to the 
adherents of Charles I.— adv. cavalierly. 

rail al i*v (kav'al-rl), n. horse soldiers; 
vav-ax-i) as, in present-day warfare, the 
cavalry is less frequently in action than 
formerly.— n. cavalryman. 

Pa VP (kav), n. a hollow place in the earth; 
V/£IVC a large natural hole or a den; a 
falling away or receding: v.t. to hollow out: 
r.i. to fall in or down; give way: often with 
in. 

poTT^a man (kav man), a man of the pre- 
wave mail historic, or stone, age, who 
lived in a cave^ 

pa \t prr» (kav'ern), n. a large natural hol- 
cav-ciii low under ground; a den; cave. 

ra\r pt*n niic (kav'er-nus), adj. hollow 
wa.V-CIII-UUb jjke a cavern; filled with 
small holes.— adv. cavern ously. 

Pa v i ar (k&v'I-ar'), n. the roes, or eggs, 
v ~ x “ <lJ - of certain large fish, especially 
the sturgeon, salted and dried. Also, caviare. 
ra\T il (kav'U), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. caviled, 
wav-ii. p.p r . caviling], to find fault or offer 
objection without good reason; to raise 
foolishly critical or frivolous objections: fol¬ 
lowed by at; as, a generous man will not 
cavil at the little faults of his neighbors: n. a 
petty or frivolous objection.— n. caviler. 

Pav i fv (kav'I-tl), n. [pi. cavities (-tlz)J, a 
wa. v -x- cy hollow place or part. 

Pa vr>t*+ (ka-vort'), v.i. to prance about, 
wci-vv/x l as a horse; as, at the sound of the 
trumpet the horse began to cavort madly. 
[Slang.] 

pnnr (ko), v.i. to cry like a crow, rook, or 
wa.w raven: n. the cry of the crow. 

rav PTVnP (ka-en'; ki-en'), n. a kind of 
wa.jr-WXUJ.C pepper made from the seeds 
and fruit of certain plants: called also red 
pepper. 

re*a cp (ses), v.i. to come to an end; stop: 
wcaoc followed by from before a noun; 
v.t. discontinue; end. 

Syn. terminate, leave off, stop, desist, 
refrain. 

ppocp 1 pec (ses'les), adj. without end; 
tcaoc-icoo without stop; incessant.— 
adv. ceaselessly. —n. ceaselessness. 

ce-cro-pi-a moth 

re* Har (se'der), n. the name of several 
WG-U.O.A evergreen trees, having wood of 
great durability and fragrance: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or made of, cedar. 
re* Ham (se'dern), n. of or pertaining to 
Lo-uaui or made of cedar. 

ppHp (sed), v.t. to give up or surrender; 
wcu.c as> the people must cede to the govern- 
ment some of their natural rights. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when- 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






cedilla 


ss 


centenary 


as. 


re¬ 
el is- 


Hi] 1 o (sS-dH'd), n. a mark placed under 
VyC- '^- LA ~- lcl c [f] to indicate the sound of s, as 
in the French word legon. 

«Q«| (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover the inner 
' /CU surface of a roof; furnish with a 
ceiling. 

rpil itl cr (sel'tag), n. the inner roof of an 
A/Cii-uig apartment, usually made of laths 
and plaster; the altitude to which an air¬ 
plane can ascend. 

/»£»1 on Hiri(sel'an-din), n. a perennial 
CCX-ail-UllXG herb of the poppy family, 

with small yellow flowers and poisonous juice. 

ppl p Kront (sel'e-brant), n. one who 
cci-c-uittui performs a religious rite, 
especially the priest in offering Mass or 
celebrating the Communion. 

r*£*l e* Krolo (sel'e-brat), v.t. to praise, or 
t/Ci-C-Uialc honor; to offer up the 

sacrifice of the Mass; commemorate; 
to celebrate the Fourth of July. 

Syn. observe, keep, solemnize. 

Ant. (see disregard), 
pnl n Kro +pJ (sel'£-brat"ed), adj. 
i/Cl-C-Ufa-LCU nowned; illustrious; 
tinguished; famous. 

peri p, K rcs finn (sSl"&-bra'shun), n. the 
tci-c-UJ. <x- Liuil act of commemorating 
or honoring; an observance or ceremony in 
honor of anything. 

pp Ipk fi +tt (se-leb'rl-tl), n. [pi. celebri- 
A/C-lCXI-ll-iy ties (-tlz)J, fame; distinc¬ 
tion; a renowned or famous person; as, 
Alexander Graham Bell attained celebrity 
through the invention of the telephone; 
he became a celebrity. 

ce-ler-i-tv ’ n - rapidity; swift- 

j ness; speed. 

ppl p r •xj (sel'er-I), n. a plant cultivated for 
use as a s a l a d and vegetable. 

Tpc fiol (s§-les'chal), adj. of or per- 
vo-ioo-iuu taining to the sky or heavens; 
as, the sun, the moon, and the stars are 
celestial bodies; heavenly; supremely excel¬ 
lent; of or pertaining to the Chinese dynasty: 
n. an inhabitant of heaven: Celestial, a 
native of China.— adv. celestially. 

I Vko att (sel'l-bd-sl; se-llb'a-sl) , n. the 
A/Cl-x-ua-oy state of being unmarried; 
also, single life, especially that of a bachelor, 
or one bound by vows to an unmarried life. 
f>p1 1 Vjq+p (sel'i-bat), n. an unmarried per- 
son: adj. single; unmarried. 
rp 11 (sel), n. a small room in a monastery, 
convent, or prison; a small or mean 
place of residence; a small cavity or hole; a 
tiny mass of living matter forming one of 
the units of every living body, 
ppl Iftr ( s &'® r ), n. a vault or room under 
i/Ci-iai ground for storing provisions, wine, 
fuel, etc. 

ppl lop orrp (sel'er-Sj), n. cellars; the 
xcxx-cxgc space occupied by cellars; 
charge for storage in cellars, 
ppl Ip* (chel'o), n. [pi. cellos (-oz), celli 
(-e)], a contraction for violoncello, 
a stringed musical instrument of the same 
form as the violin, but larger, and having 
deep, soft tones. Also, ’cello. —n. cellist, 
’cellist. 

ppl lit Iflt* (sSFd-ldr), adj. pertaining to, 
V, or consisting cf, or marked by 

having, cells. 

PPl 111 IniH (sel'fl-loid), n. a compound of 
V, camphor and gun-cotton, re¬ 

sembling ivory, but frequently colored. 

ppl 111 Ioqp (sel'u-los), n. the substance 
V/Cl-xu-lU&C resembling and allied to 
starch, which forms the main part of plant 
tissue. linen, paper, etc. 


Pp1+ (selt), 


n. a member of the Celtic 
family of mankind, which includes the 
ancient Gauls and Britons, the Gaelic Scotch, 
the Irish, the Bretons, and the Welsh. Also, 
Kelt.— adj. Celtic, Keltic. 

Pp 1 + jp (sgl'tlk), adj. of or pertaining to 
v-'Cit-xc the Celts or their language, 
pp mpnt (s^-ment'; sem'ent), n. any sub- 
LC-iucm stance which makes two bodies 
stick together; mortar; the bony layer which 
forms the outer substance of a tooth: v.t. 
(s6-ment'), to unite with a sticky substance; 
unite firmly.— n. cementation. 

rom tor it (sem'6-ter-i), n. [pi. ceme- 
OClil-e-lcl-y teries (-Iz)J, a public burial 


se'nd-bit), 
of a religious 


n. a 
corn- 


ground; graveyard. 

cen-o-bite 

munity; a monk, 
fp «a vri ip (se"no-zo'Ik; sen w o-zo'ik), 
a( ij pertaining to the latest 
geological era, which includes the Tertiary and 
Quaternary periods: n. the latest geological 
era; the age of mammals. 

PPTI n forth (sen'6-tdf), n. an empty 
tomb, or a monument erected 
in honor of a person buried elsewhere. 

PP11 cpr (sen'ser), n. a covered cup- 
v/cu-oci shaped vessel pierced with holes, 
in which incense is burned, 
ppn enr (sen'sor; sen'ser), n. originallv, 
vcu ‘ oul one of two magistrates of ancient 
Rome who imposed taxes and regulated the 
manners and morals of a community; now, an 
official appointed to examine books, manu¬ 
scripts, plays, motion pictures, letters, tele¬ 
grams, etc., before publication, performance, 
or use, to ascertain that there is nothing 
immoral or offensive in them; hence in 
general, one who blames or finds fault; a 
critic; in time of war, an official who examines 
all printed matter, mail, newspaper cable¬ 
grams or telegrams, etc., in which informa¬ 
tion of value to the enemy might be written. 

ppn cr> ri fine (sen-so'rl-fis), adj. in- 
GCIi-bU Il-OUb chned to find fault or 

condemn; faultfinding, critical.— adv. cen¬ 
soriously.— n. censoriousness. 

CPT1 QOT cfhi'n ( s ®5, ,s 8r-shlp; sen'ser-ship), 
k m P n. the office or position of 
an official whose duty it is to examine printed 
matter before publication in order to cut 
out objectionable matter, or, in war. informa¬ 
tion that could be used by the enemy. 

CPtl ^tll* n hip (sSn'shur-a-bl), adj. de- 
QtJXl-bUr-ct-Die serving of. or subject to, 

blame; blameworthy; culpable. 

ppn QiirP (sen'shur), n. blame; reproof; 
l,Gii £>uxe t £ e act of finding fault; as, 
Benedict Arnold w'on the eternal censure of the 
world: v.t. to find fault with or condemn- as 
do not censure what you do not understand’ 
v.t. to find fault. 

Syn. v. criticize. 

Ant. (see praise). 

ppn QllS (sen'sfis), n. an official count of 
7 7“ the People of a country, with 

details of sex, age, etc., taken in the United 
States and some other countries every ten 
years. 

pptif ( s &nt). n • ^e hundredth part of a 
t , dollar, or a coin of this value; a 
hundred, used only in the phrase per cent. 

cen-taur (s^'tor), n- an imaginary being, 
iau a half man and half horse. 

cen-te-na-ri-an ( s e n "t6-na'ri-an), ??. a 

,, LC xxa xx ail person a hundred years 
old or over. J 


PPTI fp TIB TV ( s §n't§-na-rl), n. 
GCXX te-liq-ry tenaries ( -riz)l. 


[pi. cen- 
a period 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, e&mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 








centennial 


99 


cerise 


of a hundred years; the celebration of the 
hundredth anniversary of an event; as, the 
centenary of the signing of the Declaration of 
Independence was celebrated by a great 
World’s Fair in Philadelphia. 

p<vn "t/pTi rii a 1 (sen-tSn'I-51) , adj. consist- 
K, Cll- tCil-lIA-ai ing of or enduriD g ( a 

hundred years; taking place once in a hun¬ 
dred years: n. the celebration of a hundredth 
anniversary. 

pan fp r (sen'ter), n. that point of a circle 
v ' cu ' lCi or sphere, which is equally distant 
from every point of the circumference; the 
middle point of anything; the part or place 
around which things are collected; as, the 
center of a rebellion; the center of trouble; 
the center of a town; certain members of a 
lawmaking body who hold moderate views 
and occupy a place between those of extreme 
opinions; troops in a line between the wings: 
v.t. to place on or at the middle point; collect 
to a point; as, to center one’s attention: v.i. 
to be in the center; as, his interests center in 
his children; to converge in the middle. 
Also, centre. 

Sy?i. : n. middle, midst. 

Ant. (see circumference). 
ppf-i -fpi* (sen'ter-bdrd"), n. a piv- 

7 Il-td-DUdl 11 oted keel that may be 
raised or lowered at pleasure: extensively 
used by racing boats. Also, centreboard. 

cen-ter of grav-i-ty &»?' 

about which all the parts of a body balance 
each other, so that when that point is sup¬ 
ported, the whole body is supported. 

ti errade* (sen'tl-grad), adj. gradu- 
ated or dividecrinto a hun¬ 
dred parts called degrees; pertaining especially 
to the centigrade thermometer, on which the 
distance bet ween the freezing point and boiling 
point of water is divided into one hundred 
equal degrees. 

ran -ft err am (sen'tl-gram), n. a weight 
Cell-11-^! dill e q U al to the hundredth 

part of a gram, or .15432 grain, troy. Also, 

centigramme. 

roti ti 1i tor (sen'tl-le'ter), n. a measure 
Cell-ll-ll-LCl 0 f volume equal to the 

hundredth part of a Jiter, or .06102 cubic inch. 

(sah-tem'; san'tem), n. a small 
French coin equal to the 
hundredth part of a franc, or about one-fifth 
of a cent. 

rern ti rr!A tor (sSn'tl-me'ter). n. a meas- 
ecii-Li-inc-LCi ure of length equal to the 

hundredth part of a meter, or .3937 inch. 

±.1 -nor? a (sen'ti-ped), n. one of several 
cen-Ll-peue varieties of small animals 
having many feet attached to a many-jointed 
flat body. 

trol (sen'tral), adj. relating to, or 
Cell-Ll <11 situated in, the middle; chief; 
leading.— adv. centrally. 

ppii trill i 751 tint! shfln), 

Cell-ll ai-l-Aa-tlUii ri. the act or process 

of bringing to one chief or middle point; 
the act of bringing all local government 
under one principal government; as, the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States provides for 
a centralization of power in the national gov¬ 
ernment. 

r<an fra 1 i 70 (s6n'tr51-iz), v.t. to draw or 
Cell-Ll dl-lZ.C bring to one chief or middle 
point; bring under one control or system. 

4-fin (sen'trlk), adj. placed in the 
Cell-lllC middle; central. Also, centrical. 

ppu + fif rj-p 1 (sen-trlf tl-g5.1), adj. , tond- 
Ceil- II 11 - ll-f^cil j n g or causing to fly off 

from the center; passing outward from a 


as, it is centrifugal movement 
the cream from the milk in a 


central point; 
that separates 
separator. 

rP n trt-n a fol (sfin-trlp'g-t&l), adj. tend- 
^cii-tup-e-ia* or causing to approach 
the center; as, the centripetal motion of a 
whirlpool or whirlwind. 

ppn -Hi r i ori (sgn-tu'rl-fln), n. the cap- 
Ccll- lll-I I-Uli tain of a hundred Roman 

soldiers. 

pprs til rv (sSn'tfi-rl; sen'chob-rl), n. [pi. 
t/Cll-lu-ljr centuries (-rlz)], a hundred; a 
hundred years, especially of the Christian 
era; a subdivision of the Roman people for 
taxation, voting, etc.; a subdivision of the 
Roman army. 

CPt> Hi tv ti! d tit (sen'tfl-rl pl5,nt), an 
CCli-lU-iy piclll€ American plant, so 

named because of the mistaken belief that 
it blooms only once in a hundred years. 
f'o-n In f\r run (sen'tu-rl run), a hundred 
cen-iu-ry run mile run on a bicycle, 
or other vehicle. 

rp riTisil ip (sS-f&l'ik), adj. of, pertaining 
to, or located near, the head. 

r/a-nh c\ In -nnrl (sef'd- 16 -pod). n. any of 
the highest class of mol- 
lusks, including cuttlefish, etc. 

P p r«m ir (s 6 -ram'Ik), adj. of or pertain- 
GC-laJ.iJ.-iG i n g to pottery; as, the Greeks 
excelled in the ceramic arts: ceramics, n. the 
art of making things of baked clay; work 
executed wholly or partly in clay and baked. 
Also, keramic, keramics. 

P a rofA (se'rSt), n. a mixture of oil, lard, 
bC-ialC wax, etc., used as a plaster upon 
the skin. 

pat a ( s c r ). v.t. to cover or close with wax 
or cerecloth; to embalm. 
r p rp jji (se'rS-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
tC-lC-(U producing, wheat or eatable 
grain; n. eatable grain. 

pp r p lum (ser" 6 -bel'um), n. a lobo 

uer-e-utjl-lum of the brain; the little 
brain; the back part of the brain.— adj. 
cerebellar. 

cer-e-bral hem-i-sphere JITf! 

sfer), one of the two halves of the cerebrum, 
or larger part of the brain. 

a hriim (ser' 6 -brfim), n. [pi. cere- 
GcX-c-DI UIU brums (-brumz)], the supe¬ 
rior and larger part of the brain: the seat of 
the mind and will. 

PAra plnfh (ser'kloth"), n. a cloth soaked 
GCJ. C-Gium with wax or some gummy 
substance, in which embalmed bodies are 
wrapped. 

r at* a tnAnt (ser'ment), n. a gravecloth 
e-incut or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. 

PAT a m a ni aT (ser'6-mo'nI-3,l), adj. re- 
V/Ci -c-IUU-Iil-dl i a ting to, or performed 

with, rites or formalities: n. ritual; rite: 
the proper order for a rite or function; as, 
the ceremonial of a coronation or of a church 
service.— adv. ceremonially. 

p or p rnp> n 1 /vuc* (ser , S-mo , nI-us). adj. 
Ltjr-C-IIlO-IlI-OlIo characterized by for¬ 
mality; formal; observant of the prescribed 
form for any occasion; precise.— adv. cere¬ 
moniously.—n. ceremoniousness. 

pat a me «v (s 6 r' 6 -m 6 -nl), n. [pi. cere- 
Gcr-c-IIlO-Iiy monies (-nlz)], a sacred 

rite or observance; as, the marriage cere¬ 
mony; a prescribed rite or formality; as, the 
inaugural ceremony; behavior regulated by 
the laws of strict etiquette. 
pa ricA (se-rez'), adj. bright red; cherry- 
i/C-uac colored: n. the color of a bright 
red cherry. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








certain 


100 


chalet 


t%gxr +«*irt (sflr'tln), adj. sure; beyond a 
UCi-ldili doubt; destined; fixed or stated; 
dependable; indefinite, but presumably 
known to the speaker; as, a certain city. 

Syn. secure, sure, decided. 

Ant. (see doubtful). 

r*»r fain Itt (sfir'tln-ll), adv. with assur- 
UCl-ldill-iy ance; surely; undoubtedly, 
-a- -fir (sfir'tln-tl), n. [pi. certainties 

cer-td.in.-ty (-tlz)], a thoroughly estab¬ 
lished fact; the state or fact of being sure, 
fixed, or definite. 

PQ r ■fif i r*o+c» (sfir-tlf'I-kat), n. a written 
cer-ui-l-caie testimony to the truth of 
any fact; as, a certificate of marriage or bap¬ 
tism; a testimonial as to character or ability: 
certificate of deposit, the formal written state¬ 
ment from a bank of the amount a person has 
on deposit: v.t. (sur-tlf'I-kat), to give a proof 
or testimony of by means of a written state¬ 
ment. 

riai* +1 fl pn firvn (sfir'tl-fl-ka'shiln), n. 
Cer-ll-ll-Cd-llUIl the act of testifying 

by means of a written statement, or of assum¬ 
ing the responsibility, as of a bank check; 
a written statement given as proof or testi¬ 
mony of facts, character, etc. 
nok-r fl f ”tjt (sfir'tl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. certi- 
CCi-U-lj flexi. p.pr. certifying], to testify 
to or make known in writing; assure, as to 
guarantee the payment of a check by writing 
across its face “good,” or the like, followed 
by the signature of the cashier of the bank 
on which the check is drawn. 

(sfir'tl-tud), adj. assurance; 
tci-li-iuuc freedom from doubt; as, no 
one can say with certitude that the planet 
Mars is not inhabited^ 

rp ri1 Ip, an (s6-roo'l$-3,n), n. and adj. 
to-iu-xo-ou azure; sky-colored. 

m mpn (s&-ro3'm§n), n. earwax; as, 
U-HXCXl th e hardening of the cerumen 
may occasion deafness. 

rilCA (se'rofis; s$-roos'), n. white-lead: 
Use used as a paint; a preparation 
made from it to beautify the skin. 

«pr ttJ pal (sfir'vl-k&l), adj. of or pertain- 
'' CA “ VA_i/<:AA ing to the neck; as, the cervical 
vertebrae are those bones of the spine which 
are in the neck. 

pp c «a firm (sS-sa'shfin), n. the act of 
i/co-oa-uun ceasing; a pause. 

Syn. intermission, rest, stop. 

Ant. (see continuance). 
pp« cm-n (sSsh'iln), n. a giving up to 
voo-sxuu another, as of territory, prop¬ 
erty, or rights; as, by the cession of the 
Philippine Islands to the United States, in 
1898, Spain lost her only foothold in the East. 
pp CC -nrml (ses'pool"), n. a deep hole in 
ucod-jjuui the ground, or the well of a 
drain for the reception of sewage. 
pp C f 1ic (sSs'tfis), n. [pi. cestus (sgs'tfts)], 
tco-iuo a kind of glove used by ancient 
boxers, frequently loaded with lead or iron, 
and secured by leathern thongs to the hands 
and arms. 

(s£-zu'r a; sS-su'rd), n. a break 
tc-au-ia or pause in a line of poetry. 
Also, esesura. 

pUpf p (chaf), v.t. to make warm by friction; 
uildiC to wear away or make sore by rub¬ 
bing; to anger; annoy; fret; irritate: v.i. to 
rub; move, as one body on or against another, 
causing friction; to be vexed. 

n. the husk of grain, especially 
A/AAcAAA when separated by threshing, etc.; 
straw or hay cut fine for cattle; anything 
worthless; good-natured raillery: v.i. and v.t. 
to tease; to make game of. 


nhctf -for* (ch&f'Sr), n. the act of bargain- 
Ulldi-lci ing ; to haggle or dispute 

about a purchase. 

■F.ns'h (ch&f'Inch; ch&f'Inch), n. a 
Ulld.l-iU*viI bird so named from its feed¬ 
ing on grain. 

nhaff uraaH (chaf'wed"), n. a plant with 
Cilall-WCCCl short, dry, chafihke] leaves: 
called also false pimpernel, 
nhaff it (chaf'I), adj. resembling or full of 
UIidii -y chaff; light or worthless; inclined 
to tease. 

pVi o f in cr HicVs (chaf'Ing=dlsh), n. a small 
t'H.di-lIlg-UlDli portable vessel supplied 

with an alcohol lamp, or some other means 
of cooking food or keeping it hot. 
nha crrin (shd-grln'; Eng. sha-gren'}, 
^ AAa -& AAAA n. vexation due to disappoint¬ 
ment, or mortification: v.t. to excite vexation 
in; to mortify. 

Syn., n. confusion, dismay, humiliation, 
shame, vexation. 

Ant. (see delight). 

/'Viain (chan), n. a series of links or rings 
Uildlil joined together; a measure of 100 
links or 66 feet, used in surveying land; a 
connected series or succession; as, a chain of 
events: pi. fetters; shackles; bondage: v.t. 
to fasten, secure, or connect with a chain; 
fetter; restrain. 

/'Viain /ran cr (chan g5ng), a gang of con- 
Ulldlil gallg victs working together in 

chains. 

rViain niimn ( ch an pump), a pump that 
uxaux pump raises water by means of 

buckets or disks which are attached to an 
endless chain passing through a tube. 

/“Vi a in m a il (chan mal), easily bent armor 
Uildlll llla.ll made of metal links woven 

together. 

rVi a in c+iVrVi (chan stitch), a fancy stitch 
Uildlll olllL.ll resembling a chain; a loop- 

stitch made by a sewing machine. 
rViair (char), n. a movable seat with a 
Uila.ll back, for one person; a professorship; 
as, Longfellow once occupied the chair of 
modem languages and literature at Harvard 
College; the presiding officer of an assembly. 
/'Vi air* man (char'm&n), n. [pi. chairmen 
Ullair-IIlall (_m§n)], the president of an 

assembly, meeting, public company, etc.—n. 
chairmanship. 

chaise (?ka z ), n. a light two-wheeled car- 

pVial ccHI a nir (kal-s5d , 6-nl; kal’sd-dft- 
undl-ueu-o-ny nI) n . [pi chalcedonies 

(-nlz)l, a variety of quartz, partially trans¬ 
parent and commonly pale blue or gray, with 
a waxy luster. 

rVlfll riH (k&l'sld), n. any of a large group 
v^iiai-mu. 0 f insects, mostly parasitic. 

rha 1 rn nv riff* (kal' r k6-pi'rit), n. a yel- 
A/AA< *- A_A ' AA "Py -AA V“ low sulphide of copper 

and brass: called also copper pyrites. 

Pha 1 Ho. a-n (kal-de'an), adj. pertaining 
Usilal-U.c-d.ll to ancient Chaldea or Baby¬ 
lonia; pertaining to astrology or magic: n, 
one of the people of 
Chaldea; a sooth¬ 
sayer; the language 
of the Chaldeans. 

chal-dron SSk 

n. an old English 
measure for coal, 
coke, etc. 

pVo loi- (shi-la , ) l 

tlla-lcl a Swiss 

cottage or herdsman’s 



Swiss Chalet 

dwelling; a 
country house built in the Swiss style. 


small 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 











chalice 


101 


chapeau 


chal-ice 

service. 

chalk 


(chal'Is), n. a cup; 
cup used in the 


especially, a 

Communion 



Chalice 


(ch6k), n. a soft lime¬ 
stone rock; especially, 
prepared crayons for drawing; a 
score in a game: v.t. to mark, or 
rub, or whiten, with crayon or 
chalk.— adj. chalky.—n. chalki¬ 
ness. 

1 ati ore* (chal'enj), n. an 
'' aA< *" a " a *' Aa &“ invitation to a 
contest; especially, a summons to 
fight; the demand of a counter¬ 
sign by a soldier on sentry duty: 
v.t. to summon to a contest; invite to a duel; 
take exception to; as, to challenge the truth 
of a statement; to demand the countersign 
from.— n. challenger. 

t*hu] lie ( R hari; chal'Is), n. a light-weight 
isj.icu.-iio cotton or all-wool cloth. Also, 

challie. 

chum Kpr (cham'ber), n. an apartment; 
VAACAAAA_UCA especially, a bedroom; a pri¬ 
vate room; a political or commercial body; 
a cavity; that part of a gun, etc., which con¬ 
tains the charge: pi. a suite of rooms. 
chum (cham'berd), p.adj. having 

V ' AACAAAA_UCA CAA compartments; having 
chambers. 

chum Kpr loin (cham'ber-lin), n. an 
A, ' AAcAAAA “*-'^ A “ A<A m officer who has charge 
of the private apartments of a ruler or noble¬ 
man; a male servant who has charge of a 
suite of rooms. 

chuvn hpr inciirl (chamber-mad), n. a 
' /AA “ aaa- ^^ a " a * AcaA ''* woman having charge 
of bed-chambers, making the beds, etc. 

chum 'h-raxT (sham'bra), n. a plain-colored 

Cllcuil-orciy gingham dress 

fabric with a linen finish. A 

cha-me-le-on 


n. a lizardlike 
reptile that is able to change its 

color. 

cham-ois 

(sMm'I), n. an 
antelope found 
on high Euro¬ 
pean peaks; 
commonly, a 
soft leather. 

champ 

(champ) , v.t. 
and v.i. to bite 
with the teeth 
repeatedly and _ 
impatiently. ^sb S 

cham-pagne chamois 

(sham-pan'), n. a light, sparkling, amber- 
colored wine. 

cham-paign 

landscape. 

rViam ns rvn (cham'pl-tin), n. one who 
v'-llo-liA-p-l-'-'ll defends the cause of another, 

by combat or other means; a hero; valiant 
warrior; a successful competitor against all 
rivals: v.t. to defend or support; as, William 
L. Garrison championed the cause of anti¬ 
slavery.— n. championship. 

qhpo (chans), n. an unforeseen event; 
vXldXXXsC? an accident; a possibility; oppor¬ 
tunity; risk: v.i. to happen; occur without 
design or expectation: v.t. to risk: with it. 
Syn. fate, fortune, opening. 

Ant, (see design). 



(sham-pan'), 
country; a 


n. flat, 
clear, 


open 

level 


chun paI (chan'sel), n. that part of a 
^uctu-tci church where the altar stands. 

chun rot Inr (chan'sel-er), n. a judge of 
'' AAcAAA_ ^ /CA_A '-' A a court of equity; the 
president of a university; the president of 
the German Federal Council.—n. chancellor¬ 
ship. 

court of 


chwn pot* tt (chan'ser-I), n. a 
wiail-tci-j equity or justice. 

chun lior (shan'de-ler') - 

cndn-ue-iier j ng f raTT1 o ™ 

for lights. 

chun (chan'dler) 

endn-uxer <, P ii Pr 0 f . 


n. a hang- 
with branches 


n. a maker or 
seller of candles; a general 
name for a dealer or merchant, the particular 
meaning being shown by a prefix; as, 
tallow -chandler; a dealer in groceries and 
small wares. 

pllOiP (chanj), v.t. to alter; exchange or 
t/iidugc give au equivalent for; to make 
different; convert: v.t. to undergo alteration; 
pass from one place to another; to put on 
different clothes; colloquially, to get out o*r 
one vehicle and into another; as, to change 
cars: n. a passing from one state or form to 
another; small coin; balance returned after 
subtraction of amount paid; a place where 
men meet to do business; any variation. 

Syn., v. barter, exchange, substitute: n, 
substitute, alteration. 

Ant. (see continue). 

chuncrt* u (chan'ja-bl), adj. capable 

X/lldllgC-d-UlC C f going from one thing 

to another or one mood to another; fickle: 
taking now one form or color and now another. 
— adv. changeably. — n. changeability, change¬ 
ableness. * 

Syn. inconstant, mutable. 

Ant. (see unchangeable). 

chu-ncre> Ipco (chanj'les), adj. free from 
uiaugc-icos alteration or substitution; 
immutable; monotonous.— adv. changelessly. 
— n. changelessness. 

chun era li-n cr (chanj'lYng), n. an unattrao 

Gxiange-iixig tive child left in place of 9 

beautiful one. 

chun n pi (cban'el), n. the bed of a stream; 
A/AAcAAA “ AA ' : ' A the deepest part of a strait, bay. 
harbor, etc.; a long groove or furrow; a way 
by which anything may be carried; as, a 
channel of communication must be kept open 
between an army and its base of supplies; 
v.t. to cut or wear grooves or furrows in. 
pliant (chant), v.t. to sing; intone: v.i. to 
IslldliL ma ke melody with the voice: n. a 
solemn or monotonous song.— n. chanter, 
pliant pxt (shan't!; chan'tl), n. [pi. chan- 
L/XlctXXl-Cj teys (-t!z)], a song sailors sing 
while at work. 

cock, 
loud¬ 
ness or clearness of his crow, 
plia p»c (ka'Qs), n. confusion; a confused 
t/Xld-Uo mixture; a state of disorder, 
plia nt ip (k^-ot'Tk), adj. in wild confusion;; 
GXXd-U 1-1G disordered; as, chaotic ideas, 
plian (chap), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. chapped. 
l/XXdp p.pr. chapping], to cause to crack or 
become rough; as, extreme cold may chap the 
skin: v.i. to crack or become rough; as, the 
skin may chap in cold weather: n., colloquially, 
a fellow; as, a good-natured chap, 
chun (ch&Pl chop), n. one of the jaws or 
GXXdp fleshy covering: usually in plural. 

chun ar ral (ch&p'a-r&l'), n. a dense 
Cliap-ai-idl thicket of dwarf oak or 

shrubs or cactus. 

[pi. 


rlusn ti rleet* (chan'tl-kler), ji. a 

GXldXl- LX-Lic C1 so called from the 


chapeaux 


plia riAaii (^ha, po ), n. [pi 
UXd-pcau (-poz)], a hat or head covering" 

the cocked hat worn by general officers. [Fb:| 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










102 


chasten 


chapel 


,nhan <a1 (chip'el), n. a place of public 
ulldp-Cl worship, not so large or important 
as a church; a place of worship in a palace, 
Institution, etc. 

/than ct- ah (sh&p'er-on), n. a married or 
CJLldp-Ci -Uli older woman who accom¬ 
panies young unmarried women in public: 
v.t. to escort, as, the matron chaperoned a 
party of young girls. 

rhan fa 1 1or» (chop'fSl'n; ch&p'fprn), 
cnap-ldi-lcll adj. dejected; crestfallen. 

-u Qrk loir, (chap'lln), n. a clergyman who 
Clldp-ldlll performs service in the army, 
navy, a public institution, or a royal or 

private household.—n. chaplaincy, chaplain¬ 
ship. 

/»V»o-rk la-f (Chap'lgt), n. a wreath or gar- 
bllap-lcl land for the head; a rosary or 
part of a rosary. 

q rt, for (chap'tgr), n. a division of a 
Ulap-lCl book; a meeting of certain 
societies or orders; a body of those who hold 
such a meeting. 

rViar (char), v.t. \p.t. and p.p. charred, p.pr. 
Clid.1 charring], to burn partially, or to 
blacken by burning. 

rVio-r an for (kar'5k-ter), n. a letter, 
Clldl-dC-tCi sign, or figure; reputation; 
nature; as, a woman of noble character; moral 
force; admirable qualities; quality; rank; 
distinctive qualities or traits; a certificate 
as to conduct or ability; a personage in a 
play. 

char-ac-ter-is-tic S| r lypiSif s,t pS: 

taining to, or displaying, the moral nature of; 
as, it was characteristic of Lincoln, that he 
would never defend a man whom he believed 
to be in the wrong: n. a distinguishing mark 
or quality.— adv. characteristically. 

char-ac-ter-i-za-tion ilSnh’t^tho 

act of describing by the peculiar or essential 
traits or marks; as, Shakespeare’s characteri- 
zation of King Richard III is not entirely 
true to history. 

char-ac-ter-ize SScShe tSr by’ A& 

or essential qualities; to mark or distinguish; 
as, the Angora cat is characterized by long 
silky hair. 

/'Vic* -rorlo (sha-rad'), n. an acted riddle 
CIid-i dUC pased on a word with several 
significant parts, each of which, as well as the 
word, is to be guessed from the scenic or other 
representations. 

nVtcrr nnal (char'kdl'), n. wood partially 
buai-bUol burnt in such a way as to be 
good for fuel. 

rVnarcro (charj), v.t. to rush on or attack; 
Clldlgc load, as a gun; to command; 
instruct; accuse; to demand as a price; to 
place something on record as due from, or 
as a debt of: v.i. to make an attack: n. an 
onset; quantity with which a firearm or 
apparatus is loaded; an office or obligation; 
an order or command: authoritative instruc¬ 
tion or direction; price. 

rharcre* a Vdo (char'ja-bl), adj. subject 
to tax; as, wine is charge¬ 
able with a heavy duty; capable of being 
charged. 

char-ge d’af-faires SSLS 

(shar"zha')], a government official who 
acts for an ambassador in his absence, 
or at a court at which no ambassador is 
received. 

(char'jSr), n. a spirited horse; 

cnd.rg-er a large dish 


n\\ar i (char'I-5t), n. an ancient two- 

CHd.l-1-Ul wheeled car for war, state pro¬ 
cessions, racing, etc.—«. j* S& 

charioteer. "v ya~ 

char-i-ta- 

(char'l- 

Die t a-bl), 

adj. kind and 
liberal; as, a 
char itabl e 
woman; per- •ra nra. 
taining to 
charity; as, a 
charitable institution.— adv. 
charitableness. 



Roman Chariot 


charitably.— n. 


/-Viof i +T 7 - (char'I-tl), n. [pi. charities (-tlz)], 
bllar-l-lj the disposition to think well of 
others; alms; universal love and good will 
to the poor or suffering; an institution for 
the poor founded by a gift. 

.. rdos'), 

earn or 



cViarm (charm), n. a spell or enchantment; 
Cliailli that which causes admiration; as, 
the beauty of the flowers is the chief charm of 
California; a trinket; as, a watch charm: 
v.t. to influence by magic: give exquisite 
delight to: v.i. to work by magic powers. 

Syn.,v. captivate, enchant, enrapture, allure. 

cliortn incr (charm'Ing), adj. attractive; 
CXldnil-Hlg with power to cause admira¬ 
tion or give delight; fascinating; pleasing.— 
adv. charmingly. 

_i* of nol (char'nel), adj. containing flesh or 
Clldr-IICl dead bodies; as, foul charnel dun¬ 
geons were said to lie beneath many old castles, 
olhoff (chart), n. a map of any part of the 
CIld.I L sea> river, etc., for the use of mari¬ 
ners; the map of a ship’s course; a sheet 
giving information in tabular form; as, a 
nurse’s chart: v.t. to map out. 

+/if (char'ter), n. an official paper 
Clldl-lCI bestowing certain rights and 
privileges; as. King James gave William 
Penn a charter to the province of Pennsylvania; 
a written order from the authorities of a 
society to establish another chapter, lodge, 
or branch: v.t. to grant a charter to; col¬ 
loquially, to hire for one’s own use. 

nhar wrvm an (char , woom"an; chSr'- 
Ciiar-worn-d.11 wdom"an), n. [pi. char¬ 
women (-wTm'en)], a woman hired by the day 
to do domestic work or cleaning work in 
corridors, officas, etc. _ 

nhar v (char'I; cha'rl), adj. careful: cau- 
Clld.1 -y tious; reserved; shy; frugal or 
sparing; as, a poor man must be chary in the 
use of his inor ?' r .— adv. charily.—n. chariness, 
rhaco (chas), v.i. to pursue; especially, to 
Ci.ld.oC hunt; drive away; to decorate a 
metal surface by embossing, engraving, etc.; 
to cut, as the thread of a screw: v.i. to follow 
in pursuit: n. eager pursuit; hunting, espe¬ 
cially of wild beasts; that which is hunted; 
an iron frame into which pages or columns of 
type are locked for printing; the part of a can¬ 
non in front of the supports, 
rliacm (kazm), n. a deep opening in the 
ciid.oi.il earth; a cleft; a gap; a void, 
pl-oc oic (sha'sS), n. the frame, machinery, 
ciido-oio and wheels of an automobile; 
the main framework of an airplane. [Fr.] 
pkncfp (chast), adj. virtuous; modest; 
ciidotc morally pure; also, refined, as art. 
— adv. chastely.—n. chastencss. 
r V,PQ tpn (chas'n), v.t. to punish for the 
ciiao ten purpose of making better; sub¬ 
due; as. God chastens his people. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sm; cold, 6bey, edrd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 







chastise 


103 


Cherokee 


v.t. to 
as, 


correct bj* 
the parent 


ficp (chas-tlz ), \ 

dido-lloc punishment; 
chastises the child. 

chas-tise-mentLhSentT^pito?! 111 " 

njiftQ +i (chas tl-tl), n. moral purity; 

yxiao-LX-ty as, chastity is a Christian r U an l r (chgk'ran') 

Virtue. dlvCJ\.-I eill attaches! t< 

Syn. purity, continence, virtue, 
rhnt (chat), v.i. [ p.t. and p.p. chatted, p.pr. 
ciiaL chatting], to talk in an easy familiar 
manner: n. familiar or informal speech; 
gossip. 


rtlfi fpoii (sha'to'), n. [pi. chateaux (-toz)]. 

a. castle? a manor houso or 


row - minded braggart 


a castle; 

country seat. [Fn.] 

lijitacs (shat'e-lan;F r. sha^te-lan'), 
tllcU-C-lailtc n. a clasp to which is 

attached a chain for keys, trinkets, etc., worn 
at the waist by ladies; mistress of a chateau. 
r y ,«•*. fpj (chat'l), n. personal property not 
VXXcLL-LCl including houses or land: usually 

hi plural. 

tnr (c^at'er), v.i. to utter sounds 
Vliat-LCX rapidly; rattle the teeth, as in 
shivering or from fright; talk idly or care¬ 
lessly: v.t. to utter rapidly, idly, or indis¬ 
tinctly: n. sounds like those of the magpie, 
etc.; idle, rapid talk. 

/»V»o+ Kav (chat'er-boks), n. an inces- 
ClldL-LcI-UOA S ant talker, especially a 
child. [Colloq.] 1 

Anf -t-rr (chat'l), adj. talkative in an easy, 
vllctl-Ly familiar way; gossipy.—n. chat¬ 
tiness. 

/'Viouf foii-r (sho'fftr'; sho'fer), n. an oper- 
CHdUX-lvUI ator of an automobile. [Fr.] 

rViciii fan mi a (sha-to'kwd), n. a system 
V^lldU.-ldli-t|ud 0 f education by summer 

mission schools and lectures, as at Chau¬ 
tauqua, N. Y.; home reading circles and 
correspondence. 

Chau-vin-ism n. nar- 

patriotism.—n. Chauvinist 
rhncrn (ckep), adj. purchasable at a low 
vile dp price; common; mean; of little 
value: adv. at a low price.— adv. cheaply.—n. 
cheapness. 

rhnsvn on (chep'n), v.t. to lessen or bring 
uicap-cu down in price: v.i. to become 
low in price. 

rhnaf (chet), n. a fraud or deception; one 
died l w ho defrauds another, as out of 
money: v.t. to deceive or defraud: v.i. to act 
as a trickster or deceiver.—n. cheater, 
rfwarlr (chek), n. a restraint; a reproof; a 
VllcvJa. pass; ticket, or token; cloth woven 
in squares of alternate patterns; an order or 
draft on a bank for money; in chess, a word 
signifying an attack on the king; a setback; a 
mark signifying that something has been 
examined or verified: v.t. to restrain; stop; 
reprove; to examine by comparison, or mark 
as having been examined or verified; in chess, 
to put (a king) in danger; to mark in small 
squares: v.i. to pause, halt. 

nrh- nr (chek'er), n. one of the squares 
tllcUl-Cl 0 f a pattern marked in squares; 
piece with which to play checkers: pi. game 
played on a checkerboard: v.t. to mark with 
small squares; to mark -with many and irregu¬ 
lar changes, as those caused by trouble, etc. 

t- _(chgk'er-ber'I), n. [pi. 
CneCK-er-ber-ry checkerberries (-lz)i, 
the spicy red fruit of the American winter- 
green; also, the plant. 

checker-board board ~ on ~ which the 

game of checkers is played. 


ma+n (chek'mat), n. the winning 
vj.xvvx\.-xii.dLv move at chess; hence, a 
complete defeat from which there is no 
escape: v.t. in chess, to make impossible the 
escape of (the opponent’s king); defeat utterly; 
as, to checkmate a plan. 

. n. a short rein 
attached to the saddle of a 
harness to keep a horse from lowering its 
head. 

rVi**pTr ( c kek), n. the side of the face 
viivvxv beneath either eye; among me¬ 
chanics, one of two corresponding sides; as, 
the cheeks of a lathe; slang, brazen impudence; 
bold assurance.— adj. cheeky. 

rliiack-n ( ch ®P)> n - a P ee P or squeak; a 
vxxcvjj shrill noise, as that of a young 
chicken, or a mouse: v.i. to make such a 
noise.— n. cheeper. 

plifidr n - temper or state of mind; 

yxxvcx especially, a state of gladness or 
joy; that which is furnished for entertain¬ 
ment; a shout of applause; sometimes, luck: 
v.t. to gladden; encourage; applaud; to greet, 
especially with shouts of welcome. 

rhnnr fill (cher'fool), adj. full of, or 
vxxccx-xui causing, good spirits; as, a 
cheerful face; a cheerful dawn.— adv. cheerfully. 
— n. cheerfulness. 

Syn. gay, merry, sprightly, enlivening. 

Ant. (see mournful). 

pViciiar loee (cher'les), adj. gloomy; joy- 
vxxvcx-/ coo i ess; dismal. — adv. cheerlessly. 
— n. cheerlessness. 

rVifkiar V (cher'i), adj. cheerful; gay; as, a 
vxxvvx-jr cheery voice; a cheery room.— adv. 

cheerily. —n. cheeriness. 

eliooea (chez), n. a food consisting of the 
CXXvvov curd of milk. 

eliooco rlAtVi (chez kloth ), n. a thin, 
viivvoC-t/iUlll loosely woven cloth like 

that in which cheese is wrapped after pressing. 

cheese-par-ing Ss!riy p ; ar '£. B) \nfeVe- 

paring methods in business. 

r k PP c xr (chez'I), adj. containing, like, or 

txxcco-jf appearing like, cheese. 

+ 0 T 1 (che'ta), n. an animal of the cat 
dlcv-ld.Il family, of Persia, India, etc., 
as, the leopard. Also, chetah. 
rlnaf (shef), n. a chief or head cook, espe- 
IsXXCX cially a French cook. 

wrp (she"dQ vr), 

cnei-u. CCU-Vre c hefs*d’ceu- 
dfi'vr)], a masterpiece. [Fr.] 
rfipm 1 ra 1 (kem'I-kal), adj. pertaining to 
viicxii-i-vcxx chemistry; produced or used 
in operations where compounds are formed or 
separated.—n. a substance produced or used 
in a chemical process.— adv. chemically. 
r\in mi*QA (shfi-mez'), n. a woman’s short 
dlC-xxxxov and loose undergarment. 

r*Ti<am icf (kem'Ist), n. one skilled In 
chemicals or chemistry; [Eng.], 
a dealer in drugs and medicines. 
r*V» om to +-rTr (kem'is-trl), n. the science 
diciix-lb-liy which treats of the nature 
and composition of substances, and the laws 
which govern their relations. 

ch.6 nille n% stik or worste< i 

cViaaiia (chek), n. an order or draft on a 
dlvCJuc bank. Also, check. 

/'hnr toll (cher'Ish), v.t. to hold dear; as, 
dlcl-loli America cherishes the memory of 
her martyred presidents; keep affectionately 
in the mind; treat with tenderness.—n. 

cherisher. 

PTicu* a \rnn (chSr'fc-ke'), n. one of a tribe 
'--' AACA -v-XV-v v 0 f American Indians, origi- 


n. \pl. 
vre (s h 6'- 


boot, fobt; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







cheroot 


104 


childbirth 


nally inhabiting what is now northern Georgia, 
North Carolina, etc.: now in Cddahoma. 

(sM-root'; che-root'), n. a kind 
Clie-lUOt of cigar, originally made in the 
Philippine Islands, having square ends. 

_r, _ „ (cher'I), n. [pi cherries (-Iz)], the 
Clier-iy font of a tree of the plum family; 
the tree itself: adj. of the color of the ripe 
fruit of this tree; ruddy. . ... 

_i_ ,,i- (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs (-ubz) 

cner-uo or cherubim (cher'u-blm; cher'oo- 
bim)], an angel; [pi. cherubs], a beautiful child. 

V»i/» (chS-L'do'blk), adj. of or per- 
Cllc-l U-Ulfc taining to cherubs; angelic; 
as, the cherubic face of a little child. 

_r, (ches), n. a game played by two per- 

fcilcbb sons with sixteen pieces each, on a 
checkered board divided into sixty-four squares. 



jHH & 81A 21 & Mi 




chew 


Chessboard with Chessmen in Place 

-x (chest), n. a large box; sometimes, 
CIieSM the quantity such a box contains; 
a treasury or place for keeping a fund; the 
fund itself; the breast or thorax; a tight con¬ 
tainer for gas, etc. 


order of merit; often, a gal¬ 
lant young man. 

Chev-i-ot 

bred on the Cheviot Hills 
between England and Scot¬ 
land : cheviot, a rough cloth 
made from the wool of this 
sheep; a cotton fabric. 

chev-ron a S <£i™n n) on n a Chevron 

coat of arms representing two rafters of a 
house meeting at the top; the badge on the 
coat sleeve of a military officer to show rank. 



(choo), v.t. to crush and grind with 

the teeth: v.i. to bite repeatedly: n. 
act of masticating, or chewing; that which 
can be chewed, as a cud or quid. 

--p. (che-wInkO, n. a North Ameri- 
CIlfc.-Wl.ti.ti. can bird 0 f the sparrow family: 
so called from its note. 

Phmr orvnfi (shi-en'), n. one of a tribe of 
V^Iifcj -C1IIIC American Indians, originally 
inhabiting the region of the Upper Arkansas 
River in Colorado, and Wyoming: now in 
Oklahoma. 

• (sh$k), n. Parisian elegance in dress: 

CHIC a dj . stylish. [Colloq. Fr.] 
nhi ra-n o nr (shl-kan'er-I), n. [pi. chica- 
fcHl-fcdJl-e-ry neries (-Iz)], trickery; 
sh ’ewd or sharp dealing or practice. 

-r,* i. (chik), n. the young of a bird, espe- 
fclilfcli cially of the common hen; hence, a 
child. 

rhZrh- a (chOc'd-de*), n. a bird; 

the American black-cap 

titmouse. 

cbirlr o rpp (chlk'd-re"), n. the Ameri- 
fcIllfc-K.-a.-I Cfc can red squirrel: so called 
from its cry. 

cliirllr on (chlk'en), n. the young of a 
fclLlfclk-Cll fowl, especially of the domestic 

fowl; a young child or an inexperienced person. 

chick-en-heart-ed ^3** ’ 
chick-en pox mlld 

(chlk'wed"), n. a common 

CniCK-Weea w fld plant with white 

blossoms. 

-t.jp „ r „ (chlk'o-ri), n. a plant with 
fclllfc-U-iy bright blue flowers and a taper¬ 
ing root, which, when roasted and ground, is 
used to mix with coffee. 

oViiHo v -l [P-l chid, chided; p.p.,. 

Giliuc cliid, chided, chidden; p.pr. chiding], 
to find fault with; scold. 

Syn. blame, rebuke, censure, reprimand, 
cl *of (chef), n. a commander or leader or 
fclilfcl principal person; also, the principal 
or most important part: adj. principal; 
leading; main. 

Syn., n. chieftain, head, leader. 

Ant. (see subordinate). 

rTiipf Iv (chef'll), adv. principally; for the 
fciiifcl-iy most part; generally. 


rmt (ches'nut), n. the edible nut fain (chef'tln), n. a captain, leader. 

fcllfcbl-UUL 0 r seed of a forest tree, which Q r commander; especially, the 

grows in a prickly burr; the tree itself; its 
light coarse-grained timber; a reddish-brown 
color; a horse of such color; slang, an old or 
stale joke: adj. reddish-brown: horse-chestnut, 
a shade tree bearing a nut larger and somewhat 
similar to a chestnut, formerly used as feed 
for horses. 

rhf> to! o4 acc (she-val' glas), a framed 
CXlc-VcU. gldbb mirror large enough to 

reflect the full-length figure. 
pV,n,r o i; or (shev"a-ler'), n. a knight; in 
fcllfc V-d-JLlfci France, a member of an 


head of a class or tribe.— n. chieftaincy, chief¬ 
tainship. 

frvn (shif'on; Fr. sbe"f6h'), n. a 
fcllli-lull kind of thin gauze fabric. 

/'Vlif fck nlor (shlf"6-ner'), n. a piece of 

V'Alll-iU-Illfcl furniture fitted with drawers 

and shelves. Also, chiffonnier. 

rVii cm rm (she"nyon'; shln'yon), n. a roll 

fclll'fellUli 0 f natural or artificial hair worn 

by women over a pad at the back of the head. 

[Fr.] 

rllicr rwa (chlg'd), n. a kind of flea found 
fclllg-UC i n the sandy regions of the West 
Indies and South America: the female bur¬ 
rows beneath the human skin; in southern 
United States, a mite with similar habits. 
Also, chigre, jigger. 

rliil hlciin (chll'blan"), n. a sore or inflam- 
fclill-Lrldlll mation caused by frost or cold. 

usually affecting the feet or hards. 
rTiilH ( ciulci )’ n ■ [pl children (chfl'dren)], a 
fcllilU >son or daughter; a baby; a very- 
young person; sometimes, a descendant. 

child birth n - tlle act or 

child. 


time of bringing forth a 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 



























childhood 


105 


chloric 


child-hood 

from infa.nm 


.. n. the period 
from infancy to young man¬ 
hood or womanhood. 

rliilH tcli (child'Ish), adj. like a child; 
LilllU-loll also, weak; foolish; as, a 

childish impulse in an adult.— adv. childishly. 
—n. childishness. 

rfiilH Ipco (child'16s), adj. having no 
Clllitl-icoo child; without a family.— n. 

childlessness. 

rllild lilrp> (child'Ilk"), adj. like, or belong- 
umu-iihe in? to , a child; suitable in, or 

becoming to, a child; ^characteristic of a child. 

rVlil a crr% (chll'S-an), adj. of or pertaining 
vllll-c>all £o Chile: n. a native of Chile. 

rhil i (chll'I), n. [pi. chilies (-Iz)], the red 
Lliii-l, pepper. Also, chile, chilli. 

pflill ( c hil)t n. a sudden coldness accom- 
VAAAAA panied by shaking; the absence of 
heat in a substance: adj. having the sensation 
of cold; depressing; discourteous; as, a chill 
greeting: v.t. to make cold; as, snow chills the 
air; deject; depress: v.i. to become or feel cold, 
rllimp (chfm), n. the musical harmony or 
Liliinc sound produced by striking a set 
of bells with hammers; a set of bells tuned 
to the musical scale and struck with ham¬ 
mers: v.i. to sound in harmony; to be in 
harmony or to agree: v.t. to cause to sound in 
harmony; to play tunefully upon, as bells, 
rhi mp ret (kl-me'rd; ki-me'rd), n. an 
* ,AAA “ AAA ' : '~ A impossible fancy; as, the belief 
In a fountain of youth was a chimera; in 
mythology, a fearful monster which breathed 
forth Are. Also, chimsera. 
rhi mpr i pa 1 (ki-mSr'I-kSLl; kl-mer'I- 
' #A “ -lAA ' : '*" A “'-' < * A kal), adj. merely imagi¬ 
nary; fantastic; given to impossible or imprac¬ 
ticable schemes. 

chim-ney 

(chlm'nl), n. [pi. 
chimneys (-nlz)], 
the passage through 
which smoke or 
heated air, etc., 
escapes; a glass 
tube for a lamp. 

chim-pan-zee 

(chlm - pa n' z §; 
chlm' / pan-ze'), n. a 
large Central 
American ape re¬ 
lated to the gorilla, 

but smaller and less , „„„ 

fierce. Chimpanzee 

• (chin), n. the part of the face below the 
vllhl under lip; as, the chin often shows 

pVi o r»o ptop 

rVii rta (chi'na), n. a fine kind of porcelain: 
Ull-lla adj. of, or made of, china. 

fM-ii -no mart (chi'na-man), n. [pi. China- 

A/111-lld.-IIldJl men 1 ^ _ 

(-mSn)], a native of «, , — 

China; a Chinese. 

chi-na-ware 



(chTna-w&r"), n. porce- / 
lain ware; dishes in'- 



general 

rViiripli (chinch), n. 

enmen an insect 

that destroys corn 
crops; the bedbug. 

chin-chil-la chVi5’ 

n. a small South American animal with a soft 
fine gray fur; the fur of this animal; a heavy 
woolen cloth with short, wavy nap. 


Chinchilla 


rTiin a (chin), n. the baekbone or spine of 
'' AAAAAC an animal; a piece of the back¬ 
bone of an animal with adjoining parts, cut 
for cooking. 

Phi tiaca (chl-nez'; chimes'), adj. of or 
V/AAA “ A - coc pertaining to China: n. a 
native or natives of China; the language of 
the Chinese. 

rhrntr (chink), n. a small lengthwise crack 
Lilli iiv or opening; a sharp metallic or 
jingling sound: v.i. and v.t. to make, or to- 
cause to make, a sharp metallic sound; jingle. 

rhin nil a m'n (cnto'kd-pln) t n. a shrub 
Cimi-qud.-pm or small tree, related to 
the chestnut, or its sweet edible nut: called 
also the dwarf chestnut. Also, chinkapin, 
pfiinfr (chints), n. cotton cloth, printed to 
Lllilliz, various colors. Also, chints. 
chin ( cW P). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. chipped, p.pr. 
V/AAA F chipping], to cut or break small pieces 
from: v.i. to break off in small bits: n. a 
small piece of stone, wood, etc., cut or 
broken off; a disk used in games as a counter. 

miinlr (chip mufik), n. a small 
Liiip-inu.ii.rv. squirrel-like animal of red¬ 
dish-brown color, commonly striped; a ground 
squirrel or hackee. 

Phi-n -rkck ixra (chlp'S-wa), n. one of a tribe 
^ AAA p-]J“-YV«. 0 f American Indians, origi¬ 
nally inhabiting the region around Lake 
Superior. 

chi-rog-ra-phy "■ tbe art 

rhi rnn n rfiQt (hi-rop'6-dlst), n. one 
Llil-i Up-U-U-lo L who treats diseases of 

the feet and hands.— n. chiropody. 

r-lii rn rtretr fip (kih-6-prak'tIk), n. a 
^ AA -*-“ A *“' - F AcA C-U.L system of treatment of 
bodily disorders by means of manipulating 
the spine, without the use of drugs or 
surgery. 

pTiim (chfirp), n. a short cheerful note. 
Lillip as that of a bird: v.i. to utter such a 
note: v.t. to utter with such a note. 
r Ui r nm (chlr'up), v.i. to chirp repeatedly; 
LliU- -i tip of persons, to make a sound 
like a chirp: v.t. to utter with a chirp: n. act 
or sound of chirping repeatedly, 
rliic a 1 (chlz'el), n. an edged instrument of 
Lllis-cl iron or steel for cutting wood, 
stone, or metal: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. chiseled, 
p.pr . chiseling], to cut, pare, gouge, or 
engrave with such a tool, 
pin if (chh). n. a child; a pert, forward girl 
L111L or young woman. 

r"hif rhat (chlt'chat), n. familiar talk of 
Lllll-Lilo-L little importance; gossip. 

firwa (ki'tln), n. the hard outer coat of 
Lill-UlIC insects; shellfish. Also, chitin. 

pbiw ill rip (shlv'al-rlk), adj. knightly: 
Liiiv-ai-iiL gallant; of courteous and 
kindly spirit. 

pk hr o 1 rr\i i c (shlv'al-rus), adj. pertain- 
LIllV-d.i-1 UUo i n g to chivalry; warlike; 
gallant; courteous; as, a gentleman is expected 
to be chivalrous to a lady.— adv. chivalrously. 

ol vtt (shlv'al-rl), n. the system of 
cmv-ai-ry knighthood in the Middle 
Ages; the qualifications of a knight, as 
bravery, nobleness, courtesy, respect for 
womanly dignity, chastity, etc. 
pL- (chlv), n. a perennial herb allied to 
LI11V c the onion: usually in plural. 
pt.t. rct 1 (klo'ral), n. a strong sleep-pro- 
LUIU-Idl ducing drug which paralyzes the 
heart if taken in large doses. 

clilo rate n - a salt of ch ioric 

pfilA rip (klo'rlk), adj. pertaining to, or 
C AAA '-'- AA L obtained from, chlorine. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, tiiick; hw=whas in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 
9 







chloride 


106 


Christianization 


/'Vilrt -ri Ac* (klo'rld; klo'rld), n. a com- 

cmo-riae nound of ct 


a 

with 


an¬ 



as, “Go show your slaves how 
choleric you are.” 

/'■hrvrkCia (chooz), v.t. [p.t. chose, p.p. chosen, 
CllOObtJ p.pr. choosing], to select; collo¬ 
quially, to wish; to be pleased: ti.i. to make a 
choice.— n. chooser. 

Syn. elect, select, cull, pick. 

Ant. (see refuse). 

r»1-irvn ( ch °P)> vi - lP-<- and P-P- chopped, 
Cliup p.pr. chopping], to cut with repeated 
blows; to cut into very small pieces: v.i. to 


make a quick stroke, as with an ax; to shift 
or change direction suddenly, as the wind: 
n. a piece chopped off; especially, a small 
piece of meat; a jaw: usually in the plural: 
pi. the mouth cavity; the fleshy parts 
about the mouth.— n. chopper. 

fa 1 1^-n (chdp'fbl'n), adj. dejected, 
cnop-iai-ien Also, chapfallen. 

r»lirkrv (chSp'I), adj. full of short, rough 
Cliup-jjy waves: said of the sea; changea¬ 
ble: said of the wind. 

o+.We (chQp'stlks"), n.pl. two small 
Cnop-o llCivb sticks used by the Chinese 
in taking food. 

l on CIXT (ch5p soo'I), a Chinese dish 
t/IlOp bU-ey of stewed chicken or pork, 

vegetables, and seeds. 

r*Vir\ val (ko'ral), adj. of or pertaining to a 
CflU-IctI choir; chanted or sung by a choir; 
as, a choral service. 

.' Ar J (kord), n. the string of a musical 
LIIOIU. instrument; musical notes in har¬ 
mony; a straight line joining the ends of a 
portion of the circumference of a circle: v.i. 
in music, to be in harmony; v.t. to provide with 
musical chords; to tune. 

/'Virt ro o (kft're'a), n. a twitching nervous 
CXlO-ItJ-ct disease; St. Vitus’s dance. 

_l _ rir (ko'rfk; kor'ik), adj. of or pertain- 
CI1C-I1C ing to a chorus. 

(chorz), n.pl. in the United States 
LllUrcb an d provincial England, small or 
odd jobs; the daily light work of a farm or 
household. 


pound of chlorine 
other substance. Also, chlorid. 

chlo-ride of lime 

powder, much used in bleaching and as a 
disinfectant. 

rirwa (kld'rln; klo'ren), n. a greenish- 
CllIG-I iiic yellow, heavy, highly poisonous 
gas, used commercially as a bleaching agent: 
largely used in gas attacks in the World War. 

r*Vi1rk rc\ fnrm (klo'rfi-form). n. a liquid 
C11IG-1 used to make one uncon¬ 

scious of pain: v.t. to give chloroform to. 

rdwl (klo'ro-fll), n. the green 
cmo-ro-pnyi coloring matter of plants. 

Also, chlorophyll. 

(ckbk), n. a block or wedge to flll 
CllUCia. i n a space so as 
to prevent motion; on a 
ship, a type of casting or 
wooden part for ropes to . 

run through: v.t. to fur- '~' n0CK 

nish, wedge, or make fast, with a chock: adv. 
as tight as possible. 

Ahrirlr full (chbk'-fool"), adj. full to 
GlAGG.ia.~i u.n capacity; full as possible. 

Also, choke-full, chuck-full. 

r\ lo+» (chok'6-lat), n. a paste of 
GilUG-U-ld It the roasted kernels of the 
cacao-nut, used in making the drink so called: 
adj. having the color of, or made of, chocolate. 

PVirkr* fcnxr (chok'td), n - one of a tribe of 
G/IlUC-ldW American Indians, originally 
inhabiting the region between the Mobile tc fpr (kor'Is-ter), n. a member of a 

and Mississippi Rivers in Alabama and GllUi-lo-lCi choir, especially a male 
Mississippi: now in Oklahoma. 
cV»Air>fl (chois), n. the act of choosing; the 
cnoioe right of choosing; the thing or 
person chosen; the best or preferable part; 
a number large enough to choose from: adj. 
select; carefully chosen; careful of: with of; 
uncommon.— adv. choicely. — n. choiceness. 

•l, * r (kwlr), n. a band of singers in a 
CnOir church; the place where they sing. 

v, (chok), v.t. to stop thq breath of 
CnOKC by closing the windpipe; to stifle, 
strangle, or suffocate; block up: v.i. to become 
suffocated; to become clogged: n. the act or 
sound of strangling, etc. 

_,i_ rxr (chok'cher"!) , n. a North 

CnOKe-GlICI-iy American wild cherry; 

its fruit. 

rbrklro Hsimn (ch5k dam P)- a poisonous 
GIlUIvC U-diiiJl gas, sometimes produced 

in wells, mines, and other pits. 

/'Vwvlr xr (chok'I), adj. stifling; tending to 
CXIOiV-y strangle or choke, as through 
strong feeling. Also, chokey. 

•L i (kol'er), n. anger; as, he was a man 
cnoi-ex whose choler was quickly aroused. 

•L i CkT „ (kol'er-a), n. a disease accom- 
CllOI-er-d panied by violent vomiting: 
cholera infantum, a disease of infants, 
accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea: 
cholera morbus, an acute disease character¬ 
ized by violent vomiting, cramps, purging, 
and prostration. 

cho! er ic (kdl,6 r-> k l> high-tempered; 


singer; [U. S.], a leader of a choir or of congre¬ 
gational singing. 

rVin-r +1^ (chor'tl), v.i. and v.t. to laugh In 
CIlUl-llC a chuckling, snorting fashion: 
the word was coined by Lewis Carroll, the 
author of Alice in Wonderland, and is used 
humorously. 

—■l _ riic (kS'rus), n. a number singing 
LHU-IU-b together; that part of a musical 
composition in which the company all sing 
together; a piece of music arranged in parts; a 
refrain recurring at the end of each verse of a 
song; a band of singers and dancers in a 
Greek play. 

.L.p. (choz), past tense of the verb 
CllUbC choose. 

rVi/v con (chS'zn), p.adj. selected; picked 
lllU-oCll out; as, a chosen few; a chosen 
band; a chosen people. 

rVinw ( clM) u), n. a breed of dogs in northern 
G11UW China, similar to a small Eskimo dog; 
slang, food: Chow, slang, a Chinaman. 

/'Vi/vwr T'Virvur (chou'chou"), n. an East 
CnOW-CnOW Indian mixed pickle. 

-•L nw (eliou'der), n. a dish of fresh 

UlUW-UcI fish; clams stewed together 
with pork, biscuits, etc. 

rhricm (krizm), n. oil blessed by the 
GUI lolll priest and used in baptism, con¬ 
firmation, etc. 

rViric +<an (krls'n), v.t. to baptize; also. 
GlIllb-LCll to give a Christian name to. 

PViric Hrvm (krls'n-dum), n. coun- 

i.o- LLii-w.WJ.il tries whose people are 

Christians; Christians collectively. 
r'Vii-io -fio-n (krls'chan), n. a believer in 
VMlilb-lldJl the religion of Christ: adj. 
possessing the religion of Christ. 

PViric +i on i fir (krls'chl-anff-t!; krls- 
^nns-ll-ail-l-xy chan'I-ti), n. the relig¬ 
ion taught by Christ. 

Chris-tian-i-za-tion shSn)?m D the z act 

of converting to Christianity._ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; finit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









Christianize 


107 


chyle 


fi ofi 17 a (krls chan-lz), v.t. to con- 
vert to Christianity. 

Chris-tian Sci-ence sKTl^stcm 

of religious belief which claims that sickness 
is a diseased belief shown in the body, and 
that all ills can be cured by correcting this 
belief. 

f'Vifiof moc? (krls'mds), n. the festival 
v^lil io l-lllcio (Dec. 25) which celebrates 
the birth of Christ. 

pVirn mof ip (kro-mat'Ik), adj. pertaining 
vi-Aiia.L-io to colors; as, a chromatic 
chart; indicating a special kind of music 
including half tones, one after the other; as, 
a chromatic scale: n. a note affected by an 
accidental sharp or flat: pi. that branch of 
the science of light and vision which treats of 
colors.— adv. chromatically. 


$ 


$ 




-o 


it 


W 


■ wf ar 


Chromatic Scale, Ascending and Descending 

oVimi -.Im (kro'mx-um), n. a metallic 
CiirO-IIU-UIIl element of a grayish-white 
color. Also, chrome. 

(kro'mo), n. [pi. chromos (-moz)l, 
LillO-IUO a picture produced by printing 
in colors. 

plim-n in (kron'ik), adj. continuing for a 
*Cill (JI1-1L long time; returning again and 
again: said of a disease. 

pViiwn i rl** (kron'I-kl), n. a record of 
LIU UU-I-wic events; as, a diary is a 
chronicle of the daily events of one’s life: 
v.t. to write 
an account of; 
as, history 
chronicles the 
great events in 
the life of na¬ 
tions: Chron- 
icles.two books 
of the Old Tes¬ 
tament con¬ 
taining the his¬ 
tory of the Jews 
during a con¬ 
siderable peri- Chronograph 

od. , 

rrvonV» (kron' 6 -graf), n. an in- 

enron-o-grapn strument for marking 

very short intervals of time, or for recording 
graphically the time or duration of an occur- 

^ • i (kr5n'’’6-16j / i-kal), 

chron-o-log-i-cal adj. pertaining to, or 

containing an account of, past events in the 
order of time; as, in your history text-book, 
the events are arranged in chronological order. 
— adv. chronologically. 

-mAI i-v m‘cH- (kr 6 -nol'o-jIst), n. a 
cnro-nol-o-gisx person who attempts 

to discover the true dates of past events and 
to arrange them in their proper order. Also, 
chronologer. . , . , , 

_i_--. /vvr (kr6-n61'S-jI), n. [pi. 

Chro-nol-o-gy Chronologies (-jlz)j, the 
science that treats of events and arranges 
their dates in proper order. 

_i_,. _ « +«■»- (kr 6 -nom'e-ter), n. an 

Ciiro-nom-e-ter instrument for measur¬ 
ing time with extreme accuracy; an accurate 
watch or timepiece. 



clirvQ lid ikris d-lis), n. the last stage 
J a-cl-no through which an insect, or 
a butterfly, passes before it is completely 
developed and emerges from its case or 
shell. 

chrys-an-the-mum L k omt£a'£ia« 

allied to the aster family, having large, showy 
flowers; a flower of this plant. 

phrve n lit** (kris'o-lit), n. a green- 
v-iij o-u-xiic; colored mineral, when trans¬ 
parent, sometimes used as a gem. 
rTiiiK (chub), n. a fresh-water fish of several 
CilUU varieties; a plump person. 

rtiiiK hi 7 (chub'I), adj. plump; fat and 
unuD-Dy round; as, a chubby little boy.— 
n. chubbiness. 

pfiiiplr (ch&k), v.t. to pat in a playful 
l/liUCJA manner: n. a light blow under the 
chin; a contrivance for hold¬ 
ing a tool in a lathe; the part 
of a beef extending from the 
neck to the shoulder-blade. 

rkiirlr 1** (chuk 1), n. a 
LIlULii-lt; quiet, sup¬ 
pressed laugh: v.i. to laugh 
in such a manner, 
phum (chum), «. one who 
t/iiUiii lodges in the same 
apartment; an old or inti¬ 
mate friend: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
chummed, p.pr. chu m ming], 
to occupy the same room.-— 
adj. chummy. [Colloq.] 

pTiiimn (chump), n. a 
short, thick 
heavy piece of wood; slang, 
a stupid or awkward person. 

chunk ( Qhiilik ) ’ n • a short > 


thick piece; as, a 
chunk of ice. [Colloq.] 



Drill Chuck 


rliirnir (chunk'!), adj. short and thick; 
LIIU.ll.ri.-y as, a chunky boy or girl. [Colloq.) 

Phnrpll '"church), n. a building set apart 
CllUi Cli f or divine worship; the entire body 
of Christians: Church, a particular body of 
Christians; as, the Presbyterian Church. 

pViurpli mem (chflrch'man), n. a mem- 
LIlUI Cl.I-IIld.Il ber of the English Estab¬ 
lished Church; an adherent of an established 
church. 

pin ii"pTi Urol* rloti (chflrch'wor dn), n. 

enuren-war-aen ^ the church of 

England, or Protestant Episcopal Church, 
one of two officers chosen at Easter in every 
parish to attend to the business affairs of the 
church, and to act as the legal agents of the 
parish. 

pViiirpli 170 rH (church'yard'), n, the 
enui eu-jaiu ground around a church, 

especially when used for burial, 
plliirl (churl), n. formerly, a rustic or 
LllUil countryman; now, a surly, ill-bred 
person; a miser. 

plliirl ic’L (chur'lish), adj. ill-bred; mi- 
uiiuai-i»ii serly; hard to manage; stub¬ 
born.— adv. churlishly.— n. churlishness, 
pin irn (churn), n - a vessel in which milk 
LiiUi.il or cream is made into butter: v.t. 
to make (butter) by violently stirring cream; 
to stir by violent motion: v.i. to stir cream in 
maldng butter. 

pViii+a (shoot), n. a slanting trough for 
LilulC/ sending articles down; as, a coal 
chute; a river-fall over which timber is 
floated. 

pViirl** (kil), n. a milklike fluid separated 
Lily ItJ from digested matter in the stomach, 
absorbed by the lacteal vessels, and mado a 
part of the blood. 


boot, foot; lound; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wn as in when;, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


















































chyme 


108 


circumscribe 


rlrtrmo (krm) • n - the pulpy mass of partly 
AAAC digested food before the separation 
of the chyle, 

ra rfa (sl-ka'da), n. [pi. cicadas (-daz)], 
tl-l/ft-Ua a class of insects having the 
power of making a shrill sound, commonly 
and incorrectly called locusts. 
r j rct (sl-ka'trlks; slk'ri-trlks), n. [pi. 

Cl-Cct-txlA cicatrices (slk"a-tri'sez)j, thescar 
remaining after a wound has healed. 
piJ (sld), n. a chief or commander; espe- 
ciafly, the hero, Ruy Diaz, the Christian 
•champion against the Moors; the name of a 
Spanish poem. 

(si'dSr), n. the juice of apples 
squeezed out and fermented. 

«j cfrxr (si-gar'), n. a small roll of tobacco- 
leaf used for smoking. 

ricr a (slg'a-rSt'), n. a small roll 

'■' A &- <A -“ A cttc made of finely cut tobacco 
for smoking, usually rolled in thin paper. 

/'ll i fl (sil'I-d), n.pl. the hair of the eyelids; 
Gll-l-d hairlike processes, as of a cell, or ot 
certain plants. 

i o + orl (sfl'I-S.t'Sd), adj. covered with 
CU-l-at-eU cilia, or fine hair. 

Pim mo ri art (sl-me'rl-an), adj. be- 
^ AAAA_AAA “~ rA_ * :AAA longing to the Cimmerii, 
an imaginary people mentioned by Homer 
as living in constant darkness; hence, in¬ 
tensely dark, gloomy; as, blind people spend 
their lives in Cimmerian darkness, 
rinf'll (shich), n. a saddle girth firmly fast- 
V/J-licu ened in place by loop and knots; 
a sure grip or hold; slang, a sure or easy thing. 

aV, a «« a (sin—ko no), n. a South Amen— 
V^JLi.1-Gil U-lid can tree from the bark of 
which quinine is extracted: cinchona, the 
bark of the Cinchona tree, 
cinr tlir#* (slhk'tilr), n. a belt or girdle 
euie-iuic WO rn round the waist; a raised 
or carved ring at the bottom and top of a 
pillar. 

f*in Hpr ( sIn 'der), n. a thoroughly charred 
piece of wood or other combustible 
substance; slag from a metal furnace; an 
ember: pi., colloquiallv, ashes.— adj. cindery. 
,f»in ck ma (sln'S-md), n. a motion picture 
t-'Iii-e-ilia. camera. 

cin-e-mat-o-graph ? ,n S m lpSfat f i 

to show pictures of objects in seeming motion. 
Also, kinematograph. 

cin pr a r\r (sln'er-S-rl), adj. pertaining 
v/iAA-en y or containing, ashes: 

applied to urns containing the ashes of 
human bodies. 

ciri rs«j Kor (sln'd-bar), n. a compound of 
*' AAA-AA4A- Dcti. sulphur with mercury. 

dti rta tn on (sln'd-mun), n. the mner 
1/Ul-Iid-IIlUn bark of an East Indian tree 
from which a spice is made. 

f/vil (sink foil"), 7t. a plant of the 
rose family, called from its 
shape, five fingers; an ornament resembling 
five leaves. 

ri Tiber (si'fer), n. the symbol 0; zero; 
'L/A-jpAA'cx naught; hence, a person or thing 
without value or power; a secret manner of 
writing, or the key to it; a code; as, cable¬ 
grams are sent in cipher: v.i. to work arith¬ 
metical examples with figures; to write with 
a private alphabet or other secret characters. 
Also, cypher. 

{’"'it* fp art (sdr-se'an), adj. pertaining to 
V a V^' 7 ^-«.I1 Circe, the enchantress or 
witch; hence, bewitching and degrading. 

Cir rip (sfir'kl), n. a round body; a plane 
, " surface bounded by a single curved 

line called its circumference, every part of 


which is equally distant from a point within 
it, called the center; the closed plane curve 
bounding such a surface; a number of per¬ 
sons or things united by a common bond; 
as, Goldsmith had a large circle of warm 
friends; something round, as a group of 
seats in a theater: v.i. to move around; to 
revolve: v.t. to surround, 
rir (sfir'klgt), n. a small circle; espe- 

GlI-Glct cially, an ornament, as a ring or 
bracelet. 

rtr niit ( sar 'klt), n. the act of going round 
Gil-CU1L anything; the arrangement by 
which an electrical current is kept up between 
the two poles of a battery or machine; the 
path of the electric current; circumference; 
compass; a route over which one passes 
regularly at intervals; a district, within cer¬ 
tain boundaries, as that assigned to a judge. 

rir rii i Muc (ser-ku'I-tfis), adj. round- 
ui-tu-i-tuua about; as, they went home 

by a circuitous route; indirect.— adv. cir¬ 
cuitously. 

rir ril lor (sfir'kfi-ldr), adj. round like a 
^■' AA -^d-ldl circle; of or pertaining to a 
circle; roundabout; published for distribu¬ 
tion to the public or to certain groups of 
persons; as, a circular letter: n. a printed or 
written letter or notice.— adv. circularly, 
rir m 1 ato (sfir'ktl-lat), v.t. to cause to 
V/U-tu-idlC pass from point to point or 
from one person to another: v.i. to move 
around and return to the same point; to 
pass from hand to hand. 

Air aii In flnti (sfir"kli-la shfin), n. the 
V ' AA -GU-id-ClUIl ac t G f moving around, or* 
passing or sending from place to place; 
also, the extent to which a thing is distributed 
or sent; as, the magazine has a largo 
circulation; the movement of the blood 
through the vessels of the body; current 
coin, notes, or bills. 

Air rii 1 a to rir (®dr kfi-ld-tfi—rl), adj. per- 
Gli-GU-ld-lO-iy taining to circulation; 

circulating; roundabout. 

cir-cum-am-bi-ent 

ing; surrounding. 

cir-cum-am-bu-late 

r.i. to walk about or around. 

ril* mm for mrr (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. 
Cir-cum-ier-ence the line that bounds 

a circle or any curved plane figure; the dis¬ 
tance around a circular body; circuit, 
rir rum floy (sQr'kfim-fleks), n. a mark 
» 1 , [~ ~ *] over a vowel or 

syllable to denote accent or contraction: adj. 
marked with such an accent; curved or wind¬ 
ing; bent, or bending round. 

cir-cum-lo-cu-tionft fl 0 ' n ', k0 n m -’ h 0 - k «;- 

of many words where but few are necessary 
a roundabout way of speaking: as, “to pass 
away is a common circumlocution for “to 
die. 

Sun. diffuseness, verbiage, wordiness, 
redundance. 

Ant. (see brevity). 

cir-cum-navhgate 

around, usually, to sail around the globe.— 
n- m circumnavigator, circumnavigaticn. 

cir-dim Tin tar (sur"kfim-po'lar), adj. 
GU GUIII-pO-iai near or surrounding the 

north or the south pole; as, the circumpolar 
stars revolve around the pole without setting. 

rir dim Qrrihfk (sfir'Tdam-skrib'), v.t. to 
Gir-GUm-SCI 1 DC i nc i OS e within certain 

lines or boundaries; hence , to restrict: as, the 


fM - r ’ &s h pdrade ’ scgne > event, edge, novel, refer-, 

righ., sin, co.d, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






circumspect 


109 


claim- 


power of the President of the United States is 
circumscribed by the law of the land; in 
geometry, to surround with a figure which 
touches at every possible point; as, to cir¬ 
cumscribe a triangle with a circle; to circum¬ 
scribe a circle with a polygon.—n. circum¬ 
scription. 

pir piiiti cnpcf (sftr'kum-spekt), (idj. 
tii-LUiii-bpcbl cautious; prudent; 

watchful on all sides.— adv. circumspectly.— 
n. circumspectness. 

cir-cum-spec-tion 

watchfulness on every side; prudence. 

/»if piitn tipp (sflr'knm-stans), n. 
-vlllll-b Iclllvti something relative to 

a fact; an event, detail, or incident; as, an 
interesting circumstance in his life: pi. state 
of affairs surrounding any incident, fact, or 
condition; the general conditions surround¬ 
ing one and determining one’s way of living: 
v.t. to place under limiting conditions. 

Syn. fact, incident. 

oiiiYi c+Qti -fiol (sur kum-stan - 
ClI-CUHl-oLcAU- Lldl s hal), adj. consisting 

in, pertaining to, or dependent on, circum¬ 
stances; presumptive; as. circumstantial evi¬ 
dence; incidental; accidental; detailed.— 

adv. circumstantially. — n. circumstantiality. 


cir-cum-stan-ti-ate 


shl-at), v.t. to 

show to be true in every particular. 

cir-cum-val-la-tion 

of throwing up walls or fortifications round a 
place. 

T 7 £k-e»+ (sur'ficum-vgnt'), r.t. to 

Cir-uum-veilt gain an advantage over 
by deception; as, an army often circumvents 
the enemy and gains an advantage. 

_• „ (sur"kum-ven'shun), 

cir-cum-ven-tion n , the act of gaining 

an advantage by deceiving; a trick by which 
some advantage is to be gained. _ 

_• (sfir'kfis), n. [pi. circuses (-ez)], a 

Cll-CllS large level space for feats of 

horsemanship and feats of skill, "with seats 
for the spectators arranged in rows, one 
above the other; also, the performance in 
such a space, and the performers of the feats. 

• (slr'fis), n. a form of cloud spread- 
Cir-rUS ing in wisps. 

•_ \ (sls'tern), n. a natural or man- 

ClS-iem made pit or hole for storing water. 

•x 0 (slt'd-del), n. a.fortress; a cas- 

ClT-a-Q61 tie; as, the British citadel on the 
Rock of Gibraltar commands the Strait of 

• (sT-ta'shiin), n. a summons to • «i _ • _ (slv'll sflr'vls), the paid 

Cl-tci-tion appear at a court of justice; CIV-11 S6rV-lC0 service of the erovem- 
act of quoting, or passage quoted, as from 
a book, for proof or argu¬ 
ment; mention; especially, 
in the "World War, honorable 
mention in the dispatches 
for bravery or distinguished 
merit. 

~;x _ (sit), v.t. to summon 
Cl It? to appear in court; 
quote; as, a minister cites as 
his text a passage from the Bible. 

(sith'ri-rd), n. the 


.hi. o-r o (sith'a-ra). n. tne. 

Cllll-di -a. ancient Greek lyre, tri¬ 
angular in shape, with from seven to 
eleven strings. _ 

i* 7 pti (slt'I-zen), n. a native of cithara 
l/ll-l-ACii a town or city; a mem¬ 
ber of a state or nation who enjoys political 



sense, a permanent resident of a city or country; 
as, the citizens of New York. 

the 
per- 


pjf i oVitTi 'I-zen-shlp")-, n. 

V/i v-l-Zf Cli- oiiip status or standing of a 

son who owes allegiance to the government in. 
return for his political rights and privileges. 
r Z+ rQ +ck (slt'rat), n. a salt derived from 
cil-icuc citric acid. 

rir ar id (slt'rlk as'Id), an acid: 
vlL-llC dC-JU. obtained from lemons and' 
oranges. 

plx rrkri (slt'run), n. the fruit of the citron. 
Cll-lUI 1 tree: like the lemon, but larger 
and not so acid; a variety of melon. 

(slt'rfis), n. a genus of tree which 
cn-JUo includes the orange, lemon, lime, 
citron, grapefruit, etc.— adj. citrous. 

•x (sivI), n. [pi cities (-Iz)], a large and 

CJL-y important town; in the United 
States, a mu¬ 
nicipality hav¬ 
ing local self- 
government. 

civ-et i t s ' v „; 

a thick sub¬ 
stance, of a 
yellowish color 
and a musklike 
odor, secreted 
by certain cats: 
used in per- civet 

fumes; any of various catlike meat-eating; 
animals. Also, civet cat. 

riv ir (slv'Ik.) adj. pertaining to a city 
CIV-1C or citizenship; as, the founding of' 
the city was celebrated by a great civic 
parade.— adv. civically. 

riv il > a dj- pertaining to the affairs of 

CIV-11 a city or government; taking place' 
in, or pertaining to, affairs within a nation;, 
as, civil war; of or pertaining to citizens;: 
not military or ecclesiastical; polite; often,, 
barely polite; observing social etiquette, bub 
with no warmth or cordiality.— adv. civilly. 
r j *i • „ (sl-vil'yan), n. a citizen en- 
Cl-Vll-ldll gaged in civil affairs. 

sf-vll'l-tl), n. [pi. civilities 



ri vil i Hr (sfvll'l-tl), n. [pi. 
^A~vii-l-ljr (-tlz)J, good breeding; courtesy. 

p itt < 11 70 fiAfi (slv"l-ll-za'shun), n. a. 
ClV-l-ll-Zd.-HUH state marked by ad¬ 
vancement, enlightenment, and progress iru 
general; state of being refined in manners; 
and improved in arts and letters; culture;, 
refinement. 

(siv'I-liz), v.t. to reclaim from a 
GlV-1-llx.c savage state; instruct in the 
arts and refinements of civilized life. 


service of the govern¬ 
ment not naval or military. 
olaVk -u (kl&b'er), v.t. to curdle, as milk; 
GidU-Uvl n. milk which has become thick 
and sour. 

oloolr (klak), v.i. to make a sudden, sharp 
CldCJC sound; chatter rapidly and con¬ 
tinuously: n. a sudden, sharp sound; con¬ 
tinual prattle.— n. clacker. 
r |nJ (klad), past tense and past participle* 
CldU. D f the verb [clothe; as, gentle spring 
in sunshine clad. 

olaim (klam), v.t. to demand as a right, or 
Gidllli ]jy authority; to assert to be true: 
v.i. to be entitled to anything; to make a. 
claim or assertion: n. a demand of a right; 
the asserting of a fact; the assertion of a 
right or title to anything; also, the thing 
demanded; especially, a piece of land which 
a miner marks out in accordance with mining 


rights and privileges, and gives in return his * mmuiua uu.m .wa,iu»u«. . 
allegiance to the government; in a general I law.— adj. claimable.— n. claimer. _ 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in whep; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 
























claimant 


no 


clatter 


claim ant ^lam'ant), ?*• one who de- 


anything as his right. 

plaii* '\7f\'\T ari r *p (klar-voi ans), ti. the 
waU'VUjf-aiii/C power claimed by some 

persons of seeing objects others cannot see, 
as, the power of reading minds. 

Hair vnv ant (klar-voi'ant), n. [fem. 
via.ll-VOj-aJ.lL clairvoyante], one who 

professes to have the power of clairvoyance, or 
the ability to see things hidden from others. 
— adv. elairvoyantly. 

pi am (klam), n. an eatabie shellfish of 
victiii several varieties. 

r 1 a m "hckr (klam'ber), v.t. and v.i. to 
vxaxu-ucx ascend or climb with difficulty, 
cl a m mv (klam'I), adj. soft and sticky 
and cold and moist.— adv. 
clammily.— -n. clamminess, 
pi arm or (klam'er), n. a loud and con- 
VIOJU-OI tinued noise, made especially 
with the voice: v.t. to shout with a loud 
voice: v.i. to make noisy demands. Also, 
clamour. 

Ham nr rvnc (klam'er-iis), adj. noisy; 
uaiu-m -uuo as, a clamorous mob. — adv. 
clamorously.— n. clamorousness, 
damn (klamp), n. anything that fastens 
vxaxixp or binds; a piece of wood, metal, 
etc., used to bring two 
things together: v.t. 
to fasten or bind with 
such a device, 
dan (klan), n. a 
vxaxi tribe or asso- 
ciation of families 
united under one 
chieftain, having one 
common parent and 
the same surname; a 
set or clique: used 
contemptuously. 

clan-des-tine ad), secret-. 



Clamp 


V. 

private; as, the early 
Christians held clandestine meetings in caves.— 
adv. clandestinely. 

darter (klang), n. a loud, sharp, ringing 
vxaxxg metallic sound: v.t. to cause to 
resound with a sharp metallic sound: v.i. to 
give out a sharp metallic sound, 
dan anr (klang'er), n. a loud metallic 
VXaiX-gUi sound; a clamorous noise; a 
sharp clang: v.i. to ring repeatedly and 
noisily.— adj. clangorous.— adv. elangorously. 
danlr (klank), n. a sharp, hard metallic 
CJ.OJl.fi. sound: v.t. and v.i. to rattle and 
sound, as chains. 

.plan nidi (klan'Ish), adj. pertaining to a 
vxoxx-xxxoxx clan, family, or tribe; cling¬ 
ing, or inclined to cling, together; closely 
adherent; prejudiced; narrow.— adv. clan¬ 
nishly.—n. clannishness, 
dan (klap), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. clapped, p.pr. 
vjom clapping], to strike (the hands) to¬ 
gether with a quick, sharp noise; to applaud 
by striking the hands together; to put on, 
place, etc., quickly and suddenly; strike or 
slap suddenly: v.i. to show approval by 
striking the hands together; come together 
with a quick, sharp noise: n. a loud noise 
made by a sudden collision: applause 
expressed by striking the hands together: 
a blow delivered with suddenness. 
a! hojirfl (klap bord; klab ord; klab^— 
via.p-uua.iu. erd), n. a long thin narrow 
board used for the outside covering of wooden 
houses. 

plan nor (klap'er), n. one who, or that 
uxap-pci which, claps; the tongue of a 
bell; the clack of a mill-hopper; a door 
knocker. 


Hon Iran (klap'trap"), n. any device, 
Uiap-llap expression, trick, language, or 
show, intended to gain applause or attention, 
pi ami a (klak), n. an organized body of 
UiaqutJ men paid to applaud or to express 
disapproval at theaters; hence, interested 
admirers. 

plar of (klar'et), n. the English name for 
VXai-CL a ro( j table wine of France; hence, 
any similar wine: adj. purplish red. 

plar i fir (klar'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
vxax-x-xj clarified, p.pr. clarifying], 
to make clear or bright; to make 
understandable: v.i. to become bright. 

— n . clarification, clarifier, 
plar i -nof (klar'I-net), n. a musical 
viai-l-UCL wind instrument. Also, 
clarionet. 

plar i on (klar'I-un), n. a small 
Llai-l-Uil trumpet: adj. sounding 
like this small trumpet, 
plar i fir (klar'I-tl), n. clearness; 

kY as, he was remarkable for 
the clarity and precision of his English, 
pla rn (kla'ro), adj. mild and light 
Uia-l U i n color: said of cigars. 

[Span.] 

p! a cli (klash), v.i. to make a loud 
Viaoli harsh noise; to be in opposi¬ 
tion; disagree; as, their opinions clash: _ 

v.t. to strike violently together: n. the , 
noise so produced; opposition; con- ' 
tradiction. 

rla cn (klasp), v.t. to shut or fasten together 
viaop with, or as with, a hook or fastener; 
to embrace; to hold firmly: n. a hook to 
hold anything close; a close embrace.— n. 
clasper. 

eloen |ru Ifc (klasp nif ), a knife the 
Vidap Klllic blades of which fold into 

the handle. 

placc (klas), n. a rank or order of persons 
via a a having like interests, or of things 
which are similar; a number of students of 
the same rank or status; a group of animals 
or plants; a number of objects, events, etc., 
ha\ing characteristics in common. 

Syn. degree, order, rank. 

Hoc ci p (klas'Ik), n. any book or work 
vxaa axv D f ar t that is, or may properly 
be regarded as, a standard; particularly, any 
Greek or Roman piece of literature or w r ork 
of art; any author whose productions are of 
such excellence that they are regarded as 
standards: adj. of or pertaining to the 

highest class or rank in literature or art; 
conforming to the highest standard; pertain¬ 
ing to, or like, the Greek or Roman authors; 
pure, refined; clear-cut; modeled after, or 
like, the highest forms of ancient art or litera¬ 
ture. Also, adj. classical.— adv. classically. 

Hac ci pi cm (klas'l-slzm), n. agreement 
viao-oi-vioixi or adherence to classical 

style; the principles and idiom of the classic 
style; classical scholarship.—n. classicist. 

pioc ci fi pa f i pn (klas*i-fl-ka , sbun), ti. 
Viab-bl-ll-Vd-llOIl ac( , of forming in 

groups, or dividing into sets or sorts, accord¬ 
ing to some system or method. 

plac ci fir (kl&s'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
via.o-oi.-Aj classified, jo.pr. classifying], to 

arrange in groups according to some method 
or standard; put in order; systematize.— 
adj. classifiable, 

pi a cc m a te (klas , mat ,, ), n. one belong— 

ulUOO~lllCl LKs ji^pr fr> tVio camp r»l a cc ao 


as 


B to the same class 
another, as at school or at a university, 
clat ter (klat'er), v.i. tp make a rattling 

v.t. 


to 


sound; 
cause to 


talk 

make 


idly and 
a rattling 


noisily: 
sound: 


ate ; senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





















clause 


ill 


clew 


n. a continuous or confused noise; a rattling 
noise; idle gossip. 

r la lie a (kloz), n. a separate part of a 
LiaUoC written composition or document; 
in grammar, a division of a sentence contain¬ 
ing a subject and predicate of its own. 

rlair i rlinrH (klav'I-kord), n. a musical 
uav-i-tiibiu stringed instrument, in¬ 
vented in the Middle Ages. Also, darichord. 
rlav i aIa (klav'I-kl).n.abonewhichcon- 
V- A -UJ.C nects the breast bone and the 
shoulder blade; the collar bone.— adj. 
clavicular. 

rla vi Ar (kla'vl-er; kla-ver'), n. the key- 
l/ A a-V A -CJ. board of an organ, piano, or any 
stringed musical instrument, 
rlaw (klo), n. a sharp hooked horny nail in 
dd W the foot of an animal, as the cat; the 
whole foot of a bird; anything like a claw; 
the narrow part at the base of a leaf or foot¬ 
stalk of a petal: v.t. and v.i. to tear or scratch 
with, or as if with, claws. 

(kla), n. soft, plastic earth; anything 
*^ A<A j easily molded; the bodily or earthly 
nature of man: adj. made of, or like, clay.— 
adj. clayey. 

/'la it- mero (kla'mor"), n. a two-handed, 
l' A<A j -mui C broadsword used by the 
Scotch Highlanders. 



Claymore 

_ i - ^ (kla ston),a calcareous mass 

Clay Stone formed in a bed of clay; 
a variety of rock containing clay. 

1 (klen), adj. free from dirt; unadul- 

Ciean terated; free from imperfections; 
6hapely; free from awkward bungling; 
completely cleared of some obstruction; 
morally or religiously pure: adv. wholly; 
without qualification or limitation: v.t. to 
remove dirt.— n. cleanness. 

(klen'kut"), adj. well-shaped; 

Clean-CUt definite; 


clean-er 



Cleat 


_ ; precise. Also, clear-cut. 

(klen'er), n. a person or thing 
that removes dirt, stains, etc. 

Itt (klen'II), adj. neat; pure: adv. 
CiedJl-iy neatly; entirely.— n. cleanliness. 

_ (klSnz), v.t. to make free from 
Cieanbe dirt; to free from moral impurity 
or guilt.— n. cleanser. 

-i..- (kler), adj. bright; pure; undimmed; 
Clear easily understood; unobstructed; 
audible, or capable of being heard: v.t. to 
make bright; render evident; free from 
obstructions; prove or declare innocent; to 
free from legal detention, as imported goods: 
r i to leave a port: become bright: adv. dis¬ 
tinctly; completely.— adv. clearly. —n. clear- 
ness. 

Syn., adj. bright, lucid, vivid. 

Ant. (see opaque). ' . 

(kler'kut"), adj. having a 
Clear-CUt sharp, clearly defined outline; 

clean-cut; concise. ^ A . . 

(kler'ans), «. the act of clear- 
Ciear-aiice ing; removal of obstruction; 
a legal certificate permitting a vessel to leave 

!£■ :~.rr (kler'Ing), n. the act of remov- 

Ciear-ing ing obstructions from, etc.; 
the act of freeing; land cleared of trees and 
underbrush. 

clearing-house an ~ office to which 

banks send their representatives every day to 
exchange drafts and checks. 

o+o-roll (kler'st arch"), v.t. to stiffen 

Clear-Starcn or dress with starch. 



r lAiif (klet), n. a thin piece of iron fastened 
f/Icdl under a shoe to preserve the sole 
and prevent 
slipping; a 
piece of wood 
or iron on ships 

to keep the , . „ , . 

ropes from slipping; a strip of wood nailed 
across a board to give strength, hold m posi¬ 
ol^ovr octa (klev'^j), n. theact of splitting; 
Cieav-age the property of some minerals 
and rocks of being divided into layers. 
c'Ioowa (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, cleaved, p.v. 
Cleave cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to stick; 
to adhere; be attached strongly: v.t. [p.t. 
cleft, clove, p.p. cleft, cloven, cleaved, p.pr. 
cleaving], cut open; to divide by force: v.t. to 
split.— adj. cleavable. g r» 

cleav-er 

heavy hatchet; a tool for r ,. 
splitting timber. C/ieave 

(klek), n. in golf, an iron-headed club 
Licciv of considerable driving power, some¬ 
times used for putting. , . , 

_i (kief), n. a figure at the beginning of 
each staff in music to show the pitch 
of all the notes on one particular line or 

space. . . .. 

(kleft), n. a crack; a crevice; as, the 
vlcll water trickled from a cleft in the rock. 

i (klem'd-tis), n. a hardy climb- 

Ciem-a-tlS ( ng plant of the crowfoot 
family with purple and white flowers. 

^ (klgm'en-sl), n. [pi. clemen- 

Ciem-en-cy cies (-slz)], compassion; 
mercy; leniency; mildness or softness, when 
applied to the weather. 

(klem'ent), adj. compassionate; 
LicIU-cIll forgiving; gentle; kind. 

(klench), v.t. to set closely to- 
ciencn gether, as the teeth; to clinch; 
to grip: n. a thing that grips; an argument 
that cannot be answered; a clinch.—«. 
clencher. , „ .. 

• o (klep"to-ma'nI-o), n. 
Clep-tO-ma-m-a an micontrollable de¬ 
sire to steal. Also, kleptomania.— n. clepto- 
maniac, kleptomaniac. 

rl^rA C+A rv (klere'sto-ri), n. the highest 
CIClC-olU-Ij story of a church, above 
the aisloroofs, etc., having windows; a 
similar elevated part in the roof of other 
buildings. Also, clearstory. 

_i (klfir'jl), n. the whole body of men 

Cier-gy appointed for the service of the 

church.as ministers or preachers. 

v mern (klfir'fl-man), n. [pi. clergy- 
Cler-gy-man men (-men)], a minister or 

nreacher 

_i _ ; ~ 0 1 (kler'I-kal), adj. pertaining to 
the clergy; pertaining to a 
clerk, writer, or copyist.— adv. clerically. 
_i_„m (klurk), n. one engaged in an office 
CieiK to conduct correspondence, keep 
books, or transact business generally; an 
assistant salesman in a store or shop; a 
scholar: v.i. to act as clerk or salesman. 

_i (klev'er), adj. skilful: mentally 

flcv-ci quick; expert.— adv. cleverly.—n. 
cleverness. 

Syn. adroit, expert, skilful. 

Ant. (see stupid). . . 

„i - TT • (klev'Is), n. a U-shaped draft-iron 
ClcV-lb a t the end of the tongue of a plow, 
wagon, etc. 

(kloo), n. a ball of thread, yarn, etc.; 
CICW a thread that guides, as out _ of a 
labyrinth; a guide or key to the solution of 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 















click 


112 


closure 


a problem, plot, or mystery; a lower corner 
of a square sail; the after lower corner of a 
fore-and-aft sail; a loop at the corner of a 
sail: v.t. to haul (a sail) up, as for furling, 
/dirk Cklik), n. a slight sharp sound; a 
xsllV/zv. catch for holding a bolt: v.i. and v.t. 
to make, or cause to make, a short, sharp noise. 
r»1| pif-lt (kli'ent), n. one who consults or 
VU-C.U.L employs a lawyer: one who seeks 
advice of an expert of any kind, such as an 
architect or a banker. 

pn fplp (kll"en-tel'; kiren-tel'). [n. 
vu-cil-lCiC the body of those who seek 
a person for professional advice; followers; 
•clients collectively. 

4*1 iff (kllf), n. a high steep rock or bank; a 
t/ixu. precipice. 

•rli mp+c, (kli'm&t), n. the atmospheric 
' /AA-AAAcAl,c and weather conditions of a 
place, especially as regards temperature, 
moisture, etc. 

/*1j rnaf ir (kli-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to 
' /AA-AAACAt_AA/ weather conditions. 

tna-v (kli'maks), n. the highest point 
Vyii.-lii.cu?. or the summit. 

/dimk Collin), v.t. andii v.i. to mount or 
vumii ascend, as by the hands and feet; 
ascend with difficulty; ascend by twining; 
n. act of mounting; ascent mounted.— n. 

climber. 

.rlimp (klim), n. a country; region; as, 
' /AAAAAC in every clime. [Poet.] 

■f'linrVi (kllnch), v.t. to rivet; to fasten; 
VsiiliVsil t 0 na ii ; double up tightly, as the 
fingers; to hold fast; to render unanswer¬ 
able, as an argument: n. anything that holds 
both ways; a mode of fastening large ropes; 
an unanswerable argument. Also, clench.— 
n. clincher. 

(kllng), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. clung, p.pr 



Clinometer 


the nature and treatment of dis¬ 
eases, given in the presence of patients and 
students.— adj. clinical.— adv. clinically, 
dink (klffik), v.t. to strike so as to make a 
Vyiiiin slight sharp sound; to ring or jingle: 
v.i. to make a short sharp noise: n. a slight 
sharp vibrating 
noise. 

clink - er 

<kllhk'er), n. a 
mass of burned 
•coal formed 
into a hard stony substance; 
slag. _ _ 

,di nrvm P feat* (kli-nbm'S-ter), n. an in- 
Vyll-iiUlH-C-ltJI strument for determining 

angular inclination, as of a gun, the deck of a 
ship, the dip of rock strata, the 
slope of a hillside, etc. 
din (klip), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

VAA r' clipped, p.pr. clipping], 
to cut with shears or scissors; 
cut off; to cut short; as, to 
clip one’s words: n. the wool 
of a season’s shearing; a 
spring holder for holding 
papers; colloquially, a 
slight blow with the 
hand; a rapid gait. 

clip-per 

one who, or that 
which, cuts off or 

snips; an instrument for cutting the hair; a 
clear-cut or well-shaped sailing vessel with a 
great spread of canvas. 


clip-ping 


(kllp'Ing), n. the act of cutting 
or snipping off; that which Is 
cut off or out of something; as, a newspaper 

clipping. 

cliflllP (klek), n. a group of persons united 
tAA 4 uc for some common purpose; a 
coterie; a ring.— adj. cliquish. 

Hnak (klok), n. a sleeveless, loose outer 
isiUOA. garment; hence, a pretext; disguise: 
v.t. to cover with, or as with, a cloak; cover 
up or conceal. 

rlnrk (kl6k), n. a machine to measure and 
V/ivxV/ix indicate time by means of hands 
moving over a dial-plate; a woven or embroid¬ 
ered ornament on the ankle of a stocking.— 
adj. clocked. 

rlnrk (kldk'wiz*), adj. and adv. in 

A/A ' A ' /A *- - " A ^C the same direction as the 
motion of the hands of a clock. 

rlnrk wnrlr (klSk'wfirk'), n. the machin- 
eiuexv- w vxx xv er y 0 f a dock; any mechan¬ 
ism resembling it. 

dnrl (klod), n. a lump of earth, turf, or 
V ' AVAU- clay; a bait used in eel-fishing; a 
stupid, awkward fellow. 

dnrl hnn npr (klod'hbp'er), n. a rustic; 
A ' A '“ , '- A " AA *‘\ra clown; a boor; an awk¬ 
ward, rough, or rude person, 
rlntr (kl6g), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. clogged, p.pr. 

, u o clogging], to obstruct; embarrass: 
v.i. to become choked up: n. a load or weight; 
a hindrance; a kind of wooden shoe; a dance 
by one wearing such shoes, 
dnic f<ar (klois'ter), n. an inclosure; a 
place of religious retirement; a 
monastery or nunnery; an arched way or 
covered walk inside the walls of a church 
building or college: v.t. to confine in, or as in, 
a convent or place of retirement; seclude from 
the world, m 


**> adhere' closely;' to r 1 m *c f r pl (lrlois'tr&l), adj. pertaining to. 
stick; hold fast by embracing or entwining. ClUla-U dl or no nflnorl in n . 

clin- (klln'fk), n. a medical lecture on 


Clipper 



or confined in, a cloister; retired; 

secluded. 

dnep (k!5z), v.t. to shut; to shut up, as an 
\ , opening by filling; to join, as ait 

electric circuit; bring together; end: v.i. tc 
come together; shut in; terminate or make an 
ending: followed by with; grapple with an 
opponent; to agree: n. an inclosed space; 
the grounds of a cathedral or abbey; an alley; 
end; cessation: adj. (klos), having no outlet; 
confined; without ventilation; shut fast- 
narrow; secretive; stingy; near, as in time, 
etc.; intimate; having its parts near each 
other; compact; fitting snugly; open only 
to a certain few; restricted by law, as a game 
season; pronounced with the lips near to- 
gether; as, a close vowel; oppressive; minute; 
precise: adv. near; tightly; narrowly; stingily.’ 
adv. closely.—n. closenesB. 

a shop that 
, workmen who 

are not members of a union. 

close-fist-ed ( kl . 5s . /fIs ' tSd ) *, ad i- stingy ; 

. , not inclined to part with 

money; miserly.—n. closeflstedness. 

close-mnilfh prl (klos=moufhd), ad), un- 
mouiliea communicative; reti¬ 
cent. 

close-hauled ( kl5s/h61d '). ad i- sailing 

7, U as near the wind as 

possible. 

d HQ pf (klbz'et), n. a small room for pri- 
. cA vacy or retirement; a place for 

storing valuable things, or clothing, utensils 
provisions, etc.; a water-closet: adj. private; 
secluded: v.t. to receive in a private room for 
a personal interview. 

ClO-SUre (kld'zhtlr), n. the act of shutting 
UXC HP: that which Incloses; the 


closed shop ^TosefS^ 


w ”" va gi -;- up; that which toclos^r t^ 

ate scMtc, rare. cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, gdge, novfcl refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare: unit, unite, bOrn, cit, focus, menu; 




















clot 


113 


coagulum 


end; the proceeding by Which a debate may 
be stopped by the vote of the majority: v.t. 
to end (a debate) by closure. Also, cloture. 
-i^j. (k!6t), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. clotted, 

CIOL clotting], to coagulate, or thicwen: 
applied to fluids; v.t. to make, form in.w, or 
cover with, lumps of coagulated matter: n. a 
hard or thick mass Of coagulated m&tter.— 
adj. clotty, clotted, , 

* 111 , (kl6th), n. [pi. cloths (klothz)], a 
CIO 111 woven fabrfc of wool, hair, or other 
material; a table Covering; the usual dress 
of any profession, Pspddially th£ clerical. 

r*. (klcfth)-, v.t. to dresb; to put raiment 
CIO til © on; COVOr With, f or as with, a 
garment- ..... . . , , 

clothes 

lectiveiy; COvOrfrigs 'fdr‘feeds. 

dothe&-pres£ ‘Or wardrobe for holding 
garments or 'wehring J $pparel. 

(kl5mty§r), n. one who makes 
ClOtll-lOl or sg^HS garments; a dealer in 
ready-made ghftfldhts. 

-«s»V/r (klolliing), n. clothes; dress; 
ClOXH-lHg 'garments in general. 

(klOjid), n. a mass of visible vapor 
vlOWi •floating in the air; a volume of 


p.p'r. clubbing], to beat with a cudgel; to give 
to a common expense: v.i. to combine for a 
common purpose; as, to club together to buy 
a football; to form a club. 

iv _+ (klub'fdbt*), n. a deformed 
C1UD-I00X foot; clumpfoot.— adj. club¬ 

(kluk), tu. to cry or call like a hen 
C1U.CK. to her chickens: n. a hen s call. 

^i ^ (kloo), n. anything that helps to 
CiUe solve a difliculty; a hint; a clew; a 

^^^(kiump), n. a cluster or group of 
ClUIUp trees, etc.; a thick sole: v.t. to 
arrange in a cluster or group: v.i. to tread 

w^rTSSJST St S-sy 

..iFtF - or grace; as, a clumsy boy, a clumsy action. 

adv. clumsily.— n. clumsiness. 

i ~ (kiting), p.t. of the verb cling, as, he 
Cluilg clung to his old friends; the pet* 
fume clung to the gloves; the vine dung to 

(klvls'ter), n. a number of things, 
ClUS-ter ^ fruits, of the same kind 

growing or collected together; a bun®; ■as, 
a great duster of ripe grapes: v.t. to grow or 
gather ijn bunches: v.t. to gather or collect in- 

to MW*K%.... . ...-or grip 


-air; a --— 

igmdkP^ dtlst; a dimmed appearance or spot, 
as in 'marble; anything threatening in aspect, 
'Of Casting suspicion on one; a light woolen 
Shawd: v.t. to overspread with, or as with, a 
ithist *6r cloud; render gloomy; blacken or 
Stilly: v.i. to grow cloudy. 

i (kloud'burst"), n. a heavy 

vlOUCl-UUI b l downpour of rain over -a 
vefy small area. 

ui\m A looc (kloud'les), adj. clear; bright; 
'vlUUU-lCoo unshadowed; not overeat, \ 
Tr (kloudi), adj. pertaining to ?&; 
ClOUU-y cloud or clouds; overcast; threat¬ 
ening (rain); vague; obscure; not clean; 
a cloudy liquid.— adv. cloudily. — it. cloudiness. 
*A*«+*- (klout), n. a piece of cloth or leather 
CIOUL for patching; a cloth for asiy woan 
use* a rag; an arrow that has hit the 'target; 

( jlloquially, a blow on the head with the hand : 
t.t. to patch or mend coarsely; colloquiaMy, to 
strike with the hand. 

(kl5v), p.t. of the verb cleave: m a 
ClOVe spice from the dried flower hud of 
a tropical tree of the myrtle family. 

* _ (klo'vn), p.adj. divided into two 

CIO-vvIl parts; split; as, a cloven foot. 
t „ r _i _ j (kl5'vn*fd@t'"'6d), adj. 

clo-ven-ioot-ea havdng the foot deeply 
cleft, as the ox; having the foot divided into 
two or more parts; devilish: the cloven hoot 
or foot is an indication of devxliShness, because 
the devil is often represented as having cloven 

hoofs. (klo'ver), n. a fragrant kind of 
Clo-ver grass, the leaves of which are 
divided into three leaflets, and the flowers 
collected into heads. 

t (kloun), n. a man of coarse man- 

clown iens; a boor; an ill-bred fellow; a 
professional jester, or one who amuses others 
by tricks, antics, etc. . 

• -l, (kloun'Tsh), adj. like a clown, 
ClOWn -1SI1 rude; coarse; awkward.— ado. 
clownishly.— n. clownishness. 

i _ (kloi), v.t. [p.U and p.p. cloyed, p.pr. 
Cloy cloying], to fill too full; to gorge, 

surfeit. n> a heavy stick; one of the 

Club suits of playing cards; a number of 
persons associated for a common purposeor 
mutual benefit: v.t. ]v.t. and p.p. clubbed^ 



Automobile Cone 
Clutch. F, flywheel; 
C, leather-faced clutch; 
S, spring. 


Sift dagger; 

v.i. l to snatch or seize : 
witife <ai: n. a grasp ; a 
or claw in the act 
t«f igefczure: 'Often used 
ii» the plural; as, 
keep out of his 
(dutches; a device 
for gripping or 
holding ; a device 
for coupling; as, an 
automobile clutch. 

clut-ter 

nf disorder; 
litter; confusion: v.t. 
to heap up in disorder 
and confusion; crowd 
together in disorder; 
disarrange. 

(koch), n. a large covered four- 
V/OdCiI wheeled public or private carriage; 
colloquially, a tutor who especially prepares 
another for an 'examination or an athletic 
contest; a passenger car: v.t. colloquially, to 
instruct or train for an examination or contest. 

a ■*» (koch'man), n. [pi. coach- 
CO&CIl-nian xnen (-men)], one whose busi¬ 
ness it is to drive a coach or carriage. 

_ _ (kd-akt'). v.i. to act or work to- 

CO-dCt gether: v.t. to force together; 
compel or restrain.— adj. coactive. 

an -firm (k5-ak'shun), n. action to- 
CO-dC-LlOll gether; compulsion; forced 
restraint. _ _ „ _ . . 

A in +nr (ko'S-joo'ter), n. an official 
LU-au-J U- IU 1 helper or assistant. 

_ - „ i 0 j. (ko-ag'u-lat), v.t. and v.i. to 

CO-d.g-U-Io.LC clot or curdle: to thicken. 
__ nrrii 1o (kd-g.g'fl-la'shiln), n. 

C0-3g-U-l3-tl0Il the act of curdling or 
clotting; the change from a fluid to a thick¬ 
ened curdlike state. , . _ . „ . .. 

.. .. I,, +; Tyc , (kft-ag'ti-lS.-tlv), adj. 

C0-3.g-U-l3.-tlVG tending to produce 
curdling or clotting; having the property of 
curdling or clotting. 

™ oo-ii Inin (kS-agffi-lflm). n. [pi. co- 
C0-3g-U-lUIil aguia (-la)], a clot of 

blood: a curdled mass. 


mut ual peneuo. t . . . . .. , . . 

boot foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then thick; hw=wh as in when, 
zh = z S iii azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 



















coal 


114 


cockney 


coal 


(kol), n. a black, or brownish-black, 
hard, combustible mineral, formed of 
the vegetation of prehistoric times, taken from 
the earth and used as fuel: v.t. to furnish with 
coal: v.i. to take in coal. 

rn o IpQpp (ko"d-les'), v.i. to grow to- 
VyU-a-icovc gether; combine; unite; fuse. 

rn a 1<ac rp-nrp (ko'd-les'ens), n. the 
tu-a-iCo-V/CiU/C act or process of unit¬ 
ing.— adj. coalescent. 

rnal crac (kol gas )> gas Produced by 
tuai S 410 burning coal: used for heating 
and lighting. 

rn a It +inn (ko'd-Hsh'fin), n. union in a 
i^u-ci-aa-lauaa body or mass; a combination 
of persons: an alliance of nations. 

COal Oil ^ ko1 ° a ^’ P etroleum : especially, 
kerosene. 

r P-ol for* (kol tar), a thick dark liquid 
ksVcu. ta.1 which is taken from soft coal, and 
from which many rich dye colors are obtained, 
rnam incrc (kom'Ings), n.pl. the raised 
WCUAA-ixigo W ood or iron borders of the 
hatches of a vessel. 

rft „rcp (kors), adj. of poor or inferior 
tUcuoC quality or appearance; large in 
texture or size; not refined; indelicate; gross. 
— adv. coarsely. — n. coarseness. 

Syn. rude, rough, unpolished. 

Ant. (see flne)_. 

CAflt*Q pti (kor sn), v.t. and v.i. to make 
o-ciJ. large or rough (that which was 
close-grained or fine); to turn or become 
harsh, rude, rough, or unrefined, 
rnact (host), n. the margin or boundary 
vuaot 0 f th e land next the sea; in the 
United States, the act of sliding on a sled 
down a hill or an incline: v.i. to sail near or 
along the shore; descend an incline on a sled, 
or on a bicycle without working the pedalr • 
v.t. to sail close to or near to.— adj. coastal. 
ma c+ (kos'ter), n. a home-trading 
l,uaoi-ci vessel; one who slides on a sled 
or glides on a bicycle. 

rnacf cnia-rd (kost gard), a man who 
UUdol gUalU patrols the seacoast to 

save passengers on vessels in distress. 

ppocf fnir ■f't'ari(kost'Ing trad), the 
LOdbl-lIlg UdUti trade between ports 

of the same country. 

rn of (kot), n. an outer garment covering 
V/Udl fhe upper part of the body; an out¬ 
side covering, as fur, etc.; a thin layer: v.t. 
to cover or spread over.—n. coating. 

AAof AA (kot"te'), n. a close-fitting coat 
tUdl-CC with short tails. 

ppof of ormc (kot ov armz), a light 
cuciL ua caa aaao garment worn over the 

armor of English knights in the fifteenth 
and sixteenth centuries, and often bearing 
the heraldic signs of the wearer’s rank or 
family; a shield bearing such device or im¬ 
print; an insignia, or sign used to represent 
a city, state, or nation; as, the coat of arms 
of the United States. 

rr»a+ nf mail (kot 6v mal), chain-mail; 
ui -iiacaaa an a n C i en t i ron garment 

worn by soldiers. 

aaa Y (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole; flatter; 
V/Ucia. control in a gentle way: v.i. to use 
gentle persuasion or flattery.— n. coaxer. 

(kob), n. the top; the head; the 
spike of Indian corn; a strong thick¬ 
set pony; a kind of breakwater: corncob, the 
spike or axis around which the kernels of 
Indian com are set. 

rn halt (ko'bolt), ??, a steel-gray metallic 
vu-uciAt element, similar to nickel. 

rnh hip (kdb'l), n. a pebble; a round 
wo-uio medium-sized stone; clumsy 


work: v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely; 
repair, as shoes: v.i. to work at the business 
of mending shoes. 

rnh hi nr (kdb'ler), n. one w r ho mends 
LOU-UaCI boots and shoes; a clumsy 
workman: a cooling summer drink of iced 
wine, etc.; as, sherry cobbler. 

rnh hln cfntiP (kob'l-ston"), n. a round- 
tuu-uic-oiUAAC ed stone used for paving. 

rn hra (ko'bra), n. a venomous snake, 
tU-UId. found in Asia, especially in India, 
where there is a particularly poisonous 

variety. 

rnh umh (kob'web"), n. a spider’s web; 
IUU-WCL) hence, a net or snare: adj. made 
of, or like, a cobweb; flimsy; entangling, 
rn ra (ko'kd), n. the dried leaf of a small 
UU-V/d South American shrub, which yields 
cocaine, a powerful tonic, 
rn ra inn (ko'ka-In; ko'ka-en; ko-kan'), 
l/U-ta-AAAC n> a powerful drug extracted 
from coca leaves: used as a local anesthetic. 
Also, eocain. 

rnr rw (kok'slks), n. [pi. coccyges (-si- 
jez)], the lower end of the spinal 

column. 

rnrh i nnal (koch'I-nel), n. a scarlet 
UlA/11-l-ilCctI dye obtained from the 

dried body of an insect. 

rnrh In a (kok'lfr-d), n. [pi. cochlese 
UUUIl-lC-d (-lg-e)], the spiral-shaped 6pace 
of the inner ear. 

rnrlr (kok), n. the male of birds; a male 
chicken; a vane in the shape of a 
cock; a leader or chief; a turn-valve for 
releasing the flow of a liquid or gas; the 
hammer of a firearm; a small cone-shaped 
pile, especially of hay; the act of sticking or 
turning up jauntily, as a hat or an eye; the 
t'l'c given to a hat or eye so turned: v.t. to 
turn up or set (the hat or head) jauntily on 
one side; to stack up in conical piles; tc 
raise the hammer of (a gun), in order to fire; 
as, to cock a pistol. 

rnrlr aHp (kolr-ad'). n. a badge of ribbon 
tutn-auc or a rosette "worn on the hat. 

rnrlr a +nn (kok '.'i-too'), n. a crestea 
CUCdA-d-IUU bird oi the carrot family. 

rnrlr a trim (kdk'a-cris* kok'a-trls), n. 

d-tAA^c a f a i r y serpent said to have 
been hatched in a cock’s egg and able to 
kill by a glance of its eye. 

cock-boat && a ,maU row ‘ 

rnrlr rViaf et* (kok’chaf"er), n. a kind 
LULH-dldl-CI 0 f beetle destructive tc 
vegetation; a May-bug._ 

rnrlr rrnxxr (kok'kro"), n. early morning, 
uuw when the cock first crows. 
Also, cockcrowing. 

rnrlr pf (kok'er), n. a small spaniel, 
v-uen-m or dog, used in hunting; a cock- 
fighter. 

rnrlr pr p1 (kbk'er-el), n. a young domes- 
wvn-ci-ct tic cock less than a year old, 

rnrlr pvpH (kok'Id"), adj. having squint- 
cucn-cjfcv-.mg e ygs; cross-eyed. 

rnrlr Ip (kok'l), n. an eatable shellfish 
vucxv-ic with two heart-shaped wrinkled 
shells; the plant corncockle or darnell; e, 
kiln for drying hops; a weed that grows among 
grain; a pucker or wrinkle: v.t. and v.i. to 
pucker or wrinkle: cockleshell, n. one of the 
shells of a cockle, scallop, etc.; a cockboat. 

rnrlr Inft (kok'loft"), n. a loft or attic 
CU^xv-IUl l U nder a roof. 

rnrlr tIPV (kok'nl), n. a Londoner; the 
w -iv-aac^ name given to one born within 
sound of the bells of Bow Church, Cheapside; 
an uneducated Londoner. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, rnenii; 







cockpit 


115 


coherence 


I'/'krlr nit (kdk'plt*), n. an inclosed space 
COl'JV-piL for cockflghting; in small vessels, 
a space aft lower than the deck; in an air¬ 
plane, the well in the body where the pilot’s 
seat is placed. 

/»rkrlr rnarh (kdk'roch"), n. a black 
COCxv-rUcH/U beetle found in kitchens, 

pantries, etc. 

™rlrc rntnlt (koks'kom"), n. the comb 
tUtho-tumu or crest of a cock; a garden 
plant of the amaranth family; a red edge on a 
jester’s cap; the cap; a_coxcomb. 

/rkrlr cnrp» (kok'shoor"; kok"shoor'), adj. 
Ulvn-SUiC certain; absolutely certain or 
sure. [Colloq] 

enrlr cmflin (kok'swan; naut. kok'sn), n. 
tUbh-owaui the steersman of a ship’s 
boat, a racing shell, etc. Also, coxswain, 
erxolr tail (kok'tal"), n. a mixed drink 
1/UUJA-UiJ.i made of spirits, with sugar and 
flavoring; a tasty food served in a glass; as, 
oyster cocktail. 

rn rn (ko'ko), n. a palm which produces 
CU-i-'U the coconut. Also, cocoa, coco palm. 
m mn (ko'ko), n. the ground seeds of the 
LU-tUd cacao tree; the drinks made from it. 
m -niif (ko'ko-nut), n. the fruit of the 
coco palm, a white meaty sub¬ 
stance within a hard shell which also contains 
a milky liquid. Also, cocoanuf. 
rn rnnrt (k&-koon'), n. the silky case 
l^U-L/UUH w hich covers the eggs of many 
spinning insects until they are hatched. 

(kod), n. the husk or pod of a seed; 
kUtl a large edible fish found in the northern 
6eas, and especially on the banks of New¬ 
foundland. 

rllo (kod'l), v.t. to humor or pamper; 
CUU-Uie treat tenderly; to stew gently. 
rnc\n (kod), n. a body of laws or regula- 
t-UUc tions arranged in a certain order; 
a system of signals; a system of symbols used 
for brevity and secrecy. 

_ ..J -RoVi (kod'flsh"), n. the cod or the 
CUU.-H 0 II flesh of this fish served as food. 

.. (kd'deks), n. [pi. codices (kod'I- 

UJ-UCA se Z ; ko'df-sez)], a code; a volume 
of laws or statutes; a manuscript in the 
general form of a book, especially of the 
sacred Scriptures. 

mArr nr (koj'er), n. a miser; an odd or 
COU.g-t?I testy old man. 
mrl i ril (kod'f-sfl), n. an addition; a 
UUU.-1-C1.1 supplement to a will. 

fxr (kS'dl-fi; kod'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. and 
LO-Ul-iy p.p. codified, p.pr. codifying], to 
reduce to a system, as laws; to make uniform; 
to arrange or systematize.— n. codification. 

liner (kod'ling), n. a young cod; a 
CUU.-J.lllg kind of stewing apple. 

nA « oo (ko-ed"u-ka'shun), n. 

C0-6u-U-Ca-Tl0Il the education of both 

sexes in the same school. 

rn pf fi ripnt (ko"e-fIsh'ent), adj. co- 
CU-Cl-ll-l/lClit operating: n. any agent 

that cooperates or works with another agent; 
any sign or group of signs placed before 
another or others as a multiplier; as, in 
3 y the coefficient is 3. 

__ _ niia i (k5-e'kw&l), adj. of the same 
CO-C-tfUdJ. value or importance: n. one of 
the same value or importance as another. 

nrnn (k&-urs'), v.t. to restrain or con- 
CO-ClLe strain by force, especially legally 
or morally; compel. 

_ _ ~ (k6-hr'shun), n. the act of 

CO-01-C1OH constraining forcibly; com¬ 
pulsion. 

rn nr rivp (ko-flr'sfv), adj. servmg or 
CO-er-ClV C designed to compel: as, the 


drafting of men into the army is a coercive 
measure of the government. 
m n tto! (kft-e'v&l), adj. of the same age 
CU-c-Vdl or period; usually with the 
idea of long duration. 

m ov ict (k6"eg-zlst'), v.i. to exist to- 
tU-CA-io t gether in time or place.— adj. 
coexistent.— n. coexistence, 
ra ov tetifl (ko"eks-tend'), v.t. and v.i. 
tU-CA- i.ciiu to reach, or cause to reach, 
the same limits through the same space, time, 
etc., as another. 

rn oy fpm citm (ko"eks-ten'sTv). adj. 
MJ-t-A-lCli-olvc having the same limits; 

occupying the same measure of space. 
nnf fnn (kof'f), n. the seeds of a plant 
tUi-icc which, when roasted and ground, 
are used to make a well-known drink: the drink; 
the plant: coffeehouse, a house where coffee 
and other refreshments are sold. 
nnf -for (kof'er), 71. a casket, chest, or 
t/Ol-IcI trunk for the storage of valuables; 
a kind of caisson or floating dock: pi. & 
treasury. 

rnf inr rlatn (kof'er-dam"), n. a water- 
COI-IUr-UclIIl tight inclosure built m the 

water and pumped dry, to protect workmen. 
mf ■fin (kof'In), 71. a case or chest for the 
LOi-llll dead; the hollow part of a horse’s 
hoof: v.t. to inclose in a chest or coffin: 
coffin bone, the foot bone of a horse’s foot, 
inclosed within the hoof. 

rncr (k6g), n. the tooth of a gear-wheel; 
'-Ug a toothed cam; a projection on a beam 
to be received in a notch on another to join 
the two together: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. cogged, 
p.pr. cogging], to furnish with gear-teeth, 
cams etc. 

m rro-rt-f (ko'jent), adj. having great force; 
CU-gdll convincing; as, a cogent reason. 
— adv. cogently.— v. cogency. 
rncr i +a+n (koj'I-tat), v.i. to think ear- 
UUg-l-ldlC nestly; to reflect: v.t. to devise 
or plan.— adj. cogitative.— n. cogitation. 
rn rm a r (ko'nyak), 71. a French brandy; 
1/U-gIld.t an y flne_grape brandy. 
rnrr (kog'nat), adj. related by blood; 

lUg-llalc 0 f the same stock, nature, or 
quality; related in origin; as, cognate lan¬ 
guages: n. a person or thing that is akin to 
another by blood, derivation, etc. 
mcr n I firm (kog-nlsh'un), n. knowledge; 
COg-IH-IlOH the power or faculty of 

knowing. 

^ (kog'ni-zd-bl; kdn'I-za- 
COg-lll-Za-Dle bl), adj. capable of being 
known or perceived. 

(kog'ni-zSns; kon'f-zans), 

cog-ni-zance n . judicial knowledge or 

notice; perception. 

(kog'ni-zant; kbn'T-zant), 
C0g-ni-zant having knowledge (of 
anything); aware. 

cmrtiompn (kog-no'menb n. \pl. ccg- 
cog-no-men nomens (-menz)J, a sur¬ 
name. , _. 

rncr xxrhianl (kog'hwel*), n. a wheel with 
LUg-WIiCCl teeth notched m its nm. 
rn (kS-hab'it), v.i. to live together 

bU-iidU-ll as husband and wife.-— n. 
cohabitation. 

rn trriiV (ko-Sr'), 7i. [fern. coheiress], a person 
CU-iICII w ho inherits jointly with someone 

dSG 

rn hn-rn (ko-ber'), v.i. to stick or cleave 
CO-Iiere together; be united. 

v r~rn (ko-her'?ns), n. the state 
CO-ner-eil^e or quality of being united; 
a sticking or cleaving together; connection; 
consistency. Also, coherency. 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase;good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh asm when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









coherent 


116 


collective 


rn Vipr o.rvt (k6-her'§nc), adj. sticking 
CU-liei-feMIi together; connected; as, a 
coherent argument.— adv. coherently, 
rh-lipr f±r (k6-her'er), n. a device for 
vo-nci-cx detecting the signals used in 
wireless telegraphy. 

rn Vwa cinn (k'6-he'zhun), n. the force 
LU-UC-olUn that unites particles of the 
same material; coherence; the act of unit¬ 
ing or sticking together. 

cj\r/a (kd-he'slv), n. causing to 
vu-iifc-aivc adhere, unite, or stick to¬ 
gether; as, the cohesive force which holds a 
political party together.— adv. cohesively. — 
n. cohesiveness. 

Knrt 6 s ° , k° r t'), n. a body of ancient 
l Roman soldiers, the tenth part 
of a legion. 

fnif.fllfP (kwa/fur'; kcif'tir), n. a head- 
_ , “ dress; manner of arranging the 

hair. [Fr.] 

-COlfm (koin) > n - a projecting stone or 
angle; a oorner: coign oi vantage, 
an advantageous position, 
enjl (koil), n. a rope gathered into a ring; 
VW-U ' anything like it; a spiral; a series of 
connected pipes in windings, layers, etc.; 
a continuous spiral of conducting material: 
r.t. to gather or wind into a circular heap* 
v.i. to wind. 

(koin), n. a piece of metal legally 
stamped and authorized to be used 
as money; coined money collectively; a 
corner or angle: v.t. to make (coins) by 
stamping pieces of metal; invent. 

Cftin ao-p (koin'&j), n. the process of 
v , making pieces of money; the 

money made; the system of metal money 
used in a country; the cost of making metal 
money or the charge for making it; an 
Invention. 

CO (ko"In-sid'), v.i. to correspond 

VU 111 exactly; occur at the same 

time. 

CO-in-Ci-deneo (kft-ln'sl-dens), n. a hap- 
vu rn-tl ucilte pemng at the same 

time, accidental agreement; the act of 
concurring. 

co-in-ci-dent (k6-in'si-dent), adj. ex- 

ixi w actly corresponding; tak- 

Ing place at the same time; agreeing. 

COITI Or (koin^er), n. one who stamps coins; 
vvui ex especially, one who makes counter¬ 
feit money. 

COir (koir), n - tke fiber of coconut husk, 
prepared for use in making cables, 
cordage, matting, etc. 

CO-i-tion ( k 6-Ish'iin), n. a coming together; 
i wvu sexual mteroourse. 

COko (k5k), n. partly burned coal, or what 
remains of coal after the gases have 
been taken from it by heating it in ovens: 
v.t. and v.i. to change into coke, etc. 

col-an-der (kfii'Sn-der), n - a metai 

holes IB the h«£ toer: " VeSSd "* th 

seeds and bulbs of which are used in medicine. 
Cold i j ’ a dj\ without heat or warmth; 
ifrf~L+ r . lgid: wlt . kout Passion or zeal; in¬ 
different, insensible: n. the opposite of 
heat; the sensation produced by the loss of 
heat; disordered condition of the body 
usually catarrhal, following exposure or 
infection; low temperature.— adv. coldly.— n 
coldness, 

stoical’ adi ' C ° 01 ’ frigid ’ wintr y. unfeeling 
Ant, (see warm). 


rnld-hlnnd pH tkold'blud'ed), adj. hav- 

coia-Diooa-ea in g blood beiow 90 ° 

Fahr. in temperature, as some fishes, reptile, 
etc.; unfeeling; unsympathetic; as, cold¬ 
blooded advice. 

rold cnrp (kold sor), a fever blister; 
wiu. oui c an eruption about the mouth, 
usually appearing during a cold or fever. 
rn1p> (kol), n. any one of the many cabbage 
plants, as cabbage, cauliflower, etc. 
claw (kdl'sld*), n. a salad made of 
tUlc-oldW cabbage cut fine. Also, cold- 
slaw. 

rnlp wnr+ (kpl'wflrt'), n. the garden 
V/uic-wm l cabbage before it forms into 
heads; a plant of the cabbage kind, 
ml if* (kol'Ik), n. a sharp, frequent pain 
vui-iv/ in the abdomen and bowels: adj. 
pertaining to, or affecting, the bowels.— adj. 
colicky. 

Pnl 1 cp nm (kOn-se'fim), n. the great 
amphitheater in Rome built 
in the first century A. D., a part of which 
is still standing. Also, Colosseiun. 

rn] laVl fl (k6-15b'6-rat), v.i. to 

CUl-ld.U-0-rdte work with another, to 
cooperate with others, especially in literary 
or scientific work.— n. collaboration, collab¬ 
orator. 

ml Iflncp (ko-laps'), w. a falling in or 
,together; sudden and complete 
failure; general prostration; as, the man’s 
collapse was caused by overwork: v.i. to 
fall in or together; shrink up; break down. 
— adj. collapsible. 

ml lar (kfil'dr), n. something worn about 
wi iai nec k, for use, restraint, or 
ornament; a round ring or flange: collar bone, 
the clavicle: v.t. to seize by the collar; put 
a collar on. 

Col lar pffp (kdl'ar-et'), n. a small collar 
vui lai-cuc of lace, etc. 

Col Iflfp (k6-lat'), v.t. to compare (one 
wi-iaic thmg with another of the same 
kind), as manuscripts or text of books; as 
to collate all the writings of an author- to 
examine, as the gathered sheets of a book 
before binding.—n. collator. 

col-lat PC fll (kS-l&t'er-al), adj. side by 
KU CI cU side; paraUel; confirming 
or supporting, as testimony; incidental; sub¬ 
ordinate; protected by additional security, 
as a loan; descended from the same stock, 
but in a different line: n. security additional 
to one s obligation^.— adv. collaterally, 
col-la-tion (ko-la'shun), n. comparison, 

7 UA Aa U . 1 or the act of bringing together 
tor comparison, as books, etc.; a light meal. 

col-leaeup fkol'eg), n. an associate in 
the same office, employment, 
or profession: not used of partners in business. 
rolJprf (kol ekt), n. a short prayer. 

often of but one sentence, asking 
for one blessing. * 

col-lpct (k<5-16kt/), v.t. to gather together; 

AL assemble; demand and obtain 
payment of; v.i. to meet together; accumu¬ 
late.— n. collector. 

col-lect-ed (ko-lek'ted), adj. self-pos- 
sessed; brought together.— 
adv. collectedly.— n. collectedness. 

col-lec-tion (k6-lek'shun), n. the act of 
^ LAUAA gathering together; a mass; 
a crowd; an assemblage of works of art 
or , 7 n at ura l objects; as, there are many fine 
collections of art in America; a contribution 
to a special object. 

col-lec-tive (kS-lek'tTv), adj. united; ac- 
,.y A V" 11 ’JX cumulative; as, the collec- 
tue claims of the miner s: derived from a ' 


Parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, Jn, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 












college 


117 


columbine 


group, or characteristic of a group; common; 
in grammar, naming a number of objects as a 
group; as, army is a collective noun.— adv. 

collectively. 

rn 1 (kdl'fij), n. a society of men 

LUX-IC^C possessing certain powers and 
rights, and engaged in some common pur¬ 
suit, especially■> literary studies; an educa¬ 
tional institution in which advanced courses 
are given. 

orkl 1o (ri on (ko-le'ji-an), n. a member 
CUl-lC-gl-clIl Q f a college; a college 

student. 

rr»1 In cri ofn (kS-le'jl-St), adj. of or per- 
taining to a college. 

ml Ii'Ha (kS-lId'), v.i. to strike together 
V/Ul-uuc with force; as, the ships collided; 
to come into conflict; clash, 
ml tin (kol'I), n. a Scotch sheep-dog of 
tUl-UC much intelligence, with a shaggy 
coat. 

ml 1ipr (kfil'yer), n. a coal-digger; a 
tUi-lici vessel in the coal trade, 
ml linr (kbl'yer-I), n. [pi. collieries 

V/Ui-iiCi -y (-iz)], a coal mine and its sur¬ 
rounding buildings. 

/»r»l li cinn (kft-Uzh'fin), n. the striking of 
tUI-ll-olUU two bodies violently together; 
concussion; as. many were injured in the col¬ 
lision; clash; opposition. 

Syn. contact, conflict, ijnpact, encounter, 
meeting. 

Ant. (see concord). 

ml In Hi nti (kS-lo'dl-fin), n. a substance 
i'Ul-lU-Ul-Ull made by dissolving gun¬ 
cotton in ether: used to form films for 
wounds, photography, etc. 
ml Irk mil a 1 (ko-ld'kwT-SJ), adj. used in 
''vA-lV-tiUi-cu. ordinary conversation; be¬ 
longing to everyday speech; informal.— adv. 

colloquially. 

onl In mi! o 1 ictn (k6-lo kwI-51-Izm), n. 
C01-10-C|Ul-cll-lSIIl a familiar, informal, 

not literary, form of speech. 

In niiv (k61'6-kwl), n. [pi. colloquies 
COl-lO-quy (-kwlz)], a conversation; a 
dialog. 

In/In (ko-lud'). v.i. to conspire; to 
bUl-lUUC work with others secretly, with 
evil intent. 

_ _ 1 i -inn (k6-lu'zhfin), n. secret agree- 
COI-lU-olUII. ment for an unlawful or evil 
purpose.— adj. collusive.— adv. collusively. 
nr\ lno-nn (ko-lon'), n. a perfume made 
CU-IU^llC of alcohol and fragrant oils. 

Inrs (ko'lon), n. a mark of punctuation 
CU-1U1I [ : j t indicating a pause almost as 
long as that of a period, or introducing a 
series of dependent statements; the largest 
of the intestmes. 

_i nnl (kfir'nel), n. the chief officer of a 
COlO-Hvl regiment.— n. colonelcy. 

In -r»i o 1 (k&-lo'nI-al). adj. pertaining to 
tU-lU-lll-al a colony, or settlement of peo¬ 
ple subject to a mother country: as, colonial 
rights or customs.—n. colonialism. 

_ _i ‘-j. (kSrft-nlst), n. a member of a 
tOl-O-Illol colony, or settlement of people 
subject to a mother country; a settler. 

..i _ (kol'6-niz), v.t. to settle or 

LU1-U-1114C form a colony in; as, England 
colonized Australia; to bring togetherin a col¬ 
ony: v.i. to unite in a colony.— n. colonization. 

col-on-nade SSS ad ' ) ’ " a row of 

p/ .i _ — (k61'6-nl), n. [pi. colonies (-nlz)], 

COI-O-Iiy a body of people who leave their 
native country and settle in another land, 
but remain subject to the mother country; 
the country thus settled: a group of people 


living close together; a number of animals or 
plants living or growing together, 
ml nr (kul'er), n. the hue or appearance 
cui-eu. that a body presents to the eye; 
a pigment or paint; complexion; redness; 
liveliness or vividness, especially in literary 
work: pi. a military or naval flag: v.t. to 
impart a color to; tint; dye. Also, colour. 

Syn., v. dye, stain, tinge, 
ml nr a hi a (kul'er-d-bl), adj. capable of 
-a-uxc being colored; having a 
false appearance of right; deceptive; plaus¬ 
ible. Also, colourable. 

/»nl or Klfnrl (kul'er=bllnd'). adj. un- 
COl-Or-Dima able to distinguish colors. 
Also, colour-blind. —n. *olor-blindness, col¬ 
our-blindness. 

/*n1 n ro Hn (kOl'S-ra/dS), adj. of medium 
CU1-U-Ia-UU strength and color: said cf 
cigars. |Span.] 

Col-o-ra-do bee-tie u) 51 T r y2fow b ifh 

beetle, having its back marked with ten 
black stripes, which destroys potato crops, 
ml nrnH (kfil'grd), adj. having color; be- 
tui-uicu longing to a dark-skinned race: 
applied to negroes or those of negro blood; 
exaggerated; heightened in interest by the 
addition of details. Also, coloured. 
rn l r . r i-no- (kul'er-lng) , n. the act or art 
l/Ul-Ul-Ulg of giving a color to, as in 
painting; the color so applied; false or 
specious appearance. Also, colouring. 
rn l r . T i c x (kul'er-Ist) , n. an artist whose 
CUl-UI-lol works are notable for beauty 
of color. Also, colourist. 

ml nr Incc (kul'er-les), adj. having no 
tui-ut-icoo color; uninteresting; impar¬ 
tial; marked by no outstanding qualities. 
Also, colourless. — adv. colorlessly, colour¬ 
lessly. — n. colorlessness, colourlessness. 
nn Inc col (k6-18s'51), adj. huge; like 
tU-iUD-oaX a colossus; gigantic; im¬ 
mense.— adv. colossally. 

Pnl nc co iim (kdl'ft-se'fim), n. the am- 
V^Ol-Ob-oc-Ulll phitheater In ancient 

Rome built about 80 A. D., the greater 
part of which is still standing. Also, Coliseum. 

On Inc ci otic fk6-losh'l-anz; k6-15sh'- 
V-'O-lOS-Sl-cinS j,nz), n.pl. a book of the 

New Testament, containing the Epistle, or 
letter, of the apostle Paul to the Christians 
at Colossse. 

nn Inc cue (ko-15s'us), n. [pi. colossi 
LU-lUo-oUo (-si)], a statue of great size: 
as. thC Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of 
Apollo; any very great person or object. 

rnl nor foern (kfil'por't&j; kftl'pftr-t&zh'),- 
lOl-pUI -lagc n the system of distribut¬ 
ing Bibles and other religious books by 
travelers who sell or give away the books. 

rnl nnr fniir (k51'por"t?r; kaPp^'tOr').- 
tux-pui-tcux ft. a person employed to* 

sell or give away Bibles. 

rr .ix (kolt), n. a young male horse; one who- 
CUil resembles a colt, especially in youth 
and inexperience. 

rnl far (kol'ter), n. a cutter or blade on a 
CUl-lCl plow to cut the sod. 
m1+ icli (kol'tish), adj. like, or pertaining 
1/UXl-lolX to, a colt; frisky.'— adv. coltishly. 
— n. eoltishness. 

rnl+c fnnf (koltsTfiSt'), n. an herb used 
CUlLo-lUUl a s a medicine. 

On Iti-m "hi on (kft-lum'bl-Sn), adj. of or 
\-/0-lum-Dl-dll pertaining to the United 
States or to Columbus, the discoverer of 
America. 

rnt iim hina (k51'um-bin; kbl'ftm-bTn), 
coi-um-pme a dj pertaining to. or like. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
Zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 






column 


118 


commander 


a dove or pigeon: n. a plant, of the crowfoot 
family, with flowers of five petals. 

limn ( k &l'fim), n. a round pillar to 
^ui-unui support or adorn a building; a 
division of the page of a book, etc.; a forma¬ 
tion of a body of troops or ships; anything 
suggestive of a column or shaft; as, a column 
of figures; the spinal column. 



Columns 1, Egyptian; 2, Assyrian; 3, Doric; 
4, Ionic; 5, Corinthian; 6, Composite; 7, Tuscan. 

CO-lum-nar adj. having 

7 A , aA the form or shape of a 
column or shaft; formed in columns, 
f o rr|o (ko'md), n. prolonged unconscious- 
7 it n ? ss; as : he w as in a state of coma 
tor three days; insensibility; stupor: [pi. 
comae (-me)], the cloudy, hairlike envelope 
surrounding the nucleus, or center, of a comet. 

Co-man-che (ko-man'che), n. one of a 

u uau ctic fierce predatory tribe of 
American Indians, originally living in what is 
now northern Texas. 

CmTl-fl f riQP (kom'd-tos; ko'md-tos), adj. 

<X LUbe torpid; lethargic; morbidly 
drowsy; affected by coma. 

fOfllh (tom), n. a toothed instrument to 
* separate, adjust, or confine, the hair; 
ft® crest of a cock; the crest of a wave or 
xml; a honeycomb; a currycomb; an in¬ 
strument for carding wool: v.t. to dress (the 
hair) with a toothed instrument; to cleanse, 
as with a comb; to search through: v.i. to 
roll over and break into foam: said of the 
crest of a wave L — n. comber. 

com-bat (kora'bat), v.i. to fight; to con- 
... tend; struggle: v.t. to oppose; 

resist: n. a struggle; fight. 

COm.-bat-aut (koni'bat-ant), n. one who 
k • 111 figbts: adj. disposed to 
fight; bearing arms. 

com-ba-tivp (kSm'bd-tlv; kom-batdv), 
... JP adj. pugnacious; showing a 

disposition to fight or oppose; as, the fox 
terrier has a combative disposition.— adv. 

combatively. — n. combativeness. 

com-bi-na-fion 

united; as a combination of ideas; the 
union of bodies or qualities; an association 
or persons for a common object; a suit of 
underwear. u 

Syn. conspiracy, plot. 

com-bine j k5m - b m'), V.t. to unite or 
Y,," Win-, link closely together: 

agree; as, two political parties 
i^° de . feat a tliiid party: n. (often, 
kp™ ),rb • colloquially, a secret joining together 
of persons generally for unlawful purposes. 

com-bus-ti-ble (ktfm-bus'ti-bl), adj. 

, , capable of taking fire 

as ’ w , ood and coaI are com- 
oustiole. n. any substance which may be 
burned, n. combustibleness, combustibility. 

com-bus-tion ^? m ; bfls ' cbfin b n. the 

act of burning; the state 


of being burnt; the union of an inflammable 
substance with oxygen, etc., producing light 
and heat. 

rnmp (knm), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. come, 
P-pr. coming], to move towards; 
draw near; reach; become visible; arrive; 
be present; to issue from or forth from, as a 
source; become; occur as a result; approach 
in kind or quality; happen. 

/•a ttip Hi (kfi-me'dl-Sh), n. [fern, co- 

c-D-Aiic-Lll-ctll medienne (k6-ma / 'dyen , )l.a 

comic actor or player^; a writer of comedy, 
mm p Hit* (kom'e-dl) , n. [pi. comedies 
(-dlz)J, a humorous play or 
drama full of lively entertainment, and 
usually ending happily. 

rnmp 1v (kum'll), adj. graceful; hand- 
some; as, a comely person; suit¬ 
able; proper; as, comely behavior.— n. 
comeliness. 

m m pc; KIp (ko-mgs'tl-bl), n. an eat- 
yu-llitJb-Ll-Ulc able: adj. edible; pertain¬ 
ing to food. 

mm pf (kom'et), n. a blazing star, often 
euiu-ci having a long blazing train or tail, 
mm fit (kum'fit), n. a dried fruit pre- 
u x-i.it served in sugar; a sweetmeat, 
mm fnrf (kum'fert), v.t. to console; to 
YY . A . L °kcer; strengthen: n. a state 
of quiet enjoyment; consolation; encourage¬ 
ment; a quilted bedcover. 

com-fort-a-blp .(kum'fSrt-a-bl), adj. be- 

viuxxx XD 11 a U1C ing at ease; enjoying 

contentment or freedom from care: n. a 
padded quilt for beds.— adv. comfortably. 

Syn. agreeable, snug, satisfied, at ease. 

Ant. (see cheerless). 

POTTS fort pr (kum'fer-ter), n. one who 
t-CI consoles or aids; a long 

woolen scarf. 

COm-fort Ipqc? (kum'fert-les) , adj. hav- 
iui t iCbb mg none of the cheer or 

consolation of ease; cheerless; miserable: 
forlorn. 

COITl 1C (kom'Ik) , adj. pertaining to, or like, 

, 1V/ comedy; exciting mirth; droll; 

funny; comical. 

com-i-ffll (kdm'l-kal), adj. relating to 
YY ,Y X? medy: com ic; Witty; droll; 

colloquially, odd; queer.— adv. comically.—n 
comicality. 

rnm fnor (kum'ing), n. an arrival: adj. 
w t & expected; future; as. coming 

events. 

com-i-tv (kom'I-tl), n. civility; polite- 

T 1 ness; acts of courtesy between 

nations. 

Com m PI (kom'c), n. a punctuation mark 
. ^ [J indicating a slight separation 

in ideas or construction. 

COm-manH ( kb -mand'), v.t. to order or 
win iiiailU charge with authority; con¬ 
trol; exercise supreme authority over* 
lead; to overlook, as from a height; to exact: 
to be able to obtain: v.i. to act as a leader; 
to rule: n. authority; an order or mandate* 
a dominating situation; a naval or military 
force under the command of a certain officer. 

Syn., n. injunction, order, precept: v. 
order, bid, enjoin. 

com-man-dant (kSm'dn-dant'), n. an 

a fortified place or a body of troops. 

com-man-dppr (kam'dn-der'), v.t. to 

wiu niau compel to military ser¬ 

vice, to take forcibly for military purposes. 

COm-mand-Pr ( k5 -ma n ' d g r ) ( n. one who 
, . , is a leader; a military 

contain* & naval officer next below a 


rmh^sin^caffr'fihov ifirrf P drac ^ e j scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

ght, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 
















































commanding 


119 


common 


in ex (kfi-mand'ing), p.adj. 
com-mana-mg impressive; authorita¬ 
tive; qualified to take charge. 

com mana-ment a mandate or order; 
a precept; a law; especially, any one of the 
Ten Commandments, or Decalog. 

____ (kfi-mem'o-rat). v.t. 

com-mem-o-rate to call to remem¬ 
brance by a solemn act; celebrate with honor. 

com-mem-o-ra-tion Sta? sm n?" r the 

act of calling to remembrance; a memorial. 

+• _ (k6-m6m'o-r a- 

com-mem-o-ra-tive tlv), adj. pre¬ 
serving, or intended to preserve, the memory 
of; as, a commemorative tablet. 

„ (bo-mens'), v.i. to come 

com-mence into existence; begin: v.t. 

to enter upon; perform the first act of. ^ 

tnont (ko-mens'ment) , n. 
COm.-m6nC0-m.6nt beginning; origin; 

the occasion when degrees or diplomas 
are conferred at schools and colleges. 

(kS-mfind'), v.t. to recom- 
C0m.-m.6n(J mend as worthy of notice; 
praise; intrust; to give the regards of.— adj. 
commendable. — adv. commendably. 

J _ x* „ (kom'en-da shun). 

com-men-aa-tion n . the act of prais¬ 
ing or intrusting; approval. ... .* 

com-mend-a-to-ry r j) ) a dj. serving to 

intrust or give in care of; containing praise. 

_-it (ko-men'shob-ra- 

com-men-su-ra-Dle bi), adj. having, 

or reducible to, a common measure; as, a yard 
and a foot are commensurable -, proportionate.— 
adv. commensurably. — n. commensurability. 

__(kfi-men'shoo-rat), 

COm-men-SU-rate adj. reducible to a 
common measure; equal; adequate; corre¬ 
sponding in amount; as, our fortunes are 
often not commensurate with our desires: 
v t to reduce to a common measure; to make 
proportionate. — adv. commensurately. — n. 

commensuration. . „ „ 

«««, (kom'ent), n. a spoken or 

com-meni written remark; especially, 
a written note by way of explanation, illus¬ 
tration, or criticism: v.i. (koment; ko-ment), 
to write notes of explanations or criticism upon 
the text of an author; make observations. 

__ x_ „ Tr (kom en-ta-rl), n. \pl. 

C0m.-m.6Il-t3.-ry commentaries (-rlz)]. an 
explanation; a series of explanatory notes; 
as, a commentary on the Bible. 

(kom"en-ta'ter), n. 
com-men-ia -TOl one who writes notes 

to explain a writing, book, etc. _ 

^ (kom'ers), n. interchange of 

com-merce merchandise on a large scale 
between nations or individuals; intercourse. 

_ *_1 (k6-mur sh&l) , adj. per- 

com-mer-ciai taining to trade or busi- 
ness; mercnntlle.-a^ 
com-mer-cial-ism n . business prin¬ 
ciples, habits, methods, or spirit; a business 
practice or expression. (,,6-mQr'shal 

com mer cial pa-per pa'per), notes, 

bills of exchange, t-a le acceptances, or other 
evidences of debt, which may be used a 

_ . _ i-- o rvon'r 

and v.i. 


(kfi-mlz"er-a'- 

n. pity; 


com-mis-er a-tion “ 

condolence. 

_ 00 • 0 x (k6m"l-sa rl-at), n. 

com-mis-sa-ri-at the department of 

furnishes provisions and 


security for a loan from a bank. 

• i ^ fko-min &1)» v.t 

com-mm-gle to mix; blend. _ 


(ko-miz'er-at), 


an army that 

other supplies. w ^ . , 

_ (kom'i-sa-rl), n. [pi. 

com-mis-sa-ry commissaries (-rlz)], one 
to whom some charge is committed by a 
superior; a delegate; an official in the food 
department of an many. 

(ko-mish'un), n. the en- 
com-mis-sion trusting of business to 
anyone; the act of doing or committing; 
a trust; a charge; the warrant by which 
anything is done; one or more persons 
appointed to perform certain specified 
duties; brokerage or allowance; a document 
conferring military or naval rank or authority; 
a body of persons empowered to act under 
public authority; as, this city is governed by 
a commission: v.t. to empower; to send with 
authority; to confer military or naval rank 
or authority. 

com-mis-sion-aire 

nar'), n. one who buys or sells another s 
goods on commission, or percentage; a 
commission merchant or agent; in Europe, 
the hotel attendant who meets trams and 

boats to secure patrons. [Fr.] 

(ko-mlsh'un-er), n. a 

com-mis-sion-er person holding au¬ 
thority under a commission, or warrant: 
an officer in charge of some department 
of the public service; as, the Commissioner 
of Pensions at Washington; one of a body 
governing a political unit, as a city, county, 
or township, under public authority. 

(ko-mlt'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. com- 
C0lll-m.ll mitted, p.pr. committing], to 
give in charge or trust; surrender; learn 
by heart; send for trial, or to prison; as, 
the prisoner was committed to prison; to do; 
to devote or bind oneself: with to. 

__ x (kS-mit'ment), n. the 

com-mit-meni act of sending, charging , 
learning by rote, consigning, etc.; usually, 
the sending of a person to prison. Also, 

committal. , . 

mi* (k6-mlt'6), n. one or more 

com mit tee persons appointed to con¬ 
sider or manage any matter. 

J „ (kfi-mod'), n. a bureau or 
com-moae chest, of drawers; a covered 
washstand containing basin, wastepipe, oi 
other conveniences; a night chair or stool. 

__j? (ko-mS'dl-fis), adj. use- 

com-mo-ai-ous ful; convenient; roomy; 
affording ample accommodat on; as, a large 
family needs a commodious house.— adv.com- 
modiously. — n. commodiousness. 

^ j ? x__ (k6-mod'I-tI), n. [pi. com- 
com-moa-l-ty modifies (-tlz)], that 
which is useful; an article of commerce: 
n! in commerce, anything movable that Is 
bought and sold, except animals; goods; 

An.ro. (kom'6-dor"), n. in the 
com-mo-aore United States, a retired 
naval officer ranking between a captain and 
a rear admiral; in Great Britain, the com¬ 
mander of a squadron. ... 

rr-trvn (kom'fin), adj. belonging 
CQIT1-HI00. equally to more than one; 
as common to the human race; public; usual; 
frequent; inferior;, of low birth or origin; 
in grammar, applied to both masculine ajid 
e —anv individual of a 












commonalt) 


120 


c,a ss; as, a common noun: n. a tract of open 

public land.— n. commonness. 

Syn., adj. mean, ordinary, vulgar. 

Ant. (see uncommon, extraordinary). 

com-mon-al-tv ( k sm'iin-§,i-ti), n. the 

w-ixi. Au.u-ii-a.L-iy C( ),n mon people. 

com-mon PI* ( k Sm'un-er), n. one of the 
r, Cr common people; a person 
of low rank; a member of the British House 
of Commons. 

com-mon law io), the un 

~ xxxuxa law wn tten law, or the law 
of custom or usage not in the written statutes 
of a country. 


companionship 


com-mon 1v (kbm'tm-ll), adv. usually; 
i/Ulll lllUIl-iy ordinarily; to a usual degree. 

com-mon-olace ( k op , fln-pias') > « — 

T ordinary topic or 


an 

mark; anything ordinary: adj. uninterest- 
mg; common; neither new nor striking; dull. 

com-mon*? (kbm'unz), n.pl. the mass of 
xixwiio the people; rations or fare 
m common: Commons, the House of Com¬ 
mons, or lower house of Parliament in Great 
Britain and Canada. 

com-mon sense ( k ° m 'un sens), good 

„„ * DCAA . C judgment in ordinary 

affairs; sound, practical judgment. 

com-mon-weal (k< v n ' /fl ”- w6 i')- n - gen- 

n„ * f weal eral welfare; the pub¬ 

lic good, as, all laws should be made for the 
commonweal. Also, common weal. 

com-mon-wealth 

whole body of people in a_ state; a state. 

com-mo-tion ^ k ^r n ?9 sti an), «. Solent 

ot the waves; disorder; tumult. 

com-mu-nal (k 9 m '^- nal ; ko-mu'nai), 

. U 1Artl adj. pertaining to owner- 
lstdc ln comrQon ’ Public.— adj. communal- 

com-mu-nal-ism 

community or township should be self- 
governed and the state a combination of 
such communities; self-government on the 
widest possible scale. 

com-munp (ko-mun'), v.i. to converse 
together; take counsel; par¬ 
take of the Euchanst, or Holy Communion. 

com-mune ( k ^'un), n. the smallest 

, , C political division in France; 

a local, self-governing community. 

com-mu-ni-ca ble (ks-mu'nr-kd-bi) , 

in . , AA adj. capable of be¬ 

ing made known, imparted, or conveyed- 
as, a communicable disease. 

com-mu-ni-cant (kfi-mu'ni-k&nt), n . 

TT . . CcLLiL a partaker, especially 

of the Eucharist, or Lord’s Supper; one 
Who imparts or makes known. 

com-mu-m-eate £ 

of the Eucharist° wLord's Supper;’ toiler 
get, in connection; to hold intercourse. —n 

communicator. 

com-mu-ni-ca-tion 

?L „ m ^ kl 2£_.°i] e , sel£ understood; an expres 


munion, the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper 
or the partaking of it. 

com—mil—ni-nil P (kS-mu'nl-ka/), n. an 
. ... U 111 H ue official report of news 

or intelligence published in time of war. 

cnm.mil TliQtn (kdm'll-nlzm), n. the 
^ A lilU-IiloIIl doctrine of having prop¬ 
erty in common; a system of social organiza¬ 
tion demanding the abolition of private prop¬ 
erty, and community control of means of 
production, etc. 

COm_mi1 ni«?t (kdm'tl-nlst), n. one who 
UVAAAA AAALA aaa oL believes in communism, 


°r. the theory that each community or town¬ 
ship should be self-governed, and the state 
a combmation of such communities; a believer 
in communal control of property, etc.; a 
member of the Commune of Paris (1871). 

com-mu-nis fir (kdm-il-nis'tik), adj. 

. AAA 1UU Ihb-lio pertaining to commu¬ 
nism, or the theory that each township or 
community should be self-governed, and the 
state a combination of such communities' 
as, communistic theories pertaining to com¬ 
munal control. 

com-mu-ni-tv (kft-mfi'nl-tl), n. [pi. com- 

„ AAXU A1 1 iy mumties (-trz)j, a body 
of persons having common rights, interests, 
and privileges; a body of people living in the 
same locality; as, Philadelphia is made up 
ot a group of small communities; joint partici¬ 
pation, sharing, or ownership; a corporation: 
society generally. 

th<3 com-mut-a-ble '^' bl) • a #- c apa- 

. j c ble of being exchanged 

or interchanged. 

com-mu-ta-tion Q^^-ta'shttn). n . 

. , LAl ‘ ,AA the acceptance or ex¬ 

change of a less thing for a greater; the 
putting of something less severe in place 
of something severe; as, the commutation of 
sentence ot death to life imprisonment; in 
electrical usage, the change from alternating 
current to direct current, or the reverse by 
means of a device called the commutator. 

com-mu-ta-tion tick-et 

et) a ticket issued at a reduced rate for a 
number of passages between fixed 
pomts, or for meals. 

com-mu-ta-tor (kdm'u-ta'ter), n. a 

,, ,. . device for changing 

alternating electrical current to direct cur¬ 
rent, or direct current to alternating current: 
generally used on a generator or motor. 

com-mute ( k n-mut'), v.t. to exchange, 

, , substitute; in electrical usage 

to alter a current; reduce the severity of- as 
to commute a sentence: v.i. to pav in gross' 
at a reduced rate, asyailroad fare 

com-mut-er (kS-mut'er), n. one who, 
zrrz . , uses a ticket issued for a 
stated period, at a reduced rate. 


com-oact dvompakt), n. an agreement. 

n. , between persons or states; 

as, the men formed a business compact: a 
plot or conspiracy: v.t. (kom-pakt'), to press 
or pack closely; make solid; render close or 
dense: adj closely or firmly united; kn°J 
or pressed together; as, a compact mass.— adv 
compactly.— n. compactness. 

munication of ideas'; meam'of.paksin| from COHl-pail-ion a <- Com ’ 

Danbnwav accompany; attend: com^ 
panionway, the stairway leading from the 
^ ck to . , tke cabin of a ship.— adj. com¬ 
panionable.— n. oompanionableness. 


Sion of thoughts or opinions; 
munication of ideas; means of 
one place to another; news; intercourse. 

com-mu-ni-ca-tive ^ mQ/nr - k &-tiv) , 

. „ _.. t v ^ adj. unreserved; 

talkative.—n. communicativeness. 

cQm-mun-ion SSrST 1 fellowship : “S com - pan - ion - ship " 

pa o n possession; _a religious body: ComZ j ship; association. ^ ^ Ip) * W ’ f ^ lo w ~ 

ri f fh+ Sei Y ate ’ j 1, fa J> P^ade; scene, evens, $dee, novel refer* 

r ght, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn^tt, foe^s/menu; 









Company 


121 


complain 


irnm no tiv (kum/pa-nt), n. [pi. companies 
com-pa-ny ( . nIz)]i a group of pe op le ; a 

body of persons associated together; society; 
associates; as, a man is known by the company 
he keeps; a body of actors; guest, or guests; 
fellowship; a firm; a ship’s crew; a section 
of a regiment commanded by a captain. 

Syn. assemblage, crowd, gathering, group, 
host, throng. 

Ant. (see loneliness). 

no t-o Tile* (kom'pd-ra-bl) ,adj. capa- 
com-pa-ra-uie ble of being b kened to 

■someone or something; capable of being 
•declared similar or dissimilar to someone 
■or something; worthy of being so likened.— 

adv. comparably. 

p nm n£i i* o +ivn (k5m-par'd-tlv), adj.es- 
tom-pdr-ci-xi Ve timated by, or resulting 

from, comparison; relative; in grammar, 
•naming the second degree in the inflection of 
•adjectives and adverbs: n. in grammar, the 
second degree in the inflection of an adjective 
■or adverb.— adv. ^comparatively. 
pfy*Y» pvnyA (kom-par'), v.t. to make one 
uum-pai c thing the measure of another; 
•to examine in order to discover likeness and 
unlikeness; in grammar, to name over in 
•order, as, much, more, most, the degrees in 
the inflection of adjectives and adverbs: 
v.i. to be like or equal; to be worthy of, or 
•suitable for, comparison. 

.rnm tip i* i cnn (kSm-par'I-sun), n. the 
'IsUlIl-pcil -1-oUIl ac t of perceiving like- 

messes or differences; an illustration or simile; 
the study of things to discover likenesses 
and differences; relative resemblance; in 
grammar, the inflection of adjectives and 
adverbs which shows a difference in degree. 

.rnm narfm^nf (k5m-part'ment), n. 
COm-parC-meilL G ne of the parts into 

which an inclosed space is divided; a division 
made by a partition; a separate section, as 
of a carriage; a panel. 

rnm npcc (kum'pds), v.t. to encircle; 

ouui-^aao walk around;_to accomplish; 

attain; besiege: 
n. a circle; a 
circumference; 
extent; moder¬ 
ate bounds; an 
Instrument 
used on ships 
for finding the 
direction s, 
north, south, 
east, and west: 
pi. an instru¬ 
ment for divid¬ 
ing and drawing 
■circles; in 
music, range of 
tones possible 

to a given voice „ . 

or instrument. Compass Card 

rnm no c ci/vn (kSm-pash'un), n. sorrow 
vUli-pda-DlUIl f or t b e sufferings of others. 

Syn. sympathy, pity. 

Ant. (see cruelty, severity). 

com-pas-sion-ate &® m '?ympa4; s tfc; 

merciful.— adv. compassionately. 

rnm not i hil i tv (kSm-pat'T-bll'I-tl), 

COm-pai-l-Dll-l-iy n . the quality of 

being able to exist together in harmony; con¬ 
geniality; as, compatibility of temper is neces¬ 
sary for friendship. 

onrvi Tkot t VJo (kSm-p&t'I-bl), adj. 
1/vlU-pctL-l-UlC harmonious; agreeable; 

as, friendship can exist only between those who 
have compatible tastes.— adv. compatibly. 


rnm tip tri nt (kSm-pa/trl-fit), 
CUIll-pd-U 1-01 zen or fellow coi 



n. a citi- 
countryman. 

rnm nnnr (kdm-per'), n. an equal in rank; 
v/oui-pcox a companion or associate. 

rnm nnl (kSm-pST). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. com- 
euiu-pci pelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge 
irresistibly; to oblige; to force; as, circum¬ 
stances compel us to reduce expenses. 

Syn. force, oblige, necessitate. 

Ant. (see coax, lead). 

rnm nnnH (kQm'pend). n. an abridg- 
CUIIl-peilU m ent; a brief summary; a 
compendium. 

rntT! tlptl fit nil Q (kSm-pen'dl-fis), adj. 
CULU-peU-Ul-UUb containing the sub¬ 
stance in condensed form; summarized: 
abridged; compact.— adv. compendiously. — 
n. compendiousness. 

com Tien di lim (kdm-pen'dt-um), n. 
tUlll-pcii-Ul-lUil an aoridgment; a sum¬ 
mary; a condensed account of a book or 
subject; as, a compendium of science. 

non eo+n (kom , p8n-sat), v.t- to make 
a fit return for; to recom¬ 
pense; make amends for: v.i. to make amends. 
— adj. compensatory. —n. compensator. 

com-pen-sa-tioni k0m r SS p s S.1e 4ll i 

payment; whatever makes good any lack 
or loss; as, the man received compensation 
for his injuries; a set-off; payment; amends; 
something given in return for a service or for 
something of value. 

Syn. remuneration, requital, reward, 
rnm nn+r (kSm-pet'), v.i. to enter into 
Jr CLC rivalry with another; to con¬ 
tend ; as, to compete for a prize. 

cntn no ^onro (kom p§-t5ns), n. the 
^OIIl-pc-lCllC state of being able or 

capable; ability; as, no one doubts his com¬ 
petence for the task; moderate fortune; suffi¬ 
ciency; as, an army pension provides a compe¬ 
tence for a retired soldier. Also, competency. 

rnm font (k5m'p£-tent), adj. fit; 
t/UlIi-pc-lcIll able; suitable; qualified. 

— adv. competently. 

p/yrn nn ti finn (k<5m ,, p6-tlsh / un), n. the 
LUm-pe-ll-liOIJ. act of trying to gain 

something sought by another at the same 
time; rivalry; as, competition in business 
or in sports. 

rnm Tint i tivn (k5m-pgt'I-tTv). adj. per- 

taining to, or based on, 
the contention of two or more for the same 
object; pertaining to rivalry; as, the competi¬ 
tive system produces the best results, 
rnm r»n+ 1 fnr (kom-pet'I-ter), n. one 
L-A-tUI who contends with others 
for the same object: a rival. 

rnm ni 1o tinn (kbm , pl-la / shun), n. a 
C0m-pi-ld.-X10n coUection; the act of 

bringing together, as a book made from other 
books or papers; the thing so made from 
material gathered from books and papers, 
rnm niln (k&m-pil'), v.t. to put together 
'''■'J.ii-pj.ic; in fresh form; as, to compile a 
new book from several old ones.— n. compiler. 

com-pla-cence i 1 Sv^ 1 d plii s -fus"actio'n; 

self-satisfaction. Also, complacency. 

p T\]ct ront (k8m-pla's£nt). adj. show- 
LUin-|;ia-ecnc ing satisfaction; pleased 

with oneself.— adv. complacently. 

rnm -nlafn (kom-plan'), v.i. to express 
V/UJJ.x-pia.ii.x grief, pain, resentment, or 

discontent; as, to complain and grumble 
is the habit of discontented men; to make a 
formal accusation.—n. complainer. 

Syn. lament, murmur, repine. 

Ant, (see rejoice). 


Lid V V lie // Ut-U/H/ l/O/gCW* » ■* * y — — * ^ _ 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh —z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xm, 


10 










complainant 


122 


compressible 


n. one 
a plaan- 



b o 

Complemen¬ 
tary Angles,' 
ABC, CBD. 

completely.— 


com-plain-ant SPSS’S- 

tiff, or petitioner. 

/>Ani rd flint (kSm-plant'), n. in law, a 
ctmi.-pj.auit formal charge against a 
party; an expression of grief or pain; ailment. 

AAtyi nlai csitirp (kfim'pla-zans*; k5m- 
LUIIl-picU.-od.IlCc pla'zcins), n. courtesy; 

disposition to please. 

a om nlcii ccjirf" (kom'pla-zant"; adj. 
' /AAAAA "\F ActA ~ &clAAl ' courteous; obliging; com¬ 
pliant.— adv. complaisantly. 

rnm r»lp mpnt (kbm'pl$-ment), n. full 
CUIIl-pie-IIieill number or quantity; 

as, the regiment had its complement of men; 
a complete set; something that completes 
that which was not complete; the angle or 
arc by which a given angle or arc falls short 
of 90 degrees; the color that, when combined 
with a given color, produces white: v.t. to 
complete (an incomplete amount or number); 
to supply a lack in. 

com-ple-men-ta-ry 

or of the nature of, a comple- ,v 
ment, or completing part; as, -■ 
complementary colors; addi¬ 
tional : complementary angles, 
two angles which together make 
a right angle, or 90 degrees. 

Also, complemental. 

rnm nlntn (kom-plet'), adj. 

'' AAAAA “P A ' : ' ^ lacking nothing; 
entire; perfect; full; as, in 
complete armor: absolute; fin¬ 
ished: v.t. to make whole or 
perfect; fulfil; finish.— adv 
n. completeness, 
rnm -nln +in« (kSm-ple'shun), n. act of 
i/Ulll-piC-llUU making, or state of being, 
whole or perfect; accomplishment; fulfilment, 
rnm rdpv (kom'pleks), adj. composed of 
LU 111 -p i CA various parts; involved; intri¬ 
cate; not simple; as, a complex machine. 

rnm nl py inn (kSm-plek'shun), n. the 
(■'UlIl-picX-lOIl color of the skin, espe¬ 
cially of the face; aspect; general appearance. 

rvrn py \ 4 -tt (kom-plek^i-tl), n. the 
UUlIl-piCX-1 -ly state of being intricate 
or involved: opposite to simplicity 

rnm nli a klo (kSm-plrd-bl), adj. capa- 
com-pu-a- Die ble of yielding ;compliant. 

rnm -nli onro (kom-pli'ans), n. act or 
A/AAAAA "P AA ~ cAAA '^^ state of yielding or con¬ 
senting; submission; as, in compliance with 
our desires. Also, compliancy, 
rnm -nli ont (kom-pll'ant), adj. disposed 
l/UlU-pil-dlll to consent; yielding.— adv. 
compliantly. 

rnm nli rota (kom'pli-kat), v.t. to make 
Uim-pu-tcUc confused or hard to under¬ 
stand; involve; adj. (kdm'pli-kat), difficult; 
complex. 

rnm nli pa finn (kbm'pli-ka'shfin), n. 
l/Ulil-pil-Ud-llUIl the act of confusing or 

making hard to understand; the state of being 
hard to understand; difficulty; intricacy, 
rnm nlir i fir (kom-plLs'I-ti), n. partner- 
A/A ' AAA- P AAA ' -A “ A J ship, as in wrongdoing. 

rnm nli mpnt (kom'pll-ment), n. a for- 
CUXil-pil-lllclll ma i act or expression of 

courtesy; an expression of approval or admi¬ 
ration; delicate flattery; as, a compliment 
Is not always sincere praise: v.t. to flatter, 
congratulate; praise. 

com-pli-men-ta-ry 

lng approval, admiration, or commendation; 
expressive of regard or preference; as, compli- 
mentary language. 


r*nm iVhr (kom-plr). „ . . 

UUlll-pij complied, p.pr. complying], tc 

yield assent; agree; consent. 

Syn. accede, conform, submit. 

Ant. (see refuse). 

nnm -nn nprif (kom-po'nent), adj. form- 
CUlll-pu-lit/llt i n g a part; composing; 

constituent; as, the component parts o.. a 
machine: n. a necessary portion or part of 
any substance or thing. 

r*r\m nort (kom-port'), v.t. to conduct 
UUIlI-pUl l or behave: used with the re¬ 
flexive; as, to comport oneself in a dignified 
manner: v.i. to agree, accord, or suit, 
rpm nocp (kSm-pdsO, v.t. to form by 
tum-pusc combination; to write, as 
an author; to make up; to calm; adjust; 
arrange in proper order; to set (type); put 
together: v.i. to engage in composition, as 
of musical or literary work.—n. composer, 
ppm ppcpH (kom-pozd'), adj. tranquil, 
calm; serene; quiet.— adv. 
composedly. —n. composedness, 
ppm nnc i+P (kom-pSz'It; kSm'p6-zlt), 
UUIIl-pUfc>-lie a yj made up of distinct 
parts; as, a composite photograph; com¬ 
pound: n. a composition; a combination; a 
compound.— adv. compositely. 
ppm r»p ci* fipn (k6m"pd-zTsh'un), n. the 
com-po-si-tion union of different things 
or principles to make a whole; the act or 
art of writing a literary or musical work; the 
work written; a piece written for practice in 
the use of language; make-up, as of a pic¬ 
ture; the setting up of type; a mass formed 
by mingling various materials; an agree¬ 
ment, as to settle a dispute; compromise, 
ppm npc i ter (kom-poz'I-ter), n. one 

com-pob-i-tor W ho sets type. 

ppm nPQt (kom'post), n. a mixture of 
^Ulll-pUot various substances for fertiliz¬ 
ing the ground; a mixture used for plastering, 
ppm nn ciitp (kom-p5'zhur), n. tran- 
A '^ AAA- PO-olire quillity; serenity, 
rnm npfp (kom'pot), n. a stewed fruit: 
'^ AAAAA- PUtC a small dish in which stewed 
fruit is served. 

ppm npnriH (kom-pound'), v.t. to mix 
tum-puunu or combine together; as, 
to compound drugs: adj. (kom'pound), 
composed of two or more elements or in¬ 
gredients or words: n. a combination of two 
or more elements, ingredients, or parts.—n. 
compounder. 

Syn., adj. complex, combined. 

Ant. (see simple). 

ppm nrp VipnH (k6m"pr§-hend'), v.t. to 
' / " AAA “P*C-IlcllU. include or comprise; 

grasp with the mind; conceive; to under¬ 
stand; as, to comprehend an idea. 

Syn. embrace, grasp, perceive. 

Ant. (see exclude, mistake). 

com-'pre-hen-si-ble 

gible; understandable.—n. comprehensibility. 

com-pre-hen-sion <f a s n 7,'» r4 t -he 6 Sct' 

of understanding or including; understanding; 
the power of grasping with the mind. 

ppm Tirp jlpri civp (kpm"pr§-hen'slv). 
A/AAAAA “i' A C-IlcIl-olVe ady.mcludingmuch; 

full; complete; as, a comprehensive account 
of the war.— adv. comprehensively. —n. com¬ 
prehensiveness. 

ppm nrocc (kom-pres'), v.t. to press to- 
tUm-p 1 cao gether; condense: ft. (k<5m'- 
pres), a soft pad used in surgery to maintain 
pressure. 

com-press-i-ble 


ate, senate, rare, c£t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menii; 







compression 


123 


conch 


of being forced 

possibility. 


into a small space.— n. com- 
(kom-presh'un), n. the 


rrmi nrpc oinn (kom-presh'un), n. the 
'■''-Uil-pi Co-olUli ac t 0 f making compact 

or of pressing together; condensation. 

rrvm nrpc civp (kom-pres'Iv), adj. tend- 
com-pros-sivo ing to or having the 

power to, press together or make more compact, 
rrvm -nric<a (k&m-prlz'), v.t. to compre- 
^''-' AAA "\P A hend; contain; include; as, 
the British Empire comprises many colonies. 
Also, comprize. 

Syn. contain, embrace. 

fr»m r\rr\ mtcp (kom'pro-mlz), n. theset- 
OUIIl-pi 0-1111 5 »c tlement of any dispute 

by which both parties concede or give up 
part of what was first demanded; as, the 
strike was settled by a compromise; exposure 
to scandal, suspicion, risk, etc.; v.t. to settle 
by adjustment or mutual agreement; to 
endanger the interests of, by exposure to risk, 
gossip, etc.: v.i. to make a settlement by 
adjustment or concession. 

rrvrrvn trnl (kon-trol'er), n. a public 

tu.uip-u t/i-ici officer who oversees and 

verifies the accounts of officials under him. 
Also, controller. 

rf'rvm mil ainn (kSm-puTshiln), n. the 
CUIIl-pu.l-olU.LL ac t, of coercing, or the 

state of being coerced; force; constraint. 

-om mil cn rv (kom-puksS-ri). adj. 
lyUiii-p y exercising force or re¬ 

straint; obligatory; enforced.— adv. com 

pulsorily. 

rnm minr tirvn (kom-puhk'shun),TO.re- 
CUiJJ.-puJ.JV/-t.i.vM.i gret; remorse; uneasi¬ 
ness of the conscience. 

mi firm (kom^pfi-ta'shun), n. 

COIIl-pu.-TU-U.UIl fhe act of reckoning 

or figuring; an estimate so arrived at. 
nnm rmtP (kdm-put'). v.t. to figure; 
CUlU-pULC number; reckon; to calculate; 
as, to compute the distance of the moon from 
the earth.— n. computer. 

-rexAck (kom'rad; lcom'rad), n. an 
CUlii-1ctU-C intimate friend; a companion 
or mate.— n. comradeship. 

(k6n), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. conned, p.pr. 
toil conning], to study carefully; to com¬ 
mit to memory; to direct (a helmsman) how 
to steer: adv. on the negative side: the 
opposite of pro: n. the person who votes on 
the opposing side; one of the arguments 
against. w x _ _ 

con-cat-e-nate to 

as in a series. 


hollow and 
interior of a 

lenz), 


link together; connect, 

_ 4. fkon-kat"^-na'- 

COH-Cat-6-113.-tlOn s hun), n. a series 
of things united like links; as, a concatenation 
of events. 

f 5IVP (kon kav), 

CUIl-Cd V c curved, as the 

sphere or circle. 

coai-cave lens a lens one or both 

sides of which are slightly hollow and 
curved. , . 

_aa,t -I +tt (kon-kav'i-tl), n. [pi. 

con-cav-l-ty concavities (-tlz)], 
hollowness; the state of being con- r 
cave, or hollow and curved; the inner ^Lens 

surface of a rounded hollow body. 

pp/,1 (kon-selO, v.t. to hide; keep 

CUll*vv/dl secret.— adj. concealable. 

Syn. secrete, cover, disguise. 

Ant. (see uncover). . x . ,. 

___ A rt n1 -rMzs-nf (kon-sel'ment), n. the 

con-ceai-ment act of hiding or keeping 
secret; a place of hiding; shelter 


~ __ J (k 5 n-sed'), v.t. to yield; admit; 

con-ceae to grant as a right; as, the 
government conceded the right of the negro 
to vote. 

rnn rpit (kSn-set'), n. an, idea; an over- 
CUIl-Ccll estimate of one s own abilities 
or powers; vanity; a quaint fancy. 

_ •+ cxA (kon-set'ed), adj. having too 

CUU-Ccll-cU good an opinion of oneself; 
excessively vain.— adv. conceitedly. 

^ ^ T - ’Ul/% (kSn-sev'a-bl), adj. im- 
C0n-C61V-a-blG aginable; thinkable; ca¬ 
pable of being imagined.— adv. conceivably. 
A Ari /> 01 *(kdn-sev'), v.t. to become preg- 
OOIl-CclVC nant with (an embryo); to im¬ 
agine; understand; to take into the mind; 
v.i. to think; to become pregnant. 

Syn. comprehend. 

/»(kon'sen-trat), v.t. and 
COn-Ceii-llctlc V 'i % to bring or approach 
to one point or common center; increase in 
strength; condense; fix, as the attention; 
mass, as troops at a given point. 

con-cen-tra-tion the act of placing 

together or the state of being placed together; 
close attention; condensation; the collecting 
of the different parts of an army at one place: 
concentration camp, a place where troops are 
assembled. „ , , ... 

rnn rp n trir (kon-sen'trik), adj. having 
COIl-Ceil-iriC a common center; as. 

concentric circles were made in the water. Also, 
concentrical.— adv. concentrically, 
orvn (kon'sept), n. an idea, notion. 

COIl-Ccpl thought, or mental impression. 

4.:(kon-sep'shun), n. the act 
con-cep-tion or power of understand¬ 
ing; an idea or notion; the act of becoming 
pregnant. 

‘JL (kon-sum'), v.t. to relate or be- 

con-cem long to ; interest or engage; make 
uneasy: n. that which belongs or relates to one; 
business; affair; interest; _ anxiety; a business 
firm; colloquially, a contrivance. 

con-cem-ing SoStSSStST 

con-cert 

vise together; adjust 
or arrange mutually: n. 

(kon'sert), a musical 
entertainment; harmony, 
or mutual agreement. ^ 

con-cert-ed £q°": 

ted), adj. mutually 
planned or agreed upon; 
as, concerted action; ar¬ 
ranged in parts. 

con - cer - ti -na 

(k6n"ser-te'nd), n. a mu- 


con- 




Concertina 


sical instrument, of polygonal shape, with an 
extendible bellows. 

___ (kon-sesh un), 

con-ces-sion n. the act of 

granting or yielding; as, a conces¬ 
sion of land or concession of a point 
in an argument; the thing con¬ 
ceded; land, privileges, etc., 
granted by a government to a 
company, etc., for some special 
purpose. - 

con-ces-sion-aire ^ s ° h ”: 

fin-ar'). n. a person holding a con¬ 
cession or privilege. 



Conch 


_ (konk), n. a large, spiral sea shell; 

COIlCIl the shell of a mollusk. 


boot foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 














coneha 


124 


condition 


rnn rha (kdfika), n. [pi. conchae (-ke)j. 

WUiiL.Hct the outer ear; the dome of an 
apse; the recess or projecting portion of some 
church buildings. 

fhfll n crxr (kdn-kdl'6-jl), n. that 
wuil-wmu-u-sy part of zoology which 

treats of mollusks and their shells. 

rnn riorcr#i (kon'syerzh*), n. in France, 
v/uu-uicigc a doorkeeper or janitor. [Fr.J 

rnn ril i of** (kSn-sIrl-at), v.t. to recon- 
tuu-tii-l-a LC eiie; win or gain the affec¬ 
tions of; to appease; as, William Penn wisely 
tried to «onciliate the Indians.—n. conciliator. 

mn ril i a firm (kSn-siri-a'shtln), n. act 
LUll-Lii-l-d.- IlUil 0 f appeasing or gaining 

the good will of; act of winning by pacifying 
measures. 

rnn ril i s tn txt (kSn-sn'i-d-tft-ri), adj. 
WUII-WU-l-d-LO-ry tending to pacify; 

showing a spirit that Is willing to come half 
way; desirous of pacifying. 

rrvn rico (kSn-sIs'), adj. condensed; terse; 
LUll-LioC brief; putting much in few 
words.— adv. concisely. — n. conciseness, 
rnnj'lflwo (kSn'klav), n. a private meet- 
wuil-wiavc ing, as of cardinals for the 
election of a Pope; the rooms in which such 
meetings are held. 

rrvn rltirlo (kdn-klood'). v.t. to come to a 
tUli-Lihue decision about; determine; 
settle; bring about as a result; to end; as, 
to conclude an argument: v.i. to draw an 
inference; to come to an end; as, he concludes 
wisely; the meeting concluded with his speech, 
mn rlit «in« (kSn-klob'zhun), n. a final 
LU11-L1U-&1UU determination; result; in¬ 
ference; judgment; the closing part, as of a 
discussion; end; as, at the conclusion of the 
Civil War slavery was abolished 


con-clu-sive 


sive answer.— adv. conclusively. —n. conclu 
•iveness. 

rnn rnrt (k8n-k8kt0. v.t. to prepare, 
LUll-LUtL as food, by mixing various 
things together; to form; make up; as, the 
men tried to concoct a plot to destroy the 
government. 

rnn rnr firm (k5n-k5k'shun), n. the act 
WUi.X-WUW-tlUll of preparing or mixing; 

a plan or plot; a mixture of various articles 
of food. 

rnn rnm i fanf (kon-kdm'r-tSnt). n. 
WU11- WUII1-1- tdllL that which accompa . 

nles or is combined with something else; an 
attendant; as, culture and refinement are 
not always concomitants of wealth: adj. 
attendant; accompanying; combined with; 
as, concomitant circumstances.— adv. con¬ 
comitantly. 

rnn rnrrl (kQn'kord; kSn'kord), n. har- 
vuu-vuiu mony; union; agreement; in 
grammar, the agreement of words, as in gen¬ 
der, person, number, and case. 


pertaining to actual events or things; not 
abstract or general; specific in application: 
«. a compact or solid mass of lime, sand, 
gravel, etc., used for making bridges and 
buildings, especially the foundations: v.t. and 
v.i. to form or unite in a mass; cover with 
concrete.— adv. concretely.— n. concreteness. 

mn rt*A firm (kon-kre'shun), n. the act 
xi-wic-iiuii or P rocess of forming into 

a solid mass; the act of covering something 
with concrete; a hardened mass, 
mn rn "him* (kdh-kft-bin), n. a woman 
who lives with a man out¬ 
side the bends of wedlock. 

mn riir (kfin-kflr'), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
wii-tui concurred, p.pr. concurring], to 
agree or unite in action or opinion; coincide; 
as, their opinions concurred. 

pAti rin* rpn ro (kSn-kur'ens), n. th© 
Clluc a ct of agreeing; agree¬ 
ment; consent; coincidence, 
mn riir rpnf (kfin-ktir'Snt), adj. acting 
Y y Ai -“ V/LA ' L ” A wit in union or conjunction; 
joint and equal in authority; meeting at 
one point; happening at the same time; exist¬ 
ing at the same time; cooperating.— adv. 
cencurrently. 

mn rn<S cion (k5n-kush'fin), n. a shak- 
ing; the shock caused by 
two bodies coming violently together; injury 
by a fall; as, concussion of the brain, 
mn rlpmn (kSn-dem'), v.t. to pronounce 
UU11-U.CIIX1I or judge guilty; blame; cen¬ 
sure; declare to be forfeited or taken for 
public use; as, to condemn land; to pronounce 
to be unfit for use; as, to condemn a prison.— 
adj. condemnatory.—n. condemner. 

Syn. disapprove, doom. 

, , Ant. ( see justify, exonerate). 

i^ n ~ W A 00 f v) ' adh de , ci ‘ rnn dnm n#l finn (kdn'dgm-na'sliflnl 
sive: final; as, a conclu- uUil-UcIli-Ild-IlOIl n ^he act Q f pr( £- 

nouncing guilty, or wrong, or of declaring 
unfit or forfeited, etc.; the state of being prov 
nounced guilty, wrong, or unfit or forfeited; 
as, he cannot escape condemnation. 

rnn dm Qa Kin (kSn-dSn'sa-bl), adj. 
CUll-ueil-bd-Die capable of compression 

or reduction in size; capable of being made 
more dense; as, vapor is condensable. 

mn dm finn (kdn'dgn-sa'shfin), n. 
UUH-UCll-bd-LlOn reduction in size; com¬ 
pression ; the act of making dense or denser * 
the change from vapor to liquid form; as, 
the condensation of clouds results in rain. 

mn dnncin (k5n-d8ns'), v.t. to compress; 
UU1I Ucllbc ma ke close or thick; to make 
dense or denser; to concentrate: v.i. to grow 
dense. 

cnn-dmd nr (kSn-dens'er), n. one who, 
U 1 UCIlb-ci or th a t which, makes dense, 
concentrates, or compresses; a machine for 
reducing gases or vapors to a liquid or solid 
form; a device for storing electricity; a lens 

■ * , -- rrv* V“a jv 7 j - . fP r , concentrating or, bringing together rays of 

con.cnrd anm (k6n ' kor dans )' n - a eree- light. s y 

uuii uuiu-dliue ment; a dictionary of 

trnrdc! m* meeofrne tiril-V. __ II. . 


with references to the 
occur; especially, an 

— —int), adj. ag. w- 
harmonious.— adv. 


words or passages, 
places where they 
index of the Bible. 

COn-COrd-ant P^-kor'dant), «<#■ agree- 

m g. harmnnimis— nrh, 

concordantly. 

rnn miiran (kon'kors; kon'kors), n. a 
cuil-cuur»e meeting together; as, a 

concourse of waters; an assembly or crowd- 
as, a great concourse of persons attended the 
convention; a place, usually not inclosed 
where crowds assemble. 

mn rmfn (kdn'kret; kdn-kret'), adj. 
mn-irete formed into a mass by mixing: 


con-de-scmd ^ kdn d $-sSnd'), v.t. to 

UU 11 UC bUCIlU stoop; descend; deign; 
to come voluntarily to the plane of inferiors.— 
adv. condescendingly. 

con.de.srm Qinri (kSn'd^-sSn'shfin), 

• t .u i b n - the act of stoop¬ 

ing to the level of inferiors; voluntary humilia¬ 
tion or manifestation of courtesy to an inferior, 
con-di.mmf (kdn'dl-ment), n. a season- 
, . ' ing such as pepper, salt, 

and spices. 

con-di-tion (kSn-dlsh'un), n. state; rank; 

. tAWAA Qualification; an essential 
provision to the doing of something; circum¬ 
stances; terms or a contract: v.t. to contract 


^ ds *’ pdrade ; ?°ene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin, cold, they, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, finite, bhrn, ctt, focus, menii; 







conditional 


125 


confide 


or stipulate; to limit; to subject to examina¬ 
tion, as a student. 

r/yr» Hi fiotl at (kSn-dlsh'fin-cil), adj. bf or 
CUll-Ul-LlUll-cU pertaining to certain stip¬ 
ulations or provisions; not absolute; depend¬ 
ing on certain stipulated circumstances, 
rnn Hi "Hoti a 1 1v (^n-dish'fln-si-i), 

tUU-Ul- lluil-cu-lj adv. with certain limi¬ 
tations; not absolutely; under certain stipu¬ 
lated circumstances or provisions. 

con-di-tionedject ■ti sh Srt2in a Si P s uia: 

tions and provisions; required, as a student, 
t© complete certain subjects before full 
admission to collage, or promotion to a higher 
class. 

rnri H/Vlo (k&n-dol'), v.i. to express sym- 
tUii-UUlc pathy for another: with with. 

rnn Hn Irmrrk (kSn-do'lens), n. sym- 
i/uu-uu-iciicc pathy; as, a message of 

condolence. 

mrt H rm o (k5n-d5n'), v.t. to pardon or 
tun-UUUC overlook, as a fault.—n. con¬ 
donation. 

rrm Hnr (kon'dSr), n. a very large Ameri- 
tUU-UUi can vulture found in the highest 

Andes. 

Atm a. Ck6n-dus'), v.i. to lead or tend 
tUll-UUbC to; contribute. 

rnn Hn_rfv** (kftn-du'slv), adj. leading 
tUIl-UU-UVc or tending to; as, tem- 

peranoe is conducive to happiness.—n. con¬ 
duciveness. 

Hiirf (k5n-dukt'), v.t. to guide; di- 
''t/ll-u.u.V/t rect; manage; behave; to be a 
medium ©r channel for: n. (kon'dhkt). per¬ 
sonal behavior or practice; management. 

Syn., v. lead, govern, regulate; n. guidance, 
escort, deportment. 

rrm Hiir+ i "hil i +v (k5n-duk'tI-bIl'I-«), 
COn-aUCI-l-DU-l-iy n . the capabiuty of 

being carried or transmitted; as, the conducti- 
bility of electricity or of heat. 

rrm Hurt i Kf A (kon-duk'tl-bl), adj. ca- 
COn-aUCX-l-Die pable of being trans¬ 
mitted. 

rrm Hiir firm (k5n-duk'shun), n. trans- 
mission by a conductor; 
the act of leading; guidance. 

rrm Hnr tiv** (kSn-duk'tlv), adj. having 
LOU-UUb-llve the quahty or power of 

transmitting, as heat, etc.; as, conductive 
bodies such as metals. 

rrm Hnr tiv i tv (kxm duk-tiv I-tl), n. 

COH-QllC-XlV-l-Ly the quality or power 

of transmitting, as heat, electricity, etc. 

___ Attn trwf (kon-duk'ter), n. one who, 
C0n.-QUC-T0r or that which, leads or 
directs; a leader or guide; one who has charge 
of a car or train; a substance which readily 
transmits certain forces; as, water is a good 
conductor of sound. 

AttU- (kSn'dlt), n. a canal or pipe for 
COn-UUlC carrying water, etc.; a trough, 
tube, or subway for electric wires and cables. 



_ (kon), n. a solid body which tapers 

COIlc equally to a point from a circular 
base; anything of similar shape; the fruit 
of the fir, pine, etc.; in geometry, a surface 


generated by the movement of an indefinite 
line, one point of which is fixed, 
m now (ko'nl; kun'I), n. a rabbit. Also. 
I/U-Iicy cony. 

pnti fok 11 Igfp (kSn-fab'fi-lat), v.i. to 
l/Uil-laU-U-lalc gossip or chat familiarly. 
— n. confabulation. [Colloq.] 
pun fpp (kon-f6k shun), n. any - 

tuii-ict-uun thing preserved with sugar; 
candy; a sweetmeat. 

p pin fpp +mn pi* (kon-fek shfin-er), n. 
v/Oii-iciz-uuu-ci one who prepares and 

sells candy, sweetmeats, etc. 

rrm fpp firm pr v (kSn-fek'shfin-SM), 
con-iec-lion-er-y n . [ p i confectioneries 

(-las) ], candies, ice-cream, cakes, preserves, etc. 

rrm f*»H pr a rv (kon-fSd'er-a-sI), n. [pi. 
COH-IcQ.-Cr-<l-Cy confederacies (-slz)j, 

persons, states, or nations united for mutual 
support or joint action of any kind; alliance; 
sometimes, unlawful combination: Confed¬ 
eracy, the Confederate States of America. 
po« fpH pi* ofp (k6n-fed er-at), v.i. to 
^vm-icu-ci-aic unite in a league: adj, 
(kSn-fed'er-at), united by a league or agree¬ 
ment: n. a member of a league or union; 
an ally; an accomplice. 

rrm fpH pr si firm (kSn-fed^r-a'shiln), 
COn-ieU-er-d.-IlOII n< the aot of joining 

together or forming a league: an alliance; 
a union of states previously independent, 
rrm fiat- (kSn-ffir'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. con- 
CUii-lCi f erred, p.pr. conferring], to give 
or bestow; as, to confer an honor or a medal 
on a person: v.i. to consult together; con¬ 
verse: with with; as, the President confers with 
his cabinet.—n. conferee, 
rrm for onro (kSn'fer-Sns), n. the act of 
consulting together form¬ 
ally; an appointed meeting for discussing 
some topic or business; a religious conven¬ 
tion; as, the annual conference of ministers. 

fr,-. , TO (kon-ffir'va), n. [pi. confervas 
COIl-ier-Vd (-ye)], a kind of green, fresh¬ 
water algae, or any other similar threadlike 
plant. 

rrm focc (kon-fes'), v.t. to admit or ac- 
tUll-lcob knowledge; avow; grant; profess;: 
hear a confession from: said of a priest: v.i. 
disclose the state of one’s conscience to a 
priest and receive absolution; of a priest, to 
hear a confession; to make an acknowledg¬ 
ment: with to. 

Syn. admit, concede, prove, grant, acknowl¬ 
edge, certify. 

Ant. (see deny). 

p pn f pec pH 1 xr (kSn-fgs'Sd-lI), adv. ad- 
CUIl-lcb£>-CU-iy mittedly; through ac¬ 
knowledgment; avowedly. 

-»/vts fpf, ffii/vn (kSn-fesh'un) , n. act of 
bUli-iCD-oiuii acknowledging or admit¬ 
ting; the act of making known one’s sins to 
a priest; a profession of belief; anything dis¬ 
closed or acknowledged. 

con-fes-sion-al ciSe^ 

priest hears confessions. 

rrm foe cnr (kSn-fes'er), n. one who 
tuu-ico-oui admits or acknowledges a 
wrong; one who expresses belief in a certain 
form of religion; a priest who hears confes¬ 
sions. 

rrm fof (kon-fet'tS), n.pl. of confetto. 

LUH-icl-ll bonbons or sweetmeats; plaster 
or paper imitations of bonbons, etc., often 
thrown at carnivals, weddings, etc. 
rrm -fi Hanf (kon'fi-dant') , n. [fem. confl- 
COH-11-U.dJlL dante], an intimate friend. 

ro-n firlp (kSn-fld'). v.i. to have trust or 
bUll-HUC faith (in); as, the king confides in 


R. vuv Ui 1 t ^ 1 —- Q ~ ^_ [ _ - ' __ ' - -Tl 

36ot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
:h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







confidence 


126 


congest 


iais ministers: v.t. to put into another's trust or 
keeping; to entrust: with to; to tell as a secret. 

fi Hpnrp (k6n'fl-dens), n. belief; 
OUiA-ll-U-CAiOC reliance; trust; boldness; 
security; something told in private conversa¬ 
tion; a secret. 

rnrt fi fl**nt (kon'fl-dent), adj. full of 
»'UAA-aa-u.caai trust or certainty; positive; 
sure; bold; dogmatic.— adv. confidently. 

rnn fi Hpti tin] (kon"fl-den'shal), adj. 

''UAA-aa-iacaa-iacia spoken or written as a 

secret; as, confidential correspondence; inti¬ 
mate; trustworthy; as, a confidential secre¬ 
tary.— adv. confidentially. 

con-fid-ing . <*i- . trustful; 


simple faith.— adv. 

confidingly. 

rn-n ficr n rc\ firm (kon-fig"fi-ra'shun), 
con-llg-u-rd.-UOIl n _ the figure or con¬ 
tour; structural arrangement. 
r*rvn fin** (kbn'fln), n. a boundary, border, 
or limit; a frontier: usually 
plural; as, to keep within the confines of the 
country: v.t. (k6n-fln'), to restrict within 
limits; imprison; as, he was confined to 
prison; to keep in the house or in bed on 
account of sickness. 

fin** nipnt (kSn-fin ment), n. the 

vAiii-IiIlC-iliCl.il ac t of restricting or 

imprisoning; the state of being restricted; 
a woman’s illness at the time of childbirth. 
r*nn firm (kon-furm'), v.t. to strengthen; 
CUii-liiHi ratify; as, our fears were con¬ 
firmed by the report; administer the rite of 
confirmation, or of reception to full member¬ 
ship in a church. 

Syn. corroborate, approve, sustain. 

Ant. (see contradict^. 

f 'on fir mp tinn (kon"fer-ma , shun), n. 
con-nr-md-nun the act of verifying, 

ratifying, making sure, etc.; evidence; ad¬ 
mission to full communion after baptism. 

rnn firm p tn rtr (kon-fur'md-tS-ri), 
con-nnu-d- lU-ry a ^j serving to verify or 

prove true; corroborative. Also, confirmative. 

rnn firm pH (kon-furmd'), p.adj. ad- 
iun-nrnieu mitted to full church privi¬ 
leges; habitual; settled, as a habit or man¬ 
nerism. 

rnn fic r p+p (kon'fls-kat; lcon-fTs'kat), 
V/UAi-iio-V/dtc v.t. to seize as forfeited or 
as belonging to the state or public treasury; 
as, the traitor’s land was confiscated; to 
claim and take for public use.— adj. confisca¬ 
tory. — n. eonfiscator. 

rrm fic rp tinn (kon"fis-ka'shun), n. the 

ac t of taking private 
property for public use; appropriation. 
rnn fip dtp tinn (kon , fld-gra , shun), 

con-na-gra-xion n . a Rroat , are; as, 

there was a terrible conflagration in Chicago 
in 1871. 

rnn flirt (kon-fltkt'), v.i. to strike to- 
v/UAA-AAAV/i gether in collision, or clash; con¬ 
tend; fight; to disagree; as, opinions that 
conflict: n. (kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for 
the mastery; a battle; as, the conflict lasted 
three years; a violent collision; antagonism, 
as of ideas. 

Syn., n. combat, contest, contention, strug¬ 
gle. 

Ant. (see peace, quiet). 

con-flict-ing g| n ' fln ^ tlTlg) ' adj - oppos - 

r/vn flu pnrp (k8n'floo-ens), n. a flowing 
U.-CA1V/C together of streams; place 
where they meet; a flocking together, as of 
people.— adj. confluent, 
rnn form (kon-form'), v.t. to make like; 
'V/V?AA-iinAil bring into harmony; as, a 


foreigner must conform his behavior to our 
customs: usually with to: v.i. to be in har¬ 
mony; comply: with to or with. — n. con- 

former. 

con-form-a-ble like; corresponding in 

form; consistent; suitable; as, our actions 
should always be conformable with our ideals; 
compliant; submissive.— adv. conformably. 

p*vn fnv mp tinn (k6n"for-ma'shun), n. 
C0n-I0r-ma-X10n f or m; structure; ar¬ 
rangement; shape; as, the conformation of 
the earth’s surface. 

(k<5n-for'mist), n. a mem- 
COfl-IOrill-lSl t>er of the Established 

Church of England. 

pcm fnrm i fir (kSn-fdr'mi-t!), n. like- 
CUAi-AUiAii-A-iy ness; harmony; com¬ 
pliance wdth established forms; resemblance; 
agreement or coiTespondence in manner, 
character, etc.: usually followed by to. 
nr\-n frumrS (kon-found'), v.t. perplex; 
llUl-lUUiiu bewi lder; throw into disorder; 
confuse; put to shame; abash, 
prvn fr<*t*P (k6h"fr&r / ), n. an associate; a 
CUIJL-licit; fellow' member; as, the pro¬ 
fessors in a college are confreres. [Fr.] 
rrm frnnt (kon-fruntO, v.t. to put face to 
CU1J.-AIU11.1 f a ce: with with; as, to confront a 
prisoner with evidence; face defiantly; oppose. 

Pon fit ripn icm (kon-fu'shun-Izm). 
uon-iu-cian-lbm n the system of 

morality taught by Confucius, the Chinese 
sage (B. C. 551-478), and his followers: this 
system is based on ancestor worship and 
filial devotion and piety. 

rrvn fuc^ (kon-fuz 7 ), v.t. to bewilder; per- 
CUI1-1U8C plex; mingle; mix; render indis¬ 
tinct: to mistake for another.— adv. con¬ 
fusedly. 

rnn fll Ci’nri (kon-fu'zhun), n. the act of 
CUAA-A U-OAUAA perplexing, embarrassing, 

etc.; the state of being abashed or embar¬ 
rassed; perplexity; loss of self-possession; 
disorder; tumult. 

rnn fnf^ (k&n-fut'), v.t. to prove to be 
lUli-iUlc false or untrue; convict of 
error; as, he was unable to confute the 
argument.— n. confutation. 

Syn. disprove, refute, oppugn. 

Ant. (see approve). 

rnn cr** (korCzha/) , n. a bow or formal act 
i/UAA-gc 0 f taking leave; dismissal; as, the 
ambassador received his congG. [Fr.] 
rnn ctapI (kon-jel'), v.t. to change from a 
1/VJAA-jjca.A liquid to a solid state, as by cold; 
as, when cold congeals water, ice is formed: 
v.i. to harden by cold; grow stiff, as by co¬ 
agulation, etc.— adj. congeals ble. 
rnn cr ^ ni pi ^kon-jen yal), adj. kindred; 

pleasant and sympathetic; 
as, congenial tastes; having the same tastes; 
agreeable; naturally suited to one. — adv. 
congenially. 

rnn (xa ni al i hr (kJn-je'nI-ald-tl; 
con-ge-m-ai-l-iy kSn-jen-yal'i-tl), n. 

the state or quality of being agreeable or of 
sharing the same tastes; agreeableness; as. 
the congeniality of artists^ 

rnn cr^n i tcil (kon-jen'i-tSl), adj. exist- 
cuaa ^CAA-A-lctl IQ g ( or produced, at birth. 

— adv. congenitally. 

rnn cr**r (kon-ger), n. a large marine, or sea, 

^vxaa gci eel. ^ Also, conger eel. 

rnn cr<*Qt (k6n-.igst0, v.t. to cause the blood 
V/VAaa gcai vessels of (an organ or part of the 
body) to become too full; to make overfull oi 
overcrowded; as, to congest traffic: v.i. to be¬ 
come too full of blood: said of an organ or part, 
of the body; to gather into a mass. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin: cold, obey, cord, st6p, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 







congested 


127 


connection 


COT! frpc;t pH (kbn-jgst 6d), p.adj. unduly 
, b^Sl-CU crowded; as, the congested 
streets of a city; containing too much blood. 
Con crpc firm (kSn-jgs'chiln), n. an over- 
; n ® crowded condition; over¬ 

fullness af the blood vessels; as, congestion of 
the lungs. 

COn frlnm pi* a fp (k5n-glom'er-at), v.t. 

bim-giuill-er-die to gather into a ball 

or round mass: adj. (k6n-glom'er-4t), col¬ 
lected, clustered, or massed together: n. a 
mass of varied materials; a rock composed of 
pebbles, etc., cemented together. 

con-glom-er-a-tion ihtajf'Kfrfct 

of gathering into a mass; a mixed collection. 

COn-PTat 11 lafp (k&n-gr&t'tl-lat), v.t. to 
V/U1I S A «.l U-lctlt; rejoice with, or express 

sympathetic pleasure to, on account of some 
happy event: with on or upon. 

con-grat-u-la-tion 

of expressing sympathetic pleasure. 

con-grat-uJa^o-ry^-ffe^: 

ing happiness or sympathetic pleasure. 

CPn DTP O'si'fp (kon'grS-gat), v.t. and v.i. 

to collect into a crowd, 
mass, etc.; to assemble; gather together. 

con-gre-ga-tion 

cially of persons for religious worship. 

con-gr e-ga-tion-al ji 1 * 

to a congregation; as, congregational singing: 
Congregational, pertaining, or belonging, to 
Congregationalism or Congregationalists. 

con-gre-ga-tion-al-ism IBsS-SmSS); 

n. a form of church government in which 
each congregation governs itself: Congrega¬ 
tionalism, the faith and policy of the denomi¬ 
nation founded upon the principle that each 
congregation is supreme within its own 
limits. 

, Con-gre-ga-tion-al-ist 

n. one who belongs to the Congregational 
Church. 

rrvn crrpcc (kdn'grgs), n. a conference; 
^un-gicoo an assembly of ambassadors, 
etc., for the settlement of international 
affairs: Congress, the national legislature of 
the United States; as, Ccnigress holds its 
sessions at Washington, D. C. 

f'fYn crrpc cirm si 1 (kon-gresh'fin-5,1), 
\^On-greS-SlOn-ai G( y. pertaining to 

Congress. 

CAti nrrpoc ttipti (k6n'gres-m5,n), n. a 
^'- AlA- b A ' : '®® -AA - l<AA ' 1 member of Congress, 
especially of the House of_Representatives. 
p ati 01*11 i fv (kon-groo'I-tl), n. agree- 
v ' UAA_ fe A ment; consistency; fitness; 

appropriateness; an instance of agreement or 
appropriateness. 

rrvn <mi nnc (k6h'groo-us), adj. marked 

V ' UAA_ & 1 u ‘ uua by agreement; appropriate; 

accordant.— adv. congruously. 

rnn ir (kfin'Tk). adj. pertaining to, or 

bUU-lt shaped like, a cone, or solid body 

which tapers equally to a point from a circular 

base. Also, conical. — adv. conically. 

rr\ ni fpr (ko'nl-fer), n. a tree of the pine 

tU-lu-lcl or y ew family^ 

P p, p-r /vii o (kd-nlf'er-iis) , adj. bear- 

VyU-iixi-cx-uuo ing cones; as, the pine 

and fir are coniferous trees; pertaining to a 
tree of the pine or yew family. 

Pnn ipp +iir ol (kfln- j <3k ' tflr-5,1 ), adj. 
con-jec-xur-ai doubtful; implying a 


guess; as, a conjectural opinion.— adv. oon<= 
iecturally. 

Pan i/ap + 1iro (k6n-jek'ttlr), n. a prob> 
'■'Uu.-jcv-tuic able inference; a guess: 
v.t. to imagine; surmise; as, we can only 
conjecture what the future holds: v.i. to form 
opinions by surmise; to guess, 
rnn in-in (kftn-join'), v.t. to join together; 
'■'UJ.J.-j cm connect or associate: v.i. to 
unite. 

rnn mint (kfin-joint'), adj. united; co- 
eun-jumi operating; as. conjoint action 
in an enterprise.—adi.^conjointly. 

rnn ill fra 1 (kbn'joo-gSl), adj. of or per- 
oou-ju-gai taining to marriage.— adv. 

conjugally. 

rrm ill o-af/a (k6n'joo-gat), v.t. to name 
CUJ.l-JU-gd.ie over the different forms 
of (a verb), as I love, you love, he loves, etc., 
covering their various changes according to 
voice, mood, tense, number, and person: 
adj. (k6n'joo-gS,t), combined in pairs; of 
words, similar in meaning and origin. 

rnn in era +inn (k6n"joo-ga'shtIn), n. 
UUll-JU-gd-llUIl the act of naming the 

different forms of a verb according to their 
inflectional changes; the inflection of a verb: 
union. 

rnn innrt (kon-junkt'), adj. joined to= 
cun-junui gether; conjoined; as, con¬ 
junct degrees in music.— adv. conjunctly. 

rnn ilinr tinn (k6n-juhk'shun), n. un- 
CUll-JUllC-llUli ion; association; con¬ 
nection; the apparent meeting of two or 
more stars or planets; as, the conjunction of 
the moon with the sun; a word used to con¬ 
nect sentences or words. 

rnn in nr ti xra (k6n / 'juhk-trva), n. the 
V '-' AA “J tAAAV/-l,A “ v a. mucous membrane lin< 
ing the eyelids and covering the eyeball. 

rrm innr +ixrr» (kon-junk'tlv), adj. com 
CUll-JUliC-llve nective; uniting; closely 

connected.— adv. conjunctively. 

rnn innr ti vi fid (kSn-junk'ti-vi'tis). 
CUll-JUllU-ll-Vl-Llb n inflammation of 

the mucous membrane covering the eyeball 
and lining the eyelids. 

rrm innr turn (kon-junk'ttlr), n. a com- 
LOIl-JUIlU-LUre bination of many cir¬ 
cumstances or causes; a critical time; as, 
at this conjuncture the citizens were asked 
to be strictly neutral. 

prtri in fg +irm (k6n*joo-r a'shfin), n. the 
UUli-JU-Id-llUIl act of calling forth or 

sending away by magic; the practice of 
magic; a seeking for_magical aid. 
rrm iiirr» (kon-joor'), v.t. to appeal tc 
t,uu-juic solemnly; to implore; to call 
on in a sacred name: v.t. (kun'jer), to com¬ 
mand or summon (a devil, evil spirit, etc.), by 
an invocation or spell; to influence by, or as 
if by, magic: v.i. to practice the arts of & 
conjurer or magician. 

rrm inr #ar (kun'jer-er), n. one who pro- 
tuix-jui-ci duces illusions by magic or 
sleight of hand; a juggler; as, the conjurers 
of India perform wonders. Also, conjuror, 
rrm nafp (kon'at; k6-nat'), adj. inborn? 
tun-naic existing together; cognate. 

rrm nprt (ko-nekt'), v.t. to bind or fasten 
o un-uc together; unite; associate with: 
v.i. to join; to be associated. 

rrm mnr+ r»H (k5-nek'ted). adj. marked 
tuu-lictl-cu by coherence; linked to¬ 
gether.— adv. connectedly. 

rrm -mar firm (kS-nSk'shfin), n. the state 
cuii-iicu-null C f being joined or united; 

relationship; the act of joining or uniting; 
continuity of words or ideas; a bond; rela- 
tion by marriage or blood: surroundings; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 







connective 


128 


considerable 3 


acquaintance; denomination; one’s cus¬ 
tomers, etc. Also, connexion. 

**/vr» nckrt itro (kft-ngk'tiv), adj. fitted for 

con-nect-ive the work of joining; as, 

tendons and ligaments of the body are con¬ 
nective tissues: n. that which joins, as, m 
grammar, a conjunction. ,, 

° x,.,,.. ~-r (kQn'Ing tou'er), the 

con-ning XOW-er i ow shot-proof pilot¬ 
house of an armored vessel; on submarines, 
a low tower on the deck which serves as 
a post of observation: it has a hinged 
top which may be lifted to permit men 
to enter or leave the boat. 

y (ko-nlv'ans), n. the act of 

COU-niV-ailC© secretly aiding; silent or 
secret assent, as to wrongdoing; a pretense of 
ignorance of a fault or crime; as, the con¬ 
nivance of the officer with the two men made 
their escape possible. 

A (kS-nlvO, v.t. to close the eyes 
VOIl-IUVc upon a fault; to pretend igno¬ 
rance; to aid secretly; as, to connive at the 
breaking of a law. 

nr\r\ nruc coiir (kQnfit-sfir'; kSn-fi-sur), 
tvU-ilUl9*bvlU n. a critical and compe¬ 
tent judge; as, a connoisseur of art. 

_ ^ (kon"6-ta'shiln), n. m- 

con-no-ta-lion ference; definition; that 
which is suggested in addition to the primary 
meaning; as, the connotation of the word 
rainbow includes the seven primary colors. 

-rn-vfia (kS-notO, v.t. to signify; to 
tfill-UUlc mean in addition to; to imply 
as an attribute; as, the word man connotes 
life, action, form, etc.— adj. connotative. 

mi hi* al (ko-nu'bl-al), adj. of or per- 
tUlldlU-Ul-cu taining to marriage.— adv. 
connubially. 

mior (kon-ker), v.t. to gam by con- 
LUn-l|UCl quest; overcome; subdue; as, 
Caesar conquered Gaul: v.i. to be victorious.-— 
adj. conquerable. 

Syn. surmount, vanquish. 

Ant. (see defeat). i 

mi or nr (kon'ker-er), to. a victor; 
CUIl-quCi-UA a s, Napoleon was a great 

conqueror. 

non miod- (kdn'kwest), to. the act of 
tUU-l|UC&k subduing; subjugation; vic¬ 
tory; that which is overpowered. 

_ • 4- rr (kon"san-gwIn'I-tI), 

con.- san-gum-l-ty n . blood relation¬ 
ship.— adj. consanguineous. 
rnn criptim (kon'shens), to. ones in- 
'■'vJJL-oOlCJ.lGC most private thoughts; the 
moral sense or consciousness within oneself 
which determines right and wrong; as, thus 
conscience doth make cowards of us all. 

AA », xi-.,,-, (kon'shi-Sn'shfis), 

C0I1- SCl-en-tlOUS adj. influenced or 
regulated by conscience; scrupulous; as, a 
good and conscientious man.— adv. conscien¬ 
tiously.— n. conscientiousness. 
r*/vn oriniic (kon'shus), adj. aware of 
UUl-otiU Uo one’s own thoughts and 
actions or of something outside of oneself; 
embarrassed; self-conscious.— adv. consciously. 

Syn. advised, aware, sensible, assured. 

Ant. (see ignorant). 

f'rvn crimic «acc (kon , shus-nes), n. the 
COn-SClOUS-neSS knowledge of that 

which passes in one’s own mind; as, our 
consciousness of right is a protection. 

c rrint (k5n-skrlpt'), v.t. to compel 
GUli-oGiljpt to enter the army or navy; 
as, men were conscripted for army serv¬ 
ice during the Civil War: adj. (k5n'-. 
skrlpt), registered; enrolled in the army: n. one 
thus enrolled. 



pe; 

the draft system. ^ u l iL. 

con-se-crate apart as sa^eo; dedicate 

to the service of God; set apart to a sacred 
office; hallow; devote: adj. set apart as 
sacred; made sacred. „ 

(kon'se-kra'shun), TO« 

con-se-cra-tion the act of hallowing or 

sanctifying; the state of being hallowed or 
sanctified; a setting apart or devoting to a 
sacred use or office. 

_ _ AA „ x* ~ (k5n-.sek'u-t!v) , adj. suc- 
con-sec-u-tive cessive; without inter' 

ruption.— adv. consecutively.— n. consecu- 
tivcness. 

rnn oon end (k5n-sen'sfis), n. general 
CUll-ocil-oUo agreement; as, the con¬ 
sensus of opinion. 

„ At1 corvf- (kSn-sentO, n. a yielding of the 
GUIl-otJUl mind or will; agreement: v.i. 
to comply; yield; accede; concur; agree. 

__ (kon'sS-kwens), n. that 

Coil-Se-Quence which naturally follows 
a cause; inference; result; importance; 
significance. 

Syn. effect, event, issue. 

Ant. (see cause). 

rnn cp misfit (kSn'sS-kwent), adj. fol- 
COIl-bc-t[llGIlL lowmg as a result or 

natural effect; as, war and the consequent 
poverty: n. a result or effect; in mathemat¬ 
ics, the 1 second term of a ratio.— adv. con¬ 
sequently. 

/'/vn eo fliion (k5n*'sS-kw6n , shal), 

con-se-quen-xiai adj. following as th© 

effect; self-important.— adv. consequentially. 

_ (kon"ser-va'shfin), to. 

con-ser-va-tion the act of preserving 

from decay, loss, or injury; as, America should 
be interested in the conservation of her forests. 

epw o ficm (kon-sfir'vd-ttzm), to. 
COIi-oCl V-ct-tloIlI the tendency to ad¬ 
here to existing conditions, institutions, laws, 
etc.; the disposition that is opposed to change 
or progress; the practice of the principle of 
adhering to present conditions, etc. 

cpf Tr +i V pk (kSn-snr'yd-tfv), adj , 
irfOIi-bcI V-d-Llv c having the tendency 

or power to preserve or keep, as salt; natur¬ 
ally opposed to change: to. that which pre¬ 
serves; one opposed to hasty changes in the 
political, religious, or civil institutions of 
the country; as. the conservative is sel¬ 
dom progressive: Conservative, adj. naming, 
or pertaining to, an English political party 
which is opposed to radical reform measures 
or changes in church and state, for which it 
believes the time is not ripe: to. a member of 
the party referred to. 

con-serv-a-xo-ry adj. tending to pre¬ 
serve: n.. a greenhouse; a public place of 
instruction, especially for music. 

/'rvn eanro (kon-sfirv'), v.t. to preserve 
v c from injury or destruction; 
as, to. conserve the peace of society; to pre¬ 
serve with sugar: n. (kSn'surv), preserved 
or candied fruit: pi. preserves. 

oJrl ar (kon-sld'er), v.t. to fix the mind 
V'GU.-olU.-tJi U p 0 n; treat with thoughtful¬ 
ness; look upon; contemplate: v.i. to de¬ 
liberate; reflect. 

Syn. ponder, weigh, ruminate. 

/■* cirl pi* o V\1 p (kSn-sfd'Sr-a-bl), adj. 
bOH-olU-cl-a-Uio worthy of notice; im¬ 
portant; valuable; worthy of regard by reason 
of size, quantity, etc.— adv. considerably. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask,, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSiaapare; unit, finite, bfira, cut, foefis, menu; 







considerate 


129 


constitution 


««« c iH p, r afp (k 6 n-sld'er-&t), ad;, hav- 
V/Ull-oUl-Cl-die jng regard for others; 
prudent; thoughtful; careful.— adv. con¬ 
siderately. 

cirf pr Ck firm (kfin-sld'er-a'shfin), 

COn-SlU-ei-a-XlOIl n . the act of taking 

thought or reflecting; claim to notice; im¬ 
portance; mature thought; as, to take into 
consideration the result of an act; regard for 
others; thoughtfulness; as, to have considera- 
tion for others. 

rnti ciH pr incr (kSn-sId'er-Ing), prep. 
con-biu-er-mg taking into account; 

allowing for. 

/'/vn cl cm (kSn-sIn'), v.t. to deliver in a 
VUII- 0 I 5 II formal manner to another; 
yield in trust; to send to another to be sold, 
cared for, etc., as merchandise. 
nrvn cl cm nn (kon^si-ne'; kQn'sT-ne'), n. 
LUU-oigu-cc the person to whom goods 
are sent; an agent or factor, 
rf'rm cl cm mpnt (kon-sin'ment), n. the 
COn-Slgn-ment act of delivering for¬ 
mally or of sending goods; the thing consigned 
or sent; as, he received a large consignment 
of goods; the writing by which anything is 
delivered formally or shipped. 

clrm nr (kSn-sin'er; kSn'sI-nor'). n. 
tUU-oigii-tu the person who sends goods 
to another. Also, consigner. 

_ clc-f- (k5n-slst'), v.i. to be made; to be 
con-51bC composed: followed by of; to 
have as its foundation or nature: followed by in. 

rnn clef Ptl PV (k5n-sls;ten-sl),n.degree 
tUll-olal-cu-tjf 0 f density or firmness; 

as, the consistency of a liquid; harmony; 
agreement; especially, the agreement between 
a person's deeds and his statements of what 
he is going to do, or between his conduct at 
one time and another. Also, consistence. 

+ (kfin-sls'tent), adj. solid; 
COn-SlSI-ent not fluid; not self-contra¬ 
dictory; standing together or in agreement; 
as, his deeds were consistent with his belief.— 
adv. consistently. 

Syn. constant, compatible. 

Ant. (see inconsistent). 

• x,~ —_ r (kSn-sIs'tft-rl; k 6 n's!s-t 6 - 

COn-SlS-TO-ry r i) f n . the governing body 
of a church; also, the place where such a 
body meets. , . . , 

0/^1 o (kftn-sols'), n.pl. the principal 
COH-SOlo government security ot Great 

1 „ -LI^ (k5n-sol'd-bl), adj. capa- 
C0U-S01-3.-D16 bie of being soothed or 
cheered in time of distress; comforted or 

relieved mentally. . 

_ 1 _ a* (kon so-la shun), n. the 

COn-SO-ia-UOn act of giving or state of 
receiving sympathy; a means of relieving 
distress; comfort for mental or physical 
distress; solace. . .. 

__ „ x_ ^_ r (k5n-sSra-t6-rI), adj. 

COn-SOI-a-tO-ry soothing; tending to 

relieve or comfort. . _ . 

__ (kSn-sol'). v.t. to give comfort 

COXl-SOie to; cheer in sorrow; to solace. 

(kbn'sol), n. in architecture, a 
COH-SOAC corbel; a bracketlike support 

or ornament. [Fr.] 

1 : j „ x _ (kon-s511-dat), v.t. to 

COn-SOl-l-aate make solid; harden; 
condense; to unite: v.i. to become solid or 
united.—n. consolidator. 

I • (kfin-sdl I-da shun), 

con-sol-i-aa-tion n , the act of making 

solid or bringing together into one; the state 
of having been made solid or united, com¬ 

bination. 


con-som-me <ka4 ' sftW) '- n - a 


con-so-nance 


___ strong 

clear soup. [Fr.] 
(k6n , s&-n3,ns), n. agree¬ 
ment of sounds; har¬ 
mony; concord; as, consonance of musical 
tones. Also, consonancy. 
r/vn cp rmrvf (kfin'sO-n&nt), adj. harmo- 
t/Ull-oU-licuu nious; accordant: n. a 
sound which cannot be easily uttered except 
when combined with a vowel; a letter repre¬ 
senting such a sound.— adv. consonantly. 
rnn cr»r+ (kbn'sort), n. a companion; a 
vUll-oOI l partner; a husband or wife; 
a ship accompanying another: v.t. and v.i. 
(kftn-sort'), to associate; keep company; 
with with. 

r*/\ty 44 mic (k5n-splk u-flis), 

COn-SpiC-U-OUS mentally or physically 
visible; manifest; distinguished; striking; 
obvious.— adv. conspicuously.—n. conspicu¬ 
ousness. 

n att (kon-splr'a-sl), n. [pi. con- 
C0n.-SpiT-3.-Cy spiracies (-slz)], a plot; 
a combination of two or more persons en¬ 
gaged together for an unlawful or evil purpose. 

_ 0 x_— (k5n-spir'a-ter). n. one 

con-spir-a-tor ^ ho plots. 

nn-n c-niro (kftn-spir'), v.i. to plan to- 
^UIl-5pu.C gether to commit a crime; 
combine for an unlawful purpose; to plan; 
agree to work to one end.— n. conspirer. 

_ __ _x„ 1,1- (kun'std-bl), n. a high court 
C0H-ST3-D16 officer of the Middle Ages; 
a police officer. 

„ _x_t_ — Ty (kSn-stab'tl-la-rl), adj. 

COn-Stab-U-la-ry pertaining to con¬ 
stables, or police officers: n. constables col¬ 
lectively, a State military police force. 

„_x_„ ___ (kbn'stan-si), n. firmness; 

con-stan-cy stability; fidelity. 

Syn. steadiness, consistency. 

Ant. (see fickleness). 

_x_ „x (kon'stant) , adj. continuous; 
con-siani faithful; Ann; steadfast; true; 
unchanging; invariable imder given condi¬ 
tions; regular: n. that which is not subject 
to change, as gravity; a quality whose value 
is always the same. _ , 

/T/M-I C-+Ifr (k6n'st5nt-ll), adv. in a 
COIi-Slalll-iy faithful or regular manner; 
continually; invariably; uniformly. 

__ _x _ 1 i_ xi_— (kOn^ste-la'shfin), n. a 

COIl-Stel-l3-tlOIl group or cluster of 
fixed stars, having a special name; an 
assemblage of brilliant and distinguished 

-no +i/vn (kSn'ster-na'shfin),n. 
C011-Ster-I13-tl011 great terror, wonder, 
or surprise; perturbation. 

x* „ (kon"stI-pa'shfin), n. in- 

con-stl-pa-tion action of the bowels. 

_x;x „ Tr (kfin-stit'ti-en-sl) , n. 

con-stlt-u-en-cy [pi. constituencies 
(-slz)], the body of electors voting for a 
member of Congress, or other officer. 

< •. _ _„x (k6n-stlt tl-ent), adj. 

C0I1-Silt-11-dll forming a necessary 
part; component; as, oxygen and hydrogen 
are the constituent parts of water: n. an essen¬ 
tial or necessary part; a voter; one who i9 
represented by another. 

0 x: (kSn'stl-tut), v.t. to compose 

COIl-SIl-Tuie or make up; appomt; elect; 

enact; establish. , .. 

o-fi (kbn'stl-tu'shfin), n. the 

C0n-Stl-TU-T10n act of establishing; the 
thing established; bodily strength; mental 
or physical temperament; the system of 
fundamental laws of nation, state, or society; 
as. the Constitution of the United States. 


hffat 'fdot • found; boil: function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 

P/SS; M»-Ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, payes xix to xxn. 







constitutional 


130 


contempt 


Prvn Qti fii f i ntl CJ1 vk6n' , stl-tu , sliun-§.l), 
COU-bU-IU-XlOn-dl inherent in the 

make-up of a person or thing; fundamental; 
In accordance with the fundamental law of a 
state or society: n. colloquially, a walk 
taken for the benefit of the health.— adv. 

constitutionally. 

con-sti-tu-tion-al-i-ty 

the quality or state of being in accordance 
with the fundamental law of seme state or 
society. 

rrm ctroin (kSn-stran'), v.t. to hold down 
tbu DUdlll or keep back by force; as, 
the handcuffs constrained his action; restrain; 
to urge, drive, or compel; as, his conscience 
constrains him to do right. 

rnn otrairnaH (k6n-strand), p.adj. char- 
'■''- ,1A '** :5 l,A clliiCU. acterized by unnatural¬ 
ness or repression; compelled.— adv. con¬ 
strainedly. 

rrvn cfrptrsf (k6n-strant'), n. compulsion; 
' - ’'* ,AA " ol ' AclAAA '' force; necessity; repression; 
lack of naturalness. 

eAti c+rirf (k6n-strik(/), v.t. to bind; 
CUXX-&U.XV/L cramp; contract. 

cnn cfrtr* firm (kon-strik'shun), n. com- 
l/UXi-oixxG-txuxx pression; contraction. 

cen cft*tf* tuTA (kon-strlk'tiv), adj. of or 
* # '-' AA_a ‘' A xL-lXV C pertaining to compres¬ 
sion or contraction produced by binding. 

c am ctri c tAt* (kon-strlk'ter), n. that 
1*UXX-&U.XL-IUX w hich binds or squeezes; 
a serpent that crushes its prey. 
a cvn ctmrt (kon-strukt), v.t. to build; 
* /,J xx-o tx ut /1 form; put together; compose. 
—n. constructor. 

AAti ofri i Ati (kon-struk'shun) 5 v,. the 
CUIl-b U Ub-LlOIl a ct of building; that 

which is built; an edifice; interpretation; 
arrangement and grammatical relationship 
of words in a sentence. ___ 
aa« firro (kon-struk'tiv), adj. hav- 

COn-fc>UUl/-tlve ing the character of 
upbuilding; having the power to form or 
frame; tending toward the positive and 
affirmative; tending to help rather than to 
hinder or depress; as, constructive work; 
constructive criticism.— adv. constructively, 
rnn cfrim (kbn'stroo; kon-stroo'), v.t. to 
ouxx-du uc analyze or take apart (a sen¬ 
tence) so as to show the word-relationship and 
make plain the meaning; translate; inter¬ 
pret; as, to construe Greek or Latin, 
rnn cnl (kon'sul), n. an officer commis- 
tuxx-aui sioned by a government to reside 
in a foreign port or city, to promote the in¬ 
terests of his country’s trade, and protect 
its subjects; the chief magistrate of the 
Roman Republic, and of the French Republic 
(1799-1804). — n. consulship. 

con-sul gen-er-al 

as, the consul general has charge of all the 
consuls of his government in a foreign 
country. 

rnn Cii lor (k5n'sft-ldr), adj. pertaining to 
v ' v/AA -* :>lA - ACAA a consul; as, consular duties; 
consular service. 

rnn <511 1 ofp (kon'su-lat), n. the office 
vou-ou-xaic and residence of a consul; 
the term of office of a consul, 
rnn ciilf (kdn-sult'), v.t. to ask advice 
wu-oun 0 f; to have regard to: v.i. to 
take counsel together.—n. consulter. 

rnn Qiil fa tinn (k6n*sfil-ta'shfln), n. 
UUIi-bUl-Xd.-X10Xl the act Q f conferring: 

a conference or deliberation on some special 
matter; a meeting of experts for conference; 
as, a consultation of physicians. 


con-sume 

waste away; 


(kon-sum'), v.t. to destroy; 
waste; spend; use up: v.i. 
be exhausted.—^. consumer. 

rnn ciim m atp (kSn’su-mat), v.t. to 
LUIl-oUlil-lllctLc complete; to finish: aflj. 

(kdn-sum'at), perfect.— adv. consummately. 

coii-sxun-ma-tioni kfl ?Md.55onf S ac: 

complishment; as, the consummation of a 
wish; completion. 

rnn cnimn ft nn (kSn-sump'shfin), n. 
LOn-bump-LlOIl the act of using up; 

as, the consumption of sugar in the United 
States is enormous; the state or process of 
being used up; a gradual wasting away; 
pulmonary tuberculosis; as, the modern 
cure for consumption is fresh air. 

rnn <5iimn tivn (kSn-sump'tlv), adj. per- 
LUIl-oUillp- UVc tammg to, or inclined to. 

or afflicted with, pulmonary tuberculosis: ,n. 
one afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis, 
rnn fart (kon'takt), n. a coming together 
^ /WAA-1 ' t,A '*' of two things; a touching; close 
union; the joining-point of two conductors 
through which an electric current passes; in 
an airplane, the closing of the ignition 
switch, controlling the engine of the machine. 

rnn fa 0-inn (kon-ta'jun), n. the giving 
tUIl-la-^lUIl 0 f disease to another by 

direct or indirect contact: an agency, as 
virus, by which disease may be transmitted; 
the communication of emotions, manners, 
etc., to others. 

rnn fa o-iniic (kon-ta'jus), adj. trans- 
COn-ia-glQUS m jt t ed by contact; as, 

scarlet fever is contagious. — adv. contagiously. 

— n. contagiousness. 

rnn fain (kon-tanO, v.t. to hold, as a ves- 
Vsuxx-icxxxx S el; keep within bounds; in¬ 
close ; to hold or be equivalent to; to restrain 
or hold back: used with the reflexive pro¬ 
noun; as, she could scarcely contain herself; 
to be a multiple of, or to be exactly divisible 
by.— n. container. 

AAfi fam i tiofo (kSn-tamfi-nat), v.t. to 
LOIl-lcUIl-l-IlcUe pollute or make im¬ 
pure. 

Syn. corrupt, defile, taint. 

con-tam-i-na-tion&^t^uie'^o'f 

making impure; taint; as, it is very necessary 
to keep drinking water from contamination. 

rnn fnrnn (k6n-tem'),j v.t. to scorn; to 
uuxx-lc;xxxxx look upon or treat with con¬ 
tempt. 

rnn fnm nlafn (k&n'tSm-plat), v.t. to 
con-xem-piaxe look at or consider with 
continued attention; meditate on; to look 
forward to; intend; v.i. to meditate. 

con tom lYln finn (kdn-tem-pla'shfin). 
UUXl-XCili-pict-llOIl n . the act of look¬ 
ing at or thinking over carefully; medita¬ 
tion; expectation; intention. 

con-tem-pla-tive 'guioSiSMrik 

a contemplative state of mind.— adv. contem¬ 
platively. 

con-tem-po-ra-ne-ous 

living, occurring, or existing at the same time. 
— adv. contemporaneously. 

con-tem-po-ra-ry^-^p-f-^ 

occurring at the same time: n. one living at 
the same time as another; as, Thackeray and 
Diekens were contemporaries. 

rnn fptTTnf (kSn-tempt'),n.disdain;scorn; 
Luxx-tempi as> contempt is the keenest 
rebuke for drunkenness; disobedience to the 
orders, etc., of a court; disgrace: shame. 


ate, senate, rare, c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 







contemptible 


131 


contractor 


cnn temnt i hlf* (kon-temp'ti-bi), 

tUU-LCUipi l iUlt? meriting scorn.— 


con-tend 


adj. 

. — adv. 

contemptibly.— n. contemptibleness. 

Syn. despicable, paltry, pitiful, vile, mean. 
Ant. (see noble). 

con-temp-tu-ous 

ful.— adv. contemptuously.—n. contemptu¬ 
ousness. 

(kon-tend'), v.i. to strive in 
opposition; vie; as, to contend 
for the prize; dispute or debate: v.t. to 
maintain or assert.— n. contender. 

Syn. contest, struggle, combat. 

(kon-tent'), adj. satisfied; will- 
tUiMCiU ing: v.t. to satisfy; gratify; 
appease: n. the state of being satisfied; 
mental satisfaction; (kon'tent; kon-tent/), 
that which is contained; that which is dis¬ 
cussed, covered, or treated in a book, etc.; 
extent; size: usually in plural. 

(kon-ten'ted), p.adj. grati- 
UUIl-lcIIl-cCl fled; satisfied; as, to be 
contented is true happiness.— adv. contentedly. 
—n. contentedness. 

r»rvn firm (kon-ten'shun), n. contest; 

hUll-lcll-tlUll debate; quarrel; strife; 

a point in an argument^ 

p bio (kon-ten shus), adj . caus— 
vUll- Itll- 11UU-o j ng disputes or strife; 
quarrelsome; as, a contentious spirit.— ado. 

content! ovsly.— n . contentiousness. 

rrvn +Ptif mpnt (k5n-tent'ment), n. 
LOI1-LtJIll-rneill satisfaction; content. 

rr\n fpr mt nmic (kon-tfir'mi-nus), adj. 

COIl- lei-Illl-il'J tio contained within the 

same limits: having the same bounds. Also, 

conterminal. 

rfvn (kon-test'), v.t. to dispute; as, 

CUIl-lCol contest an election; oppose; 
litigate: v.i. to strive; contend; vie: n. 
(kon'test), a struggle for superiority; dispute. 
«/Yn onf (kon-tes'tant), n. one who 

CUAl-lCoL-dill disputes, opposes, or ques¬ 
tions, especially an election, or a will.—adj. 
contestable.— adv. contestably. 

(kbn'tekst), n. the part of a 
COIl-It!A l discourse w r hich precedes, fol¬ 
lows, of is closely connected with any special 
sentence or word, and which determines its 
meaning.— adj. contextual 

(kon"ti-gu'I-tt), n. con 
tact; a continuous mass 

nearness. 

rAr) ttrr ii oil c (k5n-tig'll-fis), adj. touch- 
COIl-Llg-U.-OLA& i n g; adjoining; near to; 

as, the suburbs are contiguous to the city.-— 
adv. contiguously.— n. contiguousness. 

_ x* ,, (kon'ti-nens), n. self-con- 

COn-U-IlOIfOO trol, especially in regard 
to passions and desires. Also, continency. 

„ x; -r> (kon'tl-nent), adj. temper- 

COll-Il-IiOAil ate; exercising self-control, 
especially over passions and desires: n. a large 
division‘of land; as, the continent of North 
America; mainland: Continent, the main¬ 
land of Europe, as distinguished from any of 
the various outlying islands, especially the 
British Isles.— adv. continently. 

/'rui fi mpm +s»1 (kon"ti-nen'tal) , adj. per- 
CQH-ll-J.icJ.l-la.1 tainmg to a continent: 

Continental, of or pertaining to the mainland 
of Europe; in American history, of or per¬ 
taining to the colonies at the time of the 
Revolution: n. a soldier of the Conth.ental 
a rmy. 

_‘ (kon-tln'jen-sl), n. [pi. 

con-tlll-gen-cy contingencies f-slz)], a 

Chance or possible occurrence. Also, con- 
tingenee. 


—--o- -./ 

con-ti-gu-i-ty 

or series; 


rrm fin cr onr (kon-tln'jent), adj. pos- 
con-im-geni sible; accidental; condi¬ 
tional; as, a contingent liability: n. a possi¬ 
bility; a quota of troops. 

/'rm fin ii al (kon-tin'u-&l), adj. proceed- 
UUH-lAll-u-dl ing without interruption; 
incessant; constant.— adv. continually. 

Syn. continuous, perpetual. 

Ant. (see intermittent). 

fin ii onep (kon-tin vl-ans), it. per- 
uuAi-tiAJ.-u.-cu.j.vv manence; uninterrupted 

succession; duration. 

r. c\ti fin ii fion (kon-tIn"u-a'shun), n. 
CUIl-LUA-U-cl-LlUIl the act of carrying on, 

or the state of being carried on, without, 
or after, interruption; that which carries on 
or resumes; as, a continuation of a story. 
nr\n fin no (kon-tln'uj, v.t. to carry on 
vUll-lAli-Uv without interruption; persist 
in; as, continue thy loving kindness: ex¬ 
tend or prolong; postpone or keep undecid¬ 
ed; as, to continue a law case: v.i. to remain; 
abide; endure; persevere. 

rrm fi nil i tv (k6n"tl-nu'l-tl), [pi. con- 
COn-Tl-nU-l-iy tinuities (-tlz)j, uninter¬ 
rupted succession or connection. 

rnn tin ii nil<2 (k6n-tln'u-us), adj. con- 
CUI1-IAI1-U.-UU& nected; uninterrupted.— 

adv. continuously. 

(kon-tort'), v.t. to bend or twist 
CUI1-IUI L ou t of shape. 

nnrt for tirvn (kon-tor'shun), n. unnatu- 
hUIl-lul-IlUAi rai jtwistmg or writhing; 

a bending out of shape. 

/-/-w-n iot (kon-tor'shun-Tst), n. 

con-tor-xion-isi an acrobat who dis¬ 
torts his body into unnatural positions; 
as, a contortionist must train his muscles. 

f A ,ir (kon'toor"; kon"toor'), n. an 
hUIl-lUUl outline; profile; as, the contour 
of the face or of the land: contour line, a line 
connecting points on a land surface which have 
the same elevation. 

rivn hxnrl (kon'tra-band), adj. for- 

C0n-Ira-D<mu bidden to be brought in: 
n. smuggled goods; as, arms and munitions 
are contraband in time of war: contraband 
of war, certain materials used in warfare 
which a neutral nation is forbidden, by 
international law to supply [the nations at 
wai', except at the risk of seizure and 
condemnation. 

„ x rcj (k5n-trakt'), V.t. to draw closer 
hUil-lidv/l together; shorten; condense; 
ivrinkle; to become affected with; acquire; 
to establish by formal agreement; betroth: 
v.i. to shrink; bargain or agree to do some¬ 
thing; make a promise of marriage: n. ( kon'« 
trakt),a written agreement; as, the merchant 
made many contracts for cotton goods. 

(kon-trak'ted) ,?nac/;?. drawn 
LUli-UcU/t-ou- together; shortened; nar¬ 
row; mean; not extensive.— adv. contractedly. 
— n. contractedness. 

/'nn tract i (kon-trak'tl-bl), adj. 

COH-ITctvt-l-SJlvJ capable of being short¬ 
ened or drawn together. 

fror filo (kSn-trak'tfl), adj. tending 
vUll-11 dU-lliv to, or capable of, shortening 
or drawing together.— n. contractility. 

fror> ti/vn (kon-trak'shun), n. the 
V/OIl-lI dh-llUli act of drawing together; 

shrinkage; decrease; act of acquiring; the 
shortening of a word, or two words, by the 
cutting out of a letter or letiers, as can't for 
cannot. „ 

hoc f/vr (kon-trak'ter), n. one of the 
hOIl-Udh-lUl parties to a written agree¬ 
ment; one who undertakes to supply or con¬ 
struct for a stated sum. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azxr*- kh = ch as in ioch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 











contradict 


132 


conventicle* 


fra Hir>f (k6n*trd-dlkt'), v.t. to assert 
LUil-Ua-Ulvl the opposite of; to deny: v.i. 
to oppose in words; gainsay. 

Syn. gainsay. 

Ant. (see confirm). 

pan fra HlP fiftri (k-On'trd-dlk'shfln), n 
tWI1-11 a-Ult-llfiu the act of saying the 

opposite; denial. 


pan fra Hip fn TV (k5n'tre-dlk't6-rl), 
^d-U-lO-lU-ry a dj' opposite; deny¬ 
ing: given to opposition.— adv. contradic¬ 
torily. —n. contradictoriness. 

con-tra-dis-tinc-tion (,S&3iS>; d, £: 

distinction fey contrast. 

P<vn fral fn (kSn-tral'to; kSn-tral'to), ». 

cix-iu a voice in quality and range 
between soprano and tenor; the lowest 
female voice. 

Pon fro ri a frr (kSn’trd-ri^tl), n. the 
Cx-A state or quality of being 

contradictory, opposed, or perverse; an in¬ 
consistency. 

pan ff-o i-| TTTtQp (k5n'trd-rl-wiz"; k&n'- 
tra.-lx-Wloc trS-rl-wiz"), adv. con¬ 
versely; in the opposite way. 
pan fro rv (kon'tra-rl), adj. opposed; 
tun-li d-lj contradictory; conflicting; op¬ 
posite in direction: perverse; wayward: n. a 
thing of qualities opposite or contradictory 
to those of some other thing; the opposite of 
some assertion or declaration.— adv. con- 
trarily.— n. contrariness, 
pnn fraQf (k&a-trast'), v.t. to place in 
tuu-uaai such a way as to show differ¬ 
ences; to compare in order to show unlike¬ 
ness; to state the difference between: v.i. 
to be very different, as shown by comparison: 
n. (kdn'trast), opposition or difference of 
qualities shown by comparison; the thing or 
quality opposed to another. 

rnn fra xr/a-no (kSn'trd-ven'), v.t. to ob- 
uUil-lid-vcllc struct; act contrary to; 
defeat; violate. 

con-tea- ven-tion ro P p r im 5 onfv& 

lation; as, the act was in contravention of the 
treaty. 

rnn frih nfa (kta-trfb'Ht), v.t. to give to 
v^aa-la AU-U.I.C some common stock; to 

give in common with others; furnish as 
a share: v.i. to lend one’s aid for the accom¬ 
plishment of a common purpose; to give 
something to a cause.— n. contributor. 

con tri hll tinn (kta'trl-bu'shfin), n. 
!sUli-tll-Uu.-llUU ^e act of giving or 

sharing for a common purpose; a subscrip¬ 
tion; tax; a writing furnished to a news¬ 
paper or magazine. 

rnn frill 11 fivo (kSn-trlb'tl-tlv), adj. 
CUn-CriD-U-llVe tending, in common 

with other factors, to produce a result; giv¬ 
ing; lending aid.— adv. contributively. 

rnn ■frih 11 tnnr (kSn-trfb'tl-tfi-rl), adj. 
CUIl-triO-U-lOry giving or lending aid: of 

the nature of a contribution; tending, in com¬ 
mon with other factors, to produce a result, 
rnn frit A ( k6n ' tr it), 0.dj. humble; peni- 
tent; as. a contrite sinner.— adv. 

contritely.— n. contriteness. 

con-tri-tion ^ Q 5n - trLsh ' a n). »• sorrow for 

frlw anr a (kSn-trlv’&ns), n. a de- 
'' VAA-4 ' AAV ~ a - AAV,c vice; apparatus; scheme, 
rnn frivA (k5n-triv'). v.t. to devise; in- 
wu-uivc vent; plan: v.i. seheme; as, he 
contrived to win his point.— n. contriver, 
rnn frnl (kftn-trol'), n. a check; restraint; 
w^-uua superintendence; authority; the 
apparatus regulating the movement of an air¬ 


plane: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. controlled, p.pr. con¬ 
trolling], to restrain; govern; regulate. 

rnn frnl la hi a (kOn-trol'd-bl), adj. sub- 

ject to control; capable 
of being restrained.— adv. controllably. 
rnn frnl Inr (kSn-trol'er), n. one who, or 
''XUl-tAUl-ld that which, governs; a pub¬ 
lic officer who oversees and verifies the 
accounts of officials under him. Also, in the 
latter sense, comptroller. 

rnn frn rnr oial (kbn'trfi-vQr'shctl), 
con-iro-ver-siai a dj. pertaining to. or 

like, a dispute; contentious.— adv. contro¬ 
versially.— n. controversialist. 

con-tro-ver-sy Srov'S^ti^i. Ifi 

bate; discussion; dispute; quarrel; as, 
there was a great controversy over the dis¬ 
covery of the North Pole, 
rnn frn vmrf (kOn'fcrO-vflrfc'), v.t. to dls- 
^vAi-tiU-yCl t p U te; to contend against; 
refute; disprove.— n. controverter. 

con-tro-ver-ti-ble 

ing disputed or disproved.— adr.controvertibly. 

con-tu-ma-cious 'bsSiate; 8 stui 

born; scorning authority.— adv. contuma¬ 
ciously.— n. contumaciousness. 

rnn fn ma rv (kbn'tfi-ms-sl), n. [pi. 
CUll-LU-liiisl-Cy contumacies (-sfe)]. obsti¬ 
nate or stubborn opposition to lawful authority. 

rnn fn m a li_nnc (k6n' r tii-me'ii-Qs), 
CUU-iU-me-ll-OUb ad j_ showing haughty 

contempt or scorn; exhibiting insolence or 
rudeness.— adv. contumeliously. 

rnn fn ttia 1 v (kdn'tll-mS-lI), n. [pi. con- 
LUll-lU-lllc-iy tumehes (-Hz)], haughty 

and scornful rudeness; scornful and insolent 
abuse; as, the traitor could not escape the 
contumely of his countrymen, 
rnn fiiCA (kSn-tuz'), v.t. to bruise; injure 
by a blow.—-n. contusion. 

niiti rfmm (ko-nSn'drfiBi) t n. a rid- 
CO-nun-arum d i e or puzzle; anything 

that puzzles. 


pn-n tto 1 pcco (kOn^vd-lfis'). v.i. to re- 
^uu-va-icstc cover strength and health 

after illness; as, he will convalesce rapidly. 

con-va-les-cence' k /”duai & ^;.ery 

after illness; the period of such recovery. 

con-va-les-cent 

or pertaining to the recovery from illness or 
the period of recovery: n. one in a convales¬ 
cent state. 

rntl VAr finn (kSn-vSk'shfin), n. a carry- 
CC11-VCC-L1UU mg or transmitting; espe¬ 
cially, the transmitting of heat through a 
liquid or gas by means of currents, 
pnrj v atiA (kon-ven / ), v.i. to meet to- 
1/ '“ ,AA “ v CAA '-' gether: v.t. cause to assemble. 

rnn VPtl inn pa (k&n-ven'yens), n. flt- 
OUll-V eii-ieilLtJ ness; freedom from dis¬ 
comfort; suitableness; ease; accommoda¬ 
tion; that which adds to comfort or makes 
work easier. Also, conveniency. 

con-VAn 1*Anf (kfin-vSn'ySnt), adj. suit- 
yuAi-vcxi-lciil a ble; appropriate: afford¬ 
ing accommodation: handy; saving work or 
trouble.— adv. conveniently, 
mn vpnf (kon'vent), n. an association 
wii-vgm Q f persons devoted to a religious 
life: called a nunnery, if made up of women; 
a monastery, if made Up of men; a building 
occupied by such an association, 
rnn VPtl fi pIa (kon-vfin'tl-kll.n.ameet- 
CU * . n C in g or an assembly for 
worship, especially a private or illegal one. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin? cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 









convention 


133 


convoy 


con.vpn firm (kfin-vSn'shfin), n. a meet- 

mg; a social, commercial, 
or political assembly, met for some definite 
object; as. the annual conventions of bankers, 
or railroad men; a diplomatic agreement; 
something established by general consent or 
opinion; hence, a fixed custom or usage. 

oon-ven-tion-al 

or growing out of, custom or tradition; 
based on accepted models or artistic rules; 
in art, following fixed rules in design, tech¬ 
nique, etc.— adv. conventionally. 

con-ven-tion-al-ism fem^n 811 ^ 

gard for that which is formal or artificial in 
conduct, art, etc.; a formality; a customary 
practice or usage. 

con-ven-tion-al-i-ty smi;y 6n n ' sh *”,; 

conventionalities (-tlz)l, adherence to formal 
or set roles or precedents; artificiality. 

con-ven-tion-al-izei®;,!! 5 ^ 

to conform to custom, usage, or rule, as con¬ 
duct, art, etc. 

rnn imri +11 ol (kon-ven'ttl-al), adj. per- 
cxi-LU-aX taining to, or character¬ 
istic of, a convent. 

oAn ttA r/vp (kSn-vfirj'), v.i. to tend to 
vuu-vcigc meet at one point: v.t. to 
cause to meet at one point. 

rnri rrpf o'Otirp (k5n-vflr'jens), n. the 
v ^ A -fetJUCc act or quality of tending 
towards one point; a coming together at one 

point. Also, convergency. 

rnr» vpt o-Ptil (kon-vfir'jSnt), adj. tend- 
' /, “' AA ~ vCA- & CAA ** ing to one point; gradu¬ 
ally approaching each other; approaching a 
limit. 

eAft trpr ootvf (kon'ver-sSnt), adj. ac- 
,, ' A ' AA “ VCA “ &£AAA ‘' qaainted or familiar with: 
with with; as, he was conversant with the rules. 

rrm vpr QA firm (kon'ver-sa'shfin), n. 
tUll-V Cl-oa- tlUIl informal or familiar 

talk. 

Syn. chat, talk, parley. 

con-ver-sa-tion-all^f-^S 4 ^- 

chatty talk; ready to talk; pertaining to 
familiar spoken interchange of ideas.— adv. 
conversationally.—n. conversationalist. 

» AT , Tmron (kon-vfirs'), v.i. to interchange 
'' A ' AA_ "'' A thoughts; talk familiarly: 
adj. (kQn'vurs), reversed in order or relation; 
opposite: n. the opposite of something else; 
as, the converse of the theory is true; familiar 
talk.— adv. conversely. 

wor cin-rt (kon-vfir'shun), n. change 
vUil- V Cl -olUIX f r om one state, or from 

one religion, to another; as, after his con¬ 
version he was a better man; the act of chang¬ 
ing from one thing to another; the state of 
being changed. 

rrvn (kSn-vfirt'), v.t. to transform; 

tUll-VCH t 0 change from one religion or 
course to another; cause to undergo a moral 
change; as, the Christian missionaries try 
to convert the heathen; to exchange or give 
for an equivalent: n. (kSnvurt), one who 
changes from one belief to another; one who 
has undergone a moral change. 

Syn.. n. disciple. 

r*rm vari or (kon-vur'ter), n. one who, 
I/UIJ-VCI l-Cl or that which, changes; a 
vessel in which materials are changed from 
one condition to another; as, in certain 
processes, pig iron is changed to steel in a 
converter; in electrical usage, a device for 
changing alternating current to direct cur¬ 


change the 
commonly 



rent, or the reverse; a device to 
frequency of alternating current: 
called a frequency changer. 

con-vert-i-ble &? n -J? r 'S$S; 

into; interchangeable; as, iron is convertible 
into steel.— adv. convertibly. — n. converti¬ 
bility. 

rrm VOY (kon'vSks), adj. curved on the 
vuu-vca surface; bulging: opposite 
concave; as, a convex mirror: n. a con¬ 
vex body: convex lens, a magnifying 
glass, curved out on one or both sides.— 
adv. convexly. 

COll VPX i +v v6k'sl-tl), n. 

wxx V CA-i-lj' roundness; the bulg¬ 
ing surface of anything. 

COn VPV Orin-vS'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. c ’ 
wu-vcjf conveyed, p.pr. conveying], 
to carry or transport; as, convey the Lena 
wheat to market; transmit; impart; 
communicate; transfer to another, as the 
title to property.— n. conveyer, conveyor. 

Syn. carry, cede, grant. 

Ant. (see keep). 

rA»i TTAir Qtieo (kSn-va'5ns), n. trans— 
^-dllt/C port; the act or means 
of transmitting, communicating, etc.; a 
vehicle, as an automobile; the change of 
property from one owner to another. 
f>Ari xr&XT otic pt* (kSn-va'Hn-ser), n. one 
A '^' AA ” * '■'j -axlC-CI whose business is to 
draw up deeds, etc., transferring property. 

con-vey-anc-ing the^SnSof draw: 

ing deeds, leases, etc., and of investigating 
titles to property. 

rrm virf (kSn-vfkt'), V.t. to prove or pro- 
C/Uxx-vxi^L nounee guilty of a crime charged: 
n. (kon'vlkt), a criminal sentenced to prison, 
one serving his time in prison, 
rrm xrir firm (kSn-vIk'shfin), n. the act 
A,/, -' AA “ VAA ' _AAA ' AA of finding guilty; the state 
of being found guilty; strong belief; as, a 
conviction of what is right. 

rrm vinr a (kSn-vIns'), v.t. to satisfy by 
v xxiV/C evidence or argmnent; per¬ 
suade; cause to believe.— adv. convincingly, 
rrm xrixr i ol (kSn-vIv'I-Sl), adj. festive; 

A ' AAlA-v 1» -1-cti jovial; gay.— adv. con trivi¬ 
ally. 

rrm viv i* al i fv (Mn-viv'MU'i-tn. n. 
con-viv-l-ai-l-ty mirth and good hu¬ 
mor that attend a feast; good fellowship. 

rrm xm rc i firm (k8n"v6-ka'shfin), n. the 
CUil-VU-Cd.-llOIl ac t of calling together an 

assembly, especially of bishops and clergy, 
or heads of universities; a meeting of minis¬ 
ters. 

rrm xmlfA (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or sum- 
uuix-vuxvc mon together; convene; as. 
Parliament was convoked in June, 
rnn xm litfA (kfin'vft-lut), adj. rolled in- 
A/ '' ,AA_V ward from one side; rolled 
together, one part on another.— adj. con¬ 
voluted. ] 

rrm vn In ■firkn (kbn-vS-lu'shfin), n. a 
tUIl-VO-lU' llOIl coiling or winding to¬ 
gether, as of a thing folded or rolled upon 
itself; a coil. 

rrm xml xm liic (k^ A -v81 / vfl-lQs), n. a 
A/AAAA_ VUi-VU.-i.Uo trumpet-shaped flower 

like the morning glory. 

rrm xmxr (kftn-voiO, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. con- 
ouxx-VUj voyed, p.pr. convoying], to ac¬ 
company on the way, for protection, by sea or 
land; as, the fleet was convoyed into the har¬ 
bor: n. (kon'voi), a protecting force accom¬ 
panying ships, goods, persons, etc.; an 
escort; the act of escorting or the state of 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxik 









convulse 


134 


coppice 


being escorted; as, the ambassador had a safe 
convoy home. 

milco (kon-vuls'), v.t. to agitate 
COU-VUibe Violently; shake; affect with 
spasms. 

Tntl emu (kon-vul'shun), n. an agi- 
C0n-VUl S10n tation; tumult; a violent 
and unnatural shortening of the muscles; 
a spasm; a fit; a violent disturbance of the 
earth, such as an earthquake. 

ttiiI civrc* (kon-vul'siv), adj. produc¬ 
tion-VUX-DJ. VC? ing abnormal muscular 
contractions; spasmodic; of the nature of a 
spasm or fit.— adv. convulsively. — n. con¬ 
vulsiveness. 

__ „ . (kd'nl), n. [pi. conies (-nlz)] a rab- 
CO-liy bit. Also, coney. 

(koo), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. cooed, p.pr. 
COO cooing], to cry like a dove or pigeon; 
to act or converse in a loving manner: n. the 
sound uttered by doves and pigeons.— n. cooer. 
paaIt (kook) , v.t. to prepare for eating by 
CUUIV subjecting to the action of heat, as by 
boiling, baking, frying, etc.: v.i. to act as a 
cook: n. one who prepares food for the table. 
paaIt csr (kobk'er), n. a special apparatus 
CUUH-CI or vessel for preparing food for 
the table: fireless cooker, a device by means 
of which foods which have been thoroughly 
heated or partially cooked on the stove are 
kept hot long enough to complete the cooking 
process. 

(kook'er-i), n. [pi. cookeries 
COOK-cI~y (_iz)], the art or practice of 
preparing food for the table. 

vr (kfiok'I), n. [pi. cookies (-Iz)], a 
OUUJV-y small fiat sweet cake. Also, 
cookie. 

(kool), adj. [compar. cooler, superl. 
IsUUJ. coolest], slightly or moderately cold; 
calm; deliberate; not admitting heat; as, a 
cool suit of clothes; chilling; lacking in 
cordiality; as, a cool reception; impudent; 
colloquially, not exaggerated or overstated; 
as, he made a cool thousand: v.t. to make 
slightly cold; to chill: v.i. to become slightly 
cold.— adv. coolly. 

Syn., adj. cold, frigid. 

Ant. (see hot). 

at (kool'er), n. that which makes or 
l/UUl-CX keeps things slightly cold, or cold 
enough to preserve them, as food in hot 
weather; as, an ice cooler. 

(koo'll), n. a Chinese or East 
CLMJ-UtJ Indian contract laborer: the 

coolie may be a porter, a house servant, a 
chair carrier, or one who does other menial 
work. 

riACC (kool'nes), n. the state of being 
l/UUl-licoo slightly cold; calmness; lack 
of cordiality; as, coolness of weather; coolness 
in time of ganger; coolness of manner. 
rnAf l (koon), n. short for raccoon; slang, 
IsUUIJ. a negro. 

(koop), n. a cage; pen: v.t. to con- 
CUOp fine in,_or as in.ji cage; inclose. 
paatt (koop'er; koop'er), n. a maker of 
CUUjJ-Ci barrels, casks, etc. 

rnrm pr qitp (koSp'er-aj), n. the business 
or workshop of a maker of 
barrels, casks, etc.; price for such work. 

att at o+a (ko-op'er-at), v.i. to act or 
work jointly; work to¬ 
gether to produce the same effect; as, the 
Red Cross cooperates with the army. 

rn nn At* a firm (ko-op'er-a'shfin), n. 

co-op-er-a-lion the act of working 

jointly together; concurrence. 

rn nn at* a +iVa (k6-op'er-&-t!v), adj. 
HJ-UjJ-CI -d.-tlvc? working together foi 


certain ends; as, cooperative stores have been 
successful.— adv. cooperatively._ 

at* r? i n o fp (k6-or dl-nat), v.t. to place 
v-li-Ui -Ul-Uatc in the same order or class; 
to put in harmony; adjust: v.i. to be of the 
same order, etc.; harmonize: adj. (kS-or'dl- 
njt), of the same rank or order; as, coordi¬ 
nate clauses: n. in mathematics, any of cer¬ 
tain lines or angles by which position is 
determined; one who, or that which, is of the 
same rank, order, etc.— adv. coordinately. 

aa at* Hi tsa ft ah (k6-6r"dl-na'shfin), n. 
C0-0r-Ql-Iid.-l.lOIl state of working to¬ 
gether or acting in harmony. 

pa At* H 1 T1A flVA (ko-or'dl-na-tlv), adj. 
CO-Ol-Ql-lld-XlVC adjusted; equal in 

rank or importance; making equal in rank; 
as, a coordinative conjunction. 
pAAf (koot), n. any of certain birds of the 
CUUt ra j] family, resembling ducks. 
paa fiA (koo'ti), n. [pi. cooties (-tiz)], in the 
i/UU-LiC World War, the name given to the 
lice that infested the clothing of the men in 
trenches and billets. [Slang.] 

(kop), n. the top or head of a thing: 
'-'Op the tuft on the head of a bird; a roll 
of thread on the spindle of a spinning wheel; 
in golf, the top or face of a bunker; slang, a 
policeman. 

PA tv>1 (ko'pSl), n. a hard clear resin used 
CVJ-pcu. j n making varnishes. 

pa norf tipr chin (ko-part'ner-shlp), n. 
CO-pdn-ner-bilip the state of being 

associated with others in business; a partner¬ 
ship.— n. copartner. 

/'AAA (kop), n. a large semicircular cloak 
l^upe or mantle worn by bishops and priests 
over the surplice: v.i. to strive or contend 
with: with with ; as, we must be prepared to 

cope with our enemy. 

pa ttapIt (ko'pek), n. a Russian coin 
L.SJ-jJCV-.lv worth from one-half to three- 
fourths of a cent. Also, kopeck, kopek. 

Pa ttat* rat patj (ko-pur'nl-kan), adj. per- 
V/o-pcl -lAJL-CcLII taming to Copernicus, 

who conceived the sun to be the center of 
the solar system. 

paa a cf ati a (k5p'st5n' r ), n. the top stone 
cupc-otUAic 0 f a wall; one of the stones 

of a coping. 

pati t pr (kopfi-er), n. one who makes a 
cujJ-i-ci reproduction from an original; 
an imitator. 

pati incr (kop'Ing), n. the top masonry 
cUjj-u.ig 0 f a wall, often sloping so as to 

shed water. 

PA ni Allc (ko'pl-fis), adj. plenteous; pro- 
cvj-pi-uuo f use ha words; ample; abun¬ 
dant; as, copious supplies.— adv. copiously.— 
n. copiousness. 

patt tiat* (kop'er), n. a common, reddish 
Lup-pci metallic element, easily worked, 
and an excellent conductor of heat and 
electricity; something made of this metal, 
as the cent.— adj. coppery. 

PAn ttat oc (kop'er-5s), n. a green chemi- 
ca ] u,sed in dyeing. 

patt ttat TtajiH (k6p'gr-hed"), n. a poison- 
cup-jJCi -liUlU ous American snake: Cop¬ 
perhead, a Northerner whose sympathies lay 
with the South during the Civil War. 

patt n at ttIch+a (kop'er-plat"), n. a pol- 
cup-pcr-pid-ie ish ed copper plate on 

which something is engraved for printing; 
as, paper money is engraved on a copperplate; 
engraving or printing done on such a plate: 
adj. pertaining to the art of engraving on 
such a plate. 

PATT trip A (kop'Is), n. a wood of small 
eup -jju.e trees or bushes; a copse. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





copra 


135 


com 


rnn 1*0 (k5p'ra), n. the dried kernel of the 
vv f' ia coconut; dried coconut meat. 

(kSps), n. a grove or thicket of 
vv r oc small trees or bushes. 

COT)-tie > ad J- of or pertaining to 

r the Copts, a native Egyptian race 
descended from the ancient Egyptians n 
the language of the. Copts. 

COD-11 la (kSp'ft-ki),, n. [pi. copulas (-ldz)], 
J? a word which joins the subject 

and predicate in a sentence, as the word is 
/in the sentence, the man is walking. 

COD-11 1 (kdp'd-lat), v.i. to unite, es- 
v li-acilc pecially m sexual intercourse. 

—n. copulation. 

COD-U-la-tive ad 3- uniting; 

f tlvc as, a copulative conjunction; 

serving to connect; as, a copulative verb. 
fflTl-V (kdp'I), n. [pi. copies (-iz)], an imita- 
. rv tion; a duplicate; a writing exer¬ 
cise; a pattern given for imitation; manu¬ 
script to be set up in type: v.t. to transcribe; 
reproduce; as, many artists copy the works 
of the great masters: v.i. to imitate, 
pork \r tel - (kop'I-Ist), n. one who makes 
vup-j-ioi reproductions from originals; 
one who imitates. 

rnn v ricrlit (kop'I-rit*), n. the exclusive 
V/up-jr-J-igiAt right to reproduce, publish, 
sell, etc., a literary or artistic work for a 
certain number of years: v.t. to secure the 
exclusive right to publish, sell, etc., any 
literary or artistic work. 

(kft-ket'). v.i. [p.t . and p.p. co- 
bU '4 ucl quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to 
flirt; seek to attract attention or admiration: 
trifle. 

pa Txr (ko'ket-rl), n. [pi. coquetries 

uu-quec-ry ( _ rrz)]i the act of see king 

men’s admiration: flirtation; trifling in love, 
rn mi^ttA (kS-ket'), n. a vain woman 
llc 'who seeks to gain men’s atten¬ 
tion and admiration; a flirt.— adj. coquettish. 
— adv. coquettishly.-— n. coquettishness. 

m nilt nn (k6-ke'na), n. a. soft rock, 
i/U-ydl-iia found in the southern part 
of the United States, composed of the broken 
pieces of sea shells: used as building material, 
rnr a pi a (kSr'a-kl), n. a boat made of 
basketwork covered with leather 

or oilcloth. 

rnr f) 1 (kor'al), n. the hard skeleton of 
V/Ui-dl certain sea animals: adj. made of 
coral; having a red coior, like coral, 
rnr al lirrn (kor'a-lin), adj. pinkish-red, 
like coral; pertaining to, or 
composed of, coral. 

rnr (kor'bel), n. a piece of stone, 

tlU-UCi wood, or iron, projecting from 
the side of a wall, often ornamented with 
odd-looking figures: used for support; a 
sculptured basket of flowers, fruit, etc. 
rnrrt! (kord), n. a twisted string; a measure 
CUXu 0 f -wood equal to 128 cu. ft.; a tendon 
or nerve; a small rope: v.t. to fasten or 
connect with string or rope; to pile up, as 
wood, in piles 8 ft. by 4 ft. by 4 ft. 
rnrrf a cta (kor'daj) n. a quantity of strings 
l<UiU-agC or ropes; ropes and rigging 
collectively; the number of cords, as of wood, 
on any given piece of land, 
rnr r?of(kor'dat), adj. shaped like a 
UUl-tlcttC heart: a botanical term, used 
of leaves. 

pfiol (kor'jal; kord'yal), adj. tending 
4/Ul-U.lo.I t,o revive, as a medicine; hearty; 
sincere; cheering; as, a cordial manner: n. 
a medicine or drink that revives or cheers; 
a sweet aromatic alcoholic beverage.— adv. 
cordially. _ 


cor-dial 1 tv (^.Hal'I-tl; kor'dl-Sl'I-tl). 

n. sincer*, sympathetic geni¬ 
ality; sincerity; hear tines*; as, the stranger 
was greeted with cordiality. 

cor-dil Ip ra ( k ° r " dd -ya'ra; kor-dIl*er-d), 

, 1 Uil ic-ld n _ a mountain range or sys¬ 

tem; the mam system of mountain ranges of 
a continent. 

COrd ID or (kor'dTng), n. the ribbed surface 
v u. 0 f a corded fabric, like corduroy. 
COr d it a (kor'dit), n. a form of smokeless 
wi-unc gmipowder of high explosive 
power, made in the form of cords, 
rni" doD (kdr'don), n. a ribbon worn as 
,T U1 " ” U1A the badge of an order; a 
line of men or ships stationed as sentinels ■ 
as, the prisoners were surrounded by a cordon 
of soldiers; a line of soldiers, 
cor-do VaD (kor'd6-van), n. a Spanish 
T , Vd u i , leather * made of goatskin, 
or spht horsehide tanned and dressed. Also 
cordwain 0 

COr dll rov (kor'du-roi"; kbr"du-roi'). n. 
CUI -uu-iuy a stout ribbed or corded cot¬ 
ton cloth which has a velvety surface; col¬ 
loquially, pi. trousers, or a suit, made of this 
material: adj. made of logs laid side by side 
transversely; as, it is rough traveling over a 
corduroy road. 

COrP (kor), n. the heart or innermost part 
^ of anything, especially of fruit; the 
substance or essential point, as of a subject: 
a solid form, placed in a mold, which, when 
metal is poured about it, shapes the interior 
of a hollow casting: v.t. to remove the center, 
or core, from, as an apple; to mold or cast 
on a central shaping form.— n. corer. 

CD TP DD <sic: (ko ,/ r$-op'sIs; kor"8-op'sls), 
W-lc-up-Mb n . any cf several varieties 
of plants of the aster family. 

CO-re-SDODd pnt (ko"r6-sp5n'dent), n. 

opuilU-CllL a Joint respondent; 

the person named as the guilty party in a 
divorce suit. 

CD T1 flu dpc (ko*rI-an'd§r), n. a plant 
, . “ d ' d Ci 0 f the parsley family, 

bearing aromatic seeds. 

Co-Tin tHi an (ko-rln'thl-Sn), adj. of or 
, “7 . „ pertaining to Corinth, a 

celebrated city of ancient Greece, noted for 
its luxury; pertaining to the Corinthian order 
of architecture: Corinthians, n.pl. two books 
of the New Testament, containing the 
Epistles, or letters, of the apostle Paul to the 
Christians at Corinth. 

Co-rin-thi-an or-der S*dlr) thI th? 

lightest and most highly decorated of the 
classic orders of architecture, with a bell¬ 
shaped capital, and ornamented with a 
certain kind of leaves. 

rnrlr (kork), n. the outer layer of the bark 
0 f the cork tree; a kind of oak; a 
stopper for a bottle; anything made of cork 
or serving the purpose of a cork: v.t. to stop 
with a cork, as a bottle; hence, to hold back 
or restrain: with up: adj. made of cork.— adj. 
corky. 

rnrtr (kfirk'skroo'), n. an instru- 

~ w ment for drawing the corks 
from bottles: usually made of a spirally 
twisted piece of strong wire, with a sharpened 
point and a transverse handle: adj. shaped 
like a corkscrew. 

rnrm (korm), n. a bulblike fleshy stem, short, 
and of solid texture, as in the crocus. 

cor.mo-rant gSTaStteSt o a %l v,n ‘ , 

Cnm ( kdrn )> n - grain, as wheat, barley, 
etc.; maize, or Indian com: in the 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










com 


136 


corrective 


United States, maize; in Britain, wheat; in 
Scotland, oats ate tailed corn: v.t. to pre¬ 
serve in salt; season in brine; as, to corn beef. 
____ (korn), n. a horny outgrowth on the 
COm toe, or foot, due to friction or pressure. 
rArt , (kom'kbb"), n. the spike or 

COm-COU woody axis inside an ear of 
Indian corn, on which the corn is set. 

_ 1_ (korn kok'l), a tall weed of 

COm COCK-ie the pink family, bearing 
bright red flowers. 

__ „ (kor'n§-«), n. the clear part of 
cor-ne-d. the coat of the eyeball which 
covers the iris and pupil and admits light 
to the interior. . ,, , 

rtrn .j (kornd), adj. preserved or pickled 
COIUCU ^ brine or salt; as, corned beef. 

^ „ _1 (kor'nel), n. one of various shrubs 

‘vUI-xld or low trees; a plant of the dog¬ 
wood family. . . . 

: orl (kQr-nel'y§n). n. a reddish 
cor-nei-ldll kind of chalcedony, light or 
dark red in color: used for jewelry and seals. 
Also, carnelian. 

_ (kor'ner), n. an angle; as, the 

COi-lid corner of the room; the point 
where two lines, sides, or edges meet; a nook; 
a secluded place: a remote point; as, the 
corners of the earth: v.t. to drive or force into 
some position of difficulty from which there 
is no escape: comer the market, to buy up 
stock or property, so as to obtain exclusive 
control or possession of it; a term used in 
the Stock Exchange; as, a corner on wheat. 
— adv. cornerwise. 

(kor'ner ston), a stone 

cor-ner stone a t the comer 


at the corner of a build- 



ing uniting two 
walls; as, the lay¬ 
ing of the corner 
stone of an impor¬ 
tant public build- 
ing. ^ 

cor-net iTtl 

k6r-net'), n.' a . . 

small musical wind-instrument; a kind of 
trumpet; a troop of cavalry.— to. cornetist. 

(korn'flou"er), n. a plant 
corn-tlow-er f OU nd in cornfields, espe¬ 
cially the bachelor’s button, or bluebottle, 
of the aster family, having flowery heads of 
different colors. 

-nine* (kdr'nls), n. 

COr~niCe the highest 
part or border of a wall or col¬ 
umn. 

-nich (kor'nish), adj. pertain- 
C/Or-msn jng to Cornwall, Eng¬ 
land, or its language: n. the language 
formerly spoken in Cornwall. Cornice 

rnrn cfnllr (kom'stok"), a stalk 
tum-bldlh of maize, or Indian com. 

(kdrn'starch"), n. £ 
Corn-Starcn niade from Indian 
used for puddings, etc. 

-nn nr\ a (k6r"nu-ko'pI ; «), n. [pi. 
COr-HU-l/U-JJl-d cornucopise (-e) or cornu¬ 
copias (-az)], in ancient art, the homof plenty 
full of fruit and flowers; a horn-shaped 
paper holder, usually filled with nuts and candy. 
_^ i 0 (k6-r51'd), n. the inner envelope 
CO-xOl-la. of a flower composed of two or 
more petals. 

rtrtt* rtl 1 onr (kor'6-li-rl). TO. in mathe- 
tUl -UI-lct-1 y matics, a fact discovered in 
proving some other fact; an inference. 

/»rt frt -no (kft-ro'na), to. [pi. coronse (-ne)], 
vU-lU-lict a crown; as, in ancient Rome, a 
hero was rewarded for his bravery by a 



flour 

corn: 


corona of oak leaves or gold; the flat projecting 
part of a cornice; a halo surrounding heavenly 
bodies; anything like a crown, as the pappus 
or tuft of the dandelion.— adj. coronal. 

_f „ (k6r*&-na'sfhln), to. the 
COl-O-Ild.-U.Ull ac t or ceremony of crown¬ 
ing a king or queen; as, the coronation of a 
king is a religious ceremony. 

_ (kor'6-ner), to. an officer who 

COl-O-nei fin ds out the causes of sudden 
or accidental death. 

_ rt firtf (k6r'6-n6t), n. a wreath for the 
COI -O-ilcl bead; a crown denoting various 
degrees of rank below that of the sovereign. 
/»rtf firt rol (k6r'p&-ral), to. the lowest non- 
LOI -pU-I dl commissioned officer in the 
army: adj. pertaining to the body; as, cor¬ 
poral punishment: corporal’s guard, a de¬ 
tachment of several men under arms.— adv. 
corporally. . , . ... 

fo+rt (kor'p6-rat>, adj. umted in a 
COl-pO-Id.ie body or community by law; 
as, Congress is a corporate body elected to 
make laws for the United States.— adv. 
corporately. . „ 

_ (kor'po-ra'shfin), to. a 

cor-po-ra-tion group of persons who 
have legal power to act for a large number 
of other persons; as, a railroad company 
is a corporation. 

rtrtf -rtrt frt ol (kor-po'rfc-51), adj. having 
cor-po-re-ai a material body; physical. 

— adv. corporeally. 

rtrtfrvo (kor), to. [pi. corps (k5rz)], a body 
CUIpo 0 f troops; a body of persons asso¬ 
ciated in a common work; as, an army 
corps is a large number of soldiers; the 
hospital corps takes care of the wounded, 
rtrtfncrt (korps), to. a dead body, usually 
CUI p&C a human body. 

rnr nil IrtflPP (kor'pfl-lens), to. bulkiness 
LUI -pu-lcllCC or largeness of body; 

great fatness. Also, corpulency. 

/>rtf ryu 1rtfs+ (kor'pfl-lSnt). adj. bulky; 
CUI-pU-lCUL f a t; having a large, fleshy 

body; as, a corpulent man. 

Prtf niic n,ric ft (kor'pfis krls'tl), 
L/Or-pus ^nris-ll a Roman Catholic 

festival (the first Thursday after Trinity 
Sunday), in honor of the Eucharist, or sacra¬ 
ment of the Lord’s Supper. [Lat.] 
ertf nuc rlrt (k6r'pus-l),TO. a minute par- 
LUi-puo-V/XC tide of matter; a cell; as, a 
red or white corpuscle in the blood.— adj. cor ¬ 
puscular. 

rnr rol (k5-ral'; Span. ko-r&l'), to. a pen 
CvJi -Idl f or horses or cattle; an inclosure 
or wide circle of wagons formed for protection 
in crossing the plains; a strong stockade 
for capturing wild elephants: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. corralled, p.pr. corralling], to drive 
into, or secure in, a pen or inclosure; to take 
possession of, or capture; to corner; as, it is 
exciting sport to corral elephants. 

/'rtf rrtr+ (ko-rekt'), v.t. to set straight; 
LUI -I ett to ma ke right; punish for faults; 
amend: adj. ex act; accurate; free from error; 
measuring up or meeting a standard of 
morals, taste, manners, etc.— adv. correctly.— 
to. correctness. 

Syn., v. rectify, reform. 

frtz* ttrtn (kS-rSk'shfln), to. the act 
LUl -l cb-liuil 0 f pointing out mistakes: 

the act of changing something wreng ana 
making it right; that which is put in the 
place of something wrong; reproof. 

rnr rrtP tiVrt (kS-r6k'tIv), adj. having 
tui-ict-uvc the power to make right: 

to. that which amends or makes right; an 
antidote.— adv. correctively. 


ate, senate, rtre, cat, IocJlI, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 



























corrector 


137 


cosmism 


p4- (k5~r6k / tGr) t n. on© thsit 
CLL-Ul sets things right. 

1 o 4"p (kor'e-lat) . v.i. to be related 
LUi -J - C_ ld-ic by connection, parallelism, 
etc.: v.t. to put or bring into some relation of 
connection, etc.; to connect by exhibiting a 
mutual relation. 

rnr ra la firm (kor"e-la'shun), n. recip- 
~ A C-ia-llUU rocal or mutual relation; 
similarity; the act of bringing into relation 
through connection, similarity, etc.; as, the 
correlation between matter and energy. 

rnr a tixr** (ko-rel'a-tlv), adj. hav- 
LU1-1 Cl-d.-llv C i n g mutual relation; as, 

in the sentence, either John or James did it, 
either and or are correlative terms: n. one of 
two persons or things that are mutually re¬ 
lated.— adv. correlatively. 

rr\r rt* c-nrmrl (k6r"$-sp6nd'), v.i. to 
tui-ic-opnuu agree; to match; as, the 

hat should correspond with the dress; suit; 
agree; as, his words and acts do not correspond; 
to write letters; as, he will correspond with his 
teacher. 

cor-re-spond-enceS 0 'iSSSSt I !o > n 

by letters; as, their correspondence extended 
over a period of many years; agreement; 
similarity. 

cor-re-spond-ent i“ r a^e p eto g d t I it t h; 

similar: n. one with whom we exchange 
letters; • one who writes for a newspaper or 
magazine; as, he was in Europe as the war 
correspondent of a newspaper. 
rnr ro cnrmH in cr (kor"e - spdnd'ing), 

cor-re-spona-mg p _ a dj. agreeing; 

matching; holding communication by means 
of letters.— adv. correspondingly. 
cc\Y ri Hnr (korl-dor), n. a hallway; an 
LU1-11-U-UI open passage in a building. 

nnr ri cri 1x1 ** (kor'I-jl-bl), adj. capable of 
tUi-ii-gi-nic being corrected or re¬ 
formed; submissive under correction. 

mr rr»h n ra+P (ko-rob'6-rat), v.t. to 
tUi-iUU-U-icUC confirm; to make cer¬ 
tain; as, he was asked to corroborate the 
news of the wreck; strengthen; establish; 

verify.—n. corroboration. 

or -foil o ra tixr n (ko-rob o—rd-tiv), 
COr-rOD-O-ra-llVe adj. tending to prove, 

strengthen, verify, or make sure; confirma¬ 
tory. Also, corroboratory, corroborating.— 
adv. corroboratively. 

r-nAn (ko-rod'), v.t. to eat away 
LUI-1UU-C gradually, as by chemical ac¬ 
tion; consume; disintegrate; rust; as, 
water will corrode iron. 

ne\-r rn cinn (ko-ro'zhun), n. the act of 
LUI -1 U-blUii eating or gnawing away; a 

condition produced by the gradual eating or 
wearing away of some substance; as, a tin 
roof is painted to prevent corrosion or rust. 
nr\Y rn cixria (ko-ro'siv), adj. having the 
LUl-rU-blVC power of gradually eating 
away, as by chemical action: n. that which 
eats away or destroys tissue, as an acid: 
corrosive sublimate, mercuric chloride, a white 
crystalline poisonous compound.— adv. cor¬ 
rosively. _ 

fii n fain (kor oo-gat), t’.^ to draw 

LOr-IU.-ga.Lc or shape into wrinkles or 
folds, or alternate ridges and grooves; as, time 
will corrugate, or wrinkle, the face: corrugated 
iron, sheet iron pressed into parallel ridges 
and grooves. _ „ . 

n-n (k6r"oo-ga'shun), n. the 

cor-ru-ga-tion act of shaping into folds, 
or parallel ridges and grooves; a fold or 
wrinkle. 


rnr riitvf (k6-rupt'). v.t. to injure; spoil;. 
LUi-i upt make impure; bribe; to debase; 
to pervert: v.i. to rot; to become bad: adj. 
depraved; putrid; spoiled; abounding In 
errors; open to bribery.— adv. corruptly. 

rnr rirn+ i KIa (kS-rup'tl-bl), adj. capa- 
COr-rupt-l-Die pi e of being changed 

for the worse; subject to decay; capable of 
being bribed.—n. corruptibleness, corrupti¬ 
bility. 

p,.I", tiAti (k5-rup shun), n. the act- 
LUi-l up- null 0 f changing for the worse: 
applied to • loss of purity or honor, or 
to physical destruction by means of de¬ 
cay; the state of being changed for the worsen 
decay; putrid matter; impurity; deprav¬ 
ity. 

rnr ea ern (kor'saj; kor's&zh'), n. the bodice 
V-Ui-odgc or waist of a woman’s dress. 
[Fr.] 

rnr coir (kor'sar), n. one who sails on 
LUI-ball the seas in search of bootyj 
a pirate; a pirate’s armed vessel. 
rnr cm (kors), n. a dead body: used In 
LUI oc poetry for corpse. 

rnren \ni (kors'let), n. in former times, 
LUibc-lcl the complete armor for the body 
of a soldier; sometimes, just the breast¬ 
plate. Also, corslet. 

rnr ca+ (kor'set), n. a close-fitting bodice, 
LUI-bcl worn to support or give shape to 
the figure; stays: v.t. to inclose in stays. 

oi con (kor'si-kan), adj. pertaining 
V/UJL -ol-Ld.il to the island of Corsica or its 
people. 

rnr in cm (kor'tezh), n. a train of attend- 
LUl-lcgC ants; retinue; .procession; as., 
the Spanish king was followed by a cortege- 
of nobles and soldiers. [Fit.] 

Pnr too (kor-tez), n.pl. the governing 
LUl-lcb body, or parliament, of Spain 
and Portugal. 

rnr +ay (kor'teks), n. the bark or rind; the 
LU1-ICA. outer layer of gray matter of the 
brain. 

rn run rhim (ko-run'dum), n. an ex- 
oo-i uii-uuui tremely hard mineral used 
for polishing: it has several colored varieties 
used as gems, such as the sapphire, the Ori¬ 
ental ruby, etc.: its granular variety is emery. 
rnr no rain (kor'us-kat), v.i. to sparkle;. 
LUl-Ub-talc flash; gleam, lik e lightning 

or fireflies. 

mr no ra tioti (kor'us-ka'shun), n. a 
LOi-llb-Ld.-U.UIi sudden flash or play of 

light; as, the coruscation of the lightning 
dazzled the eyes. 

rnr 'Kmiin (kor-vSt'), n. a wooden ship of 

LUI -VC tlC war . Also, corvet. 

rn oo ra-ni (ko-se'kant), n. one of the 
LU-oC-Ld.ilL trigonometric functions; in a 
right-angled triangle, the ratio of the hypot¬ 
enuse to thejside opposite an acute angle. 
rn cav (ko'zl), adj. snug;comfortable; set- 
LU-bCy tied contentedly. Also, cosy, cozy. 
— adv. cosily. 

rn ci'hp (ko'sin), n. one of the trigonomet- 
LU-blllC fie functions; in a right-angled 
triangle, the ratio of the side adjacent to an 
acute angle, to the hypotenuse. 

me rrtni ir (koz-met'fk), n. a grease, 
LUb-niC t-lL p a int, or wash used to make 

the face or hair beautiful: adj. beautifying. 
me mtV (koz'mlk), adj. pertaining to the 
LUb-lillL universe and the laws which gov- 
vem it; hence, orderly, as opposed to chaotic; 
in astronomy, rising or setting with the sun, as 
a star. Also, cosmlcal. 

me miem (koz'mTzm), n. a theory of the 
LUb-llllblll universe or cosmos. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when;, 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


li 






cosmogony 


138 


counter 


rno tn n <y o ti ir (koz-mog'o-nl), n. a the 
vUo-iiiUg.-U-li.y ory or all account of the 

world’s origin and growth. 

cos-mo-pol-i-tan n ks f“ wfenof^tL 

world; as, a man who travels all over the 
world is a cosmopolitan; one free from local 
prejudices: adj. at home in any part of the 
world; of plants, distributed all over the 
world; free from local prejudices^ 

cac Ttlftfi n 1 ifci (koz-mop'o-llt), adj. 
cob-mop-o-uxe world-wide: n. one at 

home in all parts of the world; a cosmo¬ 
politan. 

rnr^c (koz'mds), n. order, harmony; 
tuo-iuuo the system of law and order 
In the universe: opposite to chaos. 

/"'ac (kos ak), n. one of a warlike 

vUo-adtfi. tribe of southern Russia, 
skilled as horsemen. 

me cot (kos'et), n. a pet lamb; a pet 
of any kind: v.t. to fondle; pet. 
rne+ (kost; k6st), v.t. to require in exchange 
A-zUot for; to be the price of; as, the dia¬ 
mond cost a great deal of money; to cause 
to bear or suffer; as, the attempt cost him 
much trouble; to require to be expended 
for: n. charge, expense, labor; as, the labor 
was done at great cost: pi. the expenses of a 
lawsuit.— adj. costly.— n. costliness. 

fol (kos'tal), adj. pertaining to, or 
tuo-tai situated near, a rib or ribs. 

caq f f±Y mnn crpT (kos'ter-mun"ger), n. 
cub-ier-mun-ger a pe ddier of fruit, 

vegetables, fish, etc. 

aaq fivpk (kds'tiv), adj. constipated, or 
i/Ua-uvc likely to cause constipation, 
me film** ’(kos'tum), n. dress in general; 
oua-Lunic style of dress; a walking or 
tailor-made dress for a woman; the dress of a 
given time, period, class, etc.: r.t. (kos-tum'), 
to dress in, or provide with, appropriate 
garments; as, to costume the actors in a play. 
— n. costumer. 

rn cv (ko'zl), adj. comfortably settled; 

contented; snug. Also, cosey, cozy. 
— adv. cosily. 

aa+ (kot), n. a cottage; a hut; a cover, as 
for a hurt finger; small bed', usually 
made of canvas. 

aa fan 0-p-nt (ko-tan'jent), n. one of the 
V/U-iau-gcm trigonometric functions; in a 
right-angled triangle, the ratio between the 
side adjacent and the side opposite to an 
acute angle. 

AAfa (kot), n. a hut; a sheepfold; as, the 
sheep are penned in the cote^ at night. 
ca f Tin t?> TV (k 6-tem'p$-ra-rI), n. 

uu-iem-po-id.-ry one living at the 

same time as another. 

aa fp, r .*A (ko'te-ri), n. an association or 
w-ic-uc set of persons who meet for so¬ 
cial or other intercourse; a clique; as, a musi¬ 
cal club is a coterie of musicians. 

rn til linn (ko-tfl'yun), n. a brisk, lively 
w-txi-xxuix dance for eight or more per¬ 
sons, in which favors are given to the dancers: 
called also the german; music for such a dance. 
Also, cotillon. 

r*/”k+ tn q -a (kdt/aj), n. a small dwelling; 
tui-iagc any house at a summer resort. 

-— n. cottager. 

rnt fpt* (kot'er), n. one who dwells in a 
wx-lcx cottage; one who lives rent free 
on a common. Also, cottar, cottier, 
rnt tnn (kot'n), n. a white, soft, downy 
wi-wu substance, resembling wool and 
inclosing the seeds of the cotton-plant; the 
annual crop of that substance; thread or cloth 
made of cotton; as, a spool of cotton contains 


200 yards: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cot¬ 
ton: v.i. colloquially, to fit or go well together; 
be very intimate: often with with. — adj. 

cottony. 

aa+ +Ati K a + finer (kot'n bating), cotton 
cut-ton UcU-llllg prepared in rolls for 

quilting, padding, etc. 

rnt tnn crin (kot'n jin), a machine for 
out-iuxi £j 1Ai separating the seeds from 
cotton: invented by Eli Whitney in 1792. 

A A t tail (kot'n-tal"), n. the common 

CUl-IU11-ld.il American rabbit. 

rnt tnn wnnH (kot'n-wood"), n. any of 
wi-iuii-vTfuou several American species 

of poplar, having fluffy, cottony tuft about 
the seeds. 

r*nt ir rlrvn (kot'l-le'dfln), n. the seed 
1/Ul-y-lc-llUIl i ea f 0 f a plant; the first 

leaf.— adj. cotyledonal, cotyledonous. 
rniirti (kouch), v.t. to lay upon a bed or 
X/UU^xx other resting-place; ‘ to put into 
words; as, to couch a letter in strong words; 
to lower, as a lance or spear for attack; to 
remove, as a cataract from the eye: v.i. to 
lie down; stoop; to hide: n. a bed; sofa; 
any place for resting. 

mill'll ant (kouch'ant), adj. in heraldry, 
eouv/ii-ain crouching or lying down; as, 

the couchant lion. 

mno"li (kef), v.i. to expel air from the 
V/UUgn lungs by a violent effort: v.t. to 
expel from the lungs: followed by up: n. an 
effort of the lungs, attended with noise, to 
expel irritating or foreign matter; a disease 
which makes^one cough. 

millH (kood), past tense of the verb can: 
Ll,ulu used as an auxiliary. 

mil Immll (koo-lom'), n. the practical 
euu-ioiiiu unit for measuring quantity 

of electric current. 

miin ril (koun'sll), n. an assembly of 
euuu-ui persons met in consultation, or 
to give advice; a municipal body; as, the 
common council is a body of men elected 
to govern a city. 

mrm oil tyijtji (koun'sil-man), n. [ph 
UUUn-Ull-mcUl councilmen (-men)], a 

member of the council, or governing body, of 
a borough, town, or city. 

miin ril nr (koun'sl-ler), n. a member 
e/Uixxx-^ii-ux c f a common council. 

miin ce*! (koun'sSl), n. interchange of 
oe/exxx-o^x opinion; advice; consultation; 
as, a family counsel was called to discuss the 
will; opinion or purpose as the result of 
consultation; a barrister or lawyer: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. counseled, p.pr. counseling], to 
give advice to; advise. 

miin Inr (koun'se-ler), n. one who 
v ' UUil gives advice, especially legal 

advice; a lawyer. 

mnnf (kount), n. a title of nobility in 
V/UlUil France, Spain, and Italy. 

rniinf (kount), v.t. to number, as one, 
ouixxxl two, three, etc.; to sum up; enu¬ 
merate; esteem; as, he counts himself rich: 
v.i. to tell off articles or numbers; rely: with 
on or upon; to be of value; in law, to 
plead: with on; to mark time: n. the act of 
numbering or reckoning; the total ascer¬ 
tained; a separate and distinct charge in a 
law case; rhythm. 

tiq npo (koun'tS-nans), n. the 
UOUIl-ie-nance face; the expression; 

appearance; support: v.t. to support; en¬ 
courage; favor; as, the nations cannot 
countenance the breaking of solemn trea¬ 
ties. 

milTl fpr (koun'ter), n. one who, or that 
which, reckons or serves to keep 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 





counteract 


139 


coupling 


an account; as, a counter of metal or wood is 
used in many games to keep the score; a 
shop table; as, the counter in a store; a blow 
given in trying to ward olF a blow; the 
leather that strengthens the heel of a shoe: 
v.i. in boxing, to give a return blow while 


eio’n (koun tei-sin ),_ v.t. ><o 
COUXl-lcI -blgll confirm by signing a 

document already signed by another: n. an 
additional signature to a document to make 
it of value; a private word or phrase; a 
signal, given to soldiers on guard; a military 


coun-ter-sink 

drill (a conelike 


v.i. in boxing, to give a return mow wmio signal, given w hoiuicis uu guaiu, I 

trving to escape a blow; ado. contrary; ad- watchword; as, no one can enter the fort 
verse; in an opposite direction; in the wrong without knowing the countersign. 

way; as, to go counter to advice: prefix, con- ■ - - ^- 1 - fko,m ter-si: 

trary; opposite; as, cwinter-ev idcnce, evi¬ 
dence opposing other evidence; counter- bal¬ 
ance, to weigh or act against wit h equal force. 

„ for arr (koun"ter-akt'), v.t. to act 
CUUII-lci -do!, [ n opposition to so as to 
defeat or hinder; neutralize; to bring to noth- . F /->irn-fpqq 

i ng — ad), counteractive.—;?. counteraction. COUll widow of an eail or count. 

^ 4. „ i.-i aTW , 0 (koun"ter-barans), incr ( k ®V n rec komng, 

coun-ter-bai-ance n . equal weight or count adding up. 

power; a force equal to another: v.t. to oppose Pntin f t * nC r hni 19 P (koun tlng : n°us ), n- 
bv am equal power; as, the general called for COUni-ing-IlOUbe the room m a place 

more trc^ps to cmnlcrbalance those of the 

coun-ter-claim „*°”2| r "cS'or SS- | count-less 


v „__ V.t. to 

-It -- drill (a conelike depres¬ 

sion) to receive a screw or bolt; to drive or 
sink (a screw or bolt) into such a depres¬ 
sion, so that the head is level with the 
surface. , 

coun-tess n - 0,0 WIf0 or 


mand. 

4. „ „ i: *4. (koun'ter-flt), v.t. to copj 
coun-tei -ICIl for a dishonest purpose; 
to imitate with intent to deceive or defraud; 
as, to counterfeit money; forgo: v.i. to carri¬ 
on deception: adj. feigned; spurious; forged: 
n. an imitation made with intent to deceive; 
a forgery.— n. counterfeiter 


being reckoned up or counted; 

innumerable. _ . 

_ _ „ 4, • 4c (kun'tn-fid), ad}, having 

coun-lll-lieu rustic iftanners or aspect 
as opposed to city ideas and maimers. 
™iin frw (kun'trl), n. [pi. countries 
coun-xry (_triz)], a tract of land; region; 


rr (koun'tcr-frt'Ing), n. 

coun-ter-teit-ing the crime of making 
false coins or bank notes. 

coun-ter-ir-ri-tant J.HJi 

cine to excite irritation in one place with the 
purpose of relieving irritation in another. 

1 j, _ si (koun"ter-mand'), 

coun-ter-nxana to change (an order or 
command); contradict the orders of ; to revoke 
(an order): n. a contrary order or command; 
as, the general’s message was a countermand of 
the order to march forward. 


(koun'ter-march'), v.t. 

coun-ter-marcn a nd Vm % m to march 

back; as, after the drill the men were ordered 
to countermarch to the armory: n. a return 
march or change of front; a reversal. 

coun-ter-mine (k ^’ te, - mm) - 1 ,n 


rural parts; as, “God made the country and 
man made the town”; one’s native land; 
as. we are all ready to defend our country: ad]. 

, rural, rustic, unpolished. 

b-tr Antsnn (kun'tri=dans"), n. & 

(koun"ter - Tr'I- COUXl-try-UailCfc dance in which some 

tf u it). n. a medi- j of the couples dance between opposite lines 

made by others. w . . . . 

n „ (kun'trf-man), n. [pi. 
COUIl-try-man countrymen (-men), fern. 
countrywoman], one who lives in the rural 
regions; one who lives in the same country 
as another. 

(kun'trl-sicr), n. a sec- 
coun-try-siae tion of the* country, or 

the people living there. . 

+„y (koun'tl), n. [pi. counties (-tlz)J, 
COUn-iy a definite district of a country 
separated from the rest for political pur¬ 
poses; its inhabitants: adj. pertaining to, or 
referring to. such a district. 

(koo), n. a stroke or blow; hence# 


coun-ter-mme military usage, an un- rnnn (koo) n. a strolve or mow mrnee. 
de>’groimd pa^ageway made to intercept r S g sudden force . [F r.) 


agem, coming with sudden force 

C0U-p6 pa'), n. 
the front compart¬ 
ment of a French 
stage-coach or of ™ 
a European first- 
class railway car¬ 
riage; a closed four- 


Utjl gl UUUU [ —v v..... -- 

and destroy similar works of the enemy; 
hence, any means by which an opponent s 
plans are defeated: v.t. and v.i. to excavate a 
passageway in order to meet and destroy 
(similar works of the enemy); hence, to defeat 
or baffle by secret means. 

coun-ter-of-fen-sive psw. n. V 

firroq^i vp metliods or* opcr^tioQ cii. i * *^*0^ ~~ 

enemy who has previously adopted similar ^ee^camage or 

tactics. (koun'ter-pSn"), n. a. bed- 1 < - LLjgh 

C0UI1-ter-pane spread, especially when 
woven of cotton and having raised figures. 

z „ (koun'ter-part ), n. a 

coun ter-pari duplicate; a person ex¬ 
actly like some one else; as, each twin was 
the counterpart of the other. 



3 L-I. 1 -u.j 

cou-ple < k0,yl) ’ 


Coupe 

^ two of the same kind connected 
together; a pair; a brace; man and wife; a 
betrothed man and woman; partners at a 
dance: v.t. to link or join together; as, the 
brakeman has to couple the cars to make 
up a train; unite: v.i. to form pairs 
-a a-iin'lSr). n. that whi 


COU-pler nects!°as 


n. that which con- 
a device to connect 


_ (koun'ter-point"), n. in 

COUn-ter-pOlllt music, the science of 

-l - 1#* w»/al/^l*An5 I Ca,rS. _ - _ 

(kup'let), n. two lines of verse 
COU-piC l which rhV'ine together, espe- 
mem '- . Mrrmn'tSr-Doiz*) n. a I daily two lines of the same length. 

counter-poise I COU-pling 1 $?'’(jSftVwafww 0 a f n J I°M 

° S I Mnfc unW two railroad -__- 

boot io6t- found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; (hen thick; hw -wh as in when; 
zb=2 Is in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to x.m. 














coupon 


140 


cowboy 


mil nnn (koTJ'pdn), n • part of a printed 
vuu-puu ticket which can be detached or 
pulled off, such as a ticket for the theater, 
proving the holder’s right to hife seat; a 
dated certificate representing interest, in¬ 
tended to be cut off from a bond and presented 
for payment when due. 

.miir Qrro (kur'Sj), n. bravery; boldness; 
-c *&^ fearlessness; valor. 

Cftll ra frpAtic (kd-ra'jds), adj. brave; 
vuu-ld-geuub bold; fearless.— adv. cour¬ 
ageously.— n. courageousnc99 ♦ 

mil ri pr (koo'r!-er; koor'1-er), n. an ex- 
vuu-u-w press messenger; a traveling 
attendant who makes arrangements at hotels, 
buys railroad tickets, and looks after all the 
details of traveling; a government messenger. 
rn i, r qp (kors), n. a race; a path or track; 
vuiuoo progress; career; direction or 
line of motion; the portion of a meal served 
at. one time; conduct; behavior; the direc¬ 
tion in which a ship is steered; a series 
of acts arranged in order or at stated periods; 
as, a course of nursing or a course of lectures: 
v.t. to pursue with dogs; to cause to run; to 
run through or oyer: v.i. to move swiftly; 
pursue game with dogs. 

mure: pr (kor'ser), n. a swift and spirited 
horse; a war horse: used mostly 
in poetry; as, Merlin rode on a great gray 
courser. 

mure; in nr (kors'Ing), p.pr. of course, 
vuuio-uig running through or over; as, 

the blood coursing through the veins: n. the 
sport of hunting hares or rabbits with gray- 
hounds. 

miirt (kort), n. an inclosed space, or a 
WUJ.& apace for playing games; a small 
paved place surrounded by houses; a royal 
palace; a prince or king with his retinue and 
ministers considered as a political body; a hall 
of justice; the place where prisoners are 
tried; as, the prisoner was brought into 
court; the judges engaged there; the judge 
heating a case; as, the court sustained the 
objection; the session of a judicial assembly; 
address; flattery: v.t. to pay attention to, 
as a lover; woo; flatter; solicit: v.i. to make 
love. 

miir fp mi <2 (kur't&-iis; kort'yus), adj. 
CUUT-ie-OUS courtly; affable; polite.— 
adv. courteously.—n. courteousness. 

miir fp qv (kur'tAsI; kor'tft-sl), n. [pi. 
5-UUl-te-by courtesies (-slz)], politeness 
combined with kindness; an act of civility 
and respect; favor. 

miirfp < 2 V (kurt'sl), n. a gesture of greet- 
mg or respect made by women 
by bending the knees, dropping the body 
gracefully and then rapidly raising it: v.i. 
to make such a gesture. Also, curtsey, 
curtsy. 

COlirt tlOIIQP (kort'hous"), n. a public 
CUUXl-nUUbe building where justice is 

admimstered by those legally qualified. 

COlirt ipr (kort'ygr), n. one who attends 
vuui i-ici the court of a prince; one who 
solicits favor; a flatterer. 


COlirt 1v (kort'li), adj. refined; elegant: 

said of manners.— n. courtliness. 

court-mar-tial SSSU; S JRL 

tary or naval court of justice: v.t. to trv 
by such a court. 

CQUrt-n1a<? tpr (kort'plas"ter), n. a kind 
L * of stickmg plaster, origi¬ 

nally used by ladies at court as beautv 
patches on the face. 

court-ship ^ 0 5 0 f n / g lTp) ’ n - the act of 


entirf (kort ySrd*), n. an inclosed 

uuui t-jcuu space adjoining a house. 

rone in (kuz'n), n. the son or daughter of 
V'e/u.d-jj.i an uncle or aunt; a distant rela¬ 
tive.— adj._ cousinly. 

c nvp (kov), n. a small sheltered inlet or creek ; 
' ,uvc a retired nook; a hollow molding. 

pAtr gx tifnvi (kuv'6-n5.nt), n. a written 
vuv-c-uom agreement; deed; bargain; 

a solemn agreement* of fellowship and faith 
lie tween members of a church: v.i. to enter 
into a formal agreement; bind oneself by 
contract. 

Cfw p nopt (kuv'4-nan-ter), n. one 

Lov-e-nanx-er who enters infco an 

agreement. 

PfiV pn ■frv (kuv-Sn-tri), n. a town in 
warwickshire, England: to 
send to Coventry, to banish or exclude from 

social intercourse. 

CfiV PC (kuv'er), v.t. to put something over; 
wv-ci to conceal; to overspread, as the 
top of anything; to sit upon or incubate, as 
a hen her eggs; to overrun; extend thickly 
over an area; to include or be sufficient for; 
to pans over, as a space or distance; shelter; 
clothe: v.i. put on a hat or headdress: n. that 
which is laid on something else: a protection; 
as, he went under the cover of an escort of 
soldiers; a shelter; a covert; thicket, etc., 
concealing game; the table equipment at a 
meal, especially for one person. 

mv pr in tr (kuv'er-Ing), n. that which 
v -ci ls laid around anything or 

protects; dress. 

COV Pr 1 pf (kuv'er-lgt), n. a bed quilt, 
v -ci t especially an outer quilt. 

mv prf (kuv'ert), adj. concealed; covered; 
vvxv-cn disguised; secret; in law, under 
the authority or protection of her husband: 
said of a married woman: n. a place that pro¬ 
tects or shelter’s; a thicket; shelter for game. 

COV Pr flirp (kuy'er-tur), n. a cover; 
tuv-ci-iuie shelter; the legal status or 
standing of a married woman. 

COV pf (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnestly; 

, i T, , to Wlsh - wrongly and eagerly, for 
(what belongs to another): v.i. to have an 
extreme or unlawful desire for something. 

COV Pt mi <2 (kuv'$-tils), adj. very de- 
v c t-u uo sirous, especially of that which 
belongs to another; eager, especially for 
money. — adv ._ covetously.— n. covetousness. 
COV PV (kuv'i), ft. a hatch or brood of 
WV ' C J birds, especially partridges. 

COW . ( kou), V-.JP 1 ; cows (kouz); poetic, 

„ kme, (km)], the matui-e female of the 
ox family of animals domesticated and kept 
for its milk: the female of various other 
animals, such as the whale, elephant: v.t. to 
depress with fear; as, to cow the spirit by 
harsh treatment. 

COW ar(\ (kou'erd), n. one without cour- 

.. ., age: a craven; a dastard; a 

timid person: adj. lacking courage; timid; 
unduly fearful. 

COW-ard ICP (kou'er-dls), n. want of 
courage; dishonorable fear. 

&yn. timidity. 

Ant. (see courage). 

COW-ard lv ikou'erd-ll), adj. timid; das- 

, y tardly; base: befitting a 

coward; mean.— n. cowardliness. 

COW-bird jkou'burd"), n. an American 
„ blackbird: so called because 

often found with cattle. 

COWboV (kou'boi*), n. a boy who looks 
after cows; a mounted em- 
plovee of a stockman or ranchman who looks 
alt er the cattle while they graze. 


ate senate, rare cat, local, iar, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, referr 
nght, sin; c6ld, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, memi* 











cowcatcher 


141 


cranberry 


.-i.i, (kou'k&ch'gr), n. a wedge- 

cow-catcn-er shaped iron frame on the 

front of a locomotive for removing anything 
that obstructs the train, such as cows on the 
track. . . , 

(kou'Sr), v.i. to crouch or sink 
LUW-ci down through fear; tremble; as, 
many persons cower in terror at a flash of 
lightning. , , , 

nrvixr Vi cxrA (kou'hfird*), ft. one who tends 
COW-nerd cattle at pasture. 

_____ V»i/1 cv (kou'hid"), n. the tanned and 
COW-lllUc dressed skins of cows; a stout 
flexible whip made of rawhide: adj. made of 



cover or conceal with, or as with, 

— adj. cowled. „ . , 

_____ i• (kou'Hk"), ft. a tuft of hair 
COW-llth. turned up or awry on the fore¬ 
head. 

__ _ TT ^_.l y . (ko wflr'ker), n. one who 
CO-WUlxL-CI works with another; a 
fellow worker. 


open, as a bottle, v.i. to make a sharp, snap¬ 
ping sound; to split or break: adj. colloqui¬ 
ally, of superior excellence; as, a crack 
regiment. 

crack-brained 

queer. 

reiA (krakt), adj. having a fracture; 
Clctt/ikCd split; blemished; ground coarse¬ 
ly; as, cracked wheat; imperfect; broken; 
insane; slang, out of money. 

- ro . 1 - (krak'Sr), n. a hard biscuit; a 
CId.Cli.-Ci firework; in thesouthem United 
States, one of the lower class of rural white* 
people. ^ 

___ _i_. i- (kr&k'l), v.i. to make a slight,. 
Crd.Cli.-iC sharp, explosive noise, fre¬ 
quently repeated; as, the leaves crackle un¬ 
derfoot; to crack slightly and repeatedly; 
v.t. to cover, as china, with a delicate net¬ 
work of minute cracks; to break with slight, 
rapid crushing: n. a noise made by frequent- 
and slight cracks and reports; the appear¬ 
ance of the surface glaze on glass or porce¬ 
lain that has cracked in all directions. 


rnw nnv (kou'poks;'), n. an acute con- 
CUW-pUA tagious disease of cows, which, 
when communicated to man, as by vaccina¬ 
tion, prevents smallpox. 

(kou'rl), n. a kind of shell used as 
Africa and parts of 

Asia. - 

name 


(kou'pe' 1 ') ,"n. a certain plant of cvzif'Xc \\T\& (krak ling) , n. the giving out. 
COW-pea. the bean family; its edible seed. CraClv-IlIlg of small abrupt reports in 

r - ■ — — -— — quick succession; as, the cheerful crackling 

of a log Are. . ...... 

n-ranlr nol (krak'nfei), n. a hard biscuit 
ClaC-tx-lld i n some fancy shape. 

______ (kraks'man), n. [pi. eracks- 

CraCKS-man men (-men)], a burglar. 
[Slang.] .... „ 

... (kra'dl).n. a baby’s crib or little bed, 

Cld-UIC often on rockers; infancy; birth¬ 
place or origin; as, the cradle of liberty; a case 
for a broken limb; a device for rescuing ship¬ 
wrecked persons; a frame of timbers placed un¬ 
der a ship for launching it; a steel tool used in 
engraving; a gold-washing machine; as, in gold- 
mining, a cradle is used to separate the gold 
from the gravel; a frame of wood,with long 
teeth, fastened to a scythe, used in harvesting 
grain; a frame on a wagon, for keeping hay or 
grain from the wheels: v.t. to rock or place in 
a cradle; nurse or train in infancy; as, cradled 
in luxury; wash in a miner’s cradle; mow 
with a cradle scythe; as, to cradle oats. 

(kr&ft), n. ability; skill; a trade; 
Cra.lt cunning; fraud; a small trading 
vessel; vessels, collectively; manual art; those 
working at any trade, collectively; guild. 

___ (krafts'm&n), ft. [pi. crafts- 
Cr9.ltS-ttlaJl men (-men)l, a skilled work¬ 
man; a member of a particular trade. 
n _('Irra.f'tT'i add. cunnine: 


COW-rie money in 
Also, cowry. 

rrvw Qlin (kou'sllp'). n. a common 
COW-blip for the primrose. 

(koks'kdm*). ft. something 
COX-COmu resembling a cock s comb, 
formerly worn by licensed jesters; a vain, 
conceited fellow; a fop. „ . . 

_ (kdk'swan; naut. kdk'sn), n. 

COX-SWalll the steersman of a boat, 
especially in a race. Also, cockswain. 

_ ___ (koi), adj. modest; bashful; demure; 
COy shy; as, a coy little girl.— adv. coyly. 
—ft. coyness. . , . 

_ x_ (ki-o'tS; ld'ot) , ft. the prairie 
COy-O-ie wo if of North America. 

_ _ _ ___ (kuz'n), v.t. and v.i. to cheat m a 
COZ-6I1. petty way; deceive; swindle; as, 
the dishonest man tried to cozen his neighbor. 

_ _ ___ (ko'zl), adj. warm and comfortable; 
CO-Zy snug: ft. a woolen cover to keep a 
teapot warm.— 
adv. cozily.—ft. 
coziness. Also, 
cosy, cosey. 

rrcth (krab), w. 
vlaU a short¬ 
tailed, hard- 
shelled animal 
that lives under 
water; a crab 
apple; a name of 
various mechani- Crab 

cal devices or 

machines; colloquially, a sour, cranky person. 
Crab, a sign (Cancer) in the Zodiac. 

t. (krab'ed), adj. cross; morose; 

CraD-DeCl peevish; hard to understand; 
cramped, as writing.— adv. crabbedly. ft. 
crabbedness. . , _ _ 

_i_ (krak), n. a chink or fissure, a 
CraCK narrow fracture; 'a sharp sound, 
as, the crack of a whip; colloquially, a sharp 
blow; a mental or moral defect; an altered 
tone of voice: v.t.to burst, break, or sever; 
cause to make a sharp snap; _ tell 
spiritedly, as a joke; to craze; colloquially, 
to praise: as, to crack up a g ood cook: miure^ 



TT (kraf'tl), adj. cunning; artful; 
cran-y wily; deceitful.— adv. craftily.- 


craftiness. 

__. orT (krag), ft. a steep, rugged rock that 
Wag stands out prominently. 

a (kr&g'I), adj. rough; rugged; full 
crag-gy of broken rocks. 

_i_^ (krak), ft. a small railbird with ft, 
crane harsh cry. 

______ (kram), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. crammed. 

Cram p.pr. cramming], to stuff; fill to over¬ 
flowing; colloquially, to put hastily through, 
a course of study, as in preparation for an 
examination:, v.i. colloquially, to study hard 
for an examination; to eat greedily.. 

________ (kramp), n. a piece of iron bent 

Craiilp at the ends, with a tightening 
screw at one end to hold blocks of wood, 
stone, etc.; a sharp pain: v.t. to affect with 
muscular spasms; confine; secure with & 

cramp. . .. 

_____ t_ __. (kran'b§r-I), ft. fpt cran- 

cran-oer-ry berries (-Iz)], the marsh 
whortleberry, with red acid berries. 


UU In chtbc i an, t/ vy ^ —nt J-z— -- — , . - | • i 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











crane 


142 


creator 


£*rane* (kr an), n - a large wading bird 
l/iauc with very long legs and neck, and 
a long straight bill - a ma¬ 
chine for raising heavy 
weights; as, the traveling 
crane: v.t. and v.i. to 
stretch or bend (the 
neck) like a crane. 

cra-nl-al iS*™'% 

pertaining to the skull. 

crani-ol-o-gy 

(kra"nl-51'6-jl), n. the 
scientific study of skulls 
and their characteristics. 

(ki'a'ni- 


cra-ni-um & m) „ 



[pi. craniums (-umz) and 
crania (-a)], the skull, 
especially the part in¬ 
closing the brain. 

(kr §,nk), n. a 
va atiizv device for causing an axis or shaft 
to move; an iron brace; a twist or turn; a 
fanciful form of 
speech; whim; 
fancy; colloqui¬ 
ally, a person 
who has too 
many whims and 
fancies, or an 
impractical per¬ 
son : a d j. liable 
to lurch or up¬ 
set; opposite to 
stiff; hence, 

gllO h Y 

*i „ vsrmu&s. x, Hiugiu i.nruw; i 

crank Shaft double throw: 3, bell crank. 

(krank shaft), a shaft driven by a crank. 
Also, crankshaft. 

frank xt (krahk'I), adj. full of whims or 
wa irritability; liable to be upset; in 
a shaky or loose condition.— adv. erankily. 
—n. crankiness. 

rsiorl (kran'Id), adj. full of chinks; 
^xcuLi-iiicu. as> the flower grew in the 
crannied wall. 

(kran'l), n. [pi. crannies (-Iz)], a 


Cranks. 1, single throw; 2, 


cran-ny S'g; 

(krap), n. a thin black gauze made 

0 f raw s iih and gummed; as, crape 
is a sign of mourning; a thin, crimped fabric, 
sometimes sijk, sometimes cotton. 
f>ro ch (krash), v.t. to dash in pieces noisily; 
wicioii. t , 0 clash together with violence: v.i. 
to break in pieces with a noise; to make 
a loud, clattering noise: v. a loud, sudden, 
•confused noise; as, the china fell with a 
crash; a coarse, heavy linen fabric. 

crass 


(kras), adj. gross; dense; stupid; 


as, the mistake was due to crass 
ignorance.— ^adv. crassly.— -n. crassness, 
rrafp (krat), n. a wickerwork basket for 
**'shipping china, glassware, etc.; a 
case made of wooden slats, used for shipping 
goods: v.t. to pack in a case or basket. 

Cra t&r (kra'ter), n. the cup-shaped cavity 
„ °* a v °lcano; an ancient goblet; 
the pit formed by an explosion. 
pra "Wfi t (krd-vat'), n. a necktie or neck- 
^ia-vai cloth usually worn by men. 

rravfs (krav), v.t. to ask for with humility; 
wave; hntr Mrnootiv j on g f OI . eagerly: 

cowardly; base: 

desire 


beg earnestly; 

■v.i. to desire greatly. 

CTO Vf*i1 (kra'vn), adj. 
wa n a coward. 

Crav irsec (krav'Ing), n. a strong 
m o or appetite: a yearning. 


craw 


71. a bird’s first stomach or 



Prjjw -ficfi (kro'fish), n. the common 
wiaw-iiou name of a fresh-water lobster¬ 
like animal; the spiny lobster. Also, crayfish, 
mwl ( kr °b, to move slowly and with 
vxavvji difficulty by drawing the body along 
the ground; to have the feeling as of live 
things upon the body; to creep: n. the act of 
creeping or making one’s way with difficulty; 
a pen on the sea-coast for fish, turtles, etc. 
Pfn V nr » (kra'6n), n. a kind of chalk; 
viay-uu a drawing done with such chalk; 
adj. drawn with chalk: v.t. to sketch out, as 
with a piece of chalk. 

Pfn 7 n (kraz), v.i. to become demented or 
ua/,c insane; open in slight cracks: said of 
pottery: v.t. to produce cracks, as in pottery; 
render insane: n. a passing fashion or infatua¬ 
tion; a mania; a crack in pottery glaze. 

(kra'zl), adj. insane; unsound; 
colloquially, foolishly eager; of 
pottery, full of cracks or flaws: crazy bone, 
a place at the back of the elbow, which, when 
struck, gives one a distracting, nervous, tin¬ 
gling sensation. — adv. crazily.—n. craziness. 
PfAo k (krek), v.i. to make a sharp, harsh, 
■vf. can squeaking sound: v.t. to cause to 
make such a sound : n. a harsh, grating sound, 
rrp^lr V (krek'I), adj. apt to make harsh, 
squeaky noises; as, creaky floors; 
creakij shoes. 

rrpam (krem), n. the rich, oily part of 
ei ocuu milk; hence, the choicest part of 
anything; a soft cosmetic: v.t. to skim 
or take off by skimming; remove the best 
part of; in cooking, to beat together, as shorten¬ 
ing, .sugar, and eggs, until they form a smooth 
mixture: v.i. to become covered with cream; 
become thick like croam; to froth; to grow 
stiff or formal. 

erpoft) pr XT’ (krem'er-1), n. [pi. creamer- 
crediu-er-y ies a place where 

butter and cheese aro made, or where cream 
and milk are sold. 

Crpsm Ifllifi fkrem'lad"), adj. denoting a 
v catu-iaxu paper of a creamy-white 

color, showing the lines of the mold impressed 
on it. 

CYfsft TT1 ruti (krem nut), the Brazil nut; 
WCcUi .1 hut the triangular-shaped seed of 

a South American tree. 

CTWm nf tar tar (krem ov tar'tdr), 

UCtUU Durified tartar nr 


argol. 


V (krem'I), adj. containing, or like, 
cic-Olil-y cream; smooth; luscious. 

prpq co (kres), n. a mark made by folding 
or doubling anything; a line 
drawn to define the limits of bowler and 
batsman: v.t. to make a wrinkle or mark in: 
v.i. to become wrinkled. 

rrpfl snt(P (kre'a-sot), n. a heavy oily 
, . a &ULC hqmd with a smoky smell, 

obtained from wood-tar: used as an anti¬ 
septic. Also, creosote. 

rt*A atf* (kr$-at'), v.t. to cause to come 
wc-atc into existence; form out of noth¬ 
ing; invest with a new rank, office, or func¬ 
tion; to originate. 

CfP 3 finri (krS-a'shfin), n. the act of 
. . fr ,r! lL making, forming, or origin at- 

mg, the thing made, formed, or originated: 

the umverse. 

Cre-a fivp (krfc-a'tlv), adj. constructive; 
Vic a uve productive; as, a creative 

mind; creative power. 

C,I*P ?3 frit” (krft-a'ter), n. one who makes, 
, brings into existence, or origi- 

nates: Creator, the Supreme Being; God. 


ate, senate, rare, eat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 


















creature 


143 


crib 


rr nn (krS'tflr), n. a created living 

Uca-llUC being; one dependent on the 
influence of another. 

slon/'A (kre'dens), n. belief; credit; 
Lie-UCllLC trust; as, it was difficult to 
give credence to the report. 

fifll (kre-den'shal), n. a letter or 
vl C-lACll- llcti certificate given to a person 
to show he has a right to confidence or to the 
exercise of authority: (lsually in plural. 

\ u;i : + v (kred"t-bfl'l-tl), n. the 
Ucu-l-Uil-l-iy quality of being credible, 
or believable; trustworthiness, as of records. 

i ViIp. (kred'i-bl), adj. believable; 
WcU-l-UiC not impossible or absurd; as, 
a credible story.— adv. credibly. 

lx (krgd'It), v.t. to believe; trust; 
blCU-ll have con 


mation: n. [pi. crematories (-riz)], a furnace 
or an establishment for burning dead bodies. 
Also, crematorium. 

Pi*c» mn no (krS-mo'nd), n. a violin of 
L'l C-lllU-lXd unmatched excellence, for¬ 
merly made at Cremona, Italy, 
rron lof exA (kren'el-at'ed), adj. deco- 
CI en-ei-ld. l-cU rated with indented mold¬ 
ings or scalloped with notches. 

Pro olo (kre'ol), n. a native of the West 
v^i C-U 1 C indies, or of Louisiana or the 
Gulf States, who is of French or Spanish 
descent: adj. pertaining to a Creole. Also, 
creole. 

oro o col (krS' 5 -sol), n. an oily liquid 
ti c-U-oUl resembling phenol or carbolic 

acid. 

oro o oo+o (kre'o-sot), n. a heavy oily 
tic-U-oUlC liquid with a smoky smell, 
obtained from wood-tar: used as an anti¬ 
septic: v.t. to fill or saturate with this liquid. 

Also, creasote. 

oro-oo (krap), n. a soft silk fabric, closely 
LiepC W oven and wavy in appearance; 
crgpe de Chine; crape. [Fr.] 

" “ '“'tat), v.i. to 


have confidence in; enter on the 
credit side of an account; to ascribe: n. 
belief; honor; trust placed in one; that 
which adds to one’s reputation; sale on trust; 
time allowed for payment of goods sold; finan¬ 
cial standing; value received: opposite to debit. 

o Klfi (kred'It-d-bl), adj. praise- 
Cicu.-lt-a.-uxc worthy; deserving esteem. 

.— adv. creditably. 

J r . r (kred'I-ter), n. one to whom 
Clcu-IL-Ul another is indebted for money 
or goods: opposite to debtor. 

(kre'do), n. [pi. credos (-doz)], a 
Uc-uu creed; in particular, the Apostles’ 

Creed, in church service; the musical setting 

+TT (kr^-duTI-tl), n. ready be- ended “with a loud crescendo 
cre-au-ll-iy hef; especially, an inclina- growing in force or loudness 
tion to believe on insufficient evidence. 
nr-a.A ti Iniic (kred'ti-lfis), adj. apt to be- 
UcU-U-lUUo lieve on slight evidence; 


lieve on slight evidence; 
easily imposed upon.— adv. credulously. 
n-rn.aA (kred), n. a brief, authoritative 
bleed statement of religious belief; belief 
in any matter. 

n-rem\r (krek), n. a small bay or cove; _ 
Cl CCJa. small stream, between a brook and a 
river in size.— Creek, one of a tribe of American 
Indians, originallyj inhabiting the region be¬ 
tween the Mobile and Savannah Rivers, in 
Alabama and Georgia: now in Oklahoma. 

i (krel), n. a wicker fishing basket; 
Clccl a wickerwork cage: v.t. to put in a 
wicker basket ; catch. 

/. rppn (krep), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. crept 
CiCCp p.pr. creeping], to move slowly 
along the ^ground, as a worm or reptile; 
crawl; to have the feeling as of touching 
crawling things; grow along the ground, as 
a plant; move secretly or stealthily; fawn: 
n. the act of crawling along the ground; the 
sensation of being covered -with crawling 
things: often colloquially in plural. 

(krep'er), n. one who. or that 
creep-er which, moves slowly, close to or 
touching the ground: a plant which clings 
by rootlets or tendrils to some support; as, 
the English ivy is an evergreen creeper: the 
name of certain birds; a wingless insect. 

ww (krep'I), adj. shivering; chilled 
Creep-y with fear; as, a creepy feeling.— n. 

creepiness. , ... 

(kres), n. a short dagger with a 
creese waved blade used by Malayans. 

Also, cris. , 

__ (krg-mat'), v.t. to reduce to 

cre-maie ashes by heat, especially dead 

bodies.— n. cremator. . . - 

_ _a* „ (krS-ma'shun), n. the act of 
cre-ma-lion burning to ashes, espe- 

TET rrr OnfSm'd-tS-rl: krt'md-tS- 
crem-a -TO-ry r f>, adj. pertaining to cre- 



n-rcL-n i +o+e.(krSpTtat), v.i. to crackle; 
LI CjJ-I-lcllC to make a succession of 
snapping sounds.— r,. crepitation. 

_x (krept), past tense and past parti- 
crepi ciple of the intransitive verb creep. 

nra, cron Hn (kre-shen'do; kre-sen'do), 
LIC-oLCll-U-U n . a gradual mcrease m 
force of a musical sound; as, the music 
■ ' “' ' * :endo: adj. slowly 

^iUWllig in u/ioo v/* 

nt-aa rex n+ (kres'ent), adj. growing; 
LICo-LCiil shaped like the new moon: n. 
an increasing or new moon; a figure 
like a new moon; the national em¬ 
blem of Turkey. 

„ raoo (kres), n. any of numerous 
LI coo sm all green plants growing 
near a stream, such as watercress: — 

the plants have a biting taste, and Crescent 
are used for salads. . , 

nmc cot (kres'et), n. a vessel for holding 
LiCo-oCL burning oil, etc., for lighting. 
_ r . c t (krest), n. a plume of feathers on 
LI Col the bead of a bird; a helmet; the 
ridge of a wave;- the summit of a hill, or 
ridge; a heraldic device, usually worn above 
the shield: v.t. to furnish with, or serve as, 
a crest; to crown: v.i. to take the form of a 
crest or ridge. ,. 

crest-fal-len 

cast down. 

n-rtx comic (krS-ta'shus), adj. contaic- 

cre-ia-ceous } [1 g i or like, chalk; chalky. 

C'r-cx ton (kre'tan). adj. of or pertaining to 
LI C-ldll Crete, an island in the eastern 
Mediterranean: n. an inhabitant of Crete. 
n-rex tnnno (krS-tdn'; kre'tbn), n. an un- 
cre-xoime glazed cotton fabric printed 
on one side and used for covering chairs, etc. 
rrp vflC1 cp (kre-vasO, n. a deep crack or 
irC-VaooC fissure m glacier ice; a breach 
in a levee or embankment of a river. 

1 V 0 (krSv'fc), n. a crack; fissure; as. 
LIGV-1LC a crevice in a wall; a crevice to 
rocks. 

nr-cxxtr (kroo), n. any band or company of 
vlCW armed men; a ship or boat’s com¬ 
pany; as, the captain and the sailors form 
the crew of a ship; a group or gang doing the 
same work; as, a train crew. 

ol (kroo'el), n. loosely twisted worst- 
crew-ci ed yarn used in fancy work. 

(krib), n. a rack or manger; a stall for 
LllL) horses or cattle; a child’s bed; a 


boot, fobt; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation bey, pages xix to xxn. 









cribbage 


144 


Croix de Guerre 


small cottage; a petty theft; especially, in 

school slang, an illegitimate aid, as a key or 
a translation, used by a student: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. cribbed, p.pr. cribbing], to confine; 
steal: v.i. in school slang, to make notes for 
dishonest use in an examination, or otherwise 
improperly to use keys or translations. 

crib-ba^e (knb'aj), j 1 - a card game 

VA A j played by two or more persons: 

cribbage board, a board with holes and pegs, 
used in the game of cribbage for scoring, 
rrirlr (krik), n - a painful stiffness of the 
VA xl/jx mus cies of the neck or back, 
rrirlr pf (krik'et), n. a famous English 
vxxvrx-ctgame played with wickets, bats, 
and a ball, by eleven players on each side: 
a chirping insect; a low stool. 

Cri pr w. one who cries or pro- 

V ' A claims an announcement. 

CritTlP (krim), n. the breaking of the law; 

“T. ^ an offense against morality or the 
public welfare; wrongdoing; as, stealing is a 

CrXTTtC* 

Syn. sin, vice, misdemeanor. 

Ant. (see virtue). 

erim-i-nal (krim'I-nal), n. one guilty of 
. AA<AA an offense against the law: adj. 
pertaining to, or guilty of, a grave offense 
against the law.— adv. criminally. 

Syn.,n. convict, culprit, felon, malefactor. 

crim-i-nal I tv (krfm'i-nal'l-tl), n. the 
I llcU-l-iy fact of being guilty of a 

serious offense against the law; guilt, 
crim-i-nafp (krim'I-nat), v.t. to accuse 
. , . AAaL r or declare guilty of crime; 

involve in a crime.— n. crimination. 

Crim-i-nol-O-ffV 0*^ J l-nfil'6-j!), n. the 

7“ A . WA u oJ science of investigating 
and studying crime and criminals, 
rrimn (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist; to 
v , r cause to pucker or wrinkle; to 
curl; as, to. crimp the hair; decoy for enlist¬ 
ment: n. the act of curling or twisting: 
formerly, one Avho entrapped men for the 
English navy or army, or the merchant 
service.—n. crimper. 

crimn-V (krfm'p!), adj. having a wrinkled 
r d plaited appearance; frizzly. 

<Cl*im nip (krlm'pl), n. a wrinkle; rumple: 
'oxxiix-pxc v t to cause to wrinkle. 

Crim-Son (krlm'zn), n ,\ a deep red color 
J ,,, somewhat like purple: adj. 
deep-red; bloody: v.t. to dye with this color- 
®.t. to blush. 

CriTlVP (krlnj) ’ V.i. to bend or crouch from 
o fear or with servility: n. a servile 

bow. 

Crin-?lp (krln'gl), n. an eye, loop, or ring, 

. “ a .sad- or on the side of a rope. 

Crin kIp ' krm kl), n - a wrinkle; bend: v.t. 

~~ to winkle: v.t. to become corru¬ 
gated or crimped; to rustle.— adj. crinkly. 

Crill-O-Iinp (krin'6-lln), n. a hoop-skirt; 
vxxxx u line a staff fabric for stiffening a 
garment. 

CHD-DIp (krlp'l), n. one who is lame or 
T" f r AC maimed: v.t. to deprive of the 
use of a limb; disable. 

crio-olinp- (krI i ) ] In g), n - spars or timber 

building ® used to support the sides of a 

CHS , (1 F g , s) ’ a short dagger with a waved 
. blade used by Malayans. Also, creese. 
Ctl-SlS •- 1 sIs }’ f P l - crises (-sez)], a tum- 

7* tJ?- i m £ P01 ? t; a crisis in history; 
a ntical turn in the course of a disease- 
emergency; time of danger or difficulty 

CriSD ;.K a ^‘ wavy; curled; brittle; 

._ i . cheerful; terse; sparkling: v.t. to curl- 
-PP* i—to make brittle: v.i. to form into 1 ittle 


-adv- 


curls along an edge; to become brittle.- 

crisply.— n. crispness, 
pric nin (krls'pln), n. a shoemaker: in 
V/X 1 &-JJ 11 I allusion to St. Crispin, the patron 
saint of shoemakers: October 25 is St 
Crispin’s Day. 

criss (krls'krSs'), adj. crossing in 

OXloo-CIUob different directions, as lines: 

adv. .in such a way as to .cross something else: 
n. tit-tat-to, a child’s game played on crossed 
lines. 

cri-te.ri on n - [P** criteria 

i. u 011 (-a)J, a standard, law, or rule 
by which a correct judgment can be formed• 
measure; test. 

rrif ip (krit'fk), n. one skilled in judging 
v 7 things; as, a musical critic; one 
who judges harshly. 

Crit 1 ffll (krlt'I-kSl), adj. inclined to find 
xt x-x^ax fault; as, a critical person always 
finds something wrong; nicely exact; skilled 
m careful judgment, particularly of literary 
works, etc.; pertaining to the turning point of 
a disease; decisive; crucial.— adv. critically. 

crit-i-cism {krlt'l-slzm), n. the art of 
1 T Judging and defining the 
merits of a literary or artistic work; as, the 
author finds honest criticism very helpful; 
censure. 

Crit-i-ri7P (krlt'I-siz), v.t. to examine or 
V/ixt 1 ClZC j U ^ ge as a critic; censure; 
as, to criticize others is a bad habit: v.i. to 
review; to act as a judge. Also, criticise. 

Cri-tlOUP - n - a careful analj-sls 

y. A of a literary or artistic produc¬ 

tion; criticism; review. 

Crfifllf (krok), v.i. to make a sound like a 
7 U raven, etc.; grumble: n. the low, 
hoarse sound of the raven or frog — n 
croaker. 

Cro-a-tian fkro-a'shan), adj. Of or per- 
p tj tauung to (Croatia, a province 

of Hungary: n. a native of Croatia; the 
Croatian language. Also, Croat. 

cro-chet kind Of knitting 

1 f a Rooked needle, in cotton, 

wool, etc.: v.t. to knit with a hooked needle. 
CrOCK 'krok), w. soot, as the soot or smut 
a kettle; coloring matter which 
rubs off from cloth; an earthenware pot or 
\essel: vJ. to blacken with soot; smudge: 
to give off coloring ^matter to something else, 
crock-er V (krok'er-i), 72. earthenware of 
. , , J any kmd. especially kitchen 

jars, bowls, etc. 

CrOCk-Ot (krSk'et), 72. an ornament or a 
... , pointed decoration in ancient 

architecture j on the angles of spires, gables. 

one of the ends’ 
of a stag’s 
horns. 

crocodile 

(kr 6 k' 6 -dil), n. 
a large, lizard¬ 
like reptile, 
with hard 

square scales 

on its back and tail.— adj. crocodilian. 
CrO-CUS (kroTriSs), 72. the earliest spring 
, u VUO flower, yellow and white ip color, 
from one class of which saffron is obtained- a 
polishing powder. 

Croft (kroft), 72. a small field near a house; 

" 111 Scotland, a very small farm.—« 
crofter. 

Croix de Guerre 

given only for acts 



Crocodile 


(krwa d€ g&r), the 
French war cross. 


A - —— 7 ——. . 1 -- ,W1 of great bravery under fi re! 

rfeht °- C j’ f f- r ’ Parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer- 

right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bUrn, cUt| focfis, mend! 







cromlech 


crotchet 


145 


rrnm Ippfl (krdml^k), n. an ancient 
V/i um-icv/U monument of rough stones 
with one huge flat stone resting across the 
others. 

prnnP (kron), n. a withered old woman; 

as, a toothless, wrinkled crone. 

CTC\ TV\7 ( lcr S'nI), n. [pi. cronies (-nlz)J, a 
cro-ny familiar friend; a chum. 

(krS6k), n. a bend; as, a crook in 
vx own. the river; a shepherd’s hooked 
staff; a bishop’s staff; colloquially, a dis¬ 
honest person; a swindler: v.t. to bend: 
v.i. to curve; to grow crooked. 

ffholf pH (krfibk'ed), adj. bent; curved; 
wa uun-CU n ot upright in conduct; dis¬ 
honest.— adv. crookedly.— -n. crookedness. 

PTfinlr n pr*lr (krook'nek"). n. either of 
Ul UUiV-liCClv two kinds of squash with 
curved necks. 

rrnrvn (kroSn), v.i. to utter a hollow con- 
tinued moan; sing in a soft, plaintive 
tone: v.t. to sing or hum softly: n. the sound 
made by singing softly and plaintively, 
rrrm (kr^P)• n - produce of the ground, 
as com; harvest; anything likened 
to the harvest; as, a crop of ice; a bird’s 
craw; a stout hunting whip; hair cut close 
or short: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. cropped, cropt, 
p.pr. cropping], to cut off the top or ends of; 
reap; mow; to clip the hair of: v.i. to 
appear unexpectedly; to sprout; as, in all 
gardens the weeds crop out. 
cr An itPt* (krdp'er), n. one who raises farm 
Wup-|/CA crops on shares; a pigeon with a, 
large crop; a pouter; slang, a fall headlong, 
as from a horse; as, the hunter came a cropper, 
rm miot (krfl-ka'), n. a lawn game played 
wu-quci with mallets, balls, and arches. 

^4*(kro-k6t ), n. a ball of minced 
vau- 1 |U.cllg meat, fish, or fowl, seasoned, 
and fried brown. 

/,nip** (kro zher), n. the staff of a 
UU-olCi bishop or abbot, the symbol of 
his office as a shepherd of God’s flock. Also, 

orozier. 

rmcc (krfls), n. a gibbet of wood formed 
Gt Uoa 0 f an upright and a cross piece, 
used in the punishment of crucifixion: now, 
the emblem of the Christian faith; a device 
like a cross; a mark made on a document 
by those who cannot write; a trial of patience; 
suffering for Christ’s sake: v.t. to put, or 
draw, across; cancel; pass; oppose; obstruct; 
make the sign of the cross upon: v.i. to be 
athwart; be inconsistent: adj. not parallel; 
fretful; ill-humored; peevish; perverse; as, 
the cross child.— adv. crossly.— n. crossness. 



Forms of Crosses. l.Ansate; 2, Greek; 3, Latin; 
4 , Tan: 5, Fylfot, Gammadian or Swastika; 6, St. 
Andrew’s; 7, Papal; 8, Anchor; 9, Potent or Jeru¬ 
salem; 10, Crosslet; 11, Lorraine; 12, Maltese; 13, 
Indented; 14, Hooped; 15, Flory or fleur delis; 
16 , Stepped: 17, Knobbed; 18. Branched. 


pt-rvcc V»of* (kros'bar"), n. a bar or line 
^ going crosswise or transversely, 
(kros'bfl"), n. any of several 
1/ Uoo-UlU kinds of finches having mandi¬ 
bles whose points cross each other when the 
beak is closed. 

crns<? linn Pc: (kros'bonz"), n.pl. a repre- 
LlU&O-UUlieb sentation of two bones 

crossing each other, and usually topped by a 
skull: a symbol of death. 
ffOCC! (kros'bo"), n. a shooting 

UUbh-UOW weapon, having a bow across 
the stock. 

rrocc "hrppH (kros'bred'), n. the off- 
UUbb-Uieeu spring of two animals or 

plants of different species or races; a hybrid. 

(k r 6 s'b un"), n. a bun or 
i^ADoo DUAL small cake marked with a 
cross, usually eaten on Good Friday. 
rrnCQP (kr6s),n. the racket or bat used 
in the game of lacrosse; the game 

itself. 

cross-ex-am-i-na-tion £&£* i-nlfc 

shfln), n. the questioning of a witness by 
the opposing counsel; as, the cross-examina¬ 
tion of a witness is intended to bring out 
facts which were omitted on his first exami¬ 
nation. 

cross-grained fkr °s'grand"), adj with 

&ACLAAACU. an irregular gram or 
fiber; contrary in temper; as, a cross- 
grained old man. 

rrncic in cr (kros'Ing), n. a passing across; 
° intersection, as of two streets; 

opposition. 

cross-pol-li-na-tion p n 8l ;fc”£ 

positing of pollen, the fertilizing substance, 
from one flower on the stigma of another, as 
by insects or wind.— v.t. cross-pollinate. 

rrnc;q_tyiir rwi<;p (kros'pur"pus), n. a 
puI-JlUbC contrary or conflicting 

purpose: more commonly used in the plural; 
as, they worked at cross-purposes, and 
accomplished nothing: pi. a game of ques¬ 
tions and answers. 

cross-ques-tion 5SE«5SSs 

to question again and again; as, the police 
were asked to cross-question the prisoner. 

rrnco re*i pr ortro (kros' ref'er-ens), a 
Wa Uoa A ca - CA - CAiLC reference or specific 

direction from one part of a book or passage 
to another. 

rrnc<5 mad (kros'rod"), n. a road that 
vAuoo-Auau crosses from a main road to 

another; the place where roads intersect: 
usually in plural. 

rm<2« +i ci (kros'tl), n. a log of wood under 
wuoo-iac rails on a railroad, called a rail¬ 


road sleeper 


(kros'trez"), n.pl. short 


cross-trees pieces of timber at the 

upper ends of the lower and top masts, to 
support the rigging. 

p vacc Tiro t 7 (kros'wa"), rt. one of two or 
V/Auoo-waj^ more roads that cross each 
other; the place of intersection; a road that 
crosses from a main road to another.—n. 
crossroad. 

rmcc umca (kr6s'wiz' , ) I adv. across; in 
UUoo-wioc the shape of a cross; as, the 
church was built crosswise. 
prpi+pk (kroch), n. a hook or fork; a 
uuiua separation into two branches; 
as, a crotch of a tree.— adj. crotched. 
rmfrVi <*+ (kr8ch'6t), n. a quarter-note 
uuiua-ci i n music; a bracket; a whim 
or fancy.— adj. crotchety. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











cr oton bug _ 

/'i-rk -fsvn Kuo- (kro'tun bug), a small, ac- 
LIU-IUII wllg tive, winged cockroach. 

nrr*. r»il (kro'tun oil), a vegetable oil 

CIO-IUI1 UI1 taken from the seeds of the 
croton plant of tropical countries. 

(krouch), v.i. to stoop low; cringe; 
ClUUCll aS) to crouch behind a wall; to 
crouch in fear. 

(kroop), n. the portion of a horses 
ClOUp back behind the saddle; a child’s 
disease of the throat which causes coughing 
and choking; inflammation of the trachea 
and larynx or windpipe, with a hoarse cough 
and difficult breathing.—ac/j.croupy,croupous. 

rrrvti rki pt (kroo'pl-er; kroo'per), n. one 
CIOU-pi-Cl who collects or pays out the 
money lost or won at a gaming table. 
nrmxr (kro). v.i. [p.t. and p.p. crowed, crew, 
ClOW p.pr. crowing], to make a shrill 
sound like a cock; boast in triumph; utter a 
cry of pleasure: n. the cry of a cock; a 
general name for black birds: Crow, one of a 
tribe of American Indians, originally inhabiting 
the region of the Yellowstone River. 
nrewxr kor (kro'bar"), n. a long, straight 
ClUW-Udi iron lever, flattened at one end. 

(kroud), n. a number of persons or 
CiOWU. things collected closely together; 
as, a large, crowd at the ball game; the 
populace, or common people: v.t. to press 
closely together; fill to excess; as, to crowd 
too many people on a boat: v.i. to press in 
numbers. 

t'-rrwxT frwvf (kro'foot"), n. [pi. crowfoots 
ClOW-IOOX (-foots)], the buttercup. 
. rmim (kroun), n. the ornament a king 
trOWIl wears on his head as a sign of his 
position; sovereignty; the sov¬ 
ereign: with the; the top; as, 
the croivn of the head; an Eng¬ 
lish silver coin worth five 
shillings, or $1.20 in United 
States money; the corona 
of a flower; something like a 
crown; as, the crown of a 
hill or tooth; a size of 
printing paper (15 x 20 
in.): v.t. to invest with a 
crown; adorn or dignify; 
complete; reward. 

crown glass £i r a°sT. 

the finest window glass. 


146 


crusade 



British Royal 
Crown 


/'t-rvwrn lonrl (kroun'land"), n. the land 
UUW 11-ld.IIU. belonging to the sovereign; 
in certain countries, as Bohemia, an adminis¬ 
trative division. . 

r.*-i-vnrm (kroun' prins'), the heir 

crown prince apparent to a throne. 

rrnixm fifin CfPCiQ (kroun ses), 

CrOWn prm-cess the wife of a crown 

prince. 

rrmxr’c fnnf (kroz'fobt"), n. [pi. crow s* 
CrOW S-IOOX feet (-fet)], one of the 

wrinkles due to age, at the outer corners of 
the eyes. 

crow’s nest a lookout 

tower on the maintopmast 
cross trees of a vessel. 

/mo 1 (kroo'shal), 

Cl U-Cldl a dj . having the 
form of a cross; intersect¬ 
ing; severe; searching; as, 
the opportunity to steal 
was a crucial test of his 
honesty.— adv. crucially. 

cru-ci-ble {SmelSg 

is used for melting metals. 


or 



nni ni -fiv (kroo'sl-flks), n. [pi. crucifixes 
CIu-Cl-liA (-ez)], a cross with the sculp¬ 
tured figure of Christ. 

inn (kroo"sI-f!k'shfin), n. the 
Cl u-C1-11a.-1U.ii act of crucifying, espe¬ 
cially the nailing of Christ upon the cross; as, 
crucifixion was an- ancient form of punish¬ 
ment for highway robbers; great mental 
trial, or suffering. 

/'-rn ri form (kroo'sl-form), adj. cross- 
CIU-C1-1U1 ill shaped; as, a cruciform 

church. 

ri fir (kroo'sl-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
Cl U-CA-iy crucified, p.pr. crucifying], to 
put to death by nailing the hands and feet 
to a cross; to torture; destroy the power of; 
subdue. 

- ri1 J D (krood), adj. being in a raw, unpre- 
clUUC pared state; in a natural state; 
as, all metals are crude when taken out of 
the earth; unripe; raw; immature; un¬ 
cultured; as, crude manners; wanting in 
grace or taste; harsh in color.— adv. crudely. 
— n. crudeness. 

j; x TT (kroo'dl-tl), n. [pi. crudities 
Cni-Ul-ly (-tlz) ], the state or condition 
of being without maturity, culture, or taste; 
an instance of this lack. 

_i (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give pain 
ClU-Gl to others; merciless; hard-hearted; 
fierce; painful; unrelenting.— adv. cruelly. 
Syn. barbarous, brutal, inhuman, savage. 
Ant. (see kind). 

/"t-ii a. 1 -Hr (kroo'el-tl), n. [pi. cruelties 
ClU-ei-iy (-tlz)], inhumanity; savageness; 
a savage or inhuman deed. 

(kroo'gt), n. a small glass vial, 
CrU-ei especially for vinegar, etc., for the 
dining table. 

0 (krooz), n. an earthen pot or dish; 
cruiotJ a small vessel for holding liquids. 
Also, cruse. _ 

—riiicfi (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro: 
ClUlbc n . a voyage from place to place; 
as, the millionaire took a long cruise in his 
yacht. _ 

r*-niic or (krooz'er), n. one that sails to 
Cruib-Cl and fro; a man-of-war inferior 
in armor and armament to a battleship. 
otMtl Iai- (krul'er), n. a ring-shaped cake, 
Uiul-IcI fried brown. 

rnimk (krum), n. the soft inner part of 
UU111U bread; a fragrment of bread; a 
little piece: v.t. to break into little pieces, 
nnim hi** (krum'bl), v.t. to break into 
L-l UII1-UIC crU mbs; cause to fall into 
pieces: v.i. to disappear gradually; to fall 
into small pieces.— adj. crumbly. 

tt (krum'f), adj. full of crumbs; 
crum-my soft, like the soft part of 
bread. 

rnim not (krum'pet), n. a kind of tea- 
CI Ulli-pcL cake or muffin, usually toasted. 

rriim nlc* (krum'pl), v.t. to press into 
UI Ulli-piC wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to be¬ 
come rumpled. 

rrii-nrVi (krunch), v.t. to crush or grind 
Li U11L11 noisily; as, a dog likes to crunch 
a bone; grind violently: v.i. to chew audibly; 
to grind violently; as, the wheels crunched: 
n. the act or noise of grinding noisily or 
chewing audibly. 

rrun npr (krup'er), n. the looped leather 
UI up-pci band passing under a horse’s 
tail. Also, crouper. 

rru (kroo-sad'), n. a military expe- 

UI U-bctU-C dition under the banner of the 
cross engaged in by one of the Christian 
powers to recover the Holy Land; as, the 
first real crusade resulted in the capture of 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; finit, unite, bfcrn, cut, focus, menu; 















cruse 


147 


crying 


Jerusalem; vigorous concerted action for the 
defense of some cause, or the advancement 
of some idea; as, the crusade against slavery: 
v.i. to engage_in a crusade.— n. crusader, 
pnicck (kroos; krooz), n. an earthen pot or 
Ul use dish; a small vessel for holding 
liquids, as oil, water, etc. 
rriiQVi (krush), v.t. to press between two 
ex lion opposite bodies; squeeze; break by 
pressure; as, to crush a chair by sitting on it; 
to crush a mineral; bruise; as, to crush a limb; 
ruin; quell; conquer; as, to be crushed by de¬ 
spair: v.i. to be pressed out of shape or into 
smaller compass; as, the dresses have crushed: 
n. a violent compression or collision; a crowd; 
colloquially, a social gathering.— n. crusher. 


as, the old sea captain had a crusty manner. 


—a dv. crustily.—n. crustiness. 

(kruch), n. a staff with 
1/1 U11/11 a crosspiece to fit under 
the arm, used as a support for 
cripples; any mechanical device 
like such a support; the forked 
rest on a woman’s saddle. 
p r ^ r (kri), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. cried, 
p.pr. cryingl, to call aloud; 
to complain or appeal loudly; ex¬ 
claim vehemently; shed tears: 
v.t. to utter loudly and publicly 
in giving notice; as, to cry the 
hour of the night; to affect or 
cause by weeping: n. loud or pas- 



Crutches 



Crustacea and Arachnida. 1. wood louse; 2, crayfish; 3, prawn; 4, plated lobster; 5, cheese mite; 
6, harvest bug; 7, spider crab: 8, king orab; 9, land crab; 10, fresh-water shrimp; 11, spiny lobster; 
12, mantis shrimp or squilla; 13, porcelain crab. 


_j. (krust), n. a hard outside coating or 
CrUbl rind; the exterior solid part of the 
earth’s surface; a shell or hard covering: v.t. 
to cover over with a hard covering: v.t. to 
become covered with a hard covering; as, the 
pond was crusted with ice. 
rv,-.c- +o /'d o (krus-ta'shS-a), n.pl. a class 
l^rUS-Tel-l/C-d. of animals having a crust¬ 
like shell, including crabs, lobsters, etc. n. 
and adj. crustacean. 

Tr (krus'tl), adj. like a crust; rough 
l/lUSl-y j n manner; cross: surly; snappish; 


sionate utterance, especially of weeping or 
lamentation; as, a cry of joy, fear, anger, 
pain, etc.; an exclamation of wonder or 
triumph; outcry; clamor; demand; as, the 
cry for liberty; acclamation; proclamation; 
as, the peddler’s cry; common report; the 
characteristic call of an animal; as, the cry 
of the wolf; a fit of weeping; a battle cry; 
a party catchword or phrase. 

in re (kri'ing), p.adj. specially demand- 
V/I j-ilig, ing notice; notorious; urgent; as, 
it is a crying shame. 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw -wh.as in when; 
2h=z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. .See pronunciation key } pages xix to 
























crypt 


148 


cultivator 



primf (krlpt), n - an underground cell or 
vault, usually under a church: 
sometimes used as a chapel or shrine; as, 
the crypt under a cathedral contains tombs 
cvnd monuments. 

rn m fir (krip'tTk), adj. hidden; secret; 

ttSt there are strange cryptic 
signs on the Egyptian tombs. 
f»f\rrk era rn (krlp'tb-gam), n. a plant 
J Jr - havmg no true flower or seed 

rnm fn err am (krlp't&-gram), n. a writ- 
Uyj)-lO-gralll mg, or a system of writ¬ 
ing, in cipher; as, a government uses a 
cryptogram or secret code. 
mrc +o 1 (krls'tal), n. transparent quartz; 
UJfD-ldl a body formed by a solidifying 
element or compound, having symmetrical 
plane surfaces; a glass of superior clearness; 
anything transparent and clear; the glass 
over a watch-dial: adj. consisting of trans¬ 
parent glass; dear; transparent. 

'tal-In), 
or hav- 
transparent; 

composed of grains or particles. 

crys-tal-li-za-tion K!w<uw I 

n. the act of for ming or being made into 
a definite shape. 

rrvQ ta 1 IJyp (kris'tSl-iz), v.t. to cause to 
Ciy o-ta.i.-nz,c f ortn grains or become crys¬ 
talline; give fixed shape to: v.i. to be con¬ 
verted into grains; assume a definite shape. 
p 1t V. (kub), n. the young of certain animals, 
tuu as the fox and bear. 

mK hir-hnlA (kub'I=hol), n. a pigeon- 
CUD-Dy-I10ie hole; a closet; fa small 
inclosed space. 

riltlPk (kub), n. a regular solid 
v,uuc body with six equal square 
sides or faces; the product obtained 
by multiplying the square of a 
quantity by the quantity itself, as 
6 X 5X5 = 125, the cube of 5: v.t. 
to raise to the third power, 
on hcah (ku'bSb), n. the small spicy berry 
''U-UCU of a kind of pepper. 

oiifwa rnnf (kub ro5t). the first power of 
VUUC J-UUt a cube; as, 5 is the cube root 
Of 125. 

Oil 'hip (ku'Mk), adj. having the form or 
bu-biu properties of a cube; having three 
dimensions; as, a cubic yard. Also, cubical. 
— adv. cubically. 

Pllh iom (kub'Izm), n. a modern school of 
l/UU-Xoiu painting and sculpture working 
largely in combinations of straight lines and 
angles to express volume.— n. cubist. 

Oil hif (ku'blt), n. an ancient measure of 
l/U-Ull a bout eighteen inches; the forearm 
from the elbow to the wrist. 

Oil p Vc nIH (kuk'flld), n. a man whose wife 
l/UVA-uxu has broken the marriage vow 
of faithfulness.^ 

oiiolr r\f\ (kook'oo), n. a bird with dark 
tuv/XV-UU feathers and curved bill that lays 
its eggs in the nests of other birds for them to 
hatch: so named from the sound of its note, 
on Piim hoi* (ku'kum-ber), n. a creeping 
cu-cuin-oer pi an t, the fruit of which is 
used as a salad or pickle, 
oiirl (kud), n. food brought from the first 
I/Uix stomach of an animal back into the 
mouth; as, the cow chews its cud. 

Olifl HI a (kud'l), v.t. to embrace closely 
v.i. to lie close or snug: n. t 
close embrace. 

OllHtr a 1 (kuj'el), n. a short thick stick 
V 't. [p.t.. and p.p. cudgeled, p.pr 
cudgeling], to beat with a thick club. 



Cube 


a 



Cuirass 


(ku), n. the tail or and of a thing; a 
queue, or hanging braid of hair on the 
back of the head ; as, the Chinese wears his hair 
in a cue; a hint; the last word of an actor's 
speech, as indicating the time for the next 
speaker; the part one has to play; the taper¬ 
ing rod used in billiards. 

ri1 ff (kuf), n. a blow; slap; as, he gave the 
i/UU <j 0 g a cuff on the head; the ornamental 
fold on the sleeve of a garment 
at the wrist: v.t. to strike with 
the,hand; slap. 

/till fa cc (kwS-ras'), n. a 
00 piece of armor 
covering the body from the 
neck to the waist; a breast¬ 
plate, or armor worn on the 
breast. 

cui-ras-sier< kw M- 0 fr e V 

mounted on a horse and wearing a cuirass, or 

breastplate. 

oiii crriA (kw&-z§n'), n. the kitchen of a 
vui-oliic hotel; style or quality of cooking. 

Pill Ha cop (k55*d=s&k 7 ; krord8=s&k'), 
CU1-Ue-sac n . [ pi , culssde=sac (koo'd* 
sak'; koolz*de=sak')j, a blind alley; a pas¬ 
sage open only at one end; a position in 
which an army finds itself when hemmed in 
with no exit but in front. 

pii 1i na -nr (ku'll-na-rl), adj. pertaining 
^ U.-11-Ild.-I y the kitchen, or to the art 
or process of cooking; as, the culinary 
secrets are taught in the domestic science 
course. 

ri1 11 (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; gather; 

as, to cull the flowers from a garden: 
n. something picked or sorted out from the 
rest: usually of an inferior nature. 

Piilm (kulm), n. coal dust; refuse coal; 
' /UUU an anthracite coal of an inferior 
grade; the jointed stem of a grass, 
pul -mi nolo (kul'ml-nat), v.i. to reach 
LAl-ttli-llct 1C the highest point; to come 
to a final result; as, Napoleon was a great 
general, but his career culminated in defeat 
and banishment. 

Pill mi -nil firm (kul'ml-na'shiln), n. the 
^ Lli—Hil-iid- 11UI1 attainment of the high¬ 
est point; as, the culmination of a man’s 
ambition; the passage of a planet through 
the highest point of its course. 

Syn. summit, crown, acme, climax, zenith. 

piil -r\o Viil i Iv (kul"pd-bll'I-tl), n. the 
ui-pa-Dll-l- iy s t a te of being blame¬ 
worthy. 

Pill r\a hi A (kul'pd-bl). adj. deserving 
uujL-pa.-u’AC censure; criminal; blame¬ 
worthy.— adv. culpably. 

Pill rvrit (kul'prlt), n. one tried before a 
vua-£Jaai judge; one guilty of a crime or 
fault. 

Plllt (kult), n. a particular ritual or system 
vuii 0 f worship; a subject of special study; 
devoted or extravagant homage or adora¬ 
tion. 

Pill 4-i tto+a (kul'tl-vat), v.t. to till; as, 
lsUl-U.-Vct.lc to cultivate the ground; im¬ 
prove by care, labor, or study; to cherish, 
as a friendship; to foster or promote the 
growth of, as plants or bacteria; to devote 
oneself to, as literature; to seek the society 
of. 

Pill ti xra firm (kul'tl-va/shiln), n. the 
CUl-11-Vd.-XlOn ac t of tilling; the state 

of being tilled; tillage; culture; the cherish¬ 
ing, as of friendship; devotion to, as litera¬ 
ture; the breeding, as of bacteria. 

Pill +i xri l fevr (kul'tl-vaster). n. one who, 
or that which, tills the 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










cultural 


149 


cure 


a drain or water- 
masonry or brickwork 


ground, etc.; a farmer; an agricultural or 
farm tool. 

ri1 1 Q 1 (kul'ttir- 51 ), adj. pertaining to 
1/Ul-lUi-cU. tillage; pertaining to those 
means by which an advanced state of civili¬ 
zation is reached; pertaining to the produc¬ 
tion of bacteria, etc., for medical use; broadly 
educational; as, there are cultural advantages 
In a city. 

ml +iiro (kOl'tur). n. the training or refln- 
tUi-lui C ing of the mental or moral powers; 
the enlightenment which results from mental 
and moral training; as, culture or civilization 
Includes education, manners, and morals; re¬ 
finement; tillage; care given to the growth 
and development of animals and plants; the 
breeding of bacteria for scientific use; the 
product of such breeding.— adj. cultured. 

011 1 (kul'ver-In), n. a long cannon 

tlU-Vcl-ul 0 f the sixteenth century with 
serpent-shaped handles. 

cul-vert ;“!' vSrt) ' "• 

under a road. 
r»iim her (kiim'ber), v.t. to burden or 
CU 1 II-UCI obstruct; as, the ground was 
cumbered with rocks; to hinder; embarrass; 
oppress; perplex. . . .. 

cum-ber-some &en S e im?riiwieldy; 

as, a cumbersome machine. 

L rA1ie (kum'brfis), adj. trouble- 
CUIU-UIUUO some; heavy; obstructing. 

„ (kum'In), n. a dwarf plant of the 
CUIU- 1 U parsley family; its aromatic seeds, 
used in parts of the East as a condiment. Also, 
cummin. 

(ku'mfi-lat), v.t. to add to by 
CU-IIlU-lxtlC heaping together; to increase 
by additions. 

i 0 (ku'mu-la'shfin), n. the 

cu-mu-ia-tion a ct of heaping up; a 

gathered mass or heap. 

1_ +; TT/ -. (ku'mfi-ld-tlv), adj. add- 
CU-U 1 U- 13 .-X 1 VG j ng to, or gradually in¬ 
creasing, the number or amount of; made up 
of portions gathered one after another; sub¬ 
ject to addition in this way; as, cumulative 
dividends. . ...... 

1 _ 4-,- (ku'mfi-lo-stra'tus), 

CU-mU-10-Stra-TUS n . cloud form or 
shape combining the characteristics of cumu¬ 
lus and stratus, or of masses and layers. 

.... Inc (ku'mfi-lfis), n. [pi. cumuli 

CU-mU-iUS (_n) ], a cloud having the 

appearance of round woolly ~T_^ 

masse®. A 








cu-ne-i-form l- k f6rm), 

adj. having the form of a 
wedge: said of the wedge- 
shaped characters of the 
Assyrian and ancient Per¬ 
sian inscriptions. 

cun-ner any of several 
small sea fishes that can be 
used for food. 

(kun'Ing), 

CtlH-HlIlg q ( ij_ skilful; 
done with skill or ingenu¬ 
ity; crafty; sly; as, the Cuneiform 
fox is a cunning animal. Writing 

designing; subtle; collo- 
quially, pretty, attractive, or interesting, n. 
deceit; craftiness.— adv. cunningly. 

’(kup), n. a small drinking^ vessel; 
Clip something shaped like a cup, a chalice 
or goblet; a piece of plate offered as a prize, 
a vessel for drawing blood;a portion of 


Btj-Q- 




suffering to be endured: used figuratively; 
in golf, a small hole in the course: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed by 
means of a cupping glass: v.i. to strike or 
indent the ground with a golf-club when 
striking the ball. 

r>iin KnarH (ktib'Srd), n. a closet fitted 
UUJJ-UU<HU. W ith shelves for holding cups, 
plates, etc. 

riin f.,1 (kup'fool), n. [vl. cupfuls (-fdblz)], 
CUjJ-lU-i as much as a cup will contain; in 
cookery, a half pint. 

Tkir! (ku'pld), n. in Roman mythology, 
V>U-jJlU. the god of love: called Eros by the 
Greeks. 

n ;j : a__ (ku-pld'l-tl), n. covetousness; 
CU-piU-l-iy greed; as, the sight of the 
money aroused the cupidity of the miser; 
eager desire; longing. 

ri1 -n/v 1 rx (ku / p6-ld) , n. [pi. cupolas (-ldz)]. 
tu-pu-ia a spherelike, cup-shaped roof; a 
revolving shot-proof turret or tower. 

-niner (kup'Ing), n. the process of 
tup-puig drawing blood with a cupping 
glass: cupping glass, a glass cup, from which 
the air has been partly exhausted by heat, 
used to~draw blood by creating a vacuum at 
the point applied. 

.. 1t< (kur), n. a mongrel or inferior dog; 
CUi contemptuously, a surly, ill-bred person. 
. 1ir Q U1~ (kur'd-bl), adj. capable of being 
bUi-a-UiC healed or cured; as, the patient 
has a curable disease.—n. curability. 

... to roc (ku"ra-s 5 '; koo^rd-so'), n. a 
cordial flavored with the dried 
peel of bitter oranges. 

... TQ ... (ku'ra-sl), n. the duties, office, 
tU-ia-ty 0 r district of a curate. 

raio (ku'r&t), n. a clergyman or an 
tu-ialC assistant minister: the curate is a 
priest of the lowest degree in the Church of 
England. 

out* a -Htta (kur'a-tlv), adj. pertaining or 
GUI -d-LlVC referring to the cure of 
diseases; promoting cure; as, sick people 
go to Hot Springs for the curative waters: 
n. that which cures or serves to cure. 

... rQ x_. r (kfi-ra'tgr), n. the superin- 
1 /U-Ict-lUl tendent of a museum, art 
gallery, etc. , 

u (kfirb), v.t. to restrain; keep in sub- 
vllIU jection; as, it is difficult to curb an 
unruly tongue; furnish with a check rein, 
as a horsey or an inclosing border, as a side¬ 
walk; to furnish with anything suggestive 
of a curb in purpose: n. that which checks, 
restrains, or subdues; a part of a horse's 
bridle; an inclosing border of stone, as along 
a roadway or street: in New York City, the 
street as a market for securities not listed in 
the stock exchange. Also, kerb. 

i-ncr (kfirb'Ing), n. curbstones col- 
CUlU-Ulg lectively; material for curb¬ 
stones. Also, kerbing. 

...A c-fsvn a (kfirb'ston*), n. the stone- 
vUl U-o tUHC edge of a street or sidewalk. 

Also, kerbstone. 

...-J (kfird), n. the coagulated or thickened 
CUiU part of milk; as, cheese is formed of 
curd: v.t. to cause to curdle: v.i. to curdle. 

a (kfird'1), v.t. to thicken into curd: 
V/UI -U. 1 C p.j. to coagulate. 

..... (kur), n. the act, or art, of healing; 
CilTc a remedy; as, quinine is a cure for 
colds; spiritual charge; the office of a parish 
priest or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to 
health; as, the doctor was called to cure the 
disease; set free from; preserve by salting. 

- ‘ France, a Roman 


^ r A (kti'ra'), n. in France, a 
CU-lc Catholic parish pnest. [Fr .1 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 















cure-all 


150 


cusp 


cure-all 


(kur'ol"), n. a remedy for all 
diseases, evils, or ills; a panacea, 
fair (kur'fu), n. formerly, the ringing 
tuT-lcW G f a bell at a fixed hour in the 
evening as a warning that fires and lights were 
to be put out; the time of ringing; the bell 
itself. 

ri n (ku'rf-o), n. [pi. curios (-oz)], a rare 
UU.-il-u piece of bric-a-brac; a curiosity. 

r ; i + 17 - (ku"ri-<5s'l-tl), n. [pi. curi- 
l/U-u-uo-i-ijf osities (-tlz)], eager desire 
to get knowledge; inquisitiveness; something 
strange or rare. 

ril ri niic (ku'rl-us), adj. anxious to know; 
LU-fl-UUo inquisitive; scrutinizing; queer; 
extraordinary; rare. — adv. curiously. — n. 
euriousness. 

(kurl), n. a small ring or ringlet of 
IrfUl 1 pair; an undulation or bend; a disease 
in fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to twist into 
ringlets; crisp; coil; raise in undulations or 
waves; curve; v.i. to contract or bend into 
ringlets; move in spirals or undulations; 
become coiled; play at the game of curling, 
nrrl (kurl'er), n. one who, or that which, 
UUA.i-u* coils, or twists in spirals; as, a 
hair -curler; one who plays at the game of 
curling. 

«. ir 1 oil? (kflr'lu), n. a wading bird of the 
kUI-iyw snipe family. 

nirl mo* (kdr'llng), n. a popular Scottish 
uuj. j-juig game played on the ice with 
smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, fitted with 
handles. 

v (kflr'II), adj. having curls; wavy; 
i-j aSt cur iy hair; a curly little dog. 

fMirr milder prm (kur-mtij'un), n. agrasp- 
-muug-eun ing. Churlish fellow; a 

miser; a niggard. 

-rnf (kur'Snt), n. a small seedless 
-a. di.lL raisin; a common garden shrub 
and its berry. 

rph rxr (kur'Sn-sf), n. a continual 
trfUi.-iCiJ.-ujr p ass ing from hand to hand; 
circulation, as of bank notes; uninterrupted 
course; that which is used for money, as 
notes and coin: the currency of the United 
States includes paper money and gold, silver, 
nickel, and copper coins. 

rtir rprit (kur'Snt), adj. widely circulated; 
uui-iciii passing from hand to hand; 
jqow passing, as time; as, the current year; 
generally accepted; common; as, the 
current opinion: n. a flow or passing: said 
of fluids; body of air or water flowing in a 
certain direction; as, the boat moved down 
the river with the current; a movement of 
electricity, or the rate of such movement.— 
adv. currently. 

Mir rir ii Intn (ku-rik'ii-ium), n. [pi. 
UlU-UU-U-lUlIl curriculums (-lumz); cur¬ 
ricula (-Id)], a course; a prescribed regular 
course of study in a university, school, etc.; 
as, the school curriculum includes cooking and 
sewing. 

nir ri or (kur'I-er), n. one who dresses 
uui. —i i-Ci and colors leather. 

mr TXT (kiir'I), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. curried, 
w J p-pr. currying], to dress after 
tanning: said of leather; beat; to rub down 
and clean; as, to curry a horse; to seek 
to gain favor by flattery; n. [pi. curries (-Iz)], 
a highly spiced East Indian sauce; a stew 
of rice, fowl, etc., flavored with this condi¬ 
ment. 

ciir t~vr pom (kflr'I-kom"), n. a metallic 
uui-ly-uUi.il5J com b, used in cleaning 
horses. 

P1ir«2P (kflrs), n. an oath; a prayer for 
injury to come to some one: that 


which brings or causes evil or trouble: v.t. 
to wish evil upon; to call on a divine power 
to send evil upon; to torment; to bring evil 
upon: v.i. to swear. 

nitro or? (kur'sed), p.adj. under a curse; 
tUfo-CU hateful; detestable, 
piir civo (kur'slv), adj. flowing: said of 
UUI- 0 J.VC writing in which the letters are 
joined and the angles often rounded: n. a 
letter used in such writing, or manuscript 
written in such characters. 

Piir cn rxr (kur'so-rl), adj. hasty, super- 
UlAA-oU-ly flcial. careless; as, he gave the 
book a cursory reading.— adv. cursorily.—n. 
cursoriness. 

Syn. desultory, hasty. 

Ant. (see thorough). 

pi iref (kfirst), past participle of the verb 
UUt o t curse. Also, cursed. 

the 


riir 4. (kiirt), adj. abrupt; short; as. 

UUA t child gave a curt answer.— adv. curtly. 


—n. curtness. 

cur-tail ^ar-tan, 


v.t. to cut short; 
reduce; as, to curtail expenses. 

rnr fail mont (kur-tal'ment), n. the act 
u lu - tail-in cii t 0 f reducing or shortening. 

rnr fair* (kur'tln; kur'tn), n. a hanging 
tUi-iaui screen which can be drawn up 
or aside; as, a window curtain ; the stage 
curtain in a theater; in a fort, the part of the 
rampart and parapet between two bastions 
or gates: v.t. to inclose in, or as with, screens 
or curtains: curtain fire, a wall of dropping 
shells from massed artillery. 

qtt (kurt'sl), n. [pi. curtsies ^(-slz)], 
l/UU-oj a bow; a salutation made by 
bending the knees and gracefully drooping 
the body: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. curtsied, p.pr. 
curtsying], to salute by making such a ges¬ 
ture. Also, courtesy, curtsey. 

Piir +nro (kflr'va-tur), n. a'bending; 
u ui - v a-1 ui g as, curvature of the spine; the 
measure of the bending of a line or surface, 
fiirvp (kflrv), n. a bending without angles; 
u ui v c a draftsman’s instrument for forming 
such bendings: v.t. to cause to bend; as, to curve 
a line: v.i to bend; as, the line curves to the 
right: adj. bent without angles, 
nir VPf (kflr'vSt; kur-vet'), n. a particu- 
tui-vci ] ar ] ea p of a horse; a frisk or 
bound: v.i. (kiir-vet'; kur'vet), to leap, as a 
horse: frisk or bound: v.t. to cause to leap or 
bound. 

pur vi 1*n p c■»* (kOr*v!-lTn S-ar), adj. 
GUI - VA-AilA- g-o.1 made up of curved 

lines; bounded by curved lines, 
nirv mo- (kfir'vmg), 71. a bending; as, 
V/U..L v-nig, the many curvings of the road 
made driving dangerous. 

cur-vom-e-ter lkflr '- v6m ^- 

instrument for 
length of curves. 

rilQll irvn (koosh'fin), n. a 

uuoii-iuii i 0 w or soft pad 

to sit, lie, or rest upon; a 
pillow used in lace-making; 
the elastic rim of a billiard 
table: v.t. to seat upon a 
soft pad; furnish with a 
soft pad; as, to cushion a 
chair: v.i. make the cue ball 
strike against the rim of a 
billiard table. 

Piicn (kusp), n. a pointed 
uuojp end; the horn of a 
crescent; as, the cusp of the 
crescent moon; a sharp 
point; a spear-shaped orna¬ 
ment. 


ter), n. 
measuring 


an 

the 



Curvometer 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










cuspid 


151 


cycle 


me -mrl (kus'pid), n. a pointed tooth; 
CUb-piU- a canine or dog tooth, 
me -ni (kus'pl-dat), adj. furnished 

vuo-pi-uaic with a sharp, spearlike 
point. 

me ni rl/vr (kus'pl-dor; kus'pl-dor), n. a 
CUb-pi-UOr spittoon. 

me tsirH (kus'tard), n. a mixture of eggs 
Ulo-lcUU an d milk, etc., baked or boiled. 

me +rk cm (kus-to'dl-Sn), n. a keeper; 
l/Uo-lU-ui-au one -who has the care of 
anything; as, the custodian of a museum, 
me Hir (kus'tft-dl), n. guardianship; 
bUo-tU-Uji care; as, the welfare of a city 
should be in the custody of upright men; 
restraint of liberty; imprisonment; as, the 
custody of a prisoner; charge; as, the jewels 
were in his custody. 

/»iic +Am (kus'tfim), n. a usual course of 
Ulo-lUlU action; a frequent repetition 
of the same act; established or recognized 
usage; as, it is the custom to exchange gifts 
-it Christmas: business support; unwritten 
iaw: pi. duties on imported or, less frequently, 
exported goods: adj. made to order; as, 
custom shoes; custom clothes; doing only 
work that is ordered; as, a custom tailor. 

Syn., n. fashion, manner, practice, 
me frvm d r\r (kus'tum-&-ri), adj. habit- 
tua-lUJ.Al-a.-i .y ual; conventional; com¬ 
mon; usual.— adv. customarily.—n. custom¬ 
ariness. 

r*<ic pe (kus tum-er), n. a purchaser, 

UU.o-LUAAJ.-cu. one who regularly buys from 
a store or tradesman. 

0110 +/vm VmiiQA (kus'tfim-hous*), n. a 
CUS-XOm-llOUSe building where duties 

or taxes are paid on exported or imported 
goods, and vessels are entered and cleared. 

(kut), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. cut, p.pr. cut- 
tUl ting], to cleave or separate with a 
sharp instrument; as, to cut meat; make an 
incision in; divide; trim: excavate; inter¬ 
sect; diminish; colloquially, to pass deliber¬ 
ately without recognition; wound deeply; 
as to cut a friend by unkind words; divide 
(a pack of cards) at random; in tennis, to 
strike (a ball) so as to send it at right angles 
to the batsman; colloquially, to absent one¬ 
self from; as, to cut a class: v.i. to make an 
incision; do the work of a sharp instrument; 
as, the knife cuts well; to make a short cut 
by going across: followed by across ,* as, 
we cut across the field: n. an incision or 
wound made by a sharp instrument; gash; 
a sharp stroke; a slight; _ a trench, channel, 
groove, etc., made by digging; a slice; a 
straight, short passage: as, a short cut to a 
place; a block on which an engraving is 
made; the fashion of a garment; shape; 
colloquially, the deliberate ignoring of an 
acquaintance; the division of a pack or 
cards; a particular stroke in cricket and lawn 
tennis; one of several pieces, as of cardboard 
or straw, used in drawing lots; a reduction 
in price: adj. divided or separated; gashed; 
having the surface ornamented or fashioned: 


m rlo (ku'tl-kl). n. the outer layer of 

tll-ll-vlc skin called the epidermis, the 
thin bark of a plant. 

mt lace (kut'Ids), n. a short, heavy, 
tlU-ldbo curved sword used by sailors. 
/M 1 + lor (kut'ler), n. one who makes or 
tUL-lcl sells knives or other cutting tools. 
/m,+ l^i- xr (kut'ler-I), n. edged or cutting 
UUl-lci-V tools collectively. 

(kut'let), n. a slice of meat, cut 
tul-lfil from the ribs or leg, for broiling 
or frying; as, veal cutlet. 

/mi+ /vfP (kut'of), n. that which shortens, 
UU.L - Ull as a short or straight road; a new, 
shorter channel cut by a river across a bend; 
a device for stopping steam from entenng 
the cylinder of an engine; the act of thus 
shutting off steam, or the point at which it is 
effected. , . 

zmi+ Aid (kut'out'), n. a switchlike con- 
CliX—OUl trivance to cut off an electric 
light from the circuit; a circuit breaker; 
a device by which an internal-combustion 
engine exhausts directly into the air, instead 
of, as regularly, through a muffler. 

(kut'pfirs), n. one who cuts 
CUX-pUJ.be purses to steal their contents; 
hence, a pickpocket; a robber, 
riif (kut'er), n. one 

tLU-lCi who cuts out and 
shapes garments; a light 
sleigh for two persons; a 
small fast-sailing vessel; 
a man-of-war’s boat. 

cut-throat thrlt’i, 

n. a murderous vil¬ 
lain; a ruffian. 

cut-ting i 

p.adj. dividing by an 
edged instrument; 
deeply wounding the 





r ^ Cutter 

feelings; sarcastic; piercing; chilling; sharp; 
as, a cutting remark: n. a piece cut off or 
from; a slip; as, August is the month to 
make a cutting from geraniums; an incision 
or cutting. , „ . . 

j.i~ (kut'l), 7i. the cuttle-fl9h, a fish 
UUL-LiC with ten arms, suckers, two large 
eyes, and an ink-bag containing a dark 
fluid. 

iTTAtin (kut'wfirm"), n. a destructive 
CUl-Woral caterpillar which feeds on 
cabbage, corn, etc. 

_ TT n A ty (si'd-nld), n. a compound of 
Cy-cl-Ilif* c cyanic acid with an element 
or radical, especially potassium-cyanide. 

(si-an'o-jen), n. a colorless 
cy-an-o-geil poisonous gas burning with 
a purple flame, with the odor of peach blos¬ 
soms. 

(si-an'o-tip), n. a photo- 
cy-an-o-type graphic process in which 
the picture is taken in Prussian blue. 

ait-a 1q rrtPti (slk'la-men), n. any of vari- 
CyC-ld-IIlcll ous plants of the primrose 


not wrought or hand-made. pertain- (si'kl), n. a period of time, or order 

am no mic (kfl-tane-us;, aaj. perum^ cy-Cie of events, which repeats itself 

regularly; a revolution of a certain period 


cu-ta-ne-ous ing to the" skin; as, a 

cutaneous, or skim disease. , . 

0 \rrn tt (kut'a-wa"), adj. cut back 
CUt-a-Way from the waist: n. a coat, 
the skirts of which slope from the waist. 

(kut), adj. sharp: sly; as, a cute 
CUT 6 trick; clever; attractive because of 
beauty or daintiness; as, a cute child, adv. 
cutely.—n. cuteness. , . . 

/mi+ /rlcicc (kfltgl&s). flint glass cut into 
CUT giabb facets or figures. 


of time; an imaginary circle in the heavens; 
the stories and traditions surrounding some 
famous event or hero; as, the story of the 
Knights of the Round Table is called the 
Arthurian cycle; an age or long period; a 
bicycle or tricycle: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. cycled. 
p.pr. cycling], to occur or recur, at regular 
intervals; to ride a bicycle or tricycle, n. 
cycler, cyclist. 


knot foot ■ found; boi!; [unction; chase; good; joy; (hen. thick;hw — \vhas in when; 
zh=’z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages six to xxiu 













cyclecar 


152 


Czecho-Slovak 


out (sl'kl-kar*), n. 

cy-cie-cor &mall ve hicie 


a very light, 
_ driven by a 

motor. 

rVP lif* (slk'Uk; sl'kllk), ad), pertaining to, 
V J or moving in, a cycle; belonging to 

the literary cycle of Greek poets who wrote 
on the Trojan War and Its heroes. Also, 
cyclical. 

rv rlino* (sliding), p.adj. bicycling; rid- 
vjr -wAixig ing on a bicycle. 

CV rlniH (sl'kloid), n. a geometrical curve 
Vi,;, traced out by any point of a 
circle rolling along a straight line until it has 
completed a revolution.— adj. cycloidal. 

TV rlnm a tor (sl-kl6m'$-ter), n. an in- 
'^wa-c-LCl strument for measuring 
the distance traveled on a wheel, 
rv rlrvn a (sl'klon), n. a violent storm in 
which the wind whirls inward 
towards a center; a tornado or any destruc¬ 
tive storm.— adj. cyclonic. 

rv rln rm crntiA (si-klo'n$-skop'),n. an 
Gy-UIU-ilU-bCOpe instrument for record¬ 
ing the motions of atmospheric currents which 
produce cyclones. 

rv rln T»A Hi a (sl'klS-pe'dl-d), n. an en- 
Vj( “ cyclopedia; a book con¬ 

taining brief information upon all subjects 
alphabetically arranged. Also, cyclopaedia, 
encyclopedia, encyclopaedia.— adj. cyclopedic, 
cyclopaedic. 

CV-ClO-TlA an (si'klS-pe'Sn), adj. per- 
taining to the Cyclops, a 
race of giants; hence, huge and rough; 
terrific; vast; massive. 

CV rln ra ma ( R I"klo-ra'md), n. a series 
of moving pictures ex¬ 
tended circularly so as to appear natural 
to the spectator standing in the center. 
f.VO- n At (sls'net), n. a yoimg swan, a large 
V J o and graceful aquatic bird, 

pvl —in —H At* (sinn-dSr), n. the surface gen- 
V/Ji. J1X UC1 erated by a straight line mov¬ 
ing parallel to a fixed straight line, and 

A 


constantly 
touching a 
fixed curve; 
a solid 
boundedby 
such a sur- 
fac e and 
two parallel 
plane sur¬ 
faces; a rol¬ 
ler; a cham¬ 
ber in which 
force is 
exerted on 
the pi s- 
ton of an 



ion ui an ,, . . _ 

engine; the Un j? er °J Steam Engine. 

barrel of n. -®>. exhaust; C, cylind 


barrel of n XI . ueL ’ ii ’ exnaust; C, cylinder; t, 
pump; a Steam valve; T ' valve - 
round roller for printing; a roller-shaped 
stone with cuneiform or wedge-shaped in¬ 
scriptions. 

CV-lin-dric (sUln'drlk), adj. having the 
A1 fo ™-_ P r , Properties, of a 
cylinder. Also, cylindri cal. 

CVtn hp] (sim'bai), n. a 
Cyill-Ud.1 mrs i ca i in _ 

strument, formed of two 
metal plates to be struck 
together: usually plural. 

OvtriA (sim), n. a certain 
kind of flowering 



Cymbals 


plant, in which the primary, as well as the 
secondary, axis terminates in a flower; hence, 
any flat or convex flower-formation, as the 
forget-me-not.— adj. cymose. 
fvm rip (kim'rik) .adj. of or pertaining 
to the Welsh race or their 
speech, or to peoples speaking a language 
allied to theirs: n. the Welsh language or 
allied languages. 

fvri ir (sin'Ik), n. one of a sect of ancient 
^Greek philosophers who taught 
that virtue, the basis of which was self- 
control and individual independence, was the 
only good: later, this term came to signify, 
in a general sense, contempt for the opinions of 
others: cynic, one whose opinion it is that self- 
interest is the sole motive behind the actions 
of human beings; a sarcastic, surly person, 
rvn i ral (sln'I-kSi), adj. surly; sarcastic; 
i/jrn-x-va* as, a sneering, cynical remark; 
given to sneering at purity of thought or 
high motives.— adv. cynically. 

Cun i riem (sln'l-slzm), n. the philoso- 
1-CloIil phy of the Greek Cynics: 
cynicism, the quality of mind that expresses 
itself in surliness, sarcasm, and lack of faith 
in disinterested motives. 

C\r t|A ciita (sin6-shoor; sln'ft-shbor), n. 
vj-au-omc an object of general attrac¬ 
tion; anything that attracts attention; as. 
the cynosure of all eyes. 

CV nh Ar (sl'fer). n. the character 0, mean- 
vymg zero; a secret method of 
writing and the key to it; something of no 
value: v.t. t<p work out by means of arithme¬ 
tic; to write with a private alphabet or 
other secret characters. Also, cipher. 

CV nr ACC (sl'pres), n. a cone-bearing ever- 
green tree, the emblem of 
mourning: adj. pertaining to, or made of, 
the wood^ of this tree. 

(sfat), n. a sac, or pouch, in animal 
^y bodies containing diseased matter; any 
membranous receptacle; as, the urinary cyst. 
pTrcf ■!/> (sTs'tlk), adj. pertaining to, or con- 
tained in, a cyst, or sac of diseased 

matter. 

PZai* ( zar )» n ■ an emperor or absolute mon- 
77 arch; a supreme lord: Czar, the title 
of a Russian emperor: a form of Caesar. Also, 
tsar. Tsar. 

CZar A vitrki (zar'e-vlch), n. the eldest 
T' _V 1 . , son of a czar. Also, czare- 

witch, tsarevitch, Csesarewitch. 

CZa TAV na (za-rev'na), n. the wife of a 
vu A G v -lid czarevitch. Also, tsarevna. 

CZa ri na (za-re'na), n. an empress of 
cz-d-ll-lld. Russia; the wife of a czar. 
Also, tsarina. 

CzAPfl ( c kek), n. a member of the most 
^ \ westerly branch of the Slavonic 

family, including Bohemians, Moravians, 
and Slovaks; the language of these 
peoples. 

Czecho-Slav ( chg k'<5 = slav; =slav), n. a 

A<AV member of the Czech 
branch of the Slavonic race including Bo- 
liemians, Moravians, and Slovaks; a Czech; 
the language of the Czechs. 

Czecho-Slovak (ckSk'S* sl5 - vSk'; 

. , ,, , 'slo'vak), adj. refer¬ 

ring to the Czechs and Slovaks or their 
language; referring to the people of Bohemia. 
Moravia, and Northwestern Hungary, or to 
their language: n. a member of that race or 
people. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, biirn, cut, focus, m en u* 



































dab 


153 


damask 


D 


Jok (dab), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dabbed, p.pr. 
uau dabbing], to strike or touch lightly; 
to smear; as, to dab paint on a canvas: n. 
a small soft lump; a gentle blow; a quick, 
sharp stroke; the flounder, a salt water fish; 
colloquially, an expert. 

Vkincr (dab'Ing), n. the process of 
Via. U- Ding indenting the surface of a stone 
by a pick-shaped tool. 

Aa\\ Kip, (dab'l), v.t. to wet by dipping 
viav -Die slightly and often; moisten; 
spatter: v.i. to paddle with the hands in 
water; do anything in a careless manner; 
as, to dabble in art.—n. dabbler. 

At*\\ c+e»r (dab'ster), n. one who is skilled; 
VlciU-olcl an expert; as, he is a dabster at 
tennis. [Colloq.] 

Harkc Vinrtrl (daks'hdont"), n. the Ger- 
Via.Gllo-lxuJ.iVi man badger-dog, a hound 

with a long body and very short, crooked 
legs. 

x_ 7 i (dak'tll), n. a metrical foot, con- 
VlaG-ljI sisting of one long or accented, 
and two short or unaccented, syllables.— adj. 

dactylic. 

An A (d&d), n. a father: a name used by 
Viau. children and rustics. Also, daddy. 

dad-dy long-legs 

kinds of crane fly; also, a kind of spider 
with many long legs. 

Aa rlrt (da'do; da/do), n. [pi. dadoes (-doz)], 
ViH-vlU a n ornamental border around the 
lower part of the wall of a room, etc.: v.t. to 
ornament with such a border. 

A at rlil (daf'6-dfl), n. a kind of nar- 

vld.l-IU-U.il c i s sus with large yellow single 

or double flowers. 

j /j. (daft), adj. weak-minded; simple; 
aail silly; as, he is daft on that subject. 
Aarr rrar (dag'er), n. a short weapon for 
ddg-ger stabbing; a reference mark in 

printing [fl., _ s r . , _ .. 

An crn ( da e°)• n -„ \P L dagos (-goz)], a 

Ua-gU nickname for a dark-skinned per¬ 
son, especially of Spanish, Portuguese, or 
Italian descent; a sailor’s name for a person 
speaking Portuguese or Spanish. [Slang.] 

An /-v (dd-gSr'o-tip), n. an 

da-guerre-o-type early kind of photo¬ 
graph; the process preceding photography. 


Dahabtyeh 



An Un kiir ok (da-ba-be'e), n. a passen- 

da-na-Diy-en g er boat used on the Nile, 


having a sharp bow and broad stern, and one 
or two masts with lateen sails. A lso, dahabieh . 


An\y 1 In (dal'ya; often, dal'yd or d&l'ya), 
Udlll-ia n . [pi, dahlias (-yaz)J, a tuberous- 
rooted plant of the aster family. 

Ani Itt (da'll), n. [pi. dailies (-llz)], a news- 
uai-iy paper published each week day: 
adj. occurring or recurring each successive 
day; diurnal; as, we have daily need of 
food: adv. on every day; day by day; as. 
they bring supplies daily. 

J.j- a-- (dan'tl), n. [pi. dainties (-tlz)], 
Uaill-iy something choice or delicious; 
as, white grapes are considered a dainty: 
adj. delicious; elegant; delicate; as, a 
dainty piece of China; sensitive; choice; 
fastidious; charming.— adv. daintily.—n. 
daintiness. 

Ani y-rr (da'rl; dar'i), n. [pi. dairies (-riz)], 
uai-1 y a place where milk is kept and con¬ 
verted into butter and cheese; a shop where 
milk, butter, and cheese are sold. 

Aai -rxr incr (da'ri-Ing), n. the business or 
Uai-iy-lllg occupation of producing milk, 
butter, and cheese. 

A a io (da'Is; das), n. a raised platform 
Vld-lo for the chief seats in a hall. 

Ani C rr (da'zl), n. [pi. daisies (-zlz)], a wild 
U-ctl-oj fl e id flower of the aster family, 
with a yellow center and white petals, or a 
bn wn center and yellow petals. 

Tiq (da-ko'td), n. one of a tribe of 

American Indians, originally 
inhabiting the region of the Upper Missis¬ 
sippi River. 

Antn (dal), n. a valley; glen; as, they went 
ddic U p bin an d down dale. 

JjjlIpQ (dalz), n. a rapid, especially one in 
Uailco a rocky gorge. 

An 1 i: onra (dal'I-ans), n. the act of 
uai-ll-OllGC trifling, loitering, or playing. 
An 1 I.. (dal'i), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. dallied. 
UOl-ly p.pr. dallying], to trifle; to w r aste 
time; loiter; as, to dally on the road. 

Aal +/vn t'ctn (dol'tfin-Izm), n. color- 
uai-tUll-lolll blindness: so called from 


John Dalton, who first described it. 

A am (dam), n. a bank or wall across a 
uam -watercourse; any man-made con¬ 
trivance to stop the flow of water or gas; 
a female parent of mammals; a sheet of rubber 
used by a dentist: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dammed, 
p.pr. damming], to confine, or raise the level 
of, by a dam; restrain: usually with in or up; 
as, to dam up the stream. 

A am a era. (dam'aj), n. injury or harm; 
uaiil-age as, the flood caused great 
damage; harm wilfully done to a person’s 
character, person, or estate; as, the story 
did great damage to the man’s character: 
pi. money recovered for injury or loss suf¬ 
fered: v.t. to injure; harm; impair. 

A am a cra-na (dam"d-sen'; d&m'd-sen), 
viaill-a-oV/CllC v.t. to decorate, in manu¬ 
facturing iron and steel, with etching or 
inlaid designs, as was done at Damascus: adj. 
of or pertaining to damask or damascening: 
Damascene, of or pertaining to Damascus. 
Also, v. damaskeen. 

Da-mas-cus steel i d fle“bie k steei s St 

made at Damascus, used for sword blades. 

A am a olr (dam'dsk), n. silk or linen mate- 
uam-abiv rial woven with elaborate pat¬ 
terns; a fine twilled linen with patterns 
made by threads woven in opposite direc- 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


is 
























damask rose 


154 


darling 


of Mistress or 
a matron; an 


tions; Damascus steel or work; a deep 
pink color: adj. pertaining to, or made of, 
damask. 

/lorn oclr rocp (damVisk roz), a large, 
u.a.iil-doA. a Hoc deep pink, fragrant rose, 

native of Damascus. 

Hamp (dam), n. a lady; also, a title for- 
U -° UAAC merly used instead 
Madam; a school mistress; 
elderly woman. 

Hamn (dam), v.t. to sentence to punish- 
U-a. 11 x 11 ment or death; to doom to eternal 
punishment; to invoke a curse upon; to 
condemn as bad or as a failure; as, ‘ * to damn 
with faint praise”: v.i. to swear; to curse: n. 
a curse. 

Ham na HIp (dam'na-bl), adj. deser\-ing 
uaiu-ua-uic to be condemned or eter¬ 
nally punished; detestable.— adv. damnably. 
A am -na ftrm (dam-na'shun), n. eternal 
' AcAAAA “ AA£A “ tiuii punishment; condemna¬ 

tion; a sin deserving condemnation, 
dfimnprl (damd), p.adj. condemned to 
ciciiiJL-iicu. eternal punishment; condemned 
as bad or as a failure; cursed. 

Ham ni cpllp (damT-zel'), n. a young 
unmarried woman; a maid¬ 
en. Also, damsel, damosel, damozel, demoi¬ 
selle. 

Hamn (damp), n. moisture; fog: adj. 
uciiiip moist; foggy; hinnid: v.t. to moist¬ 
en; discourage; depress; as, the bad news 
was enough to damp our joy.— adv. damply. 
— n. dampness. 

Hamn ptl (dam'pn), v.t. to make moist or 
uamp-cu wet; to depress or discourage. 

(dam'per), n. something which 
-CA depresses or discourages; 


damp 


a 


movable plate to regulate the draft in a A err a Aarr il (dar'dev'fl), 
stove; a device to check the vibrations of a UcUC-UCV-11 istin nfa ™ 
musical instrument; as, the damper in a 
piano is made of wood covered with felt. 

Ham cpI (dam'zel), n. a maiden; a young 
u,CAAAA- °unmarried woman. Also, damoi- 
selle, damosel, damozel, demoiselle. 

Ham erm (dam'zn), n. a small, oval, pur- 
ucuu-suu pie plum; also, the tree that 
bears this fruit. 

flofifp (dans), v.i. to move the body and 
vaclaa<ux; f ee t rhythmically to music; per¬ 
form the figures of a dance; move nimbly or 
merrily: v.t. to give a dancing motion to; 
as, to dance the baby up and down; perform; 
as, to dance a jig: n. a regulated movement of 
the feet to a rhythmical musical accompani¬ 
ment; as, the one-step is a modern dance; a 
dancing party, less formal than a ball; one 
round of dancing at such a party. 

Han Hp 1i on (dan'dS-li'un), n. a com- 
vAaAi-u.c-u.-uil mon weed of the chicory 

family with yellow flowers. 

Han Hpr (dan'der), n. temper; anger; as, 
umax uci to have one’s dander up. 

Han Hip (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and 
ucui-uic down in affectionate play; fondle; 
as, to dandle a baby. 

Han Hrnff (d&n'druf), n. dried skin on the 
vaclaa-vaa Li ax scalp or head which comes 

off in small scales or pieces. 

Han Hv (dan'di), n. [pi. dandies (-diz)], a 

vaclaa-vaj f 0 p. a man who gj ves a great 
deal of attention to dress; as, Beau Brum- 
mel was the dandy of his time: adj. slang, 
excellent or very fine.— adj. dandyish. 

Han km (dan'dl-lzm), n. foppishness; 

UcUl-Uy-lbm as Beau Brummel was the 
most noted representative of the dandyism 
of the early part of the 19th century. 

Da 11P (dan), n. a native or inhabitant of Den- 
■i^ciaa c mark: great Dane, a very large dog. 


Han crpr (dan'jer), n. peril; exposure to 
UcUl-gCI loss, injury, or death; a case or 
such exposure. 

Syn. hazard, risk, harm. 

Ant. (see safety). 

Han rror mic (dan'jer-fis), adj. unsafe; 
ucui-gci-uub involving, or beset with 

danger; ready to do harm or injury; 
perilous; hazardous; as, it is dangerous - 
to play with strange dogs.— adv. danger¬ 
ously.—n. dangerousness. 

Han rrlp (dan'gl), v.i. to hang or swing 
v - AaAA ~& AC loosely; to hang about or de¬ 
pend on anyone; follow: v.t. to cause to 
swing loosely.— n. dangler. 

Dan ipl (dan'yel), n. a book of the Old 
A^axi-ici Testament narrating the story of, 
the Hebrew prophet of that name, captive at * 
Babylon, and containing his prophecies. 

Dan IqTi (danfish), adj. pertaining to 
- LyaAA_AaAA Denmark or its people: n. ther 
language of Denmark. 

Hatllr (dank), adj. humid; damp; moist; 
uaiAxv W et; as, dank hair; dank weeds; a 
cold, dank cave. 

Han cpiicp (darPsuz'), n. a professional fe- 
uau ocuoc male dancer; a ballet-dancer: 
premiere danseuse, the leading female dancer 
in a ballet. [Fr.] 

Han npr (dap'er), adj. small and active; 
Lxcip pci trim and neat in appearance. 

Han nip (dap'l), adj. spotted; as, a 
vxapj-p ac dapple-gray horse. 

Harp (dar), v.i. [p.t. dared, durst, p.p. 
laclac dared, p.pr. daring], to have courage; 
to be bold enough to do something; venture: 
v.t. to venture to do; to defy; challenge: n. 
a taunting defiance. 

adj. character¬ 
istic of a reckless man: n. a 

reckless fellow. 

H a r in O’ (d&r'Ing), n. bravery; boldness: adj. 
vama-xaa£ fearless; bold; venturesome; rash. 
Harlr (dark), adj. without light; not 
VAcixja reflecting light; wholly black or 
gray; of a brunette complexion; as, the 
Indian has a dark skin; gloomy; as, a dark 
mood; mysterious; as, a dark saying: ig¬ 
norant; as, the mind of the savage is dark; 
dastardly; as a dark deed; n. absence of 
light; a place where there is little light; 
nightfall; state of being secret; often, un¬ 
derhand secrecy; as, to work in the dark; 
ignorance; as, I am in the dark on the sub¬ 
ject. 

Syn., adj. dismal, opaque, dim. 

Ant. (see light). 

Harlr pn (dar'kn), v.t. to make dark; to 
vacla xv-CAA s hut out the ii R ht; to obscure; 

to make gloomy; as, the misfortunes of war 
darken many homes: v.i. to become dark. 

Harlr ptl in O' (dar'kn-ing), n. the act of 
vacla xv-cAA-AAAg growing, or making, dark; 

twilight; gloaming. 

Harlr lino- (darkling), adj. dimly seen: 
Udirt-img adv. in the dark. [Poet.] 

Harlr 1v (dar'kll), adv. dimly; imperfectly; 
vaclaxx-aj faintly; not clearly; mvsteriouslv. 

dark-ness i ( S k ' n Sl; “ " 


n. absence of 


light, partial or total; ob¬ 
scurity;-gloom; physical obscurity of vision; 
blindness; mental or moral blindness; as, 
the darkness of ignorance; wickedness. 

Hafk QfimP (dark'sum), adj. gloomy; 
UcUli. bUIIie without light; mysterious. 

(dar'kl), n. [pi. darkies (-klz)], a 
negro. Also, darkey. [Colloq.] 

dar-ling a d fevorite ; n '- one d ^ rly l0 - ve ^ ; 


dark-y 


loved; very dear. 


pet: adj. tenderly 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 










dam 


155 


dawning 


(darn), v.t. to mend 


(a rent) by 
filling in with yarn or thread by 
means of a needle; colloquially, to damn: a 
mild form of profanity: n. a patch made by 
filling in a hole with interlaced stitches, 
j r -nol (dar'nel), n. a common grass or 
UaX-Ilcl W eed in grain fields, 
j at -L (dart), n. a small lance or spear; the 
dart arrow of a blowgun; anything that 
wounds sharply; a swift, sudden movement: 
v.t. to throw; as, the invaders dart their 
spears: v.i. to move swiftly; start suddenly 
and go quickly; as, the fish dart through the 

Tio-r* iTT-i-M i on (dar-wln'1-an), adj. relat- 
Dar-Win-l-an ipg to Charles Darwin, 

the naturalist, or to his theories: n. an evolu¬ 
tionist, or believer in the theory that now 
kinds of plants and animals develop by 
natural selection and the survival of the 

fittest. . 

X\«*. «om (dar'wln-izm), n. the 

JJar-Win-lSm theory of evolution by 
natural selection taught by Darwin. 

(dash), v.t. to throw violently or 
CiaSIX hastily; break by collision; hurl; 
shatter; splash; ruin; as, to dash one’s hopes; 
to perform hastily, as writing or sketching; 
depress; confuse; v.i. to rush with violence; 
strike on a surface with a violent noisy 
motion: n. a collision; a slight addition, 
careless ease of manner; a vulgar display; 
as, to cut a dash with fine clothes; a mark 

r_l in writing or printing; something that 

causes discouragement; the striking of water 
in noisy motion; as. the dash of the waves; 
a sudden rush: a s*™* ^erv quick race. 

(dash'bord"), n. a screen 
daSn-DOara on the front of a carriage or 
wagon to protect from mud; a splashboard. 

. (da-shen'), n. a root vegetable, 

aa-sneen similar to the potato _ in its 
food characteristics, adapted for cultivation 
in rich, moist soils: grown extensively in 
the West Indies and recently introduced into 
the Southern States. 

A n /a t- (dash'er), n. the part of a. churn 
dasn-er w bich is moved up and down to 

make milk into butter. . . ,. . 1H . 

A~~U (dash'ing), p.adj. spirited; bold, 

dasil-ing as> a dashing soldier; showy; 

j ay '„ (das'tdrd), n. a coward: ad). 

daS-tard meanly shrinking from danger, 
cowardly. —w. dastardlincss. 

T a , Ur (das'tdrd-li), adv. cowardly; 

das-tard-ly slyly base or wicked, 
j (da'td), n.pl. of datum, a collection of 

da-ta f ac ts; as, he collected the necessary 
data for his report to the committee 
j (dat), n. the time of an event or 

date transaction; as, July 4 is the date on 
which we celebrate our independence; dura¬ 
tion; a statement which names the time of 
issuing of a writing, book, document, etc., 
the present time: used in out of date and i p 
to date' colloquially, an engagement for a. 
fixed time; the edible fruit of the date pahm 
v‘t to mark with a definite time; to find tk 
definite time of: v.i. to bear the statement: of 
a time; reckon to have existed from a give 

time- n a m), a tree with feath- 

date palm ery leaves, and long trunk 
native to northern Africa, and yielding a great 

quantity of fruit. denoting the case of 

da-tlVe a noun or pronoun which ex¬ 
presses the indirect object: usually indicated 
In English bv to or for with the objective 


case; for example, in the sentence, she gave 
him good advice, him is in the dative case: 
n. the dative case; as, him in the preceding 
sentence is the dative. 

Aa him (da'tum), n. [pi. data (-td)], some* 
Ud.-lUJ.iA thing assumed, known, or granted 
for the basis of an argument or inference: 
usually in plural; a certain level assumed, from 
which heights and depths are measured. 

(dob), v.t. to cover or smear with 
UdUU mud, plaster, etc.; paint coarsely or 
unskilfully: n. a coarse or rude painting; a 
smear; a cheap kind of mortar.— n. da-ber. 
Act^U irier (dob'Ing), n. bad painting; the 
UdUU-Ulg application cf rough mortar to 

a wall to imitate stone. 

AmirrU -fckv (do'ter), n. the female ofl- 
aaugn-ier spr i n g of human parents; 
a female descendant; as, Helen of Troy was a 
daughter of the gods; a woman of a certain 
country; as, a daughter of France; anything 
called feminine looked at in relation to its 
origin; as, charity is the daughter of civiliza¬ 
tion.— adj. daughterly. 

daugh-ter-in-law daughters=in= law], a 
daUIlt (dant; d6nt), v.t. to frighten; todis- 


-courage; to dishearten. 

A ount loee (dant'les), adj. fearless; un- 
QaUIll-icsb discouraged; as, the dauntless 
captain brought his ship safely through the 
storm.— adv. dauntlessly.— n. dauntlessness. 

■t __ (do'fin), n. the title of the 

aau-pnm eldest son of the king of France 

from 1349 to 1830. . _ v , 

i „ __ „ (dav'en-port), n. a kind of 

daV-eil-pOIT small writing desk or table; 
also, a long low sofa: sometimes made to 
convert into a bed. 

T\a Tiirl (da'vld), n. in the Bible, the 
-L/cl-VlU youngest son of Jess© of Bethl©- 
hem, second king of Israel, and writer of 
many songs contained in the Old Testament 
book of Psalms. 

Jn , 7 it (dav'it; 

aav-il da'vlt), 

n. one of a pair 
of f-shaped 
pieces of iron 
on the side of 
a vessel, for 
suspending or 
lowering a 
boat. 


da-vy (d5/ " 



Davits. A, boat falls; B, lash¬ 
ings to prevent sway, 
a protection against explosions 
abbreviated from full name. 


vi) . 
n. \pl. davies 
(-viz)], a mi¬ 
ner’s safety 
lamp sur¬ 
rounded b y 
fine gauze 
wire, invented 
by Sir Hum¬ 
phry Davy as 
of fire damp: 

n. a bird of the crow family; a 

, i^Yl^dS'dl), v.i. to waste time in a 
daw-aie trifling manner; loiter.—n. daw- 

j ler * _ (don), v.i. to begin to grow light; 
daWIl glimmer; break, as the day: n. the 
iDDearanCG of light in th.© morning, 
?hfco?k crows at dawn before the sun rises; 

beginning or unfolding. ._._ 

■j " ' • _. (don'Ing), n. daybreak; begin- 

dawn-ing rung or unfolding. 



















day 


156 


deal 


dav ( da ^’ n ' period of light between 

J sunrise and sunset; daylight; sun¬ 
shine; the period of twenty-four hours, reck¬ 
oning from midnight to midnight (the civil 
day), or from noon to noon (the astronomical 
day); in the East, a distance that can be 
traveled in twenty-four hours; a speciflod 
time or period; as, the day of chivalry; the 
number of hours allowed by law or custom 
for work; as, printers work an eight-hour 
day. 

dav hnnlr (da'bdSk*), n. a book in which 
-uuui\ business accounts of the day 
ore kept. 

dav Hl*P«lr (da'brak'), n. the dawn; as, 
uay-uiecuv. a t daybreak the birds began 
their song. 

dav.drpam (da'drem"), n. a visionary 
fancy; v.i. to dream idly; 
as, he daydreams and builds castles in the air. 

day la bor er ^ bgr_6r -^-® workman, 


tasteless or stale; deprive of gloss or bril¬ 
liancy; kill (trees) by girdling. 

dpad e*\rc* , n. a round, flat block 

ucau-cjfC 0 f W ood bound with an iron 
band and pierced with three holes to receive 
lanyards or ropes: formerly used in firing 
old-style cannon on shipboard; now used for 
setting up rigging. 

dpad fi pad (ded'hfid'), n. colloquially, a 
ei person who has a free pass 
on railways or to places of amusement, etc.; 
a wooden buoy. 

Ipf ( d6d ISt'er), an unclaimed 
ucau ici-ici letter, the owner of which 
cannot be found; that which has lost its 
authority; as, the old whipping post has be¬ 
come a dead letter. 

flpo/1 Uorlitc (dSd'lIfcs'”), n.pl. strong,wood- 
vicdVi-iigiiLO en shutters placed over the 

windows of a ship’s cabin in stormy weather. 

Innd (ded'lbd), n. a constant mo- 
ucau-iuau tionless weight or pressure. 

daad Inrlr (ded'lbk), n. a lock worked on 
UCctU-iUClv one sj^e by a handle and on 

the other by a key; complete standstill; 
point when two opposing forces equal each 
other in strength, so that neither can go 
ahead. 

Honrl 1 tt (dSd'H), adj. causing death; de- 
vicau.-iy structive; fatal; as, Asiatic 
cholera is a deadly disease; relentless: adv. 
relentlessly.— n. deadliness. 

Syn., adj. fatal, mortal. 

fl PA f? —tTl A (ded'march), n. a piece of 
ucau maiv/ii solemn music, often played 

... vy — --at a military funeral. 

-Star o« ^li first f l t v of rfpAd ripcc (ded'nSs). n. absence of life; 

morning, an emblem of hope; viCdvl—IJ.C 00 inactivity. 


usually unskilled, who is 

paid by the day. 

HQV Ipf fpr lgt'Sr), a telegram sent at 
a special rate in considera¬ 
tion of messages at regular rates having 
precedence in time of sending. 

dav Hfrht (da/lit'), n. light given by the 
A1 o AAL sim; time between sunrise and 
sunset. 

daVS of PTflfP (, daz dv kras), the three 
UA fe AcAA/C days formerly, and still 
sometimes, allowed for the payment of a 
note after it becomes due. 

dav-snrinp- (da'sprlng'), n. the dawn; 
& ir A AAA &_the beginning of the day. 

day 

the sun. [Poet.] 

dflV-timP (da'tim'), to. the hours during 
which the sun gives light. 
dfl7P (daz), v.t. to confuse; to stupefy; to 
dazzle: n. the state of being confused; 
as, he was m a daze after the blow, 
da 7_7lp (d&z'l), v.t. to confuse by a glare 
u of b ^kt, or by splendor; to 

bewilder; as, the jewels of the rich dazzle the 
eyes of the poor: v.i. to be confused by excess 
of light; as, my eyes dazzle in the strong 
light: n. excess of light. 

dp I d ^")> a P re fi x meaning down, away, 
from, etc. 

dpa rrm (de'kn), to. an inferior or sub- 
uca-ouu ordinate church officer; a man 
appointed to assist the minister and manage 
the material affairs of a church. 

dea.enn PCC (de'kn-es), n. a woman who 
, y 11 acts as deacon; a woman 
trained for church work. 

dead having ceased to live; 

. without life; inanimate; resembling 

death; inactive; disused; complete; as, a 
dead, loss; sure as death; as, a dead shot; 
out of the game or play: n. one or many 
dead persons: used after the; the point or 
degree of greatest lifelessness; as, the dead 
of night: adv. absolutely; exactly; as. he 
was dead wrong. 

dead-beat ( d £ d ' b ® t '). ad ^ th °roughiy 

... exhausted: n. a movement 

with no recoil; colloquially, one who lives by 
shifts or tncks. 

dead cen-ter i d6d sen'tsr), that posi- 

~T , , tCA tion of a crank in which 

tne crank axle, crank pin, and the connecting 
rod are all in a straight line. 

dead PT! ( d6d ' n ). to lessen the sharp- 
ness ’ JI ]tensity, or vigor of; as. 
the medicine was given to deaden the pain- 
retard; blunt; render nonconductive; make 


dead rprk on iti cr (dSd'rSk^n-ing), the 

lica.ll lCvlk Ull Hlg, method of finding 

a ship’s place at sea by the log and the 
compass courses. ^ 

HpaH -ricp (ded ris), in steel shipbuilding 
U.COU. 1 ioC the slope of the bottom up¬ 
wards from the keel. 

Hp£»H qp+ ( dgd s6t), the Axed position of 
, cau DCt ' a dog in pointing game; col¬ 
loquially, a determined effort or attack: adj. 
determined to do something. 

dead wa fpr wo'ter), the water 
ucciu Wa. ICI that closes in under the 

stern of a ship; eddy-water. 

dpad WPicdlf ( d ®$, Wat), heaviness of, 
ucau WCA fo 1AL or hke that of, a lifeless 
body; the weight of the vehicle plus that of 
the load to be carried; freight charged for by 
weight instead of by bulk; the heaviest part 
of a ship’s cargo. 

dpfld wifld i d ® d J^d)* a wind blowing 
ucau VV111U directly opposite to a ship’s 

course. 

dpflf (dSf), od A unable to hear; unwilling 
ucai to hear or pay regard to. 
rlpof pri (def'n), v.t. to make unable to 
uoai-cu hear; to drown out, as a sound; 
to make sound proof. 

deaf Ptl in P (dgf'n-Ing), p.adj. making 
vi.ca .1 cii-mg sound proof; making unable 

to hear; so loud as to drown out other sounds; 
as, a deafening noise: n. material used in a 
floor or wall to deaden sound. 

dpaf—milfp ( d ef /m ut*), n. one deaf and 
Aiiuic dumb; one who is dumb 

from lack of hearing. 

dpaf llPQC (def'ngs), n. the condition of 
ucax-iicoh being without hearing. 

rfpal (del), n. a division; a part; a por- 
, tion; a division of cards to the 
players; colloquially, a bargain or a secret 
agr eement; as, a deal between politicians: 


ate, senate, rare, c^t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, ref§r; 
nght, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite burn, cut, focus, menu; 








dealer 


157 


debouche 


the wood of the fir or pine tree cut into 
boards or planks: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dealt; 
p.pr. dealing], to distribute, apportion, or 
divide; throw about; scatter; v.t. to conduct 
business; as, they deal directly with the 
farmers; make a private arrangement. 

Afxa 1 pf (del'er), n. one who does business 
UO(U - CA with others; a trader; one who 
buys and sells goods; one who distributes 
cards in a game. 

dpo 1 in cr (del'ing), n. conduct towards 
uoai-mg others; as, fair dealing means 
honesty: pi. business relations; traffic. 

Ar^i alf (delt), past tense and past participle 
Ue<Ut of the verb deal. 

dpnT1 (den), n. the head of a group of 
ucau clergy in cathedral and collegiate 
churches; the member of a college faculty 
who supervises, or looks after, the students; 
the administrative officer of a college or 
University next below the president; the 
oldest member, by reason of service, in a 
body of men of a certain profession: a term 
of courtesy. 

dpan or ir (den'Sr-I), n. [pi. deaneries 
Ucdll-ci-y (-iz)J, the position, extent of 
authority, or residence of a dean. 

A par (der), adj. expensive; costly; as, 
meat has become very dear; beloved; 
highly esteemed; precious: n. a darling; 
favorite: adv. at a high price or rate; as, 
his carelessness cost him dear: mterj. express¬ 
ing surprise, pity, or emotion.— n. dearness. 
Syn., adj. precious, expensive. 

Ant. (see despised, cheap). 

Aexar 1v (der'll), adv. with great affection; 
ucai-ijf a t a high price or rate; as. he 
paid dearly for his pleasures. 

Aaar+h (ddrth), n. want; 

Utictl III i ne; as> the 

dearth of good dyes. 

Af*i i+Vi (deth), n. cessation of life or feeling; 
ucaiu the state of having ceased to live; 
total loss; decay; something as terrible as 
death; s aughter; bloodshed. 

Syn. departure, decease, demise. 

Ant. (see life). 

dpflth Ivpd (deth'bed'), n. the bed of a 
ucaui-ucu person’s last sickness; last 
hours of life. 

Vkiatl (d8th b81), a bell tolled to an- 
ilcd.111 UGU nounce a death. 

dpa+h fil/vur (deth'blb"), n. something 
Ucdul-UiUW which causes death; a 
shock from which one cannot recover. 

death less (deth'les), adj. immortal; 

fame. 


scarcity; fam- 
war has caused a 


never dying; as, deathless 


Acta+V i (deth'll), adj. mortal; fatal: 

UCdin-iy adr. f a tally, or as if fatally. 

doa+li -nninf (d8th point), the degree of 
Uedlll p (Jill l heat or cold which destroys 
animal life. 

Aemi h rafp (d8th rat), the percentage 
ucauA iaic or number of deaths, usually 
reckoned at per thousand, among the people 
of a country or city for a certain period. 

dpa+Vdc ht*c»A ■ (dSths'hed'), n. a skull or 
vied III o—iltJdU. likeness of a skull, mean¬ 
ing death. 

<■4paAjuat* rant (d8th w5r'S,nt), a 
uedlll Wdl-idlll p a per giving power to 

carry out a sentence of death; something 
which ends happiness. 

doa+V % xirotrli (deth'wbch*), n. a watch or 
UCdlU-WdlbU gu a rd beside a dying per¬ 
son; a guard set over a criminal prior to 
his execution. 

rta Ka rip (dfc-ba'kl; d8-bak'l), «. a 
uc-oa-cic stampede; a disorderly flight 


in battle; the breaking up of ice on a river; 
a violent flood, carrying with it debris or 
rubbish in great masses; as, the Ohio River 
debacle caused great suffering. 

Hp "har (dS-bar'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. de- 
vit-uai barred, p.pr. debarring], to shut 
out; exclude; hinder from approach, en¬ 
joyment, or action: with from; as, the 
railroad gates debar people from crossing the 
tracks. 

dp harlr (d$-bark'), v.i. to disembark; to 
uc-uaixv g 0 ashore from a vessel. 

dp Tifjr Ira fthtl (de^bar-ka'shOn), n. the 
uc-Ual a ct of going ashore from 

a vessel; as, the debarkation of the troops 
from the ships. 


de-base h ichor t. 


.. v.t. to reduce from a 
higher to a lower state; to 
lower in character, virtue, purity, or quality; 
as, to debase a gold coin by boring a hole in it. 

A fx Tajicp tn etyf (dS-bas'ment), n. act of 
ViC-Udbc-IIlcIll lowering in value or 

character; a condition of being lowered in 
value, quality, or character. 

dp Inert- a “hip (de-bat'a-bl), adj. dispu- 
Ue-Ddl-a-Die table; admitting of ques¬ 
tion or debate; as, the cause of the war was 
a debatable question. 

dp hflfp (dS-bat'), n. contention in words; 
uo-uaic argument; discussion; a formal 
presentation of arguments on both sides of a 
question, by several speakers, before an 
audience: v.t. discuss by presenting arguments 
for and against; dispute; meditate upon: v.i. 
to argue or discuss a point; reflect, 
dp pr (dS-bat'Sr), n. a person who 

uc-uat-ci takes part in an argument, 
usually of a formal nature. 

dp haiirh (dS-bbch'), v.t. to corrupt in 
uc-uaucii morals or principles; pollute; 
vitiate: n. excess in eating and drinking; a 
carouse.— adj. debauched. 

deb-au-chee "• a dlssl - 

ard. [Fr.] 


pated person; a drunk- 


[pl. 
weakness; 


debilities 

languor; 


dp hniiph Pt* v (dS-boch'br-I), n. [pi. 
ue-ud.ucn-er-y debaucheries (-Iz)], in¬ 
temperance; drunkenness; gluttony seduc¬ 
tion from virtue; corruption of fidelity. 

A p \\fxn fnrp (db-ben'tflr), n. a written 
uc-ucu-iuic acknowledgment of a debt. 

dp hil i fet nt (d6-bH'I-t&nt), adj. weak- 
cciax l cning: n. a remedy to 
lessen excitement. 

dp t +a+p (d§-bfl'I-tat), v.t. to weaken; 
vic-m.J.-1-ua.LC to enfeeble; to enervate.— 
p.adj. debilitated. 

dp hil i tfl tion (d&-bll'l-ta'shfin), n. 
UC-UU-l-ld-llUIl. act of weakening; state 

of weakness. 

dp hil i tv (dS-bM-ti), n 

ae-Dii-i-xy (_ Wz) ] f weak] 

feebleness. 

dph it (deb'It), n. entry in an account of 
viev»-it money due another: opposite to 
credit: adj. relating to debts: v.t. to charge 
with debt. 

dph n nai r ,(d8b'6-nar'). adj. gay and 
VICU-U-llctll light-hearted; of gentle man¬ 
ners or breeding; elegant; as, the Frenchman 
had debonair manners. Also, debonaire, 
debonnaire. 

dp hmirh (de-boosh'), v.i. to march out 
uc-uuuV/ll 0 f a confined spot, as a wood, 
into open ground; to emerge or come out; 
as, the regiment was ordered to debouch into 
the open plain. 

dp Knii rViP (da'boo'sha'). n. an open- 
vlc-UUu-dlc j n g; a mar ket for goods; 

an opening in military works for troops. [Fr.] 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








debris 


158 


decillion 


Agx r*d Hati pa (dS-ka'dens; dek'd-d§ns), 
’U.c-'uo.-u.ci.i'uc n decay; decline. Also, 


A A Kric (da’bre'). n. fragments; rubbish; 
lAC-Uilo loose pieces of rock at the base of 
a mountain; as, a landslide brings down tons 
of debris. [Fr.] 

(det), n. that which is due from one 
**CiJt person to another; obligation; as, 
an unpaid bill is a debt; sin; as, “Forgive 
us our debts." 

or (det'er), n. one who owes some- 
v&CEJt-UI thing to another; one who is 
under obligation to another. 

A A (da/'bii'; d£-bu'), n. a first ap- 

pearance in society, or before the 
public; as, a singer’s debut. 

AA Kii ■foTt-#- (da"bu"tah'; deb"u-tant'), n. 
iAU-fJU- [fern, debutante], one who 
makes a debut, or first appearance in society, 
or in public. 

o A a (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; ten 
consecutive years; as, the census 
Is taken every decade. Also, decad. 

(dS-ka'dens; 
n 

deoadency. 

Ho pa A ant (dg-ka'dSnt; d6k'a-dent), 
- \scx - facial ac ij' decaying or falling in¬ 
to ruin: n. one that has declined or decayed. 
Aar a errors (dek'a-gon), n. a plane figure 
v&cu-a-gUAA having ten sides and ten 
AIl^l6S> 

A p on nf rv «n| (d§-kag <5-nal), adj. per- 
taining to a decagon, or 
figure with ten angles and ten sides. 

Aar c s err am (dgk'd-gr&m), n. a metric 
U.CU-a-gAOAiA weight • of ten grams, or 

0.3527 oz. Also, decagramme. 

Hap a Via rlrrvn (dek^n-he drOip, n. [pi. 
aeu-a-ne-uron decahedra (-drd)j, a 

solid figure having ten equal sides.— adj. dec¬ 
ahedral. 

j, Ii tar (dek'd-lFter), n. a metric 
WCU-a-AA-tCA measure of capacity contain¬ 
ing ten liters, or 2.64 gals. Also, decalitre. 

n In or (dek'd-lbg), n. the Ten Com- 
AJt?U-cl-AUg, mandments; the moral law. 
Also, Decalogue. 

Hop a mo tor (dek'd-me'ter), n. a metric 
IACU-o.-aaxc-ica measure of length of ten 

meters, or 32.80S feet. Also, decametre. 

Ack ratrm (dS-kamp'), v.i. to break up 
VAC-v/Ciiiip camp; to run away; to depart 
suddenly or secretly. 

At* rartf (dS-kant'), v.t. to pour off gently, 
ClC-Ua.il l as f rom one vessel _to another.— 

n. decantation. 

ranf At* (dfc-k&n'tSr), n. an ornamental 
UC-Ualll-Ci glass bottle for holding wines, 
liquors, etc. 

A a con t toto (d^-kap / l-tat), v.t. to cut 
U.c-Ud.p-1-ldlC 0 ff the head of. 

de-cap-i-ta-tion ShiSg ts ' sMn) ’ 

Hq cot* ViAri i t a (d^-kar b<5n-iz), v.t. to 
uc-tdi -UOll-uc deprive of carbon. 

Also, decarbonate. 

ar«=> (dek'&r' 1 ’; dek-4r'), n. a metric 

UCt-cuc measure of surface containing 
ten ares, or 0.2471 acre. 

Hap a cforo (dgk'd-ster), n. a metric 
UCh-d-DlCiC measure of capacity con¬ 
taining ten cubic meters, or 13.08 cu. yd. 

Hap ath Inn (dek-ath'ISn), n. an athletic 
UCU-aLll-iUU contest in which each con¬ 
testant takes part in ten different events. 

Ha c , 1V (d£-ka/), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. decayed, 
UC-uaj p.pr. decaying], to rot; decline or 
fail; n. decline; gradual failure in mind or 
body; ruin; rottenness; corruption. 

Syn., n. consumption, impairment. 

Ant, (see growth) ■ 


Ha coqco (dS-ses'), v.i. to die: n. death; 
Uc-tcabc as> the decease of a great man. 
— p.adj. deceased. 

4p r p HAnf (d6-se'd8nt), n. in law, a 
UC-tC-UCin. deceased person, 
rlo rait (dS-set'), n. fraud; cheat; decep- 
tlc-Ucll tion; falsehood; double dealing; 

a trick. 

Syn. imposition, trick, delusion, guile, 
treachery, sham. 

Ant. (see truthfulness). 

A a ful (d6-set'fd51), adj. full of 

U-C-UCIl-lUl fraud and trickery; insincere; 
false; as, deceitful conduct.— adv. deceitfully. 
— n. deceitiulness. 

Ha a Wp (dS-sev'd-bl), c<y. capable 

U.c-uCAY-d.-UJ.c 0 f being, or liable to be. 

tricked, or cheated. 

Ha raUra (d$-sev') t v.t. to cheat; to mis- 
Uc-tbiVC lead or cause to err; delude; 
impose upon; disappoint.— n. deceiver. 

Syn. overreach, gull, dupe, cheat. 

TY-_. hor (dS-s6m'bSr), n. the twelfth 

.L#c-Uclll-Ucl a nd last month of the year. 

A o ram vrit- (dS-sem'ver), n. [pi. decem- 
tlc-ucXH-Vir viri (-vf-ri)j, one of ten 
Roman magistrates, especially one of those 
who possessed absolute authority in ancient 
Rome (451-449 B. C.), and wrote the laws 
known as the Twelve Tables. 

H a f*#sTTi vi rata (dS-sem vi-rat), n. a 
(IS-LSIIl-Vl-AdlS body of ten men in 

authority; their office, or term of office. 

Ha ran rvr (de'sen-sl), n. [pi. decencies 
tiC-UtlA-uy (-slz)], propriety; modesty; 
the state of being respectable. 

Ha ran ni al (de-sen'1-3,1), adj. consisting 
UC-UCAA-AAi-al G f ten years; occurring 

every ten years: an anniversary observed 
every tenth year. 

Ack ront (de'sent), adj. becoming; suit¬ 
es. C-UCAAL able; respectable; modest; as, 
decent clothes; passable.— adv. decently.-—n. 
decentness. 

Ha ran (dS-sep'shun), n. the act of 

UC-ucp-LAUiA tricking or cheating; the 

state of being cheated or misled; fraud; a de¬ 
lusion. 

Ha pati tivA (d$-sep'tlv), adj. tending to 
t*c-c.cp-i.Avc trick, cheat, or mislead; as, 
deceptive appearances.— adv. deceptively.—n. 
deceptiveness. 

Aa (de-sid'), v.t. to settle; to deter- 

Uc-Uuc mine; to bring to an Issue or 
conclusion; resolve: v.i. to give a judgment 
or decision; arbitrate. 

Syn. determine, settle, adjudicate, termi¬ 
nate, resolve. 

Ha piH aH (d&-s!d'ed), p.adj. free from 
uc-Uiti-cu. doubt; determined; unques¬ 
tionable; resolute.— n. decidedness. 

Ha r>iH aH (d6-sid'6d-lT), adv. posl- 
UC-UiU-CU-iy tively; certainly; without 
doubt. 

Ha piH ti aiiq (dfr-sld'tl-fis), adj. losing 
uc-uu-u-uua foliage or leaves every 

year; not evergreen; as, the maple is a 
deciduous tree. 

Hap 1 err am (dSs'I-gram), n. a metric 
ucu-i-giani measure of weight equal to 
one-tenth of a gram, or 1.5432 grains. Also, 
decigramme. 

Hap i tAr (des'i-le'ter), n. a metric 
eAUU-x-AA-ACA measure of capacity equal to 
one-tenth of a liter, or 3.38 fluid ounces. 
Also, decilitre. 

Ha pit linn (d&-sll'yffn), n. In France and 
U.C-U1I-IIOI1 the United States, a unit 
followed by thirty-three ciphers; in England, 
a unit followed by sixty ciphers. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








decimal 


159 


Decoration Day 


■Hpr i m?)1 (dSs'i-mSl), adj. pertaining to, 
’U.GV'-i-Aiia.i or based upon, the number 
ten: n. a decimal fraction.— adv. decimally. 

Hop i mol Ivr (des'I-m&l-I), adv. by deci- 
<UC^-l-lliai-iy mals, or by tens or tenths. 

<r| pp 4 iyi a 1 Til {i pp (des'I-mal plas), the 
Uct-l-IIldi place place of a figure after 

the decimal point. 

f/ipp { yti 3 1 nnint (des'l-mal point), a 
luec-l-mai pomi dot separating a deci¬ 
mal fraction from a whole number, also indi¬ 
cating, when standing alone, its fractional 
character. 

<f1pp t TYl 1 Qxrc fptn (des'I-mSl sls'tSm), 
uec-l-mai byb-iem a system of reckon¬ 
ing or measuring by ten, or powers of ten. 

A i TV1 o+o (des'I-mat), vd. to take the 
ClCC-l-lliatC tenth of; put to death, or 
punish, every tenth man; as, to decimate the 
ranks of an army; destroy a large part. 

Hop i mfl Finn (des'I-ma'shfin), n . de¬ 
ll cC-l-illct-11UH struction on a large 

scale. 

i m<a for (des'I-me'ter), n. a metric 
uce-i-iiic-tci measure of length equal 

to one-tenth of a meter, or 3.937 inches. 

Also, decimetre. 

Ho fVh/ar (dS-si'fer), v.t. to translate 
iUC-Cl-pilCl from secret or unknown 
characters into known terms; discover 
or make out the meaning of, as something 
puzzling or hardly legible; interpret.— adj. 
decipherable. 

Syn. read, spell, interpret. 

cirvn (d6-slzh'fin), n. the act of 
liC-Cl-olUll reaching a fixed opinion; 
the quality of being fixed and firm; deter¬ 
mination; judgment; settlement; as, the 
decision of a court or of a case. 

Syn. conclusion, resolution; firmness. 

Ant. (see vacillation). 

Ho rt civo (d&-si'slv), adj. final; con- 
UC-U-olvc elusive; as, a decisive victory; 
prompt; positive; determined.— adv. deci¬ 
sively.— n. decisiveness. 

.Hoc i c+ptp (des'I-ster), n. a metric 
UCt-l-oicic measure of capacity equal 
to one cubic meter. 

HopIt (dek), n. a platform serving as a 
UCL/A. floor for a section of ship, and as a 
covering for the space below; the floor of an 
airplane; a pack of playing cards: v.t. to 
put finery or ornaments on; adorn. 

deck-le-edged ’ roift 

uncut: said of books. 

Ho claim (d&-klam'), v.t. to utter in 
U.C-V/la.1111 rhetorical style; speak as an 
exercise in elocution: v.i. to harangue; to 
speak oratorically in public; to recite a se¬ 
lection as an exercise; as, the boy was asked 
to declaim. —n. declaimer. 

Hoc la mo -fisvn (dek"ld-ma'shun), n. 
‘LlCC-IcS.-Iilcl-tlvll speech delivered in pub¬ 
lic; act of reciting; a selection recited from 
memory; harangue. 

Syn. oratory, elocution, effusion, debate. 

de-clam-a-to-ry pertaining to, or char¬ 
acterized by, rhetorical speech; noisy in 



claiming; that which is announced; an assertion; 
publication; a statement reduced to writing. 

Syn. avowal, manifestation, statement, 
profession. , ... 

de-clar-a-tive &**££*>& mak - 

declarative sentence; explanatory 


as, a 


Ho clar a to t*w (de-klar'd-to-ri;, adj. 
ue-Cld.r-d.-LU-iy affirmative; as, a de¬ 
claratory statement. 

Ho clar** (d$-kl5,r), v.t. to make known; 
UC-UdlC tell openly or publicly; pro¬ 
claim formally; publish; make a solemn 
affirmation of before witnesses; make a full 
statement of, as to goods, etc.: v.i. to make a 
statement; avow: with for or against. 

Ho clo-n cioti (dS-klen'shun), n. a slop- 
Uc-kicll-blUil jng down; a falling off or 

away; in grammar, the inflection of nouns, 
pronouns, and adjectives. 

Ho din a filo (dS-klin'd-bl), adj. capa- 
Ue-CI.lIl-d.-Uie Ale of being declined, or 

inflected; as, pronouns and adjectives are 
declinable. 

A pp 1! yi a firm (fiok"li-na/shfin), n. the 
Uct-ll-lid-llUll act or state of bending, or 
moving, downwards; dipping, as the declina¬ 
tion of a magnetic needle; a slant from some 
definite direction; decline; decay; the dis¬ 
tance of a heavenly body north or south of 
the equator; nonacceptance, 
j „ pli-no CdS-klin'), v.i. to bend or lean 
Uc-Cililc downwards; droop; draw to a 
close; become weak; move from the right 
path: v.t. to refuse; as, to decline an invita¬ 
tion; bend downwards; depress; inflect, as a 
noun or pronoun: n. a lessening; decay; a 
growing worse; the closing part of some¬ 
thing; a wasting away with disease. 

H p pi t-p ctt*o Till (dS-kli'n6-graf), n. a 
Ue-Ciin-U-glcipil self-acting instrument 

for recording: used in astronomy. 

1i ti ntn f* (dek li-nSm 6-t§r), ti, 
UcC-il-llUIU-tJ-Lcl a n mstrument used 

for measuring the dip of the magnetic needle. 

Ho plivr t fniic (d$-kilv'l-tfis) t adj. mod- 
UC-Ulv-l-lUUa erately steep; sloping 

downward; as, a declivitous path. 

Acs pi itt ; +TT (dS-kllv'I-tl), n. [pi. declivi- 
ae-cilv-l-xy ties (-tlz)], a gradual descent;, 
deviation or change from a horizontal fine; 
downward slope. 

A „ ppipf (de-kbkt'), v.t. to obtain the 
Uc-UJl/l flavor, essence, or medicinal qual¬ 
ities of, by boiling. 

Acs (dfe-k5k'shfin), n. an extract 

UC-CUC-tlUll obtained by boiling or di¬ 
gesting in hot water. 

A A pp.1 \A (da'ko' l 'l-taO, adj. [fern. d6- 
UtJ-CUl-lC-lC colletee], cut low m the 
neck so as to expose the neck and shoulders; 
as, a decollete dress; wearing a low-necked 
dress. [Fr.] 

Ho po-m Tine a Wo (de'k5m-poz , c-bl). 
ae-COm-pOS-a-Die adj. capable of be¬ 
ing separated into parts. 

Ho rn-m Tinco (de'k8m-poz'), v.t. to sep- 
Uc-CUlII-pUoe ar ate into elementary 

parts; cause to decay or rot: v.i. to become 
separated into parts; to rot. 

de-com-po-si-tion ^nf, _1 2 m the 5 act sh of 

separating into elementary parts; as, decom¬ 
position of water produces oxygen and hydro¬ 
gen; analysis; disintegration; state of decay. 
Hop n ra+o (dek'8-rat), v.t. to ornament; 
Ucb-U-lcUC as, decorate a stage for an 
entertainment; adorn, or beautify; confer a 
badge of honor upon; grace. 

Hor* n rn tint! (dek"o-ra'shfin), n. the 
(icb-U-id-llUH art of adorning; an orna¬ 
ment; a badge of honor. _ 

Dec-o-ra-tion Day da) ,the day (May 

30) on which the graves of those who fell in 
the Civil War (1861-65) are decorated: called 
also Memorial Day. 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch a^ in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 







decorative 


160 


defalcation 


A rf) (dek'&-r&-tlv), adj. tend- 

uct-u-ia-uvc ing to adorn; ornamental. 
— adv. decoratively. — n. decorativeness. 

n ra fnr (d6k"d-ra'ter), n. one who 
VJ.GV/-v-ia.-tVA adorns or beautifies; a per¬ 
son whose business it is to do ornamental 
painting, etc., in houses; as, an interior dec¬ 
orator. 

rc\ mite (dS-ko'rfis; dSk'6-rfis), adj. 
uc-co-iuua marked by propriety; decent; 
fit; proper; polite; as, decorous behavior.— 
ado. decorously.— n. decorousness. 

rn riim (d&-ko'rfim), n. propriety and 
uc-tu-i uxi .1 becomingness of words, dress, 
and conduct; suitableness, as for occasion; 
seemliness; dignity. 

(d$-koi'), n. a deceptive trick or 
UC-LUy snare; a lure; a piece of inclosed 
water into which wild fowl are induced to 
enter; the figure of a bird used to attract 
live birds within gunshot: v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. 
decoyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or allure into 
danger by a trick; entice: v.i. to be allured 
by means of a trick. 

rr\\r rliir'lr (dfe-koi' duk), a tame, or 
UC-tUj UUl/xV. imitation, duck used to al¬ 
lure wild fowl; hence, a person who entraps 
others. 

<4p pfpflcp (d6-kres'), v.i. to grow less; 
uc-wcaoc diminish; dwindle; as, his in¬ 
come steadily decreased; abate; as, the 
storm decreased in violence: v.t. to cause to 
grow less; as, to decrease the length of the 
working day; reduce gradually in size or 
extent: n. gradual lessening or decay; the 
amount or degree of lessening; the wane of 
the moon. 

Syn., v. diminish, dwindle, lessen, decline, 
retrench, curtail, reduce. 

Ant. (see grow, growth). 

A p, pfpp (dS-kre'), n. an ordinance, law, 
uc-ucc or edict; a judicial decision; the 
award of an umpire or arbitrator; v.t. to 
determine by a law, decision, etc.; ordain; 
assign: v.i. to make a law, decision, etc.; 
determine. 

,4 n rr p n if (dS-krep'It), adj. feeble from 
ixc-i^Acp-it age, or infirmity; wasted; 
worn out; as, a decrepit man. 

A p ppp-p I + 11 /] p (d§-krSp'I-tud), n. the 
ue-crep-l-LUue state of being infirm 
from old age. 

Hp rmc rptvi- (dS-kres'ent), adj. growing 
uc-cica-ccm less; as, in its last quarter 
the moon is decrescent. 

rri pi (dfi-kri'&l), n. a crying down; 
vxc-Vyii-ai a clamorous censure; outspoken 
blame. 

flp pf*. (d^-krl'er), n. one who blames 
vxc-V/ii-cx or censures; as, Lincoln stood 
firm in spite of the attacks of his decriers. 

rrv (dS-kri'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. decried, 
uc ' tl J p.pr. decrying], to blame noisily; 
cry down; censure; disparage. 

1 rate* (ded'I-kat), v.t. to set apart 
ucu-i-V/aic by a solemn act or religious 
ceremony; as, to dedicate a church; devote 
or set apart to some work or duty; as, to 
dedicate ourselves to peace; inscribe, as a 
literary work.— n. dedicator. 

Syn. devote, consecrate, offer, set, apportion. 

dpd f po fipti (dfid'I-ka'shfln), n. the 
vlcu-1-l/cf.-lJ.Ull a ct of devoting to a relig¬ 
ious purpose; as, the dedication of a church; an 
inscription or address expressing gratitude or 
respect for a patron or friend, prefixed to a 
literary or artistic work.— adj. dedicatory. 

Apt rfiirpx (dS-dusO, v.t. to draw; to gather 
uc-uui/C by reasoning; infer: with from 
or out of; derive.— adj. Reducible. 


Ai (dg-dukt'), v.t. to take away; as, 
Uc-UULl deduct a dollar from the bill. 

Hia Hup firm (dS-duk'shfin), n. the act 
VAC-vxu^-ixixiA or process of taking away; 

subtraction; as, some stores make a deduo- 
tion for cash payment; the drawing of con¬ 
clusions from what is accepted. 

Hp Hiip fivp (d£-duk'tlv), adj. tending to 
vxc-txux/-txvc take away; drawing a con¬ 
clusion from what is accepted; as, deductive 
reasoning.— adv. deductively, 
rlppd (ded), n. that which is done; an 
UCCU. ac t; a great achievement; a written 

S aper for the transfer of land: v.t. to convey 
y deed. 

Syn., n. act, action, commission, instru¬ 
ment, document. 

Hpptvi (dem), v.t. to think; regard; be- 
iaccaxa lieve; as, I deem it wise to prevent 
fire: v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; judge 
Syn. estimate, consider, suppose, conceive, 
rlppm cfar (dem'ster), n. a judge or 
U.CCX 1 X-OLCX umpire: the title of either of 
the two chief judges of the Isle of Man. 
Also, dempster. 

4pp n (dep), adj. extending far below the 
UCLp surface; as, a deep well; extending 
far back; as, a Jeep lot; penetrating; saga¬ 
cious; profound; difficult to understand; as, 
philosophy is a Jeep subject; absorbed; grave 
in tone, or low in pitch; intense; heavy; as, 
a deep sleep ; strongly colored; n. that which 
extends far downward; a great body of water; 
an abyss; the culmination; as, the deep of 
night; the in erval between two marks on a 
sounding line. — n. deepness. 

Syn., adj. subterranean, submerged, de¬ 
signing, abstruse, learned. 

Ant. (.see shallow). 

4pp n (dep'n), v.t. to extend farther 
vxccjjx-cxx downward or backward; make 
darker; make more profound, etc.: v.i. to 
extend farther down; become more difficult; 
become darker. 

r! ppri laid (dep'lad), adj. well-concerted; 
ucc fi xaivx carefully concealed; as, a deep- 
laid plot. 

dpp-n-QPP (dep'se"), adj. pertaining to the 
uccp-ocfl open sea, or deeper parts of 
the ocean. 

rjpp-r (der), n. sing, and pi. wild, homed, 
UCC1 ruminating, or cud chewing, animals: 
their horns are called antlers and their flesh 
venison. 

dppr Tiniinrl (der'hound"), n. a dog 
UCcl -UOUI1U. used in hunting deer; a 

staghound. 

rlppr lirlr (der Hk)* a spot of salt ground 
UCC1 AiV/XV Avhich deer like to nibble or lick. 

Hppr c+pllr in cr (der'stflk"Ing), n. the 
Uccl -oLctliv-lIlg hunting of deer by 

stealing upon them unawares. 

Hp facp (dfi-fas'), v.t. to mar or destroy 
uc-xacc the surface of; disfigure; impair 
the clearness of; injure; spoil; as, chalk 
marks deface the wall of the house. 

Syn. mar, disfigure, impair, efface. 

Ant. (see beautify). 

/Ip foep mpnf (dfe-fas'ment), n. the act 
vxc-xdv/C-xxxcxxt of marring the appear¬ 
ance of; the condition of being spoiled in 
appearance; injury. 

Hp fp r in (d© fak'to), actually existing 
vxc xac-iu i n fact; as, a de facto govern¬ 
ment: distinguished from de jure. [Lat.] 
dp fpl rpfp (de-fal'kat), v.i. to embezzle, 
ut-iai-v,atc or use for one’s own pur¬ 
poses, money held in trust..— n. defalcator. 


dp ffll ca firm (de'fal-ka'shfin), n. 
Ue-I<tl-Cd-non loss of funds through 


dis- 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade ; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





defamation 


161 


deform 


honesty; embezzlement, or dishonest use of 
trust funds; as, the bank lost money by the 
defalcation of the cashier; decrease. 

Hpf o -mo fipri (def'd-ma'shfin), n. slan- 
UCi-a-iiia-liUU der; a malicious injuring 

of the good name or reputation of another; 
libel; as, to accuse an honest man of steal¬ 
ing is a defamation of his character. 

Hp fom 51 fp (d&-fam'd-t6-ri), adj. 

ae-iam-a-IO-ry slanderous; as, to spread 
defamatory reports^ 

Hp fam o (dfr-fam'), v.t. to injure or de- 
uo-xainv stroy the good reputation of; 
speak of falsely and maliciously.— n. defamer. 
Hp fqillf (do-folt'), n. neglect; failure in 
uo-iaun a contract; failure to appear at 
a time and place required: in default of, in 
Case of failure of: v.t. to make a failure in, 
as a payment, an appearance in court, etc.; 
to neglect: v.i. to fail to account for trust 
funds; to fail to pay a debt; to fail to appear 
in court, etc. 

Syn., n. lapse, forfeit, omission, absence, 
want, failure. 

/Ip fonit* pt* (de-folt'er), n. one who 
uc-iauu-ci makes a failure in payment 
or performance; one who fails to make a 
proper accounting of monoy or property in¬ 
trusted to his charge. 

Ip fpo-f (d&-fet'), v.t. to overthrow or van- 
uc-icai quish; as, to defeat an exiemy; 
bring to naught; frustrate; as, to defeat a 
purpose; n. act of preventing or bringing to 
naught; overthrow; the state of being con¬ 
quered. 

dp fpa+ icf (de-fet'1st), n. one who desires, 
uc-ical-iai or W orks for, the defeat of his 
country in war, in the hope that ultimate good 
may result. 

Ip fppf (dg-fekt'), n. moral or physical 
UC-iCtl imperfection; fault; error; lack of 
something necessary to complete; want. 

Syn. imperfection, flaw, blemish. 

/Ip fpo firm (de-fek'shun), n. a falling 
uc-ico-uoii away from duty or allegiance; 
desertion. 

rip fpp +ivp (de-fek'tlv), adj. having a 
uc-ico-uvc blemish or flaw of any kind; 
incomplete; faulty; wanting some of the 
usual grammatical forms.— adv. defectively. 
— n. defectiveness. 

Hp fptlH (dS-fendO, v.t. to guard or pro- 
U.C-1C11VA tect from harm or violence; as, 
the navy defends our seacoast; maintain or 
uphold, as one’s legal rights, by force of 
argument or evidence; contest, as a suit.— 
n. defender. 

Syn. guard, protect, justify. 

Ho fp-nH o-nf (de-fen'dant), n. a person 
VJ-C-lciivi-axiL who is sued in a court of 
law: adj. making or interposing an excuse. 

Hp fpncp (de-fens'), n. the act or state of 
vlc-iclloc guarding or being guarded; 
protection; a plea or answer in court to a 
charge or a suit. Also, defence.— adj. defense¬ 
less. 

Syn. excuse, bulwark, rampart 


of being protected 
Hp fp« ciuA (dS-fSn'sIv), adj. serving to 
UC-lCii-aivc guard or protect; earned 
on for protection; as, defensive warfare.— adv. 

defensively. 

Ho for (dS-fttr'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. deferred. 
dC-loi p.pr. deferring], to put off to a 
future time; delay; leave undone: v.i. to 
yield; to give in: followed by to; as, to 
defer to the judgment of an older person. 

Syn. postpone, prorogue, adjourn. 

Ant, (see impel, expedite). 


Hpf pr pnrp (def'er-ens), n. a yielding to 
vac a- c a -caicc opinions or wishes of 

another; regard; submission; respect. 

Hpf pt* PTi fiol (deP'er-en'shal), adj. ex- 
vi.cx-ci-CJJ.-tJ.ai pressing regard for the 

wishes of another; respectful.— adv. deferen¬ 
tially. 

Hp fpr mpnf (d6-ffir'ment), n. the act of 
vxc-xcx-ixicxit postponement; delay. 

Ip f? onrp (dS-fi'ans), n. contemptuous 
u.c- 11 -axxcc disregard; a challenge; re¬ 
fusal to obey. 

Hp fi orif (d^-fl'ant), adj. full of, or ex- 
vxc-xx-axit pressing, resistance or opposi¬ 
tion.— adv. defiantly. 

H p fi pipn rv (dfe-flsh'en-sl), n. [pi. de- 
vlC-ll-V/IcIl-Cy fleiencies (-slz)], the state 

of being incomplete; incompleteness; insuf¬ 
ficiency; scarcity; failure. 

Hp fi rip-rvf (d$-flsh'ent), adj. wanting; 
v*c-xx-ciCJit incomplete; defective. 

Syn. short, inadequate, scanty. 

Hpf t rif (def'1-slt), n. a shortage, espe- 
vtci-l-clL cially of money. 

Hp fi pr (de-fi'er), n. one who refuses to 
vjc-xi-ci obey; as, a defier of the law. 

H p fi 1 p (dS-fil'), v.t. to make foul or impure; 
uc-ilxc tarnish; corrupt: v.i. to march 
ofl! in a line: n. a long, narrow mountain 
pass; a marching in file.— n. defiler. 

Syn., v. pollute, corrupt, sully. 

Hp filp Tnpnf (dS-ffl'ment), n. corrup- 
L tion; pollution; unclean¬ 
ness. 


Hp fin o KIp (d^-fln'd-bl), adj. capable of 
vxc-xxxx-a-wic having its meaning clearly 


state the exact 
explain; to fix 


meaning 

stated. 

Hp finp (de-fin'), v.t. to 
vxc-xxxic meaning of; to 

the limits of.— n. definer. 

Syn. fix, settle, limit. 

Hof i -nifo (def'I-nlt), adj. precise; exact; 
'^'>'•‘■-1-1X1 tc having fixed or distinct limits; 

certain: pointing out; as, the definite article. 
-—adv definitely.— n. definiteness. 

Hpf i ni firm (def'fl-nlsh'fin), n. a brief 
^^-l-x-ixi-tiUxi explanation of the exact 

meaning of a term, phrase, etc.; a concise or 
clear statement. 

Hp fin i tivp (de-fin'I-tlv), adj. positive: 
uc-iui-i-uvc final; determining; con¬ 
clusive: n. in grammar, a word used to limi t 
the meaning of a noun.— adv. definitively.— n. 
defmitiveness. 

Hp flo+o (de-flat), v.t. to release contained 
viC-liaLc air or gas; to contract or reduce, 
as prices.— n. deflation. 

Hp flprf (de-flekt'), v.t. to bend from a 
ClC-llCCl straight line: v.i. to swerve; bend 
or turn aside. 

Hp Apr tirvn (de-flek'shun), n. a bending 
Vlc-AICv-W.V/H or turning aside, as a gun. 

Hp flpf* fivrp (de-flek'tlv), adj. tending to 
uc-iicv-uvo bend or turn aside. 

Hp flop fnr (de-fiek'ter), n. a plate or 
tlc-lico-Ld cone in a furnace or lamp to 

_ t ___ _ _ bring flames or gases into close contact, and 

(d£-fen'sl-bl), adj. capable thus increase the fire, 
ue-ien-bl-uie Of beinsr nrotected. Hp flpvxr p-r* (dS-flou'er), v.t. to deprive of 

vlvJ-llUW-cI flowers or bloom; to rob of 
beauty or grace; to ravish; to spoil. 


Hp fp 1i ofp (de-fo'li-at), v.t. to strip or 
VAC-lvl-ii-atc deprive of leaves: ad). de¬ 
prived of leaves.—n. defoliation. 

Hp fpr pof (d§-for'est), v.t. to clear of 
Vic-lUl-C&L trees; cut down; clear away, 
or destroy, the trees of.—n. deforestation. 
Hp fpr-m (d§-form'), v.t. to render ugly or 
vac- 1 Ulill unshapely; disfigure; mar; de- 
face.— p.adj. deformed. — n. deformation. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
Zh =z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









deformity 


162 


deliberation 


Ha fnrm i +v (de-for'mi-tl), n. [pZ. de- 
Uc-iUIIll-l-Xy formities (—tlz) ], that which 

disfigures or spoils tiie shape of; state of 
being misshapen; want of beauty or harmony. 
Ha fronH (de-frod'), v.t. to cheat; to 
'-ItJ-lIo.U.U. deceive; withhold wrongfully 

from.—n. defrauder. 

Ha froir (de-fraO, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. de- 
llc-Uciy frayed, p.pr. defraying], to pay; 
settle; as, to defray, the expenses of a journey. 

Syn. liquidate, discharge. 

Ha froir ol (dS-fra'al), n. the act of pay- 
ing, as expenses. Also, defray¬ 
ment. 

H A f+ (deft), adj. skilful; dexterous; handy; 
tlciL clever; as, the deft fingers of our 
grandmothers.— adv. deftly.—n. deftness. 

Ha fiinr*+ (de-funkt'), adj. dead; extinct: 
vlc-lUilvL n . a dead person; usually, 
one lately deceased; the dead collectively. 
Ha fir (dS-fl'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. defied, p.pr. 
U.C-iy defying], to challenge or provoke to 
strife; to dare; to act in contempt of; resist 
openly; as, to defy the law; resist success¬ 
fully; baffle. 

H a Q"ati At* a (de-jgn er-a-sl), n. the 

ae-gen-er-a-cy state of being de¬ 
graded or of growing worse than formerly; 
lowness of morals. 

Ha o-An at* at a (d3-jen'er-at), v.i. to be 
-a .tc or grow worse; to decline; 
to become inferior in goodness or quality; 
deteriorate: adj. (d§-j§n'er-at), of a low grade 
of morals; deteriorated; as, degenerate times; 
degraded; as, degenerate offspring: n. a person 
or organism that has become worse than its 
kind; a person of low morals.— adv. degen¬ 
erately. 

Ha o-An a r a firm (de-jen'er-a'shun). n. 
ae-gen-er-a-lion the act, state, or 

process of growing worse; degeneracy; de¬ 
cline. 

Hao-Iii ti firm (deg'loo-tlsh'un), n. the 
»cg-iu-u-uuii act, process, or power of 

swallowing. 

f ra da tion (deg'm-da/shan), n - the 


deg- 


_ act of lowering, or of 

being lowered, in rank, morals, etc.; disgrace. 
Ha crraH a (dfi-grad'), v.t. to reduce in 
u -t;-gx<atxc grade or rank; deprive of 
honors, office, or dignity; as, to degrade a 
soldier to a lower rank; lower physically or 
morally; tone down; lessen; wear away. 

Ha err a a (dS-gre'), n. a step or grade; 

rank or station in life; a stage 
in progress; a remove in relationship; academ¬ 
ical rank conferred by an institution; as, a 
doctor’s degree; one of three grades in the 
comparison of an adjective or adverb; a 
relative amount, extent, quality, etc.; the 
360th part of the circumference of a circle; 
sixty geographical miles; a unit for measur¬ 
ing heat, cold, etc. 

Syn., grade, extent, measure. 

Ha i ra firm (de'I-fl-ka'shfin), n. the 

Ull a ct, of making a god of, 
or worshiping as a god. 

Ha i fir (de'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. deified, 
UC-l-iy p.pr. deifying], to praise or worship 
as a god; as, the Druids deified the oak tree; 
idolize. 

Haioti (dan), v.i. to condescend; vouchsafe; 
U-Clgil as , he did not deign to listen to our 
request: v.t. to grant; to condescend to give; 
as, he would deign us no reply. 

Ha icm (de'izm), n. a belief in God founded 
UC-lblll on reason, rather than on revelation. 
Ha icf (de'Ist), n. one whose belief in God is 
ue-lol founded on reason, rather than on 
revelation. 


Ha ic +iV (de-Is'tlk), adj. pertaining to a 

llc-lb-til/ reasoned belief in a personal God. 
Also, deistical. 

Ha i -fir (de'I-tl), n. [pi. deities (-tlz)]. a 
ue-l-iy god, goddess, or person worshiped 
as a divine being; the character, nature, or 
attributes of God: the Deity, God; Jehovah; 
the Godhead. 

Ha i*Ar+ (de-jekt'), v.t. to depress the 
Uc-Jct/L spirits of; dishearten; sadden. 
Ha 4a of aH (de-jek'ted), p.adj. cast down; 
llC-Jct/L-CU. depressed; low-spinted.— adv. 
gctodly. 

Ha i*aa iiA-n (de-jek'shun), n. lowness of 
ilC-Jcl/-tlDll spirits; melancholy; depres¬ 
sion. Also, dejectedness. 

Ha in i-A (dejoo're), by right or lawful title; 
dc J ll-l C a s, a government de jure. [Lat.] 
Ha loin a (dS-lan"), n. a light fabric made 
llC-IdlilC of wool, or of wool and cotton. 
Dal o ixro r a (del'd-war), n. one of a tribe pi 
C American Indians, originally 
inhabiting the region of the Delaware River. 
Ha loir (dS-la'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. delayed, 
uc-lcty p.pr. delaying], to put off; to 
postpone; make late; hinder for a time: 
v.i. to act or proceed slowly: n. postpone¬ 
ment; detention; as, the delay was caused 
by a storm; procrastination.—n. delayer. 

H a 1 a (de'IS), v.t. to take out (a letter, etc.) 

i n proof reading: n. a mark [#] indi¬ 
cating that a letter, etc., is to be deleted, or 
taken out. 

Ha 1a,p +o til a (de-lek'td-bl), adj. pleas- 
C10-lfcl/-ld.-DIC ing; delightful; as, ice¬ 
cream is delectable on a hot day.— adv. de¬ 
lectably.— n. delectableness. 

de-lec-ta-tion "• de * 

HaI a era f a (del'3-gat), n. one sent to rep- 
llcl-c-gdic resent, and act for, others; as, 
the delegates to a convention; representative: 
v.t. (del'3-gat), to send as an agent with au¬ 
thority to act; intrust; commit; as, the people 
delegate power to Congress. 

Syn., n. agent, deputy, substitute. 

HaI a era firm (del'S-ga'shfin), n. a sond- 
lltl-C-g'd.-llUlI ing away; the act of au¬ 
thorizing a person or body of persons to act 
for others; the body of persons chosen to act; 
as, each State sends a delegation to the Repub¬ 
lican convention. 

Ha 1a+a (d3-let'), v.t. to blot out; erase; 
uc-lclc aSi the printer is expected to 
delete all mistakes before^printing a book. 

HaI a Ia rl aiic (del 3-te ri-fis), adj. 
Uei-e-ie-Il-OUb harmful, morally or 

physically; poisonous; as, some drugs have 
a deleterious effect on the body.— adv. delete- 
riously.— n. deleteriousness. 

HaI ft war a (delft/war'), n. a kind of 
lien l- w ciL c glazed earthenware, made first 
at Delft, in Holland. Also, delft, delf. 

Ha lili Ar o+a (dS-lIb'gr-at), v.t. to re- 
lic-.llU-cl-d.lc fleet on; to think upon 

or consider; weigh in the mind; as, he 
deliberated the matter before deciding; pon¬ 
der: v.i. to take counsel with oneself or 
others; as, the men elected to make laws are 
expected to deliberate before passing a law: 
adj. (d3-llb'er-at), circumspect; slow in 
determining or in action; well-considered; 
watchful; cautious: prudent; wary.— adv. 
deliberately.— n. deliberator. 

Syn., v. consider, meditate, consult, pon¬ 
der, debate. 

Ha liVi Ar a timi (dfe-lib'er-a'shfin), n. 
tlC-IlU-Cl -cl-HUH calm and careful con¬ 
sideration; slowness in action. Also, delib- 
j erateness. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 








deliberative 


163 


demarcation 


de lib PT fiyp (d8-llb’6r-d-tlv), adj. of 
uc AlU-Cl-a-ll-VC or pertaining to dis¬ 
cussion; having the form of debate; existing 
for legislative discussion; characterized by 
careful consideration. 

(del'l-kd-sl), n. [pi. delicacies 


(-slz)j, the state or quality 


de-light 


del-i-ca-cy j! 

of being agreeable to the taste or other 
senses; a luxury; grace; sensitiveness; re¬ 
finement; sensibility; consideration for the 
feelings of others; sensitiveness to disease. 

Syn. nicety, daintiness, refinement, tact, 
softness, modesty. 

Ant. (see boorishness, indelicacy). 

AcA i rate* (del'I-kat), adj. pleasing to the 
taste; as, a delicate flavor; 
tender; refined; as, delicate attentions; physi¬ 
cally frail; as a delicate child; sensitive.— 
adv. delicately. 

dial { po ■f’lao (del*l-kd-te>s , en), n.pl. 

UCl-l-ta- 1Co-bcli prepared foods, as 

cooked meats, preserves, and relishes; table 
delicacies. [Gek.J 

A(± If piniic (d$-llsh'us), adj. highly pleas- 
u-v-ia-L/ALMA.© j n g the senses, taste, or 
mind; exquisite.— adv. deliciously.— n. de¬ 
liciousness. 

Syn. sweet, palatable. 

Ant. (see nauseous). 

(d8-llt'), v.t. to gratify or please 
greatly; charm: v.i. be highly 
gratified or pleased: with in: n. an extreme 
degree of pleasure; high satisfaction; joy. 

Syn., n. enjoyment, pleasure, happiness, 
transport, ecstasy, gladness, rapture, bliss. 
Ant. (see annoyance). 

dp 1lVh+ pd (de-ht'ed), p.adj. greatly 

pleased; gratified; charmed. 

dp Herbt fill (de-lit'fool), adj. affording 

utc-XAgnt-AUA enjoyment; pleasing; charm¬ 

ing.— adv. delightfully.— n. delightfulness, 
dp lim it (d6-llm'ft), v.t. to mark out or 
C-aaaaa-a t fl x the limits of, as territory; 
bound. 

(de-lln'fi-at), v.t. to mark out 
with lines; sketch; draw; 
describe minutely and accurately in words. 

Hp lin a firm (de-lln'e-a/shun). n. the 
U.c-1111-c-ct-HUII ac t or ar t of picturing 

or describing; a sketch, description, etc. 

(de-lln'e-a"ter), n. one 
who pictures or describes. 

dp lin mipn rv (de-lln'kwen-sl), n. [pi. 
ue-lin-quen-cy delinquencies (-slz)l, 

neglect of, or failure in, duty; a misdeed; fault, 
dp bn nnpnt (dS-lIn'kwent), adj. falling 
uc-im-qutliL short of duty: n. one who 
neglects, of fails to perform, a duty; an 
offender. 

dpi i miPCPP (del'I-kwes'), v.i. to dis- 
uoA-i-ijuco^o solve gradually and be¬ 
come liquid by taking in moisture from the 
air, as certain salts.— adj. deliquescent.—n. 
deliquescence. 

(de-Hr'I-us), adj. light-head 
ed; insane; raving because 
of fever; frantic with delight; as, the gift of 
a pony makes a child delirious with joy.— 
adv. deliriously. 

do lit* i 11 rn (d6-llr'l-um), n. a temporary 
vie-111 -1-lAlll mental disorder, often caused 
by fever, and marked by wandering speech 
and fancies; excitement; wild enthusiasm; as, 
a delirium of joy. 

de-lir-i-um tre-mens tri^menz!; 131 ? 

disease of the brain caused by drinking in¬ 
toxicating liquors to excess, 
do liir or (dS-liv'er), v.t. to set free; save; 

yield possession or control of; 


de-line-ate 


de-lin-e-a-tor 


de-lir-i-ous 


carry and hand to an owner; send forth vig¬ 
orously; discharge; communicate; utter; 
as, to deliver a speech. 

Syn. liberate, free, rescue, pronounce, give, 
hand over. 

dp Inr pi* Qtirp (d6-llv'8r-ans), n. the act 
L&c-AA V -Cl -ctlll/C 0 f setting free; rescue; 

release; a public utterance, 
dp 1 {tt xr (d$-llv'gr-l), n. [pi. deliveries 
Uc-AlV-tJI-y (-iz)J, the act of releasing; 
a setting free; a surrender; transfer; manner 
of speaking; as, the orator had a splendid 
delivery; a distribution of letters, etc.; the 
act or manner of throwing a ball, 
dpit (del), n. a small valley; a ravine; a 
U-CAA retired glen. 

dp Irvnc pi* (de-louz'er), n. an apparatus 
vac-ala uo-ca f 0r disinfecting clothing to 
destroy body lice. 

T>p 1 iVhic (dSl'flk), adj. pertaining to 
JL/CA-pilH-' Delphi, or to the famous 
sanctuary of Apollo with its priestess, or the 
games celebrated there in honor of Apollo. 
Also, Delphian. 

HpI cartp (del-sart'), n. a system of 
izci-o£U ic physical exercise first taught 
by P. Delsarte, a Frenchman, 
dpi fo (del'td), n. [pi. deltas (-tdz)J, a 
vac A- ux deposit of sand or soil, shaped like 
the Greek letter delta, formed at the mouth of 
a river; as, the Nile River forms a delta; any 
triangular surface. 

dp In dp (dS-lud'), v.t. to cheat; beguile: 
vac -l Li vac deceive; as, to delude oneself 
with false hopes. 

dpi licrp (del'iij), n. an inundation or 
LAcA-lAgc flood; a great overflowing of the 
land by water, especially that of the time of 
Noah (Genesis vii); a sudden and resistless 
calamity: v.t. to overwhelm; to overflow. 

dp In Qinrs (de-lu'zhfln), n. the act of 
uc-ALl-oAUAi leading astray; deceit; false 
idea; state of being deceived; as, he was 
under the delusion that all men were honest. 
Syn. error, illusion, fallacy, hallucination. 
Ant. (see fact, reality). 

dp In civp (dS-lu'sIv), adj. tending to 
uc-au-oAvc mislead or deceive; deceptive. 
Also, delusory.— adv. delusively.— n. delusive¬ 
ness. 

dp 111 vp Niks), made unusually fine 
U.C A LA Ac or elegant; as, an edition de luxe 
of Shakespeare’s plays. [Fr.] 
dpi vp (delv), v.t. to dig; fathom; pene- 
Uclvc trate: v.i. to work with a spade; to 
make laborious search for information; as, 
the scientist delves into the secrets of nature. 

dp macr tiAt ! 7 P Cde-mag'neti-Tz), v.t. to 

tlc-IIId.g-Ilc L-lZc deprive of magnetic 

properties. 

dpm n o-nff (dgm'd-gog), n. a popular 
U.CAil-a.-j'Ug orator; leader of the rabble: 
an insincere political leader. Also, dema¬ 
gogue. 

d pm a o’ a or if* (denFd-gdj Ik), adj. like ft 

UcIIl-ci-gOg-lL demagog, or an insin¬ 
cere leader. Also, demagogical. 

d pm ft 0 * 00 ' tom (denFd-gOg-Tzm), n. the 
VACAii-ci-gcg-AOAiA principles or practice of 

a demagog, or an insincere leader of the people, 
dp mor?d (demand'), v.t. to claim; to 
LAC-AlldAAU. exact; to question; summon; 
require: v.i. to inquire by authority: n. 
authoritative claim; an imperative request; 
the state of being sought after; as, coal is in 
great demand. 

dp mor <■*<i firm (de^mar-ka shfin), n. 
Uc-IIld.r-ca-llv)Il ^e act of defining, or 

marldng, the bounds of; a line of separation: 
as, the fence is the demarcation of the property. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








uemean 


164 


denatured 


dem-i-god 

partly divine; 


A 0 macrn (d6-men'), v.t. to behave; to 

u. c-xiiccux conduct; as, to demean one¬ 
self in a proper manner; to humble, lower, or 
degrade; as, to be rude is to demean oneself. 

-moan nr (dfi-men'er), n. behavior; 
uc-uicau-ui deportment; bearing. Also, 
demeanour. 

Ho m Ant aH (dS-mgn'tSd), p.adj. insane; 
VC-lUGUl-di mad; deprived of reason. 

Ho moti ft o (dS-men'shl-d), n. unsound- 
UC-lllCil-U-a ness of mind; insanity. 

Ho mor if (d6-m6r'It), n. action which de- 
Uc-Ilicl -11 serves blame; ill desert; a mark 
for bad conduct. 

Ho mocno (d6-man'; dS-men'), n. pos- 
uo-iucouc session of land as one’s own; 
landed estate attached to a manor: adj. per¬ 
taining to a landed estate. Also, demain. 
Horn i (dem'I-), half: a prefix used in com- 
Uciii-1- position; as, demi-quaver, a note 
equal in length to half a quaver. 

(dgm'I-gbd"), n. an inferior 
god; one whose nature is 
a hero. 

Horn i inVin (dem'I-jon), n. a large glass 
Ullll bottle with a small neck 
and large body, usually incased in wicker¬ 
work and used for holding liquors. 

Ho rnico (dfi-miz'), n. death, especially of 
Uc-lilloc a royal personage; the convey¬ 
ance or transfer of an estate by will or lease: 

v. t. to give or grant by will: v.i. to bequeath 
property by will. 

Ho mo Kil i-ro (de-mo'bl-liz; de-mbb'I- 
ae-mO-Dll-IZe n z ), v .t. to disband or 

dismiss troops that have been mobilized, or 
called to arms; change from a war footing 
to a peace footing. 

/Ip mor* yh {*\7 (de-mbk'rd-sl), n. [pi. 

democracies (-siz)], gov¬ 
ernment by the people; republic; as, the 
United States is a democracy; practical or 
social equality opposed to aristocracy; as, 
the world must be safe for democracy: Democ¬ 
racy. the Democratic party or its principles. 

Horn n r-raf (d&n'S-krat). n. one who 
aCJ.ii-U-L/±«.t believes in and upholds the 
principles of popular government or social 
equality: Democrat, a member of the Demo¬ 
cratic party. 

Horn n rrcrt ir (dgm'o-krat'lk). adj. per- 
a. i-Ux taining to democracy, or 
government by the people; believing in, or tend¬ 
ing to, social equality: Democratic party, one 
of the two greater parties in the United States, 
so named in 1828.— adv. democratically. 

/]pm m oaIIa (dem'I-zgl'), n. an un- 
ucm-ui-aciic married woman. [Fr.1 

Hp tn/xl UjU (dg-mbl'Ish), v.t. to throw 
uc-xiiui-rDii down; reduce to ruins; de¬ 
stroy; annihilate.— n. demolishes 
Syn. raze, ruin, overthrow. 

Ant. (see build, repair). 

H/orn n tifyn (dem r o-lIsh'Cin). n. the 
tiWAA ac t or process of tearing 
down or destroying; destruction. 

Ha mnn (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; devil; 
UC-1I1UJU. i n mythology, a being midway 
between the gods and men; a guardian spirit 
or genius; a very wicked person. 

Ha TYirwi a tt'/A (de-mon'6-txz), v.t. to 

deprive of value, as 
money; withdraw from use, as money; as, 
the government will demonetize old torn 
paper money.— n. demonetization. 

Ha mn ni or (de-mo'nl-ak), n. one pos- 
sessed of an evil spirit; a 
lunatic or insane person: adj. possessed by, 
or like, an evil spirit; devilish; frantic; insane. 
Also, adj. demoniacal.— adr. demoniacally. 


j ^ _ __ • (de'm 6 n-Izm), n. belief in 

de-mon-ism evil spirits or devils; the 

nature of an evil spirit. 

de-mon-ol-a-try Sf w5s§?‘“S^evit 

or evil spirits. 

de-mon-ol-o-gy iTde^’or' £n 

spirits. 

Ha m/vn cfra "hi a (dS-mOn'strd-bl). adj. 
ae-mOn-Stra-Die capable of being 

shown or proved.— adv. demonstrably. 

Haiti n« cfrci+A (dem'Sn-strat; dg-mbn'- 
acUl-Ull-blldtt strat), v.t. to prove be¬ 
yond the possibility of a doubt; teach by 
examples; prove; as, the pupil learns to 
demonstrate arithmetic problems. 

Syn. prove, show, exhibit, illustrate. 

dem-on-stra-tion 

ing or proving; a proof beyond the possi¬ 
bility of a doubt; manifestation; outward 
expression of feeling; a public exhibition of 
sympathy with some political or social 
movement; as, a party demonstration; the 
exhibition and description of examples in art 
and science teaching, especially anatomy; a 
show of military force. 

Syn. certainty, evidence, proof, deduction. 

Ha mntl ctro fmA (d 8 -ni 6 n stra-tlv), 
ae-mon.-bLrd.-UVe a dj. having the pow¬ 
er of showing or proving; serving to point 
out, as a demonstrative pronoun; conclusive; 
showing the feelings openly and strongly: n. 
a pronoun which itself defines or indicates that 
to which it refers; as, this, that, these, those. — 
adv. demonstratively. — n. demonstrativeness. 

dem-on-stra-tor Sl m 5 wh? 5 ’ t |rov» 

points out, or shows; a teacher of practical 
anatomy, or physical science. 

H a mor o 1 17 P (dS-mdr'al-Iz), v.t. to cor- 
Ue- 111 UI -dl-lZC rupt; deprive of spirit 

or energy; throw into confusion; disorganize; 
confuse.—n. demoralization. 

Ha mount it Til a W^' m oun'ta-bl), ad). 
ae-mOuni-d-Die that can be easily 

taken apart; as, a demountable rim on an 
automobile. 

Haititi ct at (dgmp'ster), n. a judge in the 
Isle of Man. Also, deemster. 
Ha miir (dS-mfir'), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. de- 
murred, p.pr. demurring], to 
hesitate; raise objections: n. an objection or 
exception. 

Ha miir a (dfr-mur'). adj. grave; sober; 

xiAtxxc modest; as, a demure manner. 
— adv. demurely. — n. demureness. 

Ha miir vcica (dS-mur'Sj), n. the hold- 
ing of a vessel in port, or 
of a railroad car, beyond the time allowed for 
loading, unloading, etc.; the money paid by 
the freighter for such delay. 

Ha miir rAr (d^-mur'er), n. one who 
uo-niui-ioA hesitates or objects; an 
objection on a point of law. 

/Ipri (den), n. cavern; the cave of a wild 
beast; lair; any cozy and private 
room, as for studying. 

Ha TIP firm al 17A ( de-n&sh'fin-Sl-Iz), 
UC-lld-LlUll-cU-lze V ' t . to deprive of 

national rights or character; render local. 

Ha Tlfl'f 11 rfll 17 P (de-n&t'tl-r&l-iz), v.t. 
ue-lldl-u-rdl-ize to make unnatural; 

to deprive of the rights and duties of a citizen 
or subject. 

Ha na tllTAH (dS-na'tftrd), adj. changed 
uo-na-iuicu j n nature or character; 

made unfit for its ordinary use by addition of 
other materials; as, denatured alcohol. 


ate, senate, rare, c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 







denial 


165 


deplorable 


n. 
used 


a coarse cotton 
for hangings, floor 


Ha ni 51 1 (dS-nxSl), n. refusal to grant, be- 

uc-m-cu lieve, or admit; contradiction; 
noncompliance. 

Han im (dSn'taO. 

Ueil-UIl material 

coverings, etc. 

/Ipti -I (d6n'T-zen), n. an inhabitant; 

citizen; an alien, or foreigner, 
who has received papers admitting him to the 
rights of citizenship: v.t. to admit to the rights 
of citizenship; to populate with citizens. 

H p ri i noi-a (de-nom'I-nat) ,v.t. to des- 
vj.c-j.ivAxx-x-AAa.LC ignate, or give a name to; 

call; name: adj. having a specific name; con¬ 
crete; as, five cents is a denominate number. 

de-nom-i-na-tion 

nating or naming; a sect, class, or division; 
a name for a certain class or unit in a series; 
as, we have coins of many denominations. 

de-nom-i-na-tion-al Lht; n -!“ 

pertaining to, or carried on by, a class or sect. 
— ado. denominationally. —n. denomination* 
alism. 

de-nom-i-na-tive 

n. a word derived from a noun or adjective; 
as, a denominative verb. 

Hp nnm 1 no for (d&-n<5m'I-na"ter), n. 

Uc-IiUIll-1-lla- lt/1 one who,or that which, 

gives a name to; the expression of a fraction 
which, when placed below the line, gives the 
name or value to the unit. 

Ha -nr* fa -firm (de"n6-ta'shun), n. a plain 
uc-iiu-la-Liun maririn? out.* a clear 


or iden- 
indicate; 


or accuse publicly; censure; 


a letter pronounced by the aid 

dcn - de-pend-ent 


depression caused by a blow or 
pressure; the tooth of a wheel; a cog; tooth 
of a comb or metallic brush: v.t. to make a 
small hollow in. 

J ot1 x. 0 j (den'tal), adj. pertaining to the 
vlcIl-Ld.1 teeth; pronounced by the aid of 
the teeth; n. 
of the teeth. 

Ha-n ta+p (den'tat), adj. toothed; as, 
vicll-LaLc tate leaves. Also, dentated, 

Han +i* fnrm (den'tl-form), adj. having 
aen-Tl-IOrm the shape of a tooth. 

Han +i frira (den'tl-frls), n. a powder, 
vlcII-LI-llIvc liquid, or paste used for 

cleaning the teeth. 

Han +J1 (den'til), n. one of the small square 
U-ell-111 blocks or projections in cornices of 
roofs. Also, dentel. 

j _ x.» _ (den'tln), n. the hard, dense 

Lit) II-Llile tissue which forms the body of 

a tooth. 

+ ;_x. (den'tTst), n. one who practices 
Viell-LlbL dental surgery, as filling and 
extracting teeth. 

(den'tTst-rT), n. the art of 
' surgery. 


Han +ic+ rxT- (den'tTst-rT), n 
CiCIl-LlSL-iy dentist; dental 


a 


fiptl tl firm (den-tlsh un), n. the process 
LAcxi-Li-Livii or period of cutting the 

teeth; arrangement of the teeth. 

den ii Ha tion (denjfi-da'shun; de'nfl- 
ucii u ua LlUil da'shun), n. the act of 

stripping or making bare. 

Ha mi Ha (de-nud') t v.t. to make bare or 
uc-nuuc naked; as, to denude one ol 
clothing; lay bare (rocks) by the wearing 
action of water. 

dp Tllin PI 51 ti/Yn ( de-nun'sl-a'shfin; 
Ue-IiUIl-Cl-d-UOIl de-nun'shl-a'shQn). 

n. the act of accusing publicly; a threat; 
menace. 

Hp mm pi 51 fnr (de-nun'sl-a"ter; d$* 
ue-IlUIl-Cl-d.-lOr nun'shl-arter), n. one 

who accuses publicly. 

de-nun-ci-a-to-ry^.na“”s?“l6-?n: 

adj. relating to, or containing, an accusa¬ 
tion or threat. Also, denunciative. 

Hp nv (de-ni'), v.t. to refuse to believe or 
vav-aaj admit; contradict; to withhold. 

Syn. gainsay, dispute J oppose, contest. 

Han Hat* smf (de-o'der-ant), n. some- 
U.C-U-UU1 -ailL thing which takes away 
odor; a disinfectant. 

Han Hnr i*za (de-6'der-iz), v.t. to disin- 
UC-U-UUl-lZt; feet or deprive of odor. 

Ha 11511 *+ (de-part'), v.i. to go or move 
vic-paxt away; leave; die; desist; deviate. 

Syn. quit, decamp, retire, withdraw, 
vanish. 

Ant. (see remain). 

Ha H 5 ii*+ manf (dS-psirt'ment), n. a dis- 
ae-parL-ment tinct division; a sepa¬ 
rate room or office for business; a branch of 
business, study, or science; a division of 
government; as, the Department of Agri¬ 
culture; a province. 

de-part-men-tal iff 'g| r r t tlSn? ’ to » 

branch or division; governed by departments. 

Ha 11511* +11 ra (d^-par'tur), n. the act of 
vic-poA-Luxc leaving; a going away; 

a changing from an old to a new plan or 
method; death. 

Ha natlH (dfe-p8nd'), v.i. to rely for sup- 
VAC_ .r’ CAA ' a port; trust; be conditioned; 
with on or upon; hang dowm. 

Ha nanH on + (d$-pen'dant), n. one who 
u. c-p c aava- ail L relies on another for sup- 
Also, dependent. 


marking out; 

sign; an indication; a name. 

Ha nn+a (d$-not') t v.t. to signify 
uc-uuic tify; mark out plainly; 
betoken. 

Ha nail a matl+ (da-noo'man; da"noo'- 
uc-xiuuc-AucAH man'), n. the unraveling 

or solving of the plot of a story or play; the 
solving of a mystery. [Fr.] 

Ha naimra (d6-nouns'), v.t. to threaten 

LAC-IaUU-aIVC or accuse n 

to condemn. 

H ancp (dens), adj. thick; as, a dense fog; 

Uciioc compact; as, a dense crowd; in¬ 
tense; stupid.— adv. densely.— n. denseness. 

Han ci +ir (den'sl-tl), n. closeness or 
UclI-bl-Ly compactness, as of matter; 
depth, as of shade; proportion of mass to bulk. port. 

(dent), n. small hollow; a slight rip natlH anra (d£-p6n'dens), n. the 
vxci.lL denression caused bv a blow or VAC-pcAAvx-CAXV/C state of being supported 

or influenced by, or subject to, another; 
connection; reliance; trust: as, the depend¬ 
ence of a child on its father; that on which 
one relies; state of hanging down. 

Hp tiprifi pn fV Ye-pen'den-si), n. [pi. 
Vic-pciiU-cll-Vj dependencies (-slz)], a 

country under control of another country. 

adj. hang- 
relying on 

someone or something else for support; con¬ 
ditional; subordinate: n. one who relies on 
another for support; something which 

dependant. 

to paint or portray; 
show vividly: as, the 
writer was able^to depict a wonderful scene. 

(de-plet'), v.t. to empty; to un¬ 
load; to exhaust. 

Ha nla +inn (de-ple'shfin), n. the act of 
u.c-jJic-LAVii emptying; exhaustion; as, 

the depletion of energy by overwork; blood¬ 
letting. 

Ha til nr 51 Til a (d$-plor'd-bl), adj. sad; 
vac JJivu-fx-v/ic calamitous; grievous; as, 

a deplorable accident.— adv. deplorably. 



de-plete 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







deplore 


166 


derelict 


-nl/vrA (dS-plor'), v.t. to lament; grieve 
Uc-piUic f or; as> to deplore the loss of a 
friend; deplore wrongdoing. 

aIav (dS-ploi'), v.t. and v.i. [ p.t . and 
U-C-piUj P'P . deployed, p.pr. deploying], to 
spread out in line of battle; extend the front 
line, as troops: n. a movement by which a 
body of troops is spread out in front.— n. de¬ 
ployment. 

a a a Ant (dfe-po'nent), adj. having a 
viC-po-iiCM-it passive form and an active 
meaning: used of a Latin verb: n. a witness 
who makes a statement, usually' in writing. 

Ha non 11 lotA (dS-pdp'u-lat), v.t. to de- 
Uc-pup-U-Id.lc prive of inhabitants or 
people.— n. depopulation. 

riorf (dS-port'). v.t. to carry from one 
vit'-pUi t country to another; banish; be¬ 
have (oneself). 

Ha rim** fa firm (de"por-ta'shun), n. act 
titz-pUi -Id.- ULIi G f carrying, or state of 

being carried, into another country; the 
sending back to his own country of an alien 
seeking entrance into another; forcible 
removal of people from a conquered coun¬ 
try. 

Ha -nrvrt rriAnt (dfi-port'ment), n. con- 
uc-pur c-x duct;behavior;demeanor. 

Ha nnco (dS-poz'), v.t. to remove from a 
vlC-pUbv^ throne, or other high station; 
deprive of office; bear witness to: v.i. testify 
on oath. 

Ho tiAQ if (de-poz'ft), v.t. to put or set 
U.c-|lUo-It down; place; put in a bank; 
Intrust to another for security: n. something 
committed to the care of another; a pledge; 
money kept in a bank; something set or 
laid down. 

H a tiaq i f a 1*17 (de-poz I-ta-rl), n. one 
uc-puo-i-ia-ij with whom something is 

intrusted; a guardian; place where something 
is put for safe-keeping. Also, depository. 

H aa a ci tirvn (dep"6 - zlsh'ihi; de"p6- 
Uep-O-bl-UOIl zish'un), n. the act of 

putting down, placing in trust, etc.; re¬ 
moving from a throne or office; testimony 
under oath. 

Ha nnc i fnr (dS-poz'I-ter), n. one who 
uc-pua-i-iui puts down, or places in trust; 
one who puts money in a bank. 

Ha nnQ i fn nr (de-poz'I-to-rl), n. \pl. 
ue-pob-l-io-ry depositories (-rlz)], the 

place where, or person with whom, anything 
is put for safe-keeping, as a bank. Also, 
depositary. 

Ha -not (de'po; da'po; dep'o), n. a ware- 
UC-pUL house; a building for military 
stores, etc.; the headquarters of a regiment; 
a railway station. 

Ha Ar«VA (de-prav'), v.t. to make bad or 
U-C-pidVC corrupt: applied to morals. 

Ha nrawH (dS-pravd'). p.adj. morally 
uc-piavcu debased; corrupt; made bad 
or worse. 

Ha nrav i fir (de-prav'I-tf), n. the state 
vie-pi aV-i-L_y Q f being immoral or cor¬ 
rupt; wickedness. 

Haa ta pat a (dep're-kat), v.t. to dis- 
vicp-x c-vaic approve strongly of; ex¬ 
press regret for; as, the store manager depre¬ 
cates the rudeness of the salesman to a cus¬ 
tomer.— adv. deprecatingly. ^ 

H ATt i*a p a f ]on (dep r$-ka shi5n), n. the 
viep-i c-ea-tiuii a ct of disapproving. 

H ATi ta a f a t“\T (dep re-ka-to-rl), adj. 
ucp-ic-V/a-iu-ijf apologetic; serving as 

a protest against something; disapproving. 
Ha -nr a ci a+p (dS-pre'shT-at), v.t. to lower 
U.C -pi C-Ll-dlC the value or rate of; 
speak slightingly of: v.i. to fall in value; as. 


the property' will depreciate in value if it is 
not kept in repair.— adj. depreciative. 

Ha nr a ni a finn (dS-pre shl-a shun), n. 
Ue-pre-Cl-a-I10H the act of lessenmg 

the value or worth of; a fall in value. 

Ha-a ta HafA (dep'rS-dat), v.t. to pillage^ 
ro b; lay w r aste; prey upon. 


dep 


re da tion ( d AP" r 8-da'shiSn), n. 


robbery; pillage; a de¬ 
stroying, or laying waste. 

A 0 (dep"re-da'ter), n. a plun- 

aep-re-aa-XCU derer or robber; a de¬ 
stroyer. 

Ha nr acc (de-pres'), v.t. to press or thrust 
Uc-picoo down; sadden; dispirit; as, the 
horrors of war depress us all; lower or cheapen; 
make dull, as trade. 

Ha avaccaH (de-prestO, p.adj. cast down 
uc-picasca i n spirits; louvered in posi¬ 
tion; flattened from above. 

Ha nr AC cion (de-presh'un), n. the act 
vlC-p* ob-olull 0 f making lower; the 

sinking or falling in of a surface; low spirits; 
dulness of trade; as, the depression of busi¬ 
ness caused a panic. 

Ha nr ac car (de-pres'er), n. one who, or 
U-C-piCo-cnji that which, makes lower; a 
muscle that draws down an organ or part. 

Haa ri vo tirvn (depM-va'shfin), n. the 
aep-ri-Vd.-UOIl act of taking away; loss, 

Ha nrivA (de-priv'), v.t. to take from; dis- 
UC-pilVC possess; debar; depose, as from 
office: with of. 

Syn. strip, bereave, despoil, rob. 

HAAtVi (depth), n. distance below the sur- 
UCpill face; profoundness; extent of 
penetration; richness of tone or color; that 
which is deep; as, the ocean depths: in an 
airplane, the perpendicular distance from the 
chord to the farthest point of a curved surface: 
depth bomb, in the World War, an effective 
contrivance arranged to explode at a cer¬ 
tain depth under water, and thus destroy a 
submarine boat, if in the vicinity. Also, 
depth charge. 

Haa ii fa b*on (dep"vi-ta'shun), n. the 
it- ta-uou act D f appointing, or 

giving power to, an agent; the persons so 
appointed to act; as, a deputation visited 
the governor. 

Ha rvn+A (de-put'), v.t. to appoint as an 
Ub-|JUlc agent or deputy'; send with 
authority to act on behalf of the principal. 

Syn. commission, charge, intrust, delegate, 
authorize, accredit. 

Haa ii ti7P (dep'u-tiz), v.t . to appoint as a 
UCp-U-11/.c deputy or agent. 

Haa ii tv (dep'u-tl), n. [pi. deputies (-tlz)]. 
viop-u-tj one appointed to act for another; 

an agent; a delegate. 

Ha nil (dft-ral'), v.i. to run off the rails: 
u.C-J.cU.1 v _i. to cause to leave the rails; as, 
an open switch will derail a train.— n. derail¬ 
ment. 

TSACTA (dS-ranj'), v.t. to disorder; to 
confuse; disturb; to make 
insane.— p.adj. deranged. 

Ha i-aao-a mpnf (dS-ranj'ment), n. the 
ue-rdiige-mem act of putting out of 

order; insanity. 

Hor Kir (dfir'bl; Eng. dar'bl), n. [pi. der- 
Ucl-Uy jugs (-biz)], a kind of stiff felt 
hat, with a dome-shaped crown and 
curved brim: Derby, a race, founded 1780. 
for three-year-old horses, run annually at 
Epsom, England. 

Hai- a lipt (der'e-llkt), adj. abandoned; 
UCi-e-llLl adrift; unfaithful: n. any¬ 

thing left, forsaken, or cast away inten- 
tionallv, as at sea; as, the wrecked ship 


de- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, ston. compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





dereliction 


167 


pi. aban- 


ne- 

of 


became a derelict; a social outcast: 
doned goods of ships found at sea. 

der P firm (der"6-llk'shfin), n. 
UCr-e-UL-UOn glect . omission, as 

obligation or duty; abandonment. 
d.f* ridp (d$-rid'), v.t. to mock; laugh at: 

, v,x ' to in dulge in mockery, scorn, 
or ridicule.— n. derider. 

dp-rid in a lv (dS-rid'Ing-11), adv. with 
vic-nu-mg-iy mockery or S corn. 

rip ric i l-tlp (dS-rlz'I-bl), adj. open to 
viC-lia-l-UiC SC om or ridicule. 

dp ri eicin (d6-rlzh'iln), n. the act of 
A **'~ AA " OA, “ ,AA mocking; ridicule; scorn; con¬ 
tempt. 

Syn. contumely, disrespect. 

de.ri eiVP (d&ri'slv), adj. expressing ridi 
AA OAVC cule or scorn.— adv. derisively, 
dp riv £5 Trip (de-riv'd-bl), adj. capable of 
UC Alv-d-Die bemg obtained from a 
source; deducible. 

dpr-i Vfl firm (der'I-va'shiin), n. the act 
f,.“ U V . of obtaining, or the condi¬ 
tion of bemg obtained, from a definite source - 
the process of tracing a word from its original 
source; as, the derivation of many words from 
the Latin; evolution; deduction; the source 
from which something is drawn. 

Syn. origin, source, beginning, cause, ety¬ 
mology, root. 

dp T1V a ti VP (dS-rlv'a-tlv), adj. obtained 
ue-liv-d.-live or taken from another; 
obtained from some other by a process of 
deduction; secondary: n. a word formed 
from another; a modification, 
dp ft VP (d§-riv'), v.t. to draw from an 
. AVC original source; obtain by trans¬ 
mission or descent; trace (a word) to its 
original root or stem; deduce; infer. 

dpr ma (dur'nia), n. the true skin; also, 
uer-md skin in general. 

dpr rnnl (dfir'mal), adj. pertaining to, or 
UC1 “ AAACAA consisting of, skin. Also, dermic. 

dpr ma tnl n rr\T (dur'md-tdl'o-jl), n. 
uer-ma-ioi-o-gy the scien ce which 

treats of the skin and its diseases 


n. a pocket 
a short barrel 


dpr mtp (ddr'mlk), adj. of or pertaining 
Ucl-XlllL t. 0 the skin._ Also, dermal. 

ri f»r n (to f a (der'o-gat), v.t. to detract 
vici-U gctlC from; lessen the value, etc. 
of: v.i. take away; detract: with from. 

dpr n era firm (der"6-ga/shfin), n. the 
UCl -U-gct-lIUll act of lessening in value; 

detraction; depreciation. 

dp rfiC a fn rv (de-rSg'a-tS-rl), adj. 
ue-IUg-d.-lO-ry tending to degrade; be¬ 
littling; disparaging. 

dpr rirlr (der'Ik), n. a framework with 
vj-ci -iiv,jtv r0 p es anc j pulleys for lifting 
heavy weights. 

A pr rin crpr (der'In-jer), 
uer-rm-ger pisto i with 

of very large caliber. 

A Tricli (dur'vlsh), n. a Mohammedan 
vac a - v loll monk who professes extreme 
poverty, chastity, and humility. 
dpQ rant (dSs'kSnt), n. a song in parts; 
ucs-tdiii a discourse or series of remarks 
on one theme: v.i. (des-k£nt'), to comment 
freely; talk at length; to sing in parts. 

Hp cpri (dS-sendO, v.i. to go or come 
vic-o^cuu. down from a higher to a lower 
position; to come or fall violently or in 
force; as, the army was ordered to descend 
upon the town; be derived; fall in order of 
inheritance, or from one generation to another: 
v.t. to go down or along. 

rio crond atvf (dS-sen'dant), n. one who 
Ue-bLeilU-dllU is descended from a 

special ancestor; offspring; as, a descendant 


designate 


of the early Pilgrims: adj. coming down- 
falling; coming from a source. Also, adj de- 

sccndent. 

de-SCPnt (d&-sent') t n. change fi-om a 
•, tugher to a Iower Place; a 
sudden hostile mvasion or attack; as, the 
descent of the enemy upon the coast; a coming 
from a common ancestor; birth; a passage 
from a higher to a lower pitch. e 

(ip cprtK a hip (de-skrib'a-bl). adj. ca- 
UC-bLriD-a-Die pable of being pictured 
in words. 

de SCriilP (de-skrlb'), v.t. to give an 
UC-bLIlUe account of; to represent by 
words or drawing; set forth; to make a pic- 
ture of in words.— n. describer. 

Syn. portray, illustrate, define, picture. 

de scrin-tion (dS-scrlp'shfln), n. the act 
A A r LAUAA Of gi\mg an account of 
m words or writing; a picture in words- a 
class; sort; kind. 

de qrrin tivp (dS-skrlp'tlv), adj. tending 
UC-bLIip-llve to, or serving to, picture 
in words.— adv. descriptively, 
rip errv (dS-skri'), v.t. to discover with 
the eye> especially in the dis¬ 
tance or through obscurity; to discern; per¬ 
ceive; detect. 

ripQ p era f P (des'6-krat), v.t. to change 

U.CC5-C-V/i£tlC from a sacred to a Becu i ar 

or worldly use; profane; as, to desecrate a holy 
place. 

Syn. misuse, abuse, pollute. _ 

dps P era firvn (des"e-kra'shQn), n. the 
vxco-c-Lld-llUIl act of changing from a 

sacred to a common use; sacrilege, 
rip cprf (dfi-zQrt'), v.t. to forsake; aban- 
uv-ocu^on: v.i. to run from duty: n. 
a deserved reward or punishment; merit, 
ripe prt (dfiz'ert), n. a wilderness; waste: 
uco ‘ CA t a solitude: adj. pertaining to a 
desert. 

rip epr tinn (d&-zfir'shun), n. the act of 
vic-oci-HUH forsaking; a leaving one’s 
post; state of being forsaken, 
rip Qprvp (d6-zfirv'), v.t. to earn by serv- 
uc-ocivc ice; b e worthy of; to merit: 
v.i. to be worthy or deserving: usually with 
well or ill. — n. deserver. 

Syn. merit, earn, justify, win. 

rip qprv pri 1v (d6-zfir'ved-ll), adv. just- 
Uv-bCl v-cvl-iy i y; according to merit; 

as, he was deservedly punished. 

dpe ha hillp (dez''d-bel'), n. a loose, 
uco iia-umc careless garment; a state 

of being partly or carelessly dressed. A Is o, 
dishabille. [Fr.] 

ripe ir rate* (d&s'I-kat), v.t. to dry thor- 
vica-iVy-V/aiC oughly; dry up; preserve 

by taking the moisture from: v.t. to become 
dry. 

ripe ir ra tinti (des'I-ka'shiln), n. the 
UCb-lL-Lct-LlOIl act of drying. 

ripe ir ra tnr (des'l-ka"ter), n. an appa¬ 
ll Cb-lL-Lcl-lUl ratus for drying foods and 

other substances. 

rip eiri pr n tum (dS-sId'er-a/tfim), n. 

ue-bia-er-a-tum [pL desiderata ( _ td)]i 

anything desired; a want or desire generally 
felt and recognized. 

rip efcm (dS-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or 
vic-oigii plan out; project; intend; set 
apart mentally; as, to design a thing for a 
purpose: v.i. to make decorative plans or 
execute original work: n. an outline, plan, or 
drawing; project; intention. 

Syn., n. delineation, sketch, drawing, con¬ 
trivance, artfulness. 

r|pc i rv of a (d&'Ig-nat; dgzfig-nat), v.t. 
U.Cb-lg-llq.lC to indicate by marks, lines. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









designation 


168 


destructiveness 


or a description, the limits of; point out; 
distinguish; name.— adj. designative. 

Hoc irrtii) tint! (des'Ig-na'shun; dSz'Ig- 
aes-lg-na-tion na'shfin), n. the act of 

naming or pointing out; a distinctive mark 
or title; appointment. 

Ho cion ori lv (d6-zln'6d-ll), adv. inten- 
ue-blgu-eu-iy tionally; purposely; by 

plan. 

Ac* oto-n or (de-zin'er), n. one who makes 
UC-blgll-CX plans or original sketches for 
decoration, etc. 

Ac* cirm irur (dS-zin'Ing), adj. scheming; 
UC-MgU-illg artful; cunning; wily: n. 
the act or art of making sketches; the act 
of plotting. 


de-sir-a-bil-i-ty ,dS ‘ 1lr ' <i ‘ bII ''-‘ tI) ' n; ? he 


state or quality of be¬ 
ing pleasing or acceptable. 

Ac* ci-r a Wp (dfc-zlr'd-bl), adj. pleasing; 
vAC-oAl -tt-UlC aereeable.— adv. desirably. 


agreeable.— adv. desirably 
Syn. expedient, advisable, valuable, accept¬ 
able, proper, judicious, beneficial, profitable, 
good. 

Ac* eJro (de-zlr'), v.t. to wish earnestly for; 
ub-allc crave; to express a wish for; ask: 
n. a longing for the possession of some ob¬ 
ject; an earnest wish; a petition or prayer; 
the object longed for. 

Syn. n. longing, affection, craving. 

Ac* cJr mic (dS-zir'fis), adj. full of a wish 
tic -oil -U Uo or longing; solicitous; anx¬ 
ious; as, he was desirous to please others. 

J _ _• .t (d$-zfst'), v.i. to cease from action; 
Uc—bibv stop; forbear; often followed 
by from. 

Syn. discontinue, quit, abstain. 

Ant. (see continue, persevere), 
desk n ' a f rame or table for reading 


or writing upon; a pulpit, 
j „„ „ to+ck (des'o-lat), v.t. to lay waste; 
Ucb-U-lalc deprive of inhabitants; over¬ 
whelm with sorrow; forsake: adj. (des'6-l4t), 
deprived of inhabitants; solitary; laid waste; 
abandoned; miserable.— adv. desolately.— n. 
desolateness. 

Syn., adj. bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, 
deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, lonely. 

Ant. (see pleasant, happy). 


(des'o-la'shfin), n. the act 


des-o-la-tion of laying waste; the 


state of being laid waste or abandoned; a 
solitude; ruin; destruction; affliction; misery. 

crkCt If (d§-sparO, v.i. to abandon all 
U.c-bpd.11 hope, or expectation; become 
hopeless: n. loss of hope or confidence; 
hopelessness; that which causes loss of hope 
or which is looked upon as hopeless.— p.adj. 
despairing.— adv. despairingly. 

Hoc rko+rli (d6-spach'), v.t. to send off 
Ucb-JJd.lL.il quickly; put to death; fin¬ 
ish quickly: n. speedy performance; celer¬ 
ity; promptness; a quick message, as a 
telegram; a government document sent to a 
minister abroad. Also, dispatch. 


(dfr-spach'er), n. one who 


des-patch-er sends something off 


promptly or at the right time; as, a train 
despatcher. Also, dispatcher. 

Hoc nor a An (des'per-a'do), n. [pi. des- 
uco-pci peradoes or desperados 

(-doz)], a bold and reckless criminal. 

Hoc -nor o+o (des'per-at), adj. reckless 
vico-pci-cttc from rage or despair; 
furious: frantic; beyond hope or cure 
— adv. desperately.—n. desperateness. 

Hoc -nor q firm (des'per-a'shiin), n. 

aes-per-a-lion state of being without 

hope, and frantic; the recklessness Of 
despair. 


Klo (des'pi-ka-Di;, aaj. con- 
QCS-pi-Ca-Dl6 temptible; mean; fit to 
be looked down on.— adv. despicably. 

Ho cm*co (dfe-spizO. v.t. to look dovm 
Ue-bpibc upon with scorn or contempt; 

disdain. 

Ho cni+o (d§-spit'), n. extreme contempt; 
Uc-bpilc malicious anger; scorn; hatred: 


prep, notwithstanding. __ 

de-spite-ful 


.. malicious; 
malignant.— adv. 
despitefully.— n. despitefulness. 

Ho cnnil (d&-spoil'), v.t. to rob; deprive 
Uc-bpuii of belongings; pillage. 

Ho enmiH (d&-spond'). V.i. to be cast down 
U.tJ-bpUilU. m spirits; give way to melan¬ 
choly. . . 

de-spond-en-cy « 

courage; deep mental depression. Also, 
despondence. „ _ 

de-spond-ent out *hope* deeply de¬ 
pressed.— adv. despondently. 

Hoc Tko+ (dSs'pot) , n. an absolute ruler; 
Llcb-pUL tyrant; as, Nero was a despot. 
Hoc Jr (dfc-pot'Ik), adj. absolute in 

Uto-pui-ll/ power; autocratic; irresponsi¬ 
ble; arbitrary; tyrannical. Also, despotical. 
— adv. despotically. 

Hoc nnt Jem (dSs'pSt-Izm), n. absolute 
UCo-put-ioiii power or government; 

tvranny. 

Hoc cor+ (d8-zfirt'), n. a course of fruits, 
tic a-o cl t nuts, or sweets, served last at 
dinner. 

Hoc +J «o -fJoin (des'tl-na'shfin), n. pur- 
llco-ll-llcl-llUAI posed end or object; ulti¬ 
mate or final design; goal; stated end of a 
journey. 

Hoc +J«o (des'tln), v.t. to appoint to any 
vACo-llIIC purpose or end; settle the future 
use of; decree the future of; foreordained. 

destinies 


Hoc "tJ nv (des'tl-nl), n. [pi. 
HCb-ll-liy (_nfz)], fate; inevitable or un¬ 


avoidable necessity; lot; fortune. 

Syn. decree, doom, end. 

Hoc +J tiito (des'tl-tut), adj. without 
uca-u-luic means; penniless; being 
wholly without (something needed); lacking. 

des-ti-tu-tion w& ' tI -* a ' shan) ' "• 61 


treme poverty; want; lack 

Ho ctrovr (dS-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. de- 
vic-otiuy stroyed, p.pr. destroying], to 
pull down; overturn; lay waste; render 
desolate; kill; put an end to. 

Ho ctrnv or (dfc-stroi'gr), n. one who 
uc-ouuj-ci spoils or puts an end to; a 

war vessel of the tomgdo-boaX class. 

de-struct-i-M-i-ty^^Suly'tobe 

spoiled or put an end to. 

Ho ctmrt J Klo (d6-struk'tl-bl), adj. 
Uc-bll lACl-l-Ulc that may be spoiled, 

put an end to, or laid waste. 

Ho ctmr tJon (d6-struk , shfin), n. the 
lic-oli ut-uon ac t or process of spoiling 

or putting an end to; overthrow; ruin; 
death. 

Ho ctnir tJvo (d6-struk'tlv), adj. deadly; 
uc-ou ut-uve tending to, or causing, 

desolation; ruinous; hurtful; as, a destruc¬ 
tive epidemic, or a destructive fire.— adv. 
destructively. 

Syn. detrimental, noxious, injurious, bane¬ 
ful. 

Ant. (see creative). 

de-struc-tive-ness i dS th^iSuwof 

being ruinous; an inclination to destroy. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 






desuetude 


169 


devaporation 


des-ue-tude 


passing 

another 

erratic. 

unme- 


(des'wg-tud), n. disuse of 
custom, practice, or fashion. 
Syn. discontinuance, cessation. 

Ant. (see maintenance). 

A no iil -fa (des'ul-tft-rl), adj. 
VACo-llA-LU-iy from one thing to 

without order or method; aimless; 
adv. desultorily.— n. desultoriness. 

Syn. rambling, discursive, loose, 
thodical, superficial, unsettled, fitful. 

Ant. (see thorough). 

fopV| (dS-tach'), v.t. to separate; to dis- 
VAC-LdC-l connect; detail for a special pur¬ 
pose; send away from.—adj. detachable. 

Ha +orV» mpnf (d6-tach'mSnt), n. the 
UC-latn-llIClll act of separating; the 

thing separated; a body of troops, or certain 
ships, separated from the main body and sent 
on special service. 

+cm 1 (d6-tal'), v.t. to relate minutely; 
Uc-lali enumerate; tell off for a given 
duty; to give particulars of; n. (de-tal'; 
de'tal), an item; a particular or minute 
account; a small detachment (of troops), 
for special service: pi. minute parts of a 
picture, statue, etc. 

foi-n (do-tan'), v.t. to hold back; re- 
Uc-la.Hl strain from departure; delay; 
keep in custody; as, the magistrate oi’dered 
the prisoner to be detained. 

Ack -foi-n ar (d6-tan'er), n. one who holds 
VAC-LclIII-CI back; a writ for holding a 
person in custody or under arrest. 

Ha forf (d6-tekt'), v.t. to discover; (some- 
Uc-lctl thing obscure); bring to light; 
expose; find out. 

Ha tori o kip (d6-tek'td-bl), adj. that 
UC-lcbl-d-UiC may be found out. Also, 

detectlble. 

Ha for -fi/vn (dS-tSk'shfin), n. the act of 
VAC-LCU-LlUll finding out, or its result; 

discovery. 

Ha lar Vi-ira (dfc-tgk'tlv), n. a person who 
uc-icb-livc investigates crimes and mys¬ 
teries: adj. employed, or skilled, in exposing 
or finding out; pertaining to detectives, or 

Ha tpp’tnr (d&-t6k't6r). n. one who, or 
VAC-LCU-LUI that which, finds out; a dis¬ 
coverer; a device for detecting. 

Ha fan iion (dS-tfin'shiSn), n. the act of 
UC-tell-L1U11 keeping back or withhold¬ 
ing; confinement; restraint; delay. 

Ha lar (de-tfir'), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. deterred, 
VAC-LCI p.pr. deterring], to discourage, or 
hinder, by fear; restrain; dishearten. 

Ha tar frant (d6-tfir'j8nt), n. a cleans- 
Uc- Lei-&CAIL mg substance, used for 

wounds, etc.: adj. having cleansing qualities; 
purging. 

de-te-ri-o-rate <d4 t5 rI - s - r - 5t) ' v t to 

or value; impair: 

de-te-ri-o-ra 

worse; degeneracy. y .... 

j^ a -Lla (dS-tfir'ml-na-bl), 

ae-ter-mi-na-Dle adj. capable of being 

decided or settled; that may be found out. 

notil (dS-tOr'ml-nant), ad). 
ae-ter-mi-nant causing decision; n. 
that which serves to settle, decide, or establish. 
Jx-.-. 0 „ (dS-tfir'ml-nat), adj. 

ae-ter-mi-nate having definite or fixed 

limits; clearly defined; specific.— adv. deter- 
minately. —n. determinateness. . . 

x^-. -ml -mo +Ja-n (de-tfir'ml-na'shfin), 

ae-ter-mi-na-tion the 



ing; the state of being firm in decisions; 
pose : resolution. 


Ha tar mi n q tiwa (tfir ml-na-tlv), 

QC-XGl-lIll-Iia-llVc adj, determmmg, 

limiting, or defining: n. that which indicates 
the quality or character of something else. 

Ha tar min a (de-tur'min), v.i. to reach a 
uc-ici-j.iiii.xC decision: v.t. to fix or set¬ 
tle the bounds of; put an end to; restrict; 
decide; resolve; find out. 

Ha tar minaH (dS-tOr'mJnd), p.adj. res- 

ae-ier-minea olute; decided; fixed. 

— adv. determinedly. 

Ha tar rant (dfi-tSr'fint; dS-tfir'ent), adj. 
VAC-LCl-1 CALL serving, or tending, to pre¬ 
vent or hinder: n. that which prevents; as, 
the fear of punishment is a deterrent from 
crime. 

Ha tact (d8-test'), v.t. to hate intensely; 
Uo-lcol abhor. 

Ha tact a Wo (dfe-tes'ta-bl), adj. worthy 
VAC-LCoL-cl-Uie to be hated or loathed; 
hateful.— adv. detestably. —/i.detestableness. 

Ha tac ta tian (de'tgs-ta^shun; det'fis- 
uc-ica-ia-uun ta'shfin), n. extreme dis¬ 
like or abhorrence; loathing. 

Ha ihrona (de-thron'), v.t. to remove 
U-C-till UIIC from a throne; deprive of 
authority or power.— n. dethronement. 

Hat a nata (det'6-nat; de'tfi-nat), v.t. to 
VACL-U-lIa.lC cause to explode with a loud 
and sudden report, as a cannon firecracker: 
v.i. to explode loudly and suddenly. 

Hat a no -firm (det w 8-na'shfin). n. a sud- 
VlCL-U-lla.-llUll den explosion with a 

loud report; as, the detonation was terrific 
when the powder mills blew up. 

Hat a no tor (det'ft-na'ter). «. a sub- 
vict-u-iia-tui stance that explodes a per¬ 
cussion cap; a device in a bomb that, when 
ignited by a fuse, explodes the charge. 

Ha tour (d$-tobr'), n. a roundabout way; 
UC-LUUl aS( be made a detour to avoid 
going through the woods. 

Ha trort (d6-tr&kt'), v.t. to draw or take 
VIC-LlctV/L away, especially so as to lessen 
value: v. i. to take away a part, especially of 
reputation or credit: with from. 

Ha tror ti/vn (d$-trak'shun), n. deprecia- 
VAC-LAdV/-tiUAi tion; defamation; slander. 

Ha t-ror* tor (dfc-tr&k'ter), n. one who 
VAC-LAau-LUA takes away; a muscle that 

draws away some part. 

Ha trotn (de-tran'), v.t. to remove from a 
VAC-LIctlAI train, as troops: v.i. alight from 

^ ^ ra j n 

J ori f (dgt'rl-ment), n. that which 

VACL-Il-AIICAAL injures, reduces in value, 
or causes damage; injury; damage. 

Syn. loss, harm, disadvantage. 

Haf r : ■mfvn f»1 (d^tM-men'tSl), ad), ln- 
UC l-i i-iucu- uu jurious.— adv. detrimen¬ 
tally. 

x 1C (de-tri'tfis), n. accumulations 
VAC-LIl-LlAo arising from fragments of rocks 
broken off or worn away; debris; waste. 

Ha -f-ran (d6 tro), too much; out of place; 
VAC LI Up not wanted: said of a person 
whose presence is not desired. (Fp..J 
Haiico (dus), n. a card or dice with two 
V1CU.CC spots; a term used in scoring at 
lawn tennis, meaning forty all; an expletive 
meaning the devil! 

Hauco ora (dus'as), n. the one and two 
VlClieC-a.ec thrown at dice. 

Deu-ter-on o-my the fifth°bcx>k l of the 

Old Testament, in which the law of Moses is 
repeated a second time. , 

act of decid- de-vap-o-ra-tion ( d6-v&p'd-ra'shfin). 

vapor into water. 


reduce to a lower quality 


pur- 


n. 


the change of 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in.azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn 









devastate 


170 


diabolic 


Ac±\r ac fo+o (dfiv'as-tat), v.t. to lay 
VICv-a.o-La.lC waste; as, a forest fire will 
devastate many acres of timber land; deso¬ 
late; ravage; plunder. 

rl a\T oc to (d6v"as-ta'shfin), n. the 

lie V-aO-ia-llOIl ac t, of devastating, or 

laying waste; desolation; waste; destruc¬ 
tion; as, a cyclone causes devastation. 

A pv oc f 4 ir\r (dev'ds-ta"ter), n. one who 
ucv-ao-itt-iux devastates, or lays waste. 

/4 p vpI on (de-vel'op), v.t. to unfold grad- 
Lic-vci-up ually; make known in detail; 
complete; cause to grow; treat (a photo¬ 
graphic plate or film) with chemicals so as to 
bring out the picture: v.i. to advance from one 
stage to another; become gradually apparent. 
Syn. unfold, amplify, expand^, enlarge. 

dp vpI nr» mpnf (de-vel'5p-ment), n. 
Uc-Vci-Op-IIlcIlL the act of unfolding; 

growth; expansion. 

de-vel-op-ment-al 

lng to growth or expansion. 

A p v i cjfp (de'vl-at), v.i. to turn aside; 

diverge; wander: v.t. to change 
the direction or position of. 

rip vi a firm (de"vl-a'shiin), n. the act of 
vx-a-iiUAX turning aside; digression; 
error. 

de-vi-a-tor SSS’’ "■ one who 

Af* xrirp (de-vis'), n. a scheme; invention; 

trick; stratagem; a fanciful de¬ 
sign or pattern; a heraldic emblem. 

Syn. artifice, expedient. 

A ntr 41 (dev'l), n. the evil spirit, Satan; 
Vicv-xi a fallen angel; a false god or 
demon; an excessively wicked person; an 
expletive; a printer’s helper; a machine for 
dividing rags or cotton in paper-making, and 
one for making wood-screws. 

Hpv i1_ficVi (dev'l=flsh"), n. a large, ugly 
VIC V -11 lloll kind of octopus. 

Hpx/ il idVl (dev'l-Ish), adj. diabolical; ex- 
uc v -xi-ioii tremely wicked; infernal: ado. 
colloquially, excessively.— adv. devilishly, 
d cx\r if frin (dev l-lvin), n. a little devil; 
vtc v -ax-xviax an imn; as, the pranks of mis¬ 
chievous elves and gnomes and other devilkins 
are related in many old folk-tales. 

A pTY 1 1 yyi r *to t (dev 1-ment), n. roguish- 
VIC V -11-111C11L rinse- rnienViii * 

out evil intent. 


ness; mischief, often with- 


d e V JJ j-y (dev'l-rl), n. wanton mischief; 

de 


diabolical wickedness, 
vi nil <5 (de'vl-us), adj. indirect; ram- 
-vx-uuo bling; • circuitous or round¬ 
about ; straying from the way of right and 
duty.— adv. deviously.— n. deviousness. 

Hp vi<5 n V»1 p (de-viz'd-bl), adj. capable of 
Vi 3-a-uxc being imagined; that may 
be given by will. 

dp viQP (de-viz'),r.it.to image; scheme;con- 
trive; concoct; bequeath or give by 
will: n. a gift of real property by will; a will. 

dev-i-see dlev"I-ze')> n - the person to 

has been made 


whom a bequest or gift by will 


dp vi<5 pr (de-viz'er), n. one who imagines 
or invents; a contriver, 
dp V1Q nr (d$-vi'zor; dS-vi'zor), n. one 
uc-vxo-ui who bequeaths or gives by will. 
A p tt! ■fol 1*701 (de-vl'tal-iz), v.t. to deprive 
Vl-iai-l^C 0 f -vital, or life, power; 
destroy vitality; make lifeless, 
dp vnid (dS-void'), adj. entirely without; 
VAC-vcxu- iaohing; destitute: with o/;» as, 
to be devoid of sense, sympathy, patience. 

Syn. void, wanting, destitute, unendowed, 
unprovided. _ 


dp vnir (de-vwar'; de-vwor'), n. a service 
VIC-VUII or duty owed; an act of courtesy or 
respect: usually in plural. [Fr.] 
dp vnlvp (de-volvO, v.t. to hand on or 
UC-VU1VC down; to pass or transfer from 
one to another; transmit; as, to devolve a duty 
upon another: v.i. to be handed down or 
over; to be transferred or transmitted; as, 
the duty devolved upon him. 
dp vnfp (de-vot'), v.t. to dedicate or con- 
UC-Vtnc secrate; to doom; give up wholly 
to; apply (oneself, etc.) to some object. 
d<^ unt *id (dS-vot'ed), p.adj. wholly given 
UC-VUL-CU U p to; attached; dedicated; 
doomed.— adv. devotedly.— n. devotedness, 
dpv n fpp (dev'5-te'), n. one entirely 
ucv-u-icc given up to a special interest; 
one zealous in religion; an enthusiast. 

dp vn firm (d3-vo'shun), n. the act of 
lac-V u-LIUli dedicating or consecrating; 
the state of being dedicated; strong affec¬ 
tion; ardent love; as, the devotion of a mother 
to her child; religious worship; piety; 
prayer: usually in plural. 

dp vn tintl (de-v5'shun-al), adj. de- 
uc vv-Liv/ix-ax vout; expressing piety or 
worship; as, the meeting was opened with a 
brief devotional service.— adv. devotionally. 
dp vniir (dfi-vour'), v.t. to swallow greedily 
UC-VUUl or ravenously; consume or 
destroy rapidly; anniliilate; as, to detour food 
or news; flames devour a building, 
dp vnilt (dS-vout'), adj. devoted to relig- 
LAC-VUlAl jous thoughts and exercises; 
heartfelt.— adv. devoutly. 

d PW (du), n. moisture from the atmosphere 
ucw deposited in small drops; that which 
falls lightly and in a refreshing manner. 

A rtiTr /'lour (du'klo"), n. the little claw 
” behind a dog’s foot; the false 
hoof of a deer. 

dour i -nooc (du'I-nes), n. state of being 
Coo moist with clew. 

dp W Ion (du'lap"), n. the loose skin that 
u-cw-iap hangs from the neck of an ox or 
cow. 


d-GW y moist with dew; look 

dex 


ing as if covered with dew. 
(deks'ter), adj. right; opposite to 
~ left-, as, the defter hand. 

Hpv i iv (deks-ter'I-ti), n. skill with 
UCa-ICI -l-ly the hands; physical skill; 
mental or physical adroitness; cleverness. 

Syn. aptitude, expertness, readiness, skill. 

Hpy tor rmc (deks'ter-us), adj. skilful 
ucA-tcx-uus with the hands; possessing 
physical skill; quick, mentally or physically'; 
adroit; clever; as, the game was won by a 
dexterous kick of the ball. Also, dextrous.— 
adv. dexterously, dextrously. 
df*Y frill (deks'tral), adj. pertaining to the 
UCA lx ax right side or hand. 

dpY frin ( deks'trin), n. a white gummy 
uca-uux substance found in plant sap, 
etc., used as gum. Also, dextrine, 
dpi-y frPQP (deks'tros), n. a white crystal- 
ucA-uuac ii ne variety of sugar found in 
sweet fruits, as the grape, cherry, etc., and 
in diabetic urine. 

A pv (da). n - the former title of the gov- 
UC J ernor of Algiers and of the chief of the 
Janissaries. 

di a "hpk +oo (dx'a-be'tez), n. a disease of 
Ul-a-UG-ieb the kidnevs. 

di A hpf ir (di w d-bet'Ik; dFd-be'tlk), adj. 
ui-a-uci-iu pertaining to diabetes, or a 
kidney disease. 

di a Vinl ip (di"d-b61'Ik), adj. devilish; 
vAx-a.-u’vxx-iA/ outrageously wicked; im- 

pious. Also, diabolical.— adv. diabolically^ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
light, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 








diabolism 


171 


dice 


di-ab-o-lism 


or 


n. the 
possession 


ac¬ 

hy. 


tions of, 

the devil. 

Hi q rrkiic •fl/'o (dl'd-kcos'tiks; dl'a- 
Ul-d.-OUU.b-ll.Ob kous'tlks), n.pl. the sci¬ 
ence of sounds, as affected by passing through 
different mediums; diaphonics. 

Hi a rr'A- i ro 1 (di"a-kr!t'I-kal), adj. serv- 
ui-d.-oi4.l,-.l.-oa.l i n g to separate or dis¬ 
tinguish, as a point or sign applied to a 
better to distinguish it in form or sound: 
diacritical mark, a mark used to distinguish 
particular sounds of letters and to indicate 
their true pronunciation; as, a, 5. 

Ai n A arn (di'd-dem), n. a crown; tiara; 
Ui-d.-UdAi aSf the diadem, is the symbol of 
royalty. 

Hi rf± r n (di-er'$-sls ; Br. di-e'r$-sls), n. 

Ul-cCi-C-blb a mark [••] over the second 
of two similar vowels, separating them in 
pronunciation, as in cooperate; the division 
of a diphthong into two vowels, as in 
aeroplane. Also, dieresis. 

Hi ncr nnQ<a (drag-nos'), v.t. to ascertain, 
Gl-d.g-llUbC as a disease, by its general 
symptoms; as, the doctor was asked to 
Hag none the case. 

d i Qann cic (di"ag-n5'sls), n. [pi. diag- 
noses (-sez)], the recogni¬ 
tion of a disease by its symptoms; explana¬ 
tion based on an examination of facts. 

Hi acr nac fir (dPag-nds'tlk), adj. char- 
u. A -a.g-iiuo-tiV/ acteristic: n. a symptom 
of a disease. 

di-ag-o-nal iVijM 'im. 

extending from one angle 
to another: n. a straight 
oblique line dividing a rec¬ 
tangular figure into equal 
parts.— adv. diagonally. 

Hi OTTfltn (di d-gram), 

Ul-ct-gld-Ill n . a geomet¬ 
rical figure; a mechanical 
plan; an outline, drawing, 
or figure; as, the circular of a hotel sometimes 
contains a diagram of the rooms: v.t. to illus- 
strate by, or put in the form of, an outline or 
drawing. 

(di"d-gr d-mat'Ik), 
adj. pertaining to, 
or shown by, an outline or drawing. Also, 
diagrammatical. — adv. diagrammatically. 

A: « o-forkV i (di'd-graf), n. an instrument 
f or drawing figures or objects 



Diagonal 


w • 

di-a-gram-mat-ic 


mechanically. 

(di'al), 


n. a flat surface on which a 


dial metal finger casts a shadow in such a 
way as to show the time by the sun; the face 
of a timepiece; any plate on which an 
index finger marks revolutions, pressure, etc.; 
an insulated fixed wheel used in telegraphy: 
v.t. to measure or indicate by a dial; survey 
with a miner’s compass. 

A; o (di'd-lekt), n. the peculiar man- 

vll-d.-iCOl ner in which a language is 
spoken in a province or district of a country; 
idiom. 

Ai a 1~r. (di'd-lSk'tlk), adj. pertaining 
Ul-d.-lcO-llO to the art of debate; pertaining 
co a peculiar style of speech. Also, dialectical. 

di-a-lec-tics SESE“«>- n pL the an 

di-a-lec-ti-cian -aSi** 

in debate. , , . 

a: (di'al-Ing), n. the art of making 

(11-8.1-lIlg dials. Also, dialling. 

A: o (di'd-log), n. a conversation be- 

Vll-d.-lUg tween two or more persons; 


a literary composition in which persons are 
represented as reasoning on, or discussing, 
a subject. Also, dialogue. 

d ! n mflff r»f>+ icrri idFa-m&g'ngt-Ism), 
L-cl-IIldg-Ilc l-lblll n _ th e property pos¬ 
sessed by certain bodies when under the 
influence of magnetism, and freely suspended, 
of taking a position at right angles to the 
magnetic meridian.— adj. diamagnetic. 

Hi am /a for (dl'am'6-ter), «. a straight 
Gl-ctlll-C-lCl line through the center of a 
figure, dividing it in half; as, the diameter of 
the earth is 7,926 miles; the distance through 
the lower part of the shaft of a column. 

d i a ri pa 1 (dFd-met'rl-k&l), adj . 

i-a-mct-ii-trai pertaining to a diame¬ 
ter; directly opposite.— adv. diametrically. 

Hi o rnrmH (di'a-mund), n. a brilliant 
hti-ct-llIUllU. -white precious stone; crystal¬ 
lized carbon, hardest of known substances; 
a plane figure, with four equal straight lines, 
and two acute and two obtuse angles; a 
playing card with one or more lozenge-shaped 
figures; a glass cutter’s tool; the smallest 
kind of type generally used: adj. resembling 
a diamond: diamond drill, a rod or tub© 
furnished at the end with diamonds for boring 
a very hard rock. 

-pii o n a (di-an'a; Lat. dT-a'nd), n. in 
Ui.-a.xl-a. Roman mythology, goddess of 
the moon and of the hunt; identified with 
the Greek Artemis. 

Hi a na ceti (di"d-pa'zSn), n. the entire 
uu-d-pd-oun compass of a voice or in¬ 
strument; a recognized musical standard of 
pitch; the foundation stops of an organ. 

d i a npr (di'a-per), n. linen cloth woven 
L-d-pcI. in geometric patterns; a nap¬ 
kin; surface decoration of one cr more simple 
figures repeated: v.t. to variegate or em¬ 
broider; work in a geometric pattern. 

Hi aiYh a timic (dl-af'd-nus), adj. gauzy; 
Ul-ctpii-cl-llGUo transparent; as, a diaph¬ 
anous dress. 

Hi a tVht-arrm (di'a-fram), n. the muscu- 
Ul-d.-pill dgll.1 Jar partition which divides 
the chest from the abdomen; any elastic 
substance that separates or divides. 

di 3. fist ’ n ■ one w510 keeps a 


record of daily events 

di-ar-rhe-a 


(di"d-re'd), n. a looseness of 


the bowels. Also, diarrhoea. 
Hi a -rxr (di'd-rl), n. [pi. diaries (-rlz)J, a 
Ul-d.-i._y record of daily events; a book for 
daily memoranda. 

Hi a chep (di'a-stas), n. a soluble whit© 
Ul-d.-bld.bC compound which acts as a fer¬ 
ment, formed in germinating grain and animal 
fluids, and having the property of converting 
starch into dextrine and sugar. 

Hi ao -frv 1/a (di-as'to-le), n. the rhythmical 
Ul-db-lU-iC expansion and dilatation of 
the heart and arteries in beating: opposed to 
the systole, or contraction; the lengthening of 
a syllable naturally short. 

HI a +/vn ir (di'a-tfin'Ik), adj. designating 
Ul-d.-lUII-IO the regular tones of a key or 

scale in music. 

Hi a -f-riVk/a (dl'd-trib), n. an abusive speech 
Ul-d-lI16JC or discourse; a strain of violent 
abuse; bitter criticism. 

HIV> VHza (dlb'l), n. a gardening tool for 
U1U-U1C making holes in the earth: v.t. 
to plant with a dibble: v.i. to dip bait gently 
into the water. 

Hioo (dls), n.pl. [sing, die], small cubes 
UlOC marked on the sides with one to six 
spots: used in games of chance: v.i. to play 
with dice: v.t. to decorate with woven pat¬ 
terns to resemble cubes; cut into cubes. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 












dichromism 


172 


differential 


d i rfirn tniQin (di'icro-mlzm), n. colcx- 
l-CIirO-IIllbm blindness; inability to 

see more than two of the three primary 
colors. 

Hir in a (dis'Ing), n. gaming with dice; 
uiu-iii|^ stamped leather ornamented with 
squares. 

rfirlr f± r (dlk'er), v.i. to barter or trade on 
a small scale; as, to dicker "with 
salesmen to reduce the price of something. 
Hirlr v n • dickies (-Iz)], a small 

liiu.ia.-y separate shirt front; a seat at the 
back of a coach; a child’s bib or pinafore; 
a high shirt collar. 

Hir fa crrctnU (dlk'td-graf), n. a trade 
UlU-Ut-glctpil name for a kind of tele¬ 
phone attached to a phonograph, which 
records what is said in the room where it is 
placed: much used by detectives. Also, 
dictograph. 

/ItV fa -nVi rm o (dik'td-fon), n. a trade name 
ulU- ta-piiUHC f or an instrument like a 

phonograph, used for dictating to a stenog¬ 
rapher. 

Hir fate* (dlk'tat), v.t. to declare with 
um-iaic authority; express orally so that 
another may take down in writing; as, the 
business man dictates a letter to Ms stenog¬ 
rapher: v.i. to speak with final authority; 
prescribe: n. an injunction; command; a 
controlling principle. 

Syn., v. prompt, suggest, enjoin, order, 
command. 

rlir fa firm (dlk-ta'shfin), n. the act of 
V111/-LO.-HU11 speaking words to be written 
down; the words so spoken; authoritative 
utterance; rulersMpor control. 

Hir fa fni* (dik-ta'ter), n. one who dic- 
tates; one invested with abso¬ 
lute powers of government; an ancient 
Roman magistrate with supreme authority, 
appointed in times of emergency, 
d l p 4-rt f a o 1 (dlk*tfl-to'rj-5,1), adj. per- 

U-1U- la.- tu-i i-O.1 taining to one who gives 
positive commands; overbearing; imperious. 
— adv. dictatorially. 

Syn . Imperative, domineering, arbitrary, 
tyrannical. 

Ant. (see submissive). 

Air* firm (dlk'shun), n. manner of speaking 
uio-uuii or expression; choice of words; 
as, the diction of Robert Louis Stevenson; 
stvle. 

Hir firm a rir (dlk'shun-S-rl), n. [pi. dic- 
UlL-llUIX-d.-iy tionaries (-rlz)], a book 

explaining the words of a language arranged 
alphabetically; a lexicon; vocabulary; word¬ 
book. 

A i« film (dlk'tum), n. [pi. dicta (-tc)], a 
uu/-iu.u positive opinion; a dogmatic or 
authoritative assertion; aphorism. 

«^ifl (did), past tense of the transitive and 
intransitive verb do. 

\ A l A a r fi r (di-dak'tik), adj. pertaining to 
i ul-uciU-U.U or of the nature of teaching; in- 
i structing; explanatory; as, a didactic poem. 

1 Also, didactical. — ad.K didactically. 

Hi Ha r fire (di-dSk'tlks), n.pl. the science 
ui-uaw-u^a or art teaching or educa¬ 
tion; pedagogics. 

i Hi Hr» (drdo), n. a caper; an extravagant 
1 action; antic. [Colloq.] 

(di), v.i. f p.t. and p.p. died, p.pr. dying], 
to cease to live; expire; perish; wither; 
become extinct gradually; faint; figuratively, 
to cease to exist; as, every wrong shall die: v.t. 
to mold, stamp, or cut (a design) in metal: n. 
a small cube (pi. dice); a stamp used for 
coining money, medals, etc.; a tool used in 
cutting the threads of screws or bolts, etc.: 



a kind of knife used by envelope makers, and 

in shoe fact cries. 

Syn., v.i. expire, 
depart, perish, de¬ 
cline, languish, wane, 
sink, decay. 

di-er-e-sis 

(dl-er'e-sls), n. a sign 
[ '] placed over the 
second of two sepa¬ 
rate vowels to show' 
that each has a sepa¬ 
rate sound in pro- 
nunciation, as _. 

aerated; a division in Threading Die 
a line or verse; cell-divisiom Also, diaeresis. 

T\jp col pti rrinp (^® ^ ® Jin), an in- 
-L/Ac-bcl Gll-gUie ternal combustion oil 

engine of Mgh efficiency, invented by Ru¬ 
dolph Diesel in 1893, wMch operates at a 
very Mgh compression pressure: used in 
marine construction and on German rail¬ 
roads. 

Hi p cic (di'6-sls), n. the double dagger ft], 
ui-c-oio used in printing as a reference 
mark; the difference between a greater and 
less semitone or halftone in music. 

d | (dx'et), 7i. solid or liquid food; man- 

l_CA ner of living, with special reference 
to food; a prescribed course of food, intended 
as a health measure; a national or lawmaking 
assembly.— n. dietician. 

Syn. food, victuals, nourishment, nutri¬ 
ment, sustenance, fare. 

Hi pf o -nr (di'et-a-rl), adj. pertaining to 
L-CL-i .y tho rules of proper food; as, 
the food for patients in a hospital is prepared 
in a dietary kitchen: n. a certain fixed allow- 



die 


Hi o fr»f ipc (dl"e-tet'lks), n.pl. that 
UI-C-ICI-U/O branch of hygiene wMch 
relates to healthful foods.— n. dietetist. 

Hi pf incr (di'St-Ing), n. the act of eating 
ux-ct-mg according to a strict rule. 

Hif for (dlf'er), v.i. to be unlike; be dls- 
UU_AC1 tinguished from, or have unlike 
properties or qualities; disagree; contend; 
dispute. 

Hif fpr ptipp (dlf'er-Sns), n. the act or 
uxi-i.ci.-c.iiuc state of being unlike; dis¬ 
tinction; controversy; quarrel: v.t. to dis¬ 
tinguish between; discriminate; subtract 
from. 

Syn., n. separation, disagreement, dissent, 
estrangement, variety. 

d if fpt* pnf (dlf'er-Snt), adj. unlike; dis- 
11-1CI-C11L tinct.— adv. differently. 

Syn. various, manifold, diverse. 

Ant. (see similar). (j 

dif-fer-en-ti-a 

(dlf "er-en'shl-d), 
n. [pl._ differ¬ 
entiae (-e)], that 
which distin- 
guishes one 
species from 
another of the 
same group. 

differ-en- 

\\rA (d If * 8 r - 

en'shal), Differential. A, B, shaft; C, 
adj. indicating main driving gear; D, differen- 
unlikeness; hav- tlall gear carried by main gear; 
ing inequality; gear; P ,fixed gear, 

as, a differential gear on a motor car wMch 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer, 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 
























differential duties 


173 


dihedral 


allows one rear wheel to turn faster than the 
other; pertaining to, or involving, an infinites¬ 
imal difference: n. an infinitesimal difference 
between two values of a quantity; a decrease 
of rates, charged by a railroad: differential cal¬ 
culus, a branch of higher mathematics. 

dif-fer-en-tial du-ties 

duties imposed unequally on similar produce 
from foreign countries. 

fpt* fan -fip 1 1 (dlf"er-en'shal-I), adv. 

Ull-iCI-eil-llcU-iy ^ a mann er which 

has, or allows for, inequalities. 

d |f pti +1 ofp (dif"er-6n'shl-at), v.t. 

II-ier-eil-ll-d.xe to observe or state 

an unlikeness between; specialize in structure 
or functions of; to make (a person or thing) 
unlike another: v.i. to acquire a distinctive 
and separate character; recognize difference. 

dff-fer-en-ti-a4ion <2an7, r n n the‘'.« 

of separating or classifying; specialization; 
a seeing of unlikenesses between two persons 
or things. 

Aif f! ri1 1f (dlf'I-kult), adj. not easy; 

hard; perplexing; not easily 
managed; as, a man of genius often has a 
difficult temper. 

Syn. intricate, involved, obscure, unmanage¬ 
able. 

Ant. (see easy). 

d lf nil fir (dlf'T-kul-t!), n. [pi. diffi- 

U-li-CUl-iy culties (-tiz)], state of being 
hard or perplexing; something hard to do; 
scruple; objection; hindrance: pi. compli¬ 
cation of affairs; embarrassment; perplexity. 
Hif fi Hptipp (dlf'I-dSns), n. lack of self- 
VAAA “ AA_ '- ACAA '-'' : ' rehance; modest reserve; 
shyness. 

Hif -ft Hp-nf (dlf'i-dent), adj. lacking self- 
AAAA-AA_AACAA1, reliance; shy; modest. 

d lf frctr> firv-ri (dl-frak'shun), n. the turn- 
1.1-II dC-11 Ull mg aside of a ray of light 

when passing the edge of a body that- will 
not admit light; the change suffered by 
such a ray. 

Hif fnop (dl-fuz'), v.t. to pom’ out and 
Uli-iUoC spread all around; scatter; cir¬ 
culate: adj. (dl-fus'), widely spread; wordy; 
as, a diffuse style of writing.— adv. diffusely. 
— n. diffuseness. 

Syn., adj. discursive, prolix, copious. 

d if flic i Kil i +T 7 (dl-fuz"l-blli-tl),n. the 
LI-IUS-l-DU-l-ty capability of being 

poured out or spread. 

Hif fiic i Kip (dl-fuz'I-bl), adj. capable of 
vlll-lu.o-j.-LHC being poured out or spread. 

Hif f,. cirm (dl-fu'zhun), n. the act of 
vlll-lU-olUii pouring out or spreading; a 
spreading abroad; as, the diffusion of light 
or knowledge. 

A if f., ci-rro, (di-fu'siv), adj. capable of 
till-1 li-olV C pouring out; spreading every 
way; widely reaching. 

Alrr (dig). v.i. lP-t- and P-P- dug, or digged, 
p.pr. digging], to work with a spade; 
cast up earth; colloquially, to study hard; 
as, a student will dig in his books just before 
an examination: v.t. to loosen or break up 
(ground) with a spade; to bring up from 
under ground; as, to dig potatoes; thrust 
or force in: with into: n. a poke or thrust; 
colloquially, a plodding student.—dig in, to 
make a hole or trench for protection against 
enemy fire. 

j: (dl'jest), n. a classification; as, a 

Ul-gCbl digest of laws; a classified arrange¬ 
ment of written or printed material; as, a 
literary digest: v.t. (dl-jSst'), to arrange 
methodically under proper heads or titles; 


classify; think over and arrange in the mind; 
dissolve in the stomach; soften and prepare 
by heat: v.i. to be dissolved in the stomach; 
to be prepared by heat. 

Hi frpct pr (dl-jest'er), n. a machine for 
u,A- & ca *' -CA extracting the essence of a 
substance by heat. 

Hi crpcf i hi! i +v (dl-jgs'tl-blH-tl), n. 

l-l-Dll-l-iy capability of being dis¬ 
solved by the stomach. 

Hi o-pcf i "hip (dl-jes't!-bl), adj. capable 
' Aa “o*'® L-i-Ulc of being dissolved by the 
stomach; as, the white of egg is given to 
invalids because it is digestible. 

Hi crpc firm (dl-jes'chun), n. the act of 
gco-tiui-i digesting; the conversion of 
food by the action of the gastric juices into 
forms that can be used by the body; mental 
or physical assimilation; as, the digestion of 
food in the stomach and the digestion of ideas 
in the mind. 

Hi o-pc fiirp (dl-jes'tlv), adj. pertaining to 
ui-gco-Uvc the absorption of food by 
the body; as, the digestive organs. 

Hio* crpr (dlg'er), n. one who works with 
a spade; an implement for turn¬ 
ing up the soil: Digger, a name of a class of 
California Indians who five chiefly on roots, 
criticr (dTg'Ing), n. the act of excavat- 
“& AAA & ing, or throwing up earth with 
a spade: pi. a locality where mining opera¬ 
tions, especially for gold, are carried on. 

i-t (dTj'It), n. a finger or toe; a measure 
L (% inch); one-twelfth of the diameter 
of the sun or moon; any one of the Arabic 
numerals. 

icr if al (dlj'I-tal), adj. pertaining to a 
A & _Al - _clA digit, or finger or toe. 

i fo lie (dlj"I-ta'lis), n. a plant used 
-1-lct-llo f or medicine; the foxglove, 
i fdfp (dij'I-tat), adj. finger shaped; 
-1-U11C aSi digitate leaves, 
ni fipH (dlg'ni-fid), adj. lofty 

-1II-1ICU TYianrmr: rw 


m 


dig- 

a spa 
tions, 

dig- 

of th 
nume 

dig- 
dig, 
dig- 

dig-lll-iicu manner; noble; stately' 

Hio- ni fir (dlg'nl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
Vi - A fe“ AAA ~ A j dignified, p.pr. dignifying], to 
exalt; confer honor upon; elevate. *-i 

Syn. aggrandize, invest, exalt, advance, 
promote, honor. 

Ant. (see degrade). 

Hio ni fd nr (dlg'nl-ta-rT), n. [pi. digni- 
AAA & -AAA - A «- -A y taries (-rlz)], one who holds 
a position of dignity or honor; a high church 
official; as, an archbishop is a dignitary , 

Hio- ni fir (dig'nf-tl), n. [pi. dignities (-tlz)J, 
AAA & _AAA ~ l 'j elevation of rank; degree of 
excellence; moral worth; qualities suited to 
inspire or command respect and reverence; 
stateliness of manner. 

Hi err dnfi (di'graf), n. combination of two 
Ud-gldpll sounds or letters to represent 
one simple sound, as ea in read. Also, digram. 
Hi <rrpcc (dl-gres'; di-gres'), v.i. to turn 
ui-gicoo aside; deviate from the main 
subject or line of argument; wander; as, a 
question about the war caused the teacher to 
digress. 

Hi err pc ci rm (dl-grgsh'un), n. the act of 
' aA- fe A ce-oiUAJ. turning aside; the angular 

distance of the planets Mercury and Venus 
from the sun. 

Hi err pc ciirp (di-gres'iv), adj. tending to 
'“ AA- & A co-oJ-V c turn aside or wander.— adv. 

digressively. 

d ; Up Hrdl (di-he'dral), adj. having two 
1-llC-vildl plane faces or sides; in a kite 
or airplane, having wings which make an 
angle with each other; in flying machines, 
referring to wings inclined at an upward 
angle to each other. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







dike 


174 


dike r 

M dingle 

,4:u p (dik), n. a ditch; an embankment 
thrown up as a protection against 
the sea, or floods; as, the dike has been a 
(great protection to Holland: v.t. to surround, 
protect, or inclose with an embankment; 
drain by ditching. Also, dyke. 

Hi 1cm i Hafp (dl-l&p'I-dat), v.t. to bring 
A * A_A<A F“ A " VACA into partial ruin by neglect 

or misuse: v.i. to become ruined; to fall into 
<i©Cciy 

Hi 1 d 1 H[of 1 pH (dl-lap'I-dat-^d), adj. 

Ul-ld-p-l-Udl-eu fallen into decay; ne¬ 
glected; ruined. 

Hi Ion -J Hcj fjpti (dl-l&p'i-da'shftn) , n. a 
Ul-ld.p-1-Ud.- 11UI1 state of partial ruin, 

especially through neglect or misuse; as, the 
old mill is in a state of dilapidation. 

Hi lat a K1 p (dl-lat'a-bl), adj. capable of 
■ux-xai-a-IOAc; being enlarged; expansible. 

(Hit a +a -finn (dll'd-ta'shfin; di'la-ta'- 

*1+11-a.-Id -UUIl shfln), n. expansion; ex¬ 
tension; as, a bright light caused the dilata¬ 
tion of the pupil of the eye. Also, dilation. 
Ai Infp (dl-lat'; di-lat'), v.t. to enlarge or 
VAl-AOUC -widen in all directions; distend: 
v.i. to be extended or enlarged; speak fully 
and copiously; as, the explorer was glad to 
dilate on his experiences.—n. dilation. 

Syn. stretch, widen, expand, swell, en¬ 
large. 

Hi In tnr (dl-la'tSr), n. one who, or that 
■ux-ia.-l.UA which, widens or enlarges; a 
muscle that extends the parts on which it acts. 
A\\ o rv (dTl'a-to-rt), adj. causing, or 

uix-a-tu-xy tending to cause, delay; slow; 
inactive. — ado. dilatorily.—n. dilatoriness. 

Syn. tardy, procrastinating, behindhand, 
lagging, dawdling. 

Ant. (see prompt). 

Hi lorn m a (dl-lem'a; di-lgm'd) , n. an 
'* A “-*-'' AA l-lila awkward situation; a diffi¬ 
cult position or choice. 

Hil p+ fnn fp (dfl'S-tSn'tS: It. de'lSt- 
tan'ta), n. [pi. It. dilettanti 
(-t6); Eng. dilettantes (-tSz)], one who pur¬ 
sues the fine arts, literature, or science, only 
for amusement; an amateur: opposite to 
connoisseur. 

Hil pf- ■f’Qtil* tetri (dfl"8-tant'Izm), n. the 
UXA-C L- tail l-ioiii characteristics of those 

who amuse themselves with the fine arts; 
amateurish pursuit of art, literature, etc.: 
used in a disparaging sense. 

Hil i crp-ncp (dU'i-jens), n. careful atten- 
tion; carefulness; industry; 
<de"le"zhans'), a French stagecoach. 

Syn. care, heed, attention. 

Ant. (see negligence). 

Hil i crpnt (dil'I-jent). adj. showing or act- 
AAAA_A e CAA1, ing with industry; persevering: 
painstaking. — adv. diligently. 

4|11 (dll), n. an herb belonging to the parsley 
uxxx family, with an aromatic or fragrant 
fruit. 

Hil An 1 1v (dfl'I-daFI), v.i. [p.t. and 

Ull-iy-Ual-iy p.p. dillydallied, p.pr. dilly¬ 
dallying], to loiter; trifle. 

Hi 1 ii+p (dl-lut'; di-Iut'), v.t. to thin or 
ui-iuic weaken by mixing with another 
fluid, especially water: v.i. to become thinner. 
— (idj. diluted. 

Hi In firm (dl-lu'shfin), n. the act of 
ui-iu-uuu mixing with water, or weaken¬ 
ing; a weak liquid. 

Hi lit vi ci1 (dl-lu'vl-ai) , adj. pertaining 
^ AA_ALA ~ v A-CAA to, produced by, or resulting 
from, a deluge or flood, especially the 
Deluge. Also, diluvian. 

Aim (dim), adj. [comp, dimmer; superl. 
<u.xxxx dimmestl. somewhat dark: hazv: 

obscure; faint; tarnished; ill-deflned: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. dimmed, p.pr. dimming], to 
render obscure or less distinct; cloud; tar¬ 
nish; dull: v.i. to become indistinct; fade. 
Jjmp (dim), n. a silver coin equal to one- 
Ulilic tenth of a dollar, or ten cents: ad). 
of the value of ten cents: dime novel, a cheap, 
exciting storybook. 

Hi mo-n cion (dl-mSn'shfln), n. measure, 
UDDlcIl-olUll ag breadth, thick¬ 

ness : pi. size or extent of a body in these 
measurements; importance; as, a task or 
great dimensions. 

At TTlPTl cinti ill (dl-mfin'shfln-fil), ad). 
Ul-meil-blUIl-cU pertaining to size or 

extent; having length, breadth, etc.; as, a 
two-dimensional figure. 

Hi mp tal lir (di'mS-t&l'Ik), adj. having 
two atoms of a metallic 

element ; as, a dimetallic salt. 

Hi min ic"h (dl-mln'Ish), v.t. to make less; 
txi-xiiiix-xoix reduce in bulk or amount; 

weaken; impair; detract from: reduce in au¬ 
thority, or rank; degrade: v.i. to lessen; 
dwindle. 

Syn. reduce, contract, curtail. 

Ant. (see increase). 

di miri 11 PTI Hfl (dI-mIn"li-Sn , do), ad). 
Ul-IIlill-U-eil-UO gradually growing soft¬ 
er in sound: a musical term. [It.] 

Him i mi tinn (dim'i-nu'shfln), n. the 
UllIl-l-llU-llUIl act 0 f making less; re¬ 
duction; lessening. 

Hi min 11 fivp (dl-mln'fl-tlv), adj. below 
Ul-mm-U-llVfi the average size; Uttle; 
contracted; narrow: n. a word formed from 
another to express the sense of littleness; as. 
Kitty is the diminutive of Katherine. — adv. 
diminutively. — n. diminutiveness. 

Him i (dlm'I-ti), n. [pi. dimities (-tlz)J. 

uxiiA-i-iy a cotton material with fine 
corded stripes. 

Him lir (dim'll), adv. in a faint, obscure, 
UlUl-iy or dull manner. 

Him mpt* (dlm'er), n. a choke coil in an 
VAAAAA-AAACA electric lighting system, used to 
regulate the current: often used on automo^ 
biles to reduce the power of the headlights. 
Him npcc (dlm'nes), n. darkness; obscur- 
AAAAAA_AACa::> ity; dulness; faintness. 

Him nip (dim 'pi), n. a small dent or hol- 
VAAAAA 'F AC low in the cheek or chin; an 
indentation: v.i. to form dimples; sink in 
slight depressions: v.t. to mark with dimples. 
Hin (din), n. a continued and violent noise: 
VAAAA v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dinned, p.pr. dinning], 
to utter with insistent and confusing noise; 
as, he dinned his complaint into our ears: 
v.i. to make a clamor. 

HitlP ( din ), v -i- to take dinner; as, to dine 
VAAAAC at seven o’clock: v.t. to give or provide 

a dinner for; feed. 

Hin pr (din'er), n. a person who is having 
xi.ni.-GJ. dinner; colloquially, a railroad car 
where meals are served. 

Hina ( dIn g), v - i - to sound, as a bell, with a 
^ AAA & continuous monotonous tone: v.t. to 
impress by noisy repetition. [Colloq.] 

Hin O’ Hfirnr (dlng'dbng*), n. the sound of 
6“ AA ^ ,AA & bells; a monotonous repeti¬ 
tion of a word, phrase, etc. 

Hin oh v (dln'gl), n. the smallest boat of t 
VAAAA '5 AA J man-of-war; an East Indian 
ferryboat ; a small boat of various kinds. Also, 
dinghey, dingy. 

Hin oi 1v (dln'jl-li), adv. in a dark or 
VAAAA “6 A ' A J grimy manner; dully. 

Hin alp (dln'gl), n. a narrow hollow be- 
UAiA -b iC tween hills; the inclosed weather- 

porch of a house. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer- 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus/menu; 






dingle-dangle 


175 


dirty 


dingle-dangle 



(dln'gl=dan'gl), adv. 
so as to swing back¬ 
wards and forwards; so as to hang loosely. 
Hin cta (dln'go), n. the wild fox- 
* AAAA o'*' like dog of Australia. 

'Hin cr\T (dln'jl), adj. dark-colored 
dirty; as, the 
dingy in a smoky city; 
discolored; faded. 

din-ing car 

(din'Ing kar), a rail¬ 
road car in which 
meals are served. 

din-ing room 

(din'Ing r oo m), a 
room in which meals 
are served. Dingo 

nAt* (dln'Sr), n. the chief meal of the 
uui-xici day; a dinner party. 
a: co1ir (di'nO-sor), n. a largo reptile 

Ul-llU-bctU.1 0 f prehistoric times. 

d { ■fli a ri Iitn (dl'no-the'rl-fim), n. a 

l-no-me-n-um large elephantlike 

animal of prehistoric times. 

Hint (dint), n. dent; a mark left by a blow 
Villi.I or pressure; force or power: with of; 
as, the trunk was closed by dint of much 
effort: v.t. to make a mark on or in. 

Hi nr a can (dl-5s'e-s§,n; di'6-se'sS.n), 
ui-uu-c-sau a( y. of or pertaining to a 
diocese or church district controlled by a 
bishop: n. a bishop. 

Hi n aaca (di'o-ses; di'o-sgs), n. [pi. dio- 
ui-U-tcoc ceses (-se-sez)], the district in 
which a bishop has authority, called the 
bishop’s see; a bishopric. 

Hi an trir* (dl-dp'trlk), adj. assisting vision 
Vil-up-lllV/ by m eans of the refraction of 
light: used of lenses. Also, dioptrical. 

Hi av {Ha (di-ok'sid; di-6k'sld), n. a com- 
CII-UA-1U.C pound of two atoms of oxygen 
and one atom of a metal. Also, dioxid. 

Hin (dip), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dipped, dipt. 
UA F p.pr. dipping], to plunge; put quickly 
Into liquid and take out again; to scoop up 
with a ladle; baptize by putting under 
water; lower and raise quickly: v.i. to 
immerse oneself; enter slightly into any¬ 
thing; incline downwards; sink: n. the 
act of putting into water temporarily; as, 
to take a dip in the ocean; a downward 
slope; in aviation, a quick descent followed 
by an ascent. 

Hi wh n e or An a (di-fds jen), n. in the 
Ql—pilOS-gGIlC World War, a poisonous 

gas used in shells with deadly effect. 

HiiVl-t fho ri o (dlf-the'rl-fl), n. a con- 
Clipil-LIlC-I 1-a tagious disease of the 

throat.— adj. diphtheritic. 

Hir»h fhnmr (dlf'thOng) n. the union of 
UipAi-l'-llV/Ilg two vowel sounds pro¬ 
nounced in one syllable; as, ou in out, oi in 
oil.— adj. diphthongal. 

Hi Til A tv»o (dl-plo'ma), n. a writing con- 
ferring some honor or degree; 
a paper showing the completion of a course 
of study; as, the student receives a diploma 
on graduating from school. 

Hi Til A TYia ATT (dl-plo'md-sl), n. [pi. di- 
ai-pIO-ma-C} plomacies (-slz)], the art 
of conducting negotiations or dealings 
between two states or nations; skill in con¬ 
ducting negotiations; tact; skill in social 
matters: dollar diplomacy, diplomatic nego¬ 
tiations governed solely by considerations 
of monetary advantage. 

Hin 1a tnot (dlp'lft-m&t). n. a person 
Uip-lO-IIld-L skilled in carrying on dealings 


between two nations; one employed in such 
dealings; a tactful person. 

Hin In mat ir (dlp'lO-m&t'Ik), adj. per- 
taming to the manage¬ 
ment of affairs between two nations; as, an 
ambassador is appointed to look after diplo¬ 
matic business; characterized by special 
tact in. the management of affairs.— adv. 
diplomatically. 

Hi nln ma fief (dl-plo'ma-tlst), n. one 
Ul-piO-IIAd-llbl who is skilled in the 

art of managing affairs between nations; a 
tactful person. 

Hin npr (dlp'Sr), n. one who, or that which, 
uip-pci dips, especially a cup or ladle for 
water, etc.; a water-fowl; the group of 
seven stars, in the northern sky, arranged 
like a ladle. 

Hin cn ma ni a (dlp'so-ma'nl-d), n. an 
Uip-bO-IIld.-111-cl unnatural and uncon¬ 
trollable craving for alcoholic drinks. 

Hin ca mn ni ar (dlp v s6-ma'nl-&k), n. 
Uip-bO-md.-m-d.L one who suffers from 

an uncontrollable desire for strong drink: 
adj. pertaining to dipsomania. 

Hi *.a (dir), adj. dreadful; mournful; as, 
'- AAA c the dire news of an explosion. 

Hi rprf (dl-rekt'). adj. straight; open; 
U.J.-1CV/1 plain; straightforward; as, a 
direct manner of speaking: v.t. to aim or 
drive in a straight line; guide or show: v.i. 
to act as a guide. 

Hi ta r finn (dl-rek'shfin), n. act of guid- 
cw-tiuii ing or showing; aim; line 
of motion; address, as of a letter, etc. 

Syn. aim, course, tendency, way. 

Hi ta rt 1v (dl-rekt'll), adv. in a straight 
tll-J. cc,l-iy line; immediately; soon; as, 
I will come directly ; openly. 

4 : TArf -n acc (dl-rekt'nes), n. the quality 
L-lCV/l-nCbb 0 f being straight or to the 
point; straightforwardness; freedom from 
ambiguity, or doubt. 

Hi TArt nr (dl-rek'ter), n. one who guides 
VAl-i CV/t-Vil or shows; one appointed to 
transact the affairs of a company; a spiritual 
guide or adviser. 

Hi rAcf At* oip (d!-r8k'to-r£t), n. the 
u.i-1 CV/l-ux -a. ic ©face of a guide, manager, 

or adviser; a group of persons managing the 
affairs of an organized body. 

Hi taa in T\r (dl-r6k't6-rl), n. a book of 
V - AA_A CO-lu-xj names and addresses; a 
collection of rules; a board of managers, of a 
company, etc.: adj. containing rules; guid¬ 
ing; commanding. 

HifA fill (dir'f651), adj. dreadful; dismal; 
uaa C_A UA as, the direful news of the destruc¬ 
tion of the ship with all on board appalled the 
world.— adv. direfully. 

Hire A (dfirj), n • a funeral hymn; a song or 
UA1 b c tune expressing mourning. 

Hir i tri f»lA (dlr'I-jl-bl), adj. that may be 
du-i-gt-uic guided or steered; as, a 
dirigible balloon: n. a cigar-shaped balloon 
driven by motors and provided with a car 
for passengers; as, the Zeppelin dirigibles of 
Germany. 

Hirlr (dfirk), n • a dagger; especially, a 
Uii it dagger without a guard, used by the 
Scotch Highlanders. 

Airi (dfirt), n. mud; filth; as, the streets are 
U.1I l f u n 0 f di r t; dust; garden earth. 

Hit*f i Itr (dfir'tl-ll). adv. filthily; meanly; 
Uii l-l-Aj contemptibly; despicably. 

Hirf i rtACC (dfir'tl-nSs), n. the state or 
till l-l-licbb quality of being soiled. 

Hirt \r (dftr'tl), adj. unclean; impure; 
UAi l-y soiled; disgusting; muddy; sleety; 
rainy; despicable: contemptible: v.t. [ p.t 


boot foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick ;hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







dis 


176 


disciplinable 


ai d p.p. dirtied, p.pr. dirtying], to soil; 
sully; tarnish. 

(dis-), a prefix meaning apart, away 
UAo- from, with the idea of separation, 
privation, or denial. 

/lie o Vkil i +T7 (dls'd-blTI-tl), n. [pi. dis- 
aiS-a-DH-l-ty abilities (-tlz)l, want of 

i Jwer; state of being without ability. 

Syn. incapacity, inability. 

Hie a HI is (dis-a'bl), v.t. to deprive of 
uio-a-UAc; power; make unable; dis¬ 
qualify; impoverish or make poor; incapaci¬ 
tate or render unable.— ad). disabled. 

Hie a Kuca (dis'd-buz'), v.t. to undeceive; 
uia-a-uusc se t free from mistake; as, to 
disabuse oneself or some one else of a wrong 
idea. 

Hie; 5} H VJiTI \a (TP (dls'5d-v4n't&j), n. 
Ulb-dU-Vdll-lclge a hindrance; a cause 

of loss or injury; an unfavorable position; 
loss; detriment; as, the country without an 
army Is at a disadvantage when war is 
declared. 

dis-ad-van-ta-geous 

favorable; likely to cause loss, Injury, or 
failure.— adv. disadvantageous^. 

Hio of f(dls"a-f6kt'), v.t. to /111 with 
Ulo-a.l-icwi discontent; alienate or take 
the affections from; disturb the functions cf. 
Hie of fppf f (dls"a-fekt'ed), ad), dis- 
u.io-a.i-xc^»,-CLi contented; no longer 
friendly; out of sympathy. 

Hie of fpp firvn (dls'H-fSk'shtln), n. dis- 
aib-ai-ieo-xion loyalty; ill will; hos¬ 
tility. 

Hk a err a a (dls'a-gre'), v.i. to differ in 
c^ opinion; to be unlike or 
unsuited; be unfavorable or unsuitable. 

Hie a crrpp o hip (dls'd-gre'd-bl), ad). 
Ulb-d.-giee-d.-OUJ unpleasant; offen- 

-adv. disagreeably.— n. disagreeable- 


sive. 

ness 


dis-a-gree-ment 


(dls"a-gre'ment), n. 
difference of opinion; 
act or state of disagreeing; a quarrel. 

Hie low (dls'S-lou'). v.t. to refuse to 
uw-at-iuw permit; disapprove; reject. 

Hie on TiAor (dls'a-per'), v.i. to pass 
Ulb-dJJ-pecir f rom sight; vanish; to 
become invisible. 

dis-ap-pear-ance 

Hie an wninf (dls*&—point 7 )» v.t. to fail 
Ulb-dp-pUlirt to gratify; to defeat of 

hope; frustrate; fail to keep an appoint¬ 
ment with. 

Hie on Tin inf pH (dis /, §.-point , §d), p.adj. 
Ulb-dp-pOlm-e(Ll defeated of hope or 

expectation. 

dis-ap-point-ment 1 ; p °J3^ t - 

or failure of expectation; state of depression 
caused by failure; that which causes failure 
of expectation. 

dis-ap-pro-ba-tion <£&,-* p ' I'd 

or state of failing to approve, or of thinking 
that something is wrong; blame; unfavor¬ 
able judgment. 

Hie {fn nrov ol (dls'a-probv'Sl) 
Ulb-dp-piUV-dl favorable opin 

ure to approve; blame. 

Hie on wrnwA (dls'^-prdov'), v.t. to con- 
vAiD-ctp-piUVc demn; refuse assent to; 

censure: v.i. to express unfavorable judgment. 
— ado. disapprovingly. 

Hie ortrt (dls-arm'), v.t. to deprive of 
<UAD-d.ilu weapons; 

Ing; render harmless; 


n. un¬ 
opinion; fail- 


reduce to a peace foot- 
subdue. 


dis-ar-ma-ment 

of weapons; 


(dls-ar'ma-mSnt), n. 
the act of depriving 
reduction to a peace footing. 

Hie ar rarnrp (dls'5-ranj'). v.t. to put out 
Ulo-dl-IclligC of order; disturb; confuse. 

Hie ar ra\r (dto'ft-ra'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
uio-eti -lay disarrayed, p.pr. disarraying], 

to undress; to overthrow; to throw into 
disorder; rout: n. disordered or insufficient 
dress; confusion. 

Hie cjo ter (diz-As'ter), n. a calamity; mis- 
Ulo-o.o-l.Ci fortune; a serious accident. 

Hie a c frniic (dlz-as'trQs), ad), unlucky; 
Uio-flS-UUUo unfortunate; calamitous; 
attended with evil results.— adv. disastrously. 
Hio o xrrwtr (dls'a-vou') , v.t. to deny; dls- 

Ulb-d.-VOW claim; disown. 

Hie a vnw a\ (dls'd-vou'&l), n. denial; 
U.lb-d.-VUW-ctl rejection; as, he made a 
complete disavowal of responsibility for hla 
brother’s acts. 

Hie honH (dls-band') , v.t. to dismiss from 
Ulo-UdllU. military service; break up, 
as a society; scatter: v.i. to be dispersed or 
broken up.— n. disbandment. 

Hie Ivor (dls-bar 7 ), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dis- 
uio-uoi barred, p.pr. disbarring], "to de¬ 
prive (a lawyer) of the right to appear in court 
as an attorney. 

Hie iick-f (dls'b$-lef'), n. the act or 
uio-uc-iici state of refusing to believe; 

refusal of trust. 

Hio ho liovro (dls'bg-lev'), v.t. and v.i. to 
uia-uc-licvc refuse to believe; to dis¬ 
trust. 

Hio V»iiv Hon (dls-bQr'dn), v.t. to remove 
Ulb-ULLl-UCll a burden from; relieve of 

anything annoying or oppressive: v.i. to 
ease one’s mind. 

Hie hnrop (dls-bffrs'). v.t. to expend; to 
uia-uuLac pay out . aS( the treasurer 

of a company disburses the money. 

dis-burse-ment £ 

paid out. 

Hicf* (disk), n. a flat, circular plate; any- 
uiot/ thing resembling such a plate. Also, 
disk. 

Hio car A (dls-kard'), v.t. to cast off as 
uia-bfliu useless; dismiss from service; 

reject as useless; throw away: v.i. in card¬ 
playing, to throw out cards not required. 

Hio pom (dl-zffrn'), v.t. to discover; to 
viAD-i/C-LiA Bee; to distinguish mentally, or 
with the eye; detect: v.i. to make distinction. 

Syn. descry, observe, recognize, see, dis¬ 
criminate, perceive. 

Hio ppm i hip (dl-zflr'nl-bl), ad), per- 
Ulb-Cem-l-Die ceptlble; capable of be¬ 
ing seen.— adv. discernibly. 

Hio ppm mpr»+ (d!-zQm'm6nt), n. clear- 
U1&-CC111-liiClll ness in judgment; pene- 

tration; insight; discrimination. 

Hio rVinrap (dls-charj'), v.t. to unload: 
uia-v/iiftigo disembark; send away; send 
out, or emit; free from any burden; free 
from restraint or custody; let fly, as an 
arrow; fire, as a gun; explode; perform (a 
trust or duty): v.i. to get rid of any burden: 
n. tho act of unloading, or that which is 
unloaded; performance (of duty); the getting 
rid of a burden; an explosion: a firing off 
(of a gun); a sending away; dismissal; 
liberation. 

Hio pi "nip (dl-si'pl), n. a pupil; especially 
uio-vi-pic one who believes the teaching 
of another: a scholar; a follower; a student. 

Hio ri nlirj a hip (dls'1-plln-d-bl). ad). 
Ulb-Cl-pilXl-a-Die capable of instruction; 

liable to punishment for disobeying. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite,' burn, cut, focus, menu; 






disciplinarian 


177 


discursive 


dis-ci-plin-a-ri-an l fc 2 In S' 1 !l; 

lieves in, or enforces, strict rules: adj. pertain¬ 
ing to strict training. 

Hie Tilin a rv (dls'l-plln-a-rl), adj. 
Ulb-Ci-pilll-d-iy pertaining to strict 

training or correction. 

Hie pi n 1 {rip (dls I-plIn), n. mental or 
uio-V/X-pxxxxc moral training; education; 
subjection to control; military regulation; 
as, under strict discipline: v.l. to train to 
obedience or efficiency; regulate; punish. 

Syn., n. order, strictness, training, coercion, 
punishment. 

Ant. (see confusiom demoralization). 

Hie rdaim (dls-klam'), v.t. to disown; 
u.xo-1/Xa.xxxx repudiate; deny any connec¬ 
tion with. 

dis claim Gr ( dIs " klam ' gr )> n - disavowal : 


dis-close 


denial. 

(dfs-kloz'), v.t. to uncover; 
reveal; divulge; bring to light. 

Hie rln our#* (dfs-klo'zhftr), n. the act 
uio-uu-ouxc of revealing anything se¬ 
cret; discovery; uncovering. 

Hie rr»iH (dls'koid), adj. disk-shaped, or 
Ula-l/UXU. round and flat: n. a disk-shaped 
object. 

Hie ml nr (dfs-kul'er), v.t. to change from 
U-lb-l/Ul-Ux natural color; give a 

false complexion to; stain. Also, discolour. 
—n. discoloration. 

Hie rnm -fif (dls-kum'fft), v.t. to defeat; 
tllo-l/Uxxl-xxl rout; balk; frustrate; thwart. 

Hie mm fi fnrf> (dls-kum'fl-ttlr). n. de- 
Ulb-OUIIl-xI-lux C feat; disappointment; 

embarrassment. 

Hie rnm frtrf (dls-kum'fert), n. want of 
U.lb-1/UIix-iUl l ease; state of being un¬ 
comfortable; distress; as, the discomfort of 
traveling in hot weather; v.t. to disturb; 
to make uncomfortable. 

Hie mm mnHn (dls-kS-mod ), v.t. to 
Uia-^uxii-xxxutxc disturb; annoy; cause 

inconvenience to. 

Hie cntri (d!s-k6m-poz ), vA. dis- 

Uio-V/Vxxx-puoc arrange; vex; ruffle. 

Hie r/vm nne itr^ (dIs"kom-po'zhfir), n 
aib-com-poa-ure agitation; imrest. 

Hie prtn r<=>rf (dls'k6n-sert'), v.t. to dis- 
vlxo-C<Uil-i/CX t turb the composure or self- 
possession of; confuse; frustrate; embarrass. 

Hie ran nnrt (dIs"kS-nekt'), v.t. tp dis- 
unite; unfasten; dissoci¬ 
ate; separate.—n. disconnection. 

Hie mr\ #*H ( dls'ka-ngkt'ed) 

ais-con-neci-eu p_adj. disjointed; sep¬ 
arate; broken; interrupted.— adv. disconnect- 

edly. 

Hie rnn cn 1 o+o (dls-kSn'sO-lSt), adj 
tllb-UOIl-oU-lctlC hopeless; sad; as, to be 

disconso'ate over the loss of a friend; cheer 
less; saddening.— adv. disconsolately. 

Hie rsvn (dls'kon-tSnt'), n. dissatis- 

iXlb-t/Uii-lCXXL faction; displeasure; un 

easiness: v.t. to displease; dissatisfy. 

/lie oH (dis ' k6n-t6nt'8d), 

Q.1S-C0H-TGI1T-6Q. p.adj. not pleased with 

what one has; dissatisfied.— adv. discontent 
edly. 

dis-con-tent-ment ££** n n 

being displeased or dissatisfied. 

QlS-COn-tlll-U-anCG §,ns), n. a stop¬ 
ping; a breaking off. 

Hie rnn tin lip (dls'kSn-tln'u), v.t. to 

vllS - COI1-till-lie stop; to cease doing; 

to put an end to; to give up; as, to discon- 
tinue taking a magazine.— n. discontinuation. 


Hie mrrl (dls'kord), n. disagreement; a 
uio-tuiu confused noise; lack of har¬ 
mony; strife; uproar.— n. discordance. 

Hie mrf\ ont (dls-kor'd&nt), adj. inhar- 
Uio l/Ullx-clxll monious; jarring; full of 

noise and strife; as, the discordant street noises. 
Hie rnnnt (dls'kount). n. a sum deducted 
uia-tuum or allowed for prompt payment 
of an account; a deduction made according 
to the current rate of interest: v.t. to deduct 
a sum from for prompt payment; advance 
money on, deducting a certain rate per cent; 
make a deduction from; anticipate; allow 
for exaggeration in, as a story. 

dis-coun-te-nance at 

approve of; to make ashamed. 

Hie pAttr orr(dis-kur'aj), v.t. to de- 
vxio-1/UU.x-age press; to deprive or 

lessen the courage of; dishearten; deter. ^ 

dis-cour^ge-ment ^-hTaS'of de: 

priving of confidence; that which destroys 
courage; state of being without courage. 

Hie rrmreA (dls-kdrs'), n. speech or lan- 
uio-tuuioc guage; conversation; ser¬ 
mon: v. i. to talk or converse: v. t. to utter, 
as to discourse wisdom. 

Hie rniir to nne (dls-kfir'td-us), adj. 
Ulo-UilU-lC-UUo impolite; rude; want¬ 
ing in civility.— adv. discourteously. 

Hie rniir tn ev (dls-kOr'tS-s!), n. rude- 
vxxo-x/uu-x-xc-oy ness; impoliteness; an 

unmannerly act. 

Hie m\r nr (dls-kuv'er), v.t. to bring to 
Ulo-LUV-cx fight; reveal; find (something 
previously unknown).— adj. discoverable. — 
n. discoverer. 

Syn. make known, invent, contrive, expose, 
reveal. 

Hie rnv nr v (dls-kuv'er-I), n. [pi. dis- 
u.io-V/U v-cx-y coveries (-Iz)J, a bringing to 

light, or making known, especially for the 
first time; disclosure. 

Hie rrnH if (dls-kred'It), n. lack of belief; 
Ulo-l/lCU-ll distrust; lack of reputation; 
dishonor: v.t. to refuse to believe; to dis¬ 
honor; to take away reputation from.— adj. 
discreditable. — adv. discreditably. 

Hie rmnf (dls-kret'). adj. careful; pru- 
uio-i/icci dent; as, a discreet answer: 
discreet behavior.— adv. discreetly. 

Syn. cautious, wary, judicious. 

/fic* c -pn on rv (dls-krgp'fin-sl), n. ln- 
Ulo-i/xcp-axx-^j consistency; disagree¬ 
ment; as, the man’s accounts and the bank 
balance showed a discrepancy. 

Syn. difference, variance. 

Ant. (see agreement). 

Hie rrnfn (dls-lcret'; dls'kret), ad), sep- 
UlS-ucic arate from others; distinct; 
not continuous; composed of distinct parts. 

Hie rrr> firm (dls-krgsh'fin), n. prudence; 
IXXo-t/ic-txuxx judgment; caution; skill. 

Hie crim i nat/x (dls-krlm'I-nat), v.t. to 
Ulb-CiUlI-x-llcllC distinguish; to observe 

or mark the differences between; select: v.t. 
to make a difference or distinction. 

dis-crim-i-na-tion ^Qn) k n.^ower & of 

distinguishing; faculty of exact judgment be¬ 
tween two things or persons. 

Syn. acuteness, discernment, judgment, 
caution. 

Hie rrim i tifi fivP* (dls-krlm l-nfi.-tlv), 
ais-crim-l-na-live a< y. showing exact 

judgment; penetrating; acute; discriminating. 

Hie /'tit* civ/* (dfs-kfir'sfv), adj. passing 
U.lb-1/Ui-oivc f r om one thing to another; 

digressive; rambling. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









discursively 


178 


disinterested 


r , in* ciT 7 p Itt (dls-kfir'slv-ll), adv. in a 
ais-cur-bive-iy lengthy or rambling 

manner. 

/lie /'tit* citto ripoo (dls-kfir'slv-nSs), n. 
U.lo-OU.1 -olv c-lieoo tendency to digress 

or ramble in talk; as, dis¬ 
cursiveness of thought; 
discursiveness in a speech. 

Pile* (dis kfls), n.o> 
uw-tua heavy, circular 
piece of metal or stone 
thrown in ancient and 
modern athletic contests. 

flic nice (dls-kus'), v.t .to 
Uio-V/libh debate; agitate; 

reason upon; argue; colloqui¬ 
ally, to try the taste of, as 
food. 

dis-cus-sion 

gument; debate; considera¬ 
tion of a question, 
die Haiti (dls-danO. v.t. 

Ulb-Udlll t o scorn; to 
despise; look upon with contempt or scorn: 



Discus Thrower 


n. contempt; haughty or indignant scorn. 
dlS d f j jyi ful (dls-dan'fool), adj. con> 


temptuous; scornful; as. 



cause disease in; derange. 

Syn. complaint, ailment, sickness. 

Hie P-m hark- (dis"em-bark'), v.t. and v.i. 
u.xo-cxii-ua.Aja. to remove from, or go 

ashore from, a vessel.— n. disembarkation. 

Hie pm hetr race (dls"6m-bar , 5s), v.t. to 
Ula- thl-Uai -1 aoo free from hindrances 

or entanglements. 

Hie pm IipH (dls^Sm-bSd 7 !), v.t. to 
Ulb-em-UOU-y strip the body or physical 

existence from. 

Hie pm hnw p! (dis'gm-bou^l). v.t. [p.t. 
Ulb-em-UOW-Ci and p.p. disemboweled, 

p.pr. disemboweling], to deprive of bowels; 
wound in the abdomen, so that the bowels 
protrude. 

Hie p« rtioni (dls'en-chant'), v.t. to set 
uas-cii-eiiclii L f ree from charm, fascina¬ 
tion, or delusion. 

dis-en-chant-ment 

being set free from charm or delusion. 

i"en-kum'ber), v.t. 
to free from encum- 
remove a hindrance from; 


release 

extrl- 


dis-en-cum-ber 

brance or claim; 
unburden. 

Hie pti fra crp (dls^en-gaj'), v.t. to 
Ulb-en-gdge from; disentangle; 

cate; clear.— n. disengagement. 

Hie pti tan <Hp (dis"6n-tan'gl), v.t. to 
UIO-tMl-letll-glt; se t frpe from entangle¬ 
ment or embarrassing connection; clear; 
extricate; disengage. 

Hie fa vnt* (dis-fa'ver), n. want of regard 
uio-ia-vui or esteem; state of not being 
well regarded: v.t. to disapprove of. Also, 

disfavour. 

Hie tier tirp (dis-frg'flr), v.t. to mar; to 
c injure the shape, form, or 
beauty of; deform.— n. disfigurement. 

Hie fran rVlicp (dls-fr&n'chiz; dls-fran'- 
Ulb-llcUl-Lmbe chlz), v.t. to deprive of a 

political right, as suffrage, or the right to vote. 
Hie ernrer p (dls-gdry). v.t. to give ud; 
VAAO o Ui & c as, plunder; to force out of the 
mouth or stomach with violence: v.i. surrender 
what has been unlawfully obtained; vomit. 
Hie errarp (dfs-gras'),».ignominy;shame; 

~ ,1 ~'- v.t. to bring shame. 


dishonor; 


reproach, or dishonor upon; dismiss with 
dishonor. 

Syn., n. disrepute, odium, reproach. 

Hie errarp fill (dis-gras'fool), adj. char- 
VAAO ~& Acl '-' c “ AlAA acterized by or occasion¬ 
ing dishonor; shameful.— adv. disgracefully. 
Hie rrnin tip (dls-grun'tl), v.t. to make 
UJ.1- Lie dissatisfied; put in bad 
humor; disappoint. [Colloq.] 

Hie criiiep (dls-gxz'), v.t. to conceal or 
'-►io-guioc change the appearance of, as 
by an unusual dress; to counterfeit; to con¬ 
ceal or cover by a pretense: n. a dress de¬ 
signed to conceal the identity of the wearer; 
counterfeit appearance; false pretense; cloak; 
mask. 

Hie cruet (dls-gust'), n- dislike; strong 
^ AA& “fe lLA&1 ' aversion: v.t. to cause distaste 
or loathing in; offend the taste or moral sense 
of.— p.adj. disgusting.— adv. disgustingly. 

Syn., n. distaste, loathing, abomination, 
abhorrence. 

HicVl (dish), n. a deep or shallow hollow 
(JUioXi. vessel with a rimmed edge, used for 
serving food; food served in a dish: v.t. to 
put into a dish for serving at table: often 

with up. 

dis-heart-en Su r 'S. ,tn) ‘ v t ’ to d,s “ 

Hi cTipv pi (di-shev'el), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
u^oncv-ci disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], 
to disorder (the hair) or cause to hang 
negligently or loosely; to throw into disorder. 
Hie >1011 pet (dis-Qn'est), adj. lacking In 
uis-nuii-coi uprightness or fairness; in¬ 
clined to cheat or deceive; false.— adv. dis¬ 
honestly. 

r]in Vion pc tvr (dis-5n'gs-ti), n. deceit; 
Ulb-liUII-Cb-iy fraud; unfairness; lack of 

truth and uprightness. 

Hie Tirvn nr (dls-on'er), v.t. to disgrace; 
U. 1 D- 11 U.H-UX bring shame upon the char¬ 
acter of; refuse, or fail, to pay (a bill or 
note when due and presented): n. disgrace; 
ignominy; shame; a dishonest act. Also, 
dishonour. 

dis-hon-or-a-ble 

ful; ignominious. Also, dishonourable.— adv. 
dishonorably, dishonourably. 

Hie il 111 cirvn (disT-lu'zhfin), v.t. to set 
' J ’ 1J5 ' _AA_ALA " j5i '“- t - A free from a mistaken idea 
or wrong impression. 

dis-in-cli-na-tion 

unwillingness; distaste. 

Hie fn rlinp (dls"ln-klln'), v.t. to make 
uia-ni-umc umvilling: v.i. to be unwilling. 

Hie in fpet (dlsTn-fekt'), v.t. to cleanse 
Ui . . AC ' /l ' from infection; to purify.— 
n. disinfection, disinfector. 


n. 


a 

to 


Hie in fprt ant ( < tls"hi-fek , tant), 
Uib-m-iec C-ant substance used 

cleanse or pm’ify. 

dis-iagen-u-ous 

deceitful.— adv. disingenuously.— n. disin¬ 
genuousness. 

Hie fn pr it (dls'Tn-herTt), v.t. to refuse 
vi-io-iii-iici -i l to leave property to, as an 
heir.— n. disinheritance. 

dis-in-te-erate (dis-in'ts-grat), v.t. to 

. 1 & Actlc breakup: v.i. separate. 

dis-in-te-pra firm (dis-in"t$-gra'shun>, 

U1 ° 111 & A «--L1UU n% the act of disin¬ 

tegrating, or breaking up; wearing down of 
rocks; separation. 

dis-in-ter pst pH (<Jis-in't§r-6s-t6d), 
tr .* ebC ‘ ea adj. not considering 
oneself; without a selfish motive. 


dis-grace 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
nghtj sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bOrn, cut, focus, menu; 









disjunctive 


179 


disperse 


dis-junc-tive (als junK ' tIV} • a Q 


, serving 

or tending to disconnect 
or separate: n. a conjunction which connects 
grammatically two words or clauses dis¬ 
joined in meaning; as, although, either, or, 
neither, nor, etc. 

Hielr (disk), n. a 
UAojy flat circular 
plate . or anything 
resembling it: disk 
grinder, a machine 
with disk- 
shaped wheels 
for sharpening 
tools. Also, 
disc. 

dis-like 

(dis-llk'), n. a 
strong feeling of 
aversion: v.t. to 
regard with 
aversion; be 
displeased with. 

dis-lo-cate 

(dls'16-kat), v.t. 
to put out of 
joint; displace; interrupt the continuation of. 
Hto m firm (dis"lo-ka'shun), n. the 
UIo-J.U-Ud.-li.UIl ac t of displacing or dis¬ 
joining; a joint put. out of its socket; a dis¬ 
placement of rocks in layers. 

I r,Acra (dis-loj'), v.t. to remove; drive 
tU.o-IUU.gC from a hiding place or chosen 
station. 


(dis"6-ba'), v.t. to fail to com¬ 
ply with; refuse to carry out 



Disk Grinder 


rh*c al (dls-loi'al), adj. false 

U lo-iuy -cii government or one s 


to one’s 

„ _ or one's friends; 

faithless; disobedient.— n. disloyalty, 
j* ^.i (dlz'mal), adj. gloomy; depress- 
Ulo-IIldi | n g* as, dismal weather; dark; 
horrid; sorrowful.— adv. dismally. 

Ai~ mart +1p> (dis-man'tl), v.t. to strip or 
tlAb-IIldll-tAC deprive of furniture, equip¬ 
ment, or means of defense; as, to dismantle 
a house is to take out all the furniture; 
demolish. 

/Uo mact (dls-mast'), v.t. to deprive cf 
tllb-Ilidbl a mast; as. the ship was 
caught in a gale and dismasted. 

HJemov (dis-ma'), v.t. [p.t and p.p. dis- 
Ulo-IIldy mayed, p.pr. aismayingj, to 
terrifv; dispirit; discourage; n. loss of 
courage through fear; a condition of terror. 

Syn., v. frighten, scare, daunt, appall, dis¬ 
hearten. 

Ant. (see encourage). 

Air, (dls-mem'ber), v.t. to cut 

Q1S-II16IX1-D6T or t e ar limb from limb; 
sever into parts and distribute; dislocate; 
sever; divide.— n. dismemberment. 

m ; cc (dis-mis'), v.t. to send away; 
CUS-mibb permit to depart; discharge 
from office or employment; to put away; 
as, to dismiss idle fears. 

Syn. discard, banish. 

Ant. (see retain). 

Air* mice ol (dis-mls'Sl), n. the act of 
UAb-XIllbb-dl sending away; removal from 

office. Also, dismission. 

js- wirturit (dis-mount'), v.i. to get off a 
G1S-mount horse, bicycle, etc.; v.t. to 
remove from a carriage: said of artillery; to 

put off from a horse. . _„ . 

i• * j* (dis"o-be di-ens), n. 

ais-o-be-ai-ence refusal or neglect to 


obey an order or command. 
j*_ Ai (dls"6-be'dl-ent) 

GlS-0-u6-Gl-6Ilt refusing or nq 
to obey.— ad.>\ disobediently. 


adj. 
neglecting 


disobey 

the orders of. 

rlic n VdicrA (dls-6-blij'), v.t. to refuse ta 
Uib - U - UAl{-,c accommodate.— p.aaj. dis¬ 
obliging.— adv. disobligingly. 

Hie nr Hnr (dis-or'der), n. want of order 
Ulb-Ui-Uci or arrangement; lack of 
system; irregularity; breach of public order; 
confusion; as, the earthquake caused great 
disorder in California; riot; mental or 
physical disease: v.t. to throw into confusion; 
disarrange. 

Hie nr HnrnH (dis-or'derd), p.adj. irregu- 
Ulb-Oi-U-Clcu j ar; loose; unruly; dis¬ 
reputable; upset; disarranged. 

Hie nr Hnr 1 \t (dls-or'der-11) adj. con- 
UlS-Ol-Uei-iy fused; turbulent; unruly. 

—n. disorderliness. 

Hie nr cran i-ro (dis-or'gan-iz), v.t. to d<> 
Gis-or-gan-ize Stroy the regularity oi; 

to throw into confusion.—n. disorganization. 
Hie nwn (dfc-on'), v.t. to deny; reject; 
Ulb-UWll refuse to claim as ones own; as, 
to disown one’s country; his family disowned 
him. 

Hie r\ar a o n (dis-par'aj), v.t. to treat 
tilb-pdl -dgc w ith contempt; criticize 

unjustly; belittle; speak slightingly of.— adv. 

disparagingly. . 

Hie nar a cm rnpnt (dis-par aj—ment), 
ais-par-age-meiu n the act of speak¬ 
ing slightingly of: depreciation; reproach; 
disgrace: often with to. 

HJo i +TT (dls-par'l-tl), n. [pi. dispari- 

GlS-par-l-ty ties (-tlz)], inequality; dif¬ 
ference; disproportion. 

Hie ruse cinn (dis-pasb'un-at), adj. 

Gis-pas-bion-ale f ree from passion; 

cool; calm; unprejudiced; impartial.— adv. 
dispassionately. 

Hie TkofoVi (dls-pach'), v.t. to send off; 
tllb-pctiuil finish quickly: n. speedy per¬ 
formance. Also, despatch. 

Hie -nof-rVi e±r (dls-pach'er), n. one who 
Ulo-pd tun-ci .sends something off 

promptly, or at the right time; as a train 
dispatcher. Also, despatcher. 

Hie (dls-pel'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dis- 

Ulb-pCA pelled, p.pr. dispelhng], to drive 
away by, or as by, scattering; disperse; dis¬ 
sipate. 

Syn. scatter, dispose of. 

Ant. (see collect). 

Hie rw=»n ca klo (dls-p6n'sd-bl),adj.capa- 
QlS-pGH-uci-SJlC hie G f being adminis¬ 
tered ; capable of being done without. 

Hie non c a nr (dis-pen'sa-rl), n. [pi- dis- 
aib-peil-ba-iy pensaries (-riz)], a place 

where medicines are kept and made up; a 
charitable institution for providing the poor 
with medical advice and medicines. 

Hie non oo tion (di® p&n-sa shfin), ti . 
GlS peil-ba- llOIl the act of giving out 

in portions; distribution; that which is 
appointed or bestowed by a higher power; 
the suspending of a rule or law in some par¬ 
ticular case; a license granted from the Pope, 
or by a bishop. 

Hie nonco (dis-pgns'), v.t. to deal out In 
tllo-pcilac portions; as, to dispense food; 
distribute; carry out; enforce; as, to dis¬ 
pense justice: v.i. to give up or do without; 
as, to dispense with the doctor; to give 
special license.— n. dispenser. 

Ht*c rw*reP (dis-pflrs'*, v.t to scatter; 
lUo-pcioC spread; cause to vanish; as. 
the hot sun will disperse the mist: vA. to 
separate; go to different parts; vanish out 
of sight; as, the crowd dispersed. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy ; then -thick; hw wh as m when; 
zk = z as in azure: kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiu 



























disDersion 


180 


dissenting 


v.t. to depress the 
dishearten; render 


/lie r»pr cion (dls-pQr'shun), n. the act 
uio-pci-oiun 0 f scattering or spreading- 

the separation of light into different colored 
rays in passing through a prism. 

Hie npr ci'vp (dts-pur'slv), adj. tending 
f 0 scatter; as, the dis¬ 
persive power that separates colors to form 
a spectrum. 

Hio -rdi* if (dls-plr'lt), 

Ulo-pil-11 spirits of; 

cheerless; discourage. 

Hie nlnpp (dls-plas'), v.t. to put out of 
place; disorder; depose from 
office or dignity; as, to displace a dishonest 
official. 

Syn. derange, remove, disturb, confuse. 
Ant. (see adjust). 

Hie vilor j p rn ptit (dls-plas'ment), n. the 
Ulb-pid.Ce-lIieilL act of putting out of 

place; substitution; apparent change of 
position; the weight of water displaced by a 
solid body immersed in it; as, the displace¬ 
ment of a ship. 

Hie nl^TT- (dls-pla'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dis- 
r' Aa -J played, p.pr. displaying), to 
spread out; unfold; exhibit; show mentally 
or physically: v.i. to make a show of some¬ 
thing: n. an exhibit; a parade or show; as, 
the fashion display at the opera. 

Syn., v. show, expose, indicate. 

Ant. (see hide). 

Hie nlnaeo (dls-plez'), v.t. to vex; annoy; 
vllo-piv,a.oC offend; to arouse a dislike. 

Hie nlpcsG (dls-plezh'ur), n. annoy- 

uio-picao-uic ance; vexation; distaste. 

Hie nnrt (dls-port'), v.t. to amuse or divert: 
tAio-pui t with self ; as, to disport oneself 
in the ocean; to display gaily: v.i. to play. 
Hie nee q 1 (dls-poz'al), n. arrangement; 
v*io-jjuo-o.x order; control; right of giving 
■or bestowing. 

Hie nnep (dfe-poz'), v.t. to place; arrange: 
uio-puoc order; distribute; adapt; incline. 
Syn. give, bestow. 

Hie no ei "Hon (dis"pd-zish/un), n. the 
U-lo-pu-bl-LlUll act of placing or arrang¬ 
ing; order; method; arrangement; inclina¬ 
tion; tendency; temper or frame of mind; 
as, she has a cheerfu 1 disposition. 

Hie nee cpcc (dis^po-zes 7 ), v.t. to remove 
uio-pus-acao from ownership, especially 
•of land; eject.— n. dispossession. 

Hie nr oof (dIs-prool v ), n. a showing that 
vno-pi a statement is not true or not 
reasonable. 

Hie nro nor firm (dfe^pr&-por'shun), n. 
uib-piu-pur-uon want of symmetry; 

•lack of proper or suitable relation in form, 
size, importance, etc ,-^-adj. disproportionate. 
Hie nrovp (dIs-proov / ), v.t. to show to be 
UAa 'r 1 w v c untrue or unreasonable. 

Hie nil fn Vilo (dls'pft-td-bl), adj. liable 
Ulo-pu-La-UlC to be called in question 
or contested. 

Hie mi (dls'pii-tant), adj. given to 

uio-^/u-uun arguing; engaged in con¬ 
troversy: n. an arguer or reasoner. 

Hie nil fa tion (dis'pff-ta'shun), n . a 
Ulb-pu-ld-liuil debate; verbal contro¬ 
versy; an altercation. 

Hie mi fa finiiQ IdTs'ptl-ta'shiis), adj. 
Ulo-pU-la.-lIOUb contentious; inclined 
to argue. 

Hie nilfp (dls-put'), v.i. to debate; argue; 
•viAo-jotttc quarrel: v.t. contend for by 
words or actions; express doubt of; con¬ 
trovert; contest: n. a contest in words; a 
•quarrel. 

Syn., v. argue, question, impugn. 

Ant, (see assent). 


Hie niial i ftr (dls-kw6i'I-fp, v.t. to make 
Ulb-qUcU-l-iy unfit; to disable; to deprive 
of a right or privilege.—n. disqualification. 
Hie nili pf (dls-kwi'et), v.t. to make un- 
Ulb-qui-CL easy; to disturb; to worry: 
n. a feeling of uneasiness; disturbance; 
anxiety.—n. disquietude. 

Hie rmi ci firm (dls'kwl-zIsh'Cn), n. a 
tAio-qui-oi-tiuii discussion; an elaborate 

essay. 

Hie rp crnrH (dfc'rS-gard'), v.t. to fail to 
VAio-i c-gai u. notice or give consideration 

to; to slight; to neglect: n. lack of atten¬ 
tion; neglect. 

Hie rp nnir (dis'rS-p&r'), n. state of 
uj.o -1 c-paxi. needing repair; dilapidation. 

Hie rptl 11 fn flip (dis-rep'u-td-bl), adj. 
“p-U-lct-UltJ 0 f ^ad character; low; 

shameful.— adv. disreputably. 

Hie rp rmfp (dls'rg-put'), n. lack of good 
uio-ic-puic reputation; bad character. 

Hie rp e-nprf (dls"re-spekt'). n. lack of 
uio-ic-opcti proper courtesy toward 
elders or superiors; impoliteness. 

Hie rp STIPPf fill (dIs"re-spekt'fool), 
Ulb-I C-opci/t-lUl adj. failing in proper 

courtesy, especially to elders or superiors.— 
adv. disrespectfully. 

Hie rnnt (dls-rupt'), V.t. and v.i. to break 
viio-A ujjt apart; to separate with violence. 

Hie rim firm (dis-rup'shun), n. act of 
vaao a u.p-LiuAA rending or tearing apart; 

forcible separation; breach. 

Hie run fivp (dls-rup'tlv), adj. causing a 
vaao-a u.p- iavc breach or violent separation. 
H|*qc (dls), a reedlike grass of Algeria, used 
vaioo f or making hats, paper, etc. 

dis-sat-is-fac-tion^£;f“.'s s tate k o; 

discontent; lack of satisfaction; absence of 
pleasure in that which one has. 

Hie ca + ic fir (dls-sat'Is-fi), v.t. to cause 
U-io-oai-io-iy displeasure by lack of 

something; to fail to content. 

Hie eppf (dl-sekt'), v.t. to cut in pieces 
uio-acut and examine minutely. 

Hie epp firm (dl-sek'shfin), n. the act of 
vaa»3 ocp-uuh dissecting, or cutting in 
pieces for critical examination; anatomy. 

Hie epr fnr (dl-sek't§r), n. an anatomist. 

Uio-Otv-IUA or OIle who directs bodies. 

Hie epm V»1 p (dl-sem'bl), v.t. to hide 
AAAo-ocAAA-uic under a false appearance; 

to disguise; as, to dissemble one’s real inten¬ 
tions: v.i. to act the hypocrite; as. they 
dissemble and fawn in their efforts to gain 
favor.—n. dissembler. 

dis-sem-bling«ir ; ^bHn g . im „. nt di S - 

dis-sem-i-nate ml 

seed; propagate; diffuse.—n. dissemination. 

dis-sem-i-na-torS'-^K^f)-^ 

which, scatters. 

Hie epti eirvn (dl-sen'shiin), n. conten- 
U1&-&CII-&1U11 tion; strife . disagreement; 

as, dissension between political parties; 
quarrel. 

Hie eptlf (d*-sent'), v.i. to disagree in 
uAoocm opinion: with from: n. differ¬ 
ence of opinion; refusal to acknowledge or 
conform to an established church. 

Syn., v. disagree, differ, vary. 

A nt. (see assent). 

Hie eptlf Pi* (dl-sent'er), n. one who dif- 
o-ocah-ca f ers j n 0 pi n i 0n especially one 
who separates from the established church. 

Hi 5 ? SPTlf in O’ (dl-s6nt'Ing), p.adj. relat¬ 
in g-s en l-lll& mg to. or characterized by, 


■-------- -:_i_ i 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 









dissertation 181 

disagreement; separating from an established 
church, especially that of England. 

Ain corfii firm (dls'er-ta'shun), n. a 
Ulo-aci-ia-uuu formal discourse; trea¬ 
tise. 

dis-sev-er <dI - sSv ' 5r) - 


distortion 


two; 


„ scat- 
intem- 


_ ,. to cut in 

disjoin; divide; separate 
/lie ci Honor* (dls'I-dens), n. discord; 
UIo*M-UCUUC disagreement; difference in 

opinion. 

Hio ct Honf (dls'i-dSnt), adj. not agreeing 
CUb-bl-LAdit or conforming: n. one who 

disagrees or dissents. 

✓lie cim i lor (dl-slm'l-ldr), adj. unlike; 
Ula-Oiili-l-iai different; as, dissimilar 

tastes.— adv. dissimilarly.—n. dissimilarity. 

Hie cim 11 laf o (dl-slm'fi-lat), v.i. and 
CllS-blIIl-U.-ld.LtJ v I. to dissemble; feign; 

disguise; pretend.— adj. dissimulative. 

dis-sim-u-la-tion 

pretense; false appearance. 

Hie ei (dls'l-pat), t'.t. to scatter com- 

Ulb-Sl-jJcllvJ pietely; drive in different di¬ 
rections; squander; as, to dissipate a fortune: 
v.i. to spend one’s energies intemperately. 

dis-si-pat-ed padl “ 

perate. 

j* ni no (dls"f-pa'shun), n. the act 

Qlb-bl-pa.-LILJIi or state of being scattered 
or wasted; mental distraction; excess; in¬ 
temperate living. 

Hie cn oi afo (dl-so'shf-at), v.t. to sep- 
U.lS-oU-L/1-ctLc: arate; disconnect. 

j* n Ikil i f T r (dls"6-lu-bU'I-tI; dl- 

aiS-SOl-U-Dll-l-ty s 61 "u-bn'I-tl), n. the 
capacitv of being absorbed into a liquid; as, 
the dissolubility of salt in water, 
j* nrA ,, (dis'6-lu-bl; dl-sol'fi-bl). 

QlS-SOl-U-Die adj. capable of being dis¬ 
solved or absorbed into a liquid. 

Hie cr» Info (dis'o-hit), adj. loose; vi- 
UlS-bO-lULt; cidus; given to vice or dissi¬ 
pation.— adv . dissolutely.—n. dissoluteness, 
j* r-. ^ (dls"6-lu'shun), n. the 

QlS-SO-lU-IlOn ac t of dissolving or con¬ 
verting into a liquid; separation of the soul 
from the body; death; disorganization. 

Ain n x-vItt o THo (dl-zdl'vd-bl), adj. capa- 
Q.1S-S01V-3.-D1© ble of being absorb 

(dl-zSlv'), v.t. to liquefy; melt; 
Q1S-S01Vc terminate; separate into ele¬ 
ments; annul; break up: v.i. to become a 
liquid; waste away; separate. .. . 

Ain nn * n n n a, (dls o-nans), n. discord; 

Qis-so-nance a disagreeable mingling 

(dls'o-n&nt), adj. harsh in 
aiS-SO-nant sound; discordant; unhar- 
monious.— adv. dissonantly. 

Ain onoHo (dl-swad'). v.t. to advise or 
QlS-SUaue counsel against; divert by 
argument or persuasion. 

i • • (dl-swa zhfln), n. the act 

QiS-SUa-S10n of counseling against; ad¬ 
vice or persuasion against a purpose or action. 
Ain nun 01*17-0 (dl-swa'slv), ad). tending 

dis-sua-sive to advise against a pur¬ 
pose or action: n. an argument employed to 

persuade against a purpose or action. 

Ain mA klc (dl-sfl'a-bl), n. a word of 
aiS-Syl-Ia-Dle two syllables. 

Hi*o faff (dfs'taf), n. [pi. distaffs (-t4fs)1, 
ais-tan the staff from which flax is 

drawn in spinning. , .. 

Ain (dls't&ns), n. the length of the 

ais-iance straight line between two objects 
or points; a s. the distance from New York to 


Philadelphia is ninety miles; remoteness of 
time, rank, relationship, or place; interval be¬ 
tween two notes; reserve of manner: v.t. to 
place remotely; leave nehind in a race. 

Hie -fan+ (dls'tant), adj. remote; reserved; 
Ulb-la.il l no t cordial, but repelling in 
manner.— adv. distantly. 

dis-taste ^ dls - tast,) ' n - 


dislike of drink or 
food; aversion; disinclination; 

repugnance. 

Hi*o +QC +0 ful (dls-tast'f851), adj. unpleas- 
vilo-IdoLC-1 til an t to the taste; disagree¬ 
able; displeasing to the feelings.— adv. dis¬ 
tastefully.— n. distastefulness. 

Hie fom mar (dls-tem'per), v.t. to dis- 
Lilo-ldil-pci order or disease; com¬ 
pound (colors) for use in painting: n. a dis¬ 
ease, especially of animals; a method of 
painting; mural or wall decoration. 

Hie* +onH (dls-tSnd'), v.t. to stretch out in 
Lllb-lvJllLl a n directions; expand: v.i. to 
swell. 

Hie fon firm (dls-ten'shun), n. a swelling 
vllb-LtJll- 11U11 out or expansion. 

Hie +iW» (dls'tfk), n. a couplet, or two lines. 
Ulb-liLIl of verse thatmakecomplete sense. 
Hie -fil (dls-tll'). v.i. [p.t. and p.p. distilled, 
'Aao-LII p.pr. distilling], to fall in drops; 
flow gently; trickle forth; v.t. to let fall in 
drops; to obtain by heating, evaporating, and 
then condensing; as, to distil water. Also, 
distill.—n. distiller. 

Hie fil lot p (dls-tll'at; dls'tl-lfet), n. the 
Lllb-Ill-id.Ic product obtained from asub- 

stance by heating, evaporating, and then con¬ 
densing. 

Hie fil la firm (dls'tl-la'shfln), n. the 
Lllb-Lli-ld.-LiUil process of heating and 

evaporating to produce pure spirit ; the sub¬ 
stance so obtained. 

Hie fill Pr v (dls-tll'er-I), n. a place where 
ais-llli-er-y liquids, especially alcoholic 
liquors, are produced by heating, evaporating, 
and then condensing. 

Hio -finrf (dls-tlnkt'), adj. separate; dif- 
Lllb - LlliL l ferent; clear: plain.— n. dis¬ 
tinctness. 

Syn. obvious, evident, unconfused. 

Ant. (see obscure, indistinct). 

Hie? h'nr firm (dls-tlnk'shun), n. d’ffer- 
LAlb-LUlL-LlUll ©nee; separateness; state 
of deserving special honor; eminence; superi¬ 
ority; fame; as, Lincoln has the distinction 
of having given the slaves freedom. 

Hie finr fivo (dfe-tink'tfv), adj. marking 
(llb-lillL-LIVt; a difference or separation; 

characteristic; discriminating; plain. 

dis tinct ly clearly: 

dis-tin-gue adi ■ distln ' 

Hie tin crnicVi (dls-tlft'gwlsh). <’•<■ » sep- 
ulS-Llll-gUl oil arate from others by some 

mark of honor or preference; designate by 
special characteristics; discriminate; see 
clearly; make known: v.i. to make a dis¬ 
tinction: with between. 

dis-tin-guished eminent; celebrated; 
conspicuous; noted. 

Syn. famous, glorious, far-famed, noted, 
illustrious. 

Ant. (see obscure, unknow r n) 

Ain f^v-f (dls-tdrt'), v.t. to twist or turn 
UlS-TOIL f r om the natural shape or figure; 
twist; turn from the true meaning; mis¬ 
represent; as, to distort the truth. 

Ain f/%i* bnn (dls-tor'shun), n. the act of 
aib-TOr-LlUIl twisting out of shape; per¬ 
version: a deformity. 


boot foot • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as m when; 
zh — z as in azure; kh = ch as in ]och._ See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 
















distract 


182 


dividers 


dis-train 


<dici 'tract (dls-trSkt 7 ) , v.t. to perplex; 
<uio-uavk divert (attention); harass; con¬ 
fuse the mind of; bewilder; derange. 

<Hic trar ti/vn (dl ? trak'shun), n. state of 
'Ulo-Uab-llUU having the attention di¬ 
verted; that which diverts attention; per¬ 
plexity; embarrassment; mental confusion 
or distress; insanity. 

/flic tfa f* fivP (dls-trak tlv), adj. causing 
'uio-iiaiz-uvc confusion or perplexity. 

(dls-tran'), v.t. to take as secu¬ 
rity for a debt; as, to distrain 
household furniture for rent: v.i. to levy a 
distress, or seizure of goods. 

tra in t (dls-trant'), n. the act of dis- 
wo-uaun training, or holding for debt. 

rflic fra if (dSs'tra'), adj. absent-minded; 
'U.ao-laci.xi wandering; distracted. [Pr.] 

q trail crfat (dls-trotO, adj. bewildered 
‘U-io-LiclI or harassed; distracted. 

■die frACQ (dls-tres'), V.t. to inflict pain or 
h-ho ucaa suffering upon; grieve; har¬ 
ass; perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. 
physical or mental anguish; the act of dis¬ 
training or seizing and holding for debt; 
goods taken in distraint.— adj. distressful, 
jfltc utA (dls-trlb'tlt), v.t. to deal out 

Uls-Ulo-ULc or divide; allot; as, they 
have collected newspapers and magazines to 
distribute to the soldiers; arrange according 
to classification; dispose of separately; sep¬ 
arate and return (as printers’ types) to their 
respective cases.— n. distributor. 

Syn. share, dispense, deal. 

Ant. (see collect). 

fli 5 ? tri bll firm (dls-trl-bu'shfln), ri. the 
uia-u i-u u-uuu act or manner of dealing 

out or dividing; apportionment; arrangement; 
classification. 

dis-trib tl tivG (dls-trlb'il-tlv), adj. ap- 
xi.ro utu u uvc portioning or dealing 

out; as, distributive classes: n. in grammar, 
denoting groups of persons or things acting 
individually, as any , all , both, each, either, 
neither. 

di <3 trirt (dls'trlkt), n. province; territory; 
'u.ao-laal/L circuit; region or tract of coun¬ 
try. 

die: trued (dls-trust'), n. want of confl- 
uio-u uol dence, faith, or reliance; sus¬ 
picion; discredit: v.t. to have no confidence 
or faith in; doubt; suspect. 

die: truest ■fill (dfs-trust’fobl), adj. sus- 
wo-uuoi,-iui picious; lacking confidence. 
— adv. distrustfully. 

die: tlirb (dls-tflrb'), v.t. to trouble; vex; 
U13 ' IU1U throw into confusion; agitate; 
displace.— n. disturber. 

Syn. derange, rouse, interrupt, confuse, 
trouble, annoy, vex, worry. 

Ant. (see pacify, quiet). 

die turb nrrp (dls-tur'bSns), n. the in- 
uia-iui terruption of a settled 

state; uproar; confusion;_ mental agitation, 
di quI Tlb^tA (di-sul'fat), n. a sulphate 
ul_oul r iiaic containing one atom of 
hydrogen, replaceable by a basic element. 

di <511! nhid a (dl-sul'fld; dl-sul'fld), n. a 
<ui-o Ui-p^iiU-C chemical salt of sulphur 
and another element. 

did tin inn (dis-un'yiin), n. separation; 
uio-uii-iuu a breaking apart; a division. 

die: It nitA (dlsTi-nit'), v.t. and v.i. to di- 
vide; separate; fall, or make 

to fall, apart. 

die 11 o a (dfs-us'), n. a ceasing to use; neg- 
Uib-UoC lect: v.t. (dls-uz'), to cease to use. 
ditrb (dlch), n. a trench cut in the earth; 
'ual vxx a rnoat: v.i. to make a ditch: v.t. to 
aurround with a ditch; run into a ditch. 


ditto 


(dlt'o), n. the same thing; that 
which has been said; a duplicate: 
adv. as before; likewise. 

j'x (dlt'I), n. [pi . ditties (-Iz)l, a little 
U-It-ly song; lay. 

(dlt'I bbks), a tin box with 
U-ll-ly UUA a lock, in which sailors keep 
their personal possessions, such as shaving 
gear, etc. 

di iir na\ (dl-fir'n&l), adj. pertaining to a 
-AAcAA c iay ; daily; performed in twenty- 
four hours; active during the daytime. 

di-ur-nal-ly SV. ar '“ &W) ’ adv ' daIly; by 

di tj-o (de'va), n. a prima donna; an opera 
Ul-Vd. S i n ger. [It.] 

di van (di-van'; di'van), n. a court ofjus- 
Ul-VdU tice; a council of state in Turkey; 
as, sixty old men formed his divan; a council 
hall; a smoking room; cafe; couch. 
divA (div), v.i. to plunge headforemost into 
Ulvc W ater; enter deeply into any subject 
or question: n. a plunge headforemost into 
water; as, to take a high dive requires nerve. 
— n. diver. 

di VATCTA (dl-vflrj'), v.i. to spread out from 
ul ' vcl b c one point: opposite to converge; 
to differ. 

di VAt* orAtif*A (dl-vflr'jens), n. a moving 
-gcixwc away from each other 
along different lines; a separation; a tend¬ 
ing apart. Also, divergency. 

di VAT CTAnt (dl-vdr'jSnt), adj. tending to 
uA-vcA-gcAn move apart or separate; dif¬ 
ferent. 

di VArc (di'verz), adj. various; sundry; 
laa VCAS several. 

di vaka (dl-vflrs'; di'vSrs), adj. essen- 
u.a vciac tially different; dissimilar; var¬ 
ied; unlike.— adv. diversely. 

di-ver-si-fi-ca-tion ffin y0r 2 I ‘£ : t k or 

making, or state of being, varied; variation; 
variety. 

di vpr di fv (dl-vflr'sl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and 
U1 vca-oa-av p p diversified, p.pr. diversi¬ 
fying], to make different from another; give 
variety to; discriminate. 

di vat* dinri (dl-vflr'shfln), n. variation; 
via- v ca-oauaa alteration; pastime; the act 

of turning the attention of an enemy from 
the real point of attack. 

di-ver-si-ty ”• di£terence: 

di VArt (dl-vQrt/), v.t. to turn aside from 
any direction or course; draw 
away from; entertain; amuse; as, to divert 
the mind of a crying child by a story, 
di VA^t (di-vest'), v.t. to strip or deprive 
vaa-vcol of anything; despoil; make bare. 

di vidA (dl-vid'), v.t. to cut into two or 
ui-viuc more parts; separate; 

keep apart; distribute: v.i. to sep¬ 
arate; cleave; diverge; to sepa¬ 
rateinvoting: n. a watershed; as.fl 
the Rocky Mountain watershed^ 
is called the great divide. 

Syn., v. distribute, deal out, 
sever, sunder. 

div-i dend (^iv'i-dgnd), n. 

u.iv 1 U-CAltl a share of the 
profits of a public company ©r 
business; interest payable on 
money invested in the public 
funds; a number or quantity 
to be divided. 

di-vid.erc: (<u-va'@rz), n . 
laa viu-cio pi an instru¬ 
ment used in mechanical draw- T ^. 
ing, for dividing lines, etc. Dividers 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sm; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 









divination 


183 


doff 


HiT 7 i nfl firm (dlv'I-na'shfin). n. the act 
v -A-llci-null of foraseeing or foretelling; 
the pretended art of foreseeing future events; 
as, divination by a fortune teller. 

Hi xrinf* (dl-vin'), adj. partaking of the 
U1-V.LU.C nature of God; as, the divine love 
of God; godlike; sacred; holy; pertaining 
to theology: n. a theologian; clergyman: 
v.t. to guess or foresee; know by intuition; 
presage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. 

Syn., adj. godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred. 
Hiv incr (dlv'Ing), n. the act of plunging 
into water: p.adj. connected with, 
or used in, diving. 

Hiv incr hpll (dlv'Ing bel), a hollow 
vxiv-xj.xg won chamber supplied with air, 

in which men may work under water without 

danger. Also, submarine diving bell. 

Hi -win incr rnH (dl-vin'Ing rod), a 
ill-Vlll-lllg IUU. forked rod or branch, 

as of witch-hazel, which, when held loosely 
in the hand, is said to be drawn downward 
towards places under which water or minerals 
are situated. 

Hi vri-ri i fvr (dl-vln'1-tl), n. {pi. divinities 
U.l-VHl-1-iy (-tlz)], the state or quality of 
being godlike; Godhead; a pagan or heathen 
deity; theology. 

Hi vid i "hil i tv (dl-vlz'l-bfl'i-tl), n. ca- 
Ul-Vlb-l-Ull-l-iy pability of being sepa¬ 
rated into parts. 

Hi vie i n (dl-vlz'1-bl), adj. capable of 
U.l-Vlo-1-UlC being separated into parts; 
capable of division without a remainder. 

Hi vi cir»n (dl-vlzh'un), n. the act or state 
tll-Vl-olUll 0 f being separated into parts; 


Hr» rilo (dds'il; do'sil), adj. easy to teach; 
U-U-GIIC tractable; easily managed; as, a 
gentle, docile pony.— adv. docilely. 

Syn. teachable, compliant, tame. 

Ant. (see stubborn). 

An nil i tv (d6-sll'l-tl), n. the quality of 
U.U-UH-1-iy being gentle or easily managed. 
Anr\r (dok), n. a place for building and 
GUL-iv keeping ships; the place where a 
prisoner stands in a court to be tried; a 
coarse weed with broad leaves; the solid part 
of the tail of a horse: v.t. to cut off or cur¬ 
tail; deduct from; diminish; bring to a pier, 
and moor, as a ship. 

Annh- (dok'aj), n. reduction; pro- 

UUtn-agC vision or accommodation for 
the docking of vessels; money paid for the 
use of a dock. 

Annh- ot (dSk'gt), v.t. to mark the con- 
UUt/Ja-cL tents or titles of papers on the 
back of them; indorse: n. a directed label or 
ticket tied on goods; a summary of a larger 
writing; a digest; a formal program for the 
proceedings of an assembly. 

Hnrlr varH (dok'yard"), n. a place where 
UUbiv-ycllU. s bips are built and naval 

stores are kept. 

Ann (dok'ter), n. one holding the 

UUb-lUi highest degree conferred by a 
university; a learned man; a medical 
practitioner: v.t. colloquially, to treat med¬ 
ically; slang, tamper with or give a false 
appearance to: v.i. colloquially, to practice 
medicine or undergo medical treatment. 

doc-tor-ate n ' the degree ° f 


a partition; section; discord; difference; 4 nr -naive* (dok trl-nar ), n. one who 
as, when members of a church disagree about tiuw-ui-xiauc theorizes 
anything it causes division; the separating of 
the members of a lawmaking or municipal 
assembly in order to take a vote; two or 
more army brigades under the command of a 
general officer; the process of finding how 
many times one number or quantity is con¬ 
tained in another.— adj. divisional, 
n: tt! &nv (dl-vi'zer), n. the number by 
Ul-Vl-SOx which another (the dividend) is 
divided. , , . 

Hi -tTnrnn (dl-vors'), n. legal dissolution of 
Ul-VUIbU the marriage contract; disunion: 
v.t. to dissolve the marriage contract between; 
release from close union.— n. divorcement. 

Hiv n+ (div'ot), n. in golf, a piece of turf 
U1V-U l cu t from the sod by a stroke. 

Hi Tnilfro (dl-vulj'), v.t. to make known, 

U.1-VU.1&U as something previously kept 

secret; disclose 


on political or 
other matters, disregarding practical con¬ 
siderations: adj. visionary. [Fn.l 
Ann +ri nal (dok'tri-nal), adj. pertaining 
UUb-lix-llcll t Qi or containing, a teaching 
or dogma.— adv. doctrinally. 

Ann frirm (dQk'trln), n. that which is 
UUb-UlllU taught; the principles, belief, 
or dogma of any church, sect, or party; as, 
the doctrines of Christianity. 

Syn. tenet, creed, dogma. 

Ann 11 mptif (dok'u-ment), n. a record; 
UUb-U.-xiiciiL a paper that gives informa¬ 
tion or evidence. 

Ann 11 mpn tp Tit (dok u-men ta-rl), 

QOC-11-IIlGIl-Xd.-xy a( ij' pertaining to, 

derived from, or consisting of, official papers 
or records. 

Ho H pr p (TOTl (do-dek d-gon), n. a figure 
UU-Ucb-d-gUll with twelve sides and 

TTk;_r~'• -. (dik'sD, n. the Southern States of twelve angles. . 

DlX-ie the United States^ a_ .favorite dO-deC-a-he-drOIl f/tolid tith 

twelve faces. 

AnArrn (doj), v.i. to start aside and shift 
UUUgc about; evade; avoid; practice 
tricky devices: v.t. to escape from by 

starting aside: n. the act of dodging; a trick, 
as, AnAcr or (ddj'er), n. a small handbill or 
UUUg-tt poster; an Indian-meal cake; 
a tricky fellow. 

An An (do'do), n. [pi. dodos (-doz)], a 
UU-UU large extinct bird with a short neck, 
a large hooked bill, short wings and legs. 
Ann (do), n. the female of a buck or fallow 
UUtJ deer, or of an antelope, rabbit, or hare. 
d06S thini person singular present 


Southern song.—dixie, in the World War, an 
iron pot with two handles, used for cooking 
in the trenches. , , 

Alrr art (dfz'u; di'zn), v.t. to deck out; 
QlZ-en dress; bedizen; as, to dizen oneself 


with jewels. 

diz-zi-ness 

cause dizziness. 


(diz'I-nes), n. giddiness; 
to whirl about rapidly will 


A\rr t\t (dlz'I), adj. giddy; causing giddi- 
UlZ-Zy ness; as, a dizzy height.— adv. dizzily. 


(doo), v.t.’[p.t. did, p.p. done, p.pr. doing], 
perform; achieve; cause to bring 
make ready for some object or pur- 


do „ 

about; --- . 

pose; colloquially, to cheat or swindle: i.t. 
to act or behave; succeed; fare as to health; 

be enough. „ ... 

Syn. effect, make, perform, accomplish, 

finish, transact. „ ,, , . 

j (do), n. the first of the syllables used in 
0-0 the musical scale; th e tone C. _ 


of the verb do. 

Ann elri-n (do'skln"), n. the skin of a doe, 
U-UC-oJALii or female deer; a fine woolen 
cloth with a smooth finish. 

Hnff (dof), v - t • to take or P ut off - as clot hes; 
GU11 remove (the hat) in saluting._ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









dog 


184 


domicile 



Hncr (dbg), n - an intelligent and affectionate 
uu b domestic animal of the wolf kind; 
any of various mechanical 
contrivances; a worthless fel¬ 
low: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dogged. 
p.pr. dogging], to follow like 
a hound; as, he dogged their 
steps.— adj. doggish. 

Hncr cart (dog'kart'), n. 

UOg-Cd.Il a light cart with 

two wheels, and two seats set 
back to back. 

dog days pXwSui? 

and August when the Dog 
Star, or Sirius, rises and 
sets with the sun: usually 
the hottest part of the sum¬ 
mer. 

Hncrn (doj), n - tlie title of 

uu b c the chief magistrates _ 

of the ancient republics of Venice and Genoa. 
Hnp - fie;V s (dog'flsh"), n. a kind of small 
-xio.il shark very destructive to flsh. 

Hncr crpH (dog'6d), adj. stubborn; per- 
U(J &'b cu sistent.— adv. doggedly. 

Hncr CPI" (dbg'er), n. a two-masted vessel 
u v&-& cl with a. broad beam: used in the 
cod and herring fisheries by the Dutch in the 
North Sea. 

Hnp- crpr pi (dc>g'§r-el), n. a kind of verse 
devoid of sense or rhythm: 
ad), weak and absurd in construction: said 
of verse or poetry. 

HoP 1, in3 (dfig'ma), n. [pi. dogmas (-maz) 
,7^" . .°r dogmata (-md-td)], an estab¬ 

lished principle, tenet, or doctrine; a doctrine 
stated in a formal manner and received by 
the church as authoritative.— -n. dogmatist. 
Hncr m fit ir (dog-mat'lk), adj. pertaining 
to ’ or of the nature of, 
established doctrine; positive; authoritative: 
n.pl. doctrinal theology. Also, dogmatical. 

Syn. arrogant, imperious, dictatorial. 
d02f-mat-i-cal-lv (ddg-mat'I-kSl-I). adv. 

In a positive or doc¬ 
trinal manner. 

Hnc mn ficm (dfig'md-tlzm), to. positive 
uug-iua-llblll assertion of opinion; some¬ 
times, unwarranted positiveness. 

Hncr rrrA Hyp (dfig'md-tlz), v.i. to make 
viug-ma-tiz-c dogmatic assertions; utter 
positive assertions without adducing proof- 
v.t. to treat dogmatically. 

Hncr rnVl Kpi* (dog rob'er), a soldier who 
UUg IUU-UCI works for an officer. 
(Slang.] 

Hnfr’c-pa r (dogz'er"), n. the corner of a 
page in a book turned down: 
v.t. to turn down the corner of (a leaf in a book). 

Hncr trnt (dog'trbt*), n. a slow run, like 
UUg-llGl t hat of a dog. 

Hoc watrh (dog'wbch*), n. one of two 
uug-waiwi watches on board ship of two 
hours each, between four and eight p. m. 
Hnp- wnnH (dSg.'wdhd"), to. a wild tree 
. UUU bearing in spring a white or 

pink blossom. 

Ho! 1v (dot'll), n. [pi. doilies (-llz)j, a small 
vxv/x-xjr ma t or napkin used on the table. 

Hn lucre; (doo'Ingz), n.pl. things done; 
uu-jjjg» acts* conduct; as, the day’s 
doings. 

Hoi Hmrnc; (dSl'driJmz), n.pl. a sailor’s 
UU1 U1U1U& term for the tropical zones 
of calms and variable winds; dulness; de¬ 
pression of spirits; the dumps. 

Hnlp *(dol), n. thafe which is dealt out spar- 
mgly; a charitable gift of money or 
food; alms: v.t. to deal out sparingly. 


(dol'fool), adj. sorrowful; dismal; 


full of grief.— n. dolefulness. 


dole-ful 

Syn. dolorous, woebegone, rueful, piteous, 
grievous, gloomy. 

Ant. (see joyous^ glad, gay, merry). 

Hs-klo fill lxr (dol'fool-I), adv. sorrowfully; 
UUie-lUl-iy dismally; ruefully. 

Hnll (dbl), n. a girl’s puppet or toy baby; 
u dU a childish-featured girl or woman. 

Hnl Tar (ddl'er), n. a silver coin used in the 
uui.-J.cu. united States and Canada equal 
to one hundred cents; a bank note, treasury 
note, etc., of the legal value of one hundred 
cents; a large silver coin of various other 
countries. 

Hnll v (dol'I), n. [pi. dollies (-Iz)], a little 
uuii y doll; a block used in pile driving; 
a machine for washing clothes; a contrivance 
for washing ore in mining. 

TV nil v Var Hon (dol'i var'dSn), a wom- 

uou-y v dr-aen an s dress of llgh t, 

bright-figured muslin, worn over a plain 
bright-colored petticoat; a large hat for 
women, with one side bent down and trimmed 
with numerous flowers. 

Hnl mfm (dol'man), n. a long outer gar- 
'- t '-' A-AAAClAA ment with sleeves, worn by Jtie 
Turks; a hussar’s uniform jacket; a woman’s 

sleeveless mantle. 

Hnl mnn (doTmgn), n. a monument for a 
u-ui-iiicii tomb, consisting of a large un¬ 
hewn stone resting on two or more others. 

Hn Inr (do'ler), n. sorrow; pain; grief; 
uu-iui lamentation; anguish. 

Hnl nr nnc (dol'er-us), adj. sorrowful; full 
UUi-Ul-UUo of grief; sad.— adv. dolorously. 

Hnl -nilin (dol'fln), n. the name of various 
uui-piiiil small-toothed flsh, such as por¬ 
poises. 



Dolphin 


Hnlt (dolt), to. a heavy .stupid fellow; a 
vxuil dunce; blockhead. 

f)nm (dom), to. a title of respect applied 
o-M-Fxxx t ,o gentlemen in Portugal and Brazil; in 
Portugal, a title,of the king and royal family. 

Hn main (do-man'), to. lordship; author- 
vxu-xixa.iii jty; empire; landed property; 
range; scope. 

Hnmn (dom), n. a large cupola; as, the 
U-UJiiC dome of the Capitol at Washington. 

Hn mPQ fir (d6-mes'tlk), adj. pertaining 
UU-111C&-L1C to the house or household 

affairs; private; home-made; tame; per¬ 
taining to one’s own country in distinction to 
foreign countries: to. a household servant: 
pi. articles of home manufacture, especially 
cotton-cloths; as, the use of domestics in¬ 
creases when foreign goods are not imported. 

do-mes-tic e-con-o-my 77"7;',n k 

the art of managing household affairs in the 
best and thriftiest manner. 

Hn mpe; fi raff* (d6-mes'tl-kat), v.t. to 
uu-iiica-u-ccue make suitable for a 

household; familiarize with homo life; tame; 
as,. it is possible to domesticate some wild 
animals: v.i. to become domestic; to settle 
oneself at home.— n . domestication. 

do-mP<? fir ! tv (do'mSs-tls'I-tP, TO. [pi. 
. . .7 ." ll °. " i y domesticities (-tlz)J. the 

state of being suited to ho*rv6 life; home-loving 
character. 

HniTl-! rilp (dSm'I-sfl), TO. a permanent 
J ujic residence or place of abode : 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer - 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 
















domiciliary 


185 


dose 


home: v.t. to establish in a fixed residence; 
as, many aliens or foreigners are domiciled in 
the United States. 

Hnm i ril i n rv (dorn'l-sil'i-S.-ri), ad). 
UOlil-l-bll-l-a-I y of or pertaining to the 

residence of a person or family. 

/lom in ant (ddm'I-n&nt). adj. exercising 
U.UlIl- 1 -llcUll chief authority or control; 
ruling; predominant; ascending: n. the fifth 
tone of an ascending musical scale.— n. domi¬ 
nance. 

A rvm i n a t** (dfim'I-nat), v.t. to govern or 
uum-i-naic control; rule; as, the rock 
of Gibraltar dominates the straits; predomi¬ 
nate over; v.i. to have or exercise control. 

rlrvm i -net firm (dSm'i-na'shffn), n. the 
uom-l-lld.- llOll ac t of controlling ; abso¬ 
lute authority; power. 

A a m i -n nnr (dom"I-ner'), v.i. to exercise 
UGlll- 1 -lieCl authority arrogantly or ty¬ 
rannically; bluster; swagger. 

Hnm i n ppr incr (dOm'I-ner'Ing), p.adj. 
aom-l-lieer-uig masterful; tyrannical; 

overbearing. 

/In min i ra 1 (do-mIn'i-k5l), adj. pertain- 
aU-IIllIl-l-l/d.1 i n g to Christ as Lord, or to 

Sunday: n. a dominical letter. 

do-min-i-cal let-ter i^fc^nJonhe 

letters (A B C D E P G) used in the cal¬ 
endar of the Prayer Book to denote Sunday 
throughout the year, and to determine the 
date of Easter Day. 

Fin min i con (d6-min'I-k&n), adj. per- 
jj'U-iinii-i-ecu.i taining to a religious 

order named after St. Dominic: n. a friar of 
that order. 

Jnm i nin (ddm'I-nl; dS'ml-nl), n. a 
tiUiii-JL-iiic clergyman or minister, espe¬ 
cially of the Dutch Reformed Church; a 
schoolmaster. Also, in flrs F sense, domine. 

A n min inn (dft-mln'yta), n. supreme 
UU-lllnl-lUli authority or control; sov¬ 
ereignty; rule; independent right or pos¬ 
session; a territory or country subject to 
the control of one government. 

Jnm inn (d 6 m'I-no), n. [pi. dominos 
aom-l-IiU C-noz)], a large loose silk cape 
or cloak with large sleeves and a hood, used 
as a masquerade garment; a dotted piece of 
bone or wood used for a game: pi. a game 
played with oblong dotted pieces of bone or 
wood* 

/inn (d 6 n). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. donned, p.pr. 
UUI1 donning], to put on; assume: n. a 
great person; in England, a university fellow 
or a head of a college: Don [fern. Dona], a 
Spanish title of rank. 

/in nofn (do'nat). v.t. to give, especially 
QO-ild.Iv/ (jo some religious or charitable 
object.— adj. donative.— n. donator. 

+i/-v-n (do-na'shfin), n. a charitable 
Cio-na-lion gift; benefaction; present, 
j_ (dun), p.p. of do: p.adj. completed; 
GOne published officially; cooked suffi¬ 
ciently; "thoroughly fatigued; cheated. 

Hnn anlfl (doh'g&-ld), n. a goatskin or 
aOn-gO-Id sheepskin tanned to resemble 

kid. 

/i/vn i/vn (dun'jun; ddn'jon). n. the prin- 
GOIl-jU.Il cijpal tower or keep of an ancient 
castle, containing the prison. Also, dungeon. 
A nn lrov (don'kl), n. [pi. donkeys (-klz)]. an 
QOIl-Kcy ass; a stupid or obstinate fellow. 

-mo (dbn'a; It. don'na), n. a lady; 
UOIl-Ilo. madam; mistress: Donna, the title 

of a lady in Italy. 

(ddn'Ish), adj. pertaimng to, or 
aon-msn like a distinguished gentleman; 
p Q d antic: formal. 


an entrance. 

the opening 
a door gives 


A _ -r, (do'nor), n. a giver; one who makes 
UU-ilUI a donation or present, especially a 
large public or charitable gift. 

J Ar ,u (dont), colloquial contraction of 
GUI1 L d 0 no i : not to be used for does not. 
A /\/~wm (doom), n. judgment; sentence; 
UUUill destiny which cannot be changed; 
as, the judge pronounced the murderer's 
doom; fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment: 
v.t. to pronounce condemnation upon; sen¬ 
tence to punishment; pronounce as a penalty. 

Syn., n. verdict, condemnation, lot. 
J Ari mc A a tr (doomz'da"), n. the day of 
UOUlIlb-U-ciy final and universal judgment. 

(dor), n. the gate or entrance of a 
UUU 1 house; a movable barrier, sliding or 
swinging on hinges, which opens and closes 
to allow or prevent entrance to a house, 
room, etc.; portal; means of entrance. 

door-keep-er one who 

door-way 8 S>ugh’which 

6 ntr 8 <n cg 

(dop), n. a thick liquid, as food; a 
UUpc grease for making machinery run 
easier; a drug that produces unconscious¬ 
ness; colloquially, advance information, 
especially concerning speed or condition of 
race horses. 

Fl/\ i-i on (do'rl-an), adj. pertaining to, or 
UU-ll-dlL characteristic of, Doris, a small 
district of ancient Greece; after the style 
of the Dorians, especially in art and verse; 
simple; direct: n. a member of the Doric or 
Dorian race, one of the four great divisions 
of the ancient Greeks. 

Fl/n- Ir* (dor'Ik), adj. Dorian; of the sim- 
J-^UI-1L piest form of Greek architecture: 
n. the broad hard dialect or language of the 
Dorians; also, an unrefined, broad, or rustic 
dialect of English. 

/\i- Ac kf (dor'Ikor'der), the oldest 

Uor-ic Oi-aer an( j simplest of the three 
orders of Greek architecture. 

Ac*- \ri-n cr (dor'klng), n. one of a breed of 
aOl-KUlg domestic f-'wls, characterized 
by five toes on each foot. 


Ac*- ^Mo*,-!, (dbr'mant), adj. sleeping; quiet; 
aor-mcllll temporary inaction.— n. dor¬ 
mancy. „ ,, . , 

J A - *-nnr (ddr'mer), n. a gable window 
oor-mei built upright in a sloping roof. 
Ac *- ***\ 1-TT (dor'mI-t 6 -rI), n. [pi. dor- 

dor-mi-to-ry mitories (-rlz)], a sleeping 


room, usually containing several beds; a 
building containing many such rooms. 

/Inr rnaiup (dor'mous"), n. [pi. dormice 
aor-mouse (-mis)], a small European 

squirrel-like animal. 

Ac*- tmr (dor'ml), adj. in golf, being aa 
aor-my many holes ahead of your oppo¬ 
nent as there are holes to play. 

At m- col (dor'sSl), adj. pertaining to, or 
lUU-odl situated near, the back. 

An txt (do'rl), n. [pi. dories (-rlz)], a popular 
GO-iy name 
for a golden- 
colored fish, 
known in 
England as 
the John- ** r„ 

dory; the _ _ 

wall-eyed Do rv 

pike-perch; a ^ ory 

small flat-bottomed boat with a sharp prow- 
j Aeo (dos), n. the quantity of medicine 
OObe to be taken at one time; anything 
sickening: v.t. to give medicine to; to give 
anything objectionable or unpleasant to. 



^ i v. iv , ^. ■ - - 

boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxil 


14 













dost 


186 


downward 


Hrkcf (dust), second person singular present 
UObl of the ver5 d0 

Hnt (dSt), n. a small point or speck; a 
dowry: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dotted, p.pr. 
dotting], to mark with spots or specks, 
dftt atra (dot'&j), n. childishness of old 
uut.-a.gc a g 0 . foolish or excessive affection, 
dri to rd (ao'tard), n. one whose mind is 
uu-iaiu impaired by age; one who is 
foolishly affectionate: adj. imbecile; senile; 
Billy. 

dr»tA (dot) , v.i. to show the weakness of 
uulc age; give excessive love: with on 
or upon. — adv. dotingly. 

dnt tar al (d6t'8r-Sl), n. a small bird of 
uui-iw-ci Europe and Asia, formerly 
common in England. 

dnil til a (dub'l), adj. twofold; being in 
uuu-uic pairs; being twice as much; 
deceitful; insincere; folded over: n. twice 
the quantity; a duplicate; trick; a turning 
back to escape pursuit; a fold or plait: v.t. 
to make double; duplicate; repeat; fold; 
sail round or by: v.i. to become twice the 

S uantity; return on one’s track; march at 
ouble-quick time: adv. twice over. 

dou-ble dag-ger ( ddb,1 . da &' 6r )’ a . mark 


a note [fl. 


to guide a reader to 


dou-ble-deal inf* (dub'i=dering), n. 
UUU U1C Ucal-lllg dishonesty; the act¬ 
ing of two parts at once.— n. double-dealer. 

dou-ble-en-ten-dre £? n b '; “ ;)f 0 ' r 

phrase with two meanings, one of which is 
usually improper. [Fr.] 

doil-hl e-fa red ( d ub'l=fast*), adj. play- 
Vlt/U ole lai/CU mg two parts; hypo¬ 
critical. 

drill Ilia nacjQ (dub'l-nSs), n. the state 
iuu-uic-ucoa of being twofold; duplic¬ 
ity; insincerity. 

dou hle-miirlr ( d (ib'i=kwik*), adj. 
UUU-Uie qulEK marching so fast as to 

be almost running: n. such a step or march. 

drill 111 at (dub'let), n. a duplicate; one of 
uou-oici a pair . a close-fitting garment 
for men, worn in western Europe from the 
15th to the 17th century. 

drill tilnrvn (dub-idlin'), n. a Spanish gold 
uou-oiuaii coin, no longer issued, form¬ 
erly worth about $16, later $5. 

drill HIv (dub'll), adv. in twice the quan- 
uuu-uijr tity or degree; in a double or 
twofold manner; deceitfully. 

dflllTlt ( dout ), v.i. to waver in opinion; 
uuuul hesitate; be in suspense: v.t. to 
suspect; distrust; question: n. uncertainty 
of mind; suspense; scruple; perplexity; 
apprehension; as, he was full of grave doubt 
as to the outcome of the affair; fear; disbelief. 
Syn., n. hesitation, scruple, suspicion. 

Ant. (see certainty). 

dmiKt flit (dout'fdCl), adj. of uncertain 
uuuui-iuA issue; questionable; hazard¬ 
ous; insecure; dubious.— adv. doubtfully. 

drvnht 1 a< 3 C* (dout'ISs), adv. assuredly; 
uumn-icas certainly; unquestionably; 
without doubt^— adv. doubtlessly, 
dmirfia (doosh), n. a jet or current of 
vAi"' water directed upon some part 

of the body to benefit it. 

dH11 oh ( d °)« n - a s°ft mixture of flour and 
UUW 6 U other ingredients ready for baking. 

doilP’Tl TlrtV (do'boi"), n. in the United 
UUUgll-UUy states army, an infantry sol¬ 
dier. [Slang.] 

dnilfrb nut (do'nut"), n. a small cake 
uuugu-uui made with yeast and fried in 
de ep fat. _ 


dmiall tlf (dou'tl), adj. able; brave; 
vAvu.gii-i.jr strong; as, old romances are 
filled with the brave deeds of doughty knights. 
— adv. doughtily.—n. doughtiness. 

dan erh v (do'I), adj. soft like dough; 
uuugii-y flabby and pale; as, a doughy 
complexion. 

dmica ( dous )- v.t. to plunge suddenly into 
uuuac a liquid; drench; slang, extinguish 
or put out; as, douse the light; strike; 
slacken or lower suddenly, as sails: v.i. to 
fall suddenly into water. Also, dowse, 
dnva ( ddv )» n • a pigeon; a term of endear- 
wvc ment; one gentle and pure. 

dflVP rata (duv'kot"), n. a small house 
uu»c-tiac or box raised above the 
ground, with compartments for doves. Also, 
dovecot. 

da VP tn il (duv'tal"), n. in carpentry, an 
uuvc-iaii interlocking joint resembling a 
dove’s tail spread out: v.t. to join by such a 
joint; to fit closely and exactly. 

daw typr (dou'a-jer), n. the widow of a 
vj-wv-a gci king, prince, or person of 
rank; a widow who has inherited property. 

daw diJv (dou'dl-ll), adv. in a shabby or 
vavw-vai iy untidy manner; carelessly. 

daw dv (dou'dl), n. [pi. dowdies (-dlz)], 
uv w -v*.j a slatternly or untidy woman 
who wears finery: adj. slovenly or ill-dressed; 
shabby. 

daw al (dou'Sl), n. a pin to connect two 
vavw-vi pieces of wood by being sunk in 
the edges of each; a piece of wood driven into 
a wall to secure something else: v.t. to fasten 
by dowels. 

daw PF (dou'er), n. that part of a hus- 
7 band’s property which his widow 

enjoys during her life: v.t. to furnish with a 
dower or dowry; to endow. 

daw.lflQ (dou'las), n. a kind of coarse 
uvyv la© j inen doth made in the north of 
itngland and Scotland, now nearly replaced 
by calico. 

daWtl (doun), n. soft feathers, hair, or 
uvwxa wool; thQ SQft flbers of plantg . j & 

tract of bare, hilly land used for pasturing 
sheep; banks or small, rounded hills of 
sand: adv. from a higher to a lower degree or 
position; at the lowest point; on the ground" 
below the horizon; opposite to up; from 
earlier to later times; in hand, or on the 
counter; as, to pay down for goods; on paper, 
or in a book: adj. dejected; downcast: prep. 
along a descent; from a higher place to a 
lower; along the course or current of. 

dawn ffl cf (doun'kast*), adj. directed 
uuwh-tdbl downwards; sad: n. the ven¬ 
tilating shaft of a mine. 

dawn fall (doun'fol*), n. a falling down- 
ww.n-j.aii wards; sudden fall from rank 
or reputation; ruin.— adj. downfallen. 

down PTfldp ( doun ' grad"), a downward 
vavwh giduc movement or incline; a 

descent; as, the train is on the down grade- 
opposito to up grade; reverse of fortune; the am 
proach to failure: usually in a financial sense. 

down-bpflrf pd (doun'hart' , 'ed),a</;.de- 
UUWli llCdiri-ea pressed; discouraged, 

sad. adv. downheartedly.— n. downhearted - 
ness. 

doWn-nVht ( d °un'rlt'; doun'rit'), adj. 

. ^. rf 7 1 thorough; out - and -out; 

straight to the point; blunt: adv . perpen- 
dicularly; completely; thoroughly. 

down-trod dan (doun'trbd'n), adj. 

, 11 oppressed; tyrannized 
over, held under by a stronger power. 

down-Ward ( d °un'werd), adj. tending 
v n wcuu to the ground: moving from 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop- cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu* 







downy 


187 


draw 


a higher to a lower place, grade, or direction; 
descending: ado. from a higher to a lower con¬ 
dition, state, or place; from the source. 

Also, adv. downwards. 

J m ,m it (doun'I), adj. covered with, or 
UUWU-jf made of, soft feathers, hair, or 
wool; soft; restful; cunning; artful, 
dnw rv (dou'rl), n. [pi. dowries (-rlz)], the 
'*" vv_A j property a woman brings to a 
husband at marriage; gift or possession. 

Hoy nl n cnr (dok-s61'6-ji), n. [pi. dox- 
UUA-Ul-U-gy ologies (-jlz)J, a short hymn 
of praise to God, used at the opening or close 
of religious services. 

/i n7p (d5z), v.i. to sleep lightly or fitfully: 
UU/.C n . a light sleep, or nap. 

d.OZ en (dd z ' n ). n • twelve things of a 


slug- 
or drowsy hum 


kind, taken together. 
dOZ y (^° z b. a ^- s^epy; drowsy; 

of bees. 

AraYl (dr&b), n. a kind of thick dull brown 
VJldLU or yellowish-gray woolen cloth; a 
tint of such a color: adj. of a dull brown or 
gray color. 

AraV\ 1-|1 ck (drSb'l), v.t. to make wet or 
UlctU-UlC dirty by dragging through mud 
or water: v.i. to fish with a long line and rod. 
Ararh ma (drak'md), n. [pi. drachmae 
Ui a-wi-iiici (-me), drachmas (-maz)], a 
Greek silver coin worth 19.3 cents, 
j—o-ff (draf), n. waste matter from malt 
breweries; hog’s-wash. 

Hr a ft (draft), n. a sketch or outline; bill 
ILIaJL 0 f exchange; an order for money; 
the plan of recruiting soldiers by conscription, 
or forced selection, rather than by voluntary 
enlistment; a contingent of new soldiers; 
the act of drawing a load by beasts; the 
quantity of fish caught at one draw of the 
net; the depth of water a vessel draws or to 
which she sinks; a current of air; a drink: 
v.t. to sketch out; select for military service 
by drawing numbers; as, England was 
obliged to draft married men into service. 
Also, draught. — adj. drafty. 

Hrarr (drag), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dragged, 
p.pr. dragging], to pull or draw along 
by force; 
draw along 
slowly or 
heavily; haul; 
tug; search 
by drawing a 
net or trawl 
along the 
bottom of 
(the water): 
v.i. to trail 

along the Drag 

ground; to 
move heavily; to lag behind: u. the act of 
drawing along the ground; a net drawn along 
the bottom of the water to raise sunken 
bodies; a coach drawn by four horses; a sledge 
for heavy loads. 

j ___ __i — (dr&g'l), v.t. to wet or soil by 
arag-gie drawing in the mud or along the 
ground: v.i. to be drawn along the ground so 
as to become dirty or wet. ... 

~ (drag'S-mSn), n. [pi drag- 

arag-O-man omans (-m§,nz)], in the 
East, one who explains the meaning of 
things; a guide, or agent for travelers. 
j_._ „ (drag'un) n. a very large, imagi- 
arag-on nary animal represented in fables 
or stories as a winged serpent or lizard; 
a fierce person: adj. fierce; destructive. 

^ — n Aa, (drag"fi-nad'), n. any form 

qrag-O-na ae of punishment inflicted by 



soldiers; as, the punishment of the French 
Protestants by the soldiery under Louis XIV 
was called a dragonade. Also, dragonnade„ 

drasoon&dc* 

Ara a rm (dr&g'fin fli), an Insect with 
Glctg-Uli llj a long, slender body, large 
eyes, and four narrow, finely veined wings. 

drag-on’s blood 

several South American and East Indian or 
tropical trees. 

Ara crnn-n (drd-gdon'), n. formerly, a sol- 
dier trained to serve either 
mounted or on foot; now a cavalryman, or 
mounted soldier, heavily equipped. 

Arc iin (dran), v.t. to draw off gradually; 
UId.Ul empty: v.i. to become dry: n. a 
channel or pipe for useless water; a sewer; 
the act of drawing off completely. 

Ara in a era (dran'&j), n. the manner In 
uid.Ui-d.ge w hich the waters of a country 
pass off by its streams; a system of pipes or 
sewers for removing waste water from towns. 

drake ^ drak ^’ n * tke male any 

Arc im (dram), n. one-eightb of an ounce 
UldJ.ll troy, and one-sixteenth of an 
ounce avoirdupois; a small quantity of 
spirituous liquor. Also, drachm. 

Ara ma (dra'm a), n. a prose or poetical 
Uid.-Hld. composition telling a story of 
human life by means of the speech and action 
of the characters: usually intended to be 
acted on a stage; that branch of literary art 
concerned with the making of stage plays; 
real life so exciting as to seem like a play. 

Ara mot ir (dra-mat'Ik), adj. pertaining 
uId.-Illd.L-lV/ to, or like, the drama; as, 
dramatic art; a dramatic situation; full of 
intense human interest. Also, dramatical.— 
adv. dramatically. 

dra-ma-tis per-so-nae ^“ni'ALS 

characters or persons in a play or drama. 
[Lat.] 

Aram a -fief (dr5m'd-tlst), n. a writer of 
U1 dlll-d.-LloL plays; as, Shakespeare is the 
world’s greatest dramatist. 

Aram a fi'i a (dram'd-tlz), v.t. to com- 
Ui d.lH-d.- iiAC pose or wx*ite in the form 
of a play.—n. dramatization. 

ArarAr (drank), past tense and past parti- 
Ul cUlrl ciple of the verb drink. 

Arana (drap), v.t. to cover with cloth; 
U.Iape arrange in folds; as, to drape cur¬ 
tains. 

Ara nar (dra'pSr), n. a dealer In woolen 
Uld.-pcl or cotton cloth, etc. 

Ara nar ipH (dra'pSr-ld), adj. nu-nlshed 
GI d-jJci -IcU or covered with hangings 

of any kind: used especially of the human 
figure in sculpture and in painting. 

Ara nar v (dra'pgr-I), n. [pi. draperies 
Qra-per-y (_iz)] t cloths or fabrics used 
for garments or hangings; hence, hangings, 
curtains, or loose garments such as are often 
represented in sculpture or painting. 

Ara o fir (dr&s'tlk), adj. acting rapidly 
UId.o-lIV/ an( i violently; as, a drastic 
remedy; powerful; vigorous. 

AratirA-\f (draft), n. the act of drawing; 
UldUglll that which is drawn: v.t. to 
draw. Also, draft. 

Arancrhic (drafts), n. the game of check- 
araugnxs ers: so called in Great Britain. 
Aram (dro), v.t. [p.t. drew, p.p. drawn, 
UlaW p.p r . drawing], to pull along or 
haul; suck in; pullout; force out; to extend 
in length; stretch; disembowel; as, to draw 
a fowl; take or bring out, as water: a number 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 














drawback 


1S8 


dressing 


In a lottery, etc.; to represent on paper with 
a pen or pencil; to describe; as, to draw a 
Character; to write in legal form; require to 
float in; as, the vessel draws twenty feet of 
water; inhale; as, to draw a sigh; attract 
or allure; induce; receive; leave undecided; 
as, to draw a game: v.i. act as an inducement; 
shrink; take, pull, or force something out; 
move; as, to draw near; to be pulled; to 
practice the art of making pictures with a 
pen or pencil; to write a formal demand for 
money, supplies, etc.; as, you may draw on 
the bank for the amount; to allow a current 
of air to pass; as, the chimney draws well: 
n. the act of drawing; a lot or chance drawn; 
a game left undecided. 

Syn., v. pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale, 
sketch, describe. 

rjvrr Un plr (dro'bak*), n. loss of ad- 
uiaw-uav/n vantage; a discouragement; 
hindrance; money paid back, especially 
money paid by a government, to a dealer 
exporting goods, equal to the customs duty 
paid on the same goods when imported. 

jyn" rl rrp (dro'brij"), n. a bridge 
aravl'-DriUge which may be wholly or 
partially lifted up^ let down, or drawn aside, 
draw a A (dro'e), n. one on whom an 
uiaw-cc order, bill of exchange, or a 
draft is drawn, with the expectation that he 
will pay the amount. 

flro-ar At* (dro'er), n. one who draws; a 
UlaW-Ci draftsman; a sliding boxlike 
arrangement for holding clothes, papers, 
etc.; one who issues a bill of exchange, or an 
order for the payment of money: pi. an 
undergarment for the lower part of the body 
and legs. 

Hm W iricr (dr6'Trig), n. a representation 
vn. a. vy -lAAg, or picture on a plane surface 
of the appearance of objects; a sketch; a 
distribution of tickets in a lottery. 

drflW i«fr—rnmn (dr6'Ing=room), n. a 
vllctW-Ulg i UGIII room for the reception 

or admission of company; literally, the room 
to which guests retire after dinner; a recep¬ 
tion of company, or the company assembled, 
in such a room. 

drawl (drol), v.t. to utter in a slow, lazy 
u.xa.wx tone: n. a slow, lazy manner of 
speaking. 

drawn (dron), p.adj. left undecided; as, it 
U1 awu was a drawn game because the score 
was even; having the bowels removed; as, a 
drawn fowl; contracted; shrunk, 
drav (dra), n. a low, stoutly-built cart used 
UA a j for hauling heavy loads. 
drAaH (dr8d), v.t. to fear greatly; to look 
forward to or anticipate with 
shrinking or fear: v.i. to be in great fear: n. 
imaginative terror; fear mingled with respect 
and affection; as, a dread of the judgment of 
God: adj. awful; solemn. 

Syn., n. horror, terror, alarm, dismay. 

Ant. (see boldness, assurance). 

HrAJlH fill (dred'fool), adj. fearful; terri- 
UltJdU-lUl bl3; full of fear or awe; 

arousing fear or awe; as, a dreadful disaster. 
Syn. frightful, shocking, awful, horrible. 

drAA HI -nnncrlif (dred'not'), n. a fearless 
Uicau-UdUglll person; a thick woolen 

cloth to exclude storm and cold; a battle¬ 
ship of 13,090 tons burden or over. Also, 

dreadnought. _ 

drAntn (drem), n. a train of thoughts or 
uiceuu images passing through the mind 
during sleep; something seen in the imagina¬ 
tion; a state of abstraction or reverie; an 
idle fancy; as, a dream of greatness; a wild 
scheme: v.t. f n.t. and p.p. dreamt, p.yr. dream¬ 


ing], to see or imagine in sleep; to see in the 
imagination, as possible future events: v.i. to 
have a train of ideas in sleep; to imagine pos¬ 
sible or impossible future events; to.indulge in 
idle fancies.— n. dreamer. 

drAJim land (drem'land'), n. the lovely, 
u.j. ucu.xx-acu.iu. imaginary country seen in 

the imagination, waking or sleeping. 

dr Afltn lilrA (drem'llk"), adj. unreal; like 
’wain line something seen in a vision. 

drAflm v (drem'I), adj. pertaining to, or 
-' caaaa j 1 ' full of, dreams; imaginative; 
fanciful; not awake to realities; not clear, 
or indistinct; unreal.— adv. dreamily.— n. 
dreaminess. 

drAar (drer), adj. dismal or gloomy to the 
VAA eye or gar; sorrowful; as, a drear 
old age. 

dr par v (drer'i), adj. cheerless; gloomy: 
uicai-j as. a dreary day; a dreary scene. 
— adv. drearily. — n. dreariness, 
dr Ad crA (drej), «. a drag or instrument for 
uicugc sweeping the bottom of a river 
to bring up something; a box with perforated 
lid, or a lid full of holes, used to sift or sprinkle 
with: called also dredger: v.t. to clean out 
and deepen by a dredge; as, dredge a deeper 
passage in a river; gather with a dredge; 
sprinkle with flour, etc. from a dredge. 



Bucket Dredge 


pr (drej er), n. a box with a lid 
cvxg-cx containing holes, used in cook¬ 
ing to sprinkle flour, sugar, etc. Also, dredge, 
drpffe (dregz), n.pl. the matter which goes 
ulc b a to the bottom of liquor; lees; worth¬ 
less matter. 

T*if*fti nd (dri boont"), n. a triple alli- 

ju.w-uuuu ance or union, especially that 
(1882) between Germany, Austria-Hungary, 
and Italy for defending each other. 

Hr An pVi (drench), v.t. to wet thoroughly; 
uicuv/ii soak; forcibly give a dose to; 
as, to drench a horse: n. a large drink, often 
one forced down the throat; a dose of medi¬ 
cine for a horse or ox. 

Fir AC Hati (drez'den), n. a fine porcelain 
x/ico-ucu made near Dresdon, in Sax¬ 
ony, Germany. 

HrACC (drfis), n. covering for the body; 
u clothing; elegant or fashionable at¬ 

tire; a woman’s or a child’s gown; outside 
finish or ornament: v.t. [p.£. and p.p. dressed 
or drest, p.pr. dressing], to cover with, or 
as with, clothing; adorn; deck out; pre¬ 
pare or make ready; arrange; to prepare 
for the table; curry or rub down; adjust 
to a straight line, as soldiers; prune or trim; 
to treat, as a wound, with medicines, band¬ 
ages, etc.: v.i. to put on clothes; to form a 
line. 

Syn., n. clothing, attire, apparel, garments, 
costume, garb, livery. 

Hr ACC Ar (dres'er), n. one who regulates 
Uicoo-w or ad justs clothing; a surgeon's 
assistant; a set of shelves or open cupboard 
for plates, etc.; a combination of mirror and 
bureau. 

Hr ACC in O’ (dres'Kng), p.pr. of dress: n. 

the act of putting on clothes: 


ate, senate, iare,^ cat, local, iar, ask, poradej scene, event, edge, novel, refer' 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare,' unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, nieniij 




















dressing gown 


189 


material used in stiffening fabrics; the 
smoothing of the surface of stone, timber 
etc.; sauce served with certain kinds of food; 
as, a mayonnaise dressing; stuffing for a 
f° w J: roast, etc.; a beating; a reprimand; 
medicines, bandages, etc., applied to a wound; 
the preparation of mineral ores for the furnace. 

dress-ine crown w^ s ' in s goun), a 

u ul o b uvvu hght, easy, loose gown 

worn while dressing. 

mfllr or (drgs'mak'er), n. a maker 
UI Cbb-mcUt-er of women's costumas. 

A rckcc v (dres'I), adj. fond of clothes, espe- 
u coo "J cially showy or elaborate ones: 
stylish. 

drPW (droo), past tense of the transitive 
u vv and intransitive verb draw. 

driVi "hip (drlb'l), v.i. to fall in small 
uuu-uic drops; trickle: v.t. to let fall 
in drops; give out or deal in small portions; 
in football, to give a slight kick or shove to: 
n. a drizzling shower; a trickling out in 
small drops. 

drill lot (drlb'lSt), n. a small piece, part, 
VAA AW “ A '''** or sum; as, ho gave the money 
to them in driblets. Also, dribblet, 
dripd (drid), p.t. and p.p. of dry: p.ad). 
uutu made dry; withered, 
dri pr (dri'er), n. one who, or that which, 
VAAA-CA dries; a substance added to paint, 
etc., causing it to dry quickly; an appara¬ 
tus for removing moisture. 

Ar-iff (drift), n. the direction in which any- 
U. 1 . 11 L thing is driven; a force which drives 
anything ahead; act or state of being driven; 
tendency or aim of an act, remark, etc.; over¬ 
bearing influence; a collection of floating 
matter heaped up by the sea or wind; as, 
a drift of snow; the horizontal or crosswise 
passage of a mine; a collection of loose 
earth, rocks, etc., transported from a dis¬ 
tance by ice; the direction of a current: 
v.t. to drive along or heap up; as, the winds 
drift dry leaves into piles: v.i. to be carried 
along by a current, or by circumstances; 
gather together in heaps. 

Syn., n. purpose, meaning, scope, aim, 
tendency, direction. 

d rift fi orp (drlft'Sj), 
arm-age n that 

which is driven along 
by a current of air or 
water; a turning aside 
from a ship’s course 
caused by wind or sea 
currents. 

drift- pr (drift'er),n. 
urni-er a type of 

naval vessel used to 
look for and remove 
submarine mines. 

drift-wood 

(drift'wood*), n. 
floating wood 
cast ashore by the 
sea. 

drill to rI1 pierce Multispindle Drill Press - 
with a boring tool; bore; instruct thoroughly; 
train; sow in lines or rows: v.i. to engage in 
military exercises: n. a tool for boring or mak¬ 
ing holes in a 
hard substance; 
a machine for 
sowing seeds in 
•ows; military 


drollery 



Oil Tube Drill 


lows i idiuttu «y , • .« « 

exercise; thorough instruction, especially by 
means of frequent repetition: drill press, a 
drilling machine for working in metal 


drill incr (driring), n. the act of using an 
VAAAAA_AAA & instrument or tool for making 
holes in hard substances; a heavy, firm 
twilled cloth. 

drinlr (drink), v.i. [p.t. drank, p.p. drunk, 
VAAAAAXV p.pr. drinking], to swallow a liquid; 
to take alcoholic liquors habitually: v.t. to 
swallow; to suck in; to receive through the 
senses; as, the eye drinks in the beauty of the 
scene: n. any liquid swallowed to quench thirst; 
as much liquor as can be taken at once; strong 
or intoxicating liquor.— adj. drinkable. —n. 
drinker, drinking. 

dr in (drip), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. dripped, p.pr. 
VAA A F dripping], to fall in drops; as, the rain 
drips from the trees: v.t. to let fall in drops: 
n. that which falls in drops; a projecting cor¬ 
nice to throw off rain. 

dri-n nincr (drlp'Ing), p.pr. of drip: n. 
'■*d*l' _ P AAA & the act of falling in drops: 
that which falls in drops; the fat from roasted 
meat. 

dfin nincr natl (drlp'Ing pan), a pan to 
ip-pidig jJclIl receive the fat which falls 

in drops from roasting meat, 
dri VP (driv), v.t. [p.t. drove, p.p. driven, 
UAAVC p.pr. driring], to urge forward by 
force; propel; give motion to; control the 
motion of, as horses attached to a carriage, a 
motor car, etc.; hence, to carry in a vehicle; 
to carry through; as, to drive a bargain; to 
put into a certain state; as, to drive one 
crazy; to overtask; as, to drive slaves: v.i. 
to press or be moved forward with violence; 
travel in a carriage or motor car; aim a blow: 
with let: n. the act of driving or sending 
forward; a strong blow; a road prepared for 
vehicles; a trip in a carriage or motor car; 
an annual gathering of cattle for branding; 
a forward blow given to a ball at cricket or 
tennis; in military use, a violent attempt to 
break a line of defense by throwing an army 
against it. 

Syn., v. compel, impel, ride, repulse, push, 
driv p! (drlv'l), v.i. to let saliva drip from 
U.11V-CA the mouth; be weak or foolish; 
talk or act like a fool: n. saliva flowing from 
the mouth; foolish talk. 

driv on (driv'n), past participle of the 
viiiv-cii V erb drive. 

driv pr (driv'er), n. one who forces some- 
uiiv-ci thing into motion; one who di¬ 
rects the motions of persons or things, as a 
chauffeur, a coachman, an overseer, etc.; In 
golf, a wooden-headed club, with full length 
shaft, somewhat supple, for driring the ball 
the greatest distances; a part of a machine 
which imparts motion to another part. 

A riTTc tt7ott (driv'wa"), n. a road, usually 
Ullvc-Wd}' private, for the use of ani¬ 
mals and vehicles. 

driv incr wlip p 1 (drlv'Ing hwel), a 
ariv-mg wneei w heel that passes on 

motion in a machine, or moves a train of 
wheels. 

dri 7 tIp (driz'l), v.i. to rain slightly or in 
Uiii-zic misty drops: n. fine misty rain. 

dr 17 7 I v (driz'll), adj. shedding fine rain; 
u. 110 -oiy as> a & r x ZZ iy s ky or day. 

d-roi-f (drwa), n. a legal right of ownership; 
UIUll right; justice. [Fr.] 

droll (drol), a ^j. ridiculous; queer; amus- 
uiun ]ng; as. a droll manner; a droll 
remark. 

Syn. funny, laughable, comic, whimsical, 
amusing. 

Ant. (see solemn). 

droll or v (drol'er-I), n. [pi. drolleries 
UI Uii-ci-y (_i z )], jesting; humor; as, the 
company greatly enjoyed his drollery; oddity. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





























dromedary 


190 


dry 


(drum'g-da-rl), n. 
dromedaries (-rlz)] t 


[pl. 



drom-e-da-ry 

Arabian, or one¬ 
humped, camel, 
noted for its 
speed. 

drone < d [ s 1>o 

utter a monoto¬ 
nous tone or 
Bound; live in 
Idleness: v.t. to 
read or speak in 
a monotonous 

tone: n. a dull, Tlrnmpdflrv 

monotonous tone; uromeaary 

as, the drone of bees or of a wheel in motion; 
one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the male of the 
honeybee, which produces no honey; a lazy 
fellow.— adj. dronish. 

rirnrm (droop), v.i. to sink or hang down; 
viAUUp to grow weak and faint or spiritless; 
bend down gradually: v.t. cause to hang down: 
n. the act of hanging down or growing weak. 
|4 rnn (drbp), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. dropped, 
U.1UJJ dropt, p.pr. dropping], to fall in 
small round masses of fluid; sink to a lower 
position; become lower in sound; as, her 
voice dropped; fall in death; visit informally: 
with in; to move easily over the water; 
as, the ship drops down to sea; to be left 
behind; as, the tired soldier dropped out of 
ranks: v.t. to let fall; to let fall in small 
globules; to have done with; hence, to leave 
or place; as, to drop a kiss; utter in an 
indirect or cautious manner; send off (a hasty 
note); to lower, as the eyes: n. a small 
round mass of moisture; something that 
hangs like a drop; a small quantity of liquid; 
a falling trapdoor; the painted curtain of a 
theater: pl. any liquid medicine given in 
small doses.—n. dropper. 

Hrnn q!vm+ +pt* (drop shut'er). a device 
*^ A d r ©IlU.l-l.t5I j n a camera, operated 
by a spring, for taking photographs in¬ 
stantly. 

flrn-n ci ra 1 (drop'sl-k&l), adj. affected 

UI Op-bl-Cd.1 with dropsy. 

llrnri Qv (dr6p'sl), n. an unnatural col- 
vaa lection of watery, or serous, 

fluid in any cavity of the body or its tissues. 

(dros), n. the scum or refuse of 
uluo ° melted metal; any worthless matter. 
Hrniicrhf (drout), n. continued absence of 
U -& 1A *> rain or moisture; dryness. Also, 
drouth. 

rirfkVP (drov), p.t. of drive: n. a collection 
uavavc 0 f ca tti e or steep driven in a body; 
a crowd. 

rim vpr (drS'ver), n. one who drives 
cattle, etc., to market; a buyer 
of cattle for sale elsewhere. 

rirrvwm (droun), V.i. to perish by suffoca- 
vAA vv aa tion in water: v.t. to suffocate in 
water; overwhelm; flood. 

Syn. swamp, submerge, engulf. 
rifAWQP (drouz), v.t. to be heavy with 
uluwac sleepiness; be half-asleep: n. a 
light sleep. 

drow <51 T1 ACC (drou'zl-ngs), n. sleepl- 
UiUW ol-ilcsb ness; sluggishness; leth¬ 
argy.] 

dl*OW <?V (drou'zl), adj. sleepy;’ sluggish; 
,lvj w-ojr as> a drowsy feeling; a drowsy 
day.— adv. drowsily. 

ririlh (drub), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. drubbed. p.pr. 
uiuu drubbing], to beat vigorously: n. a 
thump. 



n. one employed in slavish work who works 
hard for small pay. 

drilritr pr v (druj'er-I), n. hard, disagree- 
vaa caca^-c^a -y a hi e work; mean, slavish 

labor. 

rini cr (drug), n. a substance used In medl- 
VAi cine; an imsalable article: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. drugged, p.pr. drugging], to mix 
drugs with; as, to drug wine; render stupid 
by a substance which deadens feeling, 
ririio- o-pf (drug'et), n. a coarse woolen 
fabric, usually used for floor 

covering. 

rimer cricf (drug'ist), n. a dealer in medl- 
UA u & cines and the substances used 

in them. 

riril iri (droo'Id), n. a priest of the ancient 
' AA u_A '- t rehgion of Britain, Gaul, and 
Germany.— adj. druidic, druidical. 
ririim (drum), n. a musical instrument 
VAA UAAA consisting of a hollow cylinder with 
vellum or dried 
skins stretched 
across the ends, 
and beaten with 
sticks; the mem¬ 
brane or skin of 
the inner ear; a 
drum-shaped box 
for figs; a cylinder 
or re volving 
shaft: v.i. [p.Z.and 
p.p. d r ummed, 
p.pr. drumming], 
to beat a drum; 
beat rapidly with 
the fingers: to 
make a noise like 
that of a beaten Drums. 1, side drum; 2, 
drum; v.t. to play snare drum; 3, long drum; 4, 
(a tune) on the ^ ass drum, 
drum; drum; to gather together, as customers: 
with up; to expel in disgrace, with drumbeat, 
as from camp: with out; to din, or repeat 
constantly; as, to drum a complaint into 
one’s ears. 

rirnm Vi pari (drum'hgd'). n. the parch- 
VAA UJ-ii-iicdU men t or skin stretched over 
one end of a drum; the top of a capstan or 
upright windlass used on shipboard. 

rirtim ma inr (drum ma'jer), the leader 
u~i uiu liict-jui 0 f an army band or drum 

corps, or of any marching band. 

rirnm mpr (drum'er), n. one who plays 
caaaa-aaaca. a dnna; a commercial trav¬ 
eler. 

Drum-mond light SKo?^r m ii,?e 0 

light used on the stage and invented by 
Captain Drummond of England. 

drum <5+1 ck (drum'stlk*), n. the stick 
ux Uili-bUCil with which a drum is beaten; 

the outer joint of a fowl’s leg from the knee 
to the heel. 

rirrmlr (drunk), p.p. of drink: adj. intoxi- 
, caaaxx cated; as, they were drunk with 
pleasure. 

rimnlr jarri (drunk'ard), n. one frequently 
uiuiih-dlU i ntoxicated ; Q ne given over 

to the use of strong liquors; a sot. 

drunk pn (drunk'n), p.adj. overcome by 
IX 1 U 11 JV-CU tr ° n g drink . frequently in- 

toxicated. adv* drunkenly.— n. drunkenness* 

rirv (dn ), adj. [comp, drier, superl. driestl, 
.J . free . from moisture or wetness; not 
yielding juices; without interest; uninten¬ 
tionally humorous or quaint; without sweet¬ 
ness or fruity flavor; thirsty; solid, as op¬ 
posed to liquid; as, dry measure: v.t. to free 
from moisture or juice; stop the flow of; 


rirnri {TP (druj), v.i. to labor hard at mean 
** tAiAg,c; or disagreeable tasks: slave: 

r£r e ’ c* 1 ’ lo A c al, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 





























dryad 


191 


duke 


parch: v.i. to lose or be deprived of mois¬ 

ture.— n. dryness. 

Syn., adj. arid, parched, dull, tedious, unin¬ 
teresting, meager. 

Ant. (see moist, interesting, succulent). 
rtr\T art (dri'ad), n. a^nymph, or imaginary 
maiden of the woods. 

Hrv anriHc (dri g°odz), textile, or woven 
fabrics, such as cloth, lace, 

ribbon, etc. 

drv lv (dri'ir), adv. without moisture; in 
an uninteresting manner; coldly; 

sarcastically. Also, drily. 

Hrv-Cfllt (drl'solt"), v.t. to cure by salting 
Ury ball anc j drying, as meat. 

r? rv-QVi nrl (dri'shbd"), adj. without wet- 
SX1UU. ing the feet; as, the Israelites 
were led dry-shod across the Red Sea. 
dll (du'5,1), adj. expressing or composed 
uu-ax 0 f t he number two; as, Austria- 
Hungary is a dual monarchy; n. the form of 
the noun or verb meaning two persons or 
things. 

oj tcm (du'al-Izm), n. a twofold 
uu-ai-iom division; the doctrine of two 
independent and separate natures in man, 
the spiritual and the bodily; the theory that 
there are two independent eternal principles, 
one evil and the other good, as God and the 
devil. 

dii a 1 icf (du'51-Jst), n. one who holds any 
UU-dl-iai of the theories of philosophy 
based on a twofold division. 

a1 (du"£l-ls'tlk), adj . twofold; 

ix-di-io- characterized by, or per¬ 
taining to, a belief in a twofold system, 
il.. a1 « R. (du—al I—tl), ?i. the state or 
UU-cU-I-iy quality of being twofold; di¬ 
vision into two. 

HllVi (dub), v -t’ IP-t- and PP- dubbed, p.pr. 

u. u»j dubbing], to bestow knighthood on by 
striking the shoulder with a sword; confer 
any rank, dignity, character, or name upon; 
rub. dress, or smooth; as, to dub a stick of 
timber smooth: n. slang, an awkward or 
stupid person. 

dll ftl nitc (du'bl-fis), adj. doubtful; as, a 
UU-LU-UU3 dubious reply; of questionable 
character; as, a dubious transaction.— adv. 
dubiously. — -n. dubiousness, dubiety, 
dll Tfll (du'k§l), adj. pertaining to a duke; 
UU-tal as , a ducal crown, 
dim of (duk'St), n. formerly, a gold or 
ULLG-dL silver European coin varying in 
value from about 83 cents to $2.25: pi. 
money in general; cash at command. 
diirVi ace (duch'es), n. the wife or widow 
U.UG1I-CO& 0 f a duke; a woman sovereign 

of a duchy. 

diirfi (duch'I), n. [pi. duchies (-Iz)], the 
UUULL-y territory or dominions of a duke, 
diirlr (duk), n. a common swimming bird 
UliCix with short neck and legs and flat 
bill; the female of this bird, as distinguished 
from the male, or drake; a strong linen or 
cotton material: pi. colloquially, sailors’ 
trousers or light clothes worn in hot climates: 

v. i. to plunge the head under water and then 

withdraw it quickly; bob the head: v-.t. to 
dip or plunge under water; throw into 
water; wet thoroughly. ^ 

diir*lr Unarrt (duk'bord), n. in the World 
QU.CK- DOa.ru. War, a plank laid along the 
bottom of a muddy trench to give solid footing. 

Hiirlr incr (dttk'Ing), p.pr. of duck: n. the 
UUtA-liig act of plunging under water; 
a thorough wetting; the sport of shooting 

wild ducks. , 

/limlr i«<r cfnnl (duk'Ing stdbl), a stool 

QUCK-lUg StOQl which female scolds 


were formerly tied and plunged under water as 
a punishment. 

fllirlr tine r (duk'llng), n. a young duck; 
viu.vrw-niig as, there was once an ugly 

duckling that became a swan. 

rturXc -nine (duk'plns), n.pl. a game re- 
u- u.i/XV-pxJ.J .0 sembling tenpins, but played 
with shorter pins and smaller balls. 

Hurt xvpprl (duk'wed' 1 '), n. a common 
Ulith-Wccu fresh-water plant. 

Hurt (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or canal 
u 0 by which a fluid or other substanco Is 
carried. 

dlir filp (duk'tfl), adj. capable of being 
u. ut- txxc drawn out into threads or strands, 
as wire; easily led; yielding to persuasion or 
instruction; as, tho mind of a small child la 
usually ductile. 

HllP til i tv (duk-tll'I-tl), n. capability of 
u.uu-tAi- 1 -Ly being drawn into threads or 
wire; capability of being influenced or taught. 
rtiirt (dud), n. an article of clothing; in the 
'■'•till World War, a shell or bomb which 
has failed to explode because of a defective 
fuse: pi. colloquially, clothes in general, 
especially when old and shabby. 

HiiHp (dud), n. a kind of dandy, charaor 
uuuc terized by over-fashionable manners* 
dress, etc. [Colloq.] 

rtiirt cr prvn (duj'fin), n. sullen anger: 111 
uug-cun will; as, he went away in high 

dudgeon. 

HllH icm (dud'Izm), n. the foolish pre- 
u.uu.-ioxix tensions or social peculiarities 
of dudes. Also, dudeism. 
rlup (du), adj. owed or owing; payablo; 
'■ AUC suitable to a case; resulting from; 
proper: adv. exactly; directly; as, the ship 
sailed due west: n. that which belongs or may 
be claimed as a right; that which is owed or 
required; a custom, toll, tribute, or fee: pi. an 
amount of money payable at stated intervals 
for membership in a club, etc.: due bill, a 
written acknowledgment of a debt. 

Syn., adj. owing to, attributable to, just, 
fair, proper, right. 

Hu pi (du'el), n. a battle, usually planned 
IXU.-CX beforehand, between two persona 
with deadly weapons: v.i. to fight in such a 
combat. 

rlii p 1 in cr (du'el-Ing), n. the fighting a 
UU-ei-Ulg duel. Also, duelling. 

fill pn n a (dd-en'd; du-en'yd), n. an elderly 
U.ll-GXX-AXa. Spanish or Portuguese lady who 
acts as a guardian to a younger one; a gov¬ 
erness. Also, duena. [Sp.] 
dll et n ' a mu sical composition 


to 
per- 


boiled 

matter 


a 
sup- 


be sung or played by two 
formers. Also, duetto. 
rtuff (duf), n. pudding of flour, etc 
ULIXX j n a k a g. decayed vegetable 
In forest ground.^ 

duf-fel (duf'el), n. a woolen fabric 
plies. 

fluff pr (duf'gr), n. in England, a peddler 
of feminine articles of dress, flash 
jewelry, etc.; a dull, stupid, inefficient per¬ 
son. [Slang.] 

rtito' (dug), p.t. and p.p. of dig: n. a nipple 
(of an animal). 

rtucr ntit (dug'out"), n. a canoe hollowed 
Uug-UUl out from a log; a rough kind of 
shelter dug in the side of a hill or bank; in 
the World War, a shelter dug in the back wall 
of a trench, where front line troops may rest, 
rliilrp (duk), n. one of the highest order of 
U-UxAC English nobility, ranking next below 
an archbishop and the royal princes; prince 
or high noble in European countries. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





dukedom 


192 


duplication 


Hi lira Hn-m (duk'dfim), n. a duchy or the 
UUJie-UOm t i tle of a d uke; a duke’s 

province. 

rlnl ca! (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleasant to 
uui-tci the ear; as, dulcet tones. 

Hill ri on g (duTsl-an'a), n. a soft-toned 

UUi-i/1-d.II-d. organ stop. 

Hill ri m pr (diu'sl-mer), n. a musical 
uui-vi-nxm instrument with wire strings 
which are struck with light hammers. 

Hull (dul), adj. slow of understanding or 
uuu action; stupid; without sensibility; 
not bright or clear to the eye; blunt; not 
brisk or active; wearisome; cloudy: v.t. to 
take away the sharpness of; make stupid 
or heavy; tarnish: v.i. to become stupid; 
become dull or blunt; lose brightness.— ado. 
dully, 

Syn., adj. depressing, gloomy, sad, dismal, 
commonplace. 

Ant. (see bright). 

Hull orH (dul'ard), n. a stupid person; 
^Wll-d-iU. blockhead: adj. stupid. 

Hill npcc (dul'nes), n. the state or quality 
of being slow or stupid; blunt¬ 
ness; lack of brightness. Also, dullness. 

Hn lv (dull), adv. in a fit and becoming 
u.u-J.j manner; fitly; regularly. 

Fill ma (doo'ma), n. the national legis- 
xj u-iua lature or lawmaking body of 
Russia, created by the czar in 1905 and dis¬ 
continued at the revolution of 1917. 

Hum(dum), adj. unable or unwilling to 
ulu.uu speak; silent.— adv. dumbly. —n. 
dumbness. 

dumb-bell 

n. one of a pair of heavy 
weights used for muscular 
exercise. 

dumb show ^hd), 

gesture without speech; 
as, the actors in motion pictures must tell most 
of the story in dumb show. 

Hiirn’K-iiraif at* (dum wat'er), n. a small 
UU111U Wdll-cl elevator with shelves on 

which dishes are moved from one floor to 
another. 

dum-dum bul-let 

bullet, the soft core of which spreads when 
It strikes, adding much to the injury of the 
wound. 

Hum frmnH (dum"found'), v.t. to amaze; 
d dfil-19 UJ.1U. £ 0 make dumb with sur¬ 
prise or fear. Also, dumbfound, dumfoun- 
der, dumbfounder. 

Hum mv (dum'I), n. [pi. dummies (-Iz)], 
*■*“ one who is mute or silent; a 
sham or make-believe; an exposed hand at 
whist played by the opposite player when 
three persons are playing: adj. imitation; 
noiseless; apparently acting for oneself, 
but really for another, as, a dummy director 
In a company. 

Hlimn (dump), n. a thud or heavy sound; 
uu ll r anything short, thick, and heavy; 
a place of deposit for rubbish; a pit for the 
Storage of ammunition or military supplies: 
pi. low spirits: v.t. to throw down and empty, 
especially abruptly; unload from a cart. 

Hlimn liner (dump'llng), n. a pudding of 
uuuip-img paste or dough, often inclos¬ 
ing fruit or meat. 

Hlimn v (dum'pl), adj . short and thick; 
u uiiip y discontented; sulky. 

Him (d“ n )’ a< y. of a dull brown color; n. 
** a person who presses persistently for 
payment of a debt; a request for payment; 



Dumb-bell 


a fortified height; earthwork; mound: vj£. 
[p.t. and p.p. dunned, p.pr. dunning], to 
urge, especially for a debt; cure, as codfish, 
after salting, by laying in a pile in a dark 
place, covered with salt grass, etc., to impart 
a dark color. 

Himrp (duns), n. a dull, ignorant person; 

ixuiiisc; a backward student. 

Syn. simpleton, fool, idiot. 

Ant. (see sage). 

Him Hpr liASfl (dun'der-h8d*), n. a 
UUIl-Uei-Iied-U dunce; a numskull; a 

blockhead. _ 

Him a (dun), n. a heap of drifted sand piled 
UU11C up on the seashore by the action of 
the wind. 

Himcr (dung), n. the waste material cast 
VAUAA & off through the bowels of animals; 
anything filthy or rotten: v.t. to manure, 
as with dung. 

Him crarm (dun'jfin), n. the principal 
uuu-gcun defended part of an ancient 
castle; a dark underground cell; a prison. 
Also, donjon. 

of 


■u:i1 (dung'hll"), n. a heap 
-mu manure: adj. vile, ignoble. 


dung 

Dim Irpr (dun'ker), n. one of a sect of 
xj uii-nci German - American Baptists, 
properly termed Brethren. Also, Dunkard. 
Him nacra (dun'aj), n. loose wood, fagots, 
u,UA1 “ J ‘ Acl & c etc., stowed in the hold of a 
vessel to protect the cargo from injury; 
personal baggage: used by sailors. 

Him ■nic'h (dun'Ish), adj. inclined to a 
dull brown color. 

Himn ifp (dun'it), n. a powerful ex- 
plosive, of American invention. 

Htl O-dfif i tTlfll (du'S-des'I-mal), adj. 
u.u-U-u.cu- 1 -lllcll consisting of, or count¬ 
ing by, twelves or any power of twelve: n. a 
twelfth power of anything: pi. a system of 
computing by twelves the number of square 
feet and inches in a rectangular area. 

du O dfif 1 irm (du" 6 -des'l-mo), n. a 
viu u UCI/-I-111U sheet folded into twelve 

leaves [ 12 mo]: said of a book. 

dll-O-dp niim (du'&-de'nfim), n. [pi. 
U.U u UC 11 Uili dU odena (-na)J, the first 

portion of the small intestine. 

Hll fl ffitlP (du' 6 -ton), n. and adj. a proc- 
ess of photo-engraving in which 
two plates are made from the same negative 
and one printed over the other, giving a 
two-tone effect intho picture. 

Him flip (dup'a-bl), adj. capable of 
uup-a-uic being easily deceived; gullible. 
Hupp (dup), n. one who is, or can be, easily 
v*upo tricked; a person who believes every¬ 
thing that he is told: v.t. to deceive by 
trickery; cheat. 

Hll tiIpy (du'pleks), adj. double; com- 
pound; having two parts that 
work at the same time, as a machine with 
two cutters, a device for sending two tele¬ 
graph messages over one wire at the same 
time, etc.: v.t. to arrange a telegraphic system 
so that two messages can be sent in opposite 
directions at one time. 

Hll nli Pfl+p (du'pll-kat), v.t. to make 
u-u pil-cau? double; make a copy or 

copies of; adj. (du'pll-kat), corresponding 
exactly with another; twofold; double; grow¬ 
ing in pairs; in cards, playing the same 
hands twice; as, duplicate whist: n. fac¬ 
simile; counterpart; an exact copy. 

Syn., n. copy, likeness, imitation. 

dU-T)li Ca firm (du"pll-ka'shiin)„ n. the 
U U-pn-L/cl- 11UI1 acfc of makinK double or 

making a copy or copies of; a fold; multi- 
nhcation by two. 


ate, senate, rare^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
fight, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












duplicity 


193 


dyspeptic 


Aii nlir* i Hr (dfl-plls'l-tl), n. deceitful- 
UU-pilv-l-iy n ess; double-dealing. 

/In ra Kil i Hr (du'rd-bll'I-tl), n. state or 
aU-Id.-UU-1-iy q Ua |jty of lasting or of 

wearing well; as, serge is much used in 
making clothing because of its durability. 

/In ra “hi** (du'ra-bl), adj. not perishing; 
uu-ia-uic permanent; lasting.— adv. du¬ 
rably. — n. durableness. 

Syn. abiding, continuing. 

Ant. (see ephemeral .perishable). 

du ra. ma-ter ^ dani m a'ter), the tough 

spinal cord 


dur- 


covering of the brain aDd 
Also, dura. 

qr ,ep (dur'ans), n. imprisonment; 
dllbc confinement. 

Hu ra firm (du-ra'shun), n. continuance 
U-i d -UUil i n time; as, the duration of 
the Civil War was about four years; per¬ 
manency. 

A nr Har (dfir'bar), n. a prince’s court; 
VIU.I-Ua.1 audience chamber; state recep¬ 
tion in India: Durbar, the coronation of the 
king of Great Britain and Ireland as Em¬ 
peror of India._ 

Hu rpcc (du'r<5s; dfi-rgs'), n. restraint of 
Vi U-I Coo personal liberty by fear or physi¬ 
cal force; the compelling a person to do some 
act; as, the man had committed the act 
under duress and therefore escaped severe 
punishment; imprisonment. 
j. ir in o' (dur'Ing), prep, in the time of; 
V1UI -iil& at some period of. 
j,ir C f (durst), past tense of the transitivo 
U. Ill b l and intransitive verb dare. 

Hiiclr (dusk), adj. tending to darkness; 
Vluoxv shadowy: n. approaching darkness, 
as in late twilight. 

Art clr tt (dus'kl), adj. partially dark; tend- 
ViUoxV-y jug to blackness; as, a dusky 
complexion.— adv. duskily. —n. duskiness. 
Ji ic i (dust), n. fine dry particles of matter; 
VlUol. a cloud or film of such fine particles; 
any fine powder; the particles into which a 
decaying body falls; pollen; a low condition: 
v.t. to brush away dust from; cover with 
powder; as, to dust a cake with sugar. 

ckt- (dus'ter), n. cloth or bunch of 
ViUbl-ci feathers or the like for dusting: 
a light overgarment to protect clothing from 
the dust; a box, etc., having holes in the lid 
for sifting. 

Tr (dus'tl), adj. [comp, dustier, superl. 
VlUbl-y dustiest], covered with dust. 
Tln-fol-i (duch), adj. pertaining to, or like, 
JL/ULV/il the people of Holland, or their 
language: n. the language of Holland: the 
Dutch, the people of Holland. 

An + 0 , e„o (du'te-us), adj. fulfilling ser- 
Vlll-lvJ-Ullb vice owed; obedient; showing 
respect.— adv. duteously. — n. duteousness. 
An o klo (du'tl-d-bl) , adj. subject to 
UU- 11-a-UiC payment of custom ; as, when 
travelers return to America from abroad their 
baggage is searched for dutiable articles. 

x’ (du'tl-fdbl), adj. respectful; obe- 

UU-lI-lUi dient to parents or superiors.— 
adv. dutifully. —n. dutifulness. 

An Hr (du'tl), n. [pi. duties (-tlz)], service 
UU-iy owed; conduct owing to parents or 
superiors; action required in a certain posi¬ 
tion; that which one is morally bound to do; 
tax levied by the government on certain 
articl6S 

(dworf), n. a human being, animal, 
U.Wd.11 or plant much below the average 


height: adj. of smaller size or height than 
the average: v.t. to hinder from growing to 
the natural size: v.i. to become stunted; 
grow smaller.— adj. dwarfish. 

Hwiall (dw61), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. dwelt, 
VIWell p,pr. dwelling], to reside for a 
length of time; have a fixed place to live in; 
continue; linger.—n. dweller. 

Syn. stay, abide, sojourn, tarry, 
drxrrdl „ (dwel'Ing), n. a house or place 
VlWCll-llig to live in; residence. 

rlxirivi A\a. (dwln'dl), v.i. to become grad- 
U.WlH-VlIC ually less; diminish; to grew 
smaller. 

Syn. pine, waste, fall off. 

Ant. (see grow). 

J uo (di), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. dyed, p.pr. dye- 
'•lyc ing], to stain or color: v.i. to follow the 
trade of a dyer: n. a coloring liquid or stain. 
Hir in tr (di'Ing), p.adj. passing away from 
Vlj-iilg nfe; decaying physically; draw¬ 
ing to a close: n. the act of giving up life, 
riwlrfi (dlk), n. a bank of earth built as a 
ViyiVvJ barrier. Also, dike. 

Atr rtarrt ir (dl-nam'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
Viy-ildlll-IV/ power or physical energy; 

pertaining to forces producing motion. 
Also, dynamical. 

j_r om ico (di-nam'iks), n. that 
Qj -Ild.111 - IV/O branch of mechanics which 
treats of the effects of force in producing 
motion. 

dy-na-mite mi 1 ?- 

dln'd-mit), n. a highly 
explosive compound of 
nitroglycerine mixed 
with sawdust or 
similar material: 
v.t. to destroy by 
dynamite. 

dy-na-mo 

(di'nd-m5), n. a 
machine for pro¬ 
ducing electric Alternating Current Dynamo 
current. , 

__ _____ ~ (di na-mbm'e-tSr; 

ay-na-mom-e-ter din"d-m£>m'e-tsr) , 

n. an apparatus for measuring force or 
power, etc. „ , ^ x .. 

A IT n a c f i r (di-nas'tlk; dln-&s'tlk), adj. 
Uy-nd.b-UC pertaining to a line of sover¬ 
eigns of a particular family. 

J , 7 -noc +T 7 (di'nSs-tl; dln'Ss-tl), n. [pi. 
ay-nas-iy dynasties (—tlz) ], a line or suc¬ 
cession of sovereigns of a particular family; 
the length of time during which a certain 
family reigns. 

(dm), n. a unit used in the measure- 
viyiit, ment of force; the force which, act¬ 
ing upon a mass of one gram for one second, 
produces a speed of one centimeter per second. 
j___ __ 4. _ __ (dls'en-ter-I) , n. a disease 

dys-en-ter-y of the bowels, character¬ 
ized by a severe inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the large intestine, attended 
with fever.— adj. dysenteric. 

/lire non ci a (dis-pep'sl-d; dls-p 6 p'sha). 
Viy b-pcp-bi-a. a very common ailment, 

affecting digestion, generally chronic; indi¬ 
gestion. .. . _ 

e X* (dls-pep'tSc), adj. pertaining 

ays-pep-tic to, causing, or afflicted with, 
indigestion: n. a person having chronic in- 
digestion. 



boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n r thick; hw - wh as in when; 

zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as m loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 








each 


194 


easy 


E 


(ech) > pron. and adj. every one of a 
Ccttrli number considered separately; as, 
each (pron.) or, each man (adj.) is expected to 
do his duty L 

cypr (e'gSr), adj. impetuous; earnest; 
Cci-gcl enthusiastic; keenly desirous.— adv. 
eagerly.—n. eagerness. 

Syn. ardent, fervent, impatient, spirited. 
Ant. (see_ diffident). 

crip (e'gl). n. a bird of prey of the falcon 
Ca-giC family, noted for its strength, size, 
and keenness of vision; the ten dollar gold 
piece of the United States; the military stand¬ 
ard of ancient Rome. 

an cr 1 pf (e'glet), n. a young eagle; as, the 
l eaglets of some species do not grow 
their full plumage until the third or fourth year. 

(er), n. the entire organ of hearing; 
Va.1 the outer part of that organ; the sense 
of hearing, or delicate perception of sounds; 
as, he has an ear for music; attention; that 
part of a cereal plant containing the flowers 
and seeds; as, an ear of corn. 

AOt - 4 riirn (er'drum"), n. a thin mem- 
Cal -UI LU.il brane, like the head of a 
drum, that closes the cavity of the middle ear. 
PJl rpH (® r( B» dtdj. having ears of a given 
type; as, a long-eared or short¬ 
eared animal. 

: n£y (er'Ing), n. a small rope for 
Ca.i-u.ig fastening the upper corner of a 
sail to a wooden bar; the formation of ears, 
as in wheat. 

‘ pa rl (fi r B> n • a British nobleman next in 
Cctll rank below a marquis. 

1 Horn (url'dum), n. the dignity, 
ca - A A ” A *'- ,AAA possessions, or authority of an 

earl. 

Pfir tv (fir'll), adj. [comp, earlier, superl. 

-ly earliest], being near the beginning; 
before the usual time; in good time: adv. at 
or near the beginning; soon; seasonably, 
par mar (er'mark"), n. a mark by which 
-liluin. a person or thing may be 
known. 

Pam (fir n )« v.t. to gain a just pay for one’s 
ecu. ii labor, service, etc.; to merit. 

Syn. acquire, win, gain, achieve. 

Parn pcf (fir'nest), adj. serious in speech 
cam-coi or action; zealous; eager; 
ardent; hearty: n. a portion of something 
given or done in advance as a pledge; as, 
the warmth of spring is an earnest of the heat 
of summer.— adv. earnestly.—n. earnestness. 
Syn., adj. serious, solemn, warm. 

Ant. (see trifling). 

parn fncrc (fir'nlngz), n.pl. money or 
caiu-iugo other compensation received 
for services; wages; reward. 

Par rtn cr (er'rlng'O, n. an ornament for the 
C<AA ~ AAAA » ear: usually of gold or precious 
Btones. 

Parth (fi rt fi). n. the globe or planet on 
cai AAA which we live; the solid materials 
which compose the globe; ground; soil; a 
region or land; worldly things or interests; 
the inhabitants of the globe; as, the whole 
earth rejoiced. 

PartVl pil (fir'thn), adj. made of earth or 
C£U ui-di c i a y. as an earthen jar. 

parfll pn war p (fir'thn-wSr"), n. ves- 
sSdi. LU- ell- Wdic se i s or other objects 

made of burnt or baked clay, or a similar 
substance. 


parfVi (firth'll), adj. pertaining to this 
Cell lll-lj world; as, earthly joys; pertaining 
to the present life; material.—n. earthliness. 

part-Vi mi a Itp (firth'kwak"), n. a shaking 
Cell Lil-l^Ua.lvC or trembling of the ground 

produced by explosions or slidings beneath 
the surface. 

parfVi wnrlr (firth'wfirk"), n. a cutting 
ecu til-wui iv or embankment made by 

removing or filling in with soil; a fortification 
made of clay, sand, gravel, etc. 

<aor+Vi uTwrm (firth'wurm"), n. a common 
Cdl lll-W UIiu name for worms that live in 
damp ground. 

part Vi v (fir'thl), adj. pertaining to, com- 
Cdi lll-j posed of, or resembling, the soil; 
unrefined; coarse.—n. earthiness, 
par wicr (er'wlg"), n. a well-known insect 
Cdl-wig -with a pair of curved forceps at 
its tail, supposed to creep into the ear; a 
common name for any small centipede, 
pacp ( ez )> n - freedom from pain, disturb- 
CdoC ance, labor, or stiffness; as, ease of 
manner; quiet; repose: v.t. to free from pain, 
anxiety, trouble, or tension; give rest or relief 
to; as, to ease a horse of his load. 

Syn., v. calm, alleviate, pacify, rid. 

Ant. (see annoy, worry), 
pa cpI (e'zel), n. a frame or tripod for hold- 
ca-Dci ing a canvas, blackboard, picture, 
etc. 

poof (est), n. that part of the 
CdoL heavens where the sun 
is seen to rise; one of the four 
points of the compass; the part 
of the earth lying toward the 
sunrise: adj. coming from the 
direction of the sunrise; lying 
on the right hand when one 
faces the north: adv. in the 
direction of the sunrise: East, 
the Orient or far East, as the 
countries of Asia; eastern part 
of the United States. 

T?oc+ cki- (es'ter), n. a festi- 
Hfdol-cl va ] G f the Christian 
commemorate the resurrection 
Christ: adj. pertaining to that festival. 

PaQt pr 1v (es'ter-li), adj. and adv. situ- 
ca.oL-ci -iy a ted, or moving towards, the 
sunrise: in the direction of the sunrise, 
pact ptern), adj. situated towards, 
caoi-cni or lying in, the part of the earth 
towards the sunrise.— n. easterner. 

East-em Church gSolfo c ri2i£i e 

or Greek Church. 

East-em Em-pire ’Sr p {& 

later Roman Empire which had its capital at 
B yzantium (Constantinople). 

East-ern Ques-tion 

applied to the difficult problems arising out of 
the possession by the Turks of the southeast 
part of Europe, and of their relations to 
Russia and adjoining states. 

poof it rarH (est'werd), adv. toward or In 
caui-waiU the direction of the sunrise. 
Also, eastwards. 

Pad V ( ez fi)» a ^i- [comp, easier, superl. 

easiest], comfortable; not difficult; 
not burdensome; as, an easy task; moderate; 
not exacting.— adv. easily.— n. easiness._ 



Easel 

Church to 
of Jesus 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
light, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









eat 


195 


eddy 


xaof (et), v.t. [ p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, p.pr. 
cat i n g], to chew and swallow, as 1 



eat- 

W»- food; 
devour; consume; corrode; waste or wear 
away; as, rust eats away the surface: v.i. to 
take food; to become corroded.— n. eater. 

ck KIa (et'a-bl), adj. good for food; 
Cdt-d-UlC fjt to be swallowed; edible. 

(°)> n - lPl‘ saux ( 5 z)], water, especially 
ca u as applied to perfumes, cordials, etc.; 
as, eau de cologne. [Fr.] 
eaves (evz), n.pl the lower edges of the 

eaves 

eavesdropping], to listen secretly to the pri¬ 
vate conversation of others. 
nkU (6b), n. the flowing back of the tide; 

ebb-tide; decline: v.i. to flow back or 
return, as the tide to the sea; decline; recede 
or go back. 

cU i-v-ri (eb'un), adj. made of, or like, ebony; 
CU-OI 1 very black. 

nn ifo (eb'un-it), n. a hard black rub- 
C U-Ull-ilC ber, used for buttons, combs, etc. 

nn no (6b'fin-iz), v.t. to make black 
CU-UH-IAC by staining. 

A TIV (Sb'fin-I), n. [pi ebonies (-fz)], a 
c hard, heavy, durable, black- 

colored wood: adj. made of, or like, that wood; 
very black. 

a, Vnil li on+ ($-bul'ySnt), adj. in a bubbling 
or boiling state. 

.-.v. n1 11 Finn (eb"u-lish'un), n. the act of 
®O-Ul-II-llOH boiling; bubbling; a sud¬ 
den outburst of feeling; violent agitation. ► ] 
f*c mn trir (6k-sen'trlk), adj. not in the 
CC-CCil-lI 1C center; peculiar in manner 
or character; as, an eccentric person; erratic; 
irregular; not having the same center; n. a 
circle or sphere not having the same center 
as another circle; as, the drive-wheel of an 
engine works on an eccentric. 

Syn ., adj. irregular, singular, odd, abnormal, 
wayward, peculiar, strange. 

Ant. (see regular, ordinary). 
aa ■f'T'if* i Fir (®k sen-trls'I-tl), n. [pi 

CC-CcIl-lIIC-l-iy eccentricities (-tlz)], 
a peculiarity of manner or character; oddity. 

pIa ci oo tpc (e-kle"zl-as'tez), n. a 

.CiC-dC-oi-clo-LCo book of wisdom in the 

Old Testament. 

ap r 1~ ci oc +ip (e-kle'zl-as'tfk) adj per- 
GC-ClC-bl-clo-llC taining to the church: n. 

a person in holy orders; a clergyman. 

ec-cle-si-as-ti-calS^'^SSnfVo 

the church and its organization or govern¬ 
ment.— adv. ecclesiastically. 

ec- cle-si-as-ti-cism <££)? n.^ong 

attachment to the forms, usages, organiza¬ 
tion, and privileges of the church. 

Ant, c. 1 At , ( 6 sh'e- 16 n), n. the arrange- 
CCIl-C-IUll ment of a body of troops in the 
form of steps; an arrangement of the vessels 
of a fleet in V form: v.t. to form in such an 
arrangement. 

n (ek' 5 ), n. [pi. echoes (-oz)J, the repe- 
Ctii-U tition of a sound caused by the reflec¬ 
tion of sound waves; the repeating of the word 
or opinions of others; one who copies his 
opinions and words from others: v.i. [p.t. and 
p.p. echoed; p.pr. echoing], to give back or 
repeat a sound: v.t. to repeat the sound of; 
as, the mocking-bird echoes nearly all other 
birds; repeat closely (the words, etc., of 
others). „ ,, , 

' ^laif (aTdar'), n. a small oblong cake 
C-tlctli containing flavored cream, etc., 
covered with sugar or chocolate. [Fr.] 


6 clat n. renpwn; 


striking effect; 

splendor. [Fr.] 

PP Ipp +1P (ek-lek'tlk), adj. selecting;choos- 
CC-ICC-LIC ing from various sources or 
systems; made up of choice, selected material, 
p pli-ncp (^-klips'), n. the total or partied 
c-tlipac darkening of the light of the sun, 
moon, or other heavenly body caused by its 
entering the shadow of another body; an over¬ 
shadowing; temporary failure: v.t. to darken 
or conceal, as one body by another; surpass. 



Eclipse of the Sun 

S, sun; T, earth: L, moon; F, focus; A, B, C. . 
shadow of the earth. 

„ (e-kllp'tlk), n. the great circle 

which is the apparent path or 
the 6un, or real path of the earth in the 
heavens during a year: adj. pertaining to 
the darkening of a heavenly body. 

_ _ 1i-vrriiQ (ek'log), n. a poem about the 
CC-lOglXc country or about rural life; as, 
the Eclogues of Virgil. 

. r>r\ tip-m ip (ek" 6 -n 5 m'Ik). adj. frugal; 
t-CU-IIUlii-iC pertaining to the science of 
economics. Also, economical.— adv. econom¬ 
ically. y 

_ _ _ (e"ko-n 5 m'Iks), n. the sci- 

e-co-nom-lbb ence that treats of the pro¬ 
duction and use of wealth; political economy. 
„ 4. (e-kon'o-mlst), n. one who 

e-con-o-mist j s careful in the use of 
time, labor, or money; a student of the theory 
of the production and use of wealth. 

_ _ _ „ mi<rp (e-kon'6-miz), v.t. to man- 
e-COn- 0 -im/.C age with care or frugality; 
to treat savingly or sparingly: v.i. to be care¬ 
ful in outlay; to avoid waste and extrava¬ 
gance; as, to economize in housekeeping. 

_ „ (g-kon'o-ml), n. [pi. econo- 

e-COn-O-iny mies (-mlz)], the regulation 
and management of means and resources; free¬ 
dom from waste in the use of anything; thrift. 
' (a'kroo; ek'roo), adj. unbleached; 

c-CI U having the pale brown color of raw 
silk, or of undyed linen. [Fr.] 

_ . _ TT (ek'sta-sl), n. [pi ecstasies 

eC-Sta-by (- s lz)J, the state of being beside 
oneself; excessive joy; a kind of trance. 

„ p i q a : n (ek-stat'Ik), adj. overpowering; 
cL-oldl-lC rapturous; entrancing. Also, 
ecstatical.— adv. ecstatically. 

-.1 imcn-i i ra 1 (ek"u-men'I-kal), adj. 
ec-u-meil-l-ccll general; universal; per¬ 
taining to the Christian church throughout 
the world: said of certain councils of the 
church. Also, ecumenic. 

^ _ rye. -mo (ek'ze-md) , n. a disease of the 
ec-ze-nid. s kin usually attended by in¬ 
tense itching. 

T?r 1 Act Ced'd), n. a collection of the ancient 
_C/U.-U.d. poems of Iceland. 
a.A tv (ed'I), n. [pi eddies (-Iz)], a current 

cU-Uy of air or water running opposite to 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 























edelweiss 


196 


efflorescence 


the main current, thus causing a circular 
motion; a small whirlpool: v.i. to move with 
a circular motion; whirl. 

e /4 0 1 nmicc (a/del-vis), n. a small, white. 

-Ucl-Wcloo woolly plant and flower of 
the aster family, native to the Alps. 

E-den (K n > 


e’en 


n. the 

Adam and Eve were 
very delightful region or abode; ^ 
pH crp- (6J*)» n - the thin, sharp, or cutting 
cu b c part of a knife or tool; extreme 
border; brink; margin; keenness: v.t. and 
v.i. to put a border on; move forward little 
by little; as, to edge one’s way through a crowd 
Syn., n. rim, brimu_ verge. 
pHcro* -fn/il (Si tool), any sharp tool, as a 
CClge XOOl hatchet or chisel. 

p/ln-p «rl C p (ej'wiz), adv. on, by, or with 
cugc-Wloc the edge; with the edge 
towards; as if by the edge. Also, edgeways, 
pfio- in O’ (Sj'Ing), P-pr. of the verb edge: n. 
v ' VA o“ AAA S that which forms a border; narrow 
lace or embroidery for a garment; the opera¬ 
tion of shaping or ornamenting anything. 

**H i Kick (ed'I-bl), adj. fit to be eaten as 
ou-i-UiC food: n. something fit to be 
eaten: usually in plural, 
p Hirt (e'dlkt), n. a public announcement 
C " U1UI or order issued by a ruler and hav- 
' Ing the force of a law. 

#*H i fi r*o firm (M"i-fl-ka'shfin), n. a 

building up or improv¬ 
ing of the mind, in a moral or religious sense; 
Instruction; education. 

pH i fipp (ed'I-fIs), n. a structure; a build- 
C '“ A “ A_AA '-''-' ing of large size. 
pH i fv (Sd'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. edified, 
cu-i-ijf p.pr. edifying], to instruct and 
Improve, especially in faith or morals. 
pH if (ed'It), v.t. to revise and prepare for 
cu ' u publication; to direct, select, and 
adapt for publication. 

e Hi firm (e-dish'un), n. the published 
-ui-uuu form of a literary work; the 
numbor of copies of a book, magazine, or 
newspaper published at one time. 
pH i for (ed'I-ter), n. one who superin- 
cu-i-ioi tends, revises, or prepares a 
literary work for publication; one who con¬ 
ducts a newspaper^ magazine, etc. 

pH i fo ri al (6d*I-to'rI-al), adj. pertain- 
CU-1-LU-ri-d.I ing to an editor, or his 

duties: n. a leading article in a paper giving 
an opinion on some subject.— adv. editorially, 
pkfi 11 Pflfp (ed'fi-kat), v.t. to impart knowl- 
edge to; increase the mental 
or moral power of; instruct; train; teach. 

oH 11 firm (ed"fl-ka'shun), n. the sys- 
'■'tl-U-ca.-liUAi tematic training of the 

mental or moral powers; the knowledge and 
ability, gained through a systematic ccfcrse of 
training. 

Syn. culture, information, learning, study, 
Instruction. 

Ant. (see ignorance). 

pfi 11 pa fnr (ed'fi-ka"ter), n. one who 
CU-U-ta-lUI knows the art, theory, and 
methods of education; one who urges the 
promotion and extension of education; a 
teacher or tutor. 

p Hupp (e-dusO, v.t. to draw out; as, from 
°' uul,c a study of horses he educed a 
method of teaching them tricks; bring to light. 

e Hnr* firm (S-duk'shfln), n. an inference 
-UUt-llUii or conclusion. 

(el), n. a slimy, snakelike fish; as, as 
slippery as an eel. 

ppl nmif (el'pout"), n. a fish with a long, 
Vk/i-poub narrow, tapering body; the 
burbot of the cod family. 


garden in which faro (8-fas'), 
placed; any ci-ictCC destroy; 
paradise. 


eel 


(en), adv. a short form of even: n. a 
short form of evening. 

(ar; ar), adv. a short form of ever; 


as. 


pip-, (ar; ar), adv. a short form of ever; 
c CA the sweetest song that e’er I heard, 
pp rip (e' rI )> ddj. lonely; weird; gloomy; 
cc-xic mysterious. Also, eery. 

v.t. to erase; remove; 
„ . blot out; wipe out; 

cancel. 

pf farp inont (8-fas'm§nt), n. the act of 
blotting out; the state of 
being blotted out or erased, 
pf fprf (8-fekt'), v.t. to produce as a cause. 
c.i-ACivt consequence, or result; accomplish; 
bring about; as, to effect a change in another’s 
plans: n. result; purpose; impression: pi. 
goods; personal estate. 

Syn., n. consequence, result, issue, event, 
operation. 

pf fpp fivp (e-fek'tlv), adj. having the 
gi-iciz-uvc power to produce a result; 
efficient; powerful; producing an impression 
of beauty or a feeling of admiration; as, an 
effective picture; impressive; striking: n. a 
soldier fit for duty.— adv. effectively.—n. effec¬ 
tiveness. 

pf fpp fii (e-fek'tfi-al), adj. producing 
tu-cu. or having result.— adv. ef¬ 
fectually. 

pf fpm t no Pir (8-fem'I-na-sl), n. a term 
'* A-A C AAA-A-AA «-~^j of reproach applied to 
a man of weak character; want of manliness; 
womanishness. 

pf fPtn i nafo, (e-fem'I-nat), v.t. to make 
ci-icni-i-iicilc womanish or delicate; 

unman: v.i. become womanish: adj. (e-fem'I- 
n&t), having the qualities or characteristics of 
a woman; delicate or ^unmanly, 
pf fpr pnt (ef'er-ent), adj. conveying or 
ci-ici-cui discharging outwards; as, an 
efferent nerve, or as a river flowing from and 
bearing away the waters of a lake. 

pf fpt* vpqpp (8f'er-vSs'), v.i. to bubble 
ci-ici-vcatc up; to hiss; to work, as 

new wine; to be lively or gay. 

pf fpr Vpc; ppiipp (ef "er-vgs'ens), n. the 

state or condition of 
bubbling; uncontrollable excitement; a dis¬ 
play of feeling. 

pf fpr VPQ ppnf (ef"er-ves'ent), adj. 
r. A_ . V Veb_Lent gently bubbling arid 
hissing from the giving off of gas; gay. 
pf fpfp (8-fet'), adj. worn out, as a result 
of age; barren; exhausted; useless. 
pf.fi po pi mi c (ef"i-ka'shiis), adj. pro- 
, 11 Ca.-ClUUb ducmg, or capable of pro¬ 

ducing, a desired effect.— adv. efficaciously.— n. 
efficaciousness. 

pf fi pir (ef'I-kri-s!), n. power to pro- 
CA-AA-ca-cy duce results or effects; ability; 
efficiency; energy; agency. 

pf fi pipn pv (8-fIsh'en-sl), n. effectual 
A agency or power; the state 

of being competent or of having the power of 
producing desired effects or results. 

pf fi piptlf (8-fIsh'ent), adj. producing or 
Cl ll-CIC-lL causing desired effects or 
suits; powerful; ready; competent; as, 
efficient teacher.— adv. efficiently. 

Syn. capable, fitted. 

ef-fi-2V n ■ effi gies (-jlz)], 

oj image; a likeness or figure 
sculpture, painting^ or^on coins, etc. 

ef-flO-rpqPP ,(ef"lo-res'), v.i. to blossom; 

become covered with a 
whitish crust or fine white crystals, as by 
evaporation, etc. 

ef-fiO-re<; PPT1PP (8f"l6-r6s'§ns), n. the 
, , e time or st, ate of flow- 

erlng, the production of flowers; redness of 


ro¬ 

an 


an 

in 


ate senate;, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
nghi, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 







efflorescent 


197 


elaborate 


the skin; the formation of fine white crystals 

on the surface of certain substances through 
chemical action. 

pf fl r\ t*po c ptif (ef'lo-res'ent), adj. blos- 
Cl-UU-l CO-bClH^ om i n g or flowering. 

ef-flu-ence SSfSSt. n ’ an issulI ‘ g or 

fkf flu p-nf (Sf'loo-ent), adj. flowing or 
oi-uu-om issuing forth: n. a stream 
which flows out of another or forms the outlet 

of a lake. 

pf flu vi ill (S-floo'vI- 5 , 1 ), adj. pertaining 
ci-uu-vi-ai to the invisible vapor that 
comes from decaying matter. 

A-f flii ui urn (e-floo'vi-um), n. [pi. efflu- 
ci-iiu-vi-uni via (-a)], an invisible vapor 

or disagreeable odor arising from decaying 
matter. 

pf (ef'ort; ef 7 ert), n. severe exertion, 

C1-1U11 nhvsiral or m 


tempt. 


physical or mental; struggle; at- 

pf PI* v Sr-I), n. impu- 

ci-xiuu.ii.-d-y dence; boldness; shame¬ 
lessness. 

pf fill crptirp (e-ful'jSns), n. a great lus- 
CA “ A U,A ~& C ' AA '-' C ter, brightness, or splendor, 
pf fill o-pnf (e-ful'jent), adj. pouring forth 

ei-IUi-geni light; radiant. 

pf fii oi rvn (e-fu'zhun), n. the act of pour- 
CA_A d-oiuu ing ou t f or shedding forth; 
an outpouring of thought or sentiment; the 
escape of a fluid frojn the vessel inclosing it. 
pf fii cix/P (S-fu'sIv), adj. pouring forth 
CA - * - *31 y c freely; gushing; expressing 

exaggerated feeling.— adv. effusively.— n. ef¬ 
fusiveness. 

pf4. (eft), n. a newt or small lizard of the 
salamander family. 

prrcr ($&)• n - the oval or roundish body laid 
c oo by birds and certain other animals, 
from which their young are produced; some¬ 
thing shaped like an egg; the germ or first 
principle of anything: v.t. to urge on or 
incite. 

pcrcr nmr (eg'nog'), n. a nourishing drink 
^6&~ AAW & made of eggs, milk, and sugar, 
beaten up light and flavored with wine, etc. 
f*acr nlant (eg'plant"), n. a cultivated 
'■'o&“P ACAAAl ' herb, with large egg-shaped 
edible fruit, used as a vegetable, 
p criQ (©'its)* n • in Greek mythology, the 
c- & Aa storm-cloud around the thunder¬ 
bolt of Zeus; in art, a shield bordered with 
serpents carried by Athena. Also, aegis. 

PC' Ian fin P (eg'lan-tin), n. the wild rose 
Cg-IcUI-llUC qr sweet brier. 

P crn 6g'o), n. self; personality; as, 

C-gU th e e g 0 i s oneself; the non-ego, all that 
Is not oneself. _ 

e o-p icm (e'gfr-Izm; eg'6-izm), n. the 
habit of regarding self as the 
center of everything; selfishness; conceit or 
vanity. 

p crn icf (e'go-Ist), n. one who thinks 
always of self; a selfish person.— 

adj. egoistic, egoistical. 

p cff\ fic-m (e'go-tizm), n. the habit of 
tS-gu-lloiii talking or writing too much 
about oneself; vanity. 

Syn. conceit, self-confidence. 

Ant. (see modesty). 

p crn fief (e'gS-tist), n. one who is full of 
t vanity and talks much of himself, 
his experiences, and his views. 

A crr\ fio fir* (e"go-tIs'tIk), adj. character- 
C-gO-tlo-llC i z ed by thought of self. Also, 
egotistical.— adv. egotistically. 

e rf r cx o-inne (e-gre'jfls), adj. unusual; 

- & A C-giuuo extraordinary; extreme: usu- 
ally in a bad sense.— adv. egregiously. 


P err pec (e'grgs), n. exit or departure, as 
C- & ACBC> from a building; a means or 
place of exit. 

e o-t-Af (e'grSt; Sg'r6t), n. a kind of heron 
~& ACl< or wading bird with long neck and 
legs; a heron’s plume, or the aigrette of com¬ 
merce; the feathery down of seeds. Also. 

algret, aigrette. 

TT (rvn fio-n (Mlp'shftn), adj. of or per- 
lAaAA taining to Egypt or its people: 
n. a native of Egypt; the language of the 
ancient Egyptians. 

E crvn fnl o crxr (G ,, jip-t 51 ' 6 -ji) , n. the 
- &yP"^Gl-0-gy science or study of 
Egyptian relics and writings. 
pV, (a; 6), interj. what: an exclamation of 
CAA doubt or inquiry. 
pi Hpr (i'der), n. a large salt- 
CI-U.C1 -water duck, valued for 
its downy feathers. 

ei-der-down doun*>f' 

n. the soft breast feathers 
of the eider duck, _ 
used in pillows, cov¬ 
erlets, etc. 

pio-fif (at), adj. one 
CA & AAt more than 
seven: n. the number 
consisting of seven 
plus one; a sign 
representing eight 
units, as 8 or viii. 

(a'ten' 1 ’ 



Eider Duck 


eight-een 


a ten), adj. twice 
nine; eight plus ten: n. the 
number consisting of seventeen and one; a sign 
representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. 

piprfjf PPtl 1T10 ( a ''ten'mo), n - a book 
CigiiL-Cdi-iiiu whose sheets are folded 

into eighteen leaves. Also, 18 mo, octodecimo. 
Aig'Vif pptifVi (a'tenth"; a "tenth'), adj. 
C ' A 6 AAI, "' : ' CAAI ' AA next in order after seven¬ 
teenth: n. the ordinal of eighteen; one of 
eighteen equal parts into which a thing may 
be divided. 

PicrhfVl (atth), adj. next in order after 
^ A & AAtAA seventh: n. the ordinal of eight; 
one of eight equal parts into which anything 
may be divided; in music, a note of one- 
eighth the value of a whole note. 
picrVit v (a'tl), adj. eight times ten; four- 
cl b iAl, -J score: n. the number consisting 
of the sum of eight tens; a sign representing 
eighty units L as 80 or lxxx. 

pi thpr i'ther), adj. one or the 

ci tiici other of two: pron. one of two: 
conj. the correlative of or, - fn one of two cases. 

e lnp 1 |olp (&-jak'u-lat), v.t. to speak out 
“Jai/-u-iflio suddenly; as, to ejaculate a 
wish or a prayer: v.i. to utt er brief exclamations. 

e iop -j-f In (e-jak'tl-la'shfln), n. the 

-Jat-U-la-UUii act of speaking suddenly 
and briefly; an exclamation. 

p jnp 11 to +/-v fTr (e-jak'fi-ld-t6-rl), adj. 
e-Jd.L-U-ld.- 10 -ry spoken suddenly or 
sharply. 

e iprt (S-jekt'), v.t. to cast forth; dismiss 
-jeet from office; evict or turn out; as. 
to eject a tenant. 

e ipp firm (e-jSk'shfin), n. a driving forth; 
-jet-lieu expulsion; dismissal. 

e ippf mp-nt (6-jSkt'ment), n. the act of 
-jcct-iiiciit casting out; a legal action 
for the recovery of lands, etc. 

pItp (© k )> v - t • to extend or lengthen; make 
civc barely enough; as, to eke out a living: 
with out. 

e lah n ra+P (6-lab'6-rat), v.t. to pro- 
-iau-u-ia.ic fl uce with labor; to work 
out with great care; improve or refine with 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






elaboration 


198 


electrography 


study or labor: adj. (S-lab'6-rat), highly 
finished; complicated.— ado. elaborately.— n. 
elaborateness. 

ex 1 qK n ra firm (8-l&b'6-ra'shun), n. 
e-iaD-O-ld.-LlOU quality of being 

worked out.with care; a high state of polish or 
decoration; as, elaboration in style; elaboration 
In dress; a varied development on a single 
theme. 

A Icx-n (a'lah'). n. dash; ardor; enthusiasm; 
e-ld.Il aSi the soldiers went into the battle 
with great Qan. [Fit.] 

ex 1 a « H ( e 'l& n d), n. a large antelope or goat- 
e-ldllU. like animal with twisted horns. 
ex loncp (e-laps') ,v.i. to slip or glide away; as, 
U-ldp&C a long time has elapsed since then. 
ex lac +ip (8-las'tlk), adj. springing back; 
e-ldo-Lio having the power of returning to 
its original form; rebounding; springy; capa¬ 
ble of extension: n. an elastic woven cloth 
made in part of India rubber.— adv. elastically. 

ex lac fir i tv (e-las-tis'i-tl), n. the quality 
C-ldo-tAG-A-tj of being springy; power 
to spring back after being stretched; ability 
to recover from depression or gloom. 

ex lac tir tic cup* (8-las'tIk tlsh'u), elas- 
C-ldb-Llv Llb-oUC He light-yellow tissue 

In the ligaments, or tissues, of the vertebras, 
or spinal column. 

ex \atex (8-lafc'), v.t. to raise the spirits of; 
C-ldtc cause to feel happy; excite; puff up. 
„ 1 a Finn (e-la'shdn), n. a happy state of 
c-id-lIUAA mind; joyful excitement. 

ex\ Kniv (Sl'bo), n. the joint or bend of the 
cl-UUW arm; a pipe connection bent or 
curved like a human elbow: v.t. to thrust on 
one side: v.i. to jut or project into an angle; 
bend or curve abruptly, as a stream; push 
one’s way rudely; as, to elbow through a crowd. 
<*lr1 (xr (el'der), adj. older; prior in time, 
C1U.-CA origin, or appointment; n. one older 
In age, rank, or station; a member of the Jew¬ 
ish Sanhedrim or supreme court of ancient 
Jerusalem; in certain Protestant churches, a 
governing officer, or minister; a shrub or tree 
with a spongy pith and purple berries. * 

*»1 dexr rv (el'der-berfi), n. the fruit 

ci-uci-uci-i) 0 f the common elder tree. 
^1 4 Ar 1,, (el'der-11), adj. somewhat old; 
CllA-CA -ly as, an elderly man. 

^Id p*ct (eldest), adj. oldest; first-born; 
Ciu-obi as> the eldest^ son. 

TT1 Tin, ra dn d6-ra'do), an imaginary 
-Ed UU-l d-UU country in South America, 
very rich in gold and precious stones; any 
place or business full of money-making oppor¬ 
tunities. 

fx 1 pet (e-lekt'), v.t. to choose for any office 
C-1CGL or U38; choose by ballot; select 
from a number: adj. chosen for office but not 
yet in charge; as, the president elect; taken 
in preference: n. those chosen to eternal life 
by divine sovereignty. 

e jpp firm (e-lek'shun), n. the act of 
-acg-cauaa choosing a person for some 
office or position by show of hands, or ballot; 
the selection by divine sovereignty of certain 
individuals to eternal life. 

e lpc ftcc ppt* (§-lek"shfin-er'), v.i. to 
-icv-uvn-cci canvas for votes; to 
employ or use means for influencing the choice 
of an official by vote. 

e lpc fivp (e-lek'tlv), adj. appointed or 
-icv;-u»c governed by choice; using the 
power of choice: n. one of several courses 
offered by a school or college among which a 
student may choose. 

e ](±r fnr (8-lek'ter), n. one lawfully able 
-ice-iui to vote; a member of the 
United States electoral college, or body of 


men chosen every four years to vote for a 
president; one of the German, princes who 
formerly held the power of choosing the 
emperor.— adj. electoral. 

e-lec-to-ral col-lege £!r|f k a t5 b£dy 

of citizens elected by the voters of every State 
to choose a president of the United States, 
p Ipp rat ex (e-lek'tfi-r&t), n. the whole 
C-lCL-lU-iatc body of persons entitled 
to vote; the dignity or territory of a prince 
of the old German empire. 

~ trio (8-18k'tr!k), adj. relating to, 

C-lcG-LAAG containing, generated by, or 


produced 
by, electric¬ 
ity: electric 
eel, a fish 
found in 
Brazil, hav¬ 
ing an eel¬ 
like body, 
and the 
power of 
giving an 


tti 

Mi k 



Electric Eel 
Also, electrical.— adv. elec 

(e-lek-trlsh'5.n), 


electric shock. 

trieally. . , 

_ j. • • _ (e-lek-trlsh'5.n), n. one 

e-lec-tri-cian -who is skilled in the sci¬ 
ence of electricity; an inventor or maker of 
electrical appliances. 

t-fiV i f-w (e-lek-trls'I-tl), n. an in¬ 
ti -It; o-II 1L-1- 1 y visible force, or substance, 
producing fight, heat, and other physical ef¬ 
fects; the science of the laws of this force, or 

elec^tri-fi-ca-tion 2fin1 k m^hfact 5, of 

charging with electricity; the state of being 
so charged. 

^ Ipr tri fir (S-lek'trl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
c-lcG-LIl-I y electrified, p.pr. electrifying], 
to charge with, or act upon, by electricity ; pass 
an electric current through; to fit for using 
electric power, as a railway; to thrill, 
ci +rn (e-lek'tr6-), a prefix denoting 

c-lcG-LI U - the use of, or pertaining to, elec¬ 
tricity as the motive power, or operating 
agent: used in many words, the meaning of 
which is self-evident; as, electro-e ngrave, 
electros ild, etc. 

e-lec-tro-cul-ture t AC S2%~rocc2 tv or 

hastening the growth of crops by means of 
electricity. 

ex + rr » rn+o (8-18k'trO-kut), v.t. to put 

c-ACb-uu-i/Uic to death by an electric 

current, as a criminal. 

p Ipp trn r*ii tion (8-18k trG-ku shfin), 
c-ieC-irO-CU.-l.lOIl n the act of putting 

to death by means of an electric current. 

#=> +-rr\f\cx (8-lek'trod), n. either end or 

C-ACC-l„ uiac pole of an electric battery, 
dynamo, or any source of electricity. 

e-lec-tro-dy-nam-ics £im 6 'Yks r ?" d e- 

lek"tr&-dl-nftm'iks), n. the science or study of 
electric currents and their action on one 
another. 

e - lec-tro - dy - na-mom - e-ter 

(S-lek"tr5-dT"nd-mom'S-ter), n. an instrument 
for measuring the strength of an electric 
current. 


p lor* fro ort*a-nVi (8-lek'tro-graf), n. a 
c-ACU-uu-gAapAA machine for preparing 

copper cylinders used in printing fabrics and 
wall papers. 

e-lec-trog-ra-phy 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 










electrokinetics 


199 


Elijah 



the 

the 

an 


fine engravings on copper or steel by means 
of an electrocopper deposit. 

e-lec-tro-ki-net-ics^^the^IS: 

ence or study of electric currents, or electricity 
in motion: opposite to electrostatics. 

e 1 of . ft-ri licit- (e-13k"tr6-ler'), n. a metal 
-ACO-IA U-A1CA bracket or fixture for sup¬ 
porting electric lamps. _ 

e l aa 11 tt Q.rj (e-lek-trSl'i-sls), n. the 
-ACo-lA KJx-y -Dia separation of a chemical 
compound into its several parts 
by electricity. 

e-lec-tro - mag-net 

(S-lgk'trd-mag'net), n. a core 
of soft iron magnetized by elec¬ 
tricity passing through a coil of y 
wire around it. 

e- lec- tro-mo- tive 

(e-lek’tro-mo'tlv), adj. produc¬ 
ing an electric current; pertain- Electro- 
ing to an electric current or magnet 
electricity. 

trr» mn tnr (S-igk'trS-mo'ter), n. 
c-i.ee/- ti u-iiic~ iui ail apparatus for using 

electricity to operate machinery: the opposite 
of a dynamo. 

e l p a f^nn (e —lek tron), n. one of 
-ict-uuil components of atoms; 
smallest known component of matter; 
electrical unit. 

e l nr trn -nlafp (e-lek'tro-plat'). v.t. to 
-lcb-Li U-JL)id.Lc cover with metal by 

means of an electric current: n. an article 
thus coated: generally appliedJ;o silver plate. 

e l p a +.-A c a aa p (e-lek tro-skop), n. an 
-icL-liU-bl/Upc instrument for finding 
the presence of electricity, 
n Iaa f rr v (e-lek'tro-tip), n. a metal 

c-ico-uu-tjfpo copy of any plate or cut 
for printing, made by covering a wax mold of 
the original with copper by the action of 
electricity. 

el-ee-mosy-na-ry p“® t ftogf g - rl t ) < j 

alms; devoted to charitable purposes; de¬ 
pendent upon charity: n. one who lives on 
alms. 

d n cratirp (el'e-gans), n. [pi. elegances 
-c-gant/C (-gan-sez)], beauty resulting 
from perfect propriety; studied refinement. 

d p rrarsf (el'e-gant). adj. luxurious; fas- 
-C-gcLlAL tidious; tasteful; free from 
coarseness: often suggesting that the per¬ 
son or thing to which it is applied has a 
somewhat studied or artificial beauty.— adv. 
elegantly. 

d p m or (e-le'jl-ak; gFe-ibak), adj. plain- 
tive; mournful: n. a song ex¬ 
pressing sorrow; a funeral song. 
p! p tnr (81'S-jT), n. [pi. elegies (-jlz)l, a 
V/t-c-gj mournful song or poem; dirge, 
pi p m pnf (el'e-ment), n. a first or main 
d-C-J.u.CiiL principle; one of the main 
parts of the physical world, as fire, water, 
air, etc.; natural environment, or life with 
which one is familiar; as, he is out of his 
element; ingredient; in chemistry, a sub¬ 
stance which cannot be separated into other 
substances: pi. the letters or sounds of the 
alphabet; the first steps in any branch of 
knowledge or art; the sacramental bread and 
wine. 

p1 p mpn fat (Sl'S-rnSn'tSI), adj. relating 
ci-c-lllcll-ld.1 to, or characteristic of, the 
natural world; having to do with first prin¬ 
ciples; forming a necessary part of something; 
fundamental; simple.— adv. elementally. 


d p mpr» fa rxr (el "§~men' ta-rl) .ad), per- 
-C-Illcll- la.-I y taining to first prin¬ 
ciples; intro¬ 
ductory; as, an 
elementary 
education. 

el-e-phant 

(el'e-fant), n. a 
large animal 
with a flexible 
trunk and large 
tusks: the 
largest of exist¬ 
ing land ani¬ 
mals. 

el-e-phan- 



African Elephant 

n. a disease 


re¬ 


d a cic (el'e-fan-ti'c-sls), 

-a-oio eembling leprosy. 

pi p nil a n titlP (el"e-fan'tin; 81*e-f5n / - 
ci-c-pildJl-lllAc tin), adj. unduly large; 

huge; unwieldy; clinnsy; resembling an 
elephant. 

d a vnfo (Sl'e-vat), v.t. to raise from a 
-C-vclLo lower to a higher position; en¬ 
noble; animate; inspire; raise by training or 
education.— adj. elevated. 

d p XT a fiAti (el'S-va'shfin), n. the act of 
-C-vd-LAUAA raising; the state of being 


raised; a sketch plan of the front or principal 

side of a building; height above sea level; alti¬ 
tude; the angle of an object above the horizon. 

d p va for (£l'e-va"ter), n. that which 
-c-va-iui raises up or exalts; a hoisting 

machine or lift; a cage moving up and down 
in a shaft, to carry people or goods from one 
level to another; a warehouse for the storage of 
grain; a hinged wing or plane of an airplane, 
etc., for controlling its position in the air. 

^ 1~,, jafA (g-lev'n), adj. ten plus one: n. 
C-ACy-cia the sum of ten plus one; a sign 
representing eleven units, as 11 or xi; a team 
in cricket or football. 

ck 1 pw p-n fh (e-lev'nth), adj. next after 
»-ClALAl tenth: n. the ordinal of 
eleven; one of eleven equal parts into which 
a thing may be divided. 

(elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz)], a tiny, mis- 
chievous sprite supposed to haunt bills 
and wild places; a dwarf; fairy; goblin. 

0 lf (elf child), a child believed to 

L/lA L/llllU. have been left by the fairies In 
the place of one stolen by them; a changeling, 
plf in (el'fin), n. a child of fairyland; a 
Cli-AAA sportive child: adj. pertaining to 
sprites or goblins. 

plf f? r a, (elf fir), the will-o’-the-wisp: often 
Cli aaa c supposed to be caused by the elves, 
plf iofi (el'flsh), adj. resembling, or caused 
C11 ~AdAI by, a sprite or goblin; impish: 
mischievous.— adv. elfishly. 
plf InrTr (elf'lok"), n. a knot of hair 
CAA-AULh. twisted in an intricate manner, as 
if by fairies; disheveled or unusually tangled 
hair. 

p Ur if (e-lis'It), v.t. to draw out; as. to 
C-aau-al elicit a reply. 

A UUp (S-hd') • v.t. to slur over, or cut off. 
C "AAU.C as a fl na i vowel. 

d : cri Uil 1 fv (el'I-il-bil'i-tt). n. the 
-1-gl-Ull-l-Xy quality of being worthy 

to be chosen: suitableness. 

d i o-i Vvl/x (el'T-jl-bl), adj. capable of 
“A-&A-MAC being, or fit to be, chosen; 
desirable; as, an eligible tenant; legally 
qualified for election or appointment.— adv. 
eligibly. 

E li 4all (S-li'ja), n. in the Bible, one of 
-11-jall the greatest of the Hebrew 


hoot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=whas in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 













eliminate 


200 


embankment 


§ rophets, told of in the books of First and 
econd Kings. 

p 11« tiofp (e-Um'I-nat), v.t. to leave 
C-Ulil-l-UcUC out of consideration, or to 
cast aside; to remove (an unknown quantity). 
—n. elimination. 

Syn. expel, eject, oust, dislodge, banish. 

(e-1 'slid), n. in the Bible, a great 


E li oVia (8-1-sna), n. in the Bible, a great; 

Hebrew prophet, disciple and 
successor of Elijah, told of in the books of 
First and Second Kings. 

_ oipxt-, (e-llzh'un), n. the cutting off of a 
C-Il-biUil vowel or syllable for the sake of 
euphony, as I’ll for I will. 

6 lit6 n ‘ - t ^ ie P ar t 1 the choicest 


part, as of society, a profession, an 
army, etc. [Fr.] 

_ t: Y : r (e-llk'ser), n. a tincture, essence, or 
C-AIA-II cordial; an imaginary liquid for 
prolonging life indefinitely, or for changing 
baser metals, such as iron, 
into gold. 

E-liz-a-be-than 


(§-liz"d-be'than; g-liz'-a- 
beth"an), adj. pertaining to 
the times of Queen Eliza¬ 
beth, or the latter half of 
the 16th century. 

(elk), n. a very large 
CIB. deer of North America 
and northern Europe; the 
moose-deer: the largest 
member of the deer family. 

^11 (el), n. an addition to or 
wing of a house, giving 
it the shape of the letter L; 
a right-angle joint of pipe; . 

a measure formerly used in measuring cloth, in 
England about forty-five inches. 



Elk 


el linse lips' 

ci-npoc n a curve 
that is longer than it 
is wide, one of the 
conic sections, or 
curves formed by 
cutting a cone. 

el-lip-sis 

the omission of a 
word or words needed 
in the grammatical 
structure of a sen¬ 
tence, the sense of 
which is nevertheless 
clear without the 
omitted word or 
words. 

el-lip-tic im'%: 

relating to, or formed 
like, an ellipse; hav¬ 
ing a part omitted; 
defective. Also, 

elliptical. 

elm (glm) * n • a 



Ellipse, 
axis; B'B, 


A’A, 
short 


F'F, loci; O, center. 


long 

axis; 



_ nro +; pvn (e"lon-ga'shiin), n. exten- 

e-lon-ga-tion Sion; a lengthening. 


elope (g_15p ^ v - i -, l ? es ? a P e privately; to 


run away with a lover. 


~ Inn A mpnt (e-15p'ment), n. the act of 
e-iope-llieill running away or escapmg, 

especially with a lover. 

~1 n mtpnrp (el'S-kwens), n. the art of 
ei-O-queilEC speaking with ease and ele- 


To Draw an Ellipse. 
A, B, fixed points: C, 
moving point; A, B, C, 
string. 

shade tree whose hard 
timber is valuable for many purposes. 

ol a rn + inn (61"8-ku'shfin), n. the art 
Cl-U-CU-Liun w hich teaches the proper 
use of voice and gesture in public speaking. 

nl n rit firm o rv (el"6-ku'shun-a-ri), 
cl-O-CU-llOIl-d-iy adj. pertammg to the 

art of public speaking. 

pi pH ■f'ioTi ic+ (81"o-ku shun-Ist), ti 
ei-O-CU-LlOn-lSt one skilled in, or z 

teacher of, the art of public speaking. 

TT1 a Tiim (el'6-hlm), n. one of the Old 
■ C 'A-U-1111II Testament names of God. 

e lnn cro+A (8-18n'gat; e'lon-gat), v.t. to 
-mii-go-ic stretch out; extend: lengthen. 


gance; the power of exciting emotion, sym¬ 
pathy, or interest in any way. 

Sun. oratory, rhetoric, declamation. 

nnonf (el'6-kwent), adj. having the 
CJL-U-qucill power of expressing strong 
emotion in vivid and appropriate speech; as. 


he was an eloquent preacher.— adv. eloquently. 
•» (els), adv. besides; otherwise; differ- 


else ently: adj. and’ pron. other; as, 

somebody else. 

--tViqi-q (eLs'hwar"), adv. in another 

else-wnere pi ace ; as, he is not here; 

you must look elsewhere for him. 

~ In oi Ho+a (e-lu'sl-dat), v.t. to make 
“-J.lA-W.-tla.lc clear; explain; illustrate; 
as, an experiment may elucidate a theory. 

_ In a (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by deceit or 
C-illtic cleverness; baffle; shun. 

Syn. evade, avoid, escape, 
i.. (e-lu'zhun), n. act of escaping 

e-IU-blUIl or avoiding; evasion. 

lii c » _ (e-lu'slv), adj. deceptive; hard to 
c-lU-blVC grasp; slippery.— adv. elusively. 
~ In ca rv (e-lu'sd-rl), adj. likely to 
c-iu-ou-ij escape one’s notice; evasive; 
deceptive, fv 

a In +irvn (8-lu'shun), n. the removal or 
C-IU-llUII separation of impurities by 
washing, as in sugar refining. 


aIttac* (elvz), n. plural of elf; as, the old 
civ cb folk tales tell of both friendly and 


mischievous elves. 

E Itt don (8-lIzh'an; 8-llz'I-5n), adj. per- 
-iy-blcUl taining to paradise; full of the 
highest enjoyment, bliss, or happiness. 

E lir oi iim (8-lIz'I-um; S-lizh'I-fim), n. 

-Aj-W-Ulll the Greek paradise or abode 
of the blessed after death: called the Elysian 
Fields, 

(em), n. in printing, the square of any 
dll size of type, serving as a unit of meas¬ 
urement. 

a mo r*i q+a (8-ma'shI-at), v.t. to cause 
C-liia.-W-a.lC to lose flesh so as to become 
very thin: adj. (6-ma'shI-at), very thin or 
lean.— n. emaciation. 


q na te . to A 0 ? 7 out. 


issue or proceed, as from a 
source; as, light emanates from the sun. 
awi q r\ 4*i ati (em"d-na'shiln), n. a flow— 

em-a-na-iion i ng for th; that which 

flows forth from a source; as, perfume Is an 
emanation from the flower. 

a mon ri -no+A (8-man'sI-pat), v.t. to 
c-inaii-ci-patc release from slavery or 

bondage; set free.— n. emancipator. 

a mon ri no ti on (e-man"sl-pa'shiin), 
C-IIldJl-W-pcl-llUll n a ct of setting free; 

liberation; release; freedom. 

r\ fnoc pii lo'f'A (8-mas'kft-lat), v.t. to 
tJ-llictb-EU-la. 1C weaken: adj. (§-mas'kfl- 

l5,t), deprived of vigor. 

Am Holm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve from 
decay by balsams or fragrant 
spices; keep from putrefaction or decay by 
antiseptics or preservatives.— n. embalmer. 
Am Honlr (em-bank'), v.t. to inclose with. 
Clli-UaJiiV or protectjby, a ridge of earth. 

Am Honlr niAfit (em-bank'm§nt), n. & 
dll- UallK-IIlcllt r i(jg e Q f earth, stones, 

etc., for protection or defense. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 














I' 


OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 

. Northern raven. 2. American raven 3. 8 A “ e "°J a ^ Whfp-Sor-wuf ^ll! 

. Pileated woodpecker. ^ ^IgMhaw r > Kingbird 14 Cowbird. 15. Baltimore oriole. 16. Crested 
ScheS'17 Sk?K if RubJ^roitedhurnmnigDird. 19. Bobolink. 20. Red-winged blackbird. 















BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA 


1. Mocking bird. 2. Humming bird. 3. Catbird. 4. House wren. 5. Carolina cuckoo. 6. Cedar bird. 7 
Baltimore oriole. 8. Cnicken hawk (male). 9. Blue yellow-backed warbler. 10. Great-horned owl. 11. 
Brown thrush. 12. Goldfinch. 13. Cardinal (male). 14. Wild turkey. 15. Kingfisher. 16. Peal’s egret 
heron. 17. Woodpecker. 






embargo 


201 


emersion 


om Kor an (em-bar'go), n. a government 
ClU-Uctl -£U ac t restraining vessels from 
leaving or entering a port, or stopping trans¬ 
portation by railway; any hindrance or 
restraint on commerce by law. 

_rri btarlr (em-bark'), v.t. to put on board 
Clil-UctlxV. ship; venture or invest, as money: 
v.i. to go on board a vessel; engage in any affair; 
as, to embark in a business.—n. embarkation. 

ck-m kor -race (em-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; 
CiU-UcU-ldoo perplex; disturb by money 

difficulties; as, lack of funds will embarrass 
the traveler; distress; confuse; mortify. 

Syn. entangle, trouble. 

Ant. (see assist). 

em-bar-rass-ment 

mind; financial difficulties;^ mortification. 

ptr> kflC oo nr (em-bas d-der), n. an 
Cin-Ucl.o-oa.-Vi cm. envoy or minister repre¬ 
senting a country at the capital of another. 

Also, ambassador. 

am Koo> ctt (em'ba-si), n. [pi. embassies 
Clll-Ucio-ojr (-siz)], the public function, 
mission, or official residence of an ambassa¬ 
dor; a legation. 

fxm kflf (em-bat'ld), p.adj. furnished 

0111- U a. L-Lit.U- w ith battlements, or walls 
for defense; drawn up in fighting array. 

*k-rv» Thorl (em-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as in, 
Clil-UCU. a ^d; set in surrounding matter; 
as, to embed a thing in clay. Also, imbed. 

Vn-,1 (Sm-b6rish), v.t. to make 

6m-D61-llSll beautiful or elegant; setoff 
by ornamentation. 

Syn. adorn, decorate, bedeck. 

Ant. (see disfigure). 
ci-rrt Vua-r (em'ber), n. a small hve coal 
0111-U 01 smoldering in ashes, 
o-m Viar Han-c (em'ber daz), days in each 

em-Der tidyo of the four seasons of the 
year set apart by the Catholic churches for 
prayer and fasting. 

OT n Vwav via (em-bez'l), v.t. to steal some- 
clll-Ucl-liC thing entrusted to one s care. 

—n. embezzler. 

em-bez-zle-ment th“dShon? s e t n ip P ro- 

priation of property entrusted to one’s care. 

am hit tar (em-blt'er), v.t. to make 
0111-Ull-lCl unhappy; exasperate, or an¬ 
noy exceedingly. Also, imbitter. 

_ (em-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn 

0111- D13-ZOI1 w ith heraldic figures, such 
as the symbols on a coat of arms; blazon; 
decorate; celebrate the praises of; to display 
brilliantly. . . 

t_1 o (em-bla'zn-rl), n. [pi. 

0IH-Dl3.-ZOH-ry emblazonries (-rlz)], her¬ 
aldic decoration, as on coats of arms; bright 
figures on flags, etc. , . 

VJcvm (gm'blem), n. a symbolical 
exil-uiem figure or design; a visible sign 
of an idea; as, a white robe is an emblem, of 
purity; the flag is the emblem of the nation. 
Syn. sign, figure, image, symbol. 

o+ in (em"blSm-at , fk), ad). 
0iri-Diem-ai-lC symbolic or symbolical. 
Also, emblematical.— adv. emblematically. 

i (em-bod'I-ment), n. the 

0IH-DOd.-l-in.enT ac t of uniting as a 
whole: a concentrating into one body; a 
summing up in, or putting into, bodily form; 
as, she is the embodiment of virtue. 

tt (em-bod'I), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
0m-DOa-y embodied, p.pr. embodying!, to 
give bodily form to; to express in a concrete 
form; as, to embody thought in words; to 
collect into a united whole; as, to embody 
Also, imbody. 


am KnlH an (em-bol'dn), v.t. to make 

brave; to encourage. 

Syn. inspirit, animate, cheer, urge, impel, 
stimulate. 

Ant. (see discourage), 
am Knee (em-bos'), v.t. to ornament with 
ClIl-UUoo ra ised work; raise in relief from 
the surface. 

am knee in a (em-bfis'Ing), n. the art of 
Clli-UUoo-nig producing raised figures or 

designs in relief on surfaces, as on the cover of 
a book. 

em-bou'er), v.t. to cover 
rith, or as with, a roof of 
flowers, vines, etc.; as, a cottage embowered 
with roses; v.i. to rest, as under a roof of 
flowers. Also, imbower. 

am krora (em-bras'), v.t. to hold in the 
0111-Uia.V/C arms, or press to the bosom 
with affection; hug; cling to; receive with 
willingness; include; inclose: v.i. to join in 
an embrace: n. the act of embracing-, a 
clasping in the arms; a 
hug. 

©m-bra-sur© 



Embrasure. A, mer¬ 
lons; B, genouillere; C» 
cheeks. 


troops. ..— - ----- . 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, ^ thick; hw = wh as , 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


(em-bra'zhur), n. an 
opening in a wall or 
fort from which to fire 
guns; a window or 
door having its sides 
slanted on the inside. _ 

d-m Vkfrv na+a (em'bro-kat), v.t. to moist- 
0111-SJI U-0O.10 en an( i rub ( an injured or 
bruised part of the body) with liquid sub¬ 
stance or liniment.— n. embrocation. 

(em-broid'er), v.t. to dec- 
0111- Dr0lQ.-6r orate or make beautiful 

with needlework. „ , 

-.4 or - Tr (em-broid'er-i), n. [pi. 
em-oroia-er-y embroideries (-lz)i, orna¬ 
mental work of gold, silver, silk, etc., done 
with the needle. 

(em-broil'), v.t. to disturb; con- 
0111-Ui Uil f U se; involve in contention; 
mix up; entangle.—n. embroilment. 

(em'brf-o) , n. [pi. embryos 
em-ury-u (_o Z )], a germ; a rudiment; 
the first or undeveloped state of anything. 

-.1 ~ cm (em^brl-bfo-jl), n. that 

em-bry-oi-o-gy p ar t of biology which 

deals with undeveloped organisms. 

(em"brl-6n , lk), ad), crude; 

em-Dry-On-lC not fully developed; rudi¬ 
mentary. „ 

_ An 4-in-n (e'men-da'shun; em"6n- 

e-men aa-tlOH dii'shun), n. the altera¬ 
tion or correction of a text, so as to give an 

improved reading. _ _ 

_ „ A n +r \-r (e'men-da"ter; em'en-da"- 

6-HlcIl-U.a.-LUl ter), n. one who corrects 
or improves the text of a. work. 

ar old (em'er-ald), n. a precious stone 
0Iil-Ci-a.lU. of a rich, deep green color; a 
size of printer’s type; adj. of a color like that 
of the emerald. 

„ -m^raa (6-mOrj'), v.i. to rise up or come 
0-11101 gc forth from anything which con¬ 
ceals; become apparent or visible; as, the 
sun emerges from behind a cloud. 

„ o- or , n , T (6-mur'jen-sf), n. [ph. 

e-mer-gen-cy emergencies (-slz)], a sud¬ 
den or unexpected happening; pressing neces¬ 
sity; crisis: adj. pertaining to, or used in, a crisis- 
red uiring rapid action; as, an emergency brake. 
_ ; + 1 -IO (e-mgr'I-tus), adj. retired 

e-mer-l-lUb from service with honor; 
said of a college professor or clergyman. 

-rv\ ar cmri (S-mfir'shun), n. the act of 
0-III0I -blUli coming forth or rising out oft 


15 












emery 


202 


enable 


the reappearance of a heavenly body after an 
eclipse. 

pr X? (em'er-i), n. a very hard mineral 
dix-ci-y substance, used when powdered 
for grinding or polishing. 

xx rnp ,f (e-met'Ik), adj. inducing vomit- 
c-iuCL-ib in g; n. a medicine that induces 


vomiting. 


em-i-grant &S gr hfi t) ’ "• 


e tncn (e'mu), to. a large Australian ostrich- 
-Ii.lt, LI liiro Kirvi Also, emu. 

one who 
own country to 
settle in another: adj. moving from one coun¬ 
try to another; pertaining to, or used by, 
people leaving their own_ country. 

(Pm t (rrfl+p (em'I-grat), v.i. to leave one’s 
^■' A1A_A o A aA '“' country to settle in another. 

ptn i riAnrp (em'I-nens), n. that which 
'ciiJL-i.-iiciit/C i s lofty; elevation; height; 

exalted rank, station, celebrity, or repute; as, 
to attain eminence in a profession: Eminence, 
a title given to cardinals. Also, eminency. 

i nPtlt (em'i-nent), adj. high in office, 
c;axx-a-aacaai, ran j fi or reputation; distin¬ 
guished; exalted.— adv. eminently. 

Syn. conspicuous, noted, prominent, re¬ 
nowned, famous, glorious, illustrious. 

Ant. (see obscure, unknown). 

P mir G-mer'; e'mer), n. a prince; a title 
<c-axaaa of dignity given in Arabia, Turkey, 
and other Mohammedan countries to a 
prince or chieftain. Also, ameer, amir. 

prn id ca f tt (em'I-sa-ri), n. [pi. emissa- 
clil-lo-bcl-I y ries (-rlz)], a pei'son or 

agent sent on a mission, especially of a secret 
nature. 

*x tnid Qt An (e-mTsh'un), n. the act of 
sending out; a throwing out; 
as, the emission of heat from a fire; emission 
of smoke from chimneys; the amount issued 
at one time; as, an emission of bank notes. 

€ mic cixrc* (e-mis'Iv), adj. sending out; 
-Illlb-blV e throwing out. 

-P mit (e-mlt'), V.t. f p.t. and p.p. emitted, 
'c-i.ii.it p.pr. emitting], to send or give forth; 
to throw out; issue, and send into circulation, 
as bank notes. 

Syn. exhale, discharge, vent. 

e tn fil 1 i PH h ( e- mGl 'yent; e-m51'i-ent), adj. 
-aiaua-aacaa b softening; lubricating: to. 

a medicine that has a softening effect on living 
tissues. 

<x mnl i-j tTlPTVf' (© _n iol'u-ment), to. profit, 
c-aaavaa- u-i.ii.uiit wages; salary; income; 

gain. 

€ mr\ tion (e-mo'shun), to. mental agita- 
-aaau-lauaa tion; intense feelings of love, 
hate, joy, awe, grief, etc. 

Syn. feeling, passion, sensation. 

€ •*-*“» <1 +iri« ol (e-mo shun-al), adj. exci- 
-mo-lion-ai table; easily moved or 
agitated; tending to stir the feelings.— adv. 
emotionally.— to. emotionalism. 
xxtYX n pu ri o cfct. (6m"pe-nozh'), to. a st abi— 
jtzing tail to an airplane 
or dirigible balloon. [Fr.] 

pm npr nr (em'per-er), to. the sovereign 
ciAi-pci -vx or supreme ruler of an empire. 

pm lYhfl did (em'fa-sis), to. a particular 
ciii.-jJiia.-oid stress of the voice on a word 
or words in reading or speaking; special force 
of language or thought. 

ii-rn taVtfl divp (em'fd-slz), v.t. to pro- 
dii-jjAiCb-oAXC nounce clearly and 

tively; to declare forcibly; to stress. 

fvm nilnt ir (em-fat'Ik), adj. expressive; 
caaa-jjaacaL- ib earnest; striking; marked by 
stress of voice.— adv. emphatically, 
pm nirp (Sm'pir)- n. the region ruled over 
pin-pic by an emperor or sovereign: 


posi- 


person 

others 


supreme power or dominion; Imperial rule or 
sovereignty; sway; control, 
pm nir ir (em-pir'ik), to. one whose meth- 
Cill-pil-11/ 0 d s are purely experimental: 
adj. given to or guided by experience; experi¬ 
mental; practiced from mere experience 
without accurate knowledge, especially in 
medicine. Also, empirical.— adv. empirically. 

pm nit* i pi dm (om-plr'l-slzm), to. 
ClLl-piI -i-Ulblll knowledge based on ob¬ 
servation or practical experience; the practice 
of medicine without the usual medical training 
or experience; quackery. 

pm niitpp mpnt (em-plas'ment), to. the 
Clll-pictl/C-IllClIL position of guns within 

a fortification; a position built to hold a 
machine gun in trench warfare. 

pm -nlmr (em-ploi'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. em- 
cxxA-piuy ployed, p.pr. employing], to give 
occupation to; keep busy; exercise; make 
use of; apply or devote to an object; as, to 
employ one’s time in reading: to. occupation. 
Syn., v. occupy, busy, engross. 

om •nlrktr ex ex (em-ploi-e'), to. one who works 
clll-piUj -Ct? fo r another. Also, employ^. 

pm vd n’xr pt* (em-ploi'er), to. a 
dii-piv^y -ex engaging or keeping 

in service. 

em-ploy-ment busI - 

Syn. avocation, engagement, trade. 

pm r>n ri nm (em-po'ri-fim), to. a com- 
cxiA-pc-A a-u.aaa mercial center or place of 

trade; a largo shop or store. 

PTH tlnw pr (Sm-pou'er), v.t. to give 
cm-pvw-u authority to; authorize, as 

by law; to impart force to; enable. 

pm rsrPQd (em'prgs), to. a woman who 
cni-jxiboo rules over an empire; the con¬ 
sort or widow of an emperor. 

prrm "ft riPdd (6mp'tl-n§s), to. the state 
CAAI x ,-l ' A-AAC&& of being without contents; 

want of knowledge or sense. 

prrm tv (Smp'tl), adj. [comp, emptier, 
cxxAjx-bj superl. emptiest], containing noth¬ 
ing; vague; unsatisfactOTy; as, empty dreams; 
destitute of, or lacking in, force, knowledge, or 
sense; as, empty words; fasting; hungry; 
vacant: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. emptied, p.pr. 
emptying], to deprive of the contents; pour 
out; discharge; make vacant: v.i. to become 
empty; discharge itself.— adv. emptily, 
pm mr top o n (em*pi-re'5n), adj. pertain- 
x/ AAA_ p y -a c-aii i n g f 0 the highest and purest 
region of Iheaven, or the s 
region of pure fire; ethe- 
real. Also, empyreal. 

P mil (e'mu), to. a large 
c-xaau. Australian os¬ 
trichlike bird. Also, emeu. 

em-u-late j&f&g 

to strive to equal or excel; 
as, to emulate the conduct 
of another; vie with; * 
rival.— adj. emulative. 

em-u-la-tion . ... 

petition; effort to excel another 

Pm 11 Inild (em'u-lus), adj. desirous to 
viu-u-iuuo excel; rivaling; competitive. 

P mill cirvn (e-mul'shfm), to. a liquid mix- 
c " ui-oiuil ture in which a fatty sub¬ 
stance is suspended in minute globules, as, an 
emulsion of cod-liver oil; a mixture used in the 
preparation of dry photographic plates.— v.t. 
emulsify. 

PH hip (en-a'bl), v.t. to make capable; 
cu-a-uAt furnish with adequate or suffi¬ 
cient means or power; empower. 



TO. 


Emu 

rivalry; com¬ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, lar, ask, parade] scene, event, edge, novel refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus, menu; 








enact 


203 


endow 


art (8n-akt') f v.t. to decree; make into 
Cll-dCl j aw . aC {; the part of. ^ 

o rt 1* n o* rlfliiGA ( so - akt ing kloz), 

en-aci-ing Clause the first clause in 
a bill, usually beginning be it enacted: a com¬ 
mon means of defeating a bill is to vote to 
strike out the enacting clause, which, if suc¬ 
cessful, carries all the rest with it. 

rn Ati + (en-&kt'ment), n. a statute 
Cll-dC 1-lilCll l or law; the passing of a 

bill into law. 

A« am a 1 (en-am'el), n. a hard, glassy 
Cll-oiu-Ci substance used in coating the 
surface of metals or porcelain, and afterwards 
fired; anything covered with such a coat; 
the dense white outer substance of the teeth: 
i.t. [p.t. and p.p. enameled, p.pr. enameling], 
to lay on, cover, or decorate with enamel; 
adorn with various hues: v.i. to practice the 
art of enameling. 

otvt at* (8n-am'er), v.t. to inflame with 
en-cUIl-OI love; to captivate; to charm. 

Also, enamour. 

att ramn (en-kamp'), v.i. to settle in tem- 
eil-Ldllip porary quarters consisting of 
tents or huts; as, a company of soldiers 
encamped in the field: v.t. to put into tem¬ 
porary quarters; as, to encamp an army. 

„ on1n m oYif (en-kamp'ment), n. a 
eil-CcUIip-lilcilL temporary resting place 

for an army or company of travelers. 

(en-chan'), v.t. to bind with 
en-Ciiam fetters, etc.; to hold tightly; 
to captivate. 

att rbflnt (en-chant'), v.t. to charm or 
Cll-CllcUll subdue, as by spells or sorcery; 

bewitch; fill with delight. 

~V»ont at* (en-cliant'er), n. [fern, en- 
Cll-CIlctllL-cI chan tress], one who uses 
magic, sorcery, or witchcraft; one who 
charms. . v .. 

0V.0T-1+ inrr (en-chant'lng), p.adj. 
Cll-LIitllll-lilg, charming; bewitching; de¬ 
lightful.— adv. enchantingly. 

_,iU 4 . (en-chant'ment), n. the 

CIl-Cll3.Ilt-rn.6Ilt use or practice of 
magic, sorcery, charms, etc.; the state of 
being enchanted or charmed; rapture. 
att rir aIa (en-sfir'kl), v.t. to surround; 
CU-Cll-cic enclasp; embrace. 

olneo (en-kloz'), v.t. to insert within; 
Cll-ClObC to surround with a barrier.— n. 
enclosure. Also, inclose, inclosure. 

(en-ko'ml-um), n. [pi. en- 
en-CO-mi-Um comiums (-umz)], formal 

praise; eulogy. „ , . . 

_ „ (Sn-kum pos), v.t. to sur- 

en-com-pass round; encircle; gird; 

beset.— n. encompassment. 

__ (ah"kor'; an"kor'), adv. once more; 

en-COre again: n. a repetition in response 
to a call by an audience: v.t. to call for a repe¬ 
tition of (any part of a performance). llR-l 

en-coun-ter 


___ come 

upon suddenly; meet face 
to face: v.i. to come into collision with some¬ 
one or something; meet someone in combat; 
n. a sudden or accidental meeting; conflict. 
Syn., n. attack, assault, onset, engagement, 

battle, action. „ . . v 

nr-n (en-kur'aj) , v.t. to give cour- 
6Il-C0Ur-3g6 a ge to; inspire with cour¬ 
age; stimulate. . . , 

Syn. countenance, sanction, support, cher¬ 
ish, inspirit. „ . . ... - 

en-COUr-age-ment n . the act of inspir¬ 
ing with confidence; that which incites to 
action or perseverance; an incentive or 

Inducement. 


ATT PAIII* flp" ino* (6n.- k ur Ing), p.adj . 
en-cour-dg-liig giving hope; urging to 

bravery.— adv. encouragingly. 
att crnarVi (Sn-kroch'), v.i. to invade 
Cll-Cl Udell another s rights by stealth; in¬ 
fringe upon or restrict another’s right; enter, 
intrude, or trespass upon the property of some 
other person: usually with on _or upon. 

en-cr oach-ment &S c n h ; n " °Sfrin g ^ 

ment; trespass. 

ATT o-nic-f (en-krusto, v.t. to cover with 
Cll-CI lio l a hard coat. Also, incrust. 

att mm "hAr (en-kum'ber), v.t. to impede 
Cli-1/U.lii-UCi or hinder; retard; clog; 

obstruct; load with debt; as. to encumber an 
estate with mortgages. Also, incumber. 

en-cum-brance that which burdens; 

a lien or liability attached to real property. 
Also, incumbrance. 

ATT li r csl (en-sik'li-kal; 8n-sI'kli-kS,l). 

cll-l/j b-li-l/O.1 (xdj. sent to all members of 
a class or community; intended for general, 
circulation: n. a circular letter sent by the 
Pope to the bishops, treating of topics of 
general church interest. Also, encyclic. 

ait nr pi a tta Hi* a (en-si"klo-pe'dI-d)„ 
en-Cy-ClO-pe-Ul-a n% the circle of the 

arts and sciences; a descriptive dictionary of 
the arts, sciences, and literature; a summary 
of the whole field of knowledge. Also, ency¬ 
clopaedia, cyclopedia, cyclopaedia. 

att r\T plnnp Hi^t (en-sl"ki6-pe'dlst),n. 

en-cy-cio-pe-uib l a compiler of an 

encyclopedia; one whose studies embrace all 
branches of knowledge. Also, encyclopaedist, 
tt A (end), n. the extreme limit or terminal 
enu point of anything; purpose in view; 
design; death; final state; conclusion; issue; 
v.t. to bring to a completion; finish; ter¬ 
minate; destroy: v.i. to come to a comple¬ 
tion ; die. 

Syn., n. aim, object, purpose, result, con¬ 
clusion, upshot, close, termination. 
att Hott ffAf (en-dan'jer), v.t. to bring into 
Cll-Udll-gCi peril; hazard; to expose to 

loss or injury. 

att Haot* (en-der'), v.t. to make beloved; 
cll-UCdl attach to oneself. 

en-dear-ment 

presses affection; a caress. 
att Haott nr (en-dev er), v.i. to strive for 
Cll-UCdV-UI the attainment of some 
object; attempt: n. an effort or attempt; 
mental or physical effort towards the attain¬ 
ment of some object. Also, endeavour. 

Syn., v.i. try, essay, strive, aim. 
ait Haitt t r (en-dem'Ik), adj. peculiar to k> 
cll-U.clli.-ll/ nation, people, or locality: 
chiefly applied to diseases. 
attH incr (en'ding), n. result; con- 
CllU-lllg elusion; termination. 


n. an act 
that ex- 


An HivrA (Sn'dlv; 
6H-Q1V6 herb of 


_ __ en'div), n. an 

herb of the chicory fam¬ 
ily whose leaves are used as a salad. 
attH loco (end'les), adj. enduring 
cIIU-lCoo forever; having no ter¬ 
mination; continuous because the 
ends are united.— adv. endlessly. 

An HnrcA (Sn-dors'), v.t. to au- 
Cll-UUloC thorize; to write on the 

back of: said of a check or note. 

Also, indorse. 

An Hmxr (en-dou'), v.t. to bestow 
Cll-UUW a permanent fimd or 
source of income upon; as, to endow a college; 
equip or furnish with some gift; as, to be 
endowed with beauty, strength, or power. 



Endive 


boot, foot;found; boil; function; chase;good; joy; then, thick;hw -whas m when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 














endowment 


204 


enjoy 


Hnw mpnt (en-dou'ment), n. prop- 

^ AA_ '' AU vv ~ AAA ^ AAt ert y or a sum G f mone y 

settled upon an institution or devoted per¬ 
manently to any cause; the act of making 
such a settlement; any talent or gift that a 
person possesses by nature; as, an endowment 
of beauty: pi. natural gifts. 

#*n rll1P> (Q n -d u/ ). v -t- to clothe; invest; 

assume; furnish with some moral 
or spiritual gift. Also, indue. 

on rhir a KIp (en-dur'a-bl), adj. bcar- 
en-aur-<i-Die able; tolerable.— a<}v. en- 

durabiy. 

on Hiir art rex (en-dur'ans), n. the power 
CAA_ '- AtAA ~ cAAAA ' c 0 f suffering without giving 
way; continuance; fortitude. 

on Hliro (en-dur'), v.t. to support without 
cn-uuic breaking or yielding; put up 
with; bear with patience: v.i. to remain firm, 
as under suffering; to^ suffer without giving up. 
on ritir* t’no-len-diir'iiigj.p.adj. permanent; 
Cii-IAUI-Uig lasting; long-suffering. 

onH wpv<5 (end'waz"), adv. on end; with 
CAAU- “ VV<X J' ° the end forward or uppermost; 
lengthwise. Also, endwise. 

on P mfl (en'g-mi; e-ns'md), n. [pi. ene- 
CAi- c-aaaci mas (-mds), a liquid injected into 
the rectum; an internal bath, 
on o rmr (en'e-nd), n. [pi. enemies (-mlz)], 
CAA ~ C_AAA J one hostile to another; foe; 
antagonist; a hostile army. 

Syn. adversary, opponent. 

Ant. (see friend). 

^•n or crof ir* (Sn'Sr-jSt'Ik), adj. vigorous 
^ Ai_CA t-Af/ j n action; forcible; full of 
life; active.— adv. energetically. 

Syn. industrious, effectual, powerful. 

Ant. (see lazy). 

pn pr crv (en'er-jT), n. [pi. energies (-jlz)], 
y capacity for work; power; force; 
vigor; spirit; animation— v. energize. 

-a-n tro ’f’p (en'er-vat; g-nflr'vat), v.t. to 
^ AA_CA " va - l,c ' deprive of nerve, 
vigor; render effeminate or feeble; 
or weaken.— n. enervation. 

pn fa mi Up (^h" fa"me'ye), with 
en ia-mme family; at home; 

tic fashion; informally. [Fit.] 

on fpp KIp (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weaken; 
CAi-icc-mc destroy the force of. 

pn fi Iflffp (en"fl-lad'), n. the situation of 
a place or a body of men liable 
to be raked with shot; a firing along a trench, 
a line of troops, etc.; a galling fire; v.t. to 
pierce or rake with shot in a straight line. 
Pn fnlrl (en-fold'), v.t. to cover with folds; 
^aa-au’ava to wrap up; inclose; embrace. 
Also, infold. 

pri fnrrp (Sn-fSrs'), v.t. to urge with 
vsax-xvaav/c energy; to execute with vigor; 
to compel; to make clear or intelligible, 
pn fr.qn pKiop (en-fran'chlz; en-fran'- 

eu-iran-cmse chlz)> v± to admit to the 

right of voting in public elections; to liberate 
or set free; make free of a state, city, or 
corporation.— -n. enfranchisement. 

Pn pro prp (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge or bind by 
Vli 'b w 5 c oath or contract: to betroth; to 
win; as, his smile engages every one to him; in 
machinery, to come into gear with; make 
liable for a debt; secure for aid or employment; 
as, to engage a workman; encounter in battle- 
occupy the time or attention of; as, to engage 
one in conversation: v.i. to promise or assume 
an obligation; occupy oneself; as, to engage 
in business; enter a conflict. 


force, or 
debilitate 

one’s 
in domes- 

to 


Pf| crflcrpfj (en-gajd'), p.adj. busy or occu- 
pied; affianced or betrothed. 

pn P'flP'P TYIPnf (en-gaj'ment), n. be- 

^ AA -& a &C-liieiil trothal: occu 


n. 

occupation; 


an 


appointment; in machinery, the state of being 
in gear; a battle between armies or fleets, 
pn era cr in cr (en-gaj'Ing), p.adj. winning; 
CAA_ S CI &~- LAA & pleasing; as, an engaging 
manner. 

Pn crpn Hpr (en-jen'der), v.t. to produce; 
CAA- & CAA-AACA cause; excite: v.i. to come 
into existence. 

Pn crinp (Sn'jln), n - anything used to effect 
CAA “b AAAC a purpose; a machine by which 
power is applied for the performance of work; 
an apparatus for converting physical force, 
as heat, into mechanical power; a skilful 
mechanical contrivance. 

on 0 *i nppr jf-ner / ), n. one who is 
'•' AA ‘b A ’ iACC1 skilled in the principles or 
practice of any branch of mechanical science; 
one who has charge of and manages an engine 
or locomotive; one of an army corps which 
builds bridges, roads, etc., for military use; 
one who carries through a scheme or under¬ 
taking: v.t. to plan, lay out, or direct; plan and 
execute the construction of (a road, canal, etc). 

pn cri nppr in o' (en'ji-ner'ing), n. the 
CAA_ & A_AACCA_AAA & science and art of con¬ 
structing and using machinery, or of designing 
and constructing public works; skilful or tact¬ 
ful management. 

KqV, (In'glish), adj. belonging to, 
' 5 “' AA S -AAOAA characteristic of, or pertaining to, 
the language or the people of England, or 
those descended from them: n. the people 
of England or the language spoken by them; 
a size of printer’s type.—n. Englishman, 
pn (Trail mpnt (en-gral'ment), n. a ring 
CAA_ & A <AAA ~ AAACAA *' of dots around the edge 
of a coin or medal. 

Pn crrflVP (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or carve 
CAA & in sunken patterns; as, to 

engrave words on a monument; impress 
deeply or indelibly; imprint.— n. engraver, 
pn (Tran in cr ( 8 n-grav'lng), n. the act, 
. o A v -J - AA & process, or art of producing 
designs, etc., cut in, or in relief on, metal, 
stone, or hard wood; a design or inscription 
so cut; an impression from an engraved 
plate; as, the engraving on visiting cards, 
pn crrn^Q (en-gros'), v.t. to monopolize; to 
cn -51000 occupy wholly; as, business 
engrosses his attention; write in a large dis¬ 
tinct round hand, as a public document; to 
make larger. 

Syn. absorb, occupy, engage. 

Pn crnlf (en-gulf'), v.t. to swallow up in, or 
V' AA -& LIAA as in a deep hollow cr whirlpool. 
Also, ingulf. 

Syn. absorb, drown, submerge, bury, 
pn Knnrp (en-hans'), v.t. to increase or ad- 
~ aacaaa^c vance, as in attractiveness or 
value; to heighten.—n. enhancement. 

en-har mmi ir (en-har-mon'lk), adj. 
CA1 proceeding by smaller 

intervals than a semitone. Also, enharmonic 

cal.— adv. enharmonically. 

en-har-mon-ic scale 

scale hav ing more than twelve tones to the 
octave. 

P nib" ma (©-nlg'md), n. a riddle; any- 
C-J-Ai^-liict thing that puzzles or baffles. 

p.nicr rnfit ir (e"nIg-mS,t'ik), adj. obscure 
C lllg-Iilcll-lE or p Uzz iing. Also, enig¬ 
matical.— ady. enigmatically. 

PT1 ioin (© n -j°iiA'), v.t. to direct with 
, J authority or urgency; enforce; 
prohibit or restrain by judicial order. 

Syn. order, ordain, appoint, prescribe, 
en-inv (fn-joiO, v.t. to feel or perceive with 
pleasure; have the use or possession 
ot.— adj. enjoyable.— adv. enioyably. 


ate, senate, ^re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






enjoyment 


205 


entertainment 


on imr mptit (en-joi'ment), n. pleasure; 
en-joy-meni gratification; 


en-large glSyl 


„ w possession, 

on lrin Hip (en-kln'dl), v.t. to set on fire; 
Cll-ivIlI-UlC to kindle; to rouse; to excite. 

v.t. to increase in 
extend in limits or 
dimensions; extend to more purposes or 
uses: v.i. to become larger; as, a plant 
enlarges with growth. 

Syn. increase, extend, augment, broaden, 

swell. 

Ant. (see diminish). 

on Iflrcrp mont (en-larj;ment), n. in- 
cxi-icutaC-xus-'Aj.i, crease m size; growth 

or development; a photograph reproduced in 
increased size. 

on Her Tit on (en-ITt'n), v.t. furnish with 
cli-iigllt-Cii increased knowledge; elevate 
morally or spiritually.— n. enlightenment. 

Sipi. illumine, instruct, inform. 

Ant. (see befog, becloud), 
on Hct (en-list/), v.t. to enroll, as for mili- 
“Il-lAbl tary service; register; gain over, 
or employ in some cause: v.i. to engage one¬ 
self for military service.— n. enlistment, 
on Hxr on (Sn-llv'n), v.t. to make vigorous, 
Cll-llV-c.lI active, or cheerful; to exhil¬ 
arate; to inspirit. 

Syn. cheer, animate, inspire. 

Ant. (see sadden, quiet), 
on n-iooco mas'), collectively; alto- 

en masse ge ther. [f r .] 

__ rY . * (en'ml-tl), n. [pi. enmities (-tlz)J, 
en-mi-ty animosity; hatred; hostility; 

ill-will. 

Syn. maliciousness, unfriendliness. 

Ant. (see friendship). 

on no Hlo (e-no'bl; en-n5'bl), v.t. to dig- 
eil-IlU-LJlC nify; exalt; make famous or 
illustrious; to raise to the nobility, 
on nni (ah"nwe'), n. languor of mind; a 
en-nui wearied state of mind due to lack 
of interest; boredom; listlessness. [Fr.] 

_ „ x T7 (e-nor'ml-ti), n. [pi. enormi- 

e-nor-mi-xy ties (-tlz)], something out¬ 
rageous or extremely immoderate; an atroc¬ 
ity; a grave offense. 

mono (S-nor'mus), adj. excessive; 
C-HOi-lllUUo very great; immense; huge; 
greatly exceeding the normal size, number, 
etc.— adv. enormously. 

o noiin-k ffi-nuf'), adj. sufficient: n. a 
e-IiOUgn sufficiency: adv. so as to be 
sufficient; very: interj. stopj 
Syn., n. plenty, abundance. 

Ant. (see want). . ^ 

on rmlro (en-kwir'), v.t. and v.i. to ask 
en-quii C cr ask about; to examine into 
Also, inquire.— n. manner, enquirer, inquiry, 

enquiry. , . . . 

on .-ooo (Sn-raj'), v.t. to make intensely 
0I1-A3.gC angry; to provoke to fury; 

exasperate. , 

on -roil (en-ral'), v.t. to place (a car) upon 

“Il-rd.ll rails: onnosite to derail. 


rQU t e fan'root'), on the way or road. 

otl CQtl 0-11 inO ( en-s ahg win), i.t. to 

cn-otui-guuio smear or cover with 

blood. 

on cronro (en-skons'), v.t. to fix securely 
Cii-oCUiAt/C; or comfortably; to settle. 

on com KIp (ah'san'bl), n. the general 
dl.-oCAAi.-UAC appearance or effect; all the 

parts of a thing together. [Fr.] 

on o Tit-in p (en-shrin'), v.t. to place on an 

Cll-bllllliC altar cr in a holy place; keep 

sacred 

eiiiwiiH (en-shroud'), v.t. to cover 
clf-olUUhU with, or as with, a shroud; 
to conceal from observation; as, to enshroud 
one’s purpose with mystery. 

eirm (en'sin), n. a flag; badge; (en'sln), 
Cll-blgll the lowest rank of commissioned 
officer in the navy. 

on ci 1 cx rro (en'sl-laj), n. fodder or vege- 
cll-bl-id&c table produce stored in the 
green state in a silo. 

on olavP (en-slav'), v.t to bring into 
Cii-Diavc bondage; enthrall or deprive of 
moral liberty cr power; as, to be enslaved by 

drink.— n. enslavement. 

on on a to (en-snar'), v.t. to take in, or as 
Cll-bilcUC in, a trap; take by craft; 
allure. Also, insnare. 

on oiio (en-su'), v.i. r to follow as a conse- 
Cli-bUC quence; succeed; come after. 

on iah la til ro (en-tab'ld-tvlr), n. the 
dl-ldU-ld-lU-l C parts of a wall resting on 

the top of a pillar or column, as the cornice, etc. 
on -fail (en-tab), n. an estate that may be 
“ 11 -ldll i e ft only to a particular heir or 
heirs; the act of so restricting the leaving of 
property: v.t. to leave, as money, land, or other 
property, to a succession of heirs, so that no 
one of them can give or will it away; to neces¬ 
sitate; induce. 


rails: opposite to derail. 

(an" ra"por'), in sympathy 
[Fr.] 

(en-rapt'), adj. filled with 


joy; 


en rap-port with. [Fr] 

«.n -rowf (en-rapt'), adj. filled 
“II-Idpt enraptured; fascinated. 

+ 111-0 (en-rap'tur), v.t. to transport 
en-rap-IUI C or carry away with delight; 

please intensely; charm. , .. . 

Syn. enchant, fascinate, captivate, bewitch. 

Ant. (see repel). . „ ,. Q 

(Sn-rich'), v.t. to increase the 
en-ricn wealth of; to make fertile; to 
improve; to adorn. 

on ,-o 11 (en-rob), v.t. to insert or write 
en roll down in a register; enlist; record. 

—n. enrollment. Also, enrol , enrolment 


p-n fan trip (en-tah'gl), v.t. to involve; 
Cil-IcUl-glc ensnare; perplex; bewilder. 

en-tan-gle-ment Sme“ing m S'eS: 

snares; a complication; an obstruction: espe¬ 
cially, in the World War, barbed wire strung 
on steel posts driven in the ground, to make it 
harder to reach the trenches, 
on +on+o (ah "tant'), n. an agreement or 
eXl-lCinC understanding; as, the Triple 
Entente, the compact between England, 
France, and Russia in 1907-08. [Fr.] 

on +or (en'ter), v.t. to go or come into; be- 
Cll-ICI gin; penetrate; set down in writ¬ 
ing; as, the clerk entered the account in the 
journal; join or become a member of; to go 
into or begin, as a business, etc.; place on the 
records of a court: v.i. to go or come in. 
on +oi- (en-t6r'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
en-ier-lb situated near, the intestines. 

on tor rvricp (en'ter-priz), n. an under- 
en-ier-pribe taking of importance or 

risk; boldness; energy and invention. 

Syn. midertaking, endeavor, venture, effort. 

pn bpf th*iq irur (®n ter-priz Ing), adj. 
en-ter-pris-ing ambitious; adventur¬ 
ous; energetic; progressive, 
on +oi- +oin (en"ter-tan') , v.t. to receive 
dl-lci-ld.111 a nd treat hospitably; 
amuse; keep in the mind; to harbor, as a 
grudge; take into consideration; as, to enter¬ 
tain a proposition: v.i. to receive guests 
hospitably. .. 

„ x ot - + in cr (en'ter-tan Ing), p.adj. 
6Il-XGr-X3.1Il-lIlg amusing; diverting.— 

ado. entertainingly. 

en-ter-tain-ment^^o^pita'my at 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as iii azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











enthrall 


206 


epaulet 


table; a feast or banquet; a diverting or 
amusing performance; amusement. 
cm fVirpll (en-thr61'), v.t. to enslave; 
c-ii- tin clll bring or hold under some over¬ 
mastering influence. Also, enthral. 

fh rrm <=* (Sn-thron'), v.t. to place on a 
^aa-iaaa uaac s eat of power; invest or 
endow with royal power and authority. 

fit! "tVltl ci p QTTi (en-thu'zl-azm), n. in- 

tense eagerness; ardor 
of mind; fervent zeal; intense interest, feel¬ 
ing, or emotion. 

Syn. devotion, zeal, ardor. 

Ant. (see lukewarmness). 

d-n fhii ci p 0 + (en-thu'zl-ast), n. one who 
\,Ii- LllU-bl-dbl is flUed with zeal . one 

who deems himself inspired; a visionary. 

en-thu-si-as-tic 


. . v.t. 
tempt.— ad:'. 


to attract or allure; 

enticingly.—«. cn- 


an thusiastically. 

entice (gn_tls ' ) ’ 

ticement. 

Ptl firp (en-tir'), adj. complete in all parts; 
v^aa-laa c whole; undivided or unbroken; 
consisting of one piece: n. the whole. 

-fit* c. Kr (en-tir'II), adv. lully; com- 
dl-Lli c-iy pietely; wholly. 

PTI firp +X 7 - (Sn-tlr'-t!), n. completeness; the 
x;aa-iaa whole; a complete thing. 

PTI ti tip (en-ti'tl), v.t. to give a name to; 
wxa-lj-lac to dignify by a name or desig¬ 
nation; to give a right to. 

PTI ti tv (® n, ti-tl), n- [pl- entities (-tiz)], 
^aa-ca-lj being; anything that exists, or is 
supposed to exist. _ 

PTI tntnh (en-toom'), v.t. to place in, or as 
*^.i. a- cvxj.ii.no bi, a g ra ve; tiybury; inter. 

en tomh mpnt (en-toom'ment), n. the 

ten lUiilU-lIiem act of placing in a 

grave; burial. 

en-to mftl n.crv (Sn'tS-mSl'ft-jl), n. that 
CAl IU AiAUi U-g_y branch of zoology which 

treats of insects and their habits.—n. ento¬ 
mologist. 

pti toil rpcrp (ah"tob"razhO, n. associates; 
cii-iuu-iagc surroundings; retinue of 
attendants. [Fr.] 

PTI tl*P ilc (en'tralz), n.pl. the internal 
CAA-uidlAO parts of animal bodies. 

PT) _hrn it! (Sn-tran'), v.t. and v.i. to dis- 
cu-uam patch or go (as troops) by train. 

prs frarirp (en'trans), n. the act of going 
CAA-tidiiu-c in; a door, passage, etc., 

tnrouga which one enters a place; permission 
to come in, etc.; the entry of a ship, or goods, 
at the custom house of a port; v.t. (en-trans'), 
to put into a state of ecstasy or excessive jov; 
delight; to throw into a trance, or unnatural 
sleep.— adv.en traneingiy. 

PTI tram (en-trap'), v.t. to catch; entangle; 
^ L inveigle; ensnare. 

PTI frPPt (en-tret'), v.t. to solicit or ask 
cu-ucai earnestly; beseech. 

Pfl-tTPaf V n - [Pl- entreaties 

c 1 LA cat 'J (-iz)j, an earnest petition or 
request; prayer. 

PTI frPP (j*h"tra/), n. entrance; admission; 
7 ™ ^ the act of entering; a dish served 

between the chief courses. [Fb.] 

PU-trPTIrh (en-t reach'), v.t. to surround 
C , 11CAAU1A or defend with ditches, earth¬ 
works, etc.: v.t. to encroach. Also, intrench. 

en-trench-ment 

of ditches, earthworks, etc., forming a battle 
line; any defense or protection; encroach¬ 
ment. Also, intrenchment 


gifl trp rrnilQ (ah'tr noo), between our- 
•CAA Lie huua selves; confidentially. fFn. 


ors +-rnc+ (en-trust'), v.t. to place in charge. 
Cll-lIUbl Also, intrust. 

fr-y (en'trl), n. [pl. entries (-trlz), a 
cii-tij place for going in; a passage; the 
act of writing an item in a list or record; the 
item written in; the act of taking rightful pos¬ 
session of land hy entering or setting foot on it; 
the act of reporting the arrival of a ship in port. 
Pt1 -ftxrS-nck (en-twin'), v.t. to wind around; 
CAl-lwillt; twist together. 

P nil mpr qfp (e-nu'mer-at), v.t. to reck- 
c Aiu-iuci -aic on or name singly; count; 

go over in detail. 

P Till mpr fl firm (e- n uTner-a'shun), n. 
e-liu-mex-d.-liuil the act of counting! 

a catalog; list. 

p min rt ote (e-nun'shl-at; e-nun'sl-at), 
t/ AAUAi-V/i-dtc v i_ to declare or proclaim; 

utter; express; speak; pronounce. 

P nun fi p tion nun'si-a'shiln ; 
C-liUll-Ll-d.-llOIl g-nun"shl-a'shun) , 

n. manner of uttering vocal sounds; articula¬ 
tion; a definite statement. 

PTI vpI OTT (en-vel'up), v.t. to surround 
x/aa- v with, or as with, a wrapper; to 

hide; to cover. 

PTI-VPl-OTlP (on'vo-lop; an've-ldp), 
^ '-'Jr'-' n a p a p er wrapper, usually 

gummed, for safe conveyance of a letter by 
post, etc.; covering; wrapper. Also, envelop. 

PTL-VPl-On mpnt (en-vel'up-ment), n. 
Cii VCA Up- 111 C 11 L the act of surround¬ 
ing or covering; a wrapper; anything that 
surrounds or conceals. 

p-r» _vpn nm (® n-v 6 n, um), v.t. to infuse 
v^AA-V v^aa-vxaaa po ison into; to make poison¬ 
ous; to embitter. 

PTI vi.P hi p (en'vl-d-bl), adj. exciting 
v/ii- vA-a-uAc longing; capable of awaken¬ 
ing the desire to possess.— adv. enviably. 

PTI vi.miQ (en'vl-us), adj. feeling, or 
eu-vA-ouo characterized by, a desire to 
possess something; jealously desirous of 
what is anotherjs.— adv. enviously. 

PTI vi.rrm (en-vi'run), v.t. to surround or 
, 7 ^ A inclose; encompass; hem in: 

n.pl. places near a town or city; suburbs. 

eil-Vi-TOn -mpnt (e n -vi'run-m€nt), n. 
c , A AUAA . . the surroundings of 
one s life; conditions which influence char¬ 
acter; as, a wholesome environment. 

PTI vnv ( gn ' v °i). n. a government agent, 
xjaa-vvxj second in rank to an ambassador; 
one sent on a special mission, usually abroad. 
Pn VV ^ n/v ^)> v.t. [p.t. and p.p. envied, 
7. V J ) .-P r • envying], to grudge; to wish 
for (what is another’s); feel displeasure at (the 
excellence or prosperity of another) ; to covet: 
v.i. to teel or exhibit covetousness: n. ill-will 
or displeasure felt because of the excellence 
or good fortune of another. 

E-O-CPTIP (e'5-sen), adj. pertaining to the 
... . earliest oart of the Tertiary geo¬ 

logical period, before the development of mod- 
ern species: n. the earliest part of the Tertiary 
period, fallowing immediately after the Meso¬ 
zoic era. 

E-O PTI ( 6 'O'li-Sn), adj. pertaining to the 
X ~ winds: from rEolus, the god of 
the winds, eolian harp, a stringed instrument 
acted upon by a current of air. Also, Pollan. 
6-0 lith if* (e" 6 -lTth'ik), adj. pertaining 

c u-uin-u, to the earliest art of th | 

stone age. 


P OTl ( e °n), n. a long period of time; age; 
V JA1 era; a cycle^ Also, aon. 

E_0_70 if ( e " 6 -zo'Ik), adj. pertaining to the 
^ rocks of the oldest geological era. 
6X1-311 Ipf (e P'h-let), n. a shoulder piece; 
Jr an ornamental badge wo rn on 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, Jar, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menii; 








ephah 


207 


equanimity 


the shoulder by naval and military officers. 

Also, epaulette. 

iVhaVl n - an aucient Hebrew dry 

c-piidii measure: equal to one and one- 
ninth bushels. 

n nViom or ol (3-fem'er-al), adj. existing 
e-pnem-er-dl only for a day; short¬ 
lived. 

E t*Vi o cicmo (e-fe'zhanz). n.pl. a book cf 
-pilc-oldllb the New Testament, con¬ 
taining the Epistle or letter of the apostle i aul 
to the church at Ephesus. 

_riV» nrl (ef dd), n. a priestly vestment or 
v?pi-i-vJ , U. garment worn by the Jewish high 
priest of ancient times. 

s\-r (Sf'er), n. [pi. ephori (o-rl), ephors 
epn-UI (-erz) |, one of the five Spartan 
magistrates. 

ir (ep'Ik). adj. grand; noble; heroic; 
cp-lC narrative: said of a poem: n. a long 
narrative poem of some heroic deed or event 
written in a lofty style. 

... • (ep'i-kur), n. a person of lux- 

tJp-l-vUlc U rious tastes and habits; one 
who is fond of good living; one devoted to 
the pursuit of pleasure. 

^i_ i Ygi on (®P i-kir-re a,n), adj. per - 
Cp-l-tU-lC-<ui taming to the plulosophy 
of Epicurus; devoted to the pleasures of the 
table: n. one who loves luxury: Epicurean, 
a follower of Epicurus. 

oiv i rv r 1 A (ep'I-si"kl). n. a small circle 
tp-l-cy -vie whose center is on the circum¬ 
ference of a greater circle. 

J Jam iV (epT-dem'ik), adj. attacking 
cp-l-tlCUl-lv many at the same time: 
said of a disease: n. a general attack of a 
disease throughout a locality; a widespread 
occurrence of anything. 

i (ep"i-dur'mis), n. the cuti- 

ep-l-aer-mis c le or outer skin of the 
body; the outer coating or bark of a plant. 
__ : ~ +_.• (epT-gas'trlk), adj. per- 

ep-l-gas-tri^ taining to the walls of the 

abdomen. _ , , , 

: o-i (epT-glot'Is), n the leaf- 

ep-l-glOt-XlS shaped lid of cartilage 
which covers the larynx or upper part of- the 
windoipe during the act of swallowing. 
cm i rr rom (ep'I-gram), n. a verse or 
ep- 1 -grd.iii short poem with a witty point; 
a short phrase expressing a shrewd or witty 

thought. _ y . 

_• (ep I-gra-mat'ik), 

ep-l-giam-mat-lC a( ij. witty; pointed. 

Also, epigrammatical. — add. epigrammati- 
cally. . . 

t* frranVi (epi-graf), n. an inscription 
ep-I-grapn on a building, monument, 
etc.; a motto or quotation at the beginning 

of a book or chapter. 

? 1 (gpi-lep"sl), n. a chronic 

6p--l-iGp-bj nervous disease attended by 
loss of consciousness and convulsions. 

«« ; 4-in (SpT-lSp'tlk), ad), pertaining 

ep-l-iep-IlC to , or affected with, epilepsy: 

n. one affected with epilepsy. 

^ : Ic^rr (gp'I-log), n. a poem or speech at 
ep-l-10g the end of a play. Also, epilogu?. 

E *_t- o -n tt (e-pif'd-nl), n. a church 
-plpn-a-ny festival (Jan. 6 ) to com¬ 
memorate the visit of the three wise men to 
Bethlehem when Christ was born. 

^ A,, (e-pis'kd-pa-sl), n .church 

e-plS-CO pa-cy government by bishops. 

xxio nn not (e-pTs'ko-pal), adj. pertain- 
e-plS-CO-pai i n g to bishops; having gov¬ 
ernment vested in a bishop.— adv. episcopally. 

E . _-*• (e-pIs"’ko-pa'lT-an), 

-pis-co-pa-li-an a dj. pertaining to the 


Protestant Episcopal Church: n. a member 
or supporter of that church.— n. Episcopali- 
anism. 

nic nji+p (e-pis'ko-pat). n. the posi- 
tJ-plb-CU-pctlC tion and authority of a 

bishop; bishopric. 

on i cnHo (ep'I-sod), n. an incident or 
cp-l-bUuc action standing by itself but 
more or less connected with a series of 
events; as, an episode of the war.— adj. epi¬ 
sodic, episodical. 

o nio +1o (e-pis'l), n. a formal letter; a 
C-pio-LxC written communication: Epistle, 
one of the letters written by the apostles, and 
recorded in the New' Testament. 

o nic tn TV (§:Pis't6-la-rI), adj. per- 
c-pib-lU-lct-1 y taming to letters; as, a 

graceful epistolary style. 

on i ton Vi (Sp'I-taf), n. an inscription or 
cp-1-la.pii. writing on a tomb or monu¬ 
ment, in memory of the dead. 

ep-l-tna-la-mi-um um), n. a song or 

poem in celebration of a marriage. 

_ • it (ep'I-thet), n. an adjective or 
cp-l-lilCl phrase denoting some real 
quality of the person or thing described; as, 
a miserly man. 

o n rru* (e-pit'o-me), n. a brief state- 
C-pl L-U-lilt; meiit cf the contents of a 
literary wmrk; a summary or summing up; an 
abridgment; synopsis. 

o nil mt7P (e-plt'o-miz), r.t. to make a 
e-plT-O-imze brief out line of ; to abridge; 

condense. 

<^n i 7 n nn (^P , ”I- z o'an), n. [pi. epizoa 
cp-l-Z-U-ctii (-a)], an animal which lives on 

the outside of another animal, as fieas or lice. 

^oVi (ep'^k; e'pok), n. a point of time. 
cp-Uv/li marked by events of great impor¬ 
tance, from which succeeding years are reck¬ 
oned; as, the Civil War marks an important 
epoch in American history; a period of years 
filled with unusual events; era; date. 

_ (ep'od), n. the last part of an ode 
ep-UUt 0 r poem; a burden or refrain in 
music. 

TT-r» ccm ooIf (ep'sum solt), a white sub- 
iip-bUIli octil stance used in medicine, 
dyeing, finishing cotton goods, etc. 

_ -u:i : br (e"kwd-biri-tl; ek"w<;-bTl - 

e-qUa-Dli-l-iy x-tI), n. evenness; steadi¬ 
ness; as, equability of temper. 

_ (e'kwa-bl; ek'wa-bl), adj. unl- 

e-qUct-UJ.c form; steady; even; propor¬ 
tionate.— adv. equally. 

niia 1 (e'kwal), adj. of the same extent or 
C-l|Uctl magnitude; uniform; adequate; of 
the same rank, degree, or value; just; equa¬ 
ble: n. one of the same age, rank, office, 
talents, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. equaled, p.pr. 
equaling], to have the same size, rank, value, 
etc., with; return a full equivalent for; to fulfil 
the requirements of. „ , 

« mifll i tv <6-kwSH-tt), n. [pi. equalities 

e-quai-l-iy (.«z)], the state of being 
the same in size, rank, value, etc.; uniformity; 
evenness. 

d nil flit i 7 P (e'qual-iz), v.t. to make the 
C-ifeictl-lZ.c same in size, rank, value, etc.; 

render uniform.— n. equalization. 
a. rtiiol i 7 or (e'qual-iz"er), n. a sliding 
panel which stabilizes an 

airplane laterally. 

a nnal 1 v (e'QuM- a e dr - , in t he san ? e 
e-qud.I-iy degree; uniformly; in evenly 

divided parts or shares._ 

0 attq tiim i txr kwa-nim l-tl), fi. 
e-qua-mm-l-xy evenness of temper or 

mind; calmness. 


j-pu-w- yw aai. uertaiiun* w i ..■■ . - 

D00t, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

:h = z as in azure; kh =cli as in ioch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











equate 


208 


ermine 



Equilateral 

Triangle 


a nimtA (e-kwatO, v.t. to reduce to an 
average; to put into the form of 
an equation; to make equal, 
p firm (3-kwa'shun; e-kwa'zhun), n. 

G- 4 u.cs.- nun a proposition expressing the 
equality of two quantities, the sign = being 
placed between them; a representation of a 
chemical reaction expressed by symbols, 
p rjito fftr (S-kwa'tflr), n. the imaginary 
c-\jua-iut circle which passes round the 
middle of the earth, everywhere equally dis¬ 
tant from the poles, and divides it into two 
hemispheres or parts; a similar line dividing 
the sphere of the sky in two.— adj. equatorial. 
— adv. equatorially. 

upr t*rr (ek'wer-I; §-kwer'I), n. [pi. 
J equerries (-lz)j, an officer in the 
house of a prince or nobleman, who attends 
him in public, and has charge of his horses, 
p nilPQ + r : on (S-kwes'trI-5,n), adj. per- 
taining to horses or horse¬ 
manship; performing with horses: n. one 
skilled in horsemanship. 

e fill Ad ■f'i'i pnti p (S-kwes*trf-<5n 7 ), n. a 
-queb-in-eime skilful horsewoman. 

e.Qui ail PT 1 lar ^^kwl-an'gu-lar), adj. 
C qui cLlL gtl-lctl having equal angles. 

e- qui-dis-tant 

(eTcwI-dTs'tant), adj. situ¬ 
ated equally far from a cer¬ 
tain point or from each 
other. 

e-qui-lat-er -al 

(e"kwl-lat'er - SI), adj. 
having all the sides equal: 
n. a figure with equal sides: 
equilateral triangle, a fig¬ 
ure having three equal sides and three equal 
angles.— adv. equilaterally. 

p nili lill Tl lim ( e,, kwl-llb , rl-um), n. 
e-qui-iiu-ll-um equality of weight, 

power, force, etc.; equipoise or balance 
between opposing forces, actions, etc. 

e niiirip (e'kwin), adj. of, pertaining to, or 
-qume i ike , a horse. 

p mi? tinr +Jo 1 (e"kwI-nok'shal), adj. per- 
C-qui-U.UL/-liclJ. taining to the equinox, 

or to the time of equal day or night: n. the 
equator of the sky; a storm at the season of 
equal day and night.— adv. equinoctially. 
p pill nnv (e'kwl-noks), n. the time when 
c-^ui-nuA the sun crosses the equator of 
the sky, making the days and nights of equal 
length: about March 21 and September 22 . 
p piiiti ( 8 -kwlpO, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. equipped, 
p.pr. equipping], to furnish or fit 
out for any service or undertaking; as, to 
equip an army for the field; prepare or qual¬ 
ify; as, to equip a boy with knowledge; to 
dress; as, equip yourself for a walk, 
pri ni rid era (ek'wl-n&j), n. the arms and 
cq-ui-pagc outfit of an army, vessel, 
traveler, etc.; the carriage, horses, and liveried 
servants of a person of rank; a carriage of state. 

p nil in monl (e-kwip'ment), n. all the 
necessary supplies for any 
particular service, such as those needed in 
fitting out offices, stores, armies, a fleet, a 
railway, a person, etc.; the act of fitting out 
with supplies. 

p nili nnico (e'kwi-poiz).n. equilibrium or 
c-l|Ul-puioc balance; equality of weight. 

e-qui-pon-der-ant 

same weight. 

ah iii fa V»1p (ek'wi-td-bl), adj. impartial; 
Gq-Ui-ld- UiC j us t; fair.— adv. equitably. 


pn ni frr (ek'wl-tl), n. [pi. equities (-tlz)J, 
cq-ui-tj justice; just regard to right or 
claim; impartiality; the administration of 
law according to its spirit and not according 
to the letter. 

p nnitr a 1 aupa (e-kwlv'a-lens),n.equal- 
e-qulV-cl-ienLe jty of value or power. 

Also, equivalency. 

e niiixr a 1ati+ (S-kwIv'a-lent) , adj. equal 
-qUlV-d-ieilX j n value or power; the 

same in significance or effect: n. a thing of the 
same value, weight, power, effect, etc. 

e miitr r\ ra 1 (S-kwIv'o-kal), adj. of a 
-quIV-U-bd.1 doubtful or double mean¬ 
ing; open to suspicion or doubt; uncertain. 
— adv. equivocally. 

Syn. dubious, doubtful, indefinite, obscure. 

e mi ii?- n rat a (e-kwlv'6-kat), v.i. to use 
-qui V-U-bdlc words of double meaning; 

prevaricate, or evade the truth. 

A rt\ (c'ra), n. the point of time from which 
C-lti a series of years is reckoned; a period 
of time starting from a given point; as, the 
Christian era dates from the birth of Christ; 
period; epoch. 

e -*-Q/] -| po kip (e-rad'T-kd-1)1), adj. that 
-rd.U-1-L.d.-Uie can be rooted out or 

destroyed. 

e rarl i raf a (S-rad'I-kat), v.t. to destroy 
-iciu.-A-Gcs.tG thoroughly; exterminate; 

erase; wipe out.— n. eradication. 

Syn. extirpate. 

A rflQA (S-rasO.tf.k to rub or scrape out; blot 

C-iaoC or cross out: In pffacc- n era euro 


e-ras-er 


equitableness. 


or cross out; to efface.— n. erasure, 
(e-ras'er), n. a knife or piece of 
rubber for scraping or rubbing 
out written marks; that which rubs out, as 
chalk marks. 

p r p (ar), conj. before; as, “the joys that 
C,J - C came ere I was old’’; sooner than; as, I 
will fight ere I will submit to tyranny: prep. 
before; as, I will return ere midnight. 

T7 r p U 11Q (er'e-bus), n. in Greek mythol- 
j-u-g-uuo ogy, a place of utter darkness 
through winch the dead pass to Hades. 

A rArt (e-rekt'), v.t. to construct; build; 
c-i gcl ra i S e; establish: adj. upright; 
firmly uplifted; bold or unshaken.— adv. 
erectly.— n. erectness. 

e rAp +11 a (6-rek'tfl), adj. capable of being 
-ICG-lliC raised upright. 

A tap firm (&-rek'shun), n. the act of 
c-icu-uuu raising a structure, such as a 
wall or building; the structure raised; the 
state of being constructed. 

A TAP tlup (S-rek'tlv), adj. tending or 
g-agg-iavg serving to raise or build up. 

A TAP tnT (3-rek'ter), n. one who, or that 
g-icu-iuf which, raises upright; a builder; 
a founder. 

0 j- 0 _JO 2 ^g (&r"ltmg'), adv. before long; soon; 

AT A Tni+A (er'i-mit), n. a hermit; one 
Gi-G-iiutc dwelling alone in a desert to 
devote himself to religious thought. 

AT (ur'go), conj. and adv. therefore; 

o'-' consequently; hence. [Lat.] 

PI* orryf (fir'gSt), n. a black hornlike growth 
^ upon wheat, rye, etc.; a drug. 

I?T 1T1 ( e ' rIn : er'tn), n. a name often given 
to Ireland. 

pr | TlitA (Sr'I-nlt), n. a rich emerald- 
green metal containing copper. 

PT TTliTlA (ur'mfn), n. a weasel-like animal, 
ga-aaaaaac much valued for its fur, which 

becomes white in winter, except at the tip of 
the tail, where it remains black; the emblem, 
dignity, or office of a judge, whose state robe 
- n European countries is lined with ermine as 
an emblem of purity. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, nov£l, refer: 
right, sm, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bilrn, cut, focus, menu: 











em 


209 


esplanade 


(flrn), n. in Scotland, a sea eagle: also 
cld applied to other eagles. Also, erne. 

rnHp (6-rod') f v.t. to eat or wear away; 
C-I UUC to corrode; to wear away, as rocks 
by running water. 

rn cirvn (6-ro'zhiin), n. the act of wear- 
C-IU-olUli jxig away; gradual destruction 
or eating away: commonly used of the action 
of water on rock or soil; the wearing away of 
the rifling of a gun, by heat and high pressure. 
p rn civn (fc-ro'slv), adj. gnawing or 
C-iU-oivc wearing away; corrosive. 

n rat tr* (S-rot'Ik; er-ot'Ik), adj. pertaining 
C-lUl-lt to, or caused by, passionate love; 
amorous: n. a love poem or composition. 

(fir), v.i. to commit a sin; make a mis- 
dl take; to go astray morally; to be mis¬ 
taken; to blunder. 

_ r rc , ri< 4 (Sr'and), n. a trip made to attend 
Gl-IclIlU. to some special business or to 
carry a message; the object for which the 
trip is made; a commission, 
or rcjrvf (er'ant), adj. roving, wandering, 
Cl-Id-Ill as in search of adventure; as, a 
knight errant: wayward; as, errant fancy; 
errant thoughts. 

or ra-tvf rxr (er'ant-rl), n. a roving in 
Cl -1 l--A j character, condition, or deed, 
such as a roving in search of knightly adven¬ 
ture; hence, knight -errantry. 
or rat ir* (e-r&t'ik), adj. having no fixed 
cl-Idl-U/ course; wandering; irregular; 
eccentric; queer; as, erratic behavior.— adv. 
erratically. 

or ro +iim (S-ra'tum), n. [pi. errata (-ta)]. 
“I -I a.- LUill a mistake in printing or writing. 

or ro no nnc (e-ro'ne-us), adj. incorrect; 
cl-iU-lic-UUo mistaken; wrong.— adv. er¬ 
roneously. . 

„ (Sr'er), n. false behef; mistake; 

Cl-lOI blunder; an inaccuracy. 

TTrc*o (firs), adj. pertaining to the Celts 
JE/lSe 0 f Ireland or Scotland, or to their 
language; Gaelic: n. the Gaelic language, 
or A i+o (6r'do-dTt), adj. learned; schol- 
tjr-U-UlLC arly.— adv. eruditely. 

or 11 Ai iinti (er"oo-dish'un), n. knowl- 
er-U-Ul-llOIl edge obtained by the study 
of books; learning in literature, history, and 
arts as distinct from learning in the sciences, 
o mnt (6-rupt'), v.t. and v.i. to burst 
e-rupi forth, or cause to burst forth. 

___ x* (e-rup'shun), n. r act of burst- 

s-rup-tion i ng out or forth; that which 
bursts forth, as lava from a volcano; out¬ 
break; violent commotion; a rash on the skin. 
_ x* (e-rup'tlv), adj. breaking out 

e-rup-tive violently; bursting forth. 1 

_ _• _ too (gr'l-slp , 6-las),n. aninfec- 

er-y-sip-e-las tious disease of the skin, 



_ of 

airships; as, the Lafayette escadrille. [Fr.] 
__ (es"ka-lad'), n. a scaling or 

es-ca-laae climbing the walls of a forti¬ 
fied place by means of scaling-ladders: v.t. 
to storm by means of scaling-ladders. 
pc ra la tor (es'kd-la'ter), n. a moving 
co-ta-la.-loi stairway. 

i-ol nn (es-k 61 'up;es-kal'up).n. a mol¬ 
es-Cal-op i us k, or shellfish, having a 
ribbed shell with a wavy edge; a curved point 
in a wavy edge of lace, etc.: v.t. to prepare 
with bread crumbs, and bake; to shape in 
curved points, as the edge of lace, embroidery, 
etc. Also, scallop, escallop. 

__ no A o (es'ka-pad), n. a foolish or 
es-ca-paae reckless adventure; misdeed; 

prank 



Clock Escape¬ 
ment 


oc rono (6s-kap') t v.t. to flee from; get 
co-Ldpc ou t, 0 f the way of; to come 
safely out of; to avoid; to be unaffected by; 
as, he escaped contagion from the disease: 
v.i. to get out of danger; to flow out; as, 
gas escapes from a leak; to slip away; as, to 
escape from memory: n. a getting away from 
danger; flight; deliverance. 

oe ranp mpnt (es-kap'mSnt), n. a me- 
co-^djJC-xiicxi.L chanical device for secur¬ 
ing regularity of move¬ 
ment: used in clocks, 
watches, and motors. 
pc ram (es-karp'), v.t. 
co-taip to give a steep 
slope to: n. the side of a 
ditch forming a steep slope 
next the rampart. 

es-carp-ment 

(es-karp'ment), n. a cliff; a 
slope; a steep side of a hill; 
a steep slope, almost verti¬ 
cal, around a fortress. , . . „ „ 

o TrG- (esh"d-15t'), n. a kind of small 
GSCll.-3.-l0L onion. Also, shallot, 
dc rh&at (es-chet), v.t. to take possession 
Gb-Lllcd.1 0 f (property to which there are 
no heirs): v.i. to revert or go back to the 
crown, the lord of the manor, or the state, 
because there are no legal heirs: n. land 
or tenements which fall to the crown, or lord 
of the manor, or, in the United States, 
to the state, by forfeiture or failure of heirs. 

(es-choo'), v.t. to shun; avoid; 
Cb-LllCW aS) to eschew bad company. 

(es'kort), n. a body of armed men 
Cb-vUl l acting as a guard; protection on a 
journey; a person who accompanies someone, 
usually a lady, to afford the protection of his 
presence: v.t. (es-kort'), to accompany or go 

with. .. „ _... 

__ /»*•; imVo (es"kri-twar'), n. a writing 
Gb-LIl-lUiiG desk, or secretary. [Fr>] 
pc nt (es'ku-lent). adj. eatable; flfc 

es-cu-ieiu f Qr food. 

^ ^ (es-kuch'un), n. a shield 

GS-CUtCIl-0011 on which the heraldic 
arms, or coat of arms, of a family are shown. 
TTo Iri rrirt (es'kl-mo), n. one of a race or 
U/S-KI-UIO people inhabiting Labrador, 
Greenland, Alaska, and other parts of arctic 
America. Also, Esquimau. 

_ mio (e-sof'a-gfis), n. the gullet, 

G-S0pll-3.-gUS or canal through which 
food and drink pass to the stomach. Also, 
oesophagus. 

pq n f pr j r (6s*6-ter'Ik), adj. pertaining 
cb-U-lCI -1L to doctrines or beliefs taught 
only to a select circle of followers: secret; 
confidential; profound; opposite to exoteric. 
p C -n P r jj,1 (6s-pesh'51), adj. particular: 
Cb-pC-Lldl chief; special; exceptional 
among others of the same kind— adv. espe¬ 
cially. 

17ci -no. -i-on -fo (Ss'pe-ran'to), n. an arti- 
HfS-pC-Icill-lU ficial language designed for 
use throughout the world, thus enabling all 
peoples to converse with each other. 

• Q 1 (es-pi'al), n. the action of a spy ; 
Gb—pi—a.1 secret watching; discovery. 

pc -til a Ytacxf* (es'pi-o-naj; es-pi&-naj), 
GS-pl-G-llelgC n _ the secret watching of 

the acts or speech of another; the employ¬ 
ment of spies or secret agents: especially in 
time of war. 

PQ Tilfl TlflHp (Ss'plfl-nad'). n. an open 
cb-pid-fiaUC space or road, especially by 

the seaside, for public use in walking or 
driving; a lawn. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









espousal 


210 


ethnology 


nnilQ at (es-pouz'al), n. the promising 
Co-puus-cu. or giving in marriage; some¬ 
times, the ceremony of marriage; the taking 
up of a cause with a view to supporting and. 
defending it. 

f*C nmtQP (6s-pouz') t v.t. to promise, en- 
co-jpixuoc gage, or give in marriage; wed; 
adopt; advocate or defend. 

pc Tkrit P PfkTnQ (es"pre' de kor / ), a 
Co-pitt U.C wtpa spirit of common de¬ 
votion, honor, and interest, binding together 
men of the same profession, society, etc.; 
comradeship. [Fr.] 

nv (fe-pF), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. espied, 
Co-pj p^r. espying], to see at a distance; 
discover (something intended to be hid); to 
see unexpectedly. 

T7 C niii m?m (es'kl-mo), n. \pl. Esqul- 
J^b-qUl-IIiaU m aux (-mo; moz)], one of a 

race of people living in the arctic regions of 
North America. Also, Eskimo. 
p Q nilirp (Ss-kwir'), n. originally, the 
c armor-bearer or attendant on a 
knight; a title next below that of a knight: 
Esquire, a title given to lawyers and justices 
of the peace, and often used (after the name) 
instead of Mr. in the address of a letter: 
abbreviated Esq. 

po cov n - a literary composition 

Co-oaj on some special subject; an attempt; 
experiment: v.t. (e-sa/). [p.t. and p.p. essayed, 
p.pr. essaying], to try or attempt. 

iof (es'a-ist), n. one who writes 
Co-aaj-lot in prose, cn various subjects. 
PC opnrp (Ss'ens), n. the concentrated 
co-aciitc extract of any substance; as, 
essence of peppermint; perfume; that which 
is the real character of a thing; the true sub¬ 
stance of anything. 

pc cpn tifll (e-s§n'sh§,l) , adj. most im- 
co-oci.i-l.icil portant; necessary to the 
existence of a thing; indispensable; pure: n. 
that which is necessary to the existence of a 
thing; the basic principle; as, the essentials of 
education.— adv. essentially. 
po UcTi (es-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firmly; 

CO-Lctu-llOli settle; prove legally; 
strengthen; restore; found. 

pc fah licVi TT1 PTi t (es-tab'llsh-ment), 
eS>-Ld.U-llbIl-IIieiU n . the act of placing 

on a sure basis; settlement; a place of resi¬ 
dence or business; a business, institution, or 
household. 

PC forn t npt (&s"tamT-na') n. a French 
CO- Ldiii-i-iic L cafe or coffee-house, where 

smoking is permitted and wines and other 
drinks are sold. _ [Fr.] 

PC fcifp (es-tat'), n. condition of life; rank, 
co-LetLC position, or quality; the title or 
interest one has in lands or tenements; prop¬ 
erty in general; any one of the different 
orders or classes of men in a country; any 
one of the political classes represented in a 
legislative assembly or lawmaking body, as 
the commons and the lords in the English 
parliament. 

fppm (es-tem'), v.t. to value highly; 
co-iccm to respect; prize; consider: n. 
a favorable opinion; estimation; respect; 
reverence. 

Syn., n. and v. regard, favor. 

Ant. (see contempt). 

17c or (es'ter), n. one of the books of the 
XLro-LXXCX old Testament; the story of the 
Jewess, Esther, who delivered her people from 
the Persians. 

pc fhp+ ir (Ss-thSt'Ik). adj. having a love 
ca-uici-iL 0 f the beautiful; pertaining to, 
or appreciative of, the fine arts. Also, ees- 
thetic.— adv. esthetically. 


pc tVipt ire (Ss-thSt'Iks), n.pl. the science 
co-lllcL-lco 0 f the beautiful in nature or 
art. Also, aesthetics. 

PC fi ma Vilp (es'tf-md-bl), adj. worthy 
co-Li-xnci-Lxxc 0 f respect, regard, or honor; 

deserving of esteem; calculable; as, estimable 
damage.— ado. estimably. 

pc ti mflfp (es'tl-mat), v.t. to compute; 
Co-Ll-iixctLC determine the value of: n. 

(es'tl-mdt), the computed cr reckoned cost 
or value of anything; as, the builder made an 
estimate of the cost of the house; appraisement. 

Syn., v. appraise, appreciate, value, com¬ 
pute, rate. 

pc +i -met firm (es'tl-ma'shfin), n. calcu- 
Co-LX-iiid-LXUXi i a tion; appraisement; 

honor, respect, or esteem; favorable opinion. 
pc +rflHp (es-trad'; es-trad'), n. a slightly 
Cb-UaUC raised platform. 

oc tt-amro (es-tranj'), v.t. to alienate the 
Co-LidXXgc affections of; turn from kind¬ 
ness to indifference; keep at a distance.—n. 
estrangement. 

PQ ffov (Ss-tra'), n. a domestic animal that 
Co-Lidj has strayed from its owner; one 
wandering and unclaimed. 

oo +n o r-iT (es'tu-a-rl), n. [pi. estuaries 
co-lU-d.-iy (-riz)], the wide mouth of a 
river where tide and current meet; a narrow 
inlet from the sea; a firth. 
p+ a minp (et'd-men), n. a light woolen 
c L-ci-xiiiiiC fabric resembling a fine qual¬ 
ity of bunting. 

pf rpf pr (St sgt'er-d), and others of the 
cl tci-ci-a same kind; and so forth: ab¬ 
breviated etc. Also, et caetera. 

P+rln (ech), v.t. to engrave by biting out with 
c Leix an aC i^ a design previously drawn with 
an etching-needle upon a copperplate.—n. 
etching. 

P fpr Tlfll (S-tur'nal), adj. without begin- 
c Lcx-iidi n ing or end: everlasting; per¬ 
petual; incessant: the Eternal, God.— adv. 
eternally. 

Syn. endless, unceasing, interminable. 

Ant. (see finite). 

p +pr ni -Hr (e-tfir'nj-tl), n. [pi. eternities 
c-lcx-xxx-lj (_tiz)], indefinite time; time 
that seems endless; life after death. 

P tVlPr ( g ' th6r )> n ■ the upper purer air; a 
c-lxxcx liquid anesthetic, the vapor of which 
when inhaled produces unconsciousness and 
insensibility to pain; the medium through 
which the rays of light and heat are trans¬ 
mitted. 

p fkp rek pi (e-the're-al), adj. airy; light; 
c-Liic a e-ax exquisite; heavenly; spirit¬ 
ual.— adv. ethereally. 

p* fhpr 17P (e'ther-iz), v.t. to make uncon- 
c-lxxcx-ixc scious, or insensible, with 
the anesthetic ether.—n. etherization. 
pfTl i pci 1 (eth'i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
CLxx-i-ccix right and wrong conduct; moral. 
— adv. ethically. 

(eth'Iks), n.pl. the science that 


treats of right conduct; morals. 


eth-ics_ 

E-thi O ni an (e'thl-6'pl-fin) adj. per- 
lxxx u yi-a.lL taming to the ancient 

country of Ethiopia in Africa: n. a native of 
Ethiopia; an African; a negro. 

PfTl nip (eth'nlk), adj. pertaining to, pecu- 
liar to, or indicating, races or peo¬ 
ples. Also, ethnical.— adv. ethnically. 

eth nop- Ta lYhv C^tla-nOg'rci-fT), n. the 
CLXX-xxu^-xa-pxxy scientific description of 

the different races and peoples of mankind. 

pfVi nnl n tnr (Bth-nSFS-jl), n. the science 
cl -xxux-u-gy that' treats of races of men, 
their characteristics, etc.— adj. ethnological. 
—n. ethnologist. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade," scene, event, edge, novel, refer*, 

right, sin; cold, obey, c 6 rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 







etiquette 


211 


event 


i nma+t/a ( 8 t'I-k 6 t), n. rules of conduct 
ei-l.- 4 u.CllC observed in polite society or in 
official intercourse; the forms of polite be¬ 
havior demanded by good breeding. 

-n Ck (St'na), n. an apparatus in which a 
ei-lld. sm all quantity of liquid may be 
heated by means of a spirit lamp. 

A A a, (a"tud'), n. a study; in music, an 
C-LUUC exercise affording practice on some 
part icular point of technique. 

xr m Incr i rn 1 (et"I-mo-loj'I-k5,l), 
et-y-mo-iog-l-cai a dj pertaining to the 

study of words.— ado. etymologically. 

vinnl cric+ (et'i-mSl'S-jlst), n. one 
et-y-moi-o-gist w h Q studies, teaches, 

or writes the history of words. 

&<■ xt rn/vl ctxt (et"l-m61'<5-jl), n. [pi. ety- 
el-y-moi-o-gy mologies (-jiz)j, a study 

of the origin of words; the account of such 
origin; that part of grammar which treats of 
the parts of speech and their inflections. 

Q11 l-rm hie (uflcd-Hp'tfis), n. [pi. cuca- 

eu-ca-lyp-tus lyptl (-tl) ], any of the 

various trees of the evergreen myrtle family, 
many species of which furnish gum and a 
valuable medicine: commonly called the 
gum tree. _ , 

TTn /'Vic# -ric+ (u'ka-rTst), n. the TToly 
•E/U-Li.lcL-1.1.01 Communion; the sacrament 
of the Lord’s Supper; the consecrated elements, 
bread and wine, used in that sacrament. 

p. _ •_ +• (u'ka-rls'tlk), adj. per- 

eu-cna-ns-tic taining to the Eucharist, 
or Holy Communion; expressing thanks¬ 
giving. Also, eucharistical. 
on rVir^ (u'ker), n. a game of cards: v.t. 
CU-LIllC to prevent (an opponent) in the 
game from scoring; hence, slang, to outwit. 

„„„ : ro (u-jen'iks), n.pl. the science of 
eu-geil-lLb improving the human race 
through better heredity. 

o,-, l~ o-ief (u'lo-jist), n. one who praises 
eU-lU-glbL highly or excessively. 

1 /-. /rio + 1 /' (u"lo-jis'tIk), adj. lauda- 
eU-10-glS-TlC tory; containing high or 

excessive praise. . , . , , 

(u'16-jiz), v.t. to praise highly; 
GU-lU-g.l/<C to commend. 

i~ (u'16-jl), n. [pi. eulogies (-jlz)], 
eU-lO-gy high praise, either written or 
spoken, of the life or character of a person, 
usually deceased. Also, eulogium. 

(u'nuk), n. a man who has been 
eU-HULIl depi’ived of virile power; a cham¬ 
berlain or an attendant in a harem. 
mi +i/» (u-pep'tlk), adj. _ assisting 

eU-ueu-LlL toward good digestion. 

_ i (u'fe-rmzm), n. the use 

eu-pne-mism of a mild or pleasing 

expression in place of one that is plainer or 
more accurate but which might bo offensive 
or embarrassing; the expression so used. 

Vm (u"fe-mls'tlk), adj. soft- 

eU-piie-UllS-tlC ened or mild in ex- 

xi 1 A11 « (ff-fo'nf-fis), adj. pleasing 
eU-pnO-m-OUb or sweet in sound or tone; 
sounding well. Also, euphonic, euphonical. 

xii iixxi (ft-fo'nl-ihn). n. a brass 
011-pilO-lll-UlIl musical instrument, bass 

in tone. . , . . , 

xihn «xr (u'fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies 
eu-pno-ny (_ n i z )], pleasantness of sound 
or pronunciation; sweetness of sound. 

^ _ (u'fil-izm), n. an affected or 

eu-phu-ism high-flown style in writing 
or speaking.— adj. euphuistic. 

eu-re-ka ^' M) - i!Uer> ■ 


rr# -np# fltl (u"iS-pe'&n), . ad (■ belong- 
-U-IU-ptJ-cUI ingor pertaining to Europe: 

n. a native of Europe. ^ „ _ 

Eu-sta-chi-an tube S?£S"StS£n 

the ear and the pharynx. 

o vnr 11 (e-yak'u-at), v.t. to make 

C-VUL-U-cllC void or empty; abandon 

possession of, or withdraw from; vacate; as, 
the enemy evacuated the fort. 

T , or , -I o -fir,,-! (e-vak"u-a'shfln), n. the 

e-vac-u-a-uon ac t of withdrawing; the 
act of voiding; that which is voided, 
o TTO Jo (S-vad'), v.t. to elude cleverly, or 
C-VUUC hy some trick; slip away from; 
as, to evade pursuers; baffle or foil, 
zver Q tiac /'or#+ (ev"a-nes'ent), adj. dis- 
CV-ct-UCb-LCUt a ppearing gradually from 

sight; vanishing; fleeting; as, the joys of life 
are evanescent. —n. evanescence, 
o TTon crfA (e-van'jel), n. good news, 
e-Vctll-gCl. especially that of the gospel. 

o von cr(A i* ca 1 (e"van-jgl'I-kal), adj. 
G-Vail-gei-l-Lctl relating to the gospel, 

or the four Gospels; maintaining the princi¬ 
pal doctrines of the Protestant faith; spirit¬ 
ually minded: n. one who holds orthodox 
Protestant doctrines.— ado. evangelically. 

* ttou rrc»l io-m (e-van'jel-Izm), n. earn- 
e-van-gei-ism eS £ effort for the spread 
of the gospel of Christ.— adj. evangelistic. 

o von crcA ic+ (e-van'jel-Ist), n. one of 
G-Vail-gei-lST {he four writers of the 

Gospels; an itinerant or traveling preacher. 

a xro-n crcA 1 1re* (e-van'jel-Tz), v.t. to teach 
G-Van-gei-lZG {he gospel to; to con¬ 
vert to Christianity. 

o xror# n ro+p (S-vap'6-rat), v.i. to dis- 
C-Va.p-U-icllc perse or pass off in vapor; 
pass away without effect: v.t. to convert into 
vapor; as, heat evaporates water; to dry by 
removing moisture from, as fruit; concentrate, 
as milk. 


over 


I have found 

_ it”: an exclamation of triumph 

a discovery or supposed discovery. 


e-vap-o-ra-tion 


n. 

A „„„ changing or con¬ 

version of a fluid into vapor or steam; the act 
or result of removing moisture, as from fruit, 
milk, etc. 

_ _ ol/vn (e-va'zhun), n. the act of elud- 

C-Vct-blUll ing or getting out of the way; 
an artful escape; an excuse; subterfuge. 

„ , rQ (e-va'slv), adj. tending or seek- 

G-Vct-blVc j n g to evade; as, an evasive 
reply; not readily understood; elusive; sly.— 
adv. evasively. — n. evasiveness. 

XT/* (ev), n. the fast or vigil before a church 
GVG festival, or saint’s day; the period im¬ 
mediately before some important event; as. 
the eve of departure; evening; the close of day. 
TTxr/a n • in the Bible - tlie first created 

H/VG woman, wife of Adam. 

_ -rr/a-n (e'vn), adj. level; uniform; smooth; 
G-VG11 parallel; divisible by two without a 
remainder; equal; balanced; calm; whole: 
n. poetically, evening: v.i. to be equal in any 
way; to be quits: v.t. to level or make even; 
to make equal: adv. verily; precisely; just; 
quite; as much as.— adv. evenly. 

Syn., adj. level, plain, smooth. 

Ant. (see uneven). 

Q . r£ . xiirtrr (ev'nlng), n. the close of the day 
GVG-Illlig a nd beginning of the night; the 
latter part of life: adj. pertaining to the later 
part of the day; as, evening meal. 

^ xt- pn npcc (e'vn-nes), n. smoothness; 
G-VGil-lltJbb uniformity; regularity; 
equality of surface; as, the evenness of the 
ground; calmness. 

it-, 0 - 71 + (e-vgnt'), n. an occurrence; inci- 
C-VGlll dent; the result or outcome of an 


boot foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xtx to xxn. 







eventful 


212 


example 


action; any single item in a program of 
sports or games. 

Syn. accident, adventure, 
p v<^n+ fill (S-vent'fdol), adj. full of inci- 
v CJ.1L-I UX dents or happenmgs; momen¬ 
tous.— adv. eventfully. 

e TT Pt1 firi a (e'vn-tld), n. evening; as, 
-veil-uue the dusk of eventide. 

e V p n fii ol (e-ven'tu-al), adj. happening 
-Vci.i-lU.-cll as a result; ultimate; final. 

a Trpn +-J-J ol f-rr (e-ven"tli-ai'l-tl), n. [pi. 
e-ven-iu-<u-l-iy eventualities (-tlz)J, a 
possible occurrence or happening. 

e VPT1 -hi ol Itt (e-ven'tu-al-I; 6-ven'- 

-Ven-IU-ai-iy c hoo-al-i), adv. ulti¬ 
mately; finally. 

e upn fn ofp (§-ven tu-at), v.i. to hap- 
-vcu-iu-aic p en; terminate; result. 
p V p-. (ev'er), adv. at any time; as, I do not 
cv " Ci know that I shall ever go; always; 
as, the poor are ever with us; without end; in 
any degree; as, study as hard as ever you can. 

C iv ai* crlflHfi (ev'er-glad), n. a low, 
c V-CJ.-gics.uc swanapy tract of land, with 
patches of tall grass. 

pT, pr nrrp p-ri (ev'er-gren"), n . a tree or 
CV-CA- & AC ''-' AA plant which retains its 
leaves throughout the year: adj. always 
green or fresh. 

pu p r loot i tier (Sv'er-las'tlng), adj. per- 
CV-CX-IdoL-ilig petual; endless; eternal: 


n. a plant whose flowers retain their color 
when dried; eternity: the Everlasting, God, 
the Eternal. 

p T r (ev"er-mor'), adv. eternally; 

cv ~ CA “- LiA '- ,A c always; forever. 
p V v (ev'er-i; ev'rl), adj. and adj. pron. 
cv_CA ~y all taken one at a time; each; as, 
every man will do his duty; all possible; as, 
they were shown every kindness, 
p-tr py tt Knil tt (ev'er-i-bod'l; ev'rl-bdd"- 
ev-er-y-uou-y I ) ) n . all persons, taken 
one at a time. 

prr jar V ^ q tt (ev^r-i-da^; ^v r rl—da^}, adj 
cv-oi-j-uaj coming on each day; 
commonplace; as, everyday matters. 

att pr V tVlincr v/ ® r-i-t hln g"; Sv'rt- 
ev-er-y-xnmg thlng » )> a ii things; ail 

that is concerned in a given matter. 

ev-er-y-where 

places or parts; thoroughly, 
p virf (S-vlkt'). ®.f. to put out, expel, or 
dispossess by legal process; as, to 
evict a tenant who refuses to pay rent; re¬ 
move by force. 

e xrir firm Ce-vTk'shun), n. the act of 
putting out by force. 

at r ] /iptipp (ev i-dens), n. proof; testi— 
mony: v.t. to prove; make 

evident or plain. 

PV 1 dpTlt (ev'i-dent), adj. clear to the 
cv-i-ucm vision or understanding; mani¬ 
fest; plain; obvious.— adv. evidently, 
p (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; sin- 
c-vii ful; hurtful; disastrous; of ill repute; 
worthless: adv. badly; harmfully: n. con¬ 
duct showing harmful intention or purpose; 
something that injures; sin.— adv. evilly. 
Syn., n. harm, misfortune, affliction. 

Ant. (see good). 

e vil PVP i)» influence for in- 

_VAA ^ jury, supposed to be exerted 
by certain persons who cast a hurtful glance 
at anyone. 

P vinrp (S-vIns'), v.t. to manifest or make 
C * VAAAA/C evident; demonstrate; show 
clearly. 

e vin r i Wo (e-vln'sl-bl), adj. capable of 
~ VAAA ~^ A ~ UAC proof or demonstration. 


dis- 

the 


p Trio cpt” flip (S-vIs'er-at). v.t. to 
c-v a o-lc a -aio embowel or remove 
bowels from; to deprive of vital parts, 
p vtiItp (e-vok'), v.t. to call forth; as. to 
C-VUli-C evoke an answer. 

AV n In firm (ev"o-lu'shun), n. the act 
w 0 f unfolding or developing; 
growth; as, the evolution of a moth from a 
caterpillar; the evolution of the plot of a 
story; the thing developed or evolved; the 
movements of troops in marching or on the 
battlefield; the extraction of roots of any 
arithmetical or algebraic power; the gradual 
development of forms of life from the lowest 
stage; the theory concerning the gradual 
development of forms of life upward from 
the lowest stage.— adj. evolutional, evolu¬ 
tionary.—n. evolutionist. 

P vTkivp (6-volv'), v.t. to develop; unfoMT; 
C-vuivc expand; workout: v.i. to become 
developed or unfolded. 

pwp ( u )» n - a female sheep, or the female 
C W C of animals like the sheep. 
aw pr ( u 'e r ) - n - a large water jug with a wide 
CW ~ CA mouth, especially used for the toilet. 

ay a a Al* Vi 51 fA (£g-zas'er-bat), v.t. to 
CA-av/-oi-uaio make more sharp, viru¬ 
lent, or bitter; to irritate; aggravate.—n. 

exacerbation. 

AY nr f (eg-zakt'), adj. correct or accurate; 
CA-ctut precise; methodical; strict; par¬ 
ticular: v.t. require or claim; compel to be 
paid; insist upon; to extort. 

Syn., adj. nice, punctual, precise. 

Ant. (see inexact). 

AY 5irf incr (eg-zakt'Ing), p.adj. making 
L-AAA & unreasonable demands; se¬ 
vere; arduous. 

AY 51P firm (eg-zak'shiin), «. the act of 
cLAUAA rigidly demanding; some¬ 
thing demanded in excess^ of what is due. 
p v opt i furl a (eg-zak tl-tud), n. the 
CJA ~ CA ^ L - A “ luuc quality of being precise 
or accurate. 

usual; p Y opf 1v (&g-zakt'll), adv. accurately; 
cA - _cA ^ l ' -A j precisely: strictly. 

ay act riACC (eg-zakt'nes), n. accuracy; 
CA " ai ' L_AA coo precision. 

py o nr o~pr o f a (®g-zaj , er-at), v.t. to en- 
CA ' a bo cl " ai,c large beyond truth or 
reason; to heighten by overstatement; 
color highly. 

ay aar cr pr of p/1 (eg-za j'er-a-tSd), 
CA-ag-gci-clL-cii. p.adj. enlarged or ex¬ 
tended beyond truth or reason; overstated. 

py o cr crpr a tinn (Sg-zaj'er-a'shfln), n. 
CA-a to -gci-a-UUll extravagant or un¬ 
truthful representation; overstatement. 

PY plf (eg-zolt'), v.t. to elevate in rank, 
CA ' au station, or dignity; raise on high; 
glorify or extol. 

Syn. ennoble, dignify, raise. 

Ant. (see humble). 

ay ol fo firm (eg^zol-ta'shun), n. the act 

I'd.— tlvli nr ct.Qf.n nf Koin 


or state of being mentally 
or spiritually uplifted; a state of great dig¬ 
nity; a feeling of elation or pride. 

PY HYt\ i T\a tint! (Sg-zam' l 'I-na/shtin), n. 

CA-ctlli-l-llct-UUll the act of inquiring 

into carefully; a careful inquiry or inspec¬ 
tion ; a test of knowledge or fitness; a ques¬ 
tioning, as of a witness. 

AY am in a (®g-zam'In), v.t. to scrutinize 
ga-caaaa-aaac or investigate carefully; search 

or inquire into; to question, as a witness; 
test orally or by papers the knowledge, quali¬ 
fications, etc., of, as a candidate for a degree 
or office; analyze; test.—n. examiner. 

a 

copy ; 


v/iiivo, auaij ICOl. 11. cAdllllUCr« 

AY am nip (Sg-zam'pl; gg-zam'pl), n. 

CA-aiii-pic p atter p. a mode ] or cop 


ate, senate, rire, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 







213 


exasperate 

an illustration of a rule or precept; a parallel 
case; sample; specimen; a warning; a prob¬ 
lem to be solved, as in arithmetic. 

Syn. standard, type, instance. 

ac npr a+p (eg-zas'per-at), v.t. to irri- 
CJ4.-a.o-pci-cue tate exceedingly; enrage 
greatly; embitter; intensify. 

oc nexr a firm ( 8 g-z&s' r pSr r » / Bhftn), 
CA-ao-pCi extreme irritation. 

ov ra xra+p (BksTcd-vat), v.t. to dig or 
CA-ba-ValC hollow out; scoop or cut 
into; to bring to light by digging; as, to 
excavate the ruins of ancient cities. 

__ x; (eks"kd-va'shun), n. a 

ex-ca-va-tion hollow cavity or hole 
formed by cutting or digging out earth. 
pym tnr (eks'kd-va"ter),n. a digging 

CA-1/O.-Vd-lUl machine; a person who 
digs, often in search of ancient relics, etc. 

r>n.a.A ( 6 k-sed'), V.t. to go beyond the 
CA-bccU limit or measure of; surpass; 
excel: v.i. to be greater; go beyond bounds. 

exceeding great;' surpassing; extraor- 

ex-ceed-ing-ly tremely; surpassingly. 

(ek-selO, v.i. [p.t . and p.p. excelled, 
CX-GGI p.pr. excelling], to possess good 
qualities in a great degree;, to surpass others: 
v.t. to surpass; to outdo in comparison; to 
be superior to; exceed. 

r ~1 Iptirp (ek'se-lens), n. superior 
ex-cei-ieiioe merit, goodness, or virtue. 

__ i (ek'sS-len-sI), n. [pi. excel- 

ex-cel-len-cy lencies (-slz)], superior 
merit: Excellency, a title of honor of various 
high officials, as an ambassador, governor, etc. 

Ipk-nf (ek'se-lent), adj. of great 
ex-cei-ient va i ue , merit, or virtue; 
highly useful or desirable; marked for good¬ 
ness or ability.— ad\ excellently. 

__ __i (ek-sel'sl- 6 r), ad). yet higher; 

eX-Cel-Sl-Ol ever upward: the motto of 
New York State: n. a packing material made 

of long, fine wood shavings. ,_ 

__ x (gk-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave 

eX-C6pT out; exclude: v.i. to object: prep. 
omitting; leaving out: conj. unless. 

Inrr (ek-sep'tlng), prep, and conj. 
ex-cept-ing excluding; except. 

x* — (ek-sep'shun), n. the act of 
ex-cep-tion omitting; omission; exclu¬ 
sion; that which is not included; objection; 
offense taken: with to; as, to take exception 
to what was said; a formal objection to a 
decision of a court during a trial. 

i* „ t,i« (ek-sep'shun-a-bl), 

eX-Cep-tlOn-a-Die adj. Objectionable; 

uncommon; liable to omission. 

(elc-sep'shun-al), adj. un- 
ex-cep-tion-ai usual; uncommon; rare; 
extraordinary.— adr. exceptionally. 

x (ek-surpt'), v.t. to take out or 
eX-Cerpt select from, as a passage from a 
book; quote: n. a selection or extract from a 

book or writing^ ' ^ &n undue amount; 

6X-C6SS the amount by which one thing 
is more than another; surplus; superfluity or 
overabundance; intemperance; ani adorn 
charge to a railway passenger in addition to 
the regular fare, as for cash pa> men . 

Syn. waste, dissipation, lavishness. 

Ant. (see economy0^ a( y. extreme; 

ex cess ive unreasonable; extravagant. 

— adv. excessively. . _ ,, s . 

ex-change g,tA n , J bar-. 


excommunicate 


ter: v.i. to give one thing for another: n. 
the act of giving one thing for another; 
barter; reciprocity, or the act of giving and 
receiving; as, an exchange of visits; exchange 
of ideas; the act of resigning one thing for 
another; as, the exchange of country life for 
city life; a place where special business 
accounts are settled; as, a stock exchange 
(often ’ change ); a central office; as, a hotel 
exchange. — adj. exchangeable. 

11Q r (eks-chgk'er), n. a treasury; 
ex-cneq-uer cash or funds; formerly, an 
English court of law, now merged into the 
Queen’s Bench division of the High Court of 

Justice. , , , 

(ek-sIzO. v.t. to levy a duty or tax 
ex cise upon; to cut off: n. a tax or duty 
levied on the manufacture, sale, or consump¬ 
tion of articles or things within the country, 
such as tobacco cr spirituous liquors. 

oi/vn (ek-slzh'un), n. the act of cut- 
ex-ci-sion ting out, or off; the state of 



state or quality of being easily stirred up; 

sensitiveness to irritation. 

„ .. „ ii- (ek-sit'a-bl), adj. easily 

eX-Clt-a-Dle roused or stirred up; irri¬ 
table.—n. excitableness. 

(ek-sit ant), n. a stimulant: 
ex-cil-am adj. having a tendency to 
arouse; stimulating to the nerves. 

• X_ X* r- ( 6 k"si-ta'shun), n. the act 

ex-ci-ia-lion of arousing; the state pro¬ 
duced by stirring up or rousing. 

*x_ (ek-sit'), v.t. to animate; rouse; 
cX-CllC encourage; put into motion 
action; stimulate. 

Syn. awaken, provoke, stir up. 

Ant. (see lull). 

*x _ J (ek-sit'ed), p.adj. aroused; pro- 
GX-C1X-6Q yoked.— adv. excitedly. 

(ek-sit'Ing), p.adj. stirring; Uve¬ 
as, an exciting adventure. 


to 

or 


ex-cit-ing {y- 


•, __x (gk-sit'ment), n. condi- 

ex-cite-mem tion of being stirred up; 
commotion; sensation; stimulation, warmth 

of temper. . , . , „„„ 

__ olnjrn (elcs-klam ), v.i. and v.t. to cry 
eX-CiaiHl ou t abruptly and passionately. 

„ * ___ X- ^ (eks'kld-ma'shfin), n. 

ex-cla-ma-tion an abrupt or sudden 
outcry; an expression of surprise, pain, etc.; 
a mark [!] in writing or printing to denote 
emotion, surprise, etc. 

_ ,,1 _ 4-r\ t*Tr (eks-klam'a-to-rl), adj. 

ex-clam-a-to-ry containing, expressing. 

or using, exclamation. . . „ 

_ . (eks'klav), n. a small part of a 

eX-CiaV6 country lying within the terri¬ 
tory of another power. 

^1 -m/Ip (Sks-klood'), v.t. to shut out, 
GX-ClUUG hinder from entrance or admis¬ 
sion; prohibit; debar; except. 

___ pJah (eks-kloo'zhun), 

GX-ClU-S10n 0 f shutting out; 

being debarred; omissiom _... 

(eks-klbo'slv), ad), not lib- 
eX-ClU-SlVe eral; open to or enjoyed 
only by a privileged number; as, the exclusive 
use of a thing; limiting social relations: as, 
an exclusive assembly; not taking into account. 
— adv. exclusively. 

•_x^ (gks"k5-mu'nl- 

ex-com-mu-ni-cate ^at). v.t. to pun¬ 
ish by cutting off from the membership and 
communion of the church; to 
membership in any association or club. 

excommunication. 


n. the act 
the state of 


v a -vIavua^ v return ror suiiivtiimh « tv/ ---— , • _^ _ 

















excoriate 


214 


exhaust 


rr k t-i o+o (fiks-ko'rl-at), v.t. to strip 
CA-tU-11-d.lU 0 ff fke gjjjn 0 f. f Q flay. — n. 

excoriation. 

rm rnonf (eks'kre-ment), to. matter 
CA-LA c-luciH discharged from the body of 
an animal after digestion.— adj. excremental. 
p Y cptirp (Sks-ki’es ^ns), to. an un— 

CA-Lica-i/CXitc natural or disfiguring 

outgrowth, as a wart. 

P Y pppq pti f (eks-krgs ent), adj. per- 
CA-uco-V/cm taining to an unnatural 
growth; superfluous._ 

« Y rrp (eks-kre'ta), n.pl. useless mat- 
C - X -“UA C-La. f er eliminated or expelled from 
the body. 

„ Y r p, (eks-kret'), v.t. to throw off 
CA-UCIC (waste matter) from the body: 
n. (eks'kret), that which_is thrown off. 
p Y ft nn (eks-kre'shfin), n. the throw- 

ca-wc-uuu ing off or ejection of waste 
matter from the body, as through the pores; 
that which is thrown o ft.—adj. excretory. 

PY pfii pi ofp (eks-kroo'shl-at), v.t. to 
CA-uu-u-aic inflict severe pains upon; 
torture; torment. 

PY pi*ii pt ?if inO' ( 8 ks-kroo'sht-a-tIng), 

ca-V/1 u-wx-ai-uig a dj agonizing; as, 

excruciating pain. 

p y pfii pt it ft nn (Sks-kroo'shi-a'shun) , 
CA-uu-u-a-uyu „ agony, torture. _ 

py pttl ■fid'+P (Sks-kul'pat; eks^kul-pat), 
UA-V/U.A-pai,G v.t. to clear from the impu¬ 
tation or charge of a fault; free from blame. 

pv pill nit fn TV j^ks-kuTpa-to-ri), adj. 
CA.-LU.l-pd.-LO-I y freeing from blame; 


excusing. 

Py put cinn (Sks-kflr'shun; eks-kflr / - 
CA-tui-oiuu zhfin), n. a pleasure trip; a 

short or rapid tour. 

Syn. jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. 

PY pm* civp (eks-kfir'siv), adj. rambling, 
CA-vux-oivg wandering; disconnected. 

pv piic a Kick (eks kuz'a-bl), adj. worthy 
CA-LUO-a-uiC 0 f being freed from blame; 

pardonable; as, excusable delay.— adv. excus¬ 
ably. 

py piico (eks-lcuz'), v.t. to pardon; to 
CA-tuac f r ee from blame, obligation, or 
duty; to make an apology for; to justify: 
n. (eks-kus'), a plea offered to justify some 
fault or neglect of duty; an apology; a pre¬ 
text or pretended reason. 

PY p pro k 1 p (ek'se-kra-bl), adj. ac- 
CA-g-ua-mc cursed; outrageous; abom¬ 
inable.— adv. execrably. 

PY P pri ifck (ek'se-krat), v.t. to curse; de- 
CA-c-giaic test; abhor; abominate. 

PY P pro finn (ek"s§-kra'shun), n. the 
CA-C-LAcJ.-U.UAA aC f G f cursing; utter 

detestation expressed; a curse. 

PY p piifck (ek'sS-kut), v.t. to carry into 
cA-c-guic effect; as, to execute a purpose 
or plan; pursue to the end; make valid or 
legal by signing or sealing; as, to execute a 
deed or lease; to put to death under sentence 
of the law; to perform, as a musical selection: 
v.i. to perform any act or office; to play a 
piece of music; as, to execxite with s kil l. 

PY P Pll +i nil (ek"se-ku'shun), n. per- 
CA-C-LU-U.UAA formance; the act or man¬ 
ner of carrying anything into effect; com¬ 
pletion; a legal warrant or order; the act of 
making a legal paper valid or good; capital 
punishment, or punishment by death; 
destruction; effective work or operation; as, 
every shot did good execution. 

PY P Pit finn PT (ek"sS-ku'shun-er), n. 
CA.-C-LU-U.UAJ.-Cl one w ho puts to death 

condemned criminals; a hangman; a heads¬ 
man. 


py pc ii fivp (Sg-zek'fl-tlv; ek-s6k'fi-tlv), 
ca-Cw-u-uv c a dj. pertaining to the gov¬ 
erning body; administrative; active; effi¬ 
cient in carrying out plans: n. an official, or 
body, charged with carrying the laws into 
effect; as, the President of the United States 
is the chief executive; the administrative 
branch of a government. 

py pp ii fnr (8g-zek'fl-ter; ek'sg-ku'tgr), 
ca-cl-u-lua n a p erson appointed to see 

that the terms of a will are duly carried out. 

py pp ii friY (eg-zSk'u-trfks), n. [pi. ex- 
CA-ct-u-uxA eeutrices (-tri'sez); execu¬ 
trixes (-trlk'sez)], a woman appointed to 
administer a will. 

PY P crp cic (ek"se-je'sis), n. explanation 
CA-c-gC-oAo or interpretation of a text or 

passage, especially of the Bible. 

PY P crpf ip (ek"se-jet'ik), adj. expository 
CA-c-gci-ig or explanatory; interpreta¬ 
tive: n.pl. the science of explaining the Bible. 
py pm (eg-zem'plar), n. something 

ca-caia jjAcu £ 0 be copied, or something 
serving as a model; an example or pattern. 

PY pm la rv (eg'zem-pl&-rl; eg-zem'pld- 
A-cxiA-^/AU-j. y ri), adj. serving as a copy 

or model; commendable; as, the boy’s con¬ 
duct was exemplary; worthy of imitation.— 
adv. exemplarily. 

ex-em-pli-fi-ca-tion LlSaf™ 

showing or making plain by example; 
illustration. 



PY PTTTnt (Sg-zempt'), v.t. to free from a 
CA-cmpi duty or obligation; release; as, 
to exempt clergymen from military service: 
adj. free from a duty to which others are 
subject: with from: n. a person thus set free; 
one who is privileged. 

p y prn r\ "fioTi (Sg-zemp’shun), n. act of 
CA UAAAp-LAUAA releasing, or state of being 
released, from some duty or obligation; 
privilege. 

PY P mid +iit (ek'sS-kwa'tiir), n. an offl- 
c i a i warrant or permission 
given to a consul or commercial agent author¬ 
izing him to use his authority in the place 
where he is stationed. [Lat.] 

py PT ricp (ek'ser-siz), v.t. to train by 
gA-cx-uoc use- exert; practice; employ 

actively; make anxious: v.i. to undergo 
training: n. bodily exertion; activity for the 
sake of mental or physical development; labor; 
practice; a lesson or example for practice; the 
ceremony ending a course in school: usually in 
plural; as, graduating exercises. 

PY PTt (eg-zilrt'), v.t. to put forth, as force 
t or a bflity; use with an effort. 

P Y pt* +ioTl (eg-zflr'shfln), n. the active 
ca-ca -LAUAA us e of any power; effort. 

PY p HTTf (ek'se-unt), they go out: a 
word used in plays to denote 
that the actors retire from the stage: pi. of 
exit. [Lat.] 

PY Tin Id tirvn (eks"hd-la'shfin; ek'sd-la'- 
CA-AAd.-Id.-UUU shun), n. a breathing or a 

giving out; as, the exhalation of vapor from a 
swamp, or of perfume from a flower; that 
which is breathed _or given out. 

PY Tidlp (eks-hal'; egs-hal'), v.t. to breathe 
forth; emit or send out; cause to 
evaporate: v.i. to rise in vapor; to breathe 
out. 

PY VmiiQt (og-zost'), v.t. to empty by 
CA-AActUbl drawing off the contents; drain; 

weaken; wear out by exertion; discuss or 
treat thoroughly; as. to exhaust a topic of 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade) scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare) unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii) 







exhaustible 


215 


expectoration 


conversation: n. that which is drawn off, as 
steam from an engine. 

crv V»<aiict 1 Vilf* ( 8 g-z 6 s'ti-bl), adj. capa- 
eX-Ild.U.oL-1-UiC ble 0 f being emptied or 

worn out.—n. exhaustibility. 

(eg-zos'chun),' n. the act 
eX-liaUS-Xl On of draining; the state or 
process of being drained; utter weariness or 
fatigue. 

Vi aiic fivci ( 8 g-z 6 s'tlv), adj. complete; 
C-X.-Ila.Llo-L.lv c thorough: as. an exhaus- 


charge of a fault; acquit; justify; 
from a duty, etc.—n. exoneration. 


relieve 


IIU1I1 d UUtj » v liv. ' *'• , . * i / 

py nr fl hie (6k's6-ra-bl), adj. capable of 
cX-Ur-d-Luc being persuaded. 

M i „ „ „ ^ (eg-zor'bl-t&ns), n. a 
-tance going beyond due lim¬ 
its; excess. Also, exorbitancy. 

^ Ui +o-n+ (eg-zor'bl-tSnt), adj. exces- 
eX-Or-Dl-tant give; as, an exorbitant 
amount was charged;— adv. exorbitantly. 

— thorough; ' as,'an exhaus- PY nr piqp (ek'sor-siz), v.t. tenevn 

tive treatment of a subject.— adv. exhaustively. ©X-Oi-ClSc spirit) by prayers or magica 
1 -1 • i ('Scr-zTiYTt'i V.t. to present to words; to deliver from evil spirits. Also, 

exorcize.—n. exorcist. 

^: or¥ i (Sk'sor-sizm), n. the act of 
eX-Ol-Llbiil expelling evil spirits. 

ex-or-di-um 

oviTtprif (fk'sS-ter'Ik). adj. external; 
eX-O-Xcl-lC suitable for the general pub¬ 
lic - popular: opposite to esoteric. 

n+ in (eg-zSt'Ik), adj. foreign; strange; 
eX-OL-lL/ belonging, as a plant, to another 
part of the world: n. anything not native to a 

lavnotiH (fiks-pand'), v.t. to spread or 
ex-pana stretch out; unfold; dilate, 
extend; as, to expand the chest: v.i. to in¬ 
crease in size. w , , , 

(eks-pS,ns), n. wide extent; 
cX-pdJlbc uninterrupted stretch or area; 
as, an expanse of ocean or of sky; extent. 

• i i _ I'elrK-nnn'sT-bll. adl. ca 


av liTh if (eg-zlb'lt), v.t. to present to 
CX.-i.IIU-it view; display; show; mamfest 
pubhely; present formally or officially: n. an 
object* or collection of objects offered for 
public view; as, an exhibit of paintings. 

ov Vii hi firm (ek' r sl-blsh , un), n. the act 
cX-lil-Ui-LlUli 0 f displaying for inspec¬ 
tion; the thing or things displayed; a public 
show or demonstration. 

py Vtil a rani (eg-zll'd-rant), adj. caus- 
cX-Illl-cl-la.111 in g joy or pleasure; mak¬ 
ing lively; enlivening: n. that which enlivens. 

hil a raif* (eg-zll'd-rat), v.t. to make 
cX-Hll-d.-Ia.LC joyous, merry, or cheerful; 

to enliven; gladden.—n. exhilaration. 

ckir Vi<-n-+ (eg-zort; egz-hort'), v.t. and v.i. to 
©X-XlOlL incite or urge, by appeal or argu¬ 
ment, to good deeds; to caution; to give good 
advice.—n. exhorter. 

4-0 -fi/M -1 (Sk"s 6 r-ta'shun), n. an 
cX-HOr-Xa.-LlUll effort to arouse or incite 
■ ‘ ’or 


or 


to that which is good; earnest appeal 
advice.— adj. exhortative, exhortatory. 

(Sks-hum'), v.t. to disinter 
ex-nume dig up something that has been 

buried.—n. exhumation. 

__ • + (agz"e"zhan ), adj. exacting; 

ex-l-geant urgent. Also, exigeante. [Fr.] 
r , T (ek'si-jen-sl), n..[pi. exigen- 
ex-l-gen-cy C ies (-slz)], a time or case 
that needs immediate attention; pressing 
necessity or demand; urgency; emergency.— 
Also, exigence. „ 

(ek'sl-jent), adj. urgent; press- 
eX-l-gcIlL ing; demanding immediate at¬ 
tention or assistance. v „ . .. 

, r .• .. A11C , (eg-zlg'il-us; ek-slg ti-us), adj. 

eX-lg-U-OUS scanty; slender; slim. 

(ek'sil), v.t. to banish from one’s 
©X-llc native country: n. the state of being 
thus banished; the condition of living away; 
from one’s home or friends; a person sent 
away or expelled from his country. . 

• a (eg-zlst')* v»i» to have actual being, 

ex-isx 

to live. „ 

ex-ist-ence being; life; duration; 

itv: an actuality. _ . 

*_x (eg-zls't&it), adj. having pos- 

eX-lSI-6ni session of vital being or con- 

scious lifi^ sjt)^ ^ the act of going out; 

cX-lL p<rress: 


real- 


-egress; a passage out; the departure 

of an actor from the stage. , 

1 * i • (eks ll'brls), from the books 
eX II-DilS ( 0 f); an inscription used in a 
book with the owner’s name; an exhibition 
of the books from the libraries of certain 

n°r?ii c ^kis-dfis), n. a going out; 
ex-o-aus departure from a place. Exodus, 
the departure of the Israelites from ^gypt: 
with the' the second book of the LJibie. 

r r* • (eks S-flsh'I-o), by virtue or 
ex OI-Il-Cl-O right of office and without 
other special authority. [Lat.] 

ex-on-er-ate 


Vkld (eks-pan'st-bl), adj. capa- 
eX-pan-Sl-Dle ble of being spread, 

extended, dilated, or diffused.^ 

___ ^ (eks-pan'shun), n. the act 

ex-pan-Sion of spreading out; the state 
of being stretched out; increase in size or 
extent; enlargement. w 

oi'irci (eks-pan'siv), adj. capable 
ex-pan-sive of being spread or stretched 
out; widely extended; large.— adv. expan- 
sively. 

(eks par'te), one-sided: as, an 
6 X paitc ex parte statement: a law term. 

+; o+Q (eks-pa'shl-at), v.i. to en- 
ex-pa-ll-axe large ill statement or lan¬ 
guage; to use many words in discussion; 
talk freely and at length.—n. expatiation. 

__ Irl o+o (eks-pa'trl-at). v.t. to drive 
ex-pa-xn-ate from one’s native country: 
n. (ex-pa'trl-at), one who has given up or has 
been driven from his native country; an exile. 
__ + • „ 4 ; „„ (ex-pa"trl-a'shun), n. 

ex-pa-tri-a-tion exile; banishment. 

the <;tate of (eks-pekt'), v.t. to wait for; look 

the state 01 gX-peCt f or> in thought, as likely to hap¬ 
pen; to look for with confidence; to count 

upon as to occur. , «, v . ,. 

„ - 4 . (eks-pek'tan-sl), n. the 

ex-pect-an-cy act or state of waiting for, 
or looking forward to, something. Also, 

n+ (eks-pek't&nt). adj. looking 
0X-pGCt-aHX forward with confidence; 

prospective.— adv. expectantly. 

ex-pec-ta-tion act of looking forward to; 

anticipation; prospect of future advancement. 
_ 4 . (eks-pek'to-rant), n. a 

ex-pec-xo-ranx medicine that promotes 

expectoration, or spitting. 


from the 


v.t. to free 
imputation or 


~ 4 -„ (eks-pek'to-rat), v.t. to 

ex-pec-to-rate eject or throw off from 
the lungs by coughing, etc.; to spit. _ 

ex-pec-to-ra-tion n the act of spitting: 

the mucous matter expectorated or ejected. 


bd&t fo-of found ■ boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw= wh as in when; 
!*=z as m Mure; hh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 

















expediency 


216 


expositor 


PY tvo Hi pri r»-tr (eks-pe'dl-en-sl), n. [pi. 
CA-pc-U-l-Cll-^y expediencies (-slz)], suit- 
ableness; fitness for a special purpose; pro¬ 
priety; advisability. Also, expedience. 
p Y np Hi cmf (eks-pe'dl-Snt), adj. fit; 

convenient; suitable for a 
special purpose; advisable; proper: n. that 
which aids as a means to an end; device. 

np Hi+P (eks'p$-dit), v.t. to hasten; 
CA-pc- Llitc quicken; as, to expedite work. 

p y «p Hi fion (eks"p$-dlsh'un), n. haste; 
CA-pc-u.i-tiuix dispatch; promptness; a 
march, voyage, etc., by an army or a group of 
persons for some particular purpose; the body 
of persons engaged in the enterprise. 

ex-pe-di-tion-a-ry 

ing to, or forming, a journey for a particular pur¬ 
pose; as, the American Expeditionary Forces. 

PY up Hi finnc (eks"p8-dlsh'us), adj. 
CA-jJc-Ci..-HUUo effective; speedy; as, 

expeditious work.— adv. expeditiously.— n. ex¬ 
peditiousness. 

PY r»pl (eks-pel'), v.t. f p.t. and p.p. expelled, 
CA 'r cl p.pr. expelling], to drive away; 
force out; send away by authority. 

PY TiPTlH (eks-pend'). v.t. to lay out; pay 
CA-pciiu out; spend; as, to expend 
strength, time, money. 

py TiPTlH i "hi tp (Sks-pSn'dI-tflr), n. a 
C laying out, as of money, 
time, labor, etc.; disbursement. 

PY TiPn«5P (eks-pens'), n. the paying out 
0 f money; drain on resources; 
detriment or injury; as, he did it at the 
expense of his health or his reputation; cost. 
«pu ciirp (eks-pen'slv), adj. costly.— 
CAA_OA v c adv. expensively.— n. expen¬ 
siveness. 

PY tip Ti P 11 rp (8ks-pe'ri~ens), n. per- 
A5 ‘ A- “P' : '“ AA-CAAA/C sonal trial and practice; 
knowledge gained by trial and practice; some¬ 
thing lived through: v.t. to come to know by 
personal trial or feeling.— adj. experiential. 

ex-pe-ri-enced S^a^a'resu^^f 

practice. 

P Y TiPT i tnprvf (Sks-per'I-ment), n. a 

trial or operation to dis¬ 
cover something previously unknown; a test 
by which something is confirmed or proved: 
v.i. to make trials or tests to find out some¬ 
thing, confirm something, etc. 

ex-per-i-mental 

founded on, trial; guided, or learned, by ex¬ 
perience.— adv. experimentally. 

PY npr+ (eks-purto, adj. skilful; adroit; 
CA-pc A 1 dexterous; n. (eks'pfirt), one who 
is skilled or thoroughly informed in any par¬ 
ticular kind of knowledge or art; an experi¬ 
enced person; a specialist.— adv. expertly.— 
n. expertness. 

PY til tp (eks'pi-at), v.t. to atone or make 
CA-^i-aic satisfaction for; as, to expiate a 

fault.— n. expiation. 

-ni 51 +irm (eks"pl-a'shun), n. the act 
CA-pi-a- muia Q f making satisfaction for 
an offense; atonement. 

PY ni i\ tn tv (Sks'pI-d-tS-rl), adj. having 
'-'~ , *‘''.r' A_<A ~ lU-i y the p OWer or nature of 
atonement; atoning.^ 

PY ni Td tirm (eks"pl-ra'shfin), n. termi- 
CA-pi-ia-tiuxi nation; end; as, the expi¬ 
ration of a year; act of breathing out, as air 
from the lungs. 

PY niTP (®k-spir , ) I v.t. to breathe out from 
fbe lungs: v.i, to die; to come to 
an end; as, a leave of absence expires. — adj. 

.expiratory. _ 


oy nldin (Sks-plan'), v.t. to make intelli- 
CA-picUll gibie or clear; expound or inter¬ 
pret; to illustrate; elucidate. 
p Y n 1 a rtct -tin-n (eks^pld-na'shfin), n. the 
^•^■ - P A «- _AACA- tl'-lll aC f 0 f making clear; In¬ 
terpretation; a mutual clearing up of a 
misunderstanding. 

py nldn d to tv (cks-pl^n s-tS-ri), adj. 
c ' JV -“F ACAAA ' CA_l,u-A J' serving to make clear; 

as, an explanatory clause. 

PY nip tivP (eks'plS-tlv), n. a word not 
c - a -"JK ac_lav c necessary for the sense, in¬ 
serted in a sentence for ornament or to fill 
up a verse; hence, an oath: adj. filling up; 
added or inserted for emphasis, etc. 
py nli r d "hip (eks'pll-ka-bl), adj. that 
may be explained. 

PY nlir it (eks-plls'it), adj. plain; definite; 
CA-put-n as, explicit instructions.— adv. 
explicitly. —n. explicitness. 

PY nlnHp (Sks-plod'), v.i. to burst forth 
ca-^iuuc with sudden noise and violence; 
collapse: v.t. to cause to burst from a solid to 
a gaseous state; refute or disprove; as, to 
explode an idea or argument; do away with; 
as, to explode a custom; demolish. 

py nlnit (eks-ploit'), v.t. to make use of 
CA-pivit f or one’s own profit; put to use 
selfishly: n. a remarkable deed or heroic act. 
py -t-vl +0 iiAfi (eks"ploi-ta'sh£in), n. the 
CA-jpiui-La.-LIUlI aC f 0 f making use of or 

getting the value out of; the improvement of 
lands, working of mines, etc.; selfish use or 
employment, regardless of right; as, the 
exploitation of the laborer by the capitalist. 

a xt\ f i po (eks"pl 6 -ra'shun), n. the 
CA-piu-ia-uuu discovery and investiga¬ 
tion of an unknown country; careful investi¬ 
gation or search, especially geographical 
research; an examination. 

PY -ni PTP (eks-plor'), v.t. to search or ex- 
CA-pmc amine thoroughly; travel in or 
over (a country) to discover its character¬ 
istic features, etc.— n. explorer, 
p ~y f-»1 /-k ciryn (eks-plo'zhun), n. the act of 
CA-piu-aiun bursting from a solid to a 
gaseous state; a sudden bursting with a loud 
report; a sudden and violent outbreak. 

PY flip ci'vp (eks-plo'slv), adj. likely to 
CA-piu-olVC burst forth loudly and vio¬ 
lently, or to cause to do so; pronounced with 
a slight voiced expulsion of the breath, as 
the consonants p, b, t, etc.: n. any substance 
that causes a loud and violent bursting forth, 
as gunpowder; a consonant pronounced with 
a slight voiced expulsion of the breath. 

PY Tin TIPTlt (Sks-po'nent), n. a figure that 
CA-po-ucm shows how often a quantity 
is to be multiplied by itself, as, a 2 ; one who 
explains or interprets the principles of some¬ 
thing; as, the exponent of a principle. 

(eks-port/; eks'port), v.t. to send 
pun or carry out of a country, as mer¬ 
chandise: v.i. to send goods to a foreign 
country: n. (eks'port), any goods sold and 
sent to a foreign country.—n. exportation. 
PY TiPQP (sks-poz'), v.t. to lay open; un- 
, r, u cover; reveal; put forward for 
sale; leave to the action of any force or cir¬ 
cumstance.; disclose; place in peril; lay open 
to censure or ridicule. 

PY Tin QP (eks"p 6 "za'), n. a formal recital 
CA-pu-oc of the facts of a case; an unde¬ 
sired or undesirable exposure. [Fr.] 

eX-DO-Sl-tion (eks^po-zlslTun), n. an 
. OA LA " AA explanation or interpreta¬ 

tion; an exhibition; as, the San Francisco 
Exposition of 1915. 

PY.tiflC i friT (Sks-pOz'I-ter), n. one who 
puo I tui expounds or in 


expounds or Interprets. 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, ref§r; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






expository 


217 


extirpator 


_ AC -• (Sks-p6z'I-to-rI), adj. serv- without previous notes or study; as, an 

CX-pOo-l-tU-ly jng to explain. Also, extemporaneous speech; offhand; sudden. 

expositive. 

av nnct -f nr in ( 6ks P° st f ak'to), after 
cX pUol ldl/-LU the deed is done; judg¬ 


ing a former state of facts from a later point 
of view; as, the ex post facto working of a law 
which makes an act punishable in a manner 
in which it was not punishable when com¬ 
mitted. [Lat.] 

nnc +11 Iflfp* (Sks-pos'tu-lat), 
CA“puo-tu-iaic reason earnestly, „ 
monstrate: followed by with, on, or upon. 

PY Tine +11 In +inn (eks-p6s"tu-la , sMn), 

eX-pUo-VU--l£i-LiUAi n earnest pleading; 

kindly protest; remonstrance. 

OY C1irp (eks-po'zhur). n. the act of 
CA-pu-BUic revealing, as a crime; the 
state of being open or subject to attack; as, 
exposure to the weather or to contagion; situ¬ 
ation; as, a southern exposure; aspect. 

rirkiinH (eks-pound'), v.t. to set forth, 
"X-pUUlltl explain, or interpret; make 

_ v r . r<ac « (6ks-pres'), v.t. to make known in 
CX-pi CBB a ny way, especially by language; 
utter; show; represent; squeeze out; to send 
by quick and direct conveyance: adj. plainly 
stated; exact; not implied; specially pre¬ 
pared; pertaining to quick or direct convey¬ 
ance; denoting a company whose business it 
Is to transport goods; as, an express company: 
7 i. a person or vehicle that carries letters 
or small packages rapidly; a fast railway 
train stopping only at principal stations; 
a message or dispatch; a regular and sys¬ 
tematic method of conveyance for passengers, 
mails, goods of small bulk, etc. 

Sun., v. declare, signify, utter, tell. 
n Y nrPCQ flO-p (eks-pres'aj).n. the charge 
eX-piebb-dge made for carrying pack¬ 
ages by express; the business of carrying 
packages by express. * .. 

eX-preSS-l-Die ble of being made 
known, shown, or uttered; suitable to be 
sent by express. . ,, . 

irw-n (eks-presh'un), n. the act 
ex-prebb-iuil or power of representing 
anything; a saying; mode of speech; change 
of the countenance; as, a peculiar expression; 
modulation of the voice; manner of speaking. 

(eks-pres'lv), adj. full of 
ex-pres-sive significance or importance; 
forcible.— adv. expressively. — n. expressiveness. 
-»->♦-a oc Itt (eks-pres'lt), adv. plainly; 

ex-press-iy specially; in a pointed man¬ 
ner: in direct terms. 

__ (eks-pul'shun), n. a driving 

eX-pUi-SlOll away by force; banishment; 
as, the expulsion of a student from college. 

1 (eks-pul'slv), adj. serving to 

ex-pul-sive cast out or drive away. 

(eks-punjO, v.t. to blot or rub 
CX-piingG out; erase; efface. 

_ _. 0 x_ (eks'pur-gat; eks-pfir'gat), 

ex-pur-gate v _t. to remove (whatever is 
offensive to good taste or morality): said of 
books.—n. expurgation. „ .. 

___ _ • (eks'kwl-zlt), ad), refined, 

ex-qui-sixe delicate; nice; accurate; 
choice; excellent; highly finished; very 
intensely or sensitively felt; extreme, n. a 
person overrefined in dress; a dandy.— adv. 
exauisitely.— n. exquisiteness. 

ex tant (gks ' t&nt b ad i’ in 


Also, extemporary. 

A on , nr. rp (eks-tem'p6-r$), adv. with- 
tJX-lcIIl-pu-l c out study or meditation; 

as, to speak extempore. 

py f prn Txrk ri 7 p (Sks-tfim p5-riz), v.t. to 
CA-IClll-pu-iiz,c compose on the spur of 
the moment: v.i. to discourse, etc., without 
notes or previous study; to improvise. 
v.i. to PY ■ffatirl (eks-t6nd'). v.t. to stretch out; 
earnestly or re- CX-LCilvA enlarge; continue: v.i. to reach 
to any distance; be prolonged, 
ov ton ci (eks-ten'sl-bl), ad), capa- 

ex-ien-si-uie f,i e of being enlarged. 

Also, extensile. 

ck-v +on cio-n (Sks-tSn'shfin), n. the act of 
CJA-tdi-oluii reaching or stretching out; 
the state of being lengthened; enlargement; 
an addition or annex. 

ov ton cixro (eks-ten'slv), adj. wide; com- 
CA-tCH-DlVC prehensive; far-reaching; as, 
extensive business interests; an extensive view. 
— adv. extensively. —n. extensiveness, 
ov +on cor (Sks-ten'sSr), n. a muscle that 
cX-LCIl-oUi serves to straighten any part 
of the body, as an arm or finger. 

+OY 1 + (Sks-tent'), n. the space or degree 
cX-lclll to which a thing is enlarged; size; 
compass; reach; bulk; limit. 

o-v +oti ii ain (eks-ten'fi-at). v.t. to offer 
CA-tCii-u-clLC excuses for; as, he sought 
to extenuate his fault; to make less blamable. 
— n. extenuation. 

(eks-te'rl-er), ad), outward; 

n. that which is 


not 

__ destroyed or lost; as, old prints 

or writings that are still extant. 


or writings mat ;r,x ks _tg m ' p &- 

fiY-tem-po-ra-ne-ous STMT Sai. 



Exterior Angles. AOB, 
BOC, DEG. GEH. 

(eks-tfir'ml-nat), v.t. to 
annihilate; root out.- 


ex-te-ri-or 

outside; outer sur¬ 
face: exterior angle, 

an angle formed by 
the side of a polygon 
and the adjacent side, 
produced; one of the 
four outside angles 
formed by a trans¬ 
versal cutting two 
parallels. 

ex-ter-mi-nate 

dastroy utterly; 

exterminator. „ _, 

ex-ter-mi-na-tion shun), n. a destroy¬ 
ing wholly; complete destruction. 

“ (eks-tur'n&l), adj. outside; 

ex-ter-nai exterior; foreign; superficial: 
n. an outward part; an outward form, rite, 
or ceremony.— adv. externally. 

x- _ + (eks-tlnktO. adj. quenched; put 
out; worn out; mactive; as, an 
extinct volcano; nonexistent. 

__ x;~.„ (eks-tlnk'shfin), n. the act 

6X-IlIiC-llOIi 0 f putting out; state of 
being put out; a destroying or putting an 
end to; complete destruction. 

mi ; c V, (gks-tin'gwlsh), v.t. to put 
ex-tltl-guisn out, as a light; to smother; 
put under a cloud; make unnoticed.— ad). 
extinguishable.— n. extinguishment. 

ex-tin-guish-er one who, or that which, 
puts out; a hollow cone for putting out a light. 

+a (Sks'ter-pat; gks-tfir'pat). v.t. 
ex-111-paIt; to root out; destroy; exter¬ 
minate. _ „ . 

___ x* _ _ i* _ (eks-ter-pa'shun), n. a 

ex-tir-pa-tion rQ oting out; complete 

destruction. , _ _ v , 

y. 0 (gks ter-pa ter), n. one who. 

eX-Tlr-pa-LOi or that which, roots out; a 
destroyer. 


boot foot* found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; fhen, thick; hw wh as in when, 
zh = z as iii azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 

16 













extol - 


218 


Ezra 


~Y 4. n 1 (§ks-t 61 '; 6ks-tol'), v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. 
CA-IUI extolled, p.pr. extolling], to praise 
highly; magnify; laud; celebrate. 

fort (eks-tort'), v.t. to obtain by 
CA-lui L threats, violence, or injustice; as, 
to extort money from the poor, 
pv +: r v T1 (eks-tor'shun) , n. the act of 
CA-lUi-llUli obtaining by force or threat; 
oppressive or unjust exaction, as of excessive 
price or interest. 

py frtr ti"ntl ofo (8ks-tQr , shiin-S.t), adj. 
OA-iui-uuu-ait oppressive; excessive; 

unjust; as, extortionate prices, taxes, or 
demands.— adv. extortionately. 

pt tor' tinn ai* ( 3 ks-tdr'shun-er), n. one 
CA-iui-uuu-ci who demands more than 

is just and obtains by unjust means. Also, 

extortionist. 

p Y j- r o (Sks'tra), n. something in addition 
CA-iid to w k a t i s usual; a copy of a news¬ 
paper issued in addition to the regular edition; 
adj. over and above what is ordinary; addi¬ 
tional; unusually good: extra-, a prefix mean¬ 
ing over and above; beyond; besides; found in 
numerous words; as, extra-official, extra- pa¬ 
rochial, extra-judicial, exha-mural, etc. 

PY f r o pf (eks-trakt'), v.t. to draw or obtain 
CA-udbl from a substance by some proc¬ 
ess; as, to extract perfume from flowers; to 
draw or pull out; as, to extract a tooth; to get 
by effort; as, to extract money from a miser; 
extract joy from life; to select; as, to extract 
a passage from a book: n. (eks'trakt), an es¬ 
sential drawn out by heat or some chemical 
process; a quotation.— adj. extractable. 
p Y ft-or firm (eks-trak'shun) , n. the act 
HUll 0 f taking out; lineage; 
birth, or descent. 

py + ra n fnr (eks-trak'ter), n. one who, or 
CA-LI O.E-IUJ- that which, takes out. 

py fra Hi fa Vd a (eks'trd-dl'td-bl), adj. 
CA-ird.-U.l-Id-DIG liable or subject to 

surrender to another authority; making 
liable to such surrender; as, an extraditable 

offense. 

p Y fra Hit A (eks'trd-dit), v.t. to surrender 
CA-llcl-UJ.lt; (a person) to another govern¬ 
ment under the terms of a treaty of extradition 
or special agreement. 

py fra Hi finn (6ks"trd-dish'un), n. the 
CA.-u.d-ux uuu surrender by the gov¬ 
ernment of one state or nation to another of a 
person guilty of a crime, in accordance with 
the terms of a treaty or agreement between 
the two states or nations. 
p Y fra mo mtc (eks-tra'ne-fls), external, 
CA-Ud-iiv>-UUD foreign; not essential.— 
adv. extraneously. 

ex-traor-di-na-ry Ss-tifir'di-'Sfci) 1 : 

adj. beyond or out of the usual course; un¬ 
common; unusual; remarkable; rare; emi¬ 
nent; special.— adv. extraordinarily. 

ex-trav-a-gance SSi ri Tn“' K aiI l ythi4: 

especially in spending money; waste; pro¬ 
fusion. Also, extravagancy. 

PY fra v fj (rant (eks-trav'd-gant), adj. 
CA-iiftv-a-gcun, exceeding reasonable 
limits; wasteful; prodigal; irregular; need¬ 
lessly lavish in spending money; visionary. 
Syn. lavish, profuse, heedless. 

Ant. (see parsimonious). 

py fva XT a era n 7 a (6ks-trav w d-gS.n , zd), 
tJA-lIdV-d.-gd.U-Ad. n . something out of 

rule; a stage burlesque; an irregular piece of 
music; a wild flight of language or feeling. 
py f r <Ptn a (eks-trem'), adj. of the highest 
CA-uuuc degree; last; Utmost; fur- 
thest; final; most severe or strict: w. the 


utmost degree of anything; extremity; 
excess; end: pi. points at the greatest dis¬ 
tance from each other.— adv. extremely. 

tr Am i<=f (eks-trem' 1 st), n. a eup- 
c A- U ciii-lo t porter of very new and sur¬ 
prising, or very severe, views or measures. 
py fr&m t tw (Sks-trSm I-tl), n. [pi. ox- 
tJA-trem-l-Xy tremities (-tlz)J, the ut¬ 
most point or degree; remotest part; utmost 
violence, vigor, or necessity; end: pi. the 
limbs of the body. 

fr\ po+A (eks'trl-kat), v.t. to free from 
uA-lli-OdlC difficulties, complications, or 
perplexity; disembarrass; disentangle.— adj. 
extricable.— n. extrication. 

PY frirt cip (eks-trln'slk), adj. external; 
eA-llUl-olO no t belonging or necessary to 

a thing; foreign. _ 

f ni Hp (eks-trood'), v.t. to thrust or 
CA-li uuc push out; to expel. 

p Y 11 Kai* an aa (ggz-u'oer-Sns), n. su- 
CA-u-uci-aiiec perabundance; an over¬ 
flowing supply; luxuriance. Also, exuberancy. 

ay 11 ViAr ant (egz-u'ber-int), adj. copi- 
ca-u-uci-cuu ous; abundant; over¬ 
flowing.— adv. exuberantly. 

<=»y 11 Hp (eks-ud'; egz-ud'), v.t. to discharge 
CA-UUC gradually through pores: v.i. to 
flow out slowly.— n. exudation. 
p Y 1t 1f (eg-zult'), v.i. to rejoice exceedingly; 
CA-Ull t 0 triumph; be glad above measure. 
ay ill font (eg-zul'tant), adj. rejoicing 
CA ’ UA " tcu " 1 t triumphantly.—aap.exultantly. 

AY ill to tinn (eg-zul-ta'shfin), n. high 
CA-ui-ia-uuu spirits over success of any 

kind; triumphant joy. 

p V p (i), n. the organ of sight; the eyeball: 

sight; observation; view; a small 
perforation or hole; as, the eye of a needle; 
bud; that which resembles an eye: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. eyed, p.pr. eying], to watch closely; 
keep in view; scrutinize.— adj. eyeless. 
aw a Kail (i'bol"), n. the globe or ball of 

eye-oau the eye . 

atta Ki-atw d'brou"), n. the hairy arch 

eye-DrOW above the eyes. 

atta ctIoqc d'glas"), n. a lens for the eyes; 

c -& Aao ° a monocle; the glass of a tele¬ 
scope or microscope nearest the eye. 

atta lacVi (i'lash"), «. the fringe of hair 
'“'j C-ldoIl that lines the eyelid. 

aw a 1 At d'let), n. a small hole to receive a 
L lace or cord; a ring of metal to 
strengthen such a hole. 

AVA 1 iH d'lld"), n. the movable skin which 
c j covers over and closes the eye. 

atta cai*w ant (i'sur"vS.nt), n. one who 
uy C-otJl V-dUl does his duty only when 
watched.—n. eyeservice. 

awa Qicrhf d'sit"), n. ability to see; range 
cyc-oigiit of vision; view. 

AVA enrp (i'sor"), n. anything that offends 
cjc-ouc or is_disagreeable to the sight. 

ava trthtli (I'tooth"), n. [pi. eyeteeth 
eye-loom (_ t eth)], one of the upper 
canine front teeth in the human jaw. 

Awp writ TIAQC (i'wlt"nes; i"wlt'n§s), n. 
cjc-wH-ucoa one w ]! 0 has seen an act; 
one who testifies to what he has seen. 

Av ri*A ( ar * : n. the nest of a bird of 

w j -x av/ p re y t as an eagle or a hawk. Also, 
eyry, aery, aerie. 

T? 7 a Iri a! (S-ze'ld- 51 ; §-zek'y$l), n. an 

j-/-z,c-ivi-ci old Testament book, contain¬ 
ing the preaching of the prophet Ezekiel. 

T?y ra (® z r o), n. a book of the Old Testa- 
ment, containing an account of the 
return of the Jews from the captivity in 
Babylon, and the life and teachings of Ezra 
the scribe. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, c«t, focus, menu; 







fa 


219 


Fahrenheit 


F 


.f _ (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol-fa musi- 
cal aotation_= F. 

T?o Ki on (fa'bl-an), adj. practicing a policy 
X 1 d-DI-clll of delay, as in the case of Fabius 
and Hannibal. 

4a ia (fa'bl), n. a fictitious tale; an un- 
Id-Ulc truth; a story intended to teach a 
useful or moral truth, in which, usually, 
animals talk and act like human beings: 
v.i. to write or tell stories of one’s own inven¬ 
tion; to lie: v.t. to pretend; to tell of falsely, 
jp -l (fabiik), n. cloth woven from cot- 

IaD-IlU ton, woolen, linen, or silk thread; 
any woven goods; the structure of anything. 

fab ri cate ( fab,rI_kat)> v - t • to construct; 


fact 

truth. 

fac-tion 


form by manufacture or art; 
to invent, as an untrue tale: fabricated ship, 
a standardized ship constructed with inter¬ 
changeable parts.—n. fabricator, fabrication. 
4aV\ tt lJo+ (fab'fl-llst), n. one who makes 
Ici.D-U.-Ilo l U p or invents stories, usually 

moral tales. . , 

•foVk tt Iaiio (fab'ii-lus), adj. not true or real; 
IdU-U-iUUo mythical.— adv. fabulously. 

4a aaA^ (fa-sad'), n. front of a building; 
Io.-yd.UC especially, the main front. 
r (fas), n. the countenance; dial of a 

Io.Cc clock, etc.; front; visage; surface; 
appearance; outward aspect; confidence; 
personal influence; an expressive grimace; 
value, excluding discount or interest: said ot 
a note, etc., as /ace-value: v.t. [p.t. and p.p 
faced, p.pr. facing], to meet in front; oppose 
with boldness or confidence; stand opposite to; 
cover with an additional surface: v.i. to turn 
the bodv, as after the command “right face 
Syn.,"n. visage, countenance. . 

4aaa aatrA (fas hard), a playing card; 
Io.Cc Co.ru the king, queen, or ja 

any suit. , . 

4aaaA (fast), p.adj. having a face; dressed, 
lacea. a g stone; furnished with a covering, 
as of metal or cloth. 

Xaa a4 (fas'et), n. a small surface or face, 
IdC-cI one of the mil ute planes into which 
the surface of a diamond is cut: v.t. to cut or 
work small faces upon; as, to facet a diamond 
4n a a. (fd-se'shiis), adj. humorous, 

ia-Ce-tlOUS jocular.— adv. facetiou 

n. facetiousness. , . . . 

Syn., adj. pleasant, jocose, laughable. 

Ant. (see serious). .. , 

rsia'\ (fa'shal), adj. pertaining to the 
ia-Ciai face; as. facial expression. 

Xaa (fas'll), adj. not hard to do; easily 

taC-lie do ne; ready or quick in perform¬ 
ing or doing; fluent. 

jp b m • I j.a (fd-sfl'I-tat), v.t. to make 
fa-Cll-l-tate easy or less difficult; lessen 

FcT rn°i fir (fd-sfi'l-ti), n. [pi. facilities 
ta-CU-l-ty (-tlz)], freedom from difficulty; 
dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready compliance: 
pi. the means by which any act may be more 

easily^done. p.pr. of face: n. a cover- 

fac-mg ing in front for ornamental or other 
purposes: pi. military movements in drill in 
turning to the right, left, etc.; the collars, 
cuffs, etc., of different color from the coat 
on a military uniform. 

Xaa ni+ta I lo (fak-slmi-le), n. an exact 
lac-sim-l-ie reproduction, copy, or like¬ 
ness of an original. 


(f§,kt), n. anything that is done; that 

which certainly exists; reality; event; 
* 


(fak'shun), n. a group of persons 
in a state, political party, etc., 
who are working for a special end or aim; a 
party in disloyal opposition; dissension.— 

adj. factional. 

4aa +!a„c (fak'shus), adj. given to or 
Xd,U-llUUb Characterized by a tendency to 
oppose; quarrelsome; turbulent. 

■for ft (fak-tlsh'fis), adj. artificial; 

I cl C-11-LIU Ub s ham; not natural.— auv. 
factitiously.— n. factitiousness. 

4a n (fak'ter), n. an agent; one who 

IdU-lUI transacts business for another; one 
of two or more quantities (multiplier and 
multiplicand) which, multiplied together, give 
a product; any circumstance, etc., which 
produces a result: v.t. resolve into mathe¬ 
matical factors. 

Syn., n. agent, steward. 
a a rrck (fak'ter-§J), n. a factor s 

IC-lUi-dgc commission; conduct of busi¬ 
ness by a factor. , 

4a n VT 7 - (fak'tfi-rl), n. [pi. factories 

iaC-IO-iy (_rlz)], a place where goods are 
made; a manufactory; a trading station. 
taa 4a +ttrrt (fak-tb'tum), n. a person em- 
iaC-XO-LUlll ployed for, or in charge of, all 
kinds of work; as, he was general factotum on 
the farm. 

4ar til Hr (f&k'ul-tl), n. [pi. faculties 

iaC-UI-Xy (-tlz)], any mental or physical 
power; mental ability; skill obtained by 
practice; ability; ease; readiness; the mem¬ 
bers collectively of any one of the learned 
professions, especially the medical; the mas¬ 
ters and professors in a university, college, 
or school. , ,, . 

r_J (fad), n. a pet idea or hobby; a passing 
IaU fashion; as, Futurism in painting Is 
probably a passing fad. 

4a A (fad'1st), n. one who takes up 

Id-U-Ulbl every new idea; as, the king was 
charged with being a faddist. 

4aAa (fad), v.i. to lose color or distinctness; 
Ia.(10 wither; droop; die away. 

4aA C-n rr (fading), n. decay; loss of color: 
loQ-illg p.adj. losing color; as, the fading 

sunset. 

4aa na\ (fe'k51), adj. pertaining to excrement. 
1 cc-Ucll dregs, or sediment. Also, fecal. 

4aa nao (fe'sez), n.pl. dregs; excrement; 
Icfci-U cb sediment. Also, feces. 

£ nrf (fag), v.i. [p.t. and p.v. fagged, p.pr. 
log fagging], to work hard; grow weary; 
drudge for another: v.t. to tire out or exhaust; 
to compel to drudge for another: n. one who 
drudges for another, as a schoolboy for one 
in a higher class; fatigue or weariness; 
drudgery; slang, a cigarette. 

4a or attA (fag'end"), n. the latter or meaner 
iag-enu part of anything; the frayed end 
of a piece of cloth, rope, etc. . , , 

4a a. a4- (fag'ut), n. a bundle of sticks bound 
iag-OX together; a bundle of fish laid up 
for drving; a bundle of scrap- or wrought- 
iron or steel to be worked over: v.t. to form 
into fagots. Also, faggot. 

T 7 _i_ -r* (fa'ren-hit), n. the name 

t an-ren-neiT of a thermometer scale, 
having 32 degrees as its freezing point, and 
212 degrees as the boiling point of water. 


uca a ui qu ---—- # . 

boot fij&t • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in w en, 
zh=z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 









fail 


220 


falseness 


fni] (fal), v.i. to fall short; be deficient; 
Ictll waste away; decline; turn out badly; 
become bankrupt: v.t. to be wanting, or 
Insufficient for; forsake; n. failure; omission. 
Syn., v. droop, fall, lose. 

Ant. (see accomplish). 

fflil fncr (faking), P-pr. of fail: n. a fault; 
icui-liig weakness; imperfection; the act 
of becoming bankrupt. 

faille (fal. or fa/ye), n. a soft silk used for 
faille dresses or bonnet-trimmings, etc., 
having a light grain, without gloss. [Fr.] 
fail nrp (fal'ur), n. the act of falling short, 
AcAAA-LAA c wasting away, or turning out 
badly; omission; neglect or nonperformance; 
want of success; decay, or defect from decay; 
as, th e failure of eyesight; the act of becoming 
bankrupt; an unsuccessful person, eilort, etc. 
fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly; as, I 
xcu.il would fain do your pleasure; adj. 
glad; willing; constrained; as, she was 
fain to keep silence. 

fflint (f ant )» to become feeble; lose 
xcu.ilt consciousness; swoon; lose courage: 
adj. feeble; languid; depressed; spiritless; not 
bright or vivid in color; not loud or clear; 
n. a sudden loss of consciousness. 

faint tiocc (fant'nes), n. languor; inac- 
1 4111 L-ilCoo tivity; loss of strength. 

fair (f ar )> O'dj, beautiful; pleasing to the eye 
la.ll or mind; free from any dark hue; 
blonde; spotless; not cloudy; fine; favor¬ 
able; prosperous; just; equitable; legible; 
as, she made a fair copy; of good reputation; 
reasonable; passably good: n. the female 
sex: with the; a market held at particular 
times; a sale of useful and fancy goods, 
etc., for charity: adv. distinctly; openly; 
honestly; politely; favorably. 

fair crrppn (fargren), in golf, the short 
io.il giccu cxit grass between the tees 
and the putting greens. 

fofr Itt (far'll), adv. honorably; openly; 
ACtA1 as, the game was fairly won. 
fair -npcc (far'nes), n. the quality of being 
ion-licaa just; lightness of coloring; 
beauty; equity or justice^ clearness; candor. 
foi-r_Q-nr» lrp»n (far'spo"ken), adj. uttered 
AClAX— °i AV/ “ AVCAA pleasantly; courteous; em¬ 
ploying polite speech. 

fair wav (far'wa"), n. the part of a road 
xoii-vv ay or river where the natural chan¬ 
nel is; in golf, short cut grass between the 
tee and the green. 

fair v (f^ r, *)> n • fairies (-iz)], an imag- 
icxii -y | nar y being of graceful and tiny 
human form, supposed to interfere in human 
affairs for good or evil; an elf; fay; sprite; 
brownie: adj. pertaining to, or like, fairies, 
fair v la-nrl (far'i-land"), n. the supposed 
AclAA ~j -AcAAAAA abode of fairies; an enchant¬ 
ing and pleasant place. 

foi-t* rr rill O' (f a ^ ( ring), a small circle of 
~y XXLL E> grass greener than the turf 
surroimding it, caused by an underground 
fungus or quick-growing plant, but said to be 
caused by fairies in their dances, 
faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the honesty 
ia.iu .1 arl d truth of another; trust in God; 
fidelity; honesty; a system of religion. 

Syn. creed, doctrine. 

Ant. (see unbelief\_infidelity). 

faith fill (fath'fdol), adj. true to a promise 
laini-xui or to a friend; trustworthy; 
truthful; honest; loyal.— adv. faithfully.— 
n. faithfulness. 

Syn. true, constant. 

Ant. (see faithless). 

faith 1 pcc (fath'les), adj. untrustworthy; 
ictlUl-iCoo not truthful: disloyal: dis¬ 


Fakir 


fal-chion 


fal-con 



honest; false to promisas; unbelieving.— adv. 
faithlessly.—n. faithlessness, 
falrp (fak), v.t. to fold or coil, as a rope: v.i. 
Id~rvt: to cover u p imperfections; cheat or de¬ 
ceive; steal: n. a coil or turn of a rope; a 
cheat or dodge; hoax; a swindler or trickster, 
fair or! (fakt), p.adj. imperfectly made; In- 
IdhcU tended to cheat with, 
fair pr dak'er), n. one who deceives; a 
AcAA »- -,: ' A swindler; a street vendor. 

fa Irir (fa-ker'; fa'ker), 
icx-rvii n a Mohamme¬ 
dan beggar or traveling 
wonder-worker. 

(fol'chun; 
fol'shun), 
n. a short, slightly curved 
sword, with a broad 
blade, 

(fo'kn; fol'- 
kn), n. a bird 
with a hooked beak, 
trained for hunting. 

fal-con-er 

one who trains hawks 
for hunting or who 
hunts with hawks. (jjijf'z 

fal-con-ry r j)~ n the art of training haw ks 
to pursue other birds. 

fall ( f ^l), v.i. [p.t . fell, p.p. fallen, p.pr. 
io.il falling], to drop from a higher to a 
low r er place; drop from an erect position; 
descend; sink; flow T into; perish; be degraded 
or disgraced; as, he will fall from his high 
position; befall or happen; as, night falls; 
become the property of; as, the estate falls 
to him: adj. pertaining to the autumn: n. 
the act of dropping from a higher to a lower 
place; distance through which anything 
drops; overthrow; ruin; death; waterfall; 
cataract; decrease in value; autumn. 

Syn., v. drop, droop, sink, tumble. 

Ant. (see rise). 

fal la pirn IQ (f&-la'shus), adj. deceptive; 
AcAA-AcA “'^ A ' JLAa misleading; as, fallacious 
reasons or reasoning. — adv. fallaciously, 
fal la pv (f&Fd-sI), n. \pl. fallacies (-slz)], 
icii-ia. \,y a deceptive or false appearance; 
mistake; an imsound method of reasoning. 

fall PT1 ( fl61, n), p.adj. dropped; degraded; 
icui-tu dead; lessened; decreased; dis¬ 
graced ; overthrown; prostrate. 

fal li hil i tv (fal'I-bll'I-tl), n. the state 
M-U-UU-l-iy of being likely to be wrong; 
liability to err. 

fal li flip (fal'I-bl), adj. liable to be de- 
ia .1 ii-uic ceived; liable to err, or fail; liable 
to be wrong; as.man’s judgment is fallible. 
fal low (fal'o), v.t. to keep untilled: adj. 
iai-iuw plowed but not sown for the sea¬ 
son; untilled; neglected; of a pale yellow or 
reddish-yellow color: n. land plowed but left 
unseeded. 

fal low Hppr (fal'oder), a kind of deer 
ol 1UW Uccf of yellowish-browm color, 
w ith branched and reciu’ved horns, 
fojep ,( f61s ), ad J- untrue; dishonest; dis- 
loyal; counterfeit; not well founded; 
unreliable; made for temporary use; in 
music, not in harmony.— adv. falsely. 

fal<?p_linnrl ( f61s, hood). n. an untruth; 
xaioc nuuu he; misstatement with inten¬ 
tion to deceive. 

falQP Irppl (fols kel), the timber below 
xaisc ivcei the main keel of a vessel. 

falQP ppQQ (fols'nes), n. deceitfulness; 
r , inaccuracy; the state of 

being dishonest, untrue, or faithless. 


ate, senate, rare^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menii; 










falsetto 


221 


fare 


(fol-set'o), n. a tone higher than 
,-bcl-lU the natural ' 


or 


of 

a 


fal-sei-iu the natural voice; a false 
artificial voice. 
fai C a wnrlr ( f61s wQrk )> something built 
vvuia as an a ifl to the completion 
of another construction; as, the false work of 
a bridge. 

-fell ci fi ra firm (fol'st-fl-ka'shfin), n 

the act or process o: 
proving (a statement, etc.) to be false; 
counterfeit; a lie. 

•fol ci -fir (fol'sl-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. falsi- 
iai-bl-iy fled, p.pr. falsifying], to make, 
or prove to be, untrue; as, to falsify a state¬ 
ment; to counterfeit; forge: v.i. to lie.—n. 
falsifier. 

•fol ci fir (fol'sl-tl), n. [pi. falsities (-tlz)j, 
lai-ol-Ly the quality of being untrue; an 

untruth. 

T?a 1 c+aff i an (fol-staf'I-an), adj. like 
X* ai-Sian-l-an Falstaff, the fat knight 
In Shakespeare’s Henry IV and Merry Wives 
of Windsor; hence, boasting, coarsely jovial, 

0t)C 

■fol tor (fdl'ter), v.t. to utter In a weak 
Idl-ter trembling manner: v.i. to show 
moral or physical hesitancy; waver; tremble; 
fail in utterance; stammer; as, his speech 
falters. 

4am(Ck (fam), n. public report; rumor; 
Wine celebrity; renown, 
r ji (famd), p.adj. renowned; celebrat- 

iameu ed; of high repute. 

4a -mil ior (fd-mfl'ydr), adj. well acquaint- 
ia-11111-Ia.I ed, or intimate, with; domes¬ 
tic; affable; easy; unconstrained; uncere¬ 
monious: n. a familiar spirit; an intimate; 
a demon or evil spirit.— adv. familiarly. 
r_ ;i • _ „ 4 x Tr (fa-mil" 1 -ar'I-tl; fd-mil"- 

ia-mil-l-ar-l-ty yar'I-tt), n. [pi. famil- 

k lari ties (-tlz)], intimacy; ease of conversa- 
* tion; freedom from ceremony or conven- 
I tionality; hberty or freedom. 

4a ini'! iar ivo (fd-mll'ydr-iz). v.t. to 
ia-Iim-id .1 - 1 /.C make well acquainted; as, 

he familiarized himself with every quarter of 
the city. ... , 

■fam i lir (fam'I-li), n. [pi. families (-Hz)], 
iam- 1 -iy a household; children as dis¬ 
tinguished from the parent; a body of per¬ 
sons descended from a common ancestor; 
tribe; race; genealogy; class; a group of 
animals larger than a genus or class, but less 
than an order; in botany, an order. 

fojQ in.6 n • scarcit y °* food; 

starvation. 


VltWii uii/i 10 , ouaivivj 

extreme dearth resulting 


famish <5 m (L sh) ’ 

v.i. to starve; as, 
the people fam¬ 
ished whi 1 e the 
nobles dwelt in 
luxury. 

fa - mous 



(fa'mus), adj. 
renowned; con¬ 
spicuous; noted. 

— adv. famously. 

Syn. celebrated, 
illustrious. 

jp_ n (fan), v.t. [p-t. 

I ail a nd p.p. fanned, 
p.pr. fanning], to agi¬ 
tate or move, as the air, Electric Fan 

with, or as with, a fan, ~ from 

ventilate; winnow, or separate, as chaff from 
grain- n. an article with a thin, flat surface 

and a handle, i ntended for cooling the face 


by stirring the air; an instrument for exciting 
a current of air; anything like a fan in shape; 
colloquially, a baseball enthusiast; a fanatic 
on any form of sport, especially baseball. 

4a -r»Q+ i n (fd-nat'Ik), n. one who is wildly 
Id.-lid 1 - 11 / extravagant in his views, espe¬ 
cially on religious subjects: adj. character¬ 
ized by wild enthusiasm; visionary. Also, 
fanatical. 

4a ml i eol Ixr (fd-nat/i-kal-I), adv. in an 
Id-HdX- 1 -l/dl-iy overenthusiastic or ex¬ 
travagant manner. 

4a not i riem (fd-nat'l-slzm), n. extrava- 
Id-ildl-l-Clblll gant or frenzied zeal; 

wild enthusiasm. 

■fo-n oiorl (fan'sld), p.adj. imaginary; ex- 
1 dll-vieU. isting merely in the mind. 

■fan ai oi- (fan'sl-er), n. one who breeds 
ldll-bl-CI or sells animals and birds. 

£on ai -fnl (fan'si-fool*), adj. led by imagi- 
ldIl-bl-lU.1 nation; unreal; odd; whim¬ 
sical; wild.— adv. fancifully. . . 

fon rxr (fan's!), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. fancied. 
Idll-Cy p.pr. fancying], to imagine; take a 
liking to; be pleased with: v.i. to imagine 
something without proof or grounds for so 
doing; suppose: adj. ornamental; not plain; 
based on imagination; elegant; above actual 
worth; as, a fancy price: n. idea; imagina¬ 
tion; notion; liking; caprice; pet pursuit. 

n-n (fan-dan'go), n. a lively 
iail-Qan-gO Spanish dance; a lively ball, 
fana (fan), n. a temple; church; as, the 
lane Parthenon was a fane sacred to the 
goddess Athena. 

r _ „ r_,._ (fan'far"), n. a flourish of trump- 
ian-Idrc ets; noisy, ostentatious, or 
showy parade. , 

r_ afick (fan"fo-r 6 n-ad i.n.blus- 

tan-ia-ron-aae tering talk or swagger: 
v.i. to make a noisy parade, 
fan or (fang), n. the lower part of a tooth set 
iang i n the socket; the poison-tooth of a 
serpent; a tusk, claw, talon, or pointed tooth, 
fan fall (fan'tal"), n. a kind of pigeon 
ian-iaii having many tail feathers which 

spread out like a fan. ... „ 

fan fan (fan'tan*), n. a Chinese gambling 
I an-Cdn g a m§ played with coins or similar 
small objects. 

fan +a d a (fan'ta-ze'a; fan-ta'zl-a). n. a 
ian-ia-bl-d fanciful musical composition 
not restricted by the usual laws of form or 

fa***' fa+iV (fan-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- 
ian-ias-uc sical; unreal; grotesque; im¬ 
aginary. Also, fantastical. — adv. fantasti- 

+0 OT> (fan'ta-s!), n. a grotesque idea; a 
ian-xa-sy -Whimsical fancy; a mental 
caprice; imagination; fancy. Also, phantasy, 
r , (far), adj. [comp, farther, further, superl. 
Ia .1 farthest, furthest], remote; distant; 
extending widely or at length; contrary to 
design or purpose: adv. remotely; very much; 
to a certain point or degree; to a great dis¬ 
tance; widely.—n. farness. 
f_„ a liraw (fiir'd-wa"), adj. dreamy; dis- 
iar-a-way tant; absent-minded; ab¬ 
stracted; as, a far-away look. 
fa*.ao. (fars), n. a short comedy in which 
farce qualities and actions are much exag¬ 
gerated; ridiculous or empty parade. 
fa~ ai aal (far'sl-kal), adj. pertaining to. 
iar-Cl-Cai or of the nature of. a ridiculous 
comedy; ludicrous; unreal. — adv. farcically, 
fa*.O,' (far), v.i. to be in any sta.t,e, either good 
I are or ill; be entertained with food; live; 
succeed; n. the sum paid for a journey by 
rail, etc. ; a nerson conveyed for hire in a 


hoot fo6t • found • boil: function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when, 
zh=Y°s m azure; kh=cl. as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 














farewell 


222 


Fata Morgana 


vehicle; provisions of a table; entertain¬ 
ment; the quantity of fish taken in a fishing 
vessel. 

far*! waII (far"w61'; sometimes far'wel"), 
IcUc-Wcli interj. may you fare well or 
prosper; good-by: adj. noting or accom¬ 
panying a parting: n. an adieu. 
far (far'fecht*; far'Techt '),adj. 

lamcitucu unnatural; forced; as, a 
far-fetched story. 

fa rJ no (fo-ri'na; fd-re'na), n. starch; 
LcL-ll-lla. flour or meal obtained by grinding 
the seeds of cereals, nuts, etc. 
far J n a coonc (far"i-na'shus), adj. con- 
id.A Ub s i s ting of, made from, 

or producing, grain; like meal. 
farm (farm), n. a portion of cultivated 
ldllll land under one ownership, with the 
buildings, etc., belonging to it: v.t. to culti¬ 
vate (land) at a fixed rental; lease or let: 
v.i. to carry on the operation of cultivating 
land. 

farm pr (far'mer), n. one who cultivates a 
Adi 1I1-CI portion of land; an agriculturist; 
one who collects revenues, taxes, etc., for a 
certain commission or rate. 

farm b renc a (farm'hous"), n. a dwelling 

AdTIil-IlUlioC house on a farm. 

farm in a (farm'ing), p.adj. pertaining to, 
or engaged in, agriculture: n. 
the leasing out or collection of taxes, revenues, 
etc., for a certain commission or rate per 
cent; the act of engaging in agriculture. 
farn (far'5; fa/ro), n. a game of chance 
idl -U played with cards: so called from the 
picture of Pharaoh, which formerly was 
printed on one of the cards. 
far ra (fa-ra'go), n. a medley; hotch- 
lai-la-gU potch; as, the tale he told was 
a farrago of nonsense. 

far ri pr (far'I-er), n. one whoshoes horses; 
ldl-Il-Ci a noncommissioned cavalry offi¬ 
cer in charge of the horses. 
far ri p»r v (far'I-er-I), n. the art or 
-A J.-C1 -y ness of a horseshoer; 
shop of a horseshoer. 
far rrwxr (far'5), v.t. tc give birth to: 
IdldUW of pigs. n. a litter of pigs. 

far cincr (far , se"Ing)^p.od;. seeing far; 
idi -occ-nig having foresight. 

far cicrb+ pH (far sit ed), adj. able to 
Idl-blgm-eu look ahead; of keen judg¬ 
ment; able to see best at a distance from 
the object looked at. 

far -fh or (farther), adj. comparative of far; 
A<* A " more distant or remote; additional: 

adv. more remotely; moreover. 

far-ther-most 

tant; most remote. 

far -tboc-t (farthest), adj. super- 
ldl - LllCb L lative of far; most dis¬ 
tant, most remote; longest: adv. to 
or at the greatest distance. 

far fhintr (far'ZMng), n. an 
10 . 1 - 111111 ^ English piece of money 

equal to one-fourth of a penny. 

far thin orcilo (far'i/ilh-gal), n. 
ldr-tnm-gdie a kind of hoop- 

skirt formed of circles of whalebone, 
worn by women of the 16th and 17th 
centuries. Also J farthingdale. 
f&S CCS ^ s ez ^’ n -V l - a bundle of 


busi- 

the 


said 


rods containing an ax, 
carried before the magistrates of 
ancient Rome as a symbol of au- 
thority. _ Fasces 

fo q r : riaf& (fas'I-nat), v.t. to influence, 
Xdo-l/i-ildic; as if hy enchantment; charm; 
allure; captivate; as, the subject fascinates 


him: v.i. to exercise a captivating power.— 
adv. fascinatingly. — n. fascinator. 

■foe ri na firm (fas'fl-na'shun), n. the act 
Id.b-Ll-Ild.-U.UlJ. 0 f bewitching; the state 

of being bewitched; any invisible influence 
that overpowers the mind or will; bewitch¬ 
ment; charm. 

■foe rirsr* (fS-sen'), n. a bundle of sticks or 
ldb-LlIIL f a gots bound together and used 
for fortifying ditches, building earthworks, etc. 
fa ch Jrm (fash'un), n. the shape or form 
Idbll-lUll 0 f anything; custom or usage, 
especially in dress; the following of the rules 
of good society; method; general practice: 
v.t. to mold, shape, or form. 

■focli ion a hi p (fash un-a-bl), adj. ac- 
idbil-lUii-d-UlC cording to the prevailing 

mode; made in accordance with the style 
of the day; observant of the rules of polite 
society and its usages; well-bred.— adv. fash¬ 
ionably.— n. fashionableness. 

fa cVi ion or (fash'iin-er), n. one who 
lrtoAI-lUli-Ci forms, shapes, fits, or molds. 

facf (fast), v.i. to abstain from food, either 
ld.bl from necessity, or as a religious rite: 
n. the doing without food as a religious duty: 
adj. quick; speedy in motion; in advance 
of the standard: said of a timepiece; firm; im¬ 
movable; close; faithful; gay: adv. rapidly, 
firmly. 

Syn., adj. rapid, fleet, speedy. 

Ant. (see slow). 

•facf Aa\r (fast da), a day set apart by 
Idbl Uaj civil or church authority for 

religious fasting. 

fact- p>n (fas'n), v.t. to fix securely; make 
idbl-ClI flrru; bolt or bar: v.i. to seize or 
take hold of something: generally with on. 
foo ton incr (fas'n-Ing), p.pr. of fasten: 

ft. the act of making secure; 

a bolt or clasp. 

fa c fir! i ntic (fas-tld'I-us), adj. hard or 
ldb-Utl-1-UUb difficult to please; over- 

nice.— adv. fastidiously. —n. "fastidiousness. 

fa cf in cr (fast'Ing), p.pr. of fast: n. a doing 
iaol-iiig without food, especially as a 
religious duty. 

■fpcf n pcq (fast'nes), n. the state or qual- 
idol-licoo ity of being secure; a fortress 
or natural stronghold. 

(fat), adj. [comp, fatter, superl. fattestj, 
A**!' corpulent; fleshy; greasy; unusually 
extended: said of printers’ type; broad: 
sluggish; stupid; dull; prosperous; profita¬ 
ble; fertile: n. a solid, oily, yellow or white 
substance forming part of the tissue of ani- 
m'als; the best or richest of anything: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. fatted, p.pr. fatting], to fatten; 
cause to gain flesh: v.i. to become fat. 
fa fa 1 d a ' ta b. &</j. causing death or de- 
struction; as, a fatal accident; mor¬ 
tal; involving life and death; having im¬ 
portant consequences.— adv. fatally. 
fa -fill Jem (fa'tal-Izm), n. the doctrine 
ia-iawoiu that all things are predeter¬ 
mined by fate and therefore happen regard¬ 
less of one’s efforts. 

(fa/tal-Ist), n. a believer in the 
doctrine that all things are 
determined in advance of their happening.— 
adj. fatalistic. 

(fa-tal'I-tl), n. [pi. fatalities 


fa-tal-ist 


fa "fell J fv d® T 

la-iai (-tlz)], predetermined order or 


an 


series of events; destiny; a calamity; 
event involving life and death. 

Fa-ta Mor-ga-na 

mirage sometimes seen near the straits of Mes¬ 
sina: fata morgana, figuratively, a fantastic 
conception. [It.1 _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 
















fate 


223 


fearful 


fate 


(fat), n. destiny; inevitable or un¬ 
avoidable necessity; death or destruc¬ 
tion; predestined lot: the Fates, the three 
classic goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
Atropos, who were supposed to preside over 
the destinies of mankind. 

•faf oH (fat'ed), p.adj. decreed by fate; 
IctL-CU. destined; doomed, 
fnip fat'fdbl), adj. possessing fatal 
ialC-lUi power or the power to kill; fatal. 
— adv. fatefully. 

•fa tViAi* (father), n. a male parent or 
la-lilCJ. ancestor; one who stands in the 
relation of a father; an originator or founder; 
the official title of a dignitary, priest, or con¬ 
fessor of the Roman Catholic Chinch; the 
senior member of any class, profession, or 
body: a religious writer of the Early Chris¬ 
tian Church: v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter; 
to assume authorship of or accept responsibil¬ 
ity for; as, to father a bill in Congress: Father, 
the Creator; God. 

+V,c.r bnnH (fa'lfcer-hood), n. pater- 
ia-iuci-uuuu nity or parenthood; as, 

the fatherhood of God. 

•fa tVi p y 'iT’i 1 a nr (fa the r-ln-lo ), n. the 
Ia-lflci 111 law father of one’s husband 

or wife. 

•fo +V»c»-»- (father-land"), n. one’s na- 

ld-lIiei-iailU. t i ve country. 

-fo loco (father-les), adj. without a 

ia-iner-lCbb living father. 

•fa tVioi- lir (father-ll), adj. pertaining to a 
Id-lIlCl -Ij father; kind and affectionate, 
like a father 
-fo+V» (fath'um), n. a measure of length 

ldlil-Ulil equal to six feet: used of the 
depth of water: v.t. to measure by sounding; 
to sound; to get to the bottom of; to find 
the depth of.— adj. fathomable. 

-fo+Vi nm Ipcc (fafh'um-les), adj. so deep 
Idlll-Ulii-lCoo that it cannot be sounded; 

not possible to understand; as, a fathomless 

mystery. 

•fa fieriia (fa-teg'), n. weariness; toil; 
id-ll^UC bodily or mental exhaustion: 
v.t. to weary with bodily or mental effort; 
tire * harass. 

fo fieriit> rlii ftr (fa-teg du tl), the labor 
la-uguc uu-tj/ a soldier performs apart 

from the practice of arms. 

■fof lin rr (fat'llng), n. a young animal fat 
idl-illlg tened for slaughter. 

-faf tioeo (fat'nes), n. the quality or state 
-ldl-llCoo 0 f being stout; corpulency; fer¬ 
tility. 

-fof fct-ri (f&t'n), v.t. to make fat, plump, or 
Idl-lCll stout; feed for the table; make 
fertile or abundant. 

•fof fir (fat'I), adj. consisting or having the 
idl-ljr qualities of fat; greasy; oily. 

-fa fn i f., (fa-tu'I-tl), n. weakness of in- 
J.d-CU-1-iy tellect; foolishness; silliness. 
-f«+ f. (fat'fi-us), adj. weak in intel- 

Ial-U-OuS lect; silly; obstinately foolish 
idiotic.— adv. fatuously.— n. fatuousness, 
-fail VtAiierr (fo"bbor'; fo'boorg), n. a 
IdU-DOUIg suburb; as, the Faubourg St. 
Germain is a delightful section of Paris. 
IFr.] 

fau-cet 

from it. 



Faun 


(fo'set), n. a device fixed in a 
pipe to control the flow of liquid 


faiirrh (fo)* interj. an exclamation of dis- 
IdUgll gust or abhorrence. 

•faiilf (folt), n. a slight crime or offense; 
laU-lt blemish; defect in character; _ omis¬ 
sion; the loss of scent in hunting: said of a 
hound; an accidental leak in an electric 
circuit; an improper service in lawn tennis. 


faii1+-fmH pr (folt'flnd'er), n. a person 
lauit iiiivi-cx who is always criticizing 

the acts of others; a mechanical device for 
locating faults in an electric circuit, 
fault 1 aoc (fblt'les), adj. without imper- 
iauu-xcoo fection or blemish; blameless.— 
adv. faultlessly. —n. faultlessness, 
fault \T (fSl'tl), ad;, imperfect; defective; 
id.UJ.L-j marked by faults of conduct.— adv. 
faultily.— n. faultiness, 
fann (fon), n. a classic woodland deity 
iaun or g 0 d ; represented in human 
form, but with pointed ears, small 
horns, and a tail. 

fan na ( f °' n a). n. [pi. 
ldU-lld faunae (-ne), fau¬ 
nas (-ndz)], the animals 
belonging to any particular 
region, or period of history. 

fan y -na q (f° pa , )> 

la.UA pao an error or 

especially in respect of 

manners or morality. [Fr.1 

fa xznr (fa'ver), n. kindness; 
la-vui support; patronage; 
good will; partiality; bias, 
a love token; a bunch of rib¬ 
bons worn on some special 
occasion: v.t. to regard 

with good will; befriend; 
resemble in features; spare. 

Also, favour. > 

fa-vor-a-ble 

convenient; advantageous; friendly; partial. 
Also, favourable.-— adv. favorably, favourably. 

fa (f&'verd), p.adj. treated with 

Ad-vuicu partiality; having a special 
aspect; as, hard [-favored. Also, favoured, 
fa irnr iff* (fa'ver-It), n. one who, or that 
la-VUl-llC which, is particularly esteemed; 
one regarded with undue preference; a per¬ 
son or animal considered to have the best 
chance of winning in a contest: adj. pre¬ 
ferred; esteemed. Also, favourite. 

fa irnr if icm (fa'ver-It-lzm), n. the dis- 
i a- v ui -l L-ioui position or tendency to 

treat one person or class well in preference to 
others possessing equal 
claims; partiality. 

Also, favouritism. 

fawn (^ o n), n. a 

lawii young deer: 
v.i. to flatter someone 
meanly: with on 
or upon; to show 
affection by leaping 
upon, cringing, or lick¬ 
ing the hand of a 
person: said of a dog. 

fawn-ing 

fawn: n. coarse or cringing flattery. 
f 0 _ r (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit (two 
Idj pieces of wood) flush together: v.i. to 
fit closely: used only in shipbuilding, 
fa 'to. (faz). v.t. to worry; annoy; frighten; 
1 die disturb; produce an effect on. 
[Colloq.] Also, feaze, feeze. 

0 i + TJ . (fe'&l-ti), n. fidelity to one’s lord; 
lc-dl-ly the duty of an English tenant to 
his superior or landlord; loyalty; faithfulness, 
■faat- (f© r )> n • expectation of evil or danger; 
Icdi dread; anxiety; solicitude; reverence: 
v.t. to regard with apprehension; dread: v.i. 
to be in dread; feel anxiety. 

Syn., n. timidity, timorousness. 

Ant. (see bravery). 

fear ful ad ^ affected with 


Fawn 



dread or anxiety; timorous: 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when ; 
zh = z as in azure,’ kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 








fearless 


224 


feeling 


apprehensive; inspiring dread.— adv. fear¬ 
fully. —n. fearfulness. . 

(fer'les), adj. without fear; 
iear-iess bold; courageous; as, fearless 
explorers have discovered the North Pole. 
adv. .fearlessly.— n. fearlessness, 
x(fer'sum), adj. dreadful; tern- 
iear-SOme ble; as, it is a fearsome thing 

to be alone on the wide sea. 

x__ • -l ; j.„, (fe'zl-bil'i-ti), n. practica- 

tea-Sl-Dll-l-ty bility; capability of being 

done. , ,, 

• y.l~ (fe'zl-bl), adj. practicable; ca- 
iea-Sl-Die pableof being carried out; as, 
the plan that you suggest is not feasible, 
adv. feasibly.— n. feasibleness. . 

f QOC ,i (fest), n. a costly repast, especially 
ieabl in commemoration of some event, 
etc.; a festival, especially of the church; 
anything affording pleasure to the taste or 
mind: v.t. to entertain sumptuously; delight: 
v.i. to eat of a feast; enjoy oneself. 

£ , (fet), n. a notable achievement, deed, 

I Gelt or performance. 

4aa±U (feth'er), n. part of the outer 
IcaXil-Gr covering of a bird; a plume; 
the water thrown up by the turn of an oar 
blade; kind or class; something like a feather, 
as, in mechanism, a wedge, fin, or flange: v.t. 
to ornament with feathers; cover with, or 
as with, feathers; turn the blade of (an oar) 
horizontally when leaving the water: v.i. to 
become covered with feathers. 

4ao+U a-r aAcraA (fN/i'er-ejd") , adj. thin 
ieatil-6r-eQg6Cl a ^ the edges, as a 

board; ornamented on the edge with loops 
or knots of braid or ribbon. 

4aa+U a~ (fefh'er-wat"), n. in a 

ieatn-er-weignt handicap, the least 
weight that can be put on a race horse; any 
very light weight; a person of very light 
weight; one of slight ability or importance. 

tt (feth'ev-i), adj. covered with, 
ieatn-er-y or like, feathers; very light. 
trxn (fe'tUr), n. any part of the face, 

lea-lure such as the eyes, nose, chin, etc.; 
principal part; outline; characteristic; as, 
the principal feature of the book; appearance: 
v.t. to picture; to give prominence to. 

(fe'ttird), p.adj. having a par- 
iCd-lUICU ticular cast or shape of face; 
as, a sharp -featured man. 

faa +11 rex l^oc (fS'ttlr-lgs). adj. having no 
ICd-lUIC-lCoo marked characteristic or 

feature; possessing no outstanding charac¬ 
teristic. 

x Q70 (fez), v.t. to disturb; disconcert. 
IC dZ.C [Colloq- 1 Also, faze, feeze. 
x_t_ -i fncra (feb'rl-fuj), n. a medicine 
IGD-Il-IUgG that lessens or dispels fever. 
x_. Kt-ilo (fe'brll; feb'rfl), adj. pertaining 
IG-LUllG to, accompanied by, or indicating 
fever. 

t?~K i-ii o fir (fSb'roo-i-rl), n. the second 
r eD-rU-a-ry month of the year, 
x 1 (fe'kal), adj. relating to excrement, 
lC-UdJ. dregs, or sediment. Also, faecal, 
x (fe'sez), n.pl. dregs; excrement; 

lC-tca sediment. Also, faeces. 

4ar> Iinrl (fek'und; fe'kund), adj. fruitful; 
ICU-UIIU. aSi the fecund earth; prolific. 

4a run A i +17 (fe-kun'dl-tl), n. fruitful- 
IG-CUll-Ul-Lj ness; fertility of invention 
or power of creating; germination, 
x j (fed), past tense and past participle 
IGU. 0 f the verb feed. 

4aA ar cA (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining to, 
lGU-GI-cU. constituting,, or founded upon, 
a league or treaty; consisting of a union or 
compact between states, especially those of 


the United States and Switzerland; pertain¬ 
ing to the government of such a union; as, 
the federal constitution; supporting the 
Union in the American Civil War, 1861-65; 
as, the federal army: n. a supporter of 
federalism, or a union of states. Federal 
Reserve Bank, an institution centralizmg and 
coordinating the banking system of the 
United States, with branches in many cities. 
4a A a*, ol iorn (fed'er-SI-Izm) , n. the doc- 
IGQ-Gr-al-lSm trine of a union of states* 
the support and development of the central 
government of the United States. 
r a Q i : c + (fed'er-al-Tst), n. a member 
lGa-Gr-ai-lSt of the party, after the 
American Revolution, which favored the 
union of states, under a central government; 
a supporter of the Union in the Civil war. 

4aA a~ ol Irja (fed'er-31-Tz), v.t. to bring 
iea-er-ai-lZ,G together in a political un¬ 
ion: v.i. to unite in a league under a central 
government. Also, federate. 
x rt j oi- a4a (fed'er-at), adj. united: v.t. 
ICa-Gr-aie (fed'er-at), to combine into a 
league or union. 

4 a A Of o +inn (fSd'er-a'shfln), n. a league 
iGa-Gl-a-UOIl or union with a central 

government.— adj. federative, 
x (fe), n. payment for service rendered, 
IGG especially professional service; as, the 
doctor’s fee ; an inherited estate; land held 
from a superior: v.t. to pay or give a fee to. 
x i_i 0 (fe'bll, adj. weak; wanting in 
IGG-DIG physical strength or mental power; 
infirm.— adv. feebly. — n. feebleness. 

fee-ble-mind-ed SSfS 1 : °£L 

capable of average or normal mental develop¬ 
ment; lacking in resolution, 
r - j (fed), v.t. [v.t. and p.p. fed, p.pr. feed- 
1GGU ing], to give food to; nourish; to 
give as food; as, to feed oats to horses; 
supply with necessaries; furnish with ma¬ 
terials; as, to feed a machine: v.i. to eat; 
subsist: with on or upon; to graze or pasture; 
n. a certain quantity of food given to animals 
at one time; fodder; pasture. 

4aaA \\cxcr ( f ed bag), a bag containing 
IG6U. bldg, teed, fastened to the nose of 
an animal. 

x j (fed'er), n. one who, or that which, 
IGGU-cI feeds; one who fattens cattle; 
that which nourishes or supplies the needs 
of or increases the importance or value of; 
a branch canal or railway; an electric wire 
supplying a current to a main conductor. 
iaaA ino* < f ed'ing), p.pr. of feed: n. the 
ICCU-uig act of eating; pasture; as, he 
attended to the feeding of his flocks. 

ninx> (i § d pip), a pipe which sup- 
IcCU pipe plies water to the boiler of a 
steam engine. 

■fWH niimn ( f§d P^mp), a force pump 
iecu. pump vvhich supplies water to the 

boiler of a steam engine. 

x _i (fel), v.t. to perceive by the touch; be 
1GG1 conscious of; understand; be influenced 
or moved by; as, he felt the necessity of it; 
experience, as pleasure or pain; examine by 
touching or handling: v.i. to seem to the touch; 
as, it feels rough; have the passions moved; 
to grope: n. the sense which perceives by 
touch; touch: sensation. 

x i (fel'er),n. one who, or that which, 
lcbl-cl feels; that part of an animal which 
serves as an organ of touch, as the antennae of 
insects, etc.; something put forth as a means of 
gaining information not directly obtainable. 
x~~l ino- (fel'ing), p.adj. easily affected; 
lCCl-llig sympathetic; of great sensibility: 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










fee simple 


225 


fermentation 


». sense of touch; physical or mental sensa¬ 
tion; perception; tenderness; sensitiveness; 
as, I hurt her feelings. — adv. feelingly. 

Syn., n. sensibility, susceptibility. 

Ant. (see insensibility). 

^pp qitti Til p (fe slm pi), an estate in 
ICC oxiii-pic land or tenements held by 
a person in his own right, without restric¬ 
tions. 

(fet), n. plural of foot; as, he is six 
iccl j ee ( tall. 

faa 7 a (fez), v.t. to disconcert; disturb; 
1CC4.C frighten. [Colloq.] Also, faze, 
fease, feese. 

fpicrn d an )' v - t - to Pretend; invent; as, to 
feign illness; feign friendship. 
■fpicmpH d an< t>, adj. pretended; counter- 
lclgliCU. feited; invented; as, a feigned 
excuse. 

•fpinf dant) > 71 ■ a pretense; mock attack, 
iclill as ha boxing or fencing. 
r_1 j cr»ar (feld'spar"), n. one of a common 
lcIU.-op«.I group of closely related crystal¬ 
line minerals. Also, felspar. 
fa, 1i/> i fa fa (f$-tfs'I-tat), v.t. to con¬ 
ic -110-1-Idle gratulate.— n. felicitation. 

fa lir* i +A 11 C (fe-lis'I-tus), adj. character- 
IC-lll-l-lUUa ized by or causing bliss or 
happiness; delightful; neat; as, a felicitous 
compliment.— adv. felicitously. 
fa lip i +tt (fe-hs'I-tl), n. [pi. felicities 

lC-HO-I-ly (-tlz)], a condition of supreme 
happiness; blissfulness; prosperity; appro¬ 
priateness; a neat or well-chosen expression. 
fa 1 iVs a (fe'lhi). adj. pertaining to, or like, a 
lc-Ililc cat; stealthy; treacherous. 

■foil (f61), P-l. of fall: v.t. to hew, cut, or 
1611 knock, down; cause to fall; as, to fell 
a tree; turn down (a seam) in a certain way 
and sew: adj. cruel; savage; barbarous; 
hideous; powerful: n. the skin of an animal; 
a hem laid level with the material; a rocky or 
barren hill; small pieces of ore. 
x _i 1 0 -u (fel'a), n. [pi. fellahs (-az), fellaheen 
ItJI-ld.II (-hen)], in Egypt and Syria, a 
peasant or laboring man. 

x _ i 1 „ „ (fel'5),n. a curved piece of wood form- 
ICl-lUtJ ing the rim of a wheel. Also, felly, 
x i lour (fel'o), n. a companion or associ- 
Iei-lOW a fe; one of the same kind; one 
of a pair; an individual; one held in 
slight esteem; a member of a society; a 
graduate member of a college who holds a 
fellowship; the trustee of a college: adj. 
associated or joined with; as, fellow members. 

fel low feel-ing LZ S 

pathy. 

f p ] 1 nw Q hin (fel'o-shlp), n. association; 
1C1-.LUW-bilip communion; intimacy; so 
ciety; joint interest or feeling; a college 
endowment for the support of a graduate 


fellng), a like- 
of spirit; sym 


fa\f p.t. of feel: n. an unwoven fabric 

lcil made of wool, or wool and hair, forced 
together by pressure or heat. 

X„lx inn- (felt'Ing), n. the material of which 
Icll-lllg, fep; j s made; the process of mak¬ 
ing felt. 

fa malp (fe'mal), n. a human being or 
iC-liicUC animal of the sex which bears 
young; woman; the plant or flower which 
bears the pistil and receives the pollen of 
the male flower: adj. pertaining to that sex 
which produces young; feminine; womanly; 
having pistils without stamens. 

i riino (fgm'I-nm), adj. pertaining to, 
lcuw-iiiiic or like, women; delicate; ten¬ 
der; sensitive; wanting in manly traits; 
effeminate; in grammar, the gender to which 
females belong. 

fnm i nin i (femff-nln'I-tl), n. the 

i ClIl-I-llllI-I- ly state or quality of being 

like a woman; womankind. 

femme de cham-bre f 

maid; chambermaid. [Fr.] 

■fiam a real (fern'6-ral), adj. relating to the 
lcIIl-U-I al thigh; as, the femoral artery. 
fa mnr (fe'mur), n. the long bone 
ic-IIlUI that forms the skeleton of 
the thigh; the thigh. 

d an )* n - l° w > mars h land, 

lcll covered with grass, etc.; a kind 
of mold or moss causing disease in hops. 

— adj. fenny. 

(fens), v.t. to guard or pro- 
lclicc tect; defend; to inclose or 
surround with a fence; fortify: v.i. to 
practice the art of fencing: n. the art 
of fencing; defense; guard; a boun¬ 
dary consisting of posts, wire, etc., 
inclosure; skill in debate. 

■fck-n /'i "hie (fen'sl-bl), adj. capablei 
ICll-d-UiC 0 f defense, or being de-' 
fended: n. a soldier enlisted for home 
service* ^ ^ 

far^n in rr (fen'stng), p.pr. of fence: n. the 
ieiH,-Ulg art of skilfully using a foil or 
sword for attack or defense; materials used 
for making a fence; a collection of fences; 
guard; skilful debate. 

xJ (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect with 
Iclill a fender: v.i. to provide; as, he must 
fend for himself. 

far\A a-r (fen'der), n. a cushion of rope, or 
Iclitl-cl piece of wood himg over the side 
of a vessel to prevent injury by contact with 
a landing-stage or wharf, etc.; a metal guard 
in front of a fireplace to prevent the hot coal 
from falling upon the floor; a device attached 
to the front of a street car, automobile, or 
locomotive, to prevent injury to people. 

T? t-»i on (fe'nl-an), n. a member of an 
Jr c-Ill-All Irish secret society, whose pur- 
student pose is home rifle for Ireland; one of a 

xii tf^l'P n r vl fellies (-Iz)l. one of the legendary band of Irish heroes, 
fel-ly curved pieces of wood which form fpn nel d® n ' e b» a . fra K r aiT<t plant of the 
the rim of a wheel; the rim. Also, felloe. 1611 liei parsley family, with yellow flow- 
x_i xw-r* (fel'un), n. one guilty of serious ers. 
iei-OIl crime; a wicked person; a painful 
inflammation of a finger or toe: adj. malig¬ 
nant; traitorous. . , ,, . ... 

(fS-lo'nt-us), adj. done with 


. c^ (16-ioni-us), aaj. uouewitn 

ie-10-m-OUb the intention of committing 
crime; malignant. ,. , , , . . „ .. 

x_i a ntr (fel'6-nl), n. [pi. felonies (-mz)], 
iei-O-ny a serious crime, as treason, mur¬ 
der, robbery, etc., punishable by death or im¬ 
prisonment. 

cnar (fel'spar'), n. one of a common 
iei-Spd.1 group of closely related crystal¬ 
line mine rals. Also, feldspar 


faaA (fud), n. land held in return for ser- 
lcUU. vice to a feudal lord. Also, feoff, 

fief, feud. 

x_„ rrwvrvf (fflr'ment), n. that which causes 
161 -lUclil chemical change or fermenta¬ 
tion; a gentle boiling or swelling in a liquid; 
internal commotion; tumult: v.t. (fer-ment), 
to produce chemical change or fermenta¬ 
tion in; excite: v.i. to be in a state of fermen¬ 
tation; effervesce or bubble; be excited. 

X_ (fflr'mgn-ta'shfln), n. 

ler-men-ta-tion a Chemical change 

accompanied by effervescence, or bubbling 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











fern 


226 


fetishism 


up; working, as of yeast in liquor; 
raent; agitation, 
r _ „n (furn), n. a flowerless plant with broad 
iern and feathery fronds or leaves. 

■form or xr (fur'ner-I), n. [pi. ferneries (-Iz)J, 
IClll-Ci-jf a place where ferns are culti¬ 
vated. 

r _ krri .. (ftlr'nl), adj. fernlike or abounding 
lCiil-j' in ferns; as, a ferny woods. 

fa rr\ rirnic (f^-ro'shus), adj. savage; 
IC-iU-UUUo fierce; cruel.— adv. fero¬ 
ciously. 

Syn. wild, barbarous, cruel. 

Ant. (see mild). 

fa. -ran i Hr (fe-ros'I-tl), n. [pi. ferocities 
IC-IUO-l-tjr (-tlz)], savageness or cruelty 
of disposition; inhuman cruelty. 

fer rate ( f .® r/at, b n • a salt of ferric 

•for rnt (fer'et), n. a kind of weasel, used 
ici-Icl hunt rats and rabbits from their 
holes; a kind of binding; an iron rod for 
making the rings at the mouths of bottles, 
or trying melted glass: v.t. to search perse ver- 
ingly for or discover by cunning methods: 
with out: as, to ferret out a secret. 
far raf ar (fer'et-er), n. one who hunts 
icl-lcl-bi or searches out, as a secret. 
far • (fer'Iaj).n. money paid for con- 

veyancein a boat across a river. 
far rif* (^r'ik), adj. pertaining to, con- 
taming, or extracted from, iron: 
ferric acid, an acid composed of three parts of 
oxygen and one of iron. Also, ferrous. 
far rt\ f\rna (fer'6-tip), n. a photograph 
taken upon a prepared iron 

plate. 

far rnnc (fer'us), adj. of, pertaining to, or 
v no obtained from, iron : ferrous oxide, 
a compound of iron and oxygen. Also, ferric. 
far .j-iilpj (ffir'ool; fer'il), n. a metal ring or 
1CI-I UIC cap placed at the end of a stick, 
etc., to strengthen it; as, the ferrule of an 
umbrella. 

far rv (fer'I), n. [pi. ferries (-Iz)], a passage 
1CI -ly across a river, etc.; a boat to carry 
passengers across a river; the place where 
such a boat lands its passengers: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to convey across 
a river, etc., in a boat: v.L to go across water, 
as in a boat. 


excite- f~ r , r<aT1 rxT (fflr'ven-sf), r 

ier-ven-cy ardor; as, the 

address; fervency of prayer. 



n. earnestness; 
fervency of an 


far til a oAj. producing abun- 

dantly; fruitful; reproductive; 
rich in resources or invention. 

Syn. prolific, plenteous, productive. 

Ant. (see sterile). 

far b 1 i f "\7 (fer-til I-ti), n. the state or 
i.CI-UA-1-ly quality of being fruitful; abun¬ 
dance; fecundity or fruitfulness; richness of 
resources or invention. 

fi It , 7 ci tl on (ffir"tl-ll-za'shfln), n. 
•*•'■'■*■ LiUll {he act or process of 

making fruitful; enrichment. 
far i: "Si 7 a ( tfl r' tl—liz), v.t. to make or 
j wi -render fruitful; as, to fertilize 
the soil. 

far ti tiT at (fur'tl-liz"er), n. any material 
usedas amanurefor the land. 
(fSr'ool; fer'il), n. a rod or flat 
stick used in punishment: v.t. to 
cha stise or punish with suc h a stick. 


ferule 


far wA-nt (fhr'vent), adj. zealous; earnest; 
ier-veill vehement; very hot. Also, fervid. 
— adv. fervently. 

far Trirl (fur'vld), adj. burning; ardent; 
l“I-ViU. fiery; intense; eager; vehement. 
Also, fervent.— adv. fervidly. 
far T 7 nr (fGr'ver), n. intensity of feeling; 
icf-VUI zeal; warmth; as, the fervor of 
affection; patriotic fervor. 

r x_i (fes'tal), adj. pertaining to a feast 
ics-lai or holiday; joyous; festive; hilari¬ 
ous; happy.— adv. festally, 
r c +ar (fes'ter), v.t. to cause tc ulcerate 
irib-ltir or rankle; v.i. to become ulcerated 
or sore; generate pus; rankle; rot: n. a 
sore; act of ulcerating or rankling. 
fac +i wal (fes'tI-vS.1), n. a joyful celebra- 
icb-li-VctA tion in commemoration of some 
event, religious or civil; an entertainment on 
behalf of some charity; a special kind of 
entertainment occurring at regular periods; 
as, the Bach music festival, 
faez f\\ra (fes'tlv), adj. pertaining to a 
Icb-UVC feast; gay; joyous; merry.— adv. 
festively. 

fa~> +J,, i + T7 (fes-tlv'I-tl), n. [pi. festivities 
Ifc.b-llV-i.-Ly (-tiz)], social gaiety at an 
entertainment or feast; merrymaking; joy¬ 
fulness; a celebration. 

fao. {Anri (fes-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- 
Icb-lLUll i a nd hung between two points; 
an architectural ornament of such form: v.t. 
to decorate with, or form into, such garlands. 
fa (fe'tal), adj. of or pertaining to the 

IC-lcil unborn young of an animal. Also, 
fcetal. 

fafrh tfe c h)» vt - to go after and bring; 
IClL/11 obtain as its price; call for and 
accompany; heave; as, to fetch a sigh; collo¬ 
quially, fascinate: v.i. to move and turn; 
nautically, to hold a course: n. a wraith, 
apparition, or ghost of a living person: fetch- 
light, the appearance at night of a light re- 
sembling a candle, supposed to portend death, 
fpfp (fat; Fr. fat), n. a festival or holiday; 
I etc a birthday celebration; the celebra¬ 
tion of the day of the saint whose name one 
bears: v.t. to entertain or honor with fes¬ 
tivities. [Fr.] 

fafa t >a fra shan"pa'tr), a 

w-uc country or open-air 

festival. [Fr.] 

id (ifit'td; fe'tidl, adj. giving forth an 
It. l-lU- offensive smell; stinking. 

fe - tish. 

lit,. 



(fe'tlsh; fet '-1 
Ish), n. any 
material ob¬ 
ject, a s a 
stone, weap- 
o n, feather, 
etc., supposed 
by the ne¬ 
groes of West¬ 
ern Africa to 
contain a 
spirit, and to 
give to its 
possessor power over such a deity; hence, any 
object of unreasoning devotion; an image or 
idol. Also, fetich._ 

fA iiclx tem (fe'tlsh-Izm), n. the worship 
AC-tioii-ioiii 0 f or belief in, fetishes, or 

the worship of spirits supposed to exist in 
material things such as stones; unreasoning 
or superstitious devotion. Also, fetichism. 


Fetishes 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 

















fetlock 


227 


fidget 


-fa+ 1r»r*lr tfSt'lSk), a. a tuft of hair growing 
ici-iuv/ft, behind the lowest part of a 
horse’s leg; the pastern or lowest joint. 

■Pa|- lnf*lr#*H (fet'ISkt), p.adj. having fet- 
ici-xutncu locks; secured or fastened by 
the fetlocks. 

fpr ( f6t '® r )- n • a chain or shackle for 
lcl " lcl the feet; a restraint; hindrance: 
v.t. to place in bonds; chain; bind; hinder; 
restrain. 

Syn., n. bondage, custody. 

+1 cx (fet'l), v.t. to put in order; cover 
i cl- tic or line; fasten: v.i. to repair; 
work with activity; clean up: n. good con¬ 
dition or repair; fuss. 

ft* flic: (» e 'tus), n. the unborn young of 
iC-tua an animal in the later stage of devel¬ 
opment. Also, foetus. 

•f#*llH dud), 71 • a long-established quarrel 
1CUU between clans or families* quarrel; 
enmity; hatred; land held from a lord on 
condition of rendering him service. Also, 

feod, feoff, fief. 

fpkii Hal (fu'dal), adj. pertaining to, or 
icu-uctl founded upon, a method of land- 
holding used in Europe in the Middle Ages, 
by which land was granted on condition of 
service rendered.— adv. feudally. 

■ftiii Hal icm (fu'dal-Izm), n. the feudal 
lCU-Udl-loiii system, or the system of 

land-holding on condition of military or other 
service, used in Europe during the Middle Ages, 
■fckii Hal (fu'dal-iz), v.t. to make con- 

ieu-Ucli-1/.C form to feudalism; as, the 
Norman French feudalized England. 

■foil Ha rvr (fu'da-td-rl), n. [pi. feuda- 
iea-Ud.-lO-ry tories (-rlz)], one holding 
land in return for service rendered to its 
owner; a vassal: adj. pertaining to, or held 
by, right of service rendered by a vassal to 
a lord. Also, feudary. 

x _ ugly (fe'ver), n. any disease characterized 
lc-vcl hy marked increase of heat of the 
skin, quickened pulse, great weakness, thirst, 
etc.; a temperature of the human body 
exceeding 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit; a condi¬ 
tion of extreme nervous excitement: v.t. to 
put into a fever. 

fo uor fmir (fe'ver-fu), n. a perennial 
Ic-\ cl-icW plant of the aster family, 
bearing small white flowers, 
fo TTcr icfi (fe'ver-Ish), adj. affected with, 
lt/-VCl-loll indicating, or resembling fever. 
— adv. feverishly.— n. feverishness. 

fow ( f d), ad 3• [comp. 
lew fewer, superl. few¬ 
est], not many; small in 
number; limited^ 

■four tiopo (funes), n. 
lew -lie bo smallness of 

number. 

fn '7 (fez) , n. a brimless, I 
leZ close fitting, felt hat, 
usually red, with a black 
tassel: worn by Turks, 

Egyptians, etc. 

(fe'an-sa'b n. 

-dll-CC [fem. fiancee], 
one who is betrothed or 
engaged to be married. 

[Fr.] 

6 00 m T$-asko), n. Fez 

-oS-CO a complete or 

ludicrous failure, as of some enterprise of 
which high hopes were entertained; as, the 
entertainment given by the musician was a 
fiasco; a flask or bottle. . 

(fl'at), n. a command that something 
-aX be done; an order of a court authorxz- 
l ng certain proceedings, as in bankruptcy 



-fJW (fib), n. a falsehood; white lie; a harmless 
uU or humorous untruth: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], to tell small untruths; 
as, to fib out of it. 

•fiK tpc (fib'er), n. one who tells falsehoods 
nu-uci or white lies; as, he was a con¬ 
firmed fibber. Also, fibster. 

6 *-„ (fi'ber), n. a slender threadlike sub- 
-Ucl stance, or filament; as, woody fiber; 
raw material which can be separated into 
threads for making up textile or woven fabrics; 
as, the fiber of hemp. Also, fibre, 
fi f. r jl (fi'brfl), n. a very small fiber making 
11 - Ul 11 U p the substance of certain muscles; 
as, the retina of the eye is composed of fibrils. 

fi ■u r l r^| (fi'brrn), n. a white substance 
-Uiili formed when the blood is clotted; 
the part of flesh which appears like fine fila¬ 
ments or fibers.— adj. fibrinous. 

S Uvr/viic? (fi'brus), adj. composed of, or of 
-Ul UUo the nature or form of, fine fila¬ 
ments or threadlike substance. Also, fibroid. 

K ofckir (flb'ster), n. a liar in a small way. 
nU-bXei Also, fibber. 

flk la (flb'tl-ld), n. [pi. fibulae (-le)], the 
llU-U-id outer and smaller of the two 
bones which form the lower leg. 

■firVi n (flsh'oo; Fr. fe'shii'). n. a light 
llCli-U three-cornered cape, usually made 
of muslin or lace, worn on the neck, or over 
the neck and shoulders. [Fr.] 

If* (flk'l), adj. deceitful; inconstant; 
AAA/A *-“ At/ changeable; not to be depended on. 
—n. fickleness. 

■fir filfk (flk'tfl), adj. readily molded; plas¬ 
tic -uac tic: used of pottery, 
fir firm (Hk'shun), n. the act of feigning 
111/-IAU11 or inventing; that which is imag¬ 
ined, feigned, or invented; a literary produc¬ 
tion of the imagination in prose form, as a 
novel, romance, etc.— adj. fictional. 

Syn. falsehood, fabrication, fable. 

Ant. (see fact). 

fir finn icf (ffk'shun-Ist), n. a writer off 
iiC-UUli-loL stories; a novelist. 

fir ti finite (flk-tlsh'us), adj. pertaining 
ill/- li- Liu us to, or of the nature of, invented 
stories; false; unreal.— adt. fictitiously. — n. 
fictitiousness. 

M (fld), n. an iron or wooden bar to sup¬ 
port the topmast of a vessel; a large 
tapering wooden pin for opening the strands 
of a rope: v.t. to put into place and secure by 
such a bar or pin. Also, fidd. 
fifi u j „ (fld'l), n. a violin; a frame used on 
ilU-Ulc board ship to prevent articles from 
rolling off the table in stormy weather: v.i. 
to play the violin: v.t. to play on a violin; 
as, to fiddle a time; to trifle; as, to fiddle 
time away 

M HIp H#* Hpp (fIdT-d$-de'), inter j. uon- 
-vlic-u.c-u.cc sense! n. a piece of non¬ 
sense. 

fiH HI#* faH HI#* (fld'bfadT). n. non- 
Aju-uic idu-uxc sense; trifling conver¬ 
sation: v.i. to talk nonsense; fuss about 
trifles: adj. fussy about trifles. [Colloq.] 
fiH HI or (fldier), n. a violinist; a name off 
11U-U1CI a common sand-piper; also, the 
name of a kind of crab and of beetle. 
fiH HI#* efirtr (fldi-stlk"), n. a bow for 
UU-UAC-oLlv/lv piajing upon the violin: 

fiddlesticks! inter j. nonsense! 

M Hliner (fld'llng), n. the act of playing 
-tiling the violin: p.adj. trifling. 

fi H^1 i -Hr (fl-del'I-tl), n. [pi. fidelities 
-ucl-l-Fy (-tlz)], integrity; faithfulness 
honesty; loyalty; reliability. 
fiHor #*f (flj'et), n. one who is fidgety ; 
lltlg-vut pi, nervous restlessness: v.t. tc 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











fidgetiness 


228 


figure 


make uneasy; worry: v.i. to move about 
uneasily or restlessly. 

firlrr i* (flJ'St-I-nfe), n. the state 

nUg-et-l-Iiebb 0 f being uneasy or restless. 

- 4 . _r (flj'fit-T), adj. restless; impa- 
nag-ei-y tient; uneasy; nervous, 
n Q -. TT (ff-du'shi-4-rl), n. [pi. fldu- 

H-Q.U-Cl-a.-ry ciaries (-rlz)], a trustee: 
adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
trust; confident; unwavering. 

(fi), interj. for shame! as, out upon 
ne you! fie upon you! Also, fy, fye. 
fi (fef), n. an estate or manor held under a 
U0I feudal superior. Also, feod, feoff, feud. 
£ 0 ij (feld), n. a piece of land inclosed for 
U61U. tillage or pasture; open country; a 
region yielding some natural product; site 
of a battle; sphere of action; a wide expanse; 
space within which telescopic or microscopic 
objects are viewed; outdoor work; in her¬ 
aldry, the surface of the shield; the ground 
upon which a game is played: v.t. to catch 
or stop and return to the wicket-keeper, as a 
ball at cricket, etc.: v.i. to act as a fielder in 
baseball or cricket. .. ... 

fi^iJ +11 Ickt- tt (feld ar-til'er- 1 ), artil- 

neld ar-tii-ier-y i e ry so mounted as 

to be easily handled in active service. 

£.1 j (feld b56k), a surveyors 

field DOQK notebook, 
fifii j (feld da), a military review; 

neiu U-dy a fi a y of unusual excitement or 
display; a day devoted to outdoor scientific 
research; a day on which a series of athletic 
contests takes place. 

fiAIrl ck-r (fel'der), n. a baseball player 
neiu-ei stationed in left, right, or center 

field. „ ^ . 

£JJ (feld/far"), n. a small thrush, 

UeiU-lclI C native to Europe. 

o-lacc ( feld Kias), a small porta- 
Uciu gldoo bi e telescope; a spyglass. 
£_1 j ^wl +o 1 (feld hos'pl-tal), a 

field ilOS-pi-ta.1 movable hospital of 
the army medical service, or of the Red Cross, 
immediately back of the lines in modern war¬ 
fare; the hospital nearest to the scene of battle. 
fifilJ or* obiol (feld mar'shal), a 
field mar-snai general officer of the 

highest rank in some armies. 

fiAM mnucp (feld mous), any of the 

field lilOUSe kinds of wild mice that hve 

In fields and meadows. 

fiolrl nf fl par (fgld 5f'I-ser), a major, 
lieiu Ui -11-eCl lieutenant colonel, or colo¬ 
nel of any army. 

fi^kl /4 niaeo (feld'pes"), n. a small can- 
llCIti-piece non used in artillery batteries 

on the battlefield. 


fierce i f ® rs ^’- a ^-. savase ’ vi °lent; ^ merci- 



Field~iece 

fialH cnertc (feld sports), outdoor diver- 
ueiLi cspuiLo sions, especially hunting, 
shooting, etc. 

■fiplrl wnrlr (feld'wfirk"), n. outdoor oper- 
IIC1U. - WUIIV a tions or observations. 

fipnrl (fend), n. an evil spirit; a demon; 
liCllU 0 ne who is intensely malicious, 
fi pr »H tcVs (fend'Ish), adj. savage; wicked; 

ucuu-isn malicious; cruel.— adv. fiend¬ 
ishly.— -n. 


malicious; 
fiendishness. 


less; ferocious; unrestrained.— adv. 
fiercely.—n. fierceness. 

: no cc (fl'er-i-nes), n. a heated or 
-tri.-i-llcoo inflamed condition; inflamed 

color; heat of temper. 

S .,. (fl'er-I; fir'I), adj. [comp, fierier, 

-cl-y superl. fieriest], like, pertaining to, 
or consisting of, fire; passionate; easily 
roused; fervent; ardent; heated or in¬ 
flamed.— adv. fierily. 

fif^ (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical instru- 
U1C ment of the flute class: v.t. and v.i. to 
play on, or play, such an instrument, 
fif (flf'er), ??. one who plays on the fife; 
Ill— as> the fifer’s lively air. 
fif (fif'ten"; fif "ten'), adj. consisting 

lil-lccll 0 f five and ten; a cardinal or 
principal numeral: n. the number made up 
of ten and five, or fourteen and one; the sign 
representing it, as 15 or xv; one point scored 
at lawn tennis. 

fif — (fif'tenth"; fif"tenth'), adj. 
Ill-Lc ell 111 next in order after fourteenth: 
tt. a fifteenth part. 

fifxi, (fifth), adj. next in order after fourth: 
111 111 n _ one of five equal parts; in music, an 
interval of three tones and a semitone; the 
dominant.— adv. fifthly. 

fif x* (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in order 

Ili-ll-cLIl a fter forty-ninth: n. one of 

fifty equal parts. 

fif x T7 . (fif'ti), adj. consisting of five times 
111-iy f eil : n. [pi. fifties (-tiz)], the number 
w hich amounts to five times ten, or forty-nine 
and one; the sign representing it, as 50 or 1. 
fi~. (fig), tt. a small fruit tree with large 
aA & leaves, known from the earliest times; 
the pear-shaped fruit of that tree; a snap of 
the fingers in token of contempt; as, I don't 
care a fig: anything insignificant or worthless. 

(fit), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. fought, p.pr. 
11 gj.il, fighting], to contend in battle or in 
arms; to try to destroy or overcome an 
enemy or opponent; make war; offer re¬ 
sistance: v.t. to war against; strive for the 
mastery of; maneuver or manage in battle, 
as ships: n. a combat; battle or engagement; 
contest; a quarrel in which physical force 
is used. 

fi (fit'er), tt. one who strives to 

llgliL-ci overcome resistance, usually by 
force; a combatant. 

■ficrVif incr (fit'ing), p.adj. pertaining to con- 
fiict; qualified or trained to carry 
on conflict; skilled in warfare: n. combat, 
fig. ^f (flg'ment), n. an invention; 
llg-llldll fiction; as, the whole story was 
a figment, of the imagination. 

% 1ir o +ivf> (fig'ur-d-tlv), adj. repre- 
- 111 - 0 .- 1,1 vc sen ting by figures, resem¬ 
blances, or types; ornate; flowery; as, a 
description highly figurative; symbolical; 

unreal.— adv. figuratively. 

■ficr nr** (ffe'ur). tt. the outline or shape of 
AA &~ U1 c a person or object; appearance; 
an image or statue; drawn or painted repre¬ 
sentation of a person; idea; pattern; type; 
sign or character denoting a number; a 
movement in a dance; musical phrase, or 
repeated theme; value or cost; as, the goods 
were sold at a high figure: a space bounded 
on all sides by lines or planes; a special or 
peculiar use of words; as, a figure of speech: 
v.t. to form into any determinate shape; 
show by resemblance; represent; symbolize; 
adorn or cover with a pattern; calculate or 
compute; v.i. to bo conspicuous; colloquially, 
to cipher; calculate. 

Syn., tt. allegory, emblem, metaphor. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, biirn, cit, focus, menu; 














figured 


229 


finback 


ficr iirpH (ttg'^rd). P- adj. coveredoradorned 

AA o“ L4 - lcVA with a design or pattern; sym¬ 
bolized; pictured; in music, adorned with 
elaborate phrases. 

or iiTfA h^nH (flshr-h^d' 1 ’), n. a carved 
xl o“ llAS ^ _XACCl '^ image of a human or other 
shape placed at the prow of a ship; a person 
who is important in name but who has no 
real authority. 

■ficr lir in CT (ftg'hr-Tng), p.pr. of figure: n. 
u 5 -ui-mg computation; calculation; the 
act of making figures. 

•fi cr wnrf (^S'wfirt"), n. a coarse herb, with 
XA &“ w ** small flowers, possessing medici¬ 
nal value. 

m o m ont (fil'a-ment), n. a fine thread, 
" cA " AAA ' : ' xA A or threadlike fiber. 

m o tpAti 4-n t^T (fll"d-men'ta-rl), adj. 

-d.-IIieii-ld.-iy consisting of, or like, a 
small fiber or thread. 

m k pr f (fll'bert), n. the edible nut of the 
-uci l cultivated hazel. 

■filrli (filch), v.t. to pilfer or steal in a small 
alien way; rob. 

flip (fll), n. a wire, etc., on which papers are 
AAAC strung for safe-keeping or reference; a 
bundle of papers fastened together and en¬ 
dorsed with the date, contents, etc., of each; 
a case or cabinet in which papers may be 
arranged in an orderly way; a line of soldiers 
ranged one behind the other; a tool of hard 
steel with small grooves on the surface, used 
for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to cut or 
smooth with such a tool; to arrange and put 
away (papers, etc.) in orderly fashion, for 
reference; place among the records of a 
court or house of legislature: v.i. to march 
in a line. 

1 (ffl'ySI; fll'I-al), adj. pertaining to or 
-ld .1 befitting a son or daughter; due to a 
father; as, filial obedience. 

m i fit 1v (fll'y&l - !; f fl'I-al-I), adv. in a man- 
-ldl-iy ner befitting a son or daughter. 

m i hue +at* (ffl'I-bus"ter), n. a free- 
-l-uuo-ici booter or pirate; a lawless 
military adventurer who invades a foreign 
country in aid of revolution; a member of a 
lawmaking body who delays its action: v.i. to 
act as a pirate; to delay legislation or law¬ 
making by irregular methods, as by wilfully 
prolonging a debate, etc. 

m i rrr a a (fll'I-gre), n. ornamental work, 
■a-gltJC resembling lace, in gold or silver 
wire; something delicate or ornamental, but 
not lasting: adj. made of, or like, filigree. 

m i o-rooH (fll'I-gred), p.adj. ornamented 
_A_ & A ecu. ^th, or as with, filigree. 

m iner (fil'Ing), ppr. of file • n. the ?„ct of 
_AAA & using a file: pi. fine fragments 
rubbed off by the action of a file, or grooved 
steel tool. 

T?il i -nry (fH"I-pe'n 6 ), n. a native of the 
■T ll-l-pi-HO Philippine Islands. 

.fill (fll), v.t. to make full; satisfy; crowd; 
AAAA occupy; to perform, as duties, in the 
place of someone: v.i. to become full; pour 
a glass or vessel full: n. as much as produces 
complete satisfaction; a full supply, 
fill (fll'er), n. one who, or that which, 
1111 -el makes full; a funnel, usually a small 
glass tube, for filling bottles, etc.; material 
for stopping up holes or pores in wood before 
painting it; the body of a cigar; a pad of 
paper to be inserted in a notebook. 

m t.i (ffi'et), n. a narrow band of metal, 
-let linen, silk, etc., worn around the fore¬ 
head, for holding the hair; the fleshy part of 
the thigh: said of meat; a boneless lump of 
meat or fish served flat or rolled together and 
tied; a raised rim, narrow ornament, or 


molding; a plain line or band; the loins of a 
horse: v.t. to bind with a narrow band; orna¬ 
ment with a rim or molding; make into fillets, 
as veal, etc. 

fill fner • P- a( ij- serving to occupy 

liAi-iiig the whole space; satiating or 
satisfying: n. something that serves to fill 
up a vacant space; the woof in weaving. 

m b'r, (fll'Ip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or 
-lip stroke with the finger; an incite¬ 
ment; as, that acted as a fillip to my spirits: 
v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger by a 
sudden movement; urge. 

m il -n<a*vn (ffl'I-Pen'), n. a game; the 
-AA- .r t ' t ' AA gift offered as a forfeit in this 
game. Also, philopena. 

m l-w (fll'I), n. [pi. fillies (-Iz)], a young mare; 

-A J a female colt; a lively girl, 
fii™ (film), n. a thin skin or filament: a 
thin layer of some substance to 
receive a photographic impression: v.t. to 
cover with a thin skin or layer: v.i. to become 
covered with a thin skin or layer. 
fi 1 r>-s tt (fll'ml), adj. resembling or having 
lllli.-j the nature of a film; gauzy.—». 
filminess. 

(fll'ter), n. an apparatus for clearing 
-LCl. or purifying liquids by straining; a 
strainer: v.t. to purify, as a liquid, 
filth (filth), n. foul matter; dist; anything 
llllll that makes physically or morally im¬ 
pure; nastiness. 

■filth v (fll'ttn), adj. [comp, filthier, super 1 .. 
Illlli-j filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean mor¬ 
ally or physically; low; contemptible.— adv. 
filthily. —n. filthiness. 

m botp (fll'trat), n. a liquid which has 
-lio-lC been strained and purified: v.t. 
to purify, as a liquid.—n. filtration. 

m trfl firm rdant (fH-tra'shan plant), a 

-llcl-liUIl jJla.ill place where the water 

for a city or locality is purified and made 
fit to drink. 

^ (^^ 1 ), n. a winglike extension from the 
body of a fish that helps to move, bal¬ 
ance, or steer it in the water; a small plane or 
wing on an airplane, to promote stability or 
steadiness; as, vertical or upright tail fins, 
horizontal tail fins, etc. 

(fl'nal), adj. pertaining to the end; 
-lidi ultimate; finishing; decisive; as, a 
final judgment or decree: n. that which Is 
last, or makes an end; the deciding heat of an 
athletic contest. 

S no 1 a (f$- n a'la), n. the last passage in a 
-ilct-lC musical composition; tho last act, 
etc., of a scene or performance; termination; 
close; end. 

fi T , 0 1 4 (fi-nal'I-tl), n. completeness; 

-Ilctl-l-iy the state of being fully settled; 
a decisive act or arrangement. 

fi -nf^1 hr (fi'nal-I), adv. lastly; completely; 

-iial-iy a t last; as, the business was 
finally settled. 

ti rionrp (fl-nans'; fi-nans’), n. the science 
11 -lldliOC 0 f the profitable management of 
money; the public revenue or income of a 
government, state, society, or individual: 
usually in plural: v.t. to manage, as the financial 
arrangement of; to raise money for some 
special object. 

rial (fl-n&n'shSl). adj. pertaining 
-AAcAAA ~'- ,AclA to money; as financial pros¬ 
perity; financial distress.— adv. financially. 
Syn. fiscal, monetary, pecuniary. 

■fin an pi at (fln'Sn-ser'), n. one who la 
llll-all-Cicl skilled in banking, or who 

conducts private or public monetary affairs, 
■fin hfirlr (fln'bak"), n. a kind of whale: 
lill-uaiai called also finner and razorback. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











finch 


230 


finch 2 c 

50 fire damp 

•fin (ft nc h). n - th® common name for 

nncn various small birds, as the chaffinch, 
canary, etc. 

{X^A (find), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. found, p.pr. 
iilltl finding], to discover; obtain by search¬ 
ing; learn by experiment; meet by accident; 
regain, as something lost; supply: n. the 
discovery of something valuable. 

Syn., v. descry, discover, espy. 

Ant. (see lose, overlook), 
fin dl or (fin'der), n. one who, or that which, 
1111(1-cI discovers; an extra lens on a 
camera to show the position of the picture 
to be taken; a small telescope attached to a 
larger one to locate some particular star, etc., 
to be examined by the larger instrument. 

fin do cio r*1o ( fa6 ' d§ sye"kl), at the 
nil Uc Slc-CIc end of the century; 

hence, up to date. [Fr.] 

find i-ntr (finding), p.pr. of find: n. dis- 
UUU-lllg covery; the verdict of a jury, 
or court: pi. the tools, etc., which a workman 
himself supplies. 

fino (fi n )> n - money paid as a penalty; for- 
1111(7 feiture: v.t. to impose, as a money 
penalty, upon someone; purify; refine; clarify: 
adj. slender; thin; keen; pure; refined; subtle; 
delicate; elegant; of small diameter; very 
handsome; noble; showy; admirable; splendid; 
beautiful in thought or language; free from 
clouds or rain; artful.— adv. finely. 

Syn., adj. nice, clear, dainty, smooth. 

Ant. (see coarse). 

fi„ _ (fin=kut), adj. delicately cut or 

illitJ—Clin chiseled; cut in small pieces, 
as tobacco. 

fin o dt-o w (fin'drfi'), v.t. to sew up neatly, 
JXllc-tllclW as a rent, so that it does not 
show; draw out to extreme fineness, as wire, 
fine* drawn (fln'dron"), adj. spun very 
11116-0.1 a. WI1 fine; far-fetched; as, a fine- 

drawn distinction. 

fi-n#* npcc (fm'nes), n. the proportion of 
“OC-llCoo pure metal contained in an 
alloy; freedom from foreign matter; purity; 
as, the fineness of liquor; slenderness; per¬ 
fection. 

fin or xr (fm'er-I), n. [pi. fineries (-Iz)], 
Ilil-cl-y personal adornment, as showy 
clothes, etc.; outward show, 
fi (fi-nes'), n. artifice or trick; 

11-licbbc skill; dexterity; in the game of 
whist, an endeavor to take a trick with a 
lower card than that held by an opponent, 
while holding a higher card, 
fin rrov (fm'ger), n. one of the five divi- 
illl-gUI sions of the hand; one of the four 
digits of the hand, as distinguished from a 
thumb; a finger’s breadth or length; an 
eighth of a yard; any mechanical contrivance 
resembling a finger; as, the pointer of a clock, 
or watch; a part of a glove into which a finger 
is inserted: v.t. to handle, or perform, with the 
fingers; meddle with; steal: v.i. to use the 
fingers skilfully in performing upon a musical 
instrument or upon a typewriter, 
fin rrpvrp.fi (fln'gerd), p.adj. having fingers; 
Alli-gCi cu played with the fingers; marked 
to show how the fingers are to be used, 
fin (r&r ar (fin'ger-er), n. one who fingers; 

-Cl a pilferer or one who does petty 

thieving. 

fin ffor ino- (fln'ser-Ing), p.pr. of finger: 
Illl-gCr-illg n the act of touching with 
the fingers; the manner of using the fingers 
on a musical instrument; fine work done by 
the fingers. 

fin fr&r liner (fln'ger-llng), n. a young 
Aiii-gci -img trout no bigger than a man’s 
finger. 

fin rrof cfoll (fln'ger stol), a covering fu* 
nn-ger oXd.il an injured finger. 

fin i na 1 (fin'I-kal), adj. fastidious; over- 
IlIl-1-Cd.l particular; as, finical tastes; a 

finical bachelor.— adv. finically. 

fin iVtr incr (fin'1-king), adj. fussy or af- 
UU-il/A.-uig fectedly precise in trifles, as 
in dress, manners, etc. Also, finikin, finicky, 
fin itifr (fining), n. the act or process of 
liH-llig purifying or refining; clarification 
or clearing. 

fi nic (fi'nis), n. the end: a word formerly 
ii-lllo placed at the end of a book. (Lat.J 
fin ion (finish), v.t. to bring to an end; 
Ml-loll complete; conclude; make perfect; 
polish; colloquially, kill or render powerless: 
v.i. to come to an end; expire: n. completion; 
the final touches given to a work, 
fin IcbiPkfi (finlsht),. p.adj. complete; per- 
llil-AoiiCU. feet; as, a finished poem; of 
superior excellence or quality; carefully 
elaborated. 

fi ni+ck (fi'nit), adj. having limits; as, the 
11-1111(7 finite mind of man: n. that which 
is limited: with the. — adv. finitely.— n. finite¬ 
ness. 

fin Irool din kel), a downward projec- 
1111 xvccl tion shaped like the fin of a fish, 
attached to the keel of a yacht. 

TTinn din), n. a native of Finland.— adj. 
” 11111 Finnish and Finnie. 

fin non hod dip din an had I), a 
1111-Xld.il XldO-UlC smoked haddock. 

[Scot.] 

j (find), adj. having fins or winglike 
illlllcU. extensions for swimming, as a fish, 
fin nir (find), adj. having fins; resembling, 
lill-liy or abounding in, fish, 
fi nrfi (fybrd), n. a long narrow inlet or arm 
IIUIU. 0 f the sea between high rocks or banks. 
Also, fjord. 

(fur), n. the name of various cone-bearing 
111 evergreen trees, prized for resin and tim¬ 
ber. 

r: (fir), n. heat and light developed by 

111“ combustion or burning; the result of 
burning of bodies; a burning; conflagration; 
flame; discharge of firearms; light; intensity 
of feeling; ardor; spirit; severe trial or afflic¬ 
tion: v.t. to set on fire; inflame; kindle; 
bake, as porcelain; to cause to explode; to 
discharge, as a gun; excite violently; irri¬ 
tate; illuminate: v.i. to become ignited; 
be inflamed; discharge, as firearms. 

Syn., n. glow, heat, warmth. 
firp» ormc (flr'armz"), n.pl. rifles, cannon, 
111 c-dilllo revolvers, etc.; as, the colonists 
carried their firearms to church, 
fir a I-iqII (flr'bol"), n. a ball filled with 
111(7-1/0.11 explosives; a ball of fire, as the 
sun; meteor. 

firp. V»o1 Innn (fTr ba-loon'), a balloon 
MG Odi-lQUIl filled with hot air; a bal¬ 
loon sent up with fireworks, which explode 
at a certain height. 

■U/w (fir' boks"), in a steam boiler, 
ill c U JA the place for the fire. 

firp hrgnd (fir'brand"), n. a piece of 
mc-uioiiu burning wood; an incendiary, 
or one who fires buildings; one who inflames 
the passions of others. 

firp» (f^kla), a kind of clay capable 

111 c ciaj of resisting intense heat. 

firo rroclr c.r (fir'krak'er), n. a small 
lilc-cIdt/iA-cI paper cylinder filled with 

gunpowder, used to make a noise in times 
of celebration. 

fi rp dnmn (fir damp), a gas formed In 
in c uciiiip CO ai mines, which explodes 
when mixed with air and ignited. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 








firedog 


231 


fish W AT 


firp Hr»cr (fir'dog"), n. an andiron or sup- ■G t - C + r>1ooo (fArst'klas"), adj. of the high- 
luc-uug port for_ wood in a fireplace. Ill o l—dctoo est excellence, rank, or quality. 

•fit*A ati cririA (fir fin' jin), a hand or steam ,4 0 ,, (fArst da), the name given to 

cii-gmc engine for throwing water -TilSI tidy Sunday by the Society of 
through hose to put out a fire. ~ ' 


pq cotia (fir es kap ), a kind of lad— 
111 c co-tapc der, stairway, or other 
device for rescuing persons from the upper 
parts of a burning building, 
fir** fihr (fl r ' fl l"), n. a winged insect which 
mc-liy emits light at night when flying, 
■fifo i rone (flrl'urnz), the shovel, poker, 

nre i-ronb a nd tohgs. 

fi r ~ man (fir'man), n. [pi. firemen (-men)], 
llic-iiicui one trained to put out fires; a 
stoker, or one who tends fires. 

fir** rdaPA (fir'plas"), n. the open recess 
liic-pid^c under a chimney in which a 
fire may be built. 

T \ rr w/' k f (fir'proof"), adj. made of such 
111 C-JJl LfUl material as will resist fire; 
relatively spealdng, not capable of being 
burned: v.t. to make proof against fire. 

■fir** chin ship)- a ship Ailed with 
111 C ollip explosives, set fire to and floated 
among the vessels of an enemy. 

•fir** cirl** (fir'sid"), n. the hearth; hence, 
111 c-S>lUc domestic life and comfort. 

fran (firtrap), a building from which 
111C LI dp ^ is difficult or impossible to 
escape in case of fire. 

(fir wo'ter). 


erings of the produce of the 
first profits of any office or 


adj. obtained 
the producer or 

the first-born; 

the first place: 
for the adverb 


spirits: 
s name 


n. wood suitable 
wood fit to use for 


fir<=» wa f**r (tir wO'ter), ardent 
me *va-ici the American Indian 
for strong drink. 

fir A waaH (fir'wed"), a hardy weed 
mc-wccu usually found in recently 
burned clearings. 

fire-wood 

fuel. 

fir a wnrlrc (flr'wArks"), n.pl. devices 
mc-wuiAa made from a great variety of 
materials, which, when set on Are, produce 
figures in fire or a brilliant display of light 
often variously colored. 

fir a xxrrtr chi-n (fir wur'shlp), the worship 
UlC WUl-bllip of fire as a deity or god. 

fir trier (flr'Ing), n. the act of discharging 
m-Ulg, firearms; the application of intense 
heat, as in baking, etc.; fuel, 
fit- Irin (fur'kfn), n. a small wooden vessel 
XLl-rLLll f Gr holding butter, lard, etc.; a 
measure of capacity equal to one fourth of a 
barrel; nine gallons. 

(furm), adj. hard; compact; solid; 


closely compressed; unyielding; not 
easily moved; rigorous; staunch; as, a 
firm friend; unfaltering; steadfast: n. the 
title or style under which a business house 
transacts its business; a partnership or asso¬ 
ciation of two or more persons for doing busi¬ 
ness.— adr. firmly. 

Syn.. adj. constant, fixed, stable. 

Ant. (see weak). 

fit-tvt (furm'nes), n. the state of being 

Hrill-IlCbb unyielding; stability; stead¬ 
fastness; resolution. 

fir* mo motif (fur'md-ment), n. the sky; 
nr-ma-meilL the arch of the heavens, 
fir* mo« (fAr'man; fer-man'), n. a special 
nr-IIIdll degree, edict, or license of an 
oriental ruler, as of the Turkish Sultan; a 
passport; permit; a license. 

fore_ fish joint 


fir-c-f- (fArst), adj. the ordinal <?f one; fore- 
JJLIbl most in place, rank, dignity, time, 
excellence, etc.; earliest; most important; 
chief: adv. before all others in order, place, 
rank, time, etc.; sooner: n. the beginning. 

Syn., adj. foremost, chief, earliest. 

Ant, (see last). 


Friends. 

firef -friii +c (fArst froots), the first gatb 

mot 11 Llllo ftrinsrsi of t.ho nrortnoo of t.h( 
season; the 
undertaking. 

firQt-hanrl (fGrst'hand"), 

11Tb L IlallU. direct from < 

grower. 

firct liner (fArst'Ung), n. 

IlTbl-img first produced. 

flrot Itt (ffirst'II), adv. in 
inot-iy occasionally used 
first. 

tn at a (fArst mat), in the merchant 
lllol lllcLLc service, the officer next in 
rank to the captain. 

r n\c± (ffirst'rat"), adj. of the highest 
mol-ltUC excellence; having the highest 
quality or character: n. a warship of the first 
class: adv. excellently: used colloquially, 
fir Hi (fArth), n. the mouth of a tidal river; 
Hi HI an arm of the sea. Also, frith. [Scot.] 
fi Q rfl 1 (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the pub- 
llo-L/dl fic treasury or revenue; financial: 
n. a treasurer; an attorney-general. 

(fish), n. f pi. fish, fishes (-ez)], a scaly 
noil animal living in water, breathing 
through gills instead of lungs; the flesh of 
fish used as food; a machine for hoisting an 
anchor; a piece of wood fastened to another 
to strengthen it: pi. one of the signs (Pisces) 
of the zodiac: v.t. to search in quest of fish; 
catch (fish); seek for and bring to light; 
draw up: v.i. to try to catch fish; seek to 
gain or obtain something by trickery or 
indirect methods. 

fiefi haom (fish bem), a beam of tim- 
llbil Ucctlil fier bulging downwards. 

fioli Vklnrlr (fish'blok"), n. a hoisting- 
lloll - umyJa. block for raising an anchor to 

the gunwale of a ship. 

fiefi or (flsh'er), n. one who fishes; an anl- 
Ilbil-tJI mal of the weasel family. 

cr man (flsh'er-man), n. one whose 
Ilbll-cI-IIIaTI W ork is to catch fish; a 
fishing smack or ship for catching fish, 
fioli at tr (fish'er-I), n. f pi. fisheries (-Iz)], 
Ilbll-Cl -y tbe business of catching fish; a 
fishing ground; the right to fish at a particu¬ 
lar time or ground. 

fioli crio- (flsh'glg"), n. a sharp forklike in- 
Ilbll-glg strument for spearing fish. Also, 
fizgig. _ 

fioli crlii a gl°°)> S lue chiefly made 

lioll giUC from certain kinds of sturgeon; 

isinglass or gelatin dissolved in alcohol. 

SESST' the osprey or 



fish hawk ffid b“Sd. 
fish-hook [Sho' 

n. a hook for catch¬ 
ing fish. 

fish-ing [ l ns ^" lns >’ 

sport, or 
taking fish; 
ground; the opera¬ 
tion of raising an 
anchor up to the gunwale of a vessel. 

(fish joint), a pair of iron 
plates for fastening the ends of 
two railroad rails together, 
fioli mnn (rpr (flsh'mun'ger), n. one who 

nsn-mon-ger se n s ash. 

•fioli ii 7 Air (fish wer )- a dam for stopping 
Ilbll W ell or preserving fish._ 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. f See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


















fishwife 


232 


flagstone 


woman who re- 

fishwoman. 


v, (flsh'wif *), n. a 

nsh-wite tails fish. Also_ 

tt (flsh'I) , adj. pertaining to, consisting 
nsn-y 0 f t abounding in, or like, fish; dull; 
vacant; colloquially, incredible or extravagant, 
as a story.— n. fishiness. 

■Go, (ffehur), n. a cleft or crack; a 

ns-sure narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to 
break or crack: v.i. to cleave; separate in 
cracks 

i '(fist), n. the hand when closed or 
liSI clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with the 
clenched hand. 

42 _ x* (fls'tlk), adj. pertaining to pugilism 
IIS-Ill/ or boxing; as, a fistic encounter. 

fiS* i Cliffs ’ n ■ a combat with 


fis-tu-la 


flab-bi-ness 


the fists; boxing. 

(fis'tu-ld), n. a reed; a pipe; a 
wind-instrument of music; an ab¬ 
normal opening into one of the passages of 
the body, often accompanied by an ulcer. 
rt±. (fit), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. fitted, p.pr. fitting], 

HI to make suitable; adapt; accommodate 
to anything; qualify; adjust; equip: v.i. to 
be adapted to one; as, the coat fits; to be 
proper or suitable: n. adaptation of one 
thing to another; suitability: adj. [comp. 
fitter, superl. fittest], convenient; suitable; 
prepared; qualified. 

Syn., v. accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. 

m (flt) , n. a sudden attack of disease attend¬ 
ed with convulsions, and often with loss 
of consciousness; a brief attack of pain or 
illness; caprice. 

Cx-V, (fich), n. the European polecat; the 
I1LCII f ur of the polecat. Also, fitchet. 

r..i (fit'fool), adj. capricious; spasmodic, 

Iit-IUI or occurring by fits and starts; 
changeable; as, a fitful mood.— adv. fitfully. 

i_ r (fit'll), adv. suitably; properly; in a 
IU-iy right manner or time. 

■G+ (flt'nes), n. the state or quality of 

Hl-Hcbb being suitable; as, he soon showed 
his fitness for the work. 

m x ^ (flt'er), «. one who adjusts pipes, or 
-ter p U ts the parts of a machine together; 
ore who puts on and shapes an article of dress. 

/^x (flt'Ing), p.adj. suitable; appro- 

ill- llllg priate: 7i.pl. the necessary fixtures, 
etc., of a house or shop. 

o, _ (fits), n. a Norman French surname 
IIIZ meaning the son of. 

£ (flv), adj. consisting of four and one; 
nve a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of four -floor po 
and one; the sign representing it, as 5 or v: _ 

pi. a game resembling tennis. 

£ £ _ i j (flv'fold). adj. five times as much 

nve-IOlU or as great; multiplied by five. 

^ (flks), v.t. to make fast, secure, or stable; 


act of adjusting or amending: pi. colloquially, 
ornaments, outfit, apparatus, etc. 
n . , (flk'si-tl), n. stability; permanence, 
nx-l-ly a state of being fastened. . 
o x (flks'tur), n. that which is firmly 
lix-ture fastened; an article of furniture 
attached t o a house and regarded as part of it ; 
one who is expected to remain permanently 

2 STa hissing noise; an effervescent 
I1ZZ or bubbling liquid, as sparkling cham- 
pagnci V'i* to nitikc ^ hissing noise. Also# 
fizzle * 

.c l (flz'l), v.i. to make a hissing noise; 
nZ-Zie colloquiallv, to fail ridiculously: n. 

colloquially, a state of restlessness; worry; a 
humiliating failure. • 

£ * A (fyord), n. an arm of the sea, long ana 
IJOra narrow, with high rocky banks. Also. 

civ, froct (flab'er-gast), v.t. to con- 

iIa.D-D6r-g9.St found; astonish. [Con- 

cl'i V • 1 TT (flab'I-li), adv. in a limp man- 
rlao-bl-ly ner; languidly; feebly. 


(flabl-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being limp and 
weak, or of lacldng muscle. 

V^r (flab'i), adj. easily shak ng or 
naD-Dy yielding to the touch; lacking 
muscle; mentally or physically feeble. 

A (flak'sld), adj. flabby; weak; 
naC-ClU limber; lacking firmness. 

• j : x_ r (flak-sld'l-tt), n. the state of 
nac-tiu-l-iy being weak and without 

muscle. , , 

c 0 „ (flag), n. a piece of cloth or bunting on 
Iiag which usually some device is wrought, 
used as a standard, ensign, signal, etc.; a 
plant of the iris family; a flagstone or paving 
stone: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. flagged, p.pr. flagging], 
signal with a flag; pave with flagstones: v.i. to 
become weary; lose vigor; hang down: flag 
of truce, a white f ag indicating that a con¬ 
ference is desired. .... . ,. 

fl.. r ^,1 1 0 -n+ (flaj'e-lant; fla-j61'§nt). adj. 
llclg-ci-ictilt using a whip or scourge: n. 



set or place permanently; adjust; collo- s^ura, ui »<u 6 ° 
quially, to put to rights or repair; hold flj, v \ fict-ic (fla-jLsh us), adj. atrocious, 
firmly; as, to fix the attention of an audience: H9.-gl-llOU.S wicked; _ lughly criminal. 


.asting; settled; 
established; res- 


v.i. to become solid or firm; become stable: n. 
colloquially, an awkward situation; a dilemma. 

Syn., v. determine, establish, settle. 

£» ' x* _ (flk'sa-tlv), n. something that 
nX-d-llV c serves to set color, as a mordant: 
used on charcoal drawings to prevent rubbing 
(flkst), p.adj. firm; la? 

1 IACU. permanent; stable; 
olute. 

£_ i_ r (flk'sed-ll), adt\ steadily; firmly; 
nx-eu-iy as, to gaze fixedly. 

~A nooo (flli'sed-nes), n. the state of 
being firm; steadfastness. 

fixed star ieSns star) ’ 

in the heavens. 

^ •— 0 - (flks'Ing), n. the act of making 
firm, or rendering permanent: the 


(flaj " 6 -let'; flaj' 6 - f la f e ° let . 

let), n. a musical instrument of the flute class. 

rrifirr (flag'Ing), p.adj. weary; losing 
tlag-ging f orC e: n. a pavement of flag¬ 
stones, or large flat stones. 


steadfastness, 
a star which 
the same position 


adv. flagitiously. —n. flagitiousness. 

_r r- „ (flag 6 f'I-ser), an officer 

llag Of-n-cer commanding a fleet or 
squadron, as an admiral. .... 

(flag'fm), n. a large drinking vessel 
Iiag-OIl with a narrow mouth and a handle, 
•flo fr*-o-n+ (Aa'grant), adj. openly wicked; 
na-glcUll heinous; glaring; notorious; 

flagrancy. 

), n. the ship that 
_ _ Si a fleet, carries the com¬ 

mander and flies his flag. 

•floo- o+ofF (flag'staf"), 71. [pi. flagstaffs 
•tAdg-o Ldll (-stafs) or staves (-stavz)]. a pole 
or staff on which a flag is hoisted. 

•Florr o+ntiP (flag'ston"), n. a large flat 
lldg-o tunc paving stone, used especially 

for sidewalks. 


as, a flagrant crime.—n. fl 

flag-ship S£ shIp > 


i,i , — — —. i ■ —. - ■ ■ ■ ... u. - 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 




















CW' ; 


. 


AMERICAN FRESH AND SALT WATER FISH 
i ATnQtoinnffp 2 TarDon 3 Yellow perch. 4. Striped bass. 5. Brook trout. 6. Shad. 7. Sheepshead. 
J; Sfr e O. Picktrel 10 Land-locked salmon. 11. Spanish mackerel. 12. Common eel. 








NORTH AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS 

1. Violet. 2. Wake robin. 3. Fringed gentian. 4. Day lily. 5. Smooth rose 
marigold. 8. Jack in the pulpit. 9. Phlox. 


















flail 


233 


flatteiing 



forth 


f\n{\ (flab • n - a wooden instrument for thresh- 
AacIaI j n g wheat, etc., by hand, 
flolrA (flak)- n - a small Him of any- 
11*1 JVC thing loosely held together, as 
snow; a thin scaly piece of anything; 
a carnation with a single color in 
stripes on a white ground: v.t. and v.i. 
to form into flakes; scale or peel off.— 
cidj fla ky- 

flam h*aaii (fl&m'bo).n. [pi. flam- 
nam-DeaU beaux (-boz)], a flam¬ 
ing or lighted torch; a large ornamen¬ 
tal candlestick. (Fr.] 
flam Vinv anf (flam-boi'ant), 

nd.m-UOy-d.nt ad j. showy; espe¬ 
cially when wanting in good taste; 
characterized by flamelike or waving 
curves, as the tracery of certain win- 
dows of Gothic architecture. vlail 

ffamp (flam), n. a burning gas or vapor; 
iiculic ardor of temper or passion; glow 
of imagination; excitement; a sweetheart: v.t. 
to heat; excite: r.i. to burst into flame; blaze. 

Syn., 7i. and v. flare, flash, glare, 
flo mo-n (Aa'men), n - one of fifteen priests 
Ild-IIieil i n ancient Rome devoted to the 
service of a special deity or god. 

flam mo- (flam'Ing), p.adj. giving 
lAo.ni-ii.ig flames; blazing; causing 
excitement; violent, 
fia min cm (fia-nffn'go), 

na-mm-go n . a 1 0 n g- 

legged, web-footed, red- 
colored bird. 

flancr a (flS-nj.), n. a 
liaugc raised or pro¬ 
jecting rim for prevent¬ 
ing a wheel from slipping, 
such as the rims on tires \\ 
of railroad-car wheels to \\\ 
keep them on the rails :" J| ' 
v.t. to attach a rim to. 

•flanlr (flank), n. the 
llctlilv. fleshy part of an 

animal between the ribs 
and hip; the side of an 
army, regiment, or build¬ 
ing; that part of a for¬ 
tification constructed to 
defend another: v.t. to 
attack or turn the flank or side of (an army); 
guard on the flank; to border or touch: adj. 
pertaining to, or cut from, the flank, 
flanor (Aan'ker), n. one of a body of 
llauli-Cl troops thrown out to protect a 
line of march; a projecting fortification to 
protect the flank of an assailing body, 
flan nol (flan'el), n. a soft, loosely-woven 
lldJl-liei cloth, usually made of wool, 
flan npl (flan"el-et'), n. a soft cotton 
IldJl-lld-C L material resembling flannel, 
flan (fl a P)' n ■ anything broad and flat 
Jl«P hanging loosely, and fastened on one 
side; the motion or noise of anything broad 
and flat; a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. flapped, p.pr. flapping], to strike with, 
or as with, a flap; let fall; wave backwards and 
forwards rapidly and w ith a loose motion: v.i. 
to move, as wings, with noise, 
flo-rk \rkfAr (fl&p'jak"), n. a pancake or grid- 
Ild.p-Ja.Giv die cake: so called because of 
the way in which it is turned on the griddles. 

n. one who. or 


■flo-rck Vka/'lr (fl&r'bak'”), n. a reverse out- 
lid.1 c-Udbii burst of flame from a fur¬ 
nace; a sharp change of method or policy, 
flacli (flask)* n • a sudden, quick, fleeting 
lldbil blaze or light; as, a flash of lightning, 
or of a gun; sudden outburst, as of merriment, 
wit, or passion; a short, transient, or tem¬ 
porary state; an instant: v.t. to cause to 
act, burst, or appear suddenly; as, to flash a 
light; to flash a look: v.i. to shine with a 
sudden, quick, fleeting blaze or light; act, or 
burst forth, suddenly; gleam; splash: adj. 
pertaining to thieves or their language; cheap 
and gaudy; sham; showry. 
flooVi Itrrlvf (flash lit), a sudden brll- 
ildbll ilgJll bant light for taking photo¬ 
graphs; a light that comes and goes in 
flashes, as a signal; a small electric lamp 
to carry in the hand. 

flao'h •? (flash 1-11), adv. in a gaudy or 
iidbl.l-I-iy showy manner; as, to b e flashily 
dressed. 

flaclx i nocc (flash'I-nes), n. gaudinesaor 
llctoli-l-llCob showiness; great display. 

flach in cr (flashing), n. a name for varl- 
lid.bII-Uig ous operations in glassmaking; 
pi. pieces of lead or other metal used to keep 
roofs, etc., watertight: adj. emitting bursts 
of light. 

flocVi incr notpf (flashing point.), the 
will temperature below the 
burning point, at which a volatile liquid gives 
off vapor in sufficient quantity to ignite 
momentarily. 

flacV* (flask' 1 ), adj. brilliant, but empty; 
ilclbil-y gaudy; showy, but cheap in ap¬ 
pearance. 

flaclr (flask), n. a small bottle; 
l JctbiV a vessel, usually metal or 
leather, for holding powder, shot, 
liquor, etc. 

f\n4 (flat), adj. level; even; 
lid.I smooth; horizontal; insip¬ 
id; as, a flat taste; positive; 
downright; low: said of prices; 
dull: said of sales; without 
interest; wanting prominence: 
said of figures in painting; 
sounded below the true 
pitch: n. a level or extended 
plain; a shallow; shoal; story or floor of a 
house; the broad or plane part of a thing, 
as of a sword or blade; surface without relief or 
prominence; a musical sign which low ers the 
succeeding note half a tone; the tone so 
lowered: adv. in a level or prostrate position; 
exactly: used of amounts, etc.; as. he ran the 
race in three minutes flat. — adv. flatly. 

•fla+ (flat'flsh"), «. any of a group 

lld.l-J.Ioil 0 f fishes, like the halibut, floun¬ 
der, etc., that swim on one side, 
flaf irrm (flatT'urn), n. an iron with 
lld.L-11 Uli a polished surface on its 
under side, used for pressing or smoothing 
cioth. 

flaf tiacc (fl&t'ngs), n. the state of beinij 
lldl-llcOO level; evenness; dulness; lack 
of flavor. 

fin4- -fka-n (flat'n), v.t. to make level or even; 
-idL-lCil beat down; depress; make dull, 
insipid, or tasteless; lower in tone: v.i. to 
become even or level; become insipid. 

(flap'er), n. one who, or that fja+ far (flat'er), v.t. to gain over or please 
nap-per which, waves loosely to and fro; by complimentary speech, usually 

— ™*rwre. insincere; soothe; persuade; praise too 

highly; raise false hopes or expectations: 
v.i. to give false praise. 

f!a+ +Ar in a (Aat'er-Ing), p.adj. pleasing 
lidt-ici-mg to pride or vanity; partial. 
— adv. flatteringly. 



Flamingo 


a young bird when first trying its wings; 
hence, colloquially, a young girl in her teens. 
fl oro (flar), n. a large, unsteady, glaring 
lld.1 C light; a spreading outward or upward; 
a signal: v.i. to burn with a broad, unsteady 
light; to spread outward or upward 



Flask 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 


17 
















flattery 


234 


flier 


o4" tt (flat er-I), h. [pL flatteries (-Iz)], 

aaci. t- ici -j insincere complimentary speech; 
false praise. 

flat finer (Aat'Ing), n. the act or process of 
AACA L ~ making level or smooth; the proc¬ 

ess of rolling metal into sheets; the sounding 
of a note below the true pitch; a method of 
house painting by which the paint appears 
lusterless or dull. 

flat it Iptipp (flat'ii-lens), n. wind in the 
a. L-u.-icxi.ec stomach, caused by gases 

formed within it; emptiness; conceit. Also, 

flatulency. 

flnf 11 Ip-n-f (flat'u-lent), adj. affected with, 
AAdL-u.-Acixt or tending to, produce gas in 
the stomach and intestines; pretentious; 
conceited. 

flo -hi o (fia'tus), n. gas formed in the 
na-iua intestines, stomach, etc. 

flfit" WflVQ (flat'waz"), adv. with the flat 
nai-wajfo side downwards. Also, flat¬ 
wise. 

fld.lllit ( dan t; flont),_ v.t. to display Aiith 


fleer 


ward 

fla-vor 


unnecessary show: v.i. to make a 
gaudy display in dress; to behave in a for- 
manner. 

(fla/ver), n. odor; fragrance; a 
particular smell or taste: v.t. to 
impart a special taste or smell to. Also, 

flavour. 

-flo in cr (Aa'ver-Ing), n. an essence or 

xia-vui-uig extract for giving special 
taste or smell to food, etc. Also, flavouring, 
■flo w (flo), n. a blemish; a weak spot; 
j.j.a. w crack: v.t. to make a flaw in; crack.— 
ad), flawless. 

flov (flaks), n. a slender plant with blue 
uaA flowers, from the fiber of Avhich linen is 
made; the fiber of the plant ready to be spun, 
flov on (flak'sn), adj. resembling or made 
AAaA-CAA of flax; of pale yellow color. 

-fl/a-y cpprl (flaks'sed"), n. the seed of the 
uoa-occu flax, muc h used in medicine, 
and from_which linseed oil is obtained. 

"flflV l da b K't' and P-P- flayed, p.pr. 

XL<X J flaying], to strip off; skin; torture, 
flpo (fie), n. a small blood-sucking insect, 
without wings, but with the poAver to 

leap. 

fipfl hflffP (fle'ban"), n. a plant of the 
.uLu-uoiic aster family, supposed to be 
useful for driving away fleas, 
flpo Kifp (fle'bit"), 7i. the bite of a flea; 
uca-uuc the red spot it causes; a trifling 
wound or trouble; a very small quantity, 
flprlr t0® k )> n - a streak or spot: v.t. to 
streak or spot; variegate. 

flpf* finrt (flek'shfin), ti. a bending; a 
ucL-Lioii grammatical variation; a turn¬ 
ing; a curved or bent part; a turning, as of 
"the eye; cast. Also, flexion. 

flofl P as ^ tense and past participle 

ucu of the verb flee. 

flpflfrp (fi®i)> to acquire the full plum- 
lltu b c age or feathers necessary for flight: 
v.t. to furnish with feathers ready for flight: 
usually in passive^ as, the birds Avere fledged. 

flpHor liripr (flej'Ung), n. a young bird just 
Aicug-llllg feathered and able to fly. 
Also, fledgeling. 

flpp (fi®)» lP't. and p.p. fled, p.pr. fleeing], 
iACC to run away from; a%oid: v.i. to hasten 
away from danger; disappear, 
fl pppp (Acs), n. the woolly coat of a sheep; 

the whole wool shorn from a sheep 
at one time: v.t. to shear (a sheep) of the 
wool; strip; plunder by injustice or fraud, 
flppp t r (fles'I), adj. resembling a sheep’s 
iiccL-j coat of wool; white ’ ~ ~ 
as, fleecy clouds: fleecy cloth. 


and fluffy; 


ate, senate 
right, sin 


(fler), n. mockery or contempt ex¬ 
pressed in words or gesture: v.i. to 
mock or sneer; grin contemptuously, 
flppf (flet), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: n. 
llccl a company of Avarships or merchant 
vessels: v.i. to fly SAviftly; hasten.— adv. 

fleetly.— n. fleetness. 

flppf itio- (Aet'ing), p.adj. passing quickly; 
uccl JJ - A & as, time is fleeting. 

PI Pm incr (flem'Ing), n. a Belgian who 
"*■ speaks Flemish; especially a 

Belgian of k landers. 

TTIptn ich (flemish), adj. pertaining to the 
AAA-AOAA Flemings or to Flanders: n. the 
language of northern Belgium, 
flpof. (flesh), n. that part of an animal body 
ucou beneath the skin, composed of soft 
muscular tissue; animal food; pulp of fruit, 
etc.; the body: opposite to soul; human 
nature or race; present life; kindred: v.t. to 
satiate or glut; feed dogs with meat so as to 
urge them to further exertion in hunting; 
colloquially, to put on weight: Avith up. 
flpeh lv (flesh'll), adj. pertaining to the 
AA , OAA “ A J' body; corporeal; human; car¬ 
nal: adv. carnally.— n. fleshliness, 
flpeh tint (flesh'pot*), n. a vessel in which 
ucaii-pui flesh bofied or cooked; hence, 
plenty; luxury. 

flpcfh v (flesh 1), adj. [comp, fleshier, superl. 
lie&II-y fleshiest], full of flesh; plump; 
corpulent; fat.— n. fleshiness. 

Flpfrh PI* 1*Qm (flech'er-Izm), n. a sys- 
jTicuAi-ei-i&m tem of diet in which the 

food is thoroughly masticated or chewed: 

named after Horace Fletcher, its advocate. 

flpiir-dp-ltQ (flur"de = le'), n. 

neur ue-ns [pL fl eU rs=de-'iis], 

the royal bearing or emblem of 
France; the name for various kinds 
of iris. [Fr.] 

flpnr (floo), past tense of the 
transitive and intransitive 
verb fly. 

flex (fleks), v.t. to bend, or curve, 



as an arm or leg. 


Fleur-de-lia 


flpy i hit i tv (flek"si-bn'3t-tl), n. the state 
-LiCA-i-Uil-I-iy or quality of being pliant. 


or easily bent. Also, fiexibieness. 
flpy i hip (flek'sl-bl), adj. easily bent; 
a. I V, pliant; yielding to persuasion. 
Also, flexile. 

Syn. pliable, supple. 

Ant. (see inflexible). 

flex-i-hlv (fl® ks 'l-bll), adv. in a pliable 
^ MA J manner; plastically; compli¬ 
antly; not stiffly. ^ 

flpy i on (flek'shfln), n. the act or process of 
ucA-iuu bending; a curve; grammatical 
variation of a word; inflection. Also, flection, 
flpy OF (fl ek . sor )t n. a muscle that acts in 
bending the joints: opposite to 

extensor. 

fleX-UrP (flek' s hflr; fleks'flr), n. the act of 
* T, • 7 bending; the part bent; a curve 
or fold; joint. 

flipt - (fi'k). n. a light, quick stroke, as with 
AAAVJY a whip: v.t. to whip lightly, 
flirlr PI* (flik , ® r ), v.i. to move with an un- 

•tuTL - steady and fl uick motion; flutter 
Avith the wings: n. an unsteady light or move¬ 
ment: . toe golden-winged woodpecker of 
North America. 

fiick-er-inp- (fifif'er-Ing), n. the state of 
rr A P burning or moving un¬ 

steadily: p adj. Avavering. — adv. flickeringly. 
flt PF (tb. er )> n ‘ Gne wk o flies or flees; a 
u- toffdive; an aviator; that part of a 
machine that regulates the motion: pi. a 
straight flight of steps. Also, flyer. 


• e (.fiM e, Rw’ S’ f f- r ’ P“ rade : ? c6ne < edge, novel, refer; 

, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












flight 


235 


flop 


fltcrhf dht), n - the act * process, manner, or 
AAA & AAl ' power of flying; hasty departure; 
birds flying together, or produced in the same 
season; a soaring forth; the ascent of an 
airplane; distance traveled by an airplane; the 
distance traveled by a projectile; a shower 
oi volley; a series of steps. 

flicrht i Iv dht'I-U)• adv. in a wild, imag- 
Xligiil-l-lj inative manner; capriciously. 

flicrht i tipcc (fllt'I-nes), n. the state of 
xiigiit-l-iicoo being overfanciful; capri¬ 
ciousness; light-head edness. 
flicrht \r (flit' 1 )- adj. changeful; capricious; 

extravagant in fancy; giddy; 
mid; mildly insane. 

flim ci ti occ (fllm'zI-nSs), n. the state or 
1AAAAA “ &A-AAt ' fi,a quality of being unsub¬ 
stantial or weak. 

flim cv (flini'zl),n. [pi. flimsies(-zlz)], a thin 
AAAAAA_s> j paper; transfer paper, from which 
several copies may be made: adj. thin; weak; 
ineffective.— adv. flimsily.— n. flimsiness, 
flinrh (flinch), v.i. to shrink or draw back, 
as from pain, danger, etc.: n. the 
act of drawing back from pain, 
fli-nrl or (fhn'der), n. a splinter; fragment; 
111I1U.-CI as> the cyclone blew the house to 
fHirdcvs* 

flfnrr (fling), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. flung, p.pr. 
AAAAA & flinging], to throw or hurl; drive by 
violence; scatter; cast to the ground: v.i. to 
flounce; throw out the legs violently: n. the 
act of throwing or casting; a sneer or gibe; 
kick or leap; unrestrained pleasure; dash; a 
Highland dance, 
ri* x (flint), n. a very hard kind of quartz 
11111L or r ock which strikes fire with steel; 
anything hard like flint, 
fljnf \r\r\r (fltnt'16k*) , n. an old form of 
11111 l-lUl/iv g Un j n which the powder was 
ignited or set on fire by a spark from a stroke 
of flint on steel. 



Flintlock. 1, hammer with flint; 2, steel 
and powder pan. 

n; j. (Ain't!), adj. composed of, or like, 
nini-y flint; hard; obdurate; cruel; as, a 
flinty heart. „ „ . 

A • (flip), n. a liquor composed of beer, 
Ilip spirit, sugar, etc.; a short quick stroke; 
a flick: v.t. to jerk with the fingers; strike with 
a short quick blow. 

.a • (fllp'an-sl), n. pertness; 

nip-pan cy thoughtless talk; as, the 
flippancy of her remarks displeased every¬ 
body. . , „ 

fl* or -x (fllp'ant), adj. lively and fluent 
mp-pailL in speech; talkative; imperti¬ 
nent; disrespectful; characterized by thought¬ 
less speech, or pertness; trifling.— adv. flip¬ 
pantly. , 

xi* (fllp'er), n. a broad fln, arm, or 

mp-per paddle used in swimming, as that 
of the whale, seal, or turtle. 

+ (Hurt), v.t. to move to and fro with a 
nilX short rapid action; throw with a quick 
elastic motion: v.i. make love from mere 
amusement; coquet: n. a coquette; one who 
coquets; a sudden jerk or toss. 

£!• x_ x* (fler-ta'shun), n. the act of 
nil-Ta-UUli pretending to make love; 
coquetry; pretense of affection. 

x_ (fler-ta'shus) , adj. inclined 

mr-ta-tlOUS to be coquettish._ 


flix (flit), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. flitted, p.pr. flit- 
AAAl - ting], to remove (a thing) from one 
house to another [Scot.]: v.i. to pass lightly 
and swiftly along; fly away; skim; migrate, 
flitrh (fhch), n. the side of a hog salted and 
illIvsil cured; as, a flitch of bacon. 

a rx x r (fllt'er-mous"), n. a bat; 

u-ici-muuoc aS) with darkness come 
the owl and flittermouse. 

flif finer (fbt'Ing), p.pr. of flit: n. the act 
111 l- Llilg 0 f flying or moving lightly and 
swiftly; aremoval. 

aq+ (flot), v.t. to cause to rest or be moved 
xLxJcLL 0 n the surface of a liquid; convey 
without effort or will; smooth or level (plaster) 
with a suitable tool; to start, as a business, 
by providing the money needed: v.i. to be 
buoyed or held up on the surface of a liquid 
or gaseous fluid; move lightly or glide with¬ 
out apparent effort; drift about: n. anything 
that rests on the surface of a liquid or buoys 
up something; a raft; the cork or quill used 
in angling; a plasterer’s tool, for spreading 
and smoothing; the water gauge of a steam- 
boiler. 

(flot'er), n. one who, or that which, 
ilUd-L-CI floats; a voter not belonging to 
any particular party; one whose vote may 
be bought, or one who moves from place to 
place so as to repeat his vote. 
f3/-\af tncr (Aot'Ing), p.adj. swimming or 
IfUat-uig beld up on the surface of a 
liquid; free to move about; circulating; not 
fixed or settled; ready for use. 
flnrlr dh>k), n. a company or collection of 
IlUGn. sheep, birds, etc.; a congregation; 
crowd; a lock of wool; flberlike material 
used for stuffing upholstery or cushions, etc.: 
v.i. to come together in a crowd; assemble. 

Syn., n. brood, covey, bevy, 
xi (flo), n. a large flat mass of floating 
liue ice, or a collection of such masses of ice; 
as, the vessel was caught in the floe. 
xj no . (flog), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. flogged, p.pr . 
AA ' J & flogging], to whip; chastise or punish; 
to lash (the w r ater) with the line in angling. 

finer crincr (hog'Ing), p.pr. .of flog: n. a 
riUg-glllg whipping; the act of beating 

with a whip or rod. 

flnnrl (hud), n. a great flow of water; inun- 
IIUUU. dation; high tide; the sea; an 
abundant supply or outpouring of anything: 
the Flood, the Deluge described in Genesis 
vii: v.t. to deluge; inundate; overflow. 
flnnH o-Q+p (flud'gat'), n. a gate In a 
riuuu-ga. lc waterway, which when opened 
allows the water to escape when at a certain 
height. 

finnr? firln (hud tld), the rising tide: 
IIUUU. lluc opposite to ebb tide. 

fl nnr (h° r )> n - the bottom surface of a room 
A -UUI or bouse on which one treads; story 
of a house; a level suite or set of rooms; any 
smooth or level area; pavement; the part of a 
legislative or lawmaking chamber occupied 
by the members; as, the floor of the Senate 
at Washington: v.t. to cover with a floor; 
strike down; hence, put to silence, 
fl nor i-n o (flor'Ing), n. materials for floors: 
llUUI-iilg floors collectively; pavement. 

finnr xxrnWc nr (flor'w6k"er), n. in the 
nOOr-waiK-er United States, an over¬ 
seer in the aisles of a large department store. 

(flop), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. flopped, p.pr. 
UUp flopping], to strike or drop heavily or 
with a jerk: v.i. to plump down; to wave 
back and forth, or to rise and fall, loosely 
and flatly: n. the sound caused by a soft flat 
hody coming suddenly in contact with the 
ground: adv. suddenly. [Cqllqq.] 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 














236 


flue 


flora 


fln r'l (P or( i), n - the native plants of a par- 
ticular region, district, or period of the 
earth’s history; a description of such plants. 

ra 1 (tlp'r&l), adj. pertaining to, resem- 
J.lU-lctA bling, or consisting of, flowers; as, 
a floral wreath. 

pti (flor'en-ten; fior'en-tin), od;. 

jl tut -caa-u.aac: pertaining or belonging to 
Florence, Italy: n. an inhabitant of Florence, 
fir* veto, rpnt (flo-res'ent), adj. breaking 
uu-ibo-ocm into bloom; blossoming. 

fio tp!" (hh'ret), n. a little flower; one of 
aau-ac*, the small flowers that make up 
the head of a composite flower such as the 
daisy, etc. 

An Y~i Pill fur (ho^rl-kul'tur-al), adj. 
llU-Il-bUl-lUI-ctl pertaining to floricul¬ 
ture, or the growing of flowers. 

flo-ri-cul-ture •Q 0,,rI " kal t - ar: fl 5r'j-kur 

flowers. 


11 xvU1 , UUI IVUi “ 

tur), n. the culture of 


fio rl Clll tllf icf (ho"rI-kul'ttir-Ist), n. 
aau aa eui-im-lot OI1 e who is skilled in 

floriculture, or the culture of flowers, 
flnr if! (flhr'Id), adj. bright in color; flushed; 

-i'u- brilliant with decorations; pro¬ 
fusely embellished or elaborately decorated. 
— ado. floridly. 

flot* in (Aor'In), w. a European silver coin, 
-aaa ranging in value in different coun¬ 
tries from forty to fifty cents. 

■flo ricf (flo'rist; flor'Lst), n. one who culti- 
vates flowers for pleasure, or sells 
them for profit. 

■fifjoq (fids), n. waste silk fibers; the soft, 
aavoo downy, silken substance in the husks 
of certain plants. 

An^c Qillr s hk), an inferior un- 

aa<j> 2>3 twisted soft silk, chiefly used 

an embroidery. 

fincc i r (hhs'i), adj. pertaining to, or like, 
soft, untwisted silk; downy; light. 
Ant ncrp (flot'Sj), n. things that rest on 
uui-a b c the surface of a liquid, as drift¬ 
wood; the ability^of anything to float. 

fln to firm ( fl d-ta/shun), n. the act or 
AiU-lct-llUIl s tate of resting on the sur¬ 
face of a liquid. Also, flotage. 

An til la (flo-tll'd), n. a fleet of small ves- 
.7 , , sels • as, a flotilla of destroyers was 

on the lookout for torpedo boats. 

Airf cam (Hot'sam), n. goods lost in ship- 
liui-oam wreck, and found floating upon 
the sea. Also, fiotson. 

flmiTlfP (flouns), n. a narrow piece of 
iiuuiipc cloth sewed to the skirt of a dress 
or petticoat, with the lower border loose and 
spreading; a deep ruffle; a sudden jerk or 
movement of the body, showing impatience: 
v.t. to furnish or trim with deep ruffles: v.i. 
to throw the limbs and body about. 

Anil TIP in or (floun'slng), p.pr. of flounce: 
liig n ma tenal for skirt ruffles. 



flrwrr (fl° ur )- n ■ the fine meal of ground 
aauua wheat or other grain; a fine soft pow¬ 
der: v.t. to sprinkle flour upon.— adj. floury. 

Amir ich (tihr'Ish), V.i. to prosper or 
aauua-aoaa thrive; be vigorous; be copi¬ 
ous or flowery in language; make ornamental 
lines with a pen; boast or brag: v.t. swing 
about or brandish: n. a figure formed by 
lines or strokes fancifully drawn; decoration; 
a musical passage intended only for display; 
ostentatious or showy parade; a waving 
about, as of a sword. 

Syn., v. prosper, thrive. 

Ant. (see decay). 

Amir teh inp- ( fl<ir, Ish-Ing), p.adj. pros- 
liidui loll-nig perous; thriving; vigor¬ 
ous; as, the business is in a flourishing con¬ 
dition. 

Amif (fl° u t). v.t. to insult; treat contemp- 
J.J.UUI tuously; jeer: v.i. to scoff; sneer: 
n. an insult; contemptuous remarks.— adv. 
floutingly. 

Anw (?<)), v.i. to run or spread, as water; 

circulate; glide; rise, as the tide; 
melt; issue forth: v.t. to overflow or inundate: 
n. a current or stream; the rise of the tide. 
Af»W (flou'er), n. that part of a plant 
iiuvv-ci which contains the reproductive 
organs; a blossom; the best, or choicest, 
part of anything; the prime; an ornamental 
expression: v.i. to put forth blossoms: v.t. 
to ornament or cover with blossoms or their 
representation. 



Flounder 


Amirs Apr (Aoun'der), v.i. to struggle, roll, 
xxKj saxi-vx vi or proceed with difficulty, as 

an animal in the mire: n. a flat sea-flsh; a 
Shoemaker’s tool. 


Flower 1, corolla; 2, Calyx; 3, stamen; 4. 
pistil; 5, flower cup; 6, male flower; 7, flower of 
the melon family; 8, hermaphrodite linden 
flower; co, corolla; ca, calyx; e, stamens; v 
pistil; o, ovary. 

Anw pr p+ (hou'er-et), n. a little flower: 
llUW-CI-ei a floret^ Also, flowret. 

Anw er.nnt dioo'er-pSt"), n. a vessel 
aavvv CA containing earth in which 
to grow plants and flowers. 

Anw Pr V (Aou'er-I), adj. abounding in, or 
jlxwv-va-j adorned with, flowers; highly 
figurative or elaborate; as, flowery language. 

Anw inp - (flo'Ing), p adj. moving or pour- 
avaw AA-ig mg forth, as a stream; copious; 
fluent; hanging loosely or swaying. 

A nwtl past participle of the tran- 

xxv w xx S 1 ti ve and intransitive verb fly. 

AllC til flfp (fluk'tfi-at), v.i. to roll to and 

xxxxv xxx-cxlc f ro , as a wave; rise and fa ji 

as the stock market; be undecided or wavering 
—n. fluctuation. 

A UP n - a Pip© or passage to convey 

xxxxv away smoke, hot air, etc.; soft downy 
matter; fluff. 


a . te ’ sei J ate > ™r e , cut, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; coid, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, mer,ii: 




















fluency 


237 


flying 


flu on rv (floo'en-sl), n. the quality of 
llU-cli-oy being eloquent; readiness and 
smoothness of speech; the quality of moving 
freely. _ 

flu out (floo'ent), adj. possessing readiness 
llU-Clit anc i ease of speech; voluble; elo¬ 
quent; moving freely; changeable.— adv. flu¬ 
ently. 

Syn. flowing, glib, lively, unembarrassed, 
ready. 

(fluf), n. light down or fur nap; a 
AAAAAA flash; puff; v.t. to spread out, as 
feathers. 

fluff i nocc (fluf'I-nes), n. the juality of 
AAUAA-A-AACO;::> being downy or fee,thery. 
fluff \T - a dj- consisting of, >r covered 

llUli-j with, light down; downy; feathery, 
flu ifl (floo'fd), adj. capable of flowing; 
AAAA_AAA liquid or gaseons: n. a substance 
which flows. 

Syn., n. gas, liquid. 

flu ifl i tv (floo-Id'i-ti), n. the state or 
AAAA_A ' J -" A-l 'j quality of being liquid or 
gaseous; ability to flow. 

fliilrp (hook), n. the broad part of an 
liUxvc anchor which is fixed into the ground; 
a flounder; a disease in sheep; a kind of po¬ 
tato ; one of the two lobes or ends of a whale’s 
tail; a lucky chance stroke in billiards: v.i. 
to score by a lucky stroke; use the flukes in 
swimming: said of a whale, 
fliimo (floom), n. a channel for carrying 
llulllc water; a gap through which a tor¬ 
rent passes. 

fliim mof v (flum'er-I), n. [pi. flummeries 
num-mer-y (-!z)j, a custard or blanc¬ 
mange; nonsense. 

fl- 1 -i-nrr (flung), past tense and past parti- 
AAAAAA fe ciple of the verb fling. 
fl -nlr (flunk), n. a complete failure: v.i. to 
llUllK f a ii completely; retire through fear 
{Slang.] 

flii-nlr tt (flunk'!), n. [pi. flunkies (-Iz)], a 
li-U-Illk-y liveried servant: used contemptu- 
ously; a toady; snob. Also, flunkey. 
fliiTilr T T iom (fluhk'I-Izm), n. the charac- 
liums.-y-lbili teristics of a servant in 
uniform or of a toady. Also, flunkeyism. 
flu n rpc rpnrp (floo/'o-res'ens), n.the 
UU-U-I co-t/ClIL/t; quality existing m cer¬ 
tain transparent or clear bodies of giving off 
under the action of light a color differing from 
their own; the property possessed by certain 
substances of becoming luminous or bright 
when exposed to X-rays or other forms of 
light.— v.i. fluoresce. — adj. fluorescent. 

^ Is* (floo-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
-01-10 obtained from, fluorine, a pale 


flU- 


greenish-yellow gas. 

~ nr inn (Aoo'or-In; 
-UI -JJ.1C nonmetallic 


flu- 


floo'or-en), n. a 
gaseous element, 

similar to chlorine. I 

(floo-or'o-skop, 

nu-or-o-scope vice for use in making 

X-ray examinations on a prepared screen, 
flu*- y*tt (flur'I), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. flurried, 
nur-ry v flurrying], to agitate, confuse, 
or bewilder: n. a sudden commotion or excite¬ 
ment; hurry; a sudden gust; as, a flurry of 
snowflakes. 

(flush), v.t. to cause to blush; excite; 
nUSIl clean out with a rush of water; 
drive from cover: said of game birds: v.i. to 
blush; glow; to operate a mine where the 
continuous water supply is not sufficient, by 
damming up the water and releasing it at in¬ 
tervals in floods; to fill underground spaces, as 
in mines, with matter swept along by water, 
which after the space has been drained, settles 
and forms a solid ma c s: n. a s udden rush _of. 


flus-ter 


Flute 


water; flow of blood to the face; sudden ex¬ 
citement or impulse ; a flock of game birds put 
to sudden flight; abundance; bloom; growth; 
a hand of cards all of the same suit; a bog or 
morass: adj. level with the surface; quite 
full; abundant; plentifully supplied with 
money; vigorous: adv. so as to be level. 

fluch dorlr ( fldsh d6k >- a deck level 
lltioll U-COxv from stem to stern. 

(flus'ter), v.t. to confuse or agi¬ 
tate; hurry: n. agitation or con¬ 
fusion; excitement. 

fl-M+ck (flbot), n. a musical wind instrument 
lllllc furnished with finger-holes and keys; 
a long channel or ^ 
groove cut in the <j@3SS 
shaft of a column; 
a similar groove 
formed for decoration in wood, cloth, etc.: v.t. 
to sound a flute; form parallel grooves or chan¬ 
nels in; to decorate (wood, cloth, etc.) with 
grooves; as, to flute a ruffle. 

(floot'ed), p.adj. having parallel 
grooves; having the tone or qual¬ 
ity of a flute. 

fl-si-t- in cr (Aoot'Ing), p.pr. of flute: n. a 
llu-l-lllg, channel or groove; work decorated 
with grooves; as, the fluting of a woman’s 
ruffle; a flute-shaped crimp or wrinkle; the 
act of sounding a flute. 

flii-f (floot'ist), n. a performer on the 
HUl-lol fl u te; a flute player, 
fl-ii-i- lot* (flut'er), v.i. to move or flap the 
11U I- lei wings rapidly; move rapidly and ir¬ 
regularly; be in agitation or uncertainty: v.t. to 
cause to move rapidly and irregularly; to throw 
into confusion: n. a quick and irregular motion; 
vibration; state of excitement or anxiety. 

flut-ter wheel S r „r^ie?ate a sS 

placed at the bottom of a chute or trough, 
connected with a chute. 

jg.. i. (floot'I), adj. flutelike in tone; as, a 
nul-y fluty voice. 

T71 * cl (floo'vl-al), adj. pertaining to. 
liu-Vl-ctl growing or living m, or caused by, 
rivers. Also, fluviatile. 

(fluks), n. any flow or issue of matter; 
IlUX q ow of the tide: v.t. to melt or fuse. 
■Anv iz-k-n (fluk'shun), n. the act of floAving 
IlUX-lOll or melting; matter that flows: 
pi. in mathematics, the analysis of very small 
quantities. „ . 

(fll), v.i. [p.t. flew, p.p. flown, p.pr. flying], 
lly to move through, or rise in, the air with 
wings; pass swiftly; to go quickly through the 
air as from some driving source; to float in 
the air, as a flag; move rapidly; run aw;ay; 
part with violence; as, the bottle flew into 
a thousand pieces; to flutter: v.t. to avoid 
or shun; cause to fly or float in the air: n. 
[pi. flies (filz)], a two-winged insect of many 
kinds, including the common house fly; 
a hook dressed in imitation of a fly, used in 
fishing; the outer canvas of a double tent; 
a lap on a garment to cover a fastening; 
a disease in turnips; a hackney carriage: pi. 
space over a stage with apparatus for handling 
scenery, etc. . J 

fl. r n xiroir (ffi'a-wa"), adj. flighty; not 
ny-a-Wd.y level-headed: not restrained. 
.a„ t-i ~, xr (fli'blo"), n. the egg or larva of 
ny-UlOW a fly : V 't. and v.i. [p.p. flyblown, 
p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in meat, etc., 
and spoil it. , , . , 

Att or* (fli'er) , n. one who, or that which, 
liy-Cl flies. Also, flier. 

fl-tr ,‘r.fr (ffiTng), p.adj. adapted for flight; 

floating; waving; brief, or hurried; 
as, he paid a flying visit. __ 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










flying buttress 


follow 


238 


■fl,, i-nrr "hiif troco (fli'Ing but'res), an 
ny-ing DUI-ireSS arched brace for 

strengthening and supporting a part of a 
building. 

■flir -fioVi (fli'Ing fish), a fish with long 

liy-Illg lloli fins that is able to remain in 
the air for a short time. 

•flhr i-nrr iiV» (fli'Ing jib), a sail beyond 
ny-ing Jiu the jib or foremost sail of a 

ship. 

i_ 0 .f (fli'lef"), n. a blank leaf at the 
J-iy-lOcil beginning or end of a book. 

flir cnprlr (fli'spek"), n. the dot or spot 
t-iy -oJJCuiv m ade by the excrement of a 
house fly; hence, any insignificant speck: 
v.t. to soil with flyspecks. 

•flxr wVippI (Al'bwel"), n. a heavy wheel in 
ny-Wiieei a machine to regulate its 

motion. _ 

•fnal (fol), n. the young of a horse, ass, or 
lUd.1 camel: v.i. to bring forth young: said 
of a mare, etc. 

fnam (f° m ). n. the white substance formed 
iUdlli on a liquid by violent shaking or fer¬ 
mentation; froth: v.t. to cause to foam: v.i. 
to gather foam; be enraged or greatly angered; 
froth.— adj. foamy. 

fnVk (fob), n. a small pocket, especially for 
J.UU a watch; a short watch chain or ribbon. 
•fn net) (fo'kal), adj. pertaining to, or placed 
lU-t/di at, a focus or central point. 

■fn ml Hie tanrp (fo'kal dls'tans), the 
iU-bai UAa-LdAAUC distance between the 

center of a lens or mirror and the point 
where the rays converge or meet. 

■fn rno (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses (-ez), foci 
lU-l/Ud (-si)l, the point where a system of 
rays of light or heat meet after being reflected 
or refracted; any central point: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. focused, p.pr. focusing], to bring to a 
focus or center. Also, focalize. 

•fnr\ rlpr (fod'er), n. food for horses, cattle, 
1UU.-LACA or sheep; a weight for lead equal 
to twenty-one hundredweight: v.t. to feed 
with fodder. 

„ (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill-wisher; 
•*•"'2 an enemy in war. 

■inn mon (fo'man), n. [pi. foemen (-men)], 
auc-aaaciaa an adversary or enemy in war. 

(fe'tus), n. the unborn young of 
-Luo animals in the later stage of devel¬ 
opment. Also, fetus. — adj. foetal, fetal, 
fno- (f^g). n. condensed watery vapor near 
•Aug the surface of the sea or land; bewilder¬ 
ment; a cloud or haze obscuring a photo¬ 
graphic plate: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. fogged, p.pr. 
fogging], to become clouded: v.t. to cover 
with mist; to puzzle. 

incr noriTr bank), a dense mass of fog 
AUg UcAAiiv a t S ea, appearing like land in 

the distance. 

rri Itt (fbg'i-11), adv. in a cloudy manner; 
lOg-gl-iy dimly i indistinctly, 
i-y~v Q* q-] pcc (fog I— nes), 7Z. the state of 
A-Ug-gA-AAUOo being cloudy; obscurity; be¬ 
wilderment. 

fner trv (fbg'I), adj. abounding in, or filled 
AUg-gy with, mist and vapor; bewildered; 
obscure. 

fner Vinrn (fog'horn"), n. a siren or horn 
lOg-nuiis. sounded as a warning in a fog 
at sea or on the coast. 

fn cr\T (f°'gl). n - tpb fogies (-glz)], a person 
A U-gj 0 f old-fashioned or eccentric habits 
and ideas. [Colloq.] Also, fogey, fogie. 
fni "hln (foi'bl), n. a failing or defect in 
1U1-LUC character; the weakest part of the 
blade in a sword. 

fnil (foil), v.t. to baffle or frustrate; defeat: 
■lUll n- a ipug ffun fencing weapon with a 


button on the end; the trail of hunted game; 
a thin plate, or sheet of metal; a contrast to 
set something off to advantage; a small arc 
in the tracery of a Gothic window, etc. 


Foil 

fnict (foist)* v.t. to insert wrongfully or 
lUlol surreptitiously; pass or palm off as 
genuine: with in, into, upon. 

TTnlr Vpt (fok'er), n. an early type of 
-T GJv-JVCA German monoplane. 

f nl H (fold) ,v.t.to lay,as one part over another; 
1U1U. inclose; wrap up; shut up in a pen or 
fold: n. a part bent or doubled over another; 
a plait; a pen for sheep; flock of sheep; the 
church. 

f pi H pr (fbl'der), n. one who, or that which, 
iUlU-cl folds; a circular, map, or time¬ 
table; a name for various instruments or con¬ 
trivances for folding. 

■fnl Hp rnl (fbl'de-rol"), n. mere nonsense; 
lUl-llc-lUl a n idle fancy or conceit; a silly 
trifle. Also, falderal. 

fnlH incr rlnnrQ (fold'Ing dorz), a pair of 
iUiU.-li.lg UUJio doors hung on opposite 

side-posts and meeting in the middle. 

in li o roniic (fo"le-a'shus), adj. resem- 
lU-fi-a-tCduo bling, shaped like, or hav¬ 
ing, leaves. 

fn li ocrp (fo'll-aj), n. leaves collectively; 
lU-U-agc the artistic representation of 
leaves, flowers, etc., as in architectural 
decoration. 

fn li afp (fd'H-at), adj. leafy; in the shape 
lU-ll-dLC 0 f a leaf; beaten into a leaf, as 
metal. 

fn li at pH (fo'H-at'Sd), p.adj. beaten, 
lU-ll-ctL-CU formed into, or covered with, 
thin plates; decorated with leaflike orna¬ 
mentation. 

fn li q finn (fo'll-a'shun), n. the act of 
AU-AA-d-lAUAA leafing; the act or process of 
beating a metal into thin plates; the number 
of the leaves of a book. 

fn li n (fo' 11 - 5 : fol'yo), n. a book of the 
1U-11-U largest size formed by folding a 
sheet of paper once; a page of manuscript or 
printed matter; the right and left hand 
pages of a ledger, etc.; in legal documents, 
seventy-two words of manuscript; in Con¬ 
gressional reports, one hundred words; a case 
for music, etc.: adj. consisting of a sheet of 
paper folded once: v.t. to page. 
fnllr d°k)* n. people in general; a kindred 
tribe, race, or nation: pi., colloquially, 
one’s relatives. 

fnllr Hflnrp (fok dans), a dance character- 
auajv vaciaauc i s tic of some special race, 

usually of the peasants of that race. 

fnllr lni*p (fok'lor*), n. popular traditions. 

auj.xV-j.ui c customs, beliefs, etc. 

fnllr enne ( fok song)- a popular song 
AUiJV oUAAg or ballad, illustrative of the 
common life of the people._ 

fnllr crip nr Vi ( f6k s Pech), the language 
AUIJV b|>CCUl or dialect of uneducated 
people. 

fnllr talp ( fok tal )* a story or legend 
A, “' AXV handed down in a certain race 

from its ancestors, and characteristic of that 
race. 

fnl li rip (fbl'I-kl), n. a seed vessel; a very 
aua-aa-uau small tube or cavity; a simple 
gland. 

fnl Inw (fbl'o), v.t. to go or come after; 
AVA_AUVV pursue; succeed in order; accom¬ 
pany; attend; support the opinions or cause 
of; imitate or conform to; watch or attend to 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey,.cord, stop, compare;-unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









follower 


239 


footstalk 


closely; to practice; as, to follow a profession: 
p.i. to go or come after another; result: n. a 
particular stroke in billiards or croquet. 

Sun., r.Jsucceed, ensue, imitate, copy, pur¬ 
sue. 

fol low er ( f61, .9 _gr )’ n -f! ne . who ?? es ? ft ® r 


Syn. simple, brainless, absurd, ridiculous, 
nonsensical. 

Ant. (see wise, discreet). 

/•i • t_ i T . (fbbl'Ish-11), adj. in a senseless 
IOOl-lSn-Ij manner; unwisely; indis¬ 
creetly. 


another; a discipie, attendant, £.--.1 JqVi riPW (fool/Ish-n§s), n. folly; an 
or dependent; one of the same sect or party. lOOi-lail-liCoo unwise act; the quahty 


Syh. partisan, disciple, adherent, retainer, 
pursuer, successor. 

x_i 1 ir in rr (fol'S-Ing), p.adj. succeeding: 
lOl-lOW-ing n . vocation or calhng; disci¬ 
ples or adherents collectively. _ 

fol-low through lo^ng^trSe in gob" 

tennis, or other games by w hich distance and 
direction are given to the ball. 

1 i TT (ffil'I), n. [pi follies (-Iz)], want of 
IOl-iy understanding; foolishness; unbe¬ 
coming conduct; criminal weakness; sin. 

Syn. silliness, foolishness, imbecility. 

Ant. (see wisdom). 

(fo-ment'), v.t. to bathe with 
IO-Ilie 111 warm or medicated liquids; ex¬ 
cite; stir up or instigate. , , . . 

r x„ x* „ (fo^men-ta'shun), n. the 

I0-U16ll-Ia-X1011 a ct of applying warm 
or medicated liquids to a diseased part; the 
liquids so applied; encouragement. 

+/*-»• (fo-ment'er), n. one who m- 
IO-men-Lei stigates or causes trouble. 

j (fond), adj. affectionate; loving; 
IOnU ardently attached or devoted; cher¬ 
ished; partial to; foolishly indulgent.— adv. 
fondly. 

Syn. enamored, attached. 

Ant. (see unfriendly). ... 

„ Ji. (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat with 
lOn-die tenderness; handle tenderly; as, 
to fondle a pet. _ , ,, , 

fond-ling 

which, 

tenderly. 

fond-ness affection; 

(font), n. a vessel 
1U111 to hold the water 
used in baptizing; a com¬ 
plete assortment of one 
size and style of type, 
r j (food), n. nutriment* 

IOQU material for eating; 
that which nourishes or keeps 
active; as, food for thought. 

fool n ‘ a person 


caressed 


., n. tender, 
relish. 


or handled 
doting 



of being unwise. ,. , . . . 

frwvl nrnnf (fbbl'prSbn, adj. designed to 
IOOl-prOUl prevent thoughtless persons 
from harming themselves; as, this gun has not 
only the usual safety catch but another fool¬ 
proof device as well. 

pon (foolz'kap*), n. a size of paper 
IQOib-Ca.p about seventeen inches by four¬ 
teen inches: originally water-marked with the 
cap and bells formerly worn by professional 

r x (foot), n. [pl. feet (fet)], that part of 
10 OX the leg on which an animal walks or 
stands; the lower part, base, foundation, or 
end of anything; that part of a boot or stock¬ 
ing which receives the foot; a measure equal 
to twelve inches; unmounted soldiers; a cer¬ 
tain number of syllables constituting part of a 
verse: v-t» to ctdd foot to, cis s stocking, &dd 
figures in a column, and place the total at the 
bottom; colloquially, to pay; as, to foot the bill. 
r . v it (foot'bol"), n. a favorite college 
IOOX-Dali game, in which two opposing 
teams try to pass a ball by carrying or kick¬ 
ing. through or beyond opposite, goals; a 
large ball of inflated rubber cased m leather 

used in this game. _ . „- 

/• ^x U~ n *-A (foot bord ), n. a board 
IOOt-DOara across the lower end of a 
bedstead; a board used to support the feet, 
r + j (foot'Sd), adj. having feet; having 
I00X-6G. go many, or such, feet; as, four- 
footed, -web-footed. 

r ^ + x i-i (foot'fol"), n. a footstep; the 
I00X-iaiI sound of a footstep, 
r^x t,:i1 (fobf'hfl"), n. a low hill at the 
IOOX-mil bottom of a moimtain range. 

i51d"), n. secure positi 
a place where one may stand 


fOOt hold ^ 6 9 t ' h51d ' ) ’ n ' secure P° sition i 
firmly. 


Baptismal Font 


lacking in rea- 
son or intelligence; 
idiot; in old times, a 
court jester; one who 
acts in an unwise man¬ 
ner; a victim or butt: 
v.t. to make abutt . , , 

of; treat with contempt; disappoint; deceive, 
r ’ 1 „ (fool'er-I), n. [pl. fooleries (-Iz)]. 

1001-er-y habitual folly; absurd 

or action. ,. (fool'har^dl-nes), n. 

IOOI-nar-al-neSS courage without sense 

(foSFh&r'dl). adj unwisely 
lOOl nar-ay bold; daringly rash; regard¬ 
less of consequences or results. 

Syn. venturesome, incautious, hasty, ad¬ 
venturous. 

Ant. (see cautious). _ . 

r t (fool'ing), n. senseless speech or 

IOOl-ing conduct; banter; nonsense. 

<• • *, (fool'Lsh), adj. acting without rea- 

IOOl-lSn son or judgment; weak-minded; 
silly; ridicu lous; tri fling; contemptible. 


£’+ (foot'Ing), n. ground or support 

IOOX-llig for the feet; tread; act of mov¬ 
ing on foot, as in dancing or walking; a firm 
or assured position; state or condition. 

(fobt'lits"), n. a row of lights 
lOOt-llgnXS a t the front of a theater 

stage, and on a level with it. . . TOQ _ 

/- x or , (foot'man), n. [pl. footmen 
loot-man (_ m en)], a servant in uniform 
who attends a carriage, waits on table, etc. 
r ^X „^x^ (foot'not"), n. an explanatory 
XOOX-nOXe or illustrative statement placed 

at the bottom”’of a page. _ 

r__x -.aA (fobt'pad"), n. a highwayman 
I00t-paa who robs on foot; as, bright 
lights are a protection against footpads. 
conduct r^x -„xt, (fSSt'path'), n. a path for the 
co a foot-patn use of people who are walking. 

(foot pound), the unit of 
loot pound energy equal to the work 
required to raise one pound through a space 

of one foot. , ., _ . 

r^x . --x (footprint"), n. the mark 

lOOX-prmt made bv a foot, 
r^^x (foot sol'jer), a soldier 

I00X SOI-aier who serves on foot; an in¬ 
fantryman. , . . . 

r J (foot'sor"), adj. havmg sore feet. 

lOOX-SOre as from walking. 

foot stalk ( fdr>t/st6k ' , - ) l : n - the stem of a 


spindle. 


leaf; the lower part of a mill! 


silly : ridiculous; w muB, ---— — --—— : . • 

azure;’to = ct as’^tch^Hee pronunciation ^ *> ^ 


















footstep 


240 


foreknow 


fnnt cfpn (foot step'), n. a footfall; the 
LC F action of the foot in stepping; the 
sound of a step; the imprint or mark of a foot, 
■fnnf cfnnl (foot'stool'), n. a stool to rest 
iUUl-olUUi the feet on; a downtrodden 
person. 

fnn (fop), n. a man who is devoted to dress; 
AW Jr a dandy; a foolish or silly person. 

Syn. dude, beau, coxcomb, puppy, jacka¬ 
napes. 

f An npr (fbp'er-I), n. f pi. fopperies 
lUp-per-y (-i Z )] t dandyism; folly; foolery; 
absurdity. 

fnn ni<sh (fbp'Ish), adj. like a dandy in 
xvp-|/xoxx dress and manners. 

for ( f6l *)> prep ■ in P lace of; on account of; 

for the sake of; notwithstanding; to 
the number or amount of: conj. because; 
since. 

fnr fliro (for'aj), n. food for horses and 
-age cattle; a search for food or pro¬ 
visions for an army: v.i. to wander about in 
search of provisions or food: v.t. to supply 
with provisions; to strip of provisions, as a 
country in wartime. 

fnr 3 c mnrTi (for"£,z-much'), conj. seeing 
xuA-a.C5-iiiuuii or considering that; as, 

forasmuch as the time is short. 

fnr flv (for'a), n. in border warfare, a raid: 

V to plunder or ravage, 
fnr Ka r? (for-bad'), past tense of the 
iU1 -UO.U.C verb forbid. 

fnr bp^r (for-barO, v.t. [p.t. forbore, p.p. 
lul ' ucai forborne, p.pr. forbearing], to 
abstain from; excuse; spare: v.i. to restrain 
oneself; be patient. 

Syn. abstain, refrain, withhold, 
for-bear fbr'bar), n. an an¬ 


cestor. Also, forebear. 

for-bear anrp (fSr-b&r'&ns), n. pa- 

xui-UCdl-cUlte tience; indulgence; self- 
command. 

for bid IP-*- forbade, p.p. 

xwx forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding], 

to prohibit; command not to do; oppose. 

for-bid-dinp- .(fdr-bld'Ing), p adj. repel- 
xux lent; disagreeable; repul¬ 

sive; as, z, forbidding manner, 
f nrpp, (fors), n. active power; vigor; 

strength; energy; violence; power 
to persuade or convince; meaning; troops; 
armament; a trained or organized body; un¬ 
lawful violence to property or person; any 
cause that .produces motion, or a change 
of motion, in a body: v.t. to compel; over¬ 
power by strength; impel; push; press; strain- 
cause to grow or ripen by artificial or false 
means; as, to force plants to grow by arti¬ 
ficial heat. 

Syn., n. vigor, dint, might, energy, power, 
army, host. 

Ant. (see weakness). 

fnrrpd (f° rs t), pud/, compulsory; strained; 
Z Z, .J* 8 ’ a forced march; affected; as. a 
forced smile. 

fnr CP fill (fors'f 051) , adj. having vigor; 
1UU/C-1U1 strong; powerful; as, a forceful 
speech.— adv. forcefully. 

force TTlPflf (fors'met'), n. meat finely 
1U , C AAA V 1 , chopped and highly sea¬ 
soned, served alone or used as a stuffing, 
fftr f Pn^ (for'seps), n. pincers or pliers for 
seizjng and extracting anything, 
for.ri blp (for'sl-bl), adj. characterized 
. UA UA r,by mental or physical power; 
vigorous;_ violent.— adv. forcibly, 
fnrd (f° r< f), n. a shallow part of a stream, 
1W1U etc., which can be crossed on foot by 
men or animals: v.t. to wade through, or pass 
over without swimming. 


fnrp (for), a prefix meaning before; in front: 
A , c n. the forward part: adj. at or near 
the forward part: interj. a cry used by 
golfers as a signal to persons ahead to get 
out of the way.—fore and aft, the entire 
length of a ship^ 

forp firm (for'arm'), n. the arm between 
xv/x ^-a.xxn the wr j s t a nd elbow: v.t. (for'¬ 
arm'), to prepare for attack or resistance 
before the time of need. 

fot*P bp fit* (for'bar'; for'b&r'), n. an an- 

lUiC-UCdl cestor^ Also, forbear. 

forP bodp ( f br-bod'), v.i. to presage or 
Ufic-UUUc foretell, especially evil; to 
foresee: v.t. to foretell (evil). 

forP bod in O' (f or "bod'Ing), n. a feeling 
lUlC-UUU-lIlg ttia t evil is coming upon 

one; a presentiment of evil; a portent. 

-fr\f‘P poet (for'kast"), n. foresight; pre- 
lUlC-LdoL diction of the weather: v.t. 
(for-kast'), to plan or calculate beforehand; 
foresee; predict. 

Syn., n. forethought, premeditation, 
forp f*£}C! flp (for'kas-1; naut. fok'sl), n. 
A r A ^"V d-b-tAe the P art of a vessel forward 
of the foremast where the seamen eat and 
sleep. 

forp rloQP (fdr-klSz'), v.t. to cut off from 
unc-uubc the right of further chance to 
redeem a property: said of a mortgage.—n 

foreclosure. 

forP doom dor-doom'), v.t. to doombe- 
AUAC o U V UI11 forehand; to destine to calam¬ 
ity beforehand. 

forP fflthpr (fdr'fa'iher), n. a male an- 
k AaUAer , cestor; as, America was set¬ 
tled by our forefathers. 

fore fin frpt* (fbr'flii'ger), n. the finger 
C « AAAA ~° CA next to the thumb; the 

index finger. 

fore foot (fdr'foot'), n. one of the front 
IUIC lUOC feet of a four-footed animal. 

fore-front n - the place far- 

U AA Y 1AL thestfront; the foremost place; 
as, the forefront of the battle. 

fore-p-ath pr (fbr-gatfi'6r), v.i. to assem- 
7 7 , a ,, CA bIe; to associate: followed 
by with. Also, forgather. 

fore-PT> d° r_ gb'), v.t. [p.t. forewent, p.p. 

u foregone, p.pr. foregoing], to re¬ 

nounce or refrain from; go without; deny 
oneself; give up. Also, forgo. 1 

Syn. quit, relinquish, waive. 

fore-pnnp ^ or Son') p.adj. previous; that 
o UAlc has gone before; determined 
in advance; as, a foregone conclusion; un¬ 
avoidable. 

fore-ground K ,g ?’ ou i ld ' ) ’ n - ? hat p art 

&- t -'>ixxxvx 0 f a landscape, picture, or 

scene nearest to the spectator. 

fore-hand (f or 'h&nd'), adj. in tennis, a 
. direct stroke, holding the 

i)all <et WltAl t ^ ie ^ ront °f the hand toward the 
fore-hand-ed ( f br'h&nd'gd). adj. done 

. , A A . in good season or before- 

nand, thrifty in management; done with a 
V1 ew toward the future. 

fore-head n - *5?* p art of the 

hair- brow f between the eyes and the 

for-eien adj. belonging to. or con- 

nected with, another nation or 
country; alien. 

for-eisn-er ( fSr ' In -er), n. a citizen of a 
. CA foreign country; an immi¬ 
grant not admitted to citizenship. 

fore-kllOW ( f dr-no'), V.t. to know in ad- 
the future vance; as ’ ^ cannot foreknow 


Io * C j 1j fSr ’ ds Jb P drade ; scene, event, edge, novel refer 
ght , cold > obe > T i cord > g top, compare; unit, unite, burn, cit, focus,'menu; 











foreland 


241 


forgivable 


j:_„_ lo-nrl (for'land), n. a point of land pro- 
IOie-lcUlU jecting into the sea; headland. 

■frvrck Irw/'lr (for'lok"), n. a lock of hair 
1UI 6-IUC.n. growing on the forehead; a 
linchpin or bolt. 

_ *v, ori (for'man), n. [pi. foremen 
IOre-IUcUl (-men)], the spokesman of a 
jury; an overseer. 

r moci (for'mast), n. the mast nearest 
IOre-IUclbl the bow or front of a vessel, 
r^,.- (for'most), adj. chief; first; 

IOre-niObL as , the foremost man in the 
community; a matter of foremost interest. 
r^,._ „ „ „„ (forenoon'), n. that part of 
iore-nouil the day before twelve o’clock, 
midday; the early part of the day. 

’ C1 * r (fo-ren'slk), adj. pertaining 

IO-reil-bU, to, or used m, courts of jus¬ 
tice or public debate; as, a forensic term; 
suitable for argument. 

Haiti (for"6r-dan'), v.t. to appoint 
iore-or-udlll beforehand; to predestine; 
to decree beforehand.— n. foreordination. 

run (for-run'), v.t. [p.t. foreran p.p. 
IOre-lUIl forerun, p.pr. forerunning], to 
go before; precede; announce. 

(for-run'er), n. a messenger 
tore-run-ner sent before; herald; some¬ 
thing that precedes a person or event. 

Syn. harbinger, omen. 

(for'sal"; naat. for'sl or fosl), n. 
lore-Sail a large square sail, the principal 
one on the foremast. 

r _ _ _ (for-se'), v.t. to have knowledge 

iore-bee of beforehand; to see before- 


_t_«H r\i tt (for-shad'o), v.t. to .sug- 
iore-snaa-ow gest beforehand; to show 
beforehand by an indistinct representation or 
flfTUTG 

x® ^ (for'shor"), n. that part of a 

I Ore-SllOre beach or shore between 
high and low water marks, 
r j' „ (for-shor'tn), v.t. in draw- 

lore-snort-en ( ng or painting, to short¬ 
en or make objects smaller so that they 
will appear in the picture as they look when 
viewed obliquely, or so that objects in the 
background will appear smaller than those 
In the foreground; to give perspective to. 
e (for'sit"), n. the power of s. 

fore-Slght ing in advance; heedful 
thought for the future. x A „ . 

C ~ - _ 4 - (fbr'est), n. a large extent of ground 
IOr-eSI covered with trees; woodland; an 
uncultivated tract of land, more or less cov¬ 
ered with trees and undergrowth: adj. per- 
taining to woodland; rustic; sylvan: v.t. to 
cover with trees or woods. 

r __ It (for-stol), v.t. to get ahead of; 

lOrC-STcUJ. to hinder; prevent; anticipate 

or expect; buy up in advance. 

-A--.. (for'sta"), n. a strong rope 
I ore-St ay reaching from the foremast¬ 
head to the bow of a vessel to strengthen the 

foremast. (f6r ,g s _ t g r) , n . one skived in 

tor-est-er knowledge oftreesand timber; 
an officer who has charge of a forest; an in¬ 
habitant of a forest or wild region. 

X (for'est-rl), n. the art of culti- 

lor-est-ry V ating trees in woodland or 

managing tirnber^^^^ ^ f tQ e njoy before 
fore-taste possessing: n. (for'tast ), a 


beforehand so that affairs will shape them¬ 
selves as desired. 

Iron (for'to'kn), n. an omen: v.t. 
IOre-tO-Ken (f 5 r-to'kn), to be a sign 
coming before; to be an omen of; as, the 
violence of the storm foretokened disaster to 

the ships. , , , .. 

X__ (for'top"), n. the platform at the 

IOre-XOp head of a foremast. 

+ (for"top'mdst), n. the 

IOre-XOp-UldbL section of a mast above 
the foremast. 

r-,. r Q-r (for-ev'er), adv. at all times; 
101-6V-cl through eternity; perpetually. 

Syn. endlessly, interminably, eternally, 
always, unceasingly. _ 

X- -mn-rcs (for-ev'er-mor), adv. 

tor-ev-er-more an emphatic word for 

forever. ^ . . 

..Torn (for-worn'), v.t. to advise or 
I0r6-Wd.ni warn beforehand; as, to fore¬ 
warn a person of danger. 

-frk-ro wrvrrl (f°r'wurd"), n. a preface; in- 
iore-woru troduction to a book. 
f r *x (for'fit), n. a fine or penalty: v.t. 
ior-ien to lose, as a position, right, or 
advantage, by neglect: adj. alienated or lost. 

_ £• (for'fl-tfir), n. the act of los- 

lor-iei-xuro ing possession; that which 

is yielded; penalty. 

(for-fend'), v.t. to ward off; as, 
101-16IIU. Heaven forfend such a disaster. 
£-.- rra+h (for-gaf/i'Sr), v.i. to assemble. 
IOr-gdlll-Cl to come together. Also. 

foregather. _ ^ v 

tense of the 




■fW crckxra (for-gav'), past 
ior-gdv 6 verb forgive. 

(forj - , forj), v.t. to fashion (a piece of 
I01g6 metal) by heating and hammering; 
form into shape; invent; 
counterfeit, with intent 
to defraud; impel for¬ 
ward: v.i. to be guilty 
of counterfeiting with 
intent to defraud; go 
slowly or with difficulty: 
n. an open fire in which a black¬ 
smith heats irons by forced 
draft, and fashions the metal 
while hot; a place where metal 
is heated and shaped; 
smithy; workshop. 

Syn., v. coin, invent, 
frame, feign, counterfeit. 

■f/vrrr or (for'jer; for'jer), n. one 
IOlg-6I who commits the crime 
of counterfeiting handwriting; one who heats 
and shapes metal. ^ .. . 

r „ __ (for'jer-I; for'jer-I), n. the act 

ior-ger-y of counterfeiting the hand¬ 
writing of another with intent to defraud; the 
act of counterfeiting or making false com. 

(for-get'), v.t. [p.t. forgot, p.p. for- 
ior-gex go tten, p.pr. forgetting], to lose 
the remembrance of; overlook or neglect; 

r..1 (for-get'fdol), adj. apt not to 
IOr-geX-IUl remember; neghgent; heed¬ 
less.— adv. forgetfully. w v . 

r (f6r-get'fool-n6s), n. 

for-get-ful-ness the quahty of not 

remembering; loss of remembrance; neglect. 
£ (for-get'me=n6t*), n. a 

for-get-me-not small plant -With small 

bright sky-blue flowers. , , 

(for'jfng), n. metal shaped by 
_ mg hammering; as, the steel forgings 

in a bridge. .. ,,, .. 

£„ r Q-:,- a U1 P (for-glv'a-bl), adj. that 
10r-glV-q.-P16 may be pardoned. 











forgive 


242 


fortissimo 


fnr crivn (f5r-glv), v.t. [ p.t. forgave, p.p. 
A '- ,A o AVC forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to par¬ 
don; remit, as a sin, offense, debt, etc.: v.i. 
to display clemency or leniency. 

Syn. pardon, remit, absolve, acquit, excuse, 
except. 

fpr crivo TlnQQ (fbr-glv'nes), n. pardon; 
AVAv v-ugoo remission; as, forgiveness 
of sin. 

for fro (for-go 7 ), v.t. to give up; to deny 
oneself; to renounce; to abstain from. 

Also, forego.—n. forgoer. 

for crot tnn (for-got'n), past participle of 
1 '-' A the verb forget. 

forlr (f® r ^) ’ n - an instrument with two or 
more prongs intended for picking up 
or holding something; anything resembling, 
or branching like, a fork; the angular opening 


form a (for'mn-tlv), adj. giving 

lUilu-a-llvc shape to; tending to mold; 
plastic or pliable: n. a word made by adding 
a prefix or suffix. 

for rtlPr (for'mer), adj. preceding in time 
-AAA '' A or place; previously mentioned: n. 
(former), one who shapes or molds; a maker. 

Syn., adj. antecedent, previous, prior, fore¬ 
going. 

for mor (for'mer-lf), adv. anciently; 
±Ui-iiiCi.-ly some time ago; as, modes of 
travel were formerly less convenient than 
they are to-day. 

for mi Ha Kin (for'ml-dd-bl). adj. excit- 
A ” A -Illl-Cld.-Dlti i n g dread; fearful; power¬ 
ful.— adv. formidably. 

form Ioqq (fSrm'les), adj. without definite 
luiiii-icoo shape; lacking regularity of 


~i j... w tMiRuioi, ; - biiape, ia< 

or place of division caused by the meeting of | outline.—n. formlessness, 
t wo roads or rivers: v.t. to raise, throw, or dig f ~1 (for'mbl), n. a solution of formal 

lUI-lIiUI dehyde. ^Also, formalin. 


with a pronged tool: v.i. to branch off. 
forkod tforkt, or fork'ed), adj. having 
iv/intu prongs; opening into two or more 
parts; zigzag, as lightning, 
fnr Inrn (for-lorn'), adj. abandoned; de- 
loi-ioiix serted; destitute; miserable; be¬ 
reft; hopeless. 

Syn. forsaken, desolate, lone. 

for-lom hnnp (for-lorn' hop), a body of 
iui lolll J.1UJJC men detached for some 

service of great danger; a hopeless enterprise 
or undertaking. 

form (form), n. the external or outward 
1U11U appearance or shape of anything; 
image; likeness; orderly arrangement; beauty; 
symmetry; determinate shape or structure; 
established practice, or ritual: a mold or 
pattern; a long bench without a back; a 
class; state of high condition or fitness; as, 
he was playing in good form; types, plates, 
etc., locked in a frame ready for printing: 
v.t. to give shape to; create; mold to a 
particular pattern; conceive or imagine; 
constitute; devise; adjust: v.i. to take shape. 

Syn., n. observance, rite, figure, shape, 
fashion, appearance, semblance. 
ff»r mfll (for'mal), adj. according to cus- 
a- xna .a tom or established rules; precise; 
ceremonious; conventional; essential; hav¬ 
ing the outward shape without the inward 
reality.— adv. formally. 

Syn. ceremonious, precise, exact, stiff, 
methodical, affected. 

Ant. (see information, natural). 

form-al-de-hyde S r ‘S' i i!;“i^a n s l 

disinfectant or purifier and as an antiseptic, 
fnr mfll in (for'ma-lln), n. a solution of 
u/i-mai-ux formaldehyde, used for pre¬ 
serving animals, etc. Also, formol. 

fnr mnl icm (fSr'mal-Izm), n. exact ob- 
lorn S ervance of outward rites 
and customs, especially in religious duties; 
stiffness of manners or behavior.—n. formalist. 

fnr trial i tv (for-mal'l-tl), n. [pi. formali- 
A '“' 1 -xllal-L- ly ties (-tfz)], strict adherence 
to external customs; ceremony; method or 
mode. 

fnr mal ivn (f®r'mal-iz),».f. to give shape 
to; to make stiff, precise, or 

ceremonious. 

fnr mat (f5r-m5t'; for'ma'), n. the whole 
style and size of a book, including 
the paper, type, and binding. [Fb.] 

for-ma-tinn (f^-ma'shun) , the act of 
U- if • molding or shaping; that 

which is shaped; structure; figure; pro¬ 
duction; a group of strata or rock of nearly 
the same age having certain common char¬ 
acteristics. 


fnr mil la (for'mu-ld), n. 
lUi-IIlu-lcl (_iaz), formulae 


in 

as, a 


[pi. formulas 
v —,, - (-le)], a pro¬ 

scribed rule or model; a group of symbols, 
expressing the composition or contents of 
a chemical compound; an orderly statement 
of faith or doctrine; a prescription; a recipe; 
the expression of a rule by algebraic symbols, 
fnr mil (for'mfl-lat), v.t. to put into 

A ' JA “-mw-iaic the terms of, or reduce to, a 
rule or recipe; fix or state, in definite terms. 
n. formulation. 

fnr -ni rn tinn (for "nl-ka'shun), n. un- 
acji- ni-Cd-uuil lawful sexual intercourse. 

fnr caltp (fOr-sak'), v.t. [p.t. forsook, p.p. 
icm. -oanc forsaken, p.pr. forsaking], to 
leave; desert; abandon; depart from. 

fnr ennth (for-sooth'), adv. verily; 

1U1 -oUU III truth: usually ironical; 

gallant gentleman, forsooth! 

fnr cwpfir (for-swar'), v.i. [p.t. forswore, 
lui-owcai p p . forsworn, p.pr. forswear¬ 
ing], to take an oath falsely: v.t. to deny on 
oath; renounce earnestly. 

fnrf (f° rt )> n - an inclosed fortified place; 

iwi l castle; fortrass. 

fnr fa linn (for'ta-lls), n. a small fort or 

fortified place. 

fnrtn (fort), n. one’s strong point, or special 
talent;_ as, his forte was music, 
fnr tn (for'ta), adj. and adv. loud: a term 
ia/a-lc found in music. [It.] 

forth (forth), adv. onward in time, place, or 
tAA order; forward; abroad; away. 

forth rnm it! O’ (fprth'kum'Ttag; forth'- 
1U1 Lll-CUlll-lIlg kum'Ing), ladj. ready or 

about to appear: n. a coming forth. 

fnrth riaht (forth'rit'; forth'rit'), adv. 
iui in ligiit straightforward; at once. 

fnrth with (forth "with'; forth'with'), adv. 
loi ui-wiui immediately; directly; as, 

he forthwith obeyed the command. 

fnr ti nth (for'tl-eth), adj. next In order 
nji-li-eill a ft er thirty-ninth: n. one of 
forty equal parts. 

for ti fi pn tinn (f6r'tl-fl-kd'shi5n),n.the 
lor-tl-n-ca-lion art or science of build¬ 
ing or strengthening defenses; a military 
work erected for defense; a strengthening. 
Syn. fort, citadel, stronghold. 

fnr ti fi nr ((forttl-fi'er), n. one who. or 
loi-u-ii-ci that which, fortifies or makes 

strong. 

for ti fv (for'tl-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. forti- 
7 fled, p.pr. fortifying], to strengthen 

by military works; make strong; encourage 
or confirm: v.i. to erect works of defense, 
fnr+ic cj mn (for-tls'I-mo), adj. and adv. 

t ,” dl-AAAU very loud: a term used in 
music. [It.] 


rhrbt Se 5^ e ’ P« rade ; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 














fortitude 


243 


four-in-hand 


+i -6-11 si (for'tl-tud), n. mental strength 
lor-ll-xuue to endure suffering or adver¬ 
sity with courage. 

Syn. endurance, resolution, fearlessness, 
dauntlessness. 

Ant. (see weakness). 

r _, (fort'nit; fort'nit), n. a period 

tort-nignt of two weeks. 
r_x _ • v»x i Tr (fort'nit-ll), adv. once every 
iori-mgill-iy fourteen days: ad), coining 


), adj. happening 
fortune; lucky; 


_ a child 

reared by one 


or issued every fortnight; as, the Fortnightly 

(for'trgs), n. a large permanent 
ior-iresb fortified place for defense or 
security; castle; fort. 

*sii- +11 i foil c (ffir-tu'l-tds). adj. happen- 
IOr-LU-l-lUU& i n g by chance; accidental; 

casual.— adv. fortuitously. . . 

x t , • (f6r-tu'l-tl), n. [pi. fortuities 

IOr-IU-l-iy (-tlz)J, an accidental occur¬ 
rence; chance. 

for-tu-nate tffgo'Jd ■ 

successful. 

Syn. happy, prosperous. 

Ant. (see unfortunate). . , , 

+11 1-10+^ 1 -it (for'tti-n&t-ll), adv. luck- 

tor-tu-nate-iy ii y; happily; so as to 

bring success or prosperity. 

+11 (for'thn), n. the good or ill that 
lOl-lUIlC happens to mankind; chance; 
fate* estate; wealth; possessions; future 
destiny; as, to tell one’s fortune. 

Syn. luck, property, possession, riches. 

Ant. (see loss, misfortune), 
r 1 x„l_ ^ 1,1111+ or (for tdn hun'tSr), 

for-tune fiunt-er one who seeks to 

marry an heiress or wealthy woman. 

+tt (for'tl), adj. one more than thirty- 
lOr-ty nine: n. the sum of ten and thirty; 
the sign representing it, as 40 or xl. 

A (fo'rum), n. [pi. fora -ra), forums 

10-rUm (_rumz)], the public place of meet¬ 
ing in ancient Rome where the law courts, 
public offices, etc., were situated; hence, a 
place of public resort, or court of law; a gath¬ 
ering for public discussion. 

(for'werd), adv. onward; in 
tor-war a advance; toward the forepart: 
adi. situated near the front; early in season 
or preparation; ready; prompt; P re sump- 
tuous; unreserved; not overmodest, eager, 
earnest; impertinent: inter], on! v.t. to help 
onward; hasten; improve; transmit. 

£ ~~A (for werd-nes), n. tne 

for-ward-ness state of being in ad¬ 
vance- readiness; impertinence; pertness. 
r ' „lA (for'werd-er), n. one who 

f0r-Ward-6r promotes or helps along; a 
merchant who transmits goods; in b-ook- 
binding, the workman who puts the book int 
its cover and passes it on to the finisher. 

j c (for'werdz), adv ..in the direction 
tor-waras of the front. Also, forwaid. 

(f6s),n. a ditch, or moat, in a torti- 
iOSS fication, usually full of water. Also, 

fosse. (f5s'll), n. any organic body, as an 
fOS-Sll animal or plant, which by burial in 
the earth has become petrified or changed to 
stone- a person antiquated or °]^;£ ashl °™; d 
in hfs’ideas: adj. Pertaining to. of the nature 

of, or converted into, a fossil, dug from tne 

® arth ’ (fds'Il-If'Sr-fls). adj. 

fOS-Sll-lf-er-OUS containing fossils, or 

bodtes changed £££»>* ( ^ v { M 

fOS-Sll-lZe or turn to stone; to render, or 
become, antinuated or old-fashioned. 


+*,*•' (ffts'ter), v.t. to nourish; nurse; 
IOS-ier r ear up; sustain or support; 
cherish. 

Syn. tend, harbor, nurture. 

Ant. (see neglect). 

fos-ter child ch ' ld) - 

who is not its parent. .. . . 

r 1^ x (fot). past tense and past participle 

lOUgllX of the verb fight. 

+/,ii1 (foul), adj. offensive, morally or physi- 
IOU 1 cally; dirty; impure; filthy; hateful; 
loathsome; disgraceful; unfair; cloudy and 
stormy; contrary, as a wind; thick with 
weeds, etc.; entangled, as an anchor: n. an. 
unfair play in football or other games; ft 
wilful collision; in baseball, a ball struck by 
the batter which first strikes the ground out¬ 
side of the base lines: v.t. to make dirty; 
sully or defile; come into collision with: ®.f. 
to become dirty; in baseball, to strike a foul 
ball.— adv. foully. 

Syn., adj. impure, nasty, unclean. 

Ant. (see pure, clean). 

foulard '[ST 1 S S' : foo ' ilr, ■ n - * 


silk, or silk-cotton washable 
dress fabric; a silk handkerchief for wear 
round the neck or head. [Fr.] 
x rt ,,l (foul'nfis). n. the state or qual- 

IOUi-neSS jt y of being unclean. 

A (found), past tense and past par- 
lOUXlG ticiple of the verb find: v.t. to lay 
the basis of; build; fix firmly; establish; 
originate; form by melting a metal ana pour- 
ing it into a mold; cast. 

i (foun-da'shfin), n. th® 

toun-aa-tion basis or lowest part of ft 
structure; groundwork; the principles or 
origin of anything; an endowment or gift of 
money to support an institution; the first 
stitches in knitting or crochet. . 

j (foun'der), n. one who starts, 
iouna-er lays the basis of, or originates; 
builder; one who casts metal: v.t. to sink 
by filling with water; disable or make lame: 
said of a horse: v.i. to fill and sink; go lame, 
■fz-vimr? inrr (founding), n. the method of 
iouna-mg making articles of cast iron, 
brass, etc., by melting and pouring into ft 
mold; the establishment of an institution, etc. 
I.,,,.! li'no- (found'ling), n. a child found 
touna-ling a ft er having been deserted 
by its parents, who are unknown 
r rlfir (foun'drl), n. [pi. foundrie® 

loun-ary (_driz)], the place where metai 
casting is carried on; as, an iron foundry. 
!.,,„+ (fount), n. a spring of water; original 
IOUni source ; as, the fount of every blessing. 

+o;-n (foun'tln), n. a natural or arti- 

xoun-xain flcial spring of water; the head 
or source of a river; a jet or spout of -water; 

the first cause or origin. 

£ x •*, Vi a n/1 (foun'tIn-h6d). n. the 

foun-tain-neaa spring from which ft 

stream flow's; the first source 
r x • (foun'tln pgn), a pen 

foun-tain p6H having a space in the 

holder for a supply of ink. _ 

r (for), adj. consisting of one more than 

lOUl three; a cardinal numeral: n. the sum 
of three and one; the sign representing it. 
as 4 or iv; a four-oarod boat, or its crew. 

+lii J (for'fold*), n. a Quantity four 

tour-ioia times as much: ad), consisting 
or made up of four: adv. four times. . 

£ Vion/I (for'In=Mnd ), n. a coach 

tour-in-nana drawn by four horses and 
driven by one person; a necktie, worn tiedin 
a knot so as to leave the ends hanging down. 
adj. an d adv. with a team of four horses.- 
















foumeau 


244 


franctireur 


fftlir tipjiii (fo 3 r'no'), n. the chamber of 
luux-ugau a m i ne } n which the powder is 

placed. [Fk.] 

fr»irr ra trorp (foo' 1 'ra'’’zhar'), n. adecora- 
A w _JL c tion granted to an entire 

body of troops for distinguished bravery in 
action, consisting of a braided cord of a 
designated color, to be worn about the left 
shoulder seam of the coat by every man of 
the unit so decorated. [Fr.] 

fniir corn p (for'siim), n. in golf, a match 
-ou-uc in which two play on eachside. 

fniir c n 11 a t* P (for'skwar"), adj. and adv. 

having four equal sides; 
upright and honest; in a square form. 

four fppn (for'ten"; for"ten'), ad], con- 
ivui-iccii. sisting of four more than ten: 
n. the sum of thirteen and one; the sign rep¬ 
resenting it, as 14 or xiv. 

four iiP^ntn (for'tenth"; for^tenth'), ad). 
umi-lCvUUl fourth in order after tenth: 
n. one of fourteen equal parts, 
foilrfh (forth), adj. next in order after 
x u.1. cn third: n. one of four equal parts; 
a musical interval or space of two tones and 
one semitone: Fourth, the fourth day of 
July; Independence Day. 

fourth hr (forth'll), adv. in the fourth 
tii-ij place; as, fourthly, I shall 
prove to you, etc. 

fowl (f° u l)> n • a bird, especially, the com- 
iuvvi mon rooster or hen; poultry; birds 
collectively: v.i. 
for sport or food. 

fOWl-er \ V". ? ne „ w bo catches or 


f r o poo (fra'kris; Fr. frd'ka'), n. a noisy 
ua-i/ao quarrel; as, the boys engaged in a 

general fracas. 

fra r fircn (frak'shun), n. a part broken off; 
iiae-uuu ac t 0 f breaking; the state of 
being broken; a part of a unit, as l A. 

£ rac firm a\ (frak'shun-al), adj. pertain- 
xciv-nun-ax j n g to, or constituting, a 

fraction; very small. 

frap firmo (frak'shus), adj. unruly; cross; 
nai/-uuao peevish; rebellious; as, a, frac¬ 
tious child.— n. fractiousness. 

Syn. touchy, testy, peevish, fretful. 

Ant. (see tractable). 

frar furP (frak'tur), n. a part broken; a 
uat-iui v; break caused by violence; sepa¬ 
ration; the direction in which a mineral 
breaks so as to show its texture: v.t. and v.i. 
to break or crack, as a bone, etc. 
frao tip (fraj'Il), adj. easily broken; weak; 
AA CI &~ AAC delicate; as, fragile china. 

Syn. brittle, fra.il, feeble. 

Ant. (see strong). 

fra 011 1 tv (irfi-jil'i-tl), n. the state of 
ax being delicate or easily broken. 

fra O' npnf (frag'ment), n. a part broken 
AA CA o -AAAV ' AA1 ' oflC f rOEa a whole; an imperfect 

part. 

fra O' mpn fa rv (fr’ag'men-ta -rl), adj. 
AACA 5 -AAAC;AA-l ' ct_A j pertaining to, or com¬ 
posed of, broken parts; disconnected. Also, 

_ _^ ^ w ^ ^ t - p fr 3 ,^ni 6 P 

to catch or kill wild birds f r a-graxice ( fr a'?rans),_ n. the state or 


kills wild birds for sport or food, 
fowl in O (foul'Ing). n. the act or practice of 
^ AAA o catching or shooting_ wild birds. 

fowl inp - ■niprp (foul'Ing pes), a light 
picuc guu ased for bird shoot . 

lng and ordinary sport. 

foir ( f bks), n. a small animal ot the dog kind 
a v a. noted for its cunning; hence, a sly, 
cunning person: v.t. to make sour, or turn 
reddish; repair: said of boots; watch slyly: 
v.i. to turn sour or become reddish; act as a 
spy. 

fov Kriicli (foks brush), the tail of a 
jlva hi U&U fox; aS( tbe f OX brush is the 
trophy of the chase. 

fflYPfi (f°kst), p.adj. stained, as timber, or 
spotted, as prints, books, etc., with 
& reddish discoloration or stain; repaired 
with leather: said of a boot. 

fOY pi OVP (fbks'gluv), n. any of various 
lUA-giuyc plants of the flgwort family, 
the most common having purple flowers, 
and leaves which are used in medicine. 

fov orarif* (foks grap), any one of sev- 
xkja. giapc eraj i f i nds of American grapes. 

fOY Hound (f^ks'hound"), n. one of a 
1UA IIJUIIU. breed of dogs used for fox¬ 
hunting. 

fOY i_n P5C (fok'sl-nes), n. sly cunning, or 
iUA-i-iicaa shrewdness; the state of being 
decayed, or sour. 

f rj'y in O' (f^k'slng), n. a piece of leather used 
wA-mg in mending the upper of a shoe. 

fOY fnil (mks'tal"), n. the name of various 
AUA-iau kinds of grass; the tail or brush 
of a fox. 

fnY trot F^ks trot), a modern dance in 
~ four-four time, including walking 

steps, two-step, etc. 

fOY V (f^k'sl), adj. pertaining to, or like, a 
y fox; cunning; crafty; reddish-brown; 
soured; discolored or stained, 
fnu pt* (foi'er; fwa"ya'), n. the lobby or 
* entrance hall of a theater, hotel. 
etc.; m France, a hearth or home [Fr.] 


quality of being sweet-smell¬ 
ing. Also, fragrancy. 

fra oranf (fra'grant), adj. sweet-smelling; 
iia-giani as, a fragrant flower.— adv. 
fragrantly. 

fr a i 1 (fral), adj. fragile or easily broken; 

brittle; weak, physically or morally; 
infirm: n. a basket made of rushes, 
frail tv (fral'tl), n. [pi frailties (-tlz)J, weak- 
7 . Sir. ness: physical, mental, or moral; 
liability to be deceived or misled; a failing; 
a sin due to lack of control or moral weakness, 
tramp (fram), n. something constructed or 
, c made of parts fitted and joined 
together; that on which anything is held or 
stretched; as, a quilting frame; any con¬ 
trivance for inclosing, admitting, or sup¬ 
porting something; as, a window frame; 
shape; temper; state; as, of the mind: v.t. 
to fit (one thing) into another; shape or form; 
adjust or regulate; invent; adapt. 

Syn., v. construct, coin, forge, mold, feign 
make. 

fram.pr (fram'er), n. one who fits or 
aicuu-ci shapes; a contriver; as, the 
framers of a tariff bill. 

frarnp wnrlr (fram'wOrk"), n. that which 
. incloses or supports any¬ 

thing; the basis for a more complete structure. 
franc ( fralA k), n. a French coin, the unit of 
monetary value equal to 19.3 cents, 
frfltl rfilQP (fran'chiz; fran'chlz), n. lib- 
A . AA . AA1J>C erty; freedom; the constitu¬ 
tional right of suffrage, or right to vote; a 
particular privilege or right granted by a 
sovereign or by a legislative or lawmaking 
body to an individual, or to a business com¬ 
pany: the district or jurisdiction to which a 
particular privilege extends. 

Syn. right, exemption, immunity, privilege, 
freedom, suffrage. 

Fran 01 can (fran-sis'kan), adj. pertain- 
£ A<U1 vla-l/dJl in g to the 0rder Qf st 

f rancis: n. a friar or monk of that order. 

franc-ti rpitr (fr8.n'te"rfir') t n. a soldier 
, a LA A c Ui belonging to a detached 
corps of troops; a sharpshoo ter. [Fr.] 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus/menu; 













frangibility 


245 


freeze 


ft-an o-i Viil i* (fran"jl-bil'l-tl), n. the 
irdJI-gl-011-1-iy state or quality of being 

frangible, or breakable. 

•f-ro-n cr i Klo (fran'ji-bl) ,adj. easily broken ; 
ircUl-gl-Uie aSi frangible bones. 

■fronlr (frank), adj. open or ingenuous; 
110.11x1 candid; outspoken; unreserved: 
n. a signature that exempts or releases mail- 
matter from payment of postage; a letter 
privileged to go post-free: v.t. to send or have 
conveyed (as a letter) free of charge. 

Syn., adj. artless, sincere, free, easy, familiar. 
Ant. (see tricky, insincere). 

frantr in ppiicp (frank'In-sens), n. a 
irailxv-lIl-LcIlbv? fragrant or sweet¬ 
smelling resin burnt as incense. 

•froinlr lin (frank'lln), n. in England, very 
lrdlllk -1111 early, a free tenant who held 
big land in his own right and not from a feudal 
lord; later, a well-to-do landowner. 

Ironlr 1 v (frank'll). adv. candidly; openly; 
iro.lllv.-iy without concealment. 

■f-ro-nlr nocc (frank'ngs), n. candor; open- 
11 ctilxV.-liCbo ness; as, he spoke with great 

frnn 

r™ +,V (fran'tik), adj. violently mad or 
irdJl-LU> distracted; wild and disorderly.— 
adv. frantically. 

Syn. furious, raving, frenzied. 

Ant. (quiet, subdued). 

fr-c-n. (fra"pa'), adj. chilled with ice: 

trap-pe a water ice. [Fr.J 

tiol (fra-tfir'nal), adj. pertaining 
li d- Id -lldl io, becoming, or like, brothers 
— adv. fraternally. 

(frat'er-niz), v.i. to associate 
irai-er-llize or hold fellowship as broth¬ 
ers. . , _ 

x_ 0 + + T , (fra-tur'ni-tl), n. [pi. fra- 

Ira-ter-ni-ty ternities (-tlz)l, brotherly 

relationship; a body of men banded together 
by a common bond of interest; men of the same 
profession or class; a college secret society. 

(frat'ri-sid; fra'tri-sid), n 
Irat-n-Ciae the crime of killing a broth¬ 
er; one who kills a brother. . 

(frod), n. deceit; artifice; trick; 
irdUU cheat; a humbug. . . 

Syn. deception, duplicity, guile, imposition. 
Ant. (see honesty). N . ., 

ii IpnrP (frod'u-lens), n. deceit- 
iraua-u-ience fulness; trickery; un¬ 
fairness. Also, fraudulency. 

ii 1 on+ (frod'u-lent), adj. charac- 
iraua-u-iem terized by, founded on, or 


obtained by, 

lently. 


unfair methods.— adv. fraudu- 


(frot), p.adj. laden; charged; as, 
iraugm the expedition was fraught with 


v.t. and v.i. 
to become 


danger. , . 

f*-0T7 (fra), n. a not; quarrel: 

Ildy to chafe or wear away; 
unwoven: said of any fabric. , 

f - QT . (fra'Ing), p.pr. of fray: n. the act 

iray-ing of wearing away by friction or 

(fraz'l). v.t. to fray or tatter, as 
fraz-zle cloth: n. frayed ends; state of 

being frayed. [Colloq.J . . 

(frek), n. sudden or capricious change 
ireaK of mind, or whim; a prank; an ab¬ 
normal animal or plant: v.t. to spot or streak. 

Syn.,n. fancy, humor, vagary, whim, caprice. 

Ant. (see purpose, resolution). 
r MO l. ; c u (frek'Ish), adj. full of whims 
treaK-lSn qj. pranks; odd; abnormal. 
adv. freakishly. — n. freakishness. 

(frek'l), n. a brownish spot in the 
freCK-le skin: v.t. to mark with freckles: 
v.i. to become freckled. 


(fre), adj. [comp, freer, superl. freest], 
llctJ without restraint; at liberty; per¬ 
mitted; liberal; generous; open; guiltless; 
independent; familiar; without ccst; noc 
arbitrary or despotic: spirited; not attached 
or fixed; invested with, or having, the right 
to vote, etc.: v.t. to set at liberty; emanci¬ 
pate; rid or exempt; clear: often with of: 
adv. gratuitously; without restraint.-— adv. 
freely. „ . 

Syn., adj. generous, bounteous, frank, art¬ 
less, candid, familiar, unconfined, unreserved, 
exempt, easy, careless. 

Ant. (see slavish, confined). 

Uo rA (fre'bord"), n. that part of 
iree-UOd.IU the side of a ship between 
the upper edge, or gunwale, and the water line. 

^ -l _ ar (fre'boot"er), n. one who 
iree-DOOI-er roves about for plunder or 
pillage; buccaneer or pirate. 

^ ^ j (fred'man), n. [pi. freedmen 

ireea-man (_men), a slave who has been 
legally emancipated, or set free, 
r ? j ___ (fre'dum), n. the state of being 
iree-aom free; liberty; independence; 
ease in performance; particular privilege; 
absence of conventionality; undue familiarity. 

Syn. unrestraint, license, franchise, exemp¬ 
tion, privilege. 

Ant. (see slavery). . 

Un-nA (fre'hand ), adj. drawn by the 

Iree-nana band without the aid of in¬ 
struments. . „ ,. 

x,._. _ u (fre'han"ded), adj. gen- 

iree-nana-ea erous, liberal; as, he was 

free-handed with his money. ... , 

V,/-v 1/4 (fre'hold"), n. the holding of 

free-nola i an d for life, or so that^ it is 
given to one’s heirs; also, the land itself. 

L.-- lotiro (fre Ians), in the Middle Ages, 

tree lance one of a class of soldiers who 
sold their services to fight for the highest 
bidder; one who acts, speaks, or writes 
irrespective or regardless of any party, 
r. * (fre'man), n. [pi. freemen 

tree-mail (-men)], one who enjoys liberty 
or who is not subject to the will of another, 
■rv^ _ (fre'ma"sn), n. a member 

Free-ma-SOn of a secret society, con¬ 
sisting formerly of skilled craftsmen; now, a 
social company professing principles of 
brotherly love, charity, and mutual aid. 

•o_*. TT (fre ma sn-ri), n. the 

Free-ma-son-ry system, rites, etc., of 

the Freemasons: freemasonry, natural sym¬ 
pathy and interest in general. 

L. * (fre port), a port where no 

iree port, duties are levied on mer- 

Prl'r' cnil (fre'soil"), adj. opposed to the 
r 1 C 6 -SOli extension of slavery: said of 
the party formed at Boston, in 1848 , to restrict 
slavery 

froa c+miP (fre'ston"), n. a sandstone 
Iree-Stone suitable for working or cut¬ 
ting without splitting; a kind of peach. 

free-think-er «.e»h. 


forms his opinions inde¬ 
pendently of others. „ 

(f^ trad), trade with other 
tree trade countries free from tariffs or 
customs duties. 

e _ill (fre'wfl"). adj. voluntary; hold- 

free-will j n g the doctrine or belief that 
man is free to exercise his will for good or evil. 

(frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. frozen, 
ireeze p V r. freezing], to congeal or harden 
with cold; kill by cold: v.i. to be congealed or 
hardened with cold; be at or below the 
temperature of 32 ° Fah renhei t.- 


p.t. ro p ecome netMtu. -—■-—-r , • , , , ■ -u^. 

boot foot; fou^diboil; function; chase; good; joy; then thick; hw - wh as m when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to 














freezing point 


246 


freez-ine - noint (fr gz ' In s point), the 

. AAA o puiJ.il temperature at which 
a liquid begins to freeze: for water, 32° 
Fahrenheit, 0° centigrade. 

■frpiodlt (frat), n. the goods with which a 
vessel, car, etc., is loaded; cargo; 
method of transporting bulky goods by 
common carriers, often slowly, as distin¬ 
guished from express; the sum paid or 
charged for hauling goods: adj. used for 
hauling goods: v.t. to load with goods for 
hauling; hire or charter. 

frPlVht flprp (frat'aj), n. charge for 
fv: C1 l P AAL " d 'P t; frei «ht; cargo; lading; as, 
the ship was lost, but its human freightage was 
saved. 

frPlVhf rctr kar), a railway car 

.» AAL ^ aA for carrying freight; a box 


friendship 


or platform car. 

‘freip'llt Pr (frat'er), n. one who loads a 
ship or car; shipper; a vessel 
lor carrying a cargo, but no passengers. 
TTrpnr b (french), adj. pertaining to France, 
, A its people, or language: n. the 
people of France; the language of France. 

French 1 fv (fr^n'chl-fl), V. [p.t. and p.p. 

* i * AA , ^ frenchifled, p.pr. frenchify- 
Ing], to make French in manners, character¬ 
istics, or customs. 

French leave ( f r®“ ch lev), departure 

.a. x cin.il xca v c wl thout ceremony or 
notice; a hasty or secret departure. 

fren zied (fren'zld), p.adj. affected with 

* . c madness; delirious; maddened; 
frantic. 

fren-7V (fren'zl), n. [pi. frenzies (-zlz)], 
J violent agitation; temporary mad¬ 
ness; fury: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. frenzied, p.pr. fren- 
zymg], to throw into a fury; render mad. 

fre-Ollen CV (fre'kwen-si), n. the re- 
* c/ iiucii-i.jr peated occurrence of a thing 

at short intervals or periods. Also, frequence, 
fre-fllient (fre'kwent), adj. occurring 
, . S,r AAL often; habitual: v.t. (fre- 

kwent'), to resort to, or visit often.—n. fre¬ 
quenter. 

Syn., adj. usual, general. 

Ant. (see rare). 

fre-quent-lyj^SI 1 ;*; 11 )’ “*• often; 

freS-CO (f^'kd), n. [pi. frescos, frescoes 
: (-koz)J, a method of wall painting 

Jn water colors on fresh plaster; a picture 
made on plaster: v.t. to decorate or paint in 
fresco. 

fresh (fresh), adj. new; recent; unfaded; 
t cou uninjured by time; in good condi¬ 
tion; not forgotten; healthy; strong and 
active; not weaned; lively; brisk; pure and 
cool; refreshing; not salt; pert; inexperi¬ 
enced: ii. a spring; freshet; the union of 
tresH and salt water in a river. 

fresh-en (fresh'll), v.t. to make like new; 

A A T 71 render less salt; revive; slacken 
(a rope) to relieve the part exposed to friction: 
«.i. to become vigorous or strong; grow fresh* 
los 0 saltness. 

fresh-et (frfsh'et), n. a flood caused by 
A cl m eltmg snow or heavy rain. 

fresh-man ( fr& |b'nian), n. [pi. freshmen 
. , r 7 ~. (-men)], a college or high 

school student in his first year. 

fresh-water p**'™o't§r), adj. per - 

. t , . taming to, living in, found 
In. or formed in, water that is not salt; accus- 

trade* 3 t0 nVCr navi S ation or the coasting 

fret \ p - L and P-P- fretted, p.pr. 

. ,fretting], to wear away by friction or 

b y _ rubbing ; injure by rubbing; agitate: vex* 




irritate; make rough on the surface; orna¬ 
ment with raised or interlaced work: v.i. to 
be worn away by friction or corrosion; be 
agitated or irritated; utter peevish com¬ 
plaints: n. the act or process of fretting; an 
ornament formed by small bands or fillets 
crossing each other at right angles; per¬ 
forated or interlaced ornamental work; an 
agitation or bubbling on the surface of a 
liquid; chafing or irritation; a small ridge 
or bar on the keyboard of certain stringed 
instruments, such as the guitar. 

Syn., v. gall, chafe, vex. 

frpf fill (fret'fool), adj. peevish; irritable. 
XACL-XU1 —odr. fretfully.—n. fretfulness. 

fret saw s °)> a l° n £. thin, narrow 

with fine teeth: j. v:s 

used in cutting 
scrolls, etc. 

fret - work 

(fret'wQrk"), n. 
carved, raised, or 
open ornamental 
work. 

fri-a-bil-i-ty Fretwork 

(frFd-bil'I-tl), n. the state or quality of being 

easily crumbled. Also, friableness. 

f r i_o 4vlp (fri'a-bl), adj. readily crumbled 

111 or re ,duced to pow'der. 

fri flr (fri'er), n. a brother, or member of 

xxx-eix certain religious orders in the Roman 

Catholic Church. 

fri tt (fri'er-i), n. an institution or broth- 

AA A_cAA j erhood of friars. 

frih T-fcl<=k (frlb'l), n. an insignificant or 

xxxu-uic trifling action; a trifler: v.t. to 

treat in a trifling way: v.i. to act in a frivolous 

way; to totter: ad;, of little value; frivolous- 

contemptible. 

fric-as-spp (frik'a-se'), n. a dish of 

XX XL, a» BCC Chicken, rabbit, or other 
meat cut into small pieces, stewed and fried 
with gravy or sauce: v.t. to make into, or dress 
like, a fricassee. 

frip fion (frlk'shfin), n. the act of rubbing; 
xxxv Lxuix resistance caused by rubbing; 

the act of rubbing to increase the circulation 
of the blood; irritation or disagreement 
caused by difference of opinion. 

Fl"i dplV (fri da), n. the sixth day of the 
* A . J week: named from Freya or 
I< reyja, the Scandinavian goddess of love. 

fri pH P as ^ tense and past participle 

xxxvvx 0 f verb fry. 

friend lfr gn ™^ n • ° ne attached to another 
. A A by affection, regard, or esteem; an 
intimate acquaintance; a supporter or favorer 
of a cause, etc.; an ally; a salutation or 
greeting: Friend, a member of the Society of 
Friends, or Quakers. 

frieilH-I pS iQ (frend'les), adj. without 
for * . fnends : unloved; uncared- 
lor.— n. friendlessness. 

friend-li-ne^q (frend'H-n6s), n. the 
, . AA AAC , bb state or quality of being 

amicable, cordial, genial, etc. 

friend-lv adj. pertaining to a 

- » . - ^ friend; having the qualities 

ol a friend; ready to become acquainted; not 
hostile; amicable; affable; genial; con¬ 
venient; favorable; as, a friendly breeze: 
adv. amicably. 

Syn. amicable, social, sociable. 

Ant. (see distant, cool.) 

friend-shin (frSnd'shIp), n. Intimacy 
Jr united with affection 
esteem; mutual attachment; good will. 


or 


ate s e n ate , rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
b ht, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus/ menii; 

































frieze 


247 


frontispiece 


r_* _ _ (frez), n. the part of an entablature, 

iriCZC or wall supported by columns, below 
the cornice and above 
the architrave: usually 
ornamented with sculp¬ 
ture, etc.; an orna¬ 
mental band around a 
wall, just below the ceil¬ 
ing; a coarse woolen cloth 
with a rough shaggy nap 
on one side. 

(frig'at), n. 

a 



fro 


Frieze 


frig-ate .. 

warship with an upper deck, carrying from 
twenty-four to fifty guns. 

■P-r-irr o+o Tvi-rrl (frig'at burd), a swift 
«-tC UhlU. sea bird found near land 

in the warmer seas. 

■f *rrV»+ (frit), n. a sudden and violent fear; 
lnglll alarm; a person whose dress or 
appearance is ridiculous; anything shocking. 

•fi*irr+i + on (frit' 11 )- v - t - to terrify; to alarm 
Illglll-eii suddenly; as, it is a bad prac¬ 
tice to frighten little children. 

■(VirrW+ fill (frit'fool), adj. terrible; dread- 
irigllL-IU1 fyj; alarming; shocking; gro¬ 
tesque.— adv. frightfully. — n. frightfulness. 

Syn. fearful, dire, direful, terrific, awful, 
horrible, horrid. 

r • (frij'Id), adj. without warmth; 

ing-lU -wintry; cold in temperament; stiff; 
formal; dull.— adv. frigidly. 

£• i +T 7 (frl-jld'I-tl), n. the state of 

lrl-glU.-1-iy being without warmth; cold¬ 
ness- . ... 

r *ii (frll), n. a pleated or crimped edging of 
11111 flne linen on a garment, as a shirt 
front, etc.; ruffle: pi. colloquially, affecta¬ 
tion of manner; ornamentation of dress, etc.: 
v i. to ruffle or shiver the feathers with cold: 
said of a hawk: v.t. to make into a ruffle, 
r (frinj), n. an ornamental border of 

Hinge hanging cords, etc.; any border or 
edging like a fringe: v.t. to border with, or as 

with, a fringe. ,, , _ t . 

r (frlp'er-I), n. old clothes or 

inp-pei -y furniture; tawdry finery; the 
place where old clothes are sold; trade in 
second-hand clothes: adj. trumpery; con¬ 
temptible. 

;_1_ (frisk), v.t. to gambol or dance m 
lrlbK frolic: n. a gambol, dance, or frolic, 
r •_i_. ; riCiCC (frls'kl-nes), n. the state or 
IllSK-l-IlCbb quality of being frolicsome 

or lively. , 

iv.- i_ __ (fris'kl), adj. lively in action; 
iribJv-y sprightly; gay; frolicsome, 
x •a-l, (frith), n. an inlet of the sea at the 
irlin mouth of a river; a kind of weir or 
dam for capturing fish. Also, firth. [Scot.] 
r •+ +^-r (frlt'er), v.t. to waste by degrees; 
Illl-Icl cutup, as meat, into small pieces for 
frying: n. a small fried cake made of batter 
with meat or fruit in it; as, an appl e fritter. 
•CVi+'T (frits), n. in the World War a con- 
rrllZ temptuors term for a German 

soldier. [Slang.] , , „ . ,. i . 

(' ..-.I ; +T , (frl-v61'l-tl), n. [pi. frivolities 
iri-VOI-l-iy (_tlz)j, a trifling act, thought, 
or thing; lightness of thought, speech, or act. 


(fro), adv. away from; backward or 
back; opposite to toward; as, the trees 
swayed to and fro. 

(frok), n. a loose upper garment worn 
IlOGiv hy children and women; dress; a 
monk’s habit; a coarse overgarment worn by 
laborers, etc.; a coat worn by soldiers off 

+™Alr™a + (frok kot), a close-fitting, 
irOCK coat straight-bodied coat for men, 
with wide skirts of the same length before 

and behind. , . . ... 

(frog), n. a small tailless animal that 
IiOg moves by leaping, usually found in 
damp or watery places; a tender horny 
substance growing in the middle of the sole 
of a horse’s foot; a spindle-shaped button 
which fits into a loop, used for fastening 
military cloaks, ladies’ mantles, etc.; a plate 
used on a railroad to guide the wheels where 
one track crosses another. 





Frogs 


r * \r> (frol'Ik), n. a scene of merrymaking 
trOl-lC or gaiety; a sportive outburst; wild 
prank: adj. sportive; merry or gay: r.i. to 
indulge in tricks of mirth and levity or frivol¬ 
ity: play wild pranks. „ 

r i (frol'Ik-sum), adj. full of 

frol-ic-some sport or gaiety; as, a 

frolicsome mood; a frolicsome child, 
r (from), prep, out of; away; since; 

irOm noting source or beginmng, distance, 

absence, and departure. . , . 

(frond), n. the union of a leaf and a 
If On Cl branch; the leaf of a fern, palm, or 
seaweed. 

(frunt), n. the forehead; the fore part 
irOnt op foremost of anything; position 
directly before something; van; the most 
prominent part; impudence; a false shirt- 
bosom: adj. situated at the front: v.t. to 
stand, or be situated, opposite to: v.t. to 
have the front turned in a particular direction. 

orr ^ (frun'taj), n. the fore part of 
iront-age a building; the extent along a 
street or road of a building or of land; the space 
lying between a building and roadway. 

+o1 (frun'tal), adj. pertaining to the 
Iion-iai front or forehead: n. something 
worn on the forehead; a drapery befoi e a 
church altar; a small pediment or ornament 
over a window or door. . x 

(fron'ter; frun'ter; fr5n-ter'), 
iron-tier n the boundary or limit of a 
country; the most remote settled part of a 
or triv- country, facing an unexplored region: adj. 

friV-O-lOUS iai- petty- silly; of little pertaining to, or situated near, the boundary 

. ■ . -»- G f a coimtry. w , . 

£ a* (fron'terz-man), n. an 

fron-tiers-man inhabitant of the border 
section of a country, or of a newly settled 

region; a pioneer. _ 

r . „ + ; „' ^ „ (frun'tls-pes; fr5n tls- 

fron-tis-piece pes), n. an illustration 
facing the front page or title-page of a book- 


- petty, 

importance.— adv. frivolously, 
r •_ (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; form into 
iriz little hard burrs: said of tne nap of 
cloth: n. that which is Curled, as hair. Also, 

frizz 

r • ' 1 . (frlz'l), v.t. to cook on hot coals; 

[rlZ-Zie curl or friz: n. a crisped or curled 
lock of hair. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw wh as in when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 





















frontlet 


248 


fuddle 



s gooseberries; 2, strawberry; 3, peaches; 4, grapes: 5, raspberries; 6, cherries - 7 nineannle 

16 b Bartfeit 9 pear. nge: 10 ’ lemon: U ’ prunes: 12 > Qg: 13 - currants; 14, seckel pear; 15, mandarin orange 


front-let ( fran t'iet), 

lvl worn on 1 


. n. a fillet or band 
worn on the forehead; espe¬ 
cially, a Jewish phylactery; the margin of the 
head of a bird behind the bill. 
fm9f (fr^st) * n - minute frozen particles of 
moisture; the temperature of the 
atmosphere which causes the freezing of 
water; slang, an undertaking ending in 
failure: v.t. to cover with, or as with, hoar¬ 
frost; injure by frost; sharpen (horses’shoes) 
in cold weather ; to cover (a cake) with icing, 
frnst-pr! (fitted), p.adj. covered with 
7 aX. frost: in Jured by severe cold, 
or frostbitten; covered with icing, as a cake; 
having a^dull or nontransparent finish, as glass, 
frost 1 lv (fr^s'tl-ll), adv. in an icy man- 
ner, or with severe coldness; 
as, she greeted them frostily. 

frOSt-i T1P99 (fros'ti-nes), n. the state or 
V: ot 1 quality of being sharp and 

cold, as, a frostiness in the air gave promise of 
winter. 

frost-in p- (fros'tlng), n. a preparation of 
o fine sugar and white of egg for 
covering cakes; rough powdered glass used in 
decorative work. 


cold; wanting in warmth of feeling or sym¬ 
pathy. 

fnic fi fjr (fruk'tl-fl), v.t. [p.t. and P-P- 
xx uw-n-iy fructified, p.pr. fructifying], to 
make productive; fertilize: v.i. to bear fruit, 
fril cral (froo'gal), adj. thrifty; economical; 
xx u -"& clA not extravagant. 

Syn. provident, saving. 

Ant. (see wasteful^extravagant), 
fril frnl i tv (froo-gal'I-tl), n. thrift; econ- 
omy; as, they owed their 
wealth to their frugality. 

fril {13 1 lv (froogal-I). adv. with economy; 

x ** o CXx ~ x J as, to five frugally is to five 
wisely. 

fruit ( froot )> n - the product of a tree or 
xxuxl pi an t containing the seed; product; 
result or profit; offspring: v.i. to produce fruit, 
fruit flap (frootaj), n. collective product 
uu-agc of trees and plants; as, that 
year was remarkable for its rich fruitage: 
results of action. 

frilit pr pr (froot'er-er), n. one who deals 

xi uxi-cx -cl jn fruits of all kinds. 

frilit fill (froot'fool), adj. yielding fruit; 
xxixxi-xixx productive; fertile; abundant. 


frowst V (fros tl), adj. [comp, frostier, superl. 

w frostiest], producing or accom¬ 
panied with frost; frozen; hoary; cold or 
distant in manner. 

ff-fjtti (froth), n. the mass of bubbles formed 
xxuixx on the surface of a ii quid b y agita _ 

tion, or fermentation; foam; superficial or 
shallow knowledge: v.t. to cause to foam; 
give vent to: v.i. to foam. 

fro til i lipcc (froth'I-nes), n. the state 
iivixx-i-iic&a or quality of bubbling and 

loaming; shallowness; silly talkativeness. 

froth V (froth'I), adj. [comp, frothier, 
xxutxx-y SU p er i frothiest], full of, or com¬ 
posed of, foam or bubbles; empty; frivolous 
or shallow; unsubstantial. 

fro Ward (fro'werd), adj. wilful; dis- 
xxv vvcxxix obedient; peevish; wayward; 

as, a froivard heart; a froward child.— adv. 
irowardly.— -n. frowardness. 

frOWTI (fr°H n J’ w. a scowl; stern look; look 
u of dislike: v.i. to contract the brows 
as a result of displeasure, etc.; scowl; lower: 
v.t. to rebuke by a stern look; to suppress by 
scowling. 

frOW-ZV (fr 011 ' 2 /)- . adj. dirty; untidy; 

. ; y Slovenly. Also.frouzy.— adv. frow- 

zuy-— n. frowziness. 

fro 7Pn (fro ,2n ). P-adj. congealed or hard- 
xx\/ x.^xx ened benumbed, or kille d with 


fruit-ful-ly (froot'fool-T), adv. abundantly; 


as, the Jand yielded fruitfully’. 

fruit-ful-ness (froot'fool-nes), n. the 

tive or fertile. 


Vixvvi/ luoi-UTO], ll. LJLU3 

quality of being produc- 


frii i firm (froo-Ish'un), n. the bearing of 
xi U-1-UU1I f ru i t; realization; as, the frui¬ 
tion of hopes._ 

frilit V (fr° ot 'I). adj. full-flavored; rich; 
xi uil y resembling fruit. 

friimn (frutnp), n. a dowdyish, quarrel- 
some, or vulgar woman. [Colloq ] 

fnic trafp (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat or 
ii uo-uaic disappoint; thwart or oppose; 
bring to nothing. — n. frustration. 

Syn. prevent, hinder, balk. 

fril 9 film (frus'tum), n. [pi. frustums 
ll U& fUiil (_tumz), frusta (-to)], remainder 
of a pyramid or cone when the top is cut off. 
frv v -, t - tand P-P- fried, p.pr. frying], 
J to cook with fat in a pan over a fire: 
i\i. to be cooked with fat in a pan; be sub¬ 
jected to intense heat: n. a dish of things 
fried; a swarm of young fish, 
filch 91* a (fti'shl-d; fu'shd), n. a garden 
„ OA " a Plant with beautiful flowers, 
usually red or pink. 

fud-dlp dud'1), v - t - to stupefy or deaden 
XU.U. vx.c with drink- intoxicate: v.i. 
become intoxicat ed or drunk. [Colioq.I 


to 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sm; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 
















fudge 


249 


funneled 


fudge 


or per- 
musi- 


or ac- 
i or carry 
foretold, or 


(fuj), «. a made-up story; humbug; 
w a kind of candy: interj. nonsense! 
v.t. to make or do in a bundling, careless man¬ 
ner: v.i. to contrive something by imperfect 
or improvised means. 

fii (fu'el), n. material for supplying a 
ili-Ci fire; anything that serves to inflame 
or sustain passion or excitement, 
fii cr\ tiiro (fu'ji-tlv), adj. unstable; fleet- 
iU-gl-lIVC ing; as, a fugitive idea; not 
permanent; fleeing from danger, pursuit, or 
duty; as, a fugitive slave: n. one who thus 
flees; a runaway or deserter; as, a fugitive 
from justice. 

■fiimiP (fug). n - a musical composition in 
lUgUC which the parts repeat at intervals 
the same subject or theme. 

■fii cn iic+ (fu'glst), n. a composer o 
l Uio l former of fugues or special 
cal compositions. . 

ful crum I * I 

A 

lever rests. 

■fut -fii (fool-fib), v.t. to complete 
1UI-11I complish; execute; perform 
out (that which is promised, for< 
expected). Also, fulfill. 

Syn. accomplish, effect, complete. 

■Pul -fii -rvnam-f (fool-fil'ment), n. accom- 
lU.i-Ili-lli.dlt plishment; completion; ex¬ 
ecution. Also, fulfillment. 
r„ii (fool), adj. filled; having no empty 
IU11 space; well supplied; stored; satu¬ 
rated; satiated; copious; rounded out; 
plump; expressing much; clear; distinct; 
sonorous; having the whole disk illuminated; 
as, a full moon: n. the highest state, extent, 
or measure: v.i. to pucker: v.t. to scour and 
thicken, as cloth, in a mill; to give fulness to: 
adv. completely; quite: used in composition 
to express full extent or degree; as, /un¬ 
armed, /ull-fledged, etc. , 

■full iiarlr ( f ° o1 bak), m football, the 
IU11 Ud.Civ player furthest from the goal 

of the opposing side. . , . 

■full rlrooc (fool dres), dress required for 
1U11 lUcoa formal or ceremonial occasions; 

as, full dress uniform. 

■Pull /=,-** (foober), n. one who thickens cloth 
IUli-er by moistening, heating, and press¬ 
ing; a half-round hammer used by black¬ 
smiths. 

r,,il (fool'erz firth), a soft 

IUll-er S eann c i ay used for thickening 
cloth and for the removal of grease. 

■Pull tt' (fdbl'f), adv. completely; abundantly; 
IUIl-y as, they were fully equipped for then* 
journey. 

Syn. perfectly, thoroughly, 
fill mi* 110+0 (ful'ml-nat), v.t. to cause to 
IUl-ini-Iid.Lt; explode; send out or utter, 
as a threat or denunciation: v.i. to make a 
loud sudden noise; detonate or explode: n. 
an explosive compound: fulminating powder, 
a mixture which upon being struck explodes 
with a loud noise. v , , 

ful „ OP£ . (f obl'nes), n. completeness, 
IUl-neSb abundance, plenty; the breadth 
of a garment. Also, fullness, 
fill cottip (ful'sum), adj offensive from 
IUl-SOmt; excess of flattery; gross; dis¬ 
pleasing ; disagreeable.— adv. fulsomely. n. 
fulsomeness. 

Syn. coarse, sickening, rank. 

Ant. (see moderate). 

fni^i -Klo (ffim'bl), v.i. to grope or feel 
lUIU-Dl© about in search; as, the boy 
began to fumble in his pockets: v.t. to handle 


or manage awkwardly, as the ball, in various 
games. 

fn-mck (fum), n. vapor or gas: v.i. to send 
lUlllc forth smoke; to complain angrily. 

fii mi rra+A (fu'ml-gat), v.t. smoke; per- 
fume; disinfect or purify by 
the action of smoke or vapor. 
r 11t _ (fun), n. pleasure; mirth; drollery; 
■lull sport; amusement; play, 
fun r* flnn (ffink'shfin), n. the act or per¬ 
il U1U/-LlUil formance of any duty, office, 
or business; faculty; power; the office of 
any organ, animal or vegetable; public or 
official ceremony; a quantity so connected 
with another quantity, that if any change is 
made in the one there will be a corresponding 
change in the other: v.i. to perform the duty 
or office for which a person or thing is in¬ 
tended. 

fii -nr firm al (fu»k'sh(in-51), adj. per- 
iunc-lion-cu forming a duty; official. 
f lf -« +; At , 0 (funk'shfin-a-ri), n. [pi. 
iunc-tion-a-ry functionaries (-rlz)l, one 
who holds an office, or fills a responsible posi¬ 
tion; an official. 


fun A (fund), n. stock or capital; money 
IUI1U se t apart for carrying out some perma¬ 
nent or temporary object; a stock in re¬ 
serve: pi. a permanent debt due by the 
government on which interest is paid; money: 
v.t. to place in or turn into, a fund, 
fnn An tMQti +q 1 (fun"d«-men'tal), adj. 
lun-aa-men-iai serving as a foundation 

or basis; essential; primary; as, who can give 
the fundamental reasons forj the . World war: 
n. a primary or necessary principle; basis; 
the musical note on which a chord is formed: 
fundamental bass, that part in musical har¬ 
mony which contains the foundation notes or 
tones or chords.— adv. fundamentally, 
funsl (fund'ed), p.adj. existing in the 
IUI1U.-CU. f or m of bonds bearing regular 
interest; invested in the public funds. 
fii-n/4 a.A (fund'ed det), that part 

tuna-ea CJ.6 Dl of a public debt which 

has been put in the form of bonds bearing 
regular interest. 

fiinH in a (fund'Ing), n. the act or proems 
IUIUl-Ulg 0 f turning money lent to the 
government into a permanent fund bearing a 
fixed rate of interest; investment in govern¬ 
ment stocks or funds. 

fii tior ol (fu'ner-8,1), n. the ceremony of 
1U--I1CI -dl burying a dead human body and 
the procession of mourners accompanying it: 
adj. pertaining to, or fit for, a funeral, 
fii tip rA fii (fu-ne rS-al), adj. suitable for 
IU-ne-re-cU a burial; mournful; sad. — 

adv. funereally. 

fiin rri rid A (fun'jl-sid), n. anything that 
IUll-gl-LXU.© jails mushrooms, toadstools, 

molds, mildews, rusts, puff-balls, etc. 

fun oyviic (fun'gfis), adj. growing up sud- 

ILlll-gbtilo denly, as a toadstool does; of 

the nature of a fungus. 

fnn mio (fun'gfis), n. [pi. fungi (fttn JD, 
IUIl-gllS funguses (ffin'gfls-Sz)], a plant 
growing up suddenly and not lasting, as a 
mushroom, toadstool, etc.; a spongy growth, 
fn-itr (funk), n. a bad smell or odor; cow- 
IUIIK ardice; fright: v.i- to be in a state 
of cowardly fear; to kick backwards; to 
back out in a cowardly manner, 
fnn n^1 (fun'el), n. a wide-mouthed vessel 
iun-nei shaped like a cone and used for 
pouring liquids into small openings; the chim¬ 
ney of a steamship or steam engine; a 
smokestack. ^ . 

fun-neled ing like a smokestack. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw - wh as in when, 
ah = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


















funny 


250 


fuzzy 


fiin nv (fun'I), adj. [comp, funnier, superl. 
*■ UAA-AA J' funniest], comical; droll; causing 
laughter; colloquially, strange, odd, or queer 
•— adv. funnily. 

fllTl trir VintlP (fun'I bon), the lower part 

iun-ny oone of the e ibow. 

f 1ir (fur), n. the soft hair of certain animals, 
iui growing thickly upon the skin; a light 
coating on the tongue; the lime coating on the 
inside of a boiler: pi. the dressed skins of fur¬ 
bearing animals, used for clothing: adj. lined 
or trimmed with fur or made of fur: v.t. [p.t. 
furred, p.pr. furring], to cover, line, or trim 
with fur; cover with lime.—ad;, furred, 
flir hp (fftr'_b$-lo), n. a ruffle, flounce, 

lui-uc-iuw or similar trimming used on 
women’s clothing. 

flir (fur'blsh), v.t. to make bright by 

A UA “ uxoix ru bbing or polishing. 

flir flir (fifr'fur), n. dandruff, or scales of 
A lAA -A UA skin that resemble bran, 
fll ri nttQ (fu'ri-us), adj. very angry; mad; 
AI,A-AA overcome with passion.— adv. 

furiously.— n. furiousness. 

Syn. violent, boisterous, vehement, fierce. 
Ant. (see calm). 

flirl (furl). v - t • to ro11 U P and fasten to some- 
AlAAA thing, as a sail, flag, etc. 
fur Inti O’ (fur'ldng), n. one-eighth of a 
Aux-xuAxg mile; forty rods; two hundred 


twenty yards. 

flir Inilfrh (fur'* 0 ). n - leave of absence; 
A AAA u o 1A as, the soldier came home on a 
furlough: v.t. to give leave of absence to. 
fllT-TiarP (fur'n&s), n. an inclosed struc- 
AAAA _AAa -^ c ture where coal, wood, and other 
things are burned to make heat. 

fnr ni<5"h (fQr'nlsh), v.t. to fit out or to fit 
A ux -axaoaa U p w itli what is needed. 

flir Tlicdl in o"Q (fur'nlsh-ngz), n.pl. the 
AUA-AAAC,AA_AAA & £> necessary fittings of a 
house, etc. 

^ ni •fitm (fQr'ni-ttir), n. the necessary 
-IU-luxe fittings of a house, a ‘ 
or a trade; outfit. 

fll-ror ^ fu . r ^ r l’ n - a great outburst 


ship. 


enthusiasm; 


of 
com- 


.. - a 

excitement or 
motion. Also, furore. 

flir ri nr (fur'I-er), n. one who prepares or 
AwiA_ '^ A sells furs; fur-dresser, 
fnr rnw (fur'o), n. a trench made in the 
xux-xuw ground by a plow; a groove; 
wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves or 
wrinkles in. 

flir rv (fur'I) > a &i- covered with, or made of, 
A ~ A J fur; as, the mole has a remarkably 
soft furry coat. 

fllT* -flinr (further), adj. more distant; 

additional: adv. to a greater dis¬ 
tance or degree; moreover; also: v. to pro¬ 
mote; help forward. 

flir til nr nnnn (fur'tfter-§,ns) , n. advance- 

lur-iiier-ance ment . aSi 1 will d0 all 

I can toward the furtherance of the plan. 

fur-ther-more ( rar '^ r -mor'), adv. 

addition to. 


moreover; besides; in 


fur thnr mncf (ffir'tfter-most'), adj. most 
1U1 tilcl -lilUb l distant; as, the further¬ 
most points from the equator, 
flir thncjf (farthest), adj. most distant 
V* A-l ’ AAV ' ot in time or degree: adv. at, or to, 
the greatest distance. 

flit- fivn (ffiir'tiv), ddj. sly; secret; stealthy; 
j 1 . as * furtive glances or actions.— 

adv. furtively.— n. furtiveness. 

fu TV (fu r b» n - Ipf furies (-rlz)], violent or 
J very great temper; rage; madness. 
fllT*7P ( f urz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, belong- 
* u v ing to the bean family.— adj. furzy. 


fu on ( fuz )» v.t. to melt by heat; make 
luoc liquid: v.i. to become melted by heat; 
blend, as if melted: n. a small tube filled with 
a material easily set on fire, or a cord saturated 
with such material, used for exploding gun¬ 
powder, etc.^ Also, fuze, 
fii cnn (fu -2 ®'), n ■ a kind of match, used 
lu ‘ acc for setting fire to tobacco; a grooved 
cone in a watch, etc., around which the chain 
is wound. Also, fuzee. 

fll cpI (fu'se-laj") n. the body or 

lu-oci-agc framework of an airplane in 
which the driver is seated and which contains 



tato, or corn spirits. 

fll Ql hip (fu'zl-bl), adj. capable of being 
lu-oi-uic melted; as, some metals are 
fusible at a lower temperature than are others. 

fll «i1 ( fu ' z3[ l)> 11 ■ the flintlock musket for- 
x u oxx uierly in use._ 

fii cil PPr (fu^zl-ler'), n. formerly, a soldier 
iu-ou-cci armed with a fusil, or flint¬ 
lock musket: pi. the name of several British 
regiments. Also, fusilier. 

fll Qil 1 qHp (fu'zl-lad'), n. the discharge 
xu. ou-iduc G f a i arge number of firearms 

at the same time: v.t. to shoot down or shoot 
at with firearms all discharged at the same 
time. 

fll cintl (fu'zhun), n. the act of melting 
xu-oxuxx together; as, the fusion of metals; 
the union or blending together pf things; as, 
a fusion of parties. 

fuco ( f u- s ). n - unnecessary or disturbing 
xuoo activity, especially in small matters; 
disorderly bustling about; confusion; stir: 
v.i. to worry: to be busy doing nothing, 
fiiqo V (fus' 1 )’ acl f worrying, or taking 
Xuoo-j great trouble, about small matters; 
fidgety; fretful.—m fussiness, 
fiic +ion (fus'chan), n. a kind of coarse 
X uo IXO.XX twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, 
velveteen, etc.; high-sounding speech; bom¬ 
bast: adj. made of fustian; bombastic. 

•flic: "fir* (fus'tlk), n. a West India tree used 
iUo-lil for yellow dye. 

fll filp (fu til; Br. fu'tll), adj. vain; use- 
c less; of no importance; worthless. 
— adv. futilely. 

Syn. trifling, trivial, frivolous. 

Ant. (see effective), 
fii fi] i_fv (fu-til'-I-tl), n. the quality of 
, \ ~ J being useless; as, he soon saw 

the futility of trying to make them under¬ 
stand. 

fii til TP (fu'tur), adj. that will be here- 
au-luxc after: n. time yet to come; 
tense m grammar denoting time yet to come; 
a commodity, etc., sold or bought for future 
delivery. 

Fll tllT icm (fu'tftr-Izm), n. a movement 
x u mi -x&lll in art, literature, and music, 
originating in Italy in 1910, and aiming at 
originality unhampered by tradition. 

fll tllT icst (fu'tur-ist), n. one whose main 
xu-iux-xoi interests are in what is to come; 
an artist m the field of painting, literature, 
or music whose ideas and practice are ex¬ 
tremely radical; a follower of Futurism; one 
who believes that certain Biblical proph¬ 
ecies are yet to be fulfilled. 

fU-tU-li-tV ’ n - futurities 

xu. iu ii ty (_tj z )], time to come; future 

events. 

fll 77 (fuz), n. fine minute particles of down, 
i wool etc.: v.i. to fly off in small pieces. 

fll77 V 1' uz *) > a di- covered with, or like, 
U fuzz or down.— n. fuzzinesc- 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, pdrade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus/menu; 







gab 


251 


gallantry 


gab 



(g&b), n. idle chatter; talkativeness: 
_ v.t. [p.t. and p.p. gabbed, p.pr. gabbing], 
to say falsely: v.i. to talk idly. [Oolloq.J 

(gab"er-den'; gab'er-den"), 
gaD-ar-ame n. a kind of coat or cloak for 
rainy weather. Also, gaberdine. 
traVi (gab'l), v.t. to say rapidly and 

gaU-UlC senselessly: v.i. to talk discon¬ 
nectedly, or without real meaning or sense; 
to make a clatter of meaningless sounds, as a 
bird or animal: n. rapid, meaningless talk. 

__ Ui ™ (ga'bl-un), n. a large wicker 
ga-Dl-On basket filled with earth: used 
for purposes of military defense. 

t,i e (ga'bl), n. the triangular 
gd-Ulc e nd of a building; as, __ 
many old houses were built with z-s 
the gable toward the street; the 
entire end wall of a building; a 
gablelike construction in a build¬ 
ing: gable end, the wall of a build¬ 
ing on the end having a gable. P'QhlP 

VJck-rrkrkf (ga'blroof), a roof uaDie 
gH-UitJ I GUI having a vertical triangular 
portion or ga fie, at each end. 
r'o Kt-i ol (ga'bri-el), n. in the Bible, an 
vTH-Ull-d angel sent as a herald of good 
tidings or comfort to man. 

j (gad), n. the act of going about with- 
gaU. ou t an object iu view; as, she is always 
on the gad: a goad; an iron or steel pointed 
mining tool: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. gadded, p.pr. 
gadding], to go about without purpose; climb, 
as a creeping plant; ramble. 

j n (gad'a-bout), n. one who 

gad - a- UUUl wanders continually with no 
apparent object in view. 

j j ar . (gad'er;, n. one who wanders about 
gau.-u.er constantly without purpose. 

_. 0 A (gad'fli’), n. [pi. gadflies (-fliz)], 

gau-liy an insect that stings cattle. 

1 (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander; an 
Ijraei Irish Celt. 

f' OCl 1 (gal'ik), ad), pertaining to the 

vraei-lC Celtic people of the Scottish High- 
- . .. ’- n. 


lands and of Ireland, or to their language: 
the language of the Gaels. . .. 

(gaf), n. a large hook for landing 
gall salmon, etc.; a piece of wood upon 
which to extend the upper edge of a fore : and- 
aft sail: v.t. to seize or land a fish with a 

large hook. ,, , . 

_r r-.-. (gaf'er), n. a respectable and good 
gai-ier old man, especially a countryman: 

masculine of gammer. _ 

rr _ _ “i (gaf"top sal; naut. gaf- 

gaff-top-sail top'sl), n. a light sail set 

above a gaff. , , . .. ,, 

__ (gag), n. something placed in the mouth 

gag to hinder speech; words added by an 
actor in a play: v.t. [p.t. and P-P- gagged, P-Pv- 
gagging], to stop the mouth; silence by physi¬ 
cal force or by law: v.i. to strain, as m the 

effort to vomit. , _ 

(gaj), n. a standard of measure, the 
gage number of feet a vessel sinks in waiter; 
the position of one ship in relation to another 
and the wind: a measuring rod; the distance 
between the rails of a railway line; a promise 
or agreement; a security; a kind of plum; 
a challenge to fight; a glove cap, or the like 
thrown on the ground as a challenge to fight. 
v.t. to measure; to find out, as the contents ot 
nnv certain receptacle. Also, gauge 


a. Hr (ga'e-tl), n. [pi. gaieties (-t!z)],the 
state or quality of being merry; 
pleasure; glee; jollity. Also, gayety. 
rroi Itt (ga'II), adv. merrily; finely; showily; 
gd.l-iy as, to sing gaily; to dress gaily. 
Also gay] 

(gan), n. advantage; profit: opposite 
gd.UI to loss: v.t. to obtain, as profit or ad¬ 
vantage; earn; win; arrive at: v.i. to im¬ 
prove or make progress; increase; advance: 
with on or upon. 

Syn., n. benefit, winnings, earnings. 

Ant. (see loss). . 

f.,1 (gan'ffibl), adj. yielding profit; 
gd.Ul-lUI advantageous. 

n-oi-n cav (gan"sa'; gan'sa"), v.t. [p.t. and 
gd.lll-bd.y p.p . gainsaid, p.pr. gainsaying], 
to contradict; speak against; oppose; to 
deny. 

_ *x (gat), n. a manner of walking; as, a 
gait rapid gait; an awkward gait. 

(ga'ter), n. a covering of cloth for 
gail-er the ankle, fitting over the top of 
the boot; a shoe with a cloth top. 

i„ (ga'la), n. a show; finery; great dls- 
ga-ia play: gala day, a day of fun and 

pleasure: a holiday. , . , . . 

(gal'd-had), n. a knight of 
ijrai-a-nau Arthur’s Round Table, who 
was successful in his quest for the Holy Grail; 
hence, any noble and chivalrous young man, 
„ n i _ 0 (g&Fd-te'd). n. a heavy cotton 

gdl-d.-lc-d. fabric, often striped, 
r'o To +ion (gd-la'shan), n. a native of 
Tja-Icl-lldfil Galatia, in Asia Minor; pi. 
in the Bible, the Epistle addressed to the 
Galatians. . „ , 

o v tt (gal'ak-si), n. a gathering of splen- 
gd.I-d.A-y did persons or things; as, a galaxy 
of beautiful women.—Galaxy, the Milky Way; 
as, the Galaxy consists of innumerable stars 
too small to be seen by the naked eye. 

(gal), n. a strong wind, less violent 
gd.itJ than a tempest; a quarrel; noisy 
merriment. 

1 a « q (gd-le'nd), n. lead ore; as, most 
gd-JLc-Ild. 0 f the lead used in the arts is 

obtained from galena. . . , . . 

; -.- 4 . (galfi-pot), n. a white juice which 
gd.l- 1 -put comes out of pine trees; an 
impure turpentine. .. 

ii (gal), n. the bile, especially that of the 
gall ox, which is used in making water- 
color paints and medicine; anything very 
bitter; a sore on the skin from chafing; a 
swelling on plants, caused by certain insects; 
evil feeling: v.t. to break or injure by rubbing, 
as the skin; render sore by friction; wear away; 
vex; fret; harass; weary: v.i. to fret; to be¬ 
come sore or worn by chafing. 


Innf (gal'ant), ad), brave; high- 
gal-lant spirited; chivalrous; as. Sir Gala- 
had was a gallant knight; (ga-lant'), showing 
courtesy and respect to women: n. (ga-lant. 
gal'ant), a person of sprightly and gay man¬ 
ners; a beau; a man who is attentive to 
women; as, the young gallant had excellent 
manners: v.t. (ga-lant'), to pay court to; 
accompany: escort.— adv. gallantly. 

Syn., adj. bold, courageous, gay, fine, 
showy, intrepid, heroic. 

lont rxr (gal'ant-ri), n. [pZ gallantries 
gal-iani-ry (,riz)], bravery; heroic cour- 
age; polite and respectful attentio n to women. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then ,^ thick; hw =wh as m when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 























galleon 


252 


gambrel 


large Spanish 
once used 



oro 1 1 rvfi (gal <§-un), n. a lar 
gai-ic-Uii three-decked vessel, 
as a warship, or as a 
merchantman for trad¬ 
ing to South America 

gal - ler -ied 

(garer-Id), adj. fit¬ 
ted up with bal- 
conies; as, 
galleried 
churches, 
theaters, etc. 

gal-ler-y 

(gal'er-I), n. 

[pi. galleries 
C-Iz)], a long 5 
narrow hall, 
or place for Galleon 

walking; the upper seats of a theater, church, 
assembly room, etc.; the occupants of such 
parts of a building; a building, or room, 
used for the exhibition of works of art, etc.; 
a covered passage in a work for defense or for 
communication; a balcony, 
oral (gal'let), n. a small piece of stone 
gcu-ic t chipped off by a wagon : v.t. to fill 
masonry joints with stone.— n. galleting. 
Also, garret. 

Pffll Ipv (gal'I), n. [pi. galleys (-Iz)], a low, 
giu-iv/j flat, one-decked vessel moved by 
oars, and sometimes by sails; an open boat 
used by British men-of-war, river police and 
customs officers, and for pleasure; the cook 
house of a ship; in printing, a narrow oblong 
tray for holding set-up type. 

oro 1 Imr oIottp (gal'I slav), a slave com- 
gal-lCj old VC pelled to row a galley; a 
convict condemned to such labor, 
pro'll fl-fr (golffil), n. an insect that deposits 
o t * AA_,l,1 v its eggs on plants, causing swelling. 
Crfll Hr (gal'Ik). adj. pertaining to ancient 
Gaul, or modern France. 

pro 1 1-ir* ap i(gal'Ik as'Id), an acid found 
gdi-uc ctG-HJ. j n gafinuts, tea, etc. 

frfll li ran (gal'I-kan), adj. pertaining to 
vrcti-u-t/dii G au i ( or F rancei or the 

Roman Catholic Church in France. 

frfll li risim (gal'l-slzm), n. a French 
>-*0.1-11-^10111 manner of speech used in 
another language. 

pal 1 i n a rpmic (gSi^-na'shfis), adj. like, 
gai u-im-bCUUJ) or pertaining to. domes¬ 
tic fowls; of that class of fowls which in¬ 
cludes barnyard fowls, turkeys, guinea fowl, 
grouse, pheasants, etc. 

Call 1tlP r (gol'Ing), p.adi. chafing; irritat- 
6 UU-U 15 mg; aS) the galling tyranny of the 
conquerors. 

Syn. vexing, annoying. 

Ant. (see soothing). 

Cal li TWlt (gal'I-pQt), n. a smooth, glass- 
p like earthenware jar, used 

largely by druggists to hold medicines. 

Cal H lim (gal'I-iim), n. a hard, white ele- 
5ui-u-uiu ment something like aluminum, 
found in some zinc ores. 

Cal li vant (gaFI-vantO, V.i. to play the 
Prr beau; to wait upon the 

ladies; also, to roam about for pleasure with¬ 
out any real plan. 

Call nilt (gol'nut*), n. a round growth 
gau-iiui, produced on the oak tree by the 
puncturing of the leaf buds by an insect, the 
gall-beetle: used, for the tannin contained in 
It, in making ink, dye, etc. 

Cal Inti (gS^fin), n. unit of liquid measure 
501-1011 equal to four quarts, or of dry meas- 
ure equal to one-eighth of a bushel. 


Cal Innn (ga-loon'), n. a cotton, silk, 
gai-iuon worsted, or gold lace trimming 
used for hats, shoes, uniforms, etc. 

cal Inn (gal'up), n. the rapid forward 
gai-iup springing movement of a horse; 
the act of riding at this gait: v.i. to run with 
leaps, like a horse; ride a horse moving with a 
rapid forward spring; hasten: v.t. to cause to 
move with a rapid springing feait. 

cal Inn inc (eal'up-Ing), p.adj. going by 
5ai-ioF'' ul b springing leaps; moving very 
quickly. 

Cal InwQ (gal'oz; gal'us), n. a wooden 
5 , 0 . 1 -avj w o structure consisting of two up¬ 
rights with a crossbar on the top, used for 
hanging criminals; anything resembling such 
a framework. 

call cfr.rid (gol'ston*), n. a lump of solid 
matter formed in the gall 
bladder or biliary duct. 

cal nn (gal'fip; gal'5), n. a lively dance; 
gdl-Up music for it. [Fr.] 

ca Inrp ^d-\or') adj. very many; abun- 
gcA-Av/j. ^ dant; as, pretty girls galore: adv. 
in great plenty. 

ca IncTi (go-15sh'), n. an overshoe of India 
ga-io^n rubber; a legging or gaiter. Also, 
golosh, goloshe, galoche. 

cal-Van ir (gal-van'ik), adj. producing 
gai-vcui-iv electrical currents; spasmodic. 

cal van icm (gal'vd-nlzm),n. that branch 
gcu-vtui-ioiii electric science which 
treats of currents arising from the chemical 
action of certain bodies placed in contact, or 
of an acid on a metal. 

oral van 17 P (gal'vd-nlz), v.t. to cover 
& a - A-va - AA-AZ ' c with gold, silver, zinc, etc., 
by means of electricity; to excite, as by an 
electric shock. 

gal-va-nom-e-ter 

(gal'vd - n5m'§ - ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the 
presence, extent, and direc¬ 
tion of an electric current. 

gal - va - nom - e - try 

(gaFvd-nSm g-trl), n. the 
art, science, or process of 
measuring currents of elec¬ 
tricity. 

p-am hit (g&m'blt), n. 

^cuu-iui, an opening 



Galvanometer 


in chess in which a paw n, 
or piece, is sacrificed to 
obtain a favorable position for the action of 
the more important pieces, 
p-am hip (gam'bl), v.i. to play for money 
& or a p r j ze . r i s k money on an 

event or a possible happening: v.t. to squander 
by playing for stakes: often with away. 
pam hlpr (gam'bler), n. one who plays 
& , AA “ UAt ' A for stakes or hazards money 
on the outcome of an event; especially, one 
who does so as a business. 

ffam-hlinp- fe&m'bllng), n. the act of 
6 & wagering or playing for stakes, 

ffam hop’p team-boj'; g§m-booj'), n. a 
P, re ddish-yellow gum resin which 

^5 t ^ ie Orient, or eastern part of the 
Old world, and used as coloring matter or 
medicine. 

pam hnl (gS-m'bSl), n. a dancing or skip* 
geu .11 uui pmg about for ' 


frolic: 

frolic. 


. Ping about for joy or sport; 
v.t. to skip and dance about in play or 


p-am hrpl br§l), n. the joint of the 

geuii wi Cl iu nd leg of a horse; a bent sticki 

resembling a horse's leg, used by butchers; a 
roof with an obtuse angle in its slope. _ 


ffeht Ee B I r^«u re ’-‘K 4t ’ io - C j’ f ?- r ’ ’ P“ rade >' ?eene, event, edge, novSl, refer; 

right, em, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 




















gambrel roof 


253 


gamer 


cram fvral rr\r\f (gam'brel roof), a curb 
gam-orei rooi roof in which the slope 

is broken by an obtuse angle. 

(gam), n. a sport or amusement; 
gallic fun; frolic; a single match at play; 
the advantage required in order to win; as, 
it’s your game; wild animals pursued and 
killed by shooting or hunting; any object of 
pursuit: pi. athletic contests: v.i. to play at 
any sport or diversion; play for a stake or 
prize: adj. pertaining to animals or birds 
hunted or taken for sport; ready; plucky. 
Syn., n. play, pastime. 

rrnmca c'ruc'lr (gam'kok'), 71. a cock bred 
gdlllC-COCiV. and trained for fighting. 

„ Qtr , a f/xiirl (gam foul), one of a breed 
game 1UW1 0 f fancy poultry, of a quar¬ 
relsome disposition, kept for fighting. 

cram & Irc^n Pr (gam'kep'er), n. one in 
gainc-uccp-ci charge of wild animals 

or birds that are to_be hunted. 

from a cemp (gam'silm), adj. merry; gay; 
galHe-SOIIic playful; ready to play. 

eramc» efp»r (gam'ster), n. one who habitu- 
galllC-oLCl a iiy plays for stakes or wagers 
on the outcome of an event, 
cram in (gam'in), n. a neglected, untrained, 
fed-Ul-lll and too forward street child; a 
street A r cib 

cram incr (gamfing), n. the act of playing 
ga.lll-lllg games for stakes; gambling. 

cram mat* (gam'er), n. old woman; grand- 
ga.lii-lJl.Ci mother; especially an old coun¬ 
trywoman: feminine of gaffer. 
cram man (gam'fln). n. the thigh of a hog 
&dlii-iiiUli salted and smoked; colloquially, 
nonsense: v.t. to impose upon with improbable 
stories; hoax; defeat at the game of back¬ 
gammon; cure, as meat, by salting and smok¬ 
ing; attach or fix (a bowsprit) to a ship: in erj. 
nonsense! 

cram n4- (gam'ut), n. the lines and spaces 
galil-ut U pon which musical notes are 
written or printed; hence, entire range or 
extent. 

, r (gam'i), adj. plucky; ready; spir- 
gdlll-y ited; having the flavor of game. 
rro-M A a 1 - (gan'der), n. a male goose; as, in 
gall-tiei the old saying: “ What is sauce 
for the goose is sauce for the gander." 

_ „ _. (gang), n. a number of persons banded 
gcillg together for a particular purpose; 
a group of laborers under one foreman; as, 
my father has charge of one gang of men; a 
number of a ship’s company selected for 
special duty; squad. .. , .. 

nrort rrli an (gan'gli-on), n. [pi. ganglia (-a), 
gclIl-g-ll-OIl ganglions (-onz)l, a nerve 

center; a sort of swelling or unnatural growth 
under the skin. 

rv/incr nlonk (gang'plank), n. a movable 
gang-planK platform by which to enter 

or leave a ship. 

o-ars crtPllP (gan'gren), n. the first state 
gan-grene Q f mortification, or decay of 

some part of a living body: v.t. to cause to 
mortify: v.i. to become mortified or decayed. 
— adj. gangrenous. 

„„„„ „ T „ TT (gang'wa ), n. a narrow plat- 
gang-way form of crosswise planks used 
as a temporary passageway, or as a bridge 
between a wharf and a ship; a passage into or 
out of any place; a passageway between two 
rows of seats; that part of a ship s side, 
within or without, by which persons enter or 
depart; the waist of a vessel or clear way by 
the side of the bulwarks; the main level of a 
mine. 

(gan'et). n. the solan goose; one 
gaIl-I16T of several kinds of sea birds. 


cranf laf (gant'let; gant'let), n. a mailed 
galll-icl glove, or one with a long -wrist- 
extension; a former military punishment 
Also, gauntlet. 

era a] (jal), n. a place where persons awaiting 
gdUl trial or found guilty of minor offenses 
are confined; a prison. Aiso, jail.— n. gaoler, 

jailer. 

rran (gap), n. an opening; cleft; passage; 
S d \r breach; a pass in a mountain ridge; in 
flying machines, the vertical distance between 
two surfaces, especially in a biplane. 

Syn. chasm, hollow, cavity, crevice, rift, 
rraria (gap; gap; gap), v.i. to open the 
gape mouth wide, as from drowsiness, 
wonder, etc.; yawn; open: n. the act of 
opening the mouth and staring; a yawn; the 
opening between the jaws of birds or of fishes: 
pi. a disease of poultry. 

a . c . r (gar), n. a long slender fish with a 
&«.! spearlike snout. 

rra-r arra (ga^raBh'; gar'Sj), n. a place in 
go.I -age which automobiles or airships are 
kept for shelter or repair; a hangar. 

(garb), n. a dress; outside clothing; 
foaiU costume; fashion; as, he wore the 
garb of a gentleman: v.t. to clothe, 
crar (gar'baj), n. offal; refuse; 

^di-Uct^C waste animal or vegetable mat¬ 
ter from a kitchen; rubbish, 
nrot- Kla (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by sifting; 
gdX-Uie select such parts of as are wanted 
or may serve some particular purpose; to 
mutilate; to do, to make, or to say, in the 
wrong way; as, to garble a quotation; to 
garble an account. 

rra-r (gar"s6h'), n. a boy; a serving- 

ga-i-yUli man; a waiter. [Fr.] 
nrn-r rloti (gar'dn), n. a piece of ground set 
gal -Ucii apart for the cultivation of flow¬ 
ers, fruit, vegetables, etc.; a place specially 
delightful, rich, or fruitful: v.t. and v.i. to 
cultivate, as a garden. 

o-a-r Hem incr (gar'dn-Ing), n. the art or 
gar-aen-ing -work of laying out and cul¬ 
tivating plots of ground. 

o-l 0 (gar'gl), n. a medicinal liquid for 
gal-glC washing the throat: v.t. to wash, 
as the throat, with a medicinal liquid, not 
swallowed, but kept in the throat by breath¬ 
ing out: v.i. to use a wash for the throat, 
rra-r rrrwla (gar'goil), n. in Gothic archi- 
gal-guyiC tecture, a projecting stone 
waterspout, often in the form of a grotesquely 
shaped man or animal. 

o-or i Vtal Hi (gar"i-bal'dl), n. a loose 
gal-l-Udl-ul blouse-shaped shirt, usually 
red: named for the Italian patriot. Garibaldi, 
nro-r ioVi (garfish), adj. gaudy; dazzling; 
gal-loll showy; attracting attention; as. 
she wore garish jewelry. 

rra-r 1 ar»H (gar'land), n. a wreath made of 
gal-lallU. flowers, branches, feathers, and 
sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on 
the head like a crown; as, the victor’s gar¬ 
land; a collection of choice pieces of prose or 
poetry; a kind of food-bag used by sailors: 
in heraldry, a wreath of laurel, or oak-leaves 
and ► acorns: v.t. to deck or adorn with a 
wreath or chaplet. 

rra-r Hr» (gar'lik), n. a plant of the lily 
gd.I-IlG family, with a strong biting taste 
and unpleasant smell. 

rra-r mnnf (gar'ment) , 7i. any article of 
gar-men 1 clothing: pi. clothing taken 
together as an outfit. 

not . (gar'ner), n. a granary: a building 
gal -11C1 or place where gram is stored for 
safe-keeping: v.t. to gather for safe-keeping; 
to store as in a granary; gather up. 


Boot loot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wn as in when; 

zh =z as in azure: kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







garnet 


254 


Gatling gun 


o-a-r (gar'nSt), n. a precious or semi- 

gal-iicl precious stone of various colors, 
oftenest deep red; a deep red color. 

___ * 0 -l (gar'nfsh), n. an ornament or 

-liloll decoration; something laid round 
a dish as a decoration: v.t. to adorn; to 
make beautiful; decorate with something 
laid around a dish. 

Syn., v. beautify, trim. 

trar nich oo (gar"nTsh-e'), n. the person 
& tAA-AAAOAA-cc in whose hands the property 
of another is attached pending the satisfaction 
of the claims of a third party: v.t. to attach 
property by law to pay a debt, 
crar (gar'et), n. the uppermost room 
of a house; an attic. 

trar ri crtn (gar'I-sn), n. a body of troops 
6** 1 -H-SUil stationed in a tort or fortified 
place: v.t. to furnish (a fortified place) with 
troops. 

trar rntA (ga-rot'; g5,-rot'), n. an instru- 
& cAA " A ' JA ’ c ment for strangling a criminal: 
used in Spain; strangulation: v.t. to execute 
by strangling; seize by the throat so as to 
render helpless. 

trar rii 1i -fir (ga-roo'll-tl), n. talkative- 
b 4 * 1 _A U-U-ljr ness; as, the garrulity of 

old age. 

trar m Irmc (gar'oo-lus), adj. talking 
b ai “ A uo much, especially about things 
that are trivial. / 

trar tf*r (gar'ter), n. a band by which a 
ga.x - IC 1 stocking is held up on the leg: the 
Garter, the badge of the Order of the Garter, 
the highest order of British knighthood: v.t. 
to bind or fasten with a band called a garter; 
invest with the Order of the Garter. 
era r Tre (giir , ter snak), a small, 

fo <AA_, ' CA oiAdxvc harmless, yellow-striped 
snake, common in America. 

0 >oo (gas), n. [pi. gases (-ez)], elastic, airlike 
ga.o fluid; a thin, airlike mixture that is 
obtained from minerals and which is used to 
give light and heat; an airlike mixture of 
chemicals, poisonous to inhale; colloquially, 
gasoline: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. gassed, p.pr. gas¬ 
sing], to cause to inhale poisonous gas: a 
method of warfare introduced by the Germans 
In the World War. 

p-oo (g^ s bom), a shell used in 

o aa uulllu trench warfare: it contains 
poison gas which is set free when the shell 
is burst by its charge of high explosive. 

era c* r>rvn a rio (gas"kon-ad'), n. boastful, 
gao-tuii-aUC blustering, or bragging talk; 
as, the gasconade of the young soldier. 

gas en gine 

(gas Sn'jin), an 
internal com¬ 
bustion engine; 
that is, an en¬ 
gine in which 
power is gen¬ 
erated by the 
explosion o f 
gas or oil in 
the engine 
cylinder. 

gaseous Gas Engine 

(gas'S-us), adj. having the nature or form of 
gas. 

(gash), n. a deep or gaping cut or 
wound: v.t. to cut deeply. 

erne i fir (gSs'I-fi), v.t. f p.t. and p.p. gasified, 
ga.o- 1 -iy p.pr. gasifying], to turn into gas 
by heat or by chemical action. 

<*oq Irai (gas'kgt), n. a flat plaited cord by 
^ao-nc l which the sails are furled or tied 



gash 



SSfWSlPFfl 


to the yard; hemp, etc., used for packing the 

piston of a steam engine, etc.; a thin piece of 
rubber, metal, etc., placed between two flat 
surfaces to make a water-tight joint. 
crac m art (gas' man'tl), a tubelike 

gets liiaii-uc structure consisting of ox¬ 
ides of certain rare metals, which, when 
placed over a Bunsen gas flame, is heated 
to incandescence, thus giving out light, 
o-oc mdclr ^as mask), a covering for 
£cto llldbxv the face to prevent the inhal¬ 
ing of poison gas. Also, gas helmet. 

era c lirw* (g&s'o-len; gas'6-iln), n. a 
gdb-U-llliC liquid easily set on fire, used 
for heating, cooking, cleaning, etc., and for 
running engines of 
automobiles, etc. 

Also, gasolene. 

gas-om-e-ter 

(gas-om'6-ter), n. a 
round hollow reser¬ 
voir for storing gas, 
open at the bottom 
and closed at the 
top; something 
used for measuring 
gases. 

gas-o - scope 

(gas'6-skop) ,* n. an 

instrument for de- „__ 

tecting the presence Gasometer 

of inflammable gas from a gas leak in a coal 
mine or a house. 

croc-n (gasp), n. a quick painful effort to 
fectbp catch the breath: v.i. to catch the 
breath with difficulty: v.t. to breathe out In 
quick, painful breaths: with away, 
era o eir (gas'I), adj. filled with gas; like gas; 
gab-by inflated. 

cmc frir (gas'trlk), adj. pertaining to the 
gao-Ult stomach; as, gastric fluid; gastric 
fever. 

oro o +■»*ir» iiiico (gas'trlk joos), a thin 
gaa-in^ juivc -watery liquid contained 
in a certain set of glands in the lining of the 
stomach: the greatest help to digestion. 

0 oc +ri tic (gas-tn'tls), n. inflammation of 
gab-111-lib the stomach, especially of the 
mucous membrane which lines it. 

era c Iron a tn tt (gas-tron o-ml), n. the 
gab-lIUIl-U-IIiy art of good eating, or of 

the preparation of food.— adj. gastronomic. 

^astronomical. 

crates. (g® 1 *), n. an opening to allow entrance 
gale or passage; a frame or door which 
opens or closes such an entrance; a stately 
entrance to a city, castle, etc.; a valve or door 
to stop or permit a flow of water. 
rynfck (gat'wa"), n. an entrance fitted 

gaic-Way with a frame or door; approach. 
CTfltVl pr (galh'er), v.t. to assemble or bring 
gaui-cx together; collect; bring into one 
place; pick up; glean; pluck; accumulate; 
pucker or plait; infer: v.i. to congregate; 
generate pus; increase; ripen: n. a plait or 
pucker in cloth, made by drawing thread 
through the folds. 

Syn., v. pick, cull, assemble, muster, infer. 
Ant. (see scatter). 

traih in a (gafh'er-lng), n. the act of 
go. ni-ci -mg assembling or bringing to¬ 
gether; an assemblage; a charitable contri¬ 
bution or gift; an abscess or sore filled with 
pus. 

C^ai lino- min (gat'llng gun), a cannon 
' JtA t-llIlg with many small barrels, 

which are discharged very rapidly by turning 
a handle. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 











































gaud 


255 


general 


era 11 A (god), n. a piece of worthless finery; 
b auu ornament. 

era lid v (sod'l), adj. [comp, gaudier, superl. 
gau.u.-y gaudiest], showy; vulgarly gay or 
fine.— adv. gaudily.— n. gaudiness. 

Syn., adj. flashy, tawdry, glittering. 
O’fmcrP (gaj), n. a measure; a promise; a 
gauge challenge; the depth of a ship in 
the water; its position in relation to another 
ship: v.t. to measure. Also. gage. 
craiicr ni* (gaj'er), n. an officer whose busi- 
gaug-t/i. ncss it, is to find out how much 
certain casks hold. 

(gol), n. an Inhabitant of ancient 
Cfaul Gaul or France. 

caimf (gant), adj. pinched and lean; weak; 
&au.lil as, the people were hollow-eyed and 
gaunt from hunger.— n. gauntness. 

Syn. emaciated, scraggy, skinny, spare, 
o-oiitvf (gant'let; gont'let), n. a mili- 
tary or naval punishment, 
formerly practiced, by which the culprit was 
compelled to run between two lines of sol¬ 
diers or sailors, who beat him with rods, 
ropes, etc.: also practiced by the Indians; 
a mailed glove, or one with a long wrist- 
extension. Also, gantlet. 

(goz), n. a very thin, light, trans- 
gaU4,C parent silk or cotton fabric; light 
openwork material resembling this fabric. 
rraii’T vr (goz'I), adj. thin and semitrans- 
gcUJX-y parent.—n. gauziness. 
a (gav), past tense of the Irregular 
gave verb give. 

„... (gav'el), n. a small mallet used by a 
gaV-Ci presiding officer; a small unbound 
sheaf or bundle of grain. 

rro (ga-vot'; gav'St), n. a lively, but 

ga-VOLte dignified, dance of the minuet 
class; a dance-tune in common time. [Fr.] 
rrourtr (gok), n • a simpleton; a booby: v.%. 
gaWJS. t 0 stare stupidly. 

' rronrlr w (Sok'D, adj. awkward; clumsy; 
gawtt.-y ungainly.—n. gawkiness. 

_ QTT (ga), adj. lively; merry; full of glee; cheer- 
&«-j ful; sportive; given to pleasure; jolly; 
happy.— adv. gaily, gayly.— n. gaiety, gayety. 
Syn. lively, jolly, sprightly, blithe. 

Ant. (see solemn). 

crck tc\ (gaz), v.i. to look earnestly, or eagerly: 
gaze n . a fixed look.—n. gazer. 

ga - zelle 

( gd-z81'), n. a 
small, swift- 
footed antelope, 
with large, soft, 
black eyes. 

ga - zette 

(ga-zet'), n. 

English govern¬ 
ment biweekly 
newspaper con¬ 
taining official 
announce- 
ments; a news¬ 
paper: v.t. to 

publish in a list. —-- . .. .. 

„ (gaz"§-ter'). n. a dictionary 

gaz-et-ieer of geographical names; an 
official writer or publisher of news. 

(ger), n. clothing; garments; orna- 
gear ments; apparatus; tackle; harness; 
dress; a toothed wheel; adjustment of parts 
to each other; as, out of gear? v.t . to put 
cogs or teeth on; harness; dress. . 

(ger'Ing), n. a train or series of 
gear-ing toothed wheels for transmitting 
motion; ropes an d tackle 



trocir hwel >. a cogwheel or 

gear wneei W heei with 



Bevel 

Gears 


a singing 


__cogs: bevel gear, 

a wheel having inclined 
teeth. 

(je), v.i. to turn to 
the off side or from 
the driver, who in England 
walks on the right-hand 
side of his cattle, in the 
United States on the left- 
hand side: opposite to haw, 
which means to turn to¬ 
ward the driver: interj. 
turn away! 

(ges), n. plural of 
&ccoc the common noun 
goose. 

o-oi cVi ci tea'shd), n. In. Japan 
gcl-olia anc j dancmg girl. 

■j 0 x* (jel'd-tin), n. a substance found 
gcl-a-till i n bones, hoofs, connective tis¬ 
sue, etc., from which it is extracted by boiling; 
animal jelly. Also, gelatine.— adj. gelatinous. 

(jem), n. a precious stone; leaf bud; 
gem any perfect or rare object; jewel: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. gemmed, p.pr. gemming], to 
adorn with, or as with, gems. 

t rio+p (J&n'I-nat), adj. twin;growing 
gClll-l-natc in pairs; as, geminate leaves: 
v.t. and v.i. to double; to become double. 

gem-l-na-tion tition; a doubling, as ol 

a consonant after a vowel. 

i rii (jem'T-nl), n.pl. one of the clus- 
UeiIl-1-Hl ters of stars in the heavens. In 
which are the two bright stars. Castor and 
Pollux; the Twins: a sign of the zodiac. 

(jem-a'shun), n. the pe- 

gem-ma-tion r i oc i of bud opening; the 
arrangement of buds on a stalk or of leaves 
in the bud. 

dot-mo (zhan"darm'; jen"darm'), 
gtjll-uaillic n. [pi. gendarmes (-darm 
darmz)], in France and Belgium, an armed 
policeman. [Fr.] 

_ _ „ in (jen-dar'mer-l; zhan'- 

gen-darm-er-ie darTne-re'). n. a body 

of gendarmes or police. [Fr.] 
rr _. 1 _ J or (jen'der), n. the grammatical dis- 
gdl-GCI tinction of sex, expressed by 
a suffix, a prefix, or by a different word. 

^_ „ _ _ i(jen"e-d-16j'I-kal, 

ge-ne-a-log-l-cal je"ne-a- 16 j'l-k 51 ), adj. 

pertaining to pedigree; giving or tracing 
order of descent.— adv. genealogically. 

„ - n i A (jen"e-al'6-jfst; je'ne- 

ge-ne-al-O-glSt al'6-jlst), n. one skilled 
in tracing pedigrees or descent of persons oi 

0 i (j6n"e-&l'6-jl; je"ne-§,l'5- 

ge-ne-al-O-gy ji), n. [pi. genealogies 

(-jlz)], family pedigree; lineage; the science 
that treats of tracing pedigrees or descent ol 
persons or families. 

^ (jen'er-a), n. plural of genus ; 
gen-e-ra aSi the cat and dog belong tc 
different genera. 

(± r «1 (jen'er-al), n. the whole; the 
geil-ei-ai chief part; the populace: the 
commander of an army division or brigade; 
the chief of a religious order; the roll of a 
drum to summon troops: adj. relating to a 
whole genus, kind, class, order, or race; not 
special or particular; pertaining to the major¬ 
ity; not restricted; usual; ordinary; common; 
extensive but not universal; indefinite; taken 
as a whole; senior or highest; as, Postmaster- 
General. 

Syn., adj. usual, universal, customary. 

Ant, (see rare). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw=wh as in wnen; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 













general officer 


256 


gentleman 


nrpri pr o| fi ppf (j6n / er-Sl 6n*ser), 

gen-er-ai oi-n-cer a mem ber of the 

general staff of an army, commanding a body 
of troops not less than a brigade^ 

oro-n pt* q 1 -Jo ci tM n (jGJi/'er-al-Is'I-mo), 
geu-er-ai-lb-bl-mo n . a commander- 

in-chief. 

ap-n pr fil i Hr (jBn'er-al'I-tl), n. [pZ. gen- 
gcll-cl-dl-l-iy eralities (-tlz)], the state 

of not being Umited or particularized: 
opposite to specific; the greatest part; bulk; 
majority. 

gen-er-al-i-za-tion'/fn't^'iV-T-'zl^ 

shiin), n. the act or result of reducing to 
classes or of making statements opposed to 
the particular; an induction; sweeping infer¬ 
ence or conclusion, not drawn from details, 
n-p-n pr ol i 7 p (jen"er-al-iz), v.t. to reduce 
S CAA-CA to, or arrange in, a class or 

classes; to make large in scope or meaning; 
to discover (a general rule) from particular 
instances: v.t. to draw broad, general con¬ 
clusions. 

orpn pr ci 1 tv (jen'er-al-I), adv. commonly; 
g caa-ci -ai-iy in the main; without exact 
limitation. 

nrpn p-j* ol pr prc (jen'er-al or'derz), 

gcu-ci-ai va-vxcio commands issued 

by the superior officers in army units: general 
orders include standing instructions, detailed 
instructions, and reports of courts martial. 

rrp« pi* ol chin (jen'er-al-shlp), n. the 
gcll-cl-dl-bllip office, rank, or military 

skill of a chief or an army commander; 
skilful tactics or leadership; as, the generalship 
of Marshal Foch. 

o-pfi pr a fp (jen'er-at), v.t. to produce, as 
gCil-Ci-dtC offspring; to cause; originate; 
trace out or form by motion. 

Syn. form, make, beget. 

crprs pr a tirvn (jSn'Sr-a'shfln), n. the act 
gdi-ci- 0 .-LAUXX or process of producing; 

a single succession in natural descent; people 
of the same period; as, your mother belongs 
to my generation; progeny. 

Syn. race, breed, stock, kind, age, era. 

<rpn pr + 1 VP (ien'er-a-tlv), adj. having 
‘ a ' LiV the power to produce, 
crp-n pr si tnr O'en'er-a'ter), n. one who, 
fo CAA_CA -ci-LVjA or that which, causes or 
produces; an apparatus by which steam, 
electricity, or gas is produced; in music, the 
principal sound or sounds by which others 
are produced. 

typ -npr if* (jS-ner'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
gc-uci-io things of the same kind or 
class: opposite to specific; comprehensive. 

Also, generieal.— adv. generically. 

nrpfi pt* aq i Ftt (jen"er-6s'l-tl), n. [pi. 
geil-er-ob-l-xy generosities (-tlz)], the 
quality of being liberal; liberality; mag¬ 
nanimity; as, generosity is seen in an esti¬ 
mation of other men’s virtues. 

rrckti or piic (jen'er-us), adj. characterized 
gCll-Cl-UUb by liberality; munificent; 
bountiful; high-minded; honorable; strong; 
stimulating.— adv. generously. 

Syn. beneficent, noble, liberal. 

Ant. (see niggardly). 

crpn p cic (jen'e-sfs), n. the act or proc- 
b cli ' c ess of producing or originat¬ 

ing; beginning: Genesis, the first book of the 
Old Testament: so called by the Greek 
translators, because it tells of the creation 
of the world and the human race, 
crpn pf (Jen'et; je-net'), n. an animal 
gcii-ci related to the civet or cat family, 
valued for its fur; the fur of a cat made to 
resemble genet. Also, genette. 


o-pri p+ Oe n 'St; je-n8t'). n. a small Spanish 
gcll-cl horse. Also, jennet. 

crpn pf ir (je-ngt'ik), adj. pertaining to 
gCli-Cl-lC generation or origin. 

crp ni ci 1 O’e'ni-5,1; jen'yal), adj. kindly and 
gc-lll-di sympathetic in disposition; cor¬ 
dial; contributing to cheerfulness and life; 
agreeably warm and cheerful. 

Syn. hearty, festive, joyous. 

Ant. (see distant, cold). 

crp ni i Hr (ie'nl-SJT-tl; jen-yal'I-tl), n. 
gc-Ill-d.l-.L-iy the quality of being kindly; 
cheerfulness; sympathetic warmth of dispo¬ 
sition and manners. 

crp ni al hr Oe'nl-SJ-I; jen'yal-i), adv. in 
gc-iii-di-iy a cordial manner; gaily; 

cheerfully. 

crp nip n - in Mohammedan mythol- 

gC-liic og y ( a good or bad spirit that could 
take the form of an animal, giant, etc.; as, 
the genie of the lamp, in the story of Aladdin's 
Lamp. Also, jinnee. 

crp ni i (jes'nl-I), n. plural of genius or genie. 
gC-m-1 Also, when the plural of genie , jinn. 

crpn i fivp (jen'I-tlv), n. a grammatical 
gClI-l-LlVC case, denoting origin, posses¬ 
sion, or relation: it is the same as the pos¬ 
sessive case in English^ 

crpn illQ (Jen'yus; je'nl-us), n. [pi. geniuses], 
gui-iuo bent of minjd or disposition; re¬ 
markable ability or natural fitness for some 
special pursuit, etc.; character or necessary 
principle; embodiment; a person possessed 
of high mental powers or faculties: genii 
-ni-T), pi. good or evil spirits supposed to pre¬ 
side over the destinies of men. 

Syn. intellect, invention, talent, taste, 
nature, character, adept. 

flpn o pep (jen'o-ez'; jen"5-es'), adj. 
ucn-u-coc pertaining to the people of 
Genoa, Italy. 

p-pn rpk (zhiin'r), n. a style of painting or 
gCli-i C sculpture representing everyday , 
life and manners. [Fn.] 

crpnc (J^ ns )> n ■ IpZ. gentes (jen'tez)], a clan 
gciio or family connection, including several 
families of the same stock, who had a common 
name and certain common religious rites or 
ceremonies; among the ancient Romans, a clan, 
house, or subdivision of a tribe. [Lat.] 
crpn fppl (ien-teF), adj. graceful or elegant 
gCii-LCCi j n manners or dress; polite; 
well-bred — adv. genteelly. 

Syn. refined, polished. 

Ant. (see boorish). 

apn tidn (J’en'shan), n. a bitter herb some 
gcii-Lia.il kinds of which have tonic roots; 
a variety of this herb which has beautiful, 
fringed, blue flowers. 

CrPn tilp (jen'til), n. one who is not a Jew: 
vjcj.i-l.llc a dj. pertaining to non-Jewish 
people. 

trpn til i Hr (jen-tfi'I-tl). n. [pi. gentilities 
gcll-lll-l-iy (_tlz)], high or gentle birth; 
good breeding; social rank and refinement, 
prpn tip (jSn'tl), adj. mild and refined In 
gcii-Lic manner and disposition; kindly; 
moderate in action; peaceful; docile; easy; 
woll-born or descended: n. the larva or young 
of the flesh fly; a trained falcon or hawk. 

Syn., adj. placid, mild, bland, tame. 

Ant. (see rough, uncouth). 
crpn tip fnllr (jen'tl-fok'), n. persons of 
o'-' AA-tAC ' -A, “ ,A - r '‘ good family or breeding. 

ffpn tlf* man (ien'tl-mLan) n. [pi. gentle- 
gcii llc-illd.Il men (_men)], one who is 

entitled to bear a coat of arms; a well-bred 
and honorable man; a person of independent 
income: pi. a term of politeness, used in 
addressing an assembly. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





gentlemanly 


257 


gesticulation 


cr*vn tip man 1v (jen'tl-man-11), ad). po- 
gen-Lie-man-iy lite in manner; well- 

trained socially. 

crpn tip n pcc (jen'tl-nes), n. softness of 
manners; mildness; do- 
cility. _ 

orpn tip nrntn an don tl-woom 5,n), n. 
gen-ue-wom-an [pL gentlewomen 

(-wlm'en)], a woman of good birth and breed¬ 
ing; a lady. 

tlir (jen'tll), adv. in a mild manner; 
geil-liy mildly; softly; gradually. 

trir (ie n 't rI ). n ■ people of education 
gcll-lly a nd breeding; in England, the 
upper class of society. 

fy pn n flpp tinn (jen fi-fiek shun), n. the 
gen-u-nec-xioil bending of the knee, 

especially in worship. Also, genuflexion. 
o-<xn 11 inp (jen'ti-in), adj. real; unadul- 
&C1I-U-11IC terated; pertaining to, or de¬ 
rived from, the original or true stock; not 
hypocritical; open.— adv. genuinely. 

Syn. true, unaffected, sincere. 

Ant. (see false). 

fr<* niic (je'nus), n. [pi. genera (jen'er-ri)], 
gc-iilio a broad, general class having under 
it several groups with certain common char¬ 
acteristics; as, in the animal kingdom the 
lion, leopard, tiger, cat, and panther are 
species of the catkind, or genus; in the 
vegetable kingdom all the species of oak form 
a certain genus; in logic, a class made up of 
two or more species, or lower classes, 
o-p r\ pp-n frir (je'6-sen'trik), adj. per- 
gG-O-Ceil-iriE taining to the center of 

the earth; having the earth as the center; 
viewed from the earth as a center. 
o-P nH P dV (Je-od'e-sl), n. the science of 
gC-Uvl-C-by measuring large portions of 
the earth’s surface; the determination of the 
earth’s figure and size. . . 

J : r (je"o det'Ik), adj. pertaining 
gG-O-U-t; 1-11/ to, determined by, or carried 
out by, geodesy, or the art of measuring large 
sections of the earth’s surface. Also, geo- 
detical. 

__ ^ ,1 ~j. ^ (je"o-det'ik lin), the 

ge-O-aet-lC IIIIG shortest line between 
any two points on the earth’s surface. 

__ (jS-5g'rd-fer), n. one who 

ge-Og-ra-pner j s versed in, or a writer 
on, the science of the earth and its life. 

__ i «ol (je'S-graf'I-kal), ad). 

ge-o-graph-l-cal pertaining to the sci¬ 
ence of the earth and its life.— adv. geo 
graphically. . , 

__ r\cr ro -nVixr (jS-dg'rd-fl), n. [pi. geog- 
ge-Og-ra-pny rapines (-flz)], the science 

that describes the surface of the earth, and its 
division into continents, kingdoms, etc. 

^ 1 nrr i eol (je"8-16j'I-kal), adj. per- 
ge-0-10g-l-t/al taining to the science of 
the formation of the earth.— adv. geologi- 

ca lly 

* 1 ^ •_+ (jg-61'o-jlst), n. one who 

ge-ol-o-gist knows the ’ science of the 
formation of the earth. , 

__ ^1 /v rri vo (je-ol'6-jlz), v.i. to study the 
gG-Ol-O-glZG formation of the earth; to 
investigate the structure of the earth. 

^ o-ir Oe-ol'o-jl), n. the science that 
gG-OI-O-gy investigates the structure of 
the earth, the successive physical changes it 
has undergone, and the causes which have 
produced such changes in the crust ol the 

-nin (je"6 met'rtk), adj. pertain- 
gG-O-niG t-iic ing to, or done by, geometry, 
or the study of lines, angles, surfaces, etc. 

geometrically 


(je-6m"$-trlsh'an), n- 

gG-Om-e-tn-Cian one w ho is skilled in 

that branch of mathematics called geometry. 

(je-bm'g-trl), n. [pi. geome- 
gG-Om-G-try tries (-trlz)], that branch of 
mathematics that treats of the measurements 
of lines, angles, surfaces, and solids, with 
their various relations; a text-book on these 

subjects. „ „ . 

ii-rvi (je-ra'ni-um), n. a plant 
gG-ra-m-Um cultivated for its handsome 

scarlet or white flowers. x 

(jur'fo'kn; jfir'forkn), n. a 
gGr-Ial-COn large northern falcon or 
hawk. Also, gyrfalcon. 

_____ (jfirm), n. the first principle of an 
gCIIIl organism; that from which any¬ 
thing springs; origin; first principle; any 
bacterial organism, especially one which may 
cause disease. „ , . 

n -t-nn-rt (jfir'man), n. one of the people 
^jer-man of Germany; the language of 
the Germans: adj. pertaining to Germany, 
its people, or language. 

o-pr man (Jur'man), adj. of the same 
ger-IIlcUl stock or parentage; germane: 
n. a kind of round dance with many figures. 
~~~ (jer-man'; jfir'man), ad), re- 

gGr-manG lated; akin; relevant; appro¬ 
priate; fitting. „ ^ , . . 

-mon in (jer-man'Ik), ad). pertaining 
LyGi-IIlan-lC to Germany; Teutonic. 

(jfir'man-Izm), n. a Ger- 
Vjr 01-IIld.il-lolil ma n custom, manner of 
speech, or characteristic; love of German 

institutions. . . 

(jer-ma'nl-um), n. one of 
gGr-ma-ni-Um the metalhc elements; 
a brittle, silver-white metal discovered in 1885 
in a silver ore at Freiberg. „ . 

r'oil TT-c-r (jfir'man sll'ver), a 

(j6r-man Sll.-vcr W hite alloy of zinc, 

nickel, and copper. 

-rvii olrlc (jfir'ml-sid), n. something 
gcr-mi-ciae used to destroy disease 

• -..I (jfir'ml-kul*tfir), n. the 

gCr-IHl-CU.i-tU.rG artificial cultivation of 
bacteria or germs for scientific study. 

o-pr mi nal - ad h pertaining 

gCr-im-lld.1 to a germ or seed bud. 

__ (jfir'ml-nant), adj. sprout- 

ger-mi-nant ing; gradually developing; 

sending forth buds. 

t, 0 + Q (jfir'ml-nat), v.i. to sprout 
gGr-ml-nate or bud; begin to grow or 


develop into a higher form. _, , . , 

4 i (jur"ml-na'shun), n. the 

ger-mi-na-tion beginning of growth in 
a seed, bud, or germ. 

rrorm iiIp (jOr'mul), n. a small germ; a 
gcI-lff-U-AC germ beginning to develop. 

nr mo-rs A o-r (gSrT-man'der), v.t. to 
gGr-ry-man-UGr divide, as a state, vot¬ 
ing district, etc., so as to give an unfair ad¬ 
vantage to a particular political party; mis¬ 
represent; garble. 

(jer'und), n. a verbal noun; as, 
gGl-U-Ilvl bis earning a salary depended 
upon his ability. _ , 

crpr nn Hi VP (ie-run'dlv), n. in Latin, 
gGl-UIl-vllV C the future passive participle; 

as, amandus, to be loved: adj. pertaining to, 
or having the nature of the gerund. 

4-in ii 1 n4-a. (jes-tlk'u-lat), v.t. to make 
gGS-tlC-U-iatG motions, as in speaking 

or attracting attention. 

,• (jes-tlk u-la shfin), r. 

ges-tic-u-la-tion the act of maldiig 

motions; a gesture. 


ggo. geomeun-any. ___i——- ” ■ -. 

boot foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
Z h J z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











gesture 


258 


ginger 


get 


0 -po ftirp (jes'tur), n. a movement of the 
gco-uu c face, body, or limbs, to express 
an idea, emotion, etc. 

Syn. attitude, action, posture. 

t (get), v.t. [p.t. got, p.p. got, gotten, p.pr. 
getting], to obtain; procure; win; gain; 
acquire; receive; deserve; realize; Jearn; 

§ revail upon: v.i. to arrive at; become; 

nd time, opportunity, etc.; depart quickly; 
procreate. 

Syn. earn, attain. 

trpf fpt* (get'er), n. one who gains, obtains, 
o'' l or acquires; as, a money -getter. 
crp W 0 -a xnj (^u'go), n. a showy trifle; use- 
gov-gaw less ornament; toy. 

rrpv cpr Cgl'ser; gi'zer), n. a boiling spring 
gojf-oci which frequently throws forth 
jets of water, mud, etc. 

orVicjcf 1v (gast'll)■ o.dj. deathlike; pale; 

haggard; horrible; as, his face 
had a ghastly look.— n. ghastliness. 

Syn. pallid, wan, hideous, grim, shocking. 
<yVipp (ge), n. an oil made from butter; a 
solid white oil obtained from a tree 
of India. 

‘crhpr Irtn (gflr'kln), n. a small cucumber 
o AA '-' A_XVAAA used for pickling. Also, gerkin. 
prhp-t tn (set'o), n. [pi. ghettos (-oz), ghetti 
guc i-iu _(-te)], the Jews’ quarter in a city. 
crVinQt (gdst), n. the spirit of a dead person; 
giiuot apparition; the soul; breath of life; 
shadow; a false image due to some defect in a 
lens.— adj. ghostly. 

Syn. specter, sprite, phantom, 
prfimil te.ool), n. an imaginary evil being 
p“ uul who robs graves and feeds on the 
flesh of the dead.— adj . ghoulish, 
p-i onf (ji'ant), n. a man of great bulk or 
, stature; one possessed of great 
physical or mental power; in mythology, one 
of a race of beings of immense size who fought 
the gods: adj. like a person of great stature; 
huge. 

fli-ant DOW-der Ol'Snt pou'der), a 
O , A t pu w - u Cl comparatively safe 

high explosive, made of nitroglycerin. 

P’iaOIlT n • tbe name applied by 

o JU1 Mohammedans to those who do 
not believe in their religion, especially 
Christians. 

ryiK (sib), n. the arm of a crane or machine 
M for lifting heavy weights, such as en¬ 
gines, etc.; a piece in a machine to hold other 
parts together. 

p’ih hfM* (i Ib/gr : glb'er), v.i. and v.t. to 
speak rapidly and indistinctly; 

chatter. 

fnb-hpi* iqh (gfb'er-Ish), n. rapid, dis- 
p lu wci-l&ll connected talk: adj. unmean¬ 
ing. 


gib 


-bet (jlb'et)^n : a gallows: v.t. to hang 


expose to 


on a gibbet or gallows; 
public scorn or ridicule. 

fnfl hfitl (Sib'un), n. an ape of south- 
P “ , eastern Asia; the smallest and 

lowest of the manlike apes. 

pr-pl-h Kaiiq (gib 'us), adj. excessively promi- 
P , ,, nent; irregularly rounded; be¬ 
tween full and half-full: said of the moon 
Also, gibbose. 

criVip (jib), n. a scoff; taunt; sneering or 
sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer at- 
taunt: v.i. to use taunts; cast reproaches’ 
sneer; scoff. Also, jibe. 

Syn., v. flout, jeer, mock, deride. 
priK 1 pf (jib'let) , n. the heart, liver, gizzard, 
° t etc.. of poultry: usually in the 

plural. 

prirl (p d ) • n. a disease of sheep, often called 
o lv * the staggers. 


P"id dv (Sld'I), adj. [comp, giddier, superl. 
o AV *- vx J giddiest], having a confused, whirl¬ 
ing sensation in the head; light-headed; 
dizzy; frivolous; fickle.— adv. giddily.— n. 

giddiness. 

Syn. unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. 

Ant. (see steady). 

n iff (gift), n. something given or bestowed; 
fe AAA present; donation; offering; bene¬ 
faction; natural talent. 

Syn. grant, alms, gratuity, boon, faculty, 
talent. 

Ant. (see purchase). 

rrift pfl (glft'ed), adj. talented; having 
o AA innate or inborn ability, 

crip- (gig), n. a light two-wheeled open car¬ 
tel riage drawn by one horse; a machine for 
raising nap on cloth; a long ship’s boat, 
rowed by alternate oars, and usually reserved 
for the commanding officer; a racing boat; 
a whirligig; a flshgig: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
gigged, p.pr. gigging], to fish with a flshgig. 
p-i Pan fir (Ji-gan'tik), adj. huge; colossal; 
o A ~Sy AA-l ' A '-' immense; tremendous; of ex¬ 
traordinary size.— adv. gigantically. 

Syn. enormous, prodigious. 

Ant. (see diminutive). 

p-ip- pip (gJg'J), n. a nervous, silly laugh: 
o A oo AC v.i. to laugh in a nervous, foolish, 
tittering manner.—n. giggler. 


p-il A (gfld). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. gilded, gilt, p.pr. 
& uu gilding], to overlay or wash with gold; 
give a fair outward appearance to; illuminate; 
to make attractive; to adorn; to brighten: n. 
a fraternity; an association. Also, n. guild, 
pilrl incr (gUd'ing), n. the art or process of 
o AAVA - AAA & overlaying or covering with gold; 
gold leaf, powder, etc., applied to a surface; 
a light covering designed to give a fair out¬ 
ward appearance. 

prill (gH). n. the breathing organ of water 
S AAA animals, especially fishes; the fleshy 
flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl; a 
deep, narrow glen through which a small 
stream flows: pi. the gill-shaped plates form¬ 
ing the under surface of a mushroom, 
prill OH), n. a liquid measure of one fourth of 
fo iAA a pint; ground ivy. Also, Jill. 

Pll 1 v finw pr (jH'I-flou /, er), n. one of 
p , A , vv " CA various plants of the mus¬ 
tard family, as the wall-flower, stock, etc. 
Also, gilliflower. 

ailf (gflf)> odj. covered with, or yellow like, 
fc> AAt gold: n. gilding; grand show, 
pim-ha 1 (glm'b&I), n. one of two brass 
o , MCAA rings moving within each other 
at right angles: used for suspending a mari¬ 
ner s compass, chronometer, etc., so that 
it will stay level. 

pim rrpplr <3&n'crak'), n. a pretty, use- 
gilil-CrdCK thing; toy: ad;, showy, 
but of no value. 

p'im Ipf (glm'let), n. a small bor- 
&> A-AC L ing tool with a pointed' 
screw at the end: v.t. to make a 
hole in with such a tool, 
pimn (Simp), n. a kind of laced silk 
& , I 7 , twist or trimming interwoven 
with wire or cord: used for furniture, 
dresses, etc.: v.t. to border with this 
t rimming. 

Pin (j* n )’ n • a fragrant alcoholic liq- 

uor flavored with juniper ber- Gimlet 
ries; a trap or snare; a machine for clearing 
cotton fibers from the seeds; a portable 
hoisting machine; a pile-driving machine: v.t. 

g^ned p.pr. ginning], to catch in 
a trap, to clear (cotton) of seeds by a machine. 
Pin.ppr (ffnjer), n. the scraped and dried 
TQOt of a hot and snicv East and 


ate senate, rare, oat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
nght, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu* 
















ginger beer 


259 


glance 


West Indian plant which is much used in 
cookery and in medicine; colloquially, courage, 
vim, or snap.— adj. gingery._ 

rrar (iln'jer ber), a bubbling 

glll-gGl UCCi drink, or mild beer made 
from ginger, yeast, cream of tartar, and sugar. 

•_ „ t rno A (jin'jer-bred'), n. a dark- 

gin-ger-breaa colored cake made of 

flour, ginger, molasses, sugar, etc.; cheap, 
flimsy ornamentation, especially on a house, 
o-oi- Itt (jln'jer-ll), adv. cautiously; 

gin-ger-iy daintily; timidly. 

«■;•»-» rrQ-r crmrt (jin'jer-snap"). n. a small, 
gin-ger-SIId.p thin, brittle cooky flavored 

with ginger. 

• _ Uo-rvi (glng'am), n. a cotton dress- 

ging-IIcUII cloth dyed in the yarn before 
weaving; an umbrella. 

_• c.c.^ 0 - (jln'seng), n. an herb with a 

gLLL-oGiIg fragrant root much valued in 

China. 

(jlp'sl), n. [pi. Gipsies (-sfz)], one 
VJip-oy of a wandering, dark-skinned, and 
dark-eyed race, of Eastern, probably Hindu, 
origin; the language of the Gipsies: called also 
Romany: gipsy, a person of dark complexion. 

Also, Gypsy. . , . 

_• ,-,^+1, (jlp'sl moth), an insect m 

gip-Sy IXlOtll New England, highly de¬ 
structive to foliage. , 

gi-raffe can animal witl 
very long legs and neck. 

gliu. an d p.p 
ed, girt, p.pr. gird 
ing], to surround 
with a flexible 
band; bind; 
encircle; make 
ready. 

gird - er 

(gfir'der), n. 
the main beam 
in a floor; as, 
the girders in 
the building 
are of steel. 



gir-die 



_ Giraffes 

(gflr'dl), n. a , . 

belt for the waist; anything that surrounds 
like a belt: v.t. to bind with, or as with, a 
belt; inclose; to kill or injure, as a tree, by 
making a cut in the bark around the trunk. 

*1 (gurl), n. a female child; young un- 
giri married woman. , 

I (gurl'Ish), adj. like or befitting a 

giri-lSll young woman; as, girlish dress. 
— adv. girlishly.— n. girlishness. 

♦ . i (gurt), p.adj. held so tight by two cables 
girt as not to swing to wind or tide. 

(gfirth), n. the band by which the 
girtll saddle is kept secured on a horse; 
the circumference of a tree, animal, etc., 
anything that binds or encircles. 

• x (jlst), n. the substance of a matter; 
glSX main point; object. 

(glv), v.t. [p.t. gave, p.p. given, p.pr. 
glV6 giving], to bestow; confer without 
price 'or reward; grant; yield; as, to 
give up a claim; deliver; as, to O lV(; ^ 
lecture; to pay; as, I gave three dollars for 
the book; to present; to utter; as, to give a 
cry; to produce; as, to give pain; to impart, 
as, to give an idea; v.i. to present gifts; to 
bestow charity; yield to pressure; as, the 
lock began to give; surrender; as, to give in. 
n. elasticity. 


criw (glv'n), P-adj. inclined; addicted: 

-t?II usually with to; as, given to lying; 
stated; prearranged. . _ 

•_ rmrA (glz'ard), n. the second stomach 
giz-zara of fowl in which the food is 
crushed and ground. 

rrlo (gla"sa'), adj. iced or cooled;^ hav- 
gld.-Ec mg a glossy surface; as, glace nuts: 
n. a thin shiny silk. [Fr.] 

(rrlo r*iol (gla'shal), adj. pertaining to, con- 
gld,-Gld,l gating of, or caused by, ice. 
rrlo rmr (gla'sher; glas'I-er), n. a vast 
gId.- 1 /lcI collection of ice and snoiv which 
is formed among lofty mountains and moves 
slowly down the slopes and through the val¬ 
leys until it melts or breaks off into icebergs, 
rrlo s-io (gla'sls; glasses'), n. a sloping bank 
gld.- 1 /lb 0 f earth directly in front of a fort 
and designed for 
its dofense; a A 
protective slope 
on a warship to 
throw off hostile 

shot. A, glacis; F, foss. 

_lad [comp.' gladder, superl. gladdest], joy¬ 
ous ; gay; pleased; cheerful; satisfied, aaj, 
gladly. — n. gfadness. 

Syn. joyful, gladsome, cheering. 

Ant. (see sad). , . 

rrlo rl A or, (glad'n), v.t. to make happy: v.i. 
giaU-UGIl f 0 rejoice; to become happy, 
rrlorlo (glad), n. an open space or passaga 
glaae fg a wood or forest. 

glad-i- 
a - tor 


(gl ad'I- 
a"ter), n. 
in ancient 
Rome, a 
prof es- 
s i o n a 1 
swo rds- 
man who 
fought in 
the arena 
with oth¬ 
er men or 
with ani- 
m a 1 s .— 
adj. glad¬ 
iatorial. 

glad- Gladiators 

(glad'stim), adj. joyous; gay; pleased; 
SOme cheerful. . . , 

niorl c+nno (glad'stun).n. a four-wheeled 
vriaQ-SIOne pleasure carriage carrying 
two passengers; a long narrow traveling bag 
w ith a wide mouth. 

glaive f'lbar,":' „ Glalve 

former 'uS°often having a curved blade 
with the edge on the outside. Also, glave. 
rr1«rr, rvr- (glam'er), 7i. a charm on the 
glam-or eyes making objects appear 
different from what they really are; fascina¬ 
tion; witchery. Also, glamour. ...... 

(glans), n. a sudden shoot of light, 
glance quick passing look of the eye, a 
quick momentary view; a lustrous ore: r.t. 
to shoot a sudden ray; view with a quick 
movement of the eye; allude m passing, 
to strike slantingly and fly olf, as, the 
blow glanced off his shield: v.t. to shoot 
suddenly or slantingly; to strike slant¬ 
ingly in passing. 



n. ela sticity. ---- - -. , , • „ v.• 






















gland 


260 


globule 


trlfinrl (gland), n. a bodily organ by which 
giauu secretion is carried on; small secret¬ 
ing organ for sap in plants. 

Hpt*q (glan'derz), n.pl. a contagious 
guui-ucio disease in horses, marked by 
fever, swelling of the glands of the lower 
jaw, and a discharge of mucus from the 
nose. 

p-lpr-i fl-ji "lof (glan'du-ldr), adj. pertaining 
gxaxx-ixu.-xa.x to, resembling, or having, 
secreting organs, 

O'!an fillip (glan'dul), n. a small gland or 
gxaxx-vxuic; secreting organ. 

Crlarp (Klar), n. a bright dazzling light; 
b iai c overpowering luster; a fierce piercing 
look; [U.S.] a smooth shining surface, as of 
ice: v.i. to shine with a dazzling, overpower¬ 
ing light; look with fierce piercing eyes; be 
excessively gaudy in dress or ornamentation, 
friar fncr (glar'Ing), p.adj. sending forth, 
gxa.i-.uig throwing out, or reflecting, a 
dazzling light; gaudy. 

rrla <20 (glas), n. a hard, brittle, transparent 
giaoo substance, white or colored, made by 
melting together sand or silica with lime, 
potash, soda, or lead oxide, and is used for 
window-panes, mirrors, lamp or light globes, 
dishes, lenses, and many articles of ornament; 
an instrument or vessel made of glass; a 
drinking glass, or the Quantity contained in 
it; a mirror; lens; a telescope, or barometer: 
adj. pertaining to, or made of, glass: v.t. to 
mirror, or reflect in a^mirror; glaze. 

pdflSS fill (glas'fool), n. [pi. glassfuls 
giabb-lUl (-foolz)l, the amount that a 
tumbler or goblet will hold; the contents of 
a tumbler or goblet. 

prlpoo xx/Pl*!" (klas'wftrt), n. a common sea 
gxaoD-wux t pi an t, with a juicy, brittle 
stem. 

p-Jp cc v (glas'I), adj. like glass, in smooth- 
o ness, transparency, etc.; staring 

without expression: said of the eye or look. 
— adv. glassily. — n. glassiness. 

fulfill CCi m U (slo-ko'md), n. a disease of 
gxcxu , u-iiia the eye marked by harden¬ 
ing of the eyeball, and resulting in dimness 
of vision and, flnally : in blindness. 

trip it rnilQ (glo'kus), adj. sea-green; green 
giaU-tUUi) with a bluish-gray tinge; cov¬ 
ered with bloom of a bluish-white color, 
crlQvp (S lav ). n. a sharp-edged weapon in 
R , former use, often havinar a curved 
blade with the edge on the outside. Also 
glaive. 

or]p 7 p (glaz), v.t. to furnish with glass; 

overlay -with a smooth or transparent 
substance like glass: v.i. to become smooth, 
hard, and glossy on the surface; to become 
staring and expressionless, as the eyes: n. 
the glassy coating on potter’s -ware, 
gla zier a'zher^ gla'zi-er), n. one whose 

etc. 


^ixvi, 51 a , u. unt; wuose 

trade is to set glass in windows, 


or] a 7 itlff (slaz'Ing), n. a coating of glass or 
5 xax.-xxxg smooth, transparent substance; 
the act of setting glass, or applying a coat of 
glass or smooth, transparent substance; win- 
dow-panes; semitransparent colors passed 
thinly over other colors to tone down their 
effect. 

plppm M®m), n. a stream or shoot of 
p 1 , light; brightness: v.i. to emit 
brightness; send out rays of light. 

Syn., glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, flash. 
frlpnTI (pen), v.t. to gather, as grain that 
P ,?, the rea Pers have left; collect little 
by little, or piece by piece; infer: v.i. to 
gather gram left by reapers; to collect a lit- 
tleata time. 


crl pan in o (glen'Ing), n. the act of collect- 
gxcaxx-xxxg ing after reapers; that which is 
collected laboriously from various sources, 
crlphp (g(eb). n. ground or soil; land be- 
b lcuc longing to a parish church or assigned 
to a minister as part of his salary; in mining, 
a piece of land containing ore. 
plpp (gle), n. gaiety; mirth; entertain- 
5 iCC ment; a musical composition for 
voices in harmony. 

Syn. merriment, joviality, joy, hilarity. 

Ant. (see sorrow). 

p|pp ful (gle'fool) , adi. merry, joyous, gay; 

^xcc-im aSt gi ee f U i children just let loose 

from school.— adv. gleefully. 

crlpn (S 1 © 11 ). n. a narrow valley; a quiet or 

gicxx secluded hollow between hills. 

rr]\h (Sllb), adj. voluble; flippant; fluent; 

as, a glib talker; a glib (ongue.— adv 
glibly.— n. glibness. 

pKifp (glid), n. the act of moving along 
fc>xxvi\-' smoothly; in music, a slur; the move¬ 
ment of an airplane without any motor: v.i. 
to flow, or more along smoothly or noiselessly; 
in music, to slur; to move in an airplane under 
the influence of gravity only. 

Sy?i., v. slip, slide, run. 

plifl Pr (ghcl'er), n. one who, or that which, 
gxxvx-cx s iid es along smoothly; a form of 
aircraft similar to an airplane but without 
any motor. 

crlim (gbm), n. a glance; a glimpse; alight 
fe AAA1A or candle. [Slang.] 

crlim mpr (ghm'er), n. a faint unsteady 
o 1AXAA “ AJ - ACA light: v.i. to shine faintly and 
unsteadily. 

Syn., gleam, flicker, glitter. 

p1ifY»-r)Qp (ghmps), n. a weak, faint light; 
gxxxxx^ac transient or temporary view; 
slight trace: v.t. to catch a momentary view 
of: v.t. to glance; appear for the moment, 
pi in f (glhit), n. a gleam of light; sly glance: 
S AAXAt v.t. to gleam or flash out. 

crl i c: fp-n (gl is ' n )> v.i. to sparkle with light; 
gxxo-icxx shine^ gleam: n. a glitter. 

crl ic fpr (glis'ter), v.i. to glitter; be bright: 
gxxo-tcx n. a sparkle; luster. 

P'1 it fpr (gllt'er), v.i. to sparkle with light? 
o AA A gleam; be showy or attractive: 
n. brilliancy; specious or apparent luster. 

Syn. gleam, shine^ glisten. 

ffloam itlP" (glbm'Ing), n. twilight: adj. 
giuaiii-mg pertaining to twilight. 

P’lflflt (gl°li- v.i. to stare or gaze earnestly, 
° „ usually with lustful or cruel greed or 

satisfactionoften w r ith over. 
pdnhp ( &lob), n. a spherical'body; ball; a 
0 . sphere on which are represented the 
divisions of the earth, etc. (terrestrial globe), 
or the heavenly bodies (celestial globe) : the 
globe, the earth. 

cr]obp ficfi (glob'flsh"), n. a fish that can 
P , 1 , , suck in water or air and dis¬ 

tend the body until it looks like a ball. 

elobe-flow-er (g lob,fl ou"er), n. a plant of 
11 VI C1 the crowfoot family with 

globelike flowers. 

globe-trot-ter telob'tr5t"er), n. an 
txwL tcx extensive traveler, or 

one w ho travels a great deal and to many 

plcLCCS. 

glo bin felo'bln), n. one of the parts that 
6 „ go to make up red blood corpuscles 

or cells. 

glo bose feip'bos'; gl6"bos'), adj. spher- 
ica i in shape. Also, globous. 
glob-U-lar (g lob fi-ldr), adj. spherical in 
, , . , sb aP?. Also, globulous. 

glob-ulp u,) ’ n - a little spherical 
pXQQ body; a small pill. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, biirn, cut, focus,'menii; 










glomerate 


201 


gnomic 


cl Am pt* c) fp (slorn er-at), adj. gathered 
©aujai-cx- a. into a roundish, head or 
mass; conglomerate. 

clr»A-m (gloom), n. a partial darkness; 
giuum obscurity; melancholy; depression; 
sadness; sullenness: v.i. to be or become 
cloudy or partially dark; present a dismal 
aspect: v.t. to make dark; deject or sadden. 

Syn., n. cloud, dimness, dulness. 

Ant. (see light^ brightness, joy), 
crlnnm ir (gloom x), adj. [comp, gloomier, 
giuu-u.J.-y superl. gloomiest], overspread 
with, or wrapped in, darkness; dismal; mel¬ 
ancholy; dispirited; cheerless; morose.— 
adv. gloomily.— n. gloominess. 

Syn. lowering, lurid, dim, dusky. 

Ant. (see bright, clear). 
cIa ri 51 (glo rl-d), n. praise; a doxology; 
glU-n-a especially, the Gloria in Excelsis, 
Glory be to God on high, and the Gloria Patri, 
Glory be to the Father; a musical setting of 
these. 

<y! a ri -fi <"*51 +in-n (klo ri-fl-ka shun), n. 

glO-Il-Ii-Ccl-llOIl the act of rendering 

homage to; exaltation to honor and dignity, 
cl a ri fir (slo'rl-fp, v.t. [p.t. and v.p. glori- 
giG-ii-ij fled, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in 
honor and dignity; magnify and honor in 
worship; adore; beautify. 

Syn. magnify, celebrate, exalt. 

cl a ri aii o (glo'rT-us), adj. full of honor; 
gIU-li-bua illustrious; celebrated: mag¬ 
nificent; exal ed; excellent; splendid; in¬ 
spiring admii’ation. 

Sijn. famous, renowned, distinguished, 
noble. 

Ant. (see infamous). 

cl a nr (glo'rl), n. [pi. glories (-riz)], splen- 
&AU-iy flor; magnificence; brightness; praise 
ascribed in adoration; distinction; renown; 
honor; the divine perfection or presence; 
the blessedness and enjoyment of heaven; in 
art, a circle of rays surrounding the head of a 
saint: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. gloried, p.pr. glory¬ 
ing], to rejoice or exult: with in. 

Syn., n. fame, splendor, grandeur. 

Ant. (see infamy). 

I _ (glor), n. luster from a polished sur- 
giObS face; insincere show; an explana¬ 
tion or comment on some difficulty or ob¬ 
scurity in the text of a book; a plausible, 
insincere representation: v.t. to explain by 
notes or comments; cover up or hide by 
plausible insincere representation; varnish; 
make smooth and lustrous: v.i. to make com¬ 
ments on a text; to explain, 
clce co nr (glos'a-rl), n. [pi. glossaries 
gios-sa-ry (-riz)], a collection of notes 
explaining a text; a dictionary of obsolete, 
difficult, uncommon, or technical words occur¬ 
ring in a certain book or in the works of a cer¬ 
tain author. 

„i AS OT , (glos'I), adj. [comp, glossier, superl. 
glUb-by glossiest], having a shinmg smooth 
surface: smooth and plausible.— adv. glossily. 
— n. glossiness. 

i a x* (glot'is), n. the small elastic oblong 
giO L-llo opening at the top of the windpipe. 
— adj. glottal. . „ . 

„i A , TO (gluv), n. a covering for the hand 
giOVt? W ith a separate covering for each 
finger: pi. boxing gloves: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, a glove. 

—i__ r (gluv'er), n. a maker or seller of 

glOV-er gloves; as, Shakespeare’s father 

was a glover. ... 

„i A , IT (glo), v.i. to shine with intense heat; 
glOW radiate heat and light; be incan¬ 
descent or brilliant; be red or flushed; be 
animated or inspired with passion, love, zeal. 


etc.: n. intense or shining heat; incandes¬ 
cence; redness, or brightness of color; pas¬ 
sion; ardor. 

ctIaw Ar (glcm'er), v.i. to stare with a 
&10VV-C1 threatening or angry counte¬ 
nance; frown. 

n-1 worm (glo'wurm"), n. a beetle, the 
glow-worm wingless female of which 
gives forth a shining green light at night, 
erl A 7 A (gl°z). v- 1 - to gloss over; make light 
gJLUZ-C 0 f ; a s, to gloze sin; gloze a mistake, 
crlii pacp (gloo'kos), n. the form of sugar 
u-tusc existing in many animal and veg¬ 
etable organisms: produced for commercial use 
by the action of sulphuric acid on starch. 

a (gloo), «. a sticky substance made by 
glue boiling to a jelly'- the skins, hoofs, etc., 
of animals: v.t. to unite or join with glue.— 
adj. gluey. 

0-1 nm (glum), adj. gloomy; moody; sullen; 
gAU.AAA frowning; as, a glum expression. — 
adv: glumly.— -n. glumness, 
crliim a (gl° om )- n ■ the husk or chaffy 
glUIilc scales of corn or grasses, 
dii-f (glut), n. an excess or superabundance: 
gllAl V 't. [p.t. and p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting], 
to fill to repletion; oversupply. 

Syn., v. gorge, stuff, cram. 

—In (gloo'ten), n. a sticky substance, 

&AIA-ICAA the most nutritious part of wheat 
and other grains, not apparent until the flour 
is mixed with water\_as in dough. 

crlii +i ti ah c (gloo'ti-nus), adj. sticky: 
giu-u-nuuo gluey; adhesive; covered 

with sticky matter^ 

—1,, +i (gloo-tlsh'iin), n. the act of 

glU-ll-llOn swallowing. 

o-liif +A-n (glut' 11 )- n ■ ° ne who eats to ex- 
gAUl-lUAl cess; a small, flesh-eating ani¬ 
mal, akin to the mink and marten; the 
wolverine. 

crliif -fAn 170 (glut'n-iz), v.i. to overeat; 

glUl-lOIl-lAt; to eat to excess. 

o-l 11 + f An aii c (glut'n-us), adj. eating to 
giui-iuu-uuo excess; given to over¬ 
eating.— adj. gluttonously. 

crl 11 + Inn ir (glut'n-I), n. [pi. gluttonies 
gmi-IOIl-y (-iz)], the act or habit of eat¬ 
ing to excess. 

erlire* or in (glls'er-in), n. a sweet.color- 
&Ayi/-CA - ill less, sticky liquid obtained 
from oils, fat, etc.: used extensively in various 
manufactures and in medicine. Also, glycerine, 
ern 5 »r 1 ( nar b. n - a knot on the trunk or 
gllclA 1 branch of a tree. 

on 55 ri aH (narld), adj. full of knots; dis- 
&AialJCU. torted; as, an old, gnarled oak. 
ern 51 ch (nash), v.t. to strike together, as the 
glAdbAl teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth In 
anger or in pain. 

cm 51 + ( nat ), n. a small stinging or biting 
glia. I winged insect of several kinds, like 
the mosquito. 

ansiw (no), v.t. to bite off, or eat away, by 
gllctw degrees; corrode; bite in agony, rage, 
or despair; fret: v.i. to exercise the teeth in 
biting repeatedly; act as if constantly biting. 

o-naw irur (no'Tng), n. a feeling of con- 
giia.w-iiig stant craving in the stomach; 
a fretting pain in the stomach. 
cmAlCQ (nis), n. a crystallized rock com- 
&AAGioo posed of quartz, mica, and feldspar, 
cm Atm A (nom), n. an imaginary guardian 
gliUliiC 0 f the treasures of the inner parts 
of the earth; a dwarf; a person of strange 
appearance.—gnome motor, a leading type of 
air-cooled motor for airplanes. 
rr*ir\m ir* (nom'ik). adj. dealing in or con- 
feAAGlll-lv taining pithy or instructive say- 
ings; didactic. Also, gnomical. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








Gnosticism 


262 


golden 





_ xj _ • (nds'ti-sizm), n. an an- 

Lrnos-tl-cism cjent system of philoso¬ 
phy, intermediate between Christianity and 
paganism, according to 
which all created things 
w '.a outflowings from the 
divine life. 

(noo), n. a cud-chew- 
fe AA U ing animal with a 
mane, a flowing tail, and 
curved_ horns, inhabiting Africa. 

(go), v.i. \p.t. went, p.p. gone. 

S u p.pr. going], 
to depart; pro¬ 
ceed; move on; 
pass from one 
state or place to 
another ; 
succeed; 
move by . K , 
mechanism; 
be in har- ; 
mony; as, 
red and yel¬ 
low do not 
go well to- Gnu 

gether; to 

continue to be; as, to go in rags; to resort 
or repair; as, go to him for advice; to extend; 
as, the road goes west: v.t. colloquially, to 
bear or afford; as, I can’t go the price; to 
become responsible for; as, to go bail; to 
bet or wager; as, I’ll go you a box of candy: 
n. colloquially, the fashion; energy; an agree¬ 
ment. 

fyna H (£°d) • n - a pointed stick to urge on 
b UdU cattle; any necessity that causes one 
to act; as, hunger was the goad that made 
him work: v.t. to urge on with, or as with, a 
spur; incite: v.i. to act as a spur or incentive, 
cmfll (g o1 ), n. the winning post at a race or 
gUcil a t football; the end aimed at; the 
final purpose; the desire or ambition. 
crmrt (g ot ) • n • a small four-legged animal 
g Ua.1 that is raised for its milk, flesh, and hair, 
crocif (go"te'), n. a beard, like that of a 
gUal-cc goat, on the chin or lower lip of a 
man. 

frnVi "KIp (gob'l), v -t- to swallow hastily or 
gUU-Ulc greedily: v.i. to eat greedily: to ut¬ 
ter a cry like a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; 
a quick straight stroke in putting at golf, 
crnh (gob'ler), n. a male turkey; a 

guu-mci greedy eater; a glutton. 

o-rkVk a 1 in (gob'e-lin), n. a superior kind 
foU u-c-liii 0 f French tapestry. 

crn-hp twppn (go'be-twen"), n. an in¬ 
s'-* uc-iwccu termediary; an agent; a 
broker: generally uncomplimentary. 
crn'U 1 (gob'let), n. a drinking vessel with 
gUU-lcl a stem and without a handle. 

Ifn (gdb'lin), n. an evil, mischievous 
gUU-llil spirit; gnome; fairy. 

crn "hv (g°' w )> n ■ [ P l • gobies (-biz)], a fish 
&v-uy having fins with sharp, stiff spines, 
crn-hv (go'bi'O. n. avoidance; a thrusting 
away; intentional neglect; as, the 
mayor has given some of his workers the 
go-by; evasion. 

crn cax\ (go'kart), n. a contrivance for 
b u - Lai 1 teaching children to walk; a 
child’s carriage; a light village cart, 
frnrl (god), n. the Supreme Deity, and Crea- 
tor or Upholder of the Universe; a 
being infinite, eternal, unchangeable, all¬ 
wise, and all-good. 

Syn. Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jehovah, 
Providence. 

crnH (g°d), n - a supernatural being con- 
ceived of as possessing divine powers 


or attributes; an idol; a person or thing 
deified or honored to excess; an intelligence 
controlling the forces of good and evil. 
crr\r\ (god'child"), n. one for whom 

&UU.-V. 1111 VX a person becomes sponsor at 
baptism. 

rrr.A Hpcc (god'es), n. a female deity; a 
guu-ucoo woman of superior charms or 

excellence. 

(god'fa"//ier), n. a man who 


tr/vH fa (god'fa"Mer), n. a man who 

gUU-ld- tuci ac t s as sponsor for a child at 
baptism: v.t. to act as godfather to. 

VuaoH (god'hed), n. the divine es- 
vjuu-iicau sence, nature, and attributes; 
the Supreme Deity. 

o-nrl loco (god'les), adj. without religion; 
gUU-lcoa wicked.— n. godlessness. 
crr\A (god'like), adj. like, or suitable 

gUU.-ll.rvc for, a god or God; divine; 
noblest possible.—ft. godlikeness, 
ark/! li tipcc (god'll-nes), n. piety; devo- 
gUU-ll-iiCoo tion; careful observance of 
the laws of God. 

crnH hr (god'll), adj. devout; pious; obe- 
gUU-ij dient to the commands of God. 

Syn. righteous, holy, religious. 

o-nrl mr»+Vi pr (god'mufft'er). n. a woman 
gcu.-i.iiVM.il-cx who acts as sponsor for a 

child at baptism. 

crnrl nar p nt (god'p&r'ent), n. the god- 
gUU-pcll-cut mother or godfather who 

acts as sponsor for a child at baptism. 

a rrp (godz a'ker), a churchyard; 
vjcu o ci-cic a burying ground. 

orir! qptiH (god'send"), n. unexpected 
guu-ociiu assistance or help; something 
sent by God; an unexpected piece of good 
fortune. 

crnH cVn-n (god'ship), n. deity; the char- 
guu-oiiip acter or rank of a god. 

crnH crvn (god'sun"), n. a male child for 
gcu. ouii whom one has stood sponsor at 

baptism. 

OnH QnppH (god'sped"), n. success; a 
uuu-opccu -wish for a prosperous jour¬ 
ney; as, 1 Avish you Godspeed. 

fc>r (gof'er), v.t. to form flutes in; 
ACA crimp; as, to goffer a flounce, 
fpr in O' (gof'er-Ing), n. fluting for 
_ -ici-iiig frills, etc ; indented orna¬ 
mentation on the edge of a book. 
err,a 1 crip (gog'l). v.i. to strain or roll the 
&' J &“fe AC eyes: adj. staring; prominent: 
n. a strained or affected rolling of the eyes: 
pl. a part icular kind of spectacles for protecting 
the eyes from dust, excessive light, poison gas, 
etc.— adj. goggle-eyed. 

crn i-ncr (gd'ing), p.pr. of go: n. departure, 
& U_AAA & motion, etc.; state of roads: pl. 
conduct or habit of life, 
erni fpr (goi'ter), n. a swelling of the glands 
gui-ici in the front and side of the neck. 

f^-nl rnn A a (gol-kon'da), n. a mine of 
VTUI-V/Ull-Ud wealth; as, California was a 
veritable Golconda to the adventurers of 1849. 
crnlH (g^d)’ ti. a precious metallic element 
o UAVA of a bright yellow color when pure, 
very heavy, soft, malleable, and ductile, 
admirably fitted and almost universally 
used for coinage and jewelry; money; 
wealth; precious or pure quality. 

crnlH ViPfil" pi* (gold'bet"er), n. one who 
guiu-ucal-ol beats gold into thin leaves 
for gilding or covering articles Avith gold. 
nr/-j1H HlIQt (g°)d dust), fine particles of 
Svmva gold, such as are obtained in 

Avashing sand or graA^el. 

crnlH PTl (g ol 'dn), adj. formed of, con- 
goiu-cii sistmg of, or like, gold; shining; 
bright like gold: most valuable: excellent. 


gof- 

gof- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 





golden age 


263 


goosewing 


oyVIH ati octa (sdl'dn aj), the imaginary 
&' JAU -“ CA1 CA & c time of perfect human hap¬ 
piness and innocency; the period of great¬ 
est glory in the history, literature, etc., of 
any country; as, the golden age of litera¬ 
ture. 

gold en pheas-ant 

nese pheasant. 

0 rfi1H pri rnrl (gol'dn-rbd"). n. a tall 
gUILl-cll-I UU autumn plant of the aster 
family with heads of small yellow flowers. 

crnlH ati rulp (gol'dn rool), the principle 
g,uiu.-Cii i. UJC G f treating others as we 
would wish them to treat us.—Matt. vii. 12. 

o-nIrl -fipklrlc ^°ld feldz), deposits of gold 

gOlU neius that oan be mined. 

rmlrl (gold'flnch"), n. a beautiful 

gOiU-imCH singing bird with 

yellow-streaked wings and a red 
throat. 

crnlrl -fich (gold'fish"), n. an 
&'“' AVA-AA ' 3AA oi'ange-colored fresh- I 
water fish of the carp family. 
o-aIH 1 pof (gold lef), sheets of 
gOlU. lcd.1 g 0 id beaten very 

thin, used in gilding, etc. 

rrr\\A mino (g° ld min), a place 
gOIU mine where gold is or 

may be mined; anything yielding 
great wealth. 

o-nlrl cmifh (gold'smlth), n. a 
goiu-smim worker in gold, or 

dealer in gold plate. 

nr a1 HI v 1 nrlf (gol'dl-loks), n. 
guiu.-_y - 1 UUJV.Q a common name 

for various plants with yellow 
flowers, such as the buttercup. 

Also, goldilocks. 

(gdlf: gof), n. a game played 
gun with a small hard ball and 
club-headed sticks, the object being 
to drive the ball into a series of 
small holes with the fewest possible ball; 
strokes; v.i. to play the game of maslile; i, 
golf; as, is he going to golf to-day? driver. 

(gol'go-thd), n. the place 
was crucified. 

Also, 



G0l-g6-tha where'jesus 

lrkcl -1 (gS-losh 7 ), n. an overshoe. 
gU-lU&n goloshe, galosh, galoche. 
or\n Ha la (gdn'd6-ld), n. a long narrow 
gUll-UU-lct Venetian pleasure boat moved 
by one oar; a flat-bottomed boat or railway 
car used for carrying coal, 
produce, etc.; an elongated 
car attached to the under 
side of a dirigible balloon. 



Gondola 

errm A V (gOn'di-ler'), n. the rower of a 
gOn- UU-llcI gondola or pleasure boat used 
on the canals of Venice. 

(g6n), p.p. of go: p.adj. ruined; lost; 
gUilG faint or weak; carried away. 
o-AAA npcc (gon'nSs), n. a state of weak- 
gUIlc-IicQQ ness, faintness, or exhaustion. 

„ fcx Iati (gon'fa-lon), n. a standard or 
gOil-Id.-1UU ensign, usually with stream¬ 
ers; a name given to any flag which hangs 
from a crosspiece or frame instead of from 
the staff or the mast itself. 


cr Ati cr (g^ n S) . n • a tambourine-shaped musl- 
guilg cai instrument of bronze, which is 
struck by ajiadded stick; a kind of bell. 
ctaaH (good)* adj. [comp, better, superl. 
gUUU. best], having excellent qualities; 
proper, fit, or adapted to any particular work 
or use; as, she is a good student; fish are 
good for food; pious; moral; kind; favor¬ 
able; beneficial; as, good counsel; cheerful; 
as, good spirits; gracious and pleasing; as, good 
manners; undamaged; as, the dress was old, 
but still good ; honest or genuine; as, good coin; 
complete; as, he made a good job; of high 
rank; as, in good society: n. excellence; that 
which is right, not wrong; prosperity; benefit: 
pi. household furniture; fabric; merchandise; 
as, my goods came yesterday: interj. an ex¬ 
pression of assent or pleasure; as, good! I 
am glad of it. 

Syn., adj. virtuous, righteous, upright, just. 
Ant. (see wicked, bad). 
ctaaH "hv (good"bi'), n. a farewell: inter j. 
gUUU ”uy adieu; farewell; a contraction 
of “God be with you.” Also, good-bye. 

H-aaH TTrt HflV (good fri'da), the Friday 
UOOU. A* 11-Ud.j before Easter, kept as the 

anniversary of Christ’sdeath. 

ctaaH Viii mor (good hu'm€r; u'mer), a 
gOOQ. ITU -mOl cheery mood; a kindly 

temper.— adj. good-humored. 
ctaaH 1 vr (good'd) ,adj.[comp. goodlier, superl. 
gUUU-iy goodliest], good-looking; noble; 
desirable; pleasant.— goodliness. 

o-aaH nsi r a (good na'tur), unruffled. 
guOU. ild.-VU.iC amiable, kindly disposi¬ 
tion.— adj. good-natured. — adv. good-natur- 
edly. ^ 

o-aaH fipcc (good'nes), n. the state or 
gUCU.-J.icoo quality of being good; be¬ 
nevolence; excellence. ^ 

goods and chat-tels ^ 

son&l property, such as clothing, furniture, 
etc.; also money, capitalMi ve stock, etc. 

o-aaH +Am npr (good tem'per), a dlspo- 
& uuu Lciii-pci sition or spirit not easily 
provoked or irritated; habitual good nature.— 
adj. good-tempered.— adv. good-temperedly. 
o-aaH wif a (good'wlf"), n. [pi. goodwives 
gOOUL-Wile (-wivz)], the mistress of a 
house. 

err\r\A will (good wll), benevolence; kindly 
gUUU. Will feeling; the value a business 
has in trade and custom over and above stock- 
in-trade. 

annH xr (?°°d'l), affectedly or weakly 
gUUU-y pious; namby-pamby: n. (pi. 
goodies), a person insincerely or weakly pious; 
a kind of candy or sweetmeat. 
o-AAQA (g° os )- n - Ip 1 - geese (ges)], any web- 
& uuoc footed bird larger than a duck but 
smaller than a swan; a tailor’s smoothing 
iron; a silly person. 

ctaaca V»Ar nr (gooz'bSr-i; goos'bgr-I), n. 
gOObc-Ocr-ry [p;. gooseberries (-Iz)], a 

green berry similar to the currant, but larger; 
the bush that bears it: adj. made of goose¬ 
berries. 

o-AACA n acIt• (goos'nelc), n. anything 
gOObc-IlcCK curved like the neck of a 
goose, as a bar of iron for various purposes; 
a bent iron connecting a mast with a spar. 

ctaaca c+A-n (goosstep), a stiff manner of 
gUUQC Q icp marching used by the German 
army, in which the legs are alternately lifted and 
held straight out. 

cnncA u 7 incr (goosewing*), n. a kind of 
gOObc-WUlg sa ii ; the lower corner of a 
foresail or square mainsail when the body of 
the sail is furled. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











gopher 


264 


governmental 


rrn rdiar (go fer), n. a North American 
gU-pilCl burrowing, ratlike animal; a 
ground squirrel of the prairies; a burrowing 
land tortoise, common in the pine barrens of 
the southern United States; the indigo snake, 
a bright-colored, nonpoisonous snake com¬ 
mon in the southern United States; the wood 
of which Noah’s ark was made. 

r\i art (g6r'dl-§n), adj. relating to 
VJUl-UI-dll Gordius, an ancient king, or 
to the hard knot tied by him; as, the Gordian 
knot: gordian, intricate or difficult. 

_._ r _ (gor), n. thick or clotted blood; as, the 
gUI c sword dripping gore; a three-cornered 
piece sewn into a dress, sail, etc.; a narrow or 
three-cornered piece of land: v.t. to pierce, as 
with a horn; as, the stag was gored to death; 
furnish with three-cornered pieces cut with 
slanting edges: said of a garment, etc. 
ernrerd (gorj), n. the throat; gullet; that 
gUlgtJ which is swallowed; a filling or 
choking of a channel by an obstruction; 
as, an ice gorge in a river; a narrow passage 
between mountains or hills: v.t. tc swallow 
greedily or in large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. 
to eat greedily. 

aTer (Tpmic (gdr'jus), adj. glittering in va- 
gui-gcuuo rious colors; splendid; showy; 
inclined to magnificence.— adv. gorgeously. — 
n. gorgeousness. 

Syn. superb, grand, splendid. 

Ant. (see plain, simple). 
trnr rraf (gor'jgt), n. a protective piece of 
gUi-gcL armor for the throat or neck; a 
crescent-shaped breastplate. 
r riT q. (gor'gon) , n. one of three sisters 

VTUi-gUlI i n Greek mythology whose ap¬ 
pearance was so terrible that anyone who 
beheld them was turned to stone: gorgon, 
an ugly or terrible woman, 
cm ril 1st (gb-rfl'a), n • an African manlike 
gU-111-la. a pe some five feet in height with 
a massive body and powerful limbs; the largest 
ape known. 

cmr-ruinr! (gbr'm&nd), n. a greedy or 
&UA-Aiiaxiu. ra venous eater; a glutton; an 

expert in table delicacies; a gourmet. Also, 

gourmand. 

ernr mfl-nrl 17 P (gor'man-diz), v.i. to eat 
greedily or ravenously, 
a^rca (gors), n. an evergreen shrub with 
gUioc yellow flowers: called also furze. 
trnr \r (g° r 'b, adj. covered or stained with 
gUl-y blood; as, gory locks. 

croc Tistwlr (gbs'hok"), n. a large, short- 
gea-iiavm winged hawk or falcon. 

croc liner (gSz'lIng), n. a young goose, 
guo-iuig covered with pale yellow down. 

croc nal (gos'pel), n. good news or tidings, 
gUS-pci especially the announcement of the 
salvation of mankind by Jesus Christ; the 
general doctrines of the New Testament; some¬ 
thing received as absolutely true; any doc¬ 
trine earnestly advocated by its supporters: 
Gospel, the history of the life and doctrines of 
Jesus Christ, contained in the four books, 
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; one of these 
books; a selection from these in the church 
service: adj. relating to, or in accordance with, 
the gospel. 

erne ca mar (g$s'd-mer), n. a very fine 
guo-aa-iuci spider’s web which floats in 

the air; a very thin, soft, filmy, strong gauze; 
an outer garment made of waterproof mate¬ 
rial: adj. very thin; flimsy; gauzy, 
erne cin (gbs'lP). n • familiar or idle talk; 
gUS>-bip scandal; one who habitually talks 
of other people and their affairs: v.i. to tell 
idle tales about others; tattle; chat.— adj. 
gossipy. 



erne ennn (gS-s55n'). n. a young attendant 

gUo-oUUU or servant; in Ireland, a boy. 
(g6t), past tense and past participle of 
the irregular verb get. 

r ' _At_ (g 6 th), n. one of an ancient Teutonic 
vJOUl tribe that overran the Roman 
Empire (third and fourth centuries A. D.); a 
savage person, especially one who lacks 
artistic taste. 

f'n+V» a (go'ta), n. a very large and very 
A>Ulli-d speedy type of military liplane 
developed by Germany in the World War. 
ri-nf-li in (goth Ik), adj. pertaining to the 
Goths or their language; pertain¬ 
ing to a style of architecture with high and 
pointed arches, steep roofs, and windows 
large in proportion to the wall space: n. the 
language of the Goths: 
the pointed style of 
architecture; a variety 
of type. 

emu era (g° u i: gooj), 
gOUge n . a rounded 

hollow chisel for cut¬ 
ting grooves or holes: 
v.t. to scoop out with a 
gouge. _ 

ormrrl (gord; goord), 
gUUI vl n _ fleshy, three- 

celled, many - seeded 1 
fruit, such as the melon, 

2 "hr.*. TSE 

fmli whose^ried steH I*"**; 
serves for bottles, cups, dippers, etc. ; a vessel 
or dipper made from such a fruit; the plant 
bearing the fruit._ 

crmir mat (goorTna'), n. an epicure; 
guui-iiict one w bo is a good judge of 

things to eat and drink. [Fr.] 

CTA 11 + (gout), n. a constitutional disease, 
gUllL marked by painful swelling and inflam¬ 
mation of the joints or lower limbs, especially 
of the great toe. 

crnii+ XT (gout'I), adj. pertaining to, or 
gUUl-y affected with, gout or a disease of 
the joints.—n. goutiness. 

crntT- am (guv'ern), v.t. to control b3 r au- 
gUV-CiU thority; regulate; direct; man¬ 
age; steer; restrain; require to be in a par¬ 
ticular grammatical mood, case, etc.; as, a 
preposition governs a noun in the objective 
case: v.i. to exercise authority; administer or 
execute the law. 

Syn. rule, command. 

crrwT am a ’hi a (guv'ern-d-bl). adj. capa- 
gUV-cril-d.-UJ.tJ ble of being controlled: 

amenable to authority or restraint. 

oyw am aura (guv'er-nans) , n. rule; 
guv-cui-anuc control; arrangement; ex¬ 
ercise of authority. 

ermr am a«c (guv'ern-gs), n. a woman 
v -ci ai-cdo -who teaches children and 
young people, especially in their own home. 
O-AV prn ino- (guv'ern-Ing), p.adj. exer¬ 
ts'--' v cising control; prevalent; 
ruling. 

aatt at*tl man+ (guv'ern-ment), n. the 
guv-em-mem act of administering or 
ruling; administration of public affairs: as, 
righteous government; established state or legal 
authority; self-control: relation between two 
words by which one determines the case or 
mood of another. 

Syn. rule, state, control, sway. 

crrwT am man \e il (ghv*ern-mSn'tcll), 
gov-em-men-iai ad ^ per taining to, 

made by, connected with, or proceeding from, 
government. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 











governor 


265 


gram. 



crcwr prn nr (guv'ern-er), n. the chief 
guv>ciu-ui executive of a state; one who 
is elothed with great legal 
authority; chief ruler; 
a mechanical device for 
regulating the speed of 
an engine.— n. governor¬ 
ship. 

<rnwlr (gok;gouk). n. a 
gOWJv s i m p leton ; a 
gawk; a cuckoo. 

crnxxm (soun). n. a wom- 
b vvvu an’s outer gar¬ 
ment. or dress; a long loose 
robe worn by university 
and college students and Governor of a 
by members of the learned steam engine. A,B, 
professions; a long loose weights; C, D, E, F. 
outer covering or wrapper, G, bell crank levers 
as a dressing gown, etc. and connecting rods 
j f aroimd 1 ndi sliding sleeve M, 

gowned c u3i 

as, a beautifully gowned valve in steam pipe, 
woman. 

o-Awnc m an (gounz'mS,n), n. one who 
guvvuo-niau wears a gown professionally; 
a student. 

a-rah (K^b), ®and t).i. t P-t. and p.p. 
glctu grabbed, p.pr. grabbing], to seize sud¬ 
denly and forcibly; snatch: n. a sudden and 
forcible seizure or grasp. 

err a rt* (gras), n. excellence of character; 
{'ia.i/C attractiveness or charm, natural or 
acquired; elegance of action or language; 
beauty of form or movement; disposition 
to benefit or serve another; kindness; the un¬ 
merited favor and love of God towards man; 
spiritual excellence; virtue; a brief prayer 


of the successive parts of the course in a 
United States elementary school; the rise or 
descent of a road, etc.: v.t. to level and 
prepare, as a road or railway roadbed; 
arrange in regular series: v.i. to take rank; 
grade crossing, a crossing of two roads, on 
the same level, especially of a railroad track 
and a street or roadway. 
err a Ai pnf (gra'dl-fint), n. the incline of 
foid-tli-CAiL a railway or road: adj. ad¬ 
vancing by steps; fitted for walking; ascend¬ 
ing or descending at a certain rate. 
rrt-aA 11 al (grad'u-3.1), adj. proceeding by 
glaU-U-al degrees; step by step; regular 
and slow; as, he shows a gradual improve¬ 
ment: n. in a church service, a response sung 
after the Epistle; an ancient book of anthems 
or Scripture sentences chanted by the choir 
during Mass.— adv. gradually. 

Syn., adj. deliberate, progressive. 

Ant. (see sudden). 

err a A 11 ait* (grad'u-St), n. one on whom 
gi ctU.-U.-d 1C a degree or a diploma has 
been conferred; as, he is a graduate of Har¬ 
vard University: v.t. (grad'u-at), to mark with 
degrees; to arrange according to degrees of 
quality, color, heat, etc.; to confer a degree 
or diploma upon; as, he was graduated at Co¬ 
lumbia: v.i. to take or receive a college degree 
or a diploma; change by degrees: adj. having 
been given a degree; pertaining to those upon 
whom degrees have been conferred; as, a 
graduate student. 

o'-re* A 11 a fi ntl (grad fi-ashfin), n. the 
^1 d-Li.-U.-ct- HUH conferring or reception 

of a college degree or the diploma of a school; 
regular progression; a marking into degrees 


or parts. 

before or after meals; a respectful title of err a A n a rnr (&rad'u-a"ter), n. an instru- 

- - - - grau-u-a-xor ment for dividing lines into 


address applied to an archbishop or duke; 
charm of behavior; indulgence or privilege; 
In music, an ornamental note or passage: 
v.t. to adorn or decorate^honcJr; dignify; favor. 
trraPA fill (gras'fool), adj. displaying 
giatc-iui beauty in form or action; easy 
and elegant in manners or demeanor; as, she 
is graceful in her bearing.— adv. gracefully. 
Syn. becoming, comely, beautiful, elegant. 
Ant. (see awkward). 

errant* lace (gras'les), adj. lacking in good 
glclGC-lGoo qualities; depraved; ill-man¬ 


nered; awkward. 

errant* «r »+a (.gras not), in i 
I'J.a.UC JJ.UIC mental note; a note, usu 


(gras not), in music, an orna¬ 
mental note; a note, usu¬ 
ally one degree above or below the prin¬ 
cipal note. 

erra rinne (gra'shfls), adj. showing or 
gla-uuua bestowing goodness, kindness, 
or mercy; affable; polite; as, she is so very 
gracious that to know her is to love her.— adv. 

graciously. 

Syn. merciful, kindly, beneficent. 

erra n imic pace (gra shus-nes), n. affa- 
grd-UJ.UUJ5-llC2>& bility; courteous bear¬ 
ing; charm of manner. 

n-rctrlr 1 a (grak'l), n. a songbird of the 
^IclUiv-lC family of the European starling 
and the American blackbird. 
erra Aa+c* (gra'dat), v.t. arrange parts In a 
gId.-U.ctLC whole, as colors in pamtmg, etc., 
so that they harmonize; to bring to a certain 
strength of concentration; as, to gradate a 
saline, or sa’t, solution. 

gra-da-tion StSf han) ’ a r6gu(ar 


equal minute parts; an electro-magnet for 
making and breaking gradu¬ 
ally a telegraphic circuit. 
err aft (graft), n. a small 
&I 1:11 ** shoot of a tree insert¬ 
ed into another tree; hence, 
something mixed with a for¬ 
eign stock; colloquially, an 
unlawful or irregular accept¬ 
ance of money, particularly 
from the government of a 
city or state; a bribe: v.t. to 
insert as a shoot in another 
tree; join so as to receive 
support from another thing; 
in surgery, to transplant (tis¬ 
sue); v.i. to practice grafting; 



U 

Grafting Knives 


colloquially, to accept bribe money: grafting 
knife, a knife adapted for cutting twigs or 
vines for grafting.—n. grafter. 

Clra ham flnnr (gra'am flour), whole or 
LXicI-Ilcilll IlOUr unbolted wheat flour. 

(gral), n. a dish or chalice; especially. 


grail 


w _or progress, step by 

step; regular arrangement in order of rank, — ----- - _ , , , 

size, color, etc.; a gradual blending of one the gram of any kind of wood; texture; pi. 
tint into another; series; order. ' the refuse or dregs of malted barley: r.l to 

_ / — IV .. _ _ A — — * v> nn Vllr frtmvi lVlf./V PtYinll 7X OpflPi OO * TIQltll. 1T1 1 TY1 1 1 iS. til nTI 

grade 


(grad), n. a step or degree in rank, 
dignity, qaabfry. order, etc.; one 


_ the Holy Grail, the cup used by Christ 
at the Last Supper, said in some legends of 
the Middle Ages to have been preserved by 
Joseph of Arimathea, and taken to England, 
where it disappeared. Also, graal. 
rrrairt (gran), n. any very small hard seed 
&I a.111 or kernel; a single seed of corn; the 
fruit of certain grasses which furnish the 
chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
etc., or the plants themselves; the smallest 
particle or amount; a unit of weight equal to 
1/20 of a scruple or 1/24 # pennyweight; 
the arrangement of particles in a body; as, 


form into small particles; to paint in imitation 
of the grain of wood. __ 


boot, foot: found; boil: f unction; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw=wh as in when; 
eh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 






















266 


grape 


grainer 


errct in -vy (gran'Sr), n. one who imitates the 
gldlll-Cl grain or texture of wood; the 
tool or brush used in doing this work. 
crrain iner (gran'Ing), n. painting in imi- 
glctlll-jaig tation of the grain or texture 
of wood; a process in dyeing; the pebbling 
of paper or leather in bookbinding. 

(gram). n - a weight; the unit of mass 
glctul j n the metric system, 15.43 grains 
troy. Also, gramme. 

rrro mov nxr (grd-mfir'si), interj. great 
-Uy thanks; as, ‘Grarnercy for 
your aid,” said the knight. 

err arm i niv n miic (gr&m'I-niv'O-rfis). 
gram-l-niv-o-roub a aj. feeding on 

grasses. 

err am ma A ner (gram'd-l<5g), n. in short- 
te 1 ctriA-iiid-iug, hand, a sign representing 

a single word, as t for it. Also, gramma- 
legue. 

m-a-m 0 « (gram'er), n. the science that 
grdJXl-IXldX treats of the principles that 
govern the words of a language in their rela¬ 
tion to each other; the art of speaking or 
writing a language according to these princi¬ 
ples; a book on this science. 

trram T1 PlTl (gra-ma rl-an), n. one 

gl dlil-HId-I1-dll who knows, writes on, 

or teaches, the science of language. 

err am tn q r crVmnl (gram er skool), in 
gram-mar SCIlOOl the United States, 

a graded school between the primary and 
the high school; in England, a school in 
which the classics, etc., are taught. 

warn mat i caA (gra-mat'I-k&l), ad). 
grcim-IXld.l-1-Ed.i pertaining to, or ) in 

agreement with, grammar, or its rules,— adv. 
grammatically. 

errammt* (gram), n. the unit of weight in 
S A dllliiic the metric system, 15.43 grains 

troy. Also, gram. 

err am o nil nn p (gramo-fon), n. an in- 
graill-U-pllUllc strument for recording 

and reproducing speech. 

err am niic (gram'pus), 

gldlll-pub n . a sea ani¬ 
mal akin to the whale, but 
smaller; a corpulent or 
stout person. 

Kyj-ori O r\j (gran 7 d-rl), 
gld.ll-a.-iy n . \pi, granaries 
(-rlz)], a storehouse for grain; 
a country where grain is the 
chief product. 

err an A (grand), ad), high in Gramophone 
CLiicA d 1 gmty or power; il¬ 
lustrious; chief; great; magnificent; splen¬ 
did; sublime; noble; impressive; having wealth 
and high social position; conceived or ex¬ 
pressed in dignified language; in the second 
degree of parentage or descent, as grand¬ 
father: n. a grand piano. 

Syn., adj. majestic, stately, dignified, lofty, 
exalted, gorgeous, superb. 

Ant. (see mean, shabby). 
wan Aam (gran'dam), n. a grandmother; 
gidii-vicu.n an 0 i(j woman. Also, gran- 
dame. 

err an A rTiilrl (grand'child"), n. the child 
b A dllU.-L-I1X1U 0 f one’s son or daughter. 

grand-daugh-ter jggSFff ' 3! 

son or daughter. 

err an A Hnlz-p (grand dulc), a duke ruling 
£idiivi uuno over a country or state; in 

Russia, a son of the czar. 

reran eAnn (gran-de'), n. a Spanish noble- 
to A dll-VlCG man of the highest rank. 

erran Anitr (gran'dfir), n. greatness; vast- 
& A cui-u-v/in ness; sublimity; splendor of 



appearance; social distinction and display; 

elevation of thought, sentiment, or demeanor; 
nobility of action. 

erran A fa thnr (grand'fa'Mer), n. the 
grana-ia-IIier father of one s father or 

mother. „ 

gran-dil-o-quent adj." speaking in, or 

characterized by, a lofty or pompous style. 
erran A\ net* (gran'dl-os), adj. impressive 
gldll-vil-uac in realityj>r pretense. 

reran A in rrr (grand joS'rl), a jury which 
^IdilU. JU-iy tries grave offenses. 

grand-moth-er 

mother of one’s father 

or mother. 

reran A nn nr a (grand op'er-a), an elab- 
grana op-cr-d orate and dignified mu¬ 
sical drama. 

erran A nar pnt (grand'par'ent), n. the 
grand -par-Glll parent of ones parent. 

reran A cm iro (grand'slr"), n. a grandfather; 
£>i dllvl-bil C male ancestor. 

reran A con (grand'sun"), n. the son of 
gldliu-ouu one’s son or daughter. 

reran A cfc?nH (grand stand), the prin- 
gldliu. oloiiu cipal range of seats at any 

outdoor entertainment, usually built in tiers. 
erranem (granj), n. a farm with its build- 
gldllge ings, etc.: Grange, a national 
association of farmers; a local lodge of the 
order.— n. granger. 

err a nif pi* HIIQ (gra-nlf er-fis), ad^.bear- 
gld-nu-ci-uus 1Dg gram, or seeds like 

grain. 

erran 4+c* (gran'Kt), n. a hard, crystalline 
gldll-llc rock, gray or red in color, com¬ 
posed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. 

reran i+o nrarn (gran'It war), a kind of 
gldll-llc Wdlc enameled iron ware. 

err a niv n rmi«; (grd-nly'6-rus). adj. eat- 
gra-IllV-U-lUUo mg grain or seeds. 

erran nv (gran'I), n. abbreviation of grand- 
gldll-Iiy mother; an old woman. 

errant (grant), v.t. to give or confer, espe- 
gldlil cially in response to a request; 
admit as true (what has not been proved); 
concede; transfer the title of: n. the act of 
conferring; a gift; an allowance; the thing 
conveyed; a transfer of property; an admission 
or concession. 

Syn., v. bestow, impart, yield, cede, allow, 
invest. 

errant t*t* (gran-te'), n. the person to whom 
& A cllil-CC px-operty is transferred by law. 

errant nr (gran'tor; gran-tor'), n. one who 
gl allL-Ui transfers property by law. 

erran ii Aar (gran'fi-lar), adj. composed of, 
S AclAA_u “ AclA or like, grains or granules. 

erran ii Aatf* (gran'tl-lat), v.t. to form Into 
£> A au-u ia lc- g ra ixi S or small masses; 
roughen the surface of: v.i. to become grain¬ 
like or form into crystals; as, honey granulates 
into sugar.— adj. granulated. 

erran ii 1 a Hnn tgran'u-la'shfin). n. the 
gldll-U-ld- llUIl state of being formed 

or collected into grains; the act of forming 
into grains; one of the grains so formed, or 
something like it; in surgery, the process 
of healing by which small, red, grainlike 
protuberances form on the surface of wounds 
or ulcers. 

erran nip (gran'ui), n. a small grain or 
S AclAA ~ UAC particle; as, a granule of sugar. 
erran ii Ihqp (gran'd-los"), n. the part of 
starch grains in plants capa¬ 
ble of being formed into sugar. 
errant* (graph n. the smooth, round, edible 
gidpc f ru it of the grapevine, used for mak- 
ing wine and raisins. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







grapefruit 


207 


grayhound 


crranA fruit (grap'froot*), n. a citrous 

grape-iruii f ruit gr 


u A . grown in the tropics, 

having an acid pulp, and a bit ter-tasting rind, 
rrrart or w (grap'er-I), n. [pi. graperies (-Iz)], 
dp-Cl -y a building or inclosure used 
for the cultivation of grapes, 
errci-no cVint (grap'shot"), n. a cluster of 
gid|)C-ouui small shot arranged so as to 

scatter when fired. 

errano vino (grap'vin"), n. a well- 
gl £tpc - vxxxc known climbing plant, bear¬ 
ing smooth, round, edible fruit in clusters, 
frranh ir (graf'Ik), adj. pertaining to the 
glctpil-lb ar t 0 f writing or delineating; 
vividly described; well delineated; lifelike. 

Also, graphical.— adv. graphically. 

Syn. forcible, telling, picturesque, vivid, 
pictorial. 

rrronVi i+o (graf'it), n. a kind of carbon 
gidpil-llC used for lead pencils, etc. 

graph-o-phone strument for reproduc¬ 
ing sound; a phonograph, 
orannpl (grap'nSl), n. a kind of small 
grd.p-llcl anchor usually with flukes or pTflVP 
arrowlike arms; heavy tongs used for lifting o A ^ v ^ ful; 
stone, ice, etc. 

err an aIa (Br&P'D. v.t. to lay fast 
grd.p-pie hold of: v.i. to struggle or 
contend in a close fight: n. a close fight; 
a close hold, as in wrestling; a me¬ 
chanical device for taking hold of any- 
thing. . A 

/vroon (grasp), v.t. to seize or catch 
gldop a t ; hold by clasping or 
contracting; as, grasp the rope . . 

quickly; to take hold of mentally, 


rrrat i fv (gr&t'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. gratl- 
gldt-l-lj fled, p.pr. gratifying], to afford 
pleasure to: indulge; delight; humor. 

<rra+ in tr (grat'Ing). n an open fraine- 
gia.l-lilg work or lattice of bars; an ar¬ 
rangement of parallel wires in an optical 
instrument: p.adj. harsh, irritating. 
rri*o X* (gra'tfs) , adv. without charge; out 
gld-lls 0 f favor or kindness; as, he gave 
me these flowers gratis. [Lat.] 

i (grat'I-tud), n. the state of 

gltlL-l-111vlbeing thankful; appreciation 
of favors received; thankfulness; kindness- 
awakened by a favor received. 

1 +^11 o (grd-tu'I-tus), adj. freely 
gra-tU-l-tOUS bestowed; voluntary; with¬ 
out cause or provocation; granted without 
merit or claim.— adv. gratuitously 
o-t-a -f-ii i Hr (grd-tu'i-tl), n. [pV. gratuities 
gra-iu-l-xy (_tiz)], a donation or present: 

free gift. . 

rrra w<- mAn (gra-va'men), n. a legal term 
gld-Vct-Illcli meaning cause of complaint 

or action. . , . . 

(grav), adj. serious; solemn; thought- 
c ful; sedate; important; a com¬ 

mon accent, or its sign [' ]; plain; slow in 
movement; in music, very deep m pitch: 
n. an excavation or hole in the earth for the 
reception of a dead body; place of burial; 
place of great slaughter or mortality: v.t. to 
shape or carve by cutting with a chisel; en¬ 
grave.— adv. gravely.—n. graveness. 

Syn., adj. sober, pressing, heavy: n. tomb. 
Ant. (see giddy). 


or understand: v.i. to endeavor to 
seize: with at; as, a drowning man Grapple 
grasps at a straw: n. a seizure of 
the hand; power of seizure; hold;, mental 
capacity; as, his grasp of things s quick 
for one so young. 

Syn., v. catch, seize, gripe, clasp. . 
rvr-oon in or (grasping), p.adj. avaricious; 
grasp-ing greedy of gain; close; miserly, 

as, he is grasping and selfish. . . 

rr-t-ooo (gras), n. herbage having hollow, 
graSS jointed stalks, narrow leaves called 
blades, and seeds similar to those of gram; 
pasture: v.t. to cover with turf; bleach, by 
exposure on grass; pasture or graze. 

_ ■* (gras hbp er), n. a small 

grass-hop-per uimble insect of the lo¬ 
cust kind. , ... 

__ 000 w. (gras'I), adj. covered with, or like, 

gldbb-y grass.—n. grassiness. 

n x n (grat), n. a framework of iron bars to 
grate bold fuel; a set of bars, as in a 
window: v.t. to rub or wear away by the 
friction or rubbing of a rough body; produce 
(a sound) by the friction of rough or hard sur¬ 
faces; grind down; furnish with iron bars. v.i. 
to make a harsh noise by rubbing roughly, 
produce mental irritation; as, her manner 

^ j r i (grat'fool). adj. thankful: pleas- 

grate-ful 3e; as,thecoldair was grate¬ 
ful after the discomfort of the overheated 
room.— adv. gratefully.-—n. gratefulness. 

Syn. agreeable, pleasing. 

Ant. (see harsh). , .. . ... . 

_ x ^ (grat'er), n. one who, or that which, 
grat-er grates; a rasping or grating imple¬ 
ment; (St^-«-ka'shfln), n. 

grat-l-n-ca-tion the act- of pleasing; 

satisfaction; pleasure; reward or recompense. 
Syn. enjoyment, pleasure, delight. 

Ant, (see disappointment). 


(grav'el), n. fragments of rock 
grav-ei coarser than sand and frequently 
mixed with it; a disease caused by solid 
matter in the bladder and kidneys: v.t. to> 
cover with fragments of rock; run aground 
on a beach: said of a vessel; embarrass; 
lame, as a horse, by a stone under tb& 
shoe. — adj. gravelly. 

rrra won (gra'vn), p.adj. cut; carved: 
gid-VCll graven image, an idol. 

(grav'er), n. a cutting tool used 
gldV-CI by engravers and sculptors; an 
engraver or carver in stone. 

rrra wo c+rvriA (grav'ston'), n. a stone, 
grave-stone usually bearing an inscrip¬ 
tion, placed to mark a grave; a tombstone. 

err a A ward1 (grav'yard"), n. a burial 
grave-ycUU place; a cemetery. 

(graving), n. the act of engrav- 
grav-m & j ng or incising; the clearmg of 

the bottom of a ship. _ . . . 

J i„ 4 - q (grav'i-tat), v.i. to be acted 
grav-l-tate upon or attracted by a force 
which draws all bodies in the universe toward 
each other; be naturally attracted; as, office- 
seekers gravitate towards those in authority. 

__• j x• „ (grav"f-ta'shun), n. the 

grav-l-ta-cion force which draws all bod¬ 
ies in the universe toward each other. 

• +T7 (grav'I-tf), n. that force which 
grav-l-iy tends to move all bodies towards 
the center of the earth; weight; importance, 
seriousness; solemnity; weight of guilt; 
in music, lowness of a tone or note. 

„„„ (gra'vl), ?i. [pi. gi’avics (-viz)]. the 
gla-Vy f a tty juice from roasting flesh made 
into a dressing for food when it is served. 

(gra), n. and adj. wnite mixed with 
gray black; the color of hair whitened by 
age. Also, grey.— n. grayness, greyness. 

" (gra'berd"), n. an old man. 


(gra'berd"). n. £ 

gray-DGard Also^ greybeard. 


I T (gra'hound"), n. a slender, 

gray-houna sw ift dog with keen sight. 

Also, greyhound. 


boot foot * found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as m w^en, 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 













grayling 


268 


grenadier 


rrrckxi linfr (grading), n. a fresh-water fish 
gray-lllig Q f the salmon family. Also, 
greyling. 

ara (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture for; 
gldXC touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat 
grass; move along while eating grass; to rub 
something in passing; n. a slight rub or touch; 
a rubbed or scratched place on a surface. 
era vi&r (gra'zher), n. one who pastures 
S 1 or breeds cattle lor market. 

(gres), n. soft_ animal fat; oily 
glCaoc matter: v.i. (grez; gres), to smear 
or rub with fat; cause to move easily by 
applying an oily substance, 
g-pqo (grez'er), n. one who, or that 

& A tra.o-wI w hich, oils, or lubricates; slang, 
a Mexican, or Mexican creole. 
trrpTc: it (grez'I; gr&'I), adj. [comp, greas- 
i e£ - ( superl. greasiest], resembling, 
smeared, or spotted with, fat; oily.— adv. 
.greasily.— n. greas ness. 

errant (§ r 3.t), adj. large; chief; principal; 

weighty; marvelous; eminent; illus¬ 
trious; high in rank or position; sublime; 
noble; accomplished; long continued; mag¬ 
nanimous; high-minded; showing a step of 
relationship by blood; as, great-grandfather: 
n. noble, or influential, people; with the. — 
■adv. greatly.— n. greatness. 

Syn., adj. big, huge, majestic, vast, grand, 
august. 

PTPn<--annt (grat'ant"), n. the sister of 
© loa ‘*' one’s grandparent, 

d-rpat Roar fe f at bar), a well-known 
L K 'frroup of stars in the north: 
-called also Ursa Major,_ and the Dipper. 
<rr<P<?i (grat'kot"), n. a heavy over- 

b 1 oiU-^ua L coa t, or topcoat. 

p-rpqf 1^2*Tip (s r5t dan), one of a breed 
gxccu, -oa xac of very large, savage, short- 
haired dogs. 

OTPpet (gra't&t), adj. superlative of 

igl c-ilt-oJsL great: greatest common divisor, 

the greatest factor common to two or more 
numbers. 

great-grand-child 

grandchild. 

great-grand-daugh-ter^~f) rand n '; 

the daughter of one’s grandchild^ 

great-grand-fa-ther^r^fheT: 

ther of one’s grandparent. 

great-grand-moth-erS:| 1 . r ) 5 „ n t <1 b ;; 

mother of one’s grandparent. 

great-grand-son & M '^r2ne% 

grandchild. 

orP2if_ii« pIp (grat'Cm'dri), n. the brother 
o A CC3. V 0 f one’s grandparent. 

f-»TP2lt Qnir i+ (grat splrilt), the title 
\jrreat opir-lt applied to the Supreme 
Being by the American Indians. 

Great White Way IS: 

tion of Broadway, New York City, so called 
from the brightness of its lights at night. 
OTPat/pc* (grevz), n.pl. armor to protect 
gicavck) the legs from the ankle to the 
knee; the sediment or dregs of melted tallow. 
{vTP CSfln (£ r e' s h3.n), adj. pertaining to 
vuc-wau Greece; n. a native of Greece; 
a Greek scholar. 

trrpprl (gred), n. avarice; excessive hunger 
for something; an unnatural desire 
or longing; as, a greed for gain. 

OTPpd V (gred'I), adj. [comp, greedier, 
superl. greediest], voracious; glut¬ 


tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous.— adv. 
greedily.— n. greediness. 

O-rpplr (Krek), adj. pertaining to, or like, 
vj-iccxv Greece or the Greeks: n. a native 
of Greece; the language of ancient and 
modern Greece: Greek Church, the Eastern 
Chureh; the National Church of Russia, Rou- 
mania, Serbia, and Bulgaria, 
crrpp-n (£r en >> n - the color of growing grass 
& 1CCU or plants; a color between, or com¬ 
posed of. blue and yellow; a grassplot or com¬ 
mon; a golf course, especially the closely-cut 
square of grass around any one of the holes: pi. 
fresh or evergreen foliage cut for decoration; as, 
Christmas greens: spinach or similar vege¬ 
tables: v.t. to make of the color of plants and 
grass: v.i. to become the color of plants and 
grass: adj. having the color of growing grass 
or plants: of a color between, or composed of, 
blue and yellow; fre6h; flourishing: unripe; 
not salted; immature; inexperienced; raw.— 
adv. greenly.— n. greenness. 

crrppn Via rlr (gren'b&k"), n. any United 
& 1 ccil-UctCxv states legal tender bank 

note or paper money with a green back, 
o-rppn pr v (sren'er-I), n. verdure; a 
& x ^^xx-^x -y verdant clump or mass of 
plants: a place where green things are grown. 

rrrppn crt*fi f*PT* (gren , gro''ser), n. a r©* 
giccu-giu-tci tailer of fresh vegetables 
and fruit.— n. greengrocery. 

rrrppn finrVl (gren'finch / ”). n. a very 
giccii-nm/ii common bird of Europe 

having olive-green and yellow feathers: tht 
Texas sparrow. 

rrrppn horn (gren'hbm'’), n. a simpleton; 

an inexperienced person, 
rrrppn Vipiicp (gren'hous"), n. a conserv- 
giccu-iiuu&c atory or glasshouse for the 
protection or cultivation of tender flowers and 
plants. 

rrrppn in O’ (gren'Ing), n the act of turn¬ 
ed '-/^ii-xxxg jng green or becoming green; 
any of a variety of green-skinned apples. 

rrrppn icV» (gren'Ish), adj. somewhat green: 
& 1 ccii-ic3ii inexperienced. 

rrrppn mnm (gren'room*), n. the actors’ 
o A ccn-i UGlli retiring room in a theater. 

crrppn cwflrH (gren'sword), n. turf well 
gtCCU-bWcUU covered with grass. 

green-wood fSlnea'f 0001 ^’ n ‘ a forest ln 

pTPpf (g r ®^- r.t. to salute ln kindness or 
o ltc ' respect; congratulate: v.i. to ex¬ 
change salutations. 

prrppf incr (greting), n. salutation; wel- 
o A -^v/x-xxx^ come; compliment. 

PTP P"P ri one (gr6-ga'rl-i5s), adj. asso- 
P, ciating or going together 

m herds.— adv. gregariously. 

Gre-go-ri-an cal-en-dar 

dir), the reformed calendar introduced in 
1582, by Pope Gregory XIII. 

Gre-go-ri-an chant ® nt -f a r s Um 

of choral music, introduced by Pope Gregory 
the Great; plain song. 

prrp narlp (grS-nad'), n. an explosive shell 
gic-iidue tired by a fuse and usrally 

thrown by hand; a flask or bottle containing 
chemicals to be thrown and burst, for put¬ 
ting out fires: rifle grenade, an explosive shell 
so made that it can be at tached to the barrel 
of a rifle and carried by the bullet to the 
place desired. 

fTTPTl fi fHpr (grSn*a-der'), n. originally, 
gl Cli-d.-Uier a foot soldler of England 

who threw grenades; now, a member of a 
special regiment or corps. 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer- 

right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus,’menu; 







269 


gn&tke 


grenadine 


crr^n a dinp* (gr6n'a-den), n. a dress 
glcIl-d-UlllC fabric of thin gauzy silk or 

wool; a dyestuff; a dish composed of veal and 
poultry, larded. 

crroc co ri a\ (grS-so'rI-51), adj. adapted 
gres-so-n-ai f 01 - walking, as the feet of a 

barnyard fowl. 

rii-of no n-roon (gret'na gren), a vil- 

\jrei-na vrreen i age in Scotland just 

across the English border, where English run¬ 
away couples went to be married. 

(groo), past tense of the irregular 
grew verb grow. 

o-i-o-ur com o <groo'sum) adj inspiring 
grew-buine horror; frightful; repulsive. 

Also, gruesome. 

(gra), adj. white with a mixture of 
grey black; the color of hair whitened by 
age; hoary; mature: n. the color of white 
mixed with black; a grey horse. Also, 
gray.—n. grayness, greyness. 
rr*-0TT Vkoo-rrl (gra'berd"), n. an old man; 

grey-Deara a |, Rip Van Winkle went 

away a young man and returned a greybeard. 

Also, graybeard. 

v, _^ (gra'hound"), n. a slender, 

grey-liounci sw ift dog with keen sight. 

Also, grayhound. 

crrlA (grid), n. a grating of parallel bars; a 
gl 1U- gridiron. 

rn-irl (grld'l), n. a shallow pan or plate 

griu-uie used for cooking hot cakes. 

crr\A HI** colrp. (grld'l-kak"), n. a thin 
gna-Uie-ecUAC hatter cake, baked on a 

griddle. ... . . , . 

_ • A (grid), v.t. to grind harshly; to jar; 
gllUC grate: v.i. to make a grinding sound; 
to grate. , . 

rrfirl i rnn (grldTtlrn), n. a grated iron 
griU.-1-I U1I utensil for broiling meat or 
fish; a football field. 

• £ (gref), n. sorrow on account of present 
gllcl 0 r past trouble; that which causes 
sorrow or sadness: affliction. 

Syn. sorrow, trial, woe, tribulation. 

Ant. (see joy). _ 

o-riVir iinrp (grev'ans), n. a sense of 
grj.GV-cUJ.UC wrong or oppression; just or 

supposed ground of complaint; an injustice; 
cause of annoyance. 

_ ttq (grev), v.t. to cause to experience 
grieve grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to be in 
sorrow; lament. 

Syn. mourn, sorrow, 
hurt, pain, wound, 
bewail. 

Ant. (see rejoice). 

(grev'- 

griev- 0 us j S ) t a dj. 

causing sad ness or sor¬ 
row; hard to be borne; 
painful; oppressive; 
pitiable; harmful; 
vexatious.— ado. griev- 
o u s 1 y. —n. grievous¬ 
ness. 

grif-fin i^fTbled 




Griffin 


animal with the body and legs of a lion, the 
wings and beak of an eagle, an( | .^th 1 ften- 
ing ears; a careful watcher. Also, griffon, 

^Z?i°(grlg). n - a grasshopper; cricket; a 
mountebank; slang, money. , , , 

_ *11 (grll), n. a gridiron; a room in a hotel 
grill or restaurant, where food, especially 
broiled food, is cooked to order and promptly 
served; broiled meat: v.t. to broil, as, 1 am 


nri-illo (g rl1 ). n. a grating, especially one 
gllliC which is made of wrought irori.^ 

grim<fj^ ) : 

[comp, grim¬ 
mer, super l. 
grimmest], of 
a forbidding 
aspect; stern 
and surly; 
hideous; 
frightful; 
cruel; un¬ 
yielding.— 
adv. grimly. 

—n. grim¬ 
ness. --— 

trt-i mar a (grl-mas'), n. a twisting of the 
l-J-UctOC countenance; smirk: v.t. to dis¬ 
tort the countenance; to make fact's. 
rrrlittc, (grim), n. foul matter; dirt deeply 
glllllC ingrained, or rubbed in: v.t. to make 
dirty or grimy. J 

rr-rim xr (grTm'i), adj. much soiled; covered 
&AlIIl-y with dirt.— n. griminess. 

(grin), n. the act of showing the teeth 
&1U1 in laughter, scorn, pain, etc.; a broad 
smile: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. grinned, p.pr. grinning], 
to show the teeth in laughter, scorn, or pain: 
v.t. to express by smiling in such a way as to 
show the teeth; as, he grinned his pleasure. 
o-rinH (grind), v.t. f p.t. and p.p. ground, 
gllllU. p.pr. grinding], to make into powder 
by friction; sharpen or smooth by friction; as, 
to grind a knife; grate or rub together; oppress; 
harass; turn the crank of, as a hand-organ, etc.; 
v.i. to sharpen or polish something, or to make 
something into powder, by friction; be grated 
or rubbed together; college slang, to study 
hard: n. the act of sharpening, polishing, or 
making into powder; a grating or rubbing to¬ 
gether; the turning of a crank; hard study for 
an examination; laborious and tedious work; 
wearisome routine; as, the daily grind', col¬ 
lege slang, a student who studies laboriously. 
rrrinH pr (grander), n. one who. or that 
grmu-er which, sharpens or makes into 
powder; a molar tooth; one who coaches 
pupils for an examination. 

o-rinrl otnnp (grlnd'ston'), n. a flat, cir- 
gmiU-bCOIie Cular stone turning on an 

axle: used for sharpening tools, etc. 
crrin crn (grln'go), n. [pi. gringos (-goz)], a 
grm-gO term of contempt applied by Mex¬ 
icans and South Americans to foreigners, par¬ 
ticularly to Americans. 

(grip), n. a grasp with the hand; a. 
& ri P holding fast; that by which anything 
is held firmly; a particular mode of grasping 
the hand, as among Freemasons; grasping 
power; colloquially, in the United states, a 
valise; a disease like a bad cold with a fever; 
influenza; la grippe: v.t. [p.t. and p p. gripped, 
p.pr. gripping], to grasp, or seize: v.i. to take 
fast hold.—n. gripper. . 

(grip), n. a clasping with the hand or 
glipc arms; a squeeze; pressuro; pinching 
distress: pi. colic: v.t. to hold_ with closed 
fingers; grasp; hold tightly; to pain the bowels 
of; seize; clutch; oppress; pinch. 

- (grip), n. influenza or epidemic 
§npP© catarrh; a feverish cold. Also, grip, 
la grippe. „, . , 

trric Ur (grlz'll), adj. terrible; savage-look- 
griS-iy i n g; hideous; somewhat gray. Also, 
grizzly.—n. grisliness. 

grist (grist) ’ n - ? r ? in for ^ rir ] dine: ^ round 


corn; provision or supply. 


C V bVyl XX , v/ V lOlvxi w 1 1 r 7 ^ . , » 

“ grigjleiffi>^r^»; clear ^ 


U p Ulvuou . ciiij < vnv ** y — ^ ^ 

boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw = wh as in when > 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 































































gristmill 


270 


grouty 


grist mill • ( ' grIst/n ? 1 ^ • n - a mil1 for grind- 

(grit), n. rough, hard particles, as sand, 

etc.; a hard, coarse-gi’amed sandstone; 
the coarse part of meal; firmness of character; 
courage: pi. oats hulled and coarsely ground; 
v.i. to give forth a grating sound: v.t. to grind; 
to grate; as, to grit the teeth.— adj. gritty.— 
71. grittiness. 

&T17 7 ] a (grlz'l), n. a mixture of white and 
black: a gray color: v.t. and v.i. to 
turn gray.— adj. grizzled. 

0T17 (Srlz'h), n - lPl- grizzlies (-llz)], the 

gxxz,-z,xy grizzly bear, a large, fierce bear of 
North America: adj. somewhat gray. 

PTAfliril (gron), n. a low, deep sound uttered 
S A in pain or sorrow; a deep, rumbling 

sound expressive of disapprobation or ridicule; 
as, his speech was received with groans from 
the audience; a low, dismal sound, as of the 
wind: v.i. to utter a deep sound of pain or 
sorrow; to creak; as, the door groaned on 
Vs hinges; lament; as, the very winds seem 
groan: v.t. to express by low, moaning 
lounds; as, he groaned out his wish. 
rrmat (Srot; gfot), n. formerly, a silver 
b iyrtl coin current in England, value four 
pence, or eight cents in United States coin; 
a trifling su m:_pl. hulled oats. 
err/I (gro'ser), n. one who sells food- 

giu-t^x stuffs, such as tea, coffee, flour, 
sugar, etc. 

OTA fpr v (gi'o'sSr-I), n. [pi. groceries (-Iz)], 
tea, coffee, sugar, spices, etc.: 
usually pi.: [U. S.], a grocer’s shop. 
errner (grog), n - a mixture of spirits and 
6 AW te water; spirituous liquor. 

PTAP cr\r (grOg'I), adj. tipsy; moving with 
o lu 5*5j an unsteady gait; staggering as if 
dazed.— n. grogginess. [Colloq.] 

(rrnlrt (groin). n - the depressed part of the 
S lum human body between the thigh and 
the belly; the angular or sharp curve made 
by the intersection of two arches: v.t. to 
build or form into such intersections, as 
arches. 

PTAm m At (grdm'gt), n. a ring formed of 
o A vjxxx-xxxc t a s t ra nd of rope laid round; 
an eyelet of metal; a cannon-wad made of 
rope, and rammed between the powder and 
the ball. 

pfronm (groom), n. a man or boy who has 
b 1 wiAA charge of horses; a man recently 
married or about to be married; the title 
of several officers of a royal household : 
v.t. to feed and take care of, as a horse; 
curry and brush. 

rrrnnrnc man (groomz'mSn), n. one who 
a ttends a bridegroom; 

best man. 

PTfifiVP (groov), n. a channel or furrow, 
o vuvv ' especially as cut by a tool; as, 
the plate sits in the groove on the rack; settled 
habit or routine: v.t. to form or cut a furrow 
in; as, groove that cement so that the water 
will run off. 

PTfiriP (grop), v.i. to feel one’s way with 
o lu r c the hands, as in the dark; seek 
blindly: v.t. to search out, as in the dark, by 
feeling with the hands. 

ffrnc (gros'bek*), n. a kind of war- 

giuo-fioan. bling bird with a large stout 
beak, related to the finch family, 
prrnc: OTfllfl (gro'gran"), adj. having 
6 lu,a 'b iaui heavy cord, as silk: n. a st 
double-corded silk with little luster, 
nrj-fiqq (gros), adj. bulky; thick; coarse; 
o v rude; indelicate; flagrant; as, gross 
errors; dull; heavy; corpulent; dense; whole; 
total: opposite to net; n. twelve dozen; main 


a 

stout 


body; mass; entire amount: often with in or in 
the; as, in the gross: gross ton, 2,240 pounds. 
— adv. grossly.—n. grossness. 

Syn., adj. outrageous, unseemly, shame¬ 
ful, rough. 

Ant. (see delicate). 

errn tp>Qmi A (gr6-t6sk'),n. whimsical orna- 
giU-tcanuc mentation, figures, or scenery; 
the incongruous or uncouth in art: adj. 
fantastically or oddly formed; extravagant; 
whimsical; ridiculous.— adv. grotesquely.— 
n. grotesqueness L 

errnt tn (grot' 0 )- w. \pl. grottos, grottoes 
b lulHU (-toz)], a natural or artificial cave 

or cavern in the earth. 

or At tA wArlr (grot'6-wfirk"), n. orna- 
Ut-LU-WU1JV mental rockwork in imita¬ 
tion of a grotto or cave. 

PTAttrVl (g rouc h), n. a fit of crossness or 
& A '- ,AA '^ AA ill temper; one who indulges in 
fits of ill temper.— adj. grouchy.—n. grouchi¬ 
ness. [Slang.] 

crrAlinH (ground), p.t. and p.p. of grind: n. 

uuaavj the earth or soil; surface of a floor 
or pavement; land; territory; country; estate: 
usually in plural; foundation; cause or reason; 
origin; original principle; a fundamental or 
preparatory part in various arts; plain song: 
pi. dregs or sediment: v.t. to place or set on or 
in the earth; teach the first principles to; 
base; cover with paint or plaster: v.t. to ruD 
on to land: said of vessels: adj. fundamental 

PTAiind flnnr (ground flor), that floor of 
groimu noor a building which is built 

on or slightly above the ground. 

prmind hop- (? rol ? nd the wood - 

giuiuiu xxug chuck, a burrowing animal 

akin to the beaver, rat, etc. 

PTAllYld ]pcc (ground'ISs), adj. without 
o A vuiiu-icso foundation; without reason 

as, groundless fears. 

pr Aim d liner (grounding), n. one who, 
o A uuxiu-llllg or ^bat which, lives on the 

earth or ground; a land animal; a fish that 
keeps at the bottom of the water; one of the 
audience on the main floor of an early theater. 

P1*A111ld nlfm (ground plan), a plan of 
P AcA xl th e ground floor of any 
building; any first or preliminary plan. 

err Aim H qa! (ground'sel), n. a plant of the 
o A uuxxxx-oci aster family, having yellow 

flowers; a timber used in a foundation; a door- 
sill. 

PTOtind (ground sw r el), a broad, 

gXUUIlU oWcll deep, heavy, rolling sea, 

caused by a distant storm or earthquake. 

ground work (groundwork"), n. foun- 
glUUl u W '- ,AA ^ elation; basis; the essen¬ 
tial or necessary part. 

PTOtlO (grooP)* n - a small crowd or assem- 
p blage; a cluster; as, a group of 

houses; a collection of figures or objects form¬ 
ing an artistic whole; a division of organisms 
with certain characteristics; the chief division 
of a geological system: v.t. to form into a 
collection or class. 

Syn., n. assembly, cluster, clump, order 
class. 

PTA11QP (grous), n. a game bird akin to 
o uuoc the domestic fowl; partridge; 
pheasant; prairie hen: v.i. in World War 
slang, to grumble or complain in a good- 
natured way. 

PTAIlt (grout), n. thin mortar or cement 
p mixed with gravel, used for founda¬ 

tions and joints of masonry; a fine plaster for 
ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. to surround or fill In 
with such cement, as the joints between stones. 
PTAIlt V (grout'I), adj. cross; sulky; as, a 
proutu disposition. 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade] scene, event, edge, novel, refer] 

right, sin] cold, obey, cord, stop, compare] unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu] 










grove 


271 


ar Awp (grov), n. a small wood; a group of 
'JVC trees without undergrowth. 
rx TfV rr p,1 (grdv'l) , v.i „ to lie prone; move 
with the body flat on the ground; 
be mean or debased.—n. groveler. 

Syn. crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak, 
crrnw te r °)- v - u IJP-<- grew, p.p. grown, p.pr. 
6 AVVV growing], to cultivate: v.i. to increase 
In size by natural organic development; be 
produced by vegetation; enlarge; flourish; 
thrive; become; advance.—n. grower. 

Syn. vegetate, expand. 

Ant. (see decay, diminution), 
crr/vurl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl or 
&!• UWI murmur; a murmuring complaint: 
v.i. and v.t. to snarl or murmur like a dog; 
grumble.—n. growler. 

(gron), past participle of the irregu- 
glUWIi. lar verb grow. 

rrmurth (groth), n. the progressive increase 
gl U W III 0 f animal or vegetable bodies; 
advancement; increase; progress; result; 
effect 

rrruVi (grub), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. grubbed. 
glULF p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root out 
of the ground: v.i. to dig up something; drudge 
or toil; perform dirty work: n. the larva or 
egg of a beetle, moth, or other insect; slang, 
food; a slovenly or dirty person; a drudge, 
o-t-mK her (grub'er), n. one who, or that 
glUU-UUl which, digs; especially a ma¬ 
chine or tool that works like an ax in digging 
up roots, etc. 

rr-riiAcrck (griii), n. secret malice or ill will; 
glUUgG aS( to hold a grudge; dislike, offense, 
or quarrel of long standing; v.t. to envy the 
ownership of; to grant with reluctance; to 
covet; to desire to get back again; to be¬ 
grudge.— adv. grudgingly. t J 

Syn., n. malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred, 

aversion. .. , 

a1 (groS'Sl), 7i. a light semiliquid food 
glU-GI made of oatmeal, etc., for invalids: 
used also as a breakfast food. 
ffri , ci cnmA (grdb'sflm). ad), horrible of 
grue-SOIIie aspect; inspiring gloom or 
horror; ugly; frightful. Also, grewsome. 
adv. gruesomely, grewsomely.— n. gruesome- 
ness, grewsomeness. 

rr (gruf), adj. rough or surly in voice or 
grllll manner; harsh; hoarse.— adv. gruffly. 
—n. gruffness. 

Syn. rugged, blunt, rude, bearish. 

Ant. (see pleasant). 

(grum'bl), n. a surly speech; a 
gnim-Die complaint: v.i. and v.t. to mur¬ 
mur discontentedly; growl; rumble; find fault. 
—n. grumbler. 

„ (grum'pl), adj. surly; cross; 
grump-y low-spirited; dissatisfied.— adv. 
grumpily.— n. grumpiness. 

(grunt), n. the guttural noise of a 
gnmt hog; an American sea fish good for 
food: v.i. to make a noise like a hog. n. 

grunter. , „ . 

(gwa'nd), n. a substance found 
gUa-nO abundantly in South America 
and Africa and on coasts of islands where 
there are many sea fowls: used as a ter- 

' on -too (g&r’an-te'), n. a promise 
guar-an-tee made by a third person to 
secure the fulfilment of an agreement or the 
payment of a debt, etc., by another; one who 
becomes surety for the performance of anoth¬ 
er’s promises; property pledged as security for 
the performance of promises: v.t. to undertake 
that another shall perform a certain stipula¬ 
tion or agreement; warrant; be responsible for. 
Also, guaranty. 


guffaw 

miQr or , 4-nr (gar'5,n-tor*), n. one who be¬ 
ta ucU -dll- tui comes surety for the perform- 
ance of obligations of another, 
mi nr a-n Hr (g&r'an-ti), n. [pi. guaranties 
gUdi-dll-tj (-tiz)], a legal guarantee; an 
undertaking to answer for the payment of 
some debt, or the performance of some 
obligation, by another; surety: v.t. to war¬ 
rant; be responsible for. Also, guarantee. 
nil or A (sard), v.t. to watch over or protect; 
gudlU preserve by caution; shield or 
defend: v.i. to watch; be cautious: _ with 
against: n. security or defense against injury 
or attack; a state of watchfulness or caution; 
attention; a position of defense in fencing; 
any contrivance or device for security; a 
man or body of men employed for defense 
or control; in England, an official in charge 
of a train; conductor. 

mia-rH aH (gard'ed), p.adj. defended; eare- 
gUtUU-CU f U l; cautious; circumspect.— 
adv. guardedly. 

mia-rH VinucA (gard'hous"), n. a military 
gLletl U-ilUUoU j a ii; a house occupied by 

guards. 

mimrH i an (gar'dl-5n), n. one who has 
gUai U-l-dll the care of the person or prop¬ 
erty of another; a warden: adj. protecting.— 

n. guardianship. 

miai-H rnnm (gard'room), n. the room 

guard-room occupied by the guard 
during its term on duty; a place of impris¬ 
onment. 

miot-H chin (gard sW P). a warship 
gud.ru ollip stationed at a port or har¬ 
bor for its protection. 

mia-rHc man (gardz'm&n), n. [pi. guards- 
guaras-man me n (-m§n)], a man em¬ 
ployed for defense or watching; an officer or 
soldier of any military body termed Guards. 
mi a iro (gwa'va), n. a tree of South Amer- 
gUd-Vd. j ca yielding a pear-shaped fruit, 
from which a jelly is made. .... ... 

mi hpr na tn ri fll (gu'ber-na-to'ri-51). 
gU-DGr-Ud-XO -Il-di adj. pertaining to a 

governor or to his office. 

mi/4 n-artn (guj'fln), n. a small European 
gUU-geull fresh-water fish easily caught, 
and often used for food and bait; a person 
who is easily imposed upon; a simpleton; an 
iron pin or shaft on which a wheel revolves, 
mim- Hm-I (gfir'diin), n. a reward given 
gUCi-UUIl for deeds of courage or high 

merit. , ... 

ockir (gurn'zi), ad), a breed of dairy 
VjrUCill-bGy cattle from Guernsey, one of 
the Channel Islands; an animal of this breed.— 
guernsey, a close-flttine- knitted woolen shirt. 

mmr ril la (g^-rll'd), n. one of an irregu- 
gUGI-lii-ld i ar force engaged in harassing 

an enemy in small bands; petty warfare: 
adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, bandits or 
men engaged in irregular warfare; carrying 
on irregular warfare. 

mi Ace (gSs), 7 i. a hasty or chance conclu- 
5 UC 0 & sion; an opinion formed without suf¬ 
ficient or real evidence; the act of forming 
such an opinion; v.t. to hit upon, or judge of, 
at random; colloquially, believe or think: 
v.i. to form an opinion without sound reason 
for it. 

rni ACC Iirrwrlr (ges'wQrk"), n. randomopm- 
gUeSS-WOrK i ori) formed without suffi¬ 
cient reason; work performed by a random 
method. 

mi act (g&st), 71. one who is entertained at 
gUCal the house or table of another; a 
visitor. . , . , 

m if four (gu-fo'), ti. a rude or loud burst 
gUI-iaw of i aug hter. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as m when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 










guidance 


272 


gunny 


:A crnrc* (gid'&ns), n. direction; lead- 
gUAU.-a-UA/C i n g; supervision. 

p (gld), n. one who leads or directs; 
conductor; director; a soldier or 
other person who obtains information for an 
army; that by which one directs his course; 
a guidebook: v.t. to lead or direct; influence; 
regulate; govern by counsel.— adj. guidable. 

oiiifip Knfir/4 (Kid'bord'), ». a board 
guiuc-uuaiu usually placed where roads 
meet or cross, with directions for travelers; 
a guidepcst. 

o-iiiHf* ihnnlr (gid'bS5k') t n. a book of 
gUIUP- ooUn, directions and information 


post which 
containing 


for travelers and tourists. 

o-nirl -nncf (gid'post'), to. a 
gUlG^-pOSt bears a board 

directions for travelers. 

o-ni/4 p rnrsP (Sid rop), a rope hung from 
IU]JC a balloon so as to trail for 
about half its length: used to preserve a 
uniform altitude. 

o*i li /Inn (gi'dun), n. a small flag serving as 
.gUI-tAGAA standard for a single company of 
troops. 

0*11 il /4 (Sdd), to. a fraternity; corporation; 
glAAlu association. Also, gild. 
o*iii1/l or (gll'der).n. the Dutch florin or sil¬ 
ts tiiiU.C .1 ver coin, value about 40.2 cents: 
called also gulden. 

crii i 1 H "hall (gUd'hoD, n. the meeting place 
guiiu-uaii 0 f a g^id or association. 

(gll), n. deceit; cunning; duplicity; 
b uuc fraud.— adj. guileful. — adv. guilefully. 

oniln Ipqcj (^des), adj. free from guile; 
guuc-ACoa artless; innocent; frank.— 
adv. guilelessly.—n. guilelessness, 
anil In find (gfl'S-ten), n. an apparatus 
f or beheading a criminal by 
means of a heavy knife sliding in two upright 
grooves^ a paper-cutting machine: v.t. 
lgTl"lo-ten'), to behead with a machine 
o*iii 1 t (gdlO. to. the state of one who has 
gUUU, sinned, or who is liable to a penalty for 
crime.— adj. guiltless. 

cmilf \r (fitfl'tl), adj. [comp, guiltier, superl. 
guiiL-y guiltiest], justly chargeable with, 
or responsible for, a crime; wicked; criminal; 
not innocent; as, a guilty look, a guilty act, a 
guilty feeling.— adv. guiltily. —to. guiltiness. 
Syn. culpable, sinful. 

Ant. (see innocent). 

o-iiirr pq (gln'I), to. a gold coin, formerly 
guui-ta current in England, value twenty- 
one shillings or about five dollars; a guinea fowl. 

0*1 litl pa TAwl (gln'I foul), [fern. 
gum-ea IOWI guinea hen], a 

grayish-blue bird with white spots, 
originally from Guinea. 

oil in pa rvipr (gln'I pig) a small 
guilA-t/t?. pig tame South Ameri¬ 
can animal, usually white with spots 
of orange and black, 
frill SIP (giz), to. external appear- 
b Uia ^ ance; dress; manner; garb. 

o*iii far (gl-tar'), to. a six- 
guA-bcu. stringed instrument, 
of tho lute class, played with the 
fingers 

gulch 


(gulch), to. in the west¬ 
ern United States, a 


narrow rocky valley; a gully. 

O-i-ilf (gulf), to. an arm of the 
b UAA sea extending into the 
land, larger in size than a bay; 
a deep place in the earth; an 
abyss; whirlpool; an impassable 

Chasm * Puff nr 

(gdlf strem), 

an important warm ocean 



current flowing out from the Gulf of Mexico 
and northward along the American coast. 

o-iilf wpp /4 (gulf'wed'), to. a floating sea¬ 
ls tAAA“ w ''Cvi weed, with round air vessels, 
found in the South Atlantic. 

/Tull (gul), to. a web-footed sea fowl with 
6 Gif long wings; one who is easily cheated; 
v.t. to cheat; deceive; impose upon; outwit; 
as, to gull a woman of her jewels, 
eriil lof (gul'et), to. the throat; esophagus, 
gUI-lcl or tube by which food and drink 
are carried from the mouth to the stomach, 
rriil 1 i Vklti (gul'I-bl), adj. capable of being 
gUl-ll-Die easily deceived.— to. gullibility. 

criil "It/ (gul'I), TO. [pi. gullies (-Iz)], a channel 
&ui-iy worn by water; narrow ravine. 
o-iil-Tk (gulp), v.t. to swallow eagerly or In 
gUIjJ large drafts: to. the act of swallowing 
in large drafts; a large swallow, 
criim (gum), to. the soft fleshy part of the 
fotilil jaws by which the teeth are sur¬ 
rounded; a semitransparent sticky vege¬ 
table substance that comes out of certain 
trees and shrubs and hardens on the surface; 
as, gum arabic; mucilage; India rubber; in the 
United States, a preparation of some cohe¬ 
sive substance used for chewing: pi. locally, 
in the United States, overshoes: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. gummed, p.pr. gumming], to smear or 
close with mucilage: v.i. to become stiff or 
sticky. 

cmm ctr a "hir (g 0111 &r'd-blk), a gum ob- 
& Gill di-d-UlG tained from various kinds 

of trees and shrubs; mucilage, 
criim Vwv (gum'bo), to. a soup made from 
gUAil-UG the pods of the okra, a south¬ 
ern plant of the mallow family; also, the okra 
plant or its pods; prairie mud. 
criim / 4 -r/vn (gum dr 6 p"), to. a candy made 

5 U-Lil-vAl up 0 f vegetable gum or gelatin. 

o*iim rnv (gum'I), adj. like gum; covered 

6 UAAA-AAAy or piled with a sticky substance; 
sticky.— to. gumminess. 

criirrm firm (gump'shiin), n. colloquially, 
gUAAip-iAUAA quickness of perception; com¬ 
mon sense; in the fine arts, the art of pre¬ 
paring colors. 

0*1 in (g^ 11 ). to. a weapon for discharging shot, 
& UAi by the force of an explosive: v.i. to 
shoot with such a weapon, 
cri m "hnaf (gun'bot"), to. a warship of light 
fetiAA-uudc draft, next in size to a cruiser, 
carrying several heavy guns. 

mm rnt trvn (gun'kfit'n), to. a highly 
guii-vva-iuu explosive substance formed 

by the action of nitric and sulphuric acid 
upon cotton, or some other vegetable fiber. 

0*1 m fil'd (gun fir), the firing of a gun; the 
& UAA 111 c hour at which the morning and 

evening gun is fired. 

crnn Inrlr (gun'lok'), to. the mechanism of 
gUAA-AUU-n. a gun by which, in some fire¬ 
arms, the charge is exploded. 

o*iiri mpf ol (gun met'3,1), a mixture of 
& UiA llld-al copper and tin. 

t run npl (gun'el), n. the upper edge of the 
guAA-AACA side of a ship or vessel. Also, 
gunwale. 

P*1in ri Pr (gun'Sr), TO. one who works a 
guu-iACA gun; an artilleryman; an officer 
in the navy who has charge of the ordnance 
or military supplies. 

cmn npr V (gun'er-I), n . the science of 
guu-AACA -y artillery, or the making and 

using of weapons of warfare. 

p*iin nino - (gun'Ing), to. the shooting of 
guax-AAAiAg game, especially small game. 

with a gun. 

O’lin riv (gun'I), TO. [pi gunnies (-Iz)], a 
coarse sackcloth of jute or hemp. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 













gun pit 


273 


gyve 


criin nit (Sun pit), an excavation for artil- 
e> UAA pit lery to conceal it from enemy ob¬ 
servation and Are. 

trim Til fit form (gun plat'form), a strong 
gun pid-L-IOrm flooring for a cannon in 

action. 

ffiitl now der feun'pou'der), «. an ex- 
guupw-uci plosive substance com¬ 
posed of sulphur, mter, and charcoal; a fine 
kind of green tea. 

criin cViot (gun'shfit*), n. the range of a 
& u - AA_OAA '“' 1 gun: adj. made by a gun; as, 
a gunshot wound. 

trim cmith (gfin'smlth'), n. an armorer; 

one whose business it is to 

repair firearms. 

fS-nn tPl^c chain (gun'terzchan),asur- 
VJUil-lCi o tildlll veyor’s chain used in 

measuring land, 66 ft. long, and divided in 
100 links of 7.92 in. each. 

H-iin tAt^c oral#* (gun'terzskal), alarge 
' JAAAA - l, e.L ® oGdlC plane scale, with vari¬ 
ous lines of numbers engraved upon it, by 
means of which surveyors’ and navigators’ 
calculations are determined, 
criin waif* (gun'el), n. the upper edge of 
guu-waxc the side of a ship or vessel.. 
Also, gunnel. 

o-iir crl (gfir'gl), n. a broken, bubbling 
gm-g-ic noise: v.i. to flow or run with a 
murmuring, bubbling sound. 
criicVi (gush), n. a sudden and violent flow 
guoll 0 f a liquid from an inclosed space; 
outburst; colloquially, a very great display 
of sentiment: v.i. to issue with violence and 
rapidity; flow abundantly; colloquially, to 
display affection and enthusiasm in a silly, 
demonstrative manner. 

rriioVi esc (ghsh'er), n. one who makes a 
gU.oii.-d display of sentiment; that which 
pours forth violently; an oil well that dis¬ 
charges its contents without the aid of 
machinery. 

rriio (gus'et), n. a small three-cornered 

gub-aCl piece of cloth inserted in a gar¬ 
ment to strengthen or enlarge a part. 
rri1 ni. (gust), n. a sudden and violent wind- 
gUol storm, often accompanied with rain 
or snow; a violent outburst of passion. 

i-xr (gus'ta-t6-rl), adj. pertain 
gUS-Ca-TO-ry ing to the sense of taste. 

X- (gus'tS), n. zest; relish; fancy; as, 
gllo-LU to play with great gusto. 

„.„_x __ (gtis'tl), adj. characterized by sud- 
gUSt-y den blasts of wind; windy; stormy. 
— adv. gustily. . . . 

—....x (gut), n. the intestinal canal; an intes- 
gUL tine; catgut; a narrow channel or 
strait: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. gutted, p.pr. gutting], 
to extract the entrails of; to plunder, or 
empty entirely; destroy the inside of. 

—.-x x„ (gut"a=pur'cha),n.asub- 

gut-ta-per-cha stance similar to rubber, 
made of the thickened juice of a tree of the Ma¬ 
lay Archipelago; the tree which gives the juice, 
mi-f- x or (gut'er), n. a channel for carrying 
gUT-T6r awa y water: v.t. to cut into small 
channels; furnish with narrow, channels for 
carrying off water: v.i. t o divide into channels. 


gut 


tgr Jug (gut'Sr-tag), n. a making into 


hollows; the act of falling 
in drops; material for making narrow chan¬ 
nels to carry off water. 

mi i -hit- o1 (gut'ur-5.1), adj. pertaining to, 
gUt-LUl-dl or formed in, the throat: n. a 
letter sounded from the throat; as, g is a 
guttural. — adv. gutturally. 
mitr (gi). n - a rope, chain, etc., to swing and 
&Uj keep steady a heavy body; colloquially, 
a person of queer looks or dress: v.t. to steady 
or guide with a rope or chain; colloquially, 
to ridicule 

mt'T 'zlo (guz'l), v.i. and v.t. to drink greed- 
gUt-xic fly a nd to excess.— n. guzzler. 

rriri-n -no nm (jlm-na'zl-tim) , n. Ip!. 

gym-na-Sl-Um gymnasia (-a)], a build¬ 
ing where athletic exercises are practiced; 
in Europe, especially in Germany, a secondary 
or preparatory school; in ancient Greece, a 
place for athletic exercises, provided with 
baths, etc.; also, in connection with it, 
apartments in which learned discussions were 
carried on. 

rrir-m (jlm'nast), n. one who prac- 

5 j Ill-lldo L tices, or is expert in, physical 
exercises. 

tyirm hoc fire (jlm-nS.s'tlks), n.pl. ath- 
gym-ndb-LU/ts letic exercises; the art 
of developing the physical powers by athletic 
exercises.— adj. gymnastic. 

dIn'’3-k61'6-jI;jPnS-kM'- 
gyn-e-COl-O-gy b_jl). n. that branch of 
medical science which treats of the diseases of 
women. Also, gynaecology. 

„ Tr - c-i-m (jlp'sum), n. sulphate of lime, 
gyp-sum U sed for plaster 
of Paris. 


Gyp 


Gyroscope 


(jlp'sl), n. one of a 
„ race of wanderers; 

the language of Gipsies: called 
also Romany. Also, Gipsy. 

erw rol ad J- rotary; 

&J -l dl moving in a whirling 

path or way. 

o-rr rot** (ji'rat), v.i. to move 
t>J ” A a round a central 
point; rotate; wheel.— n. 

gyration. 

gy-ra-to-ry 

moving in a circle; revolv¬ 
ing; whirling. 

gy-ro-scope <£i£S; 

n. an instrument consist¬ 
ing of a heavy-rimmed 
flywheel mounted in a 
ring so as to move freely 

in one or more directions, . 

be acted upon by varying forces, and thus 
demonstrate the laws of rotary bodies, etc. 

gy-ro-scope rail-way wa' 1 )? a single¬ 
rail railway upon which each car, called a 
gyro-car, is kept erect by the rotary force of 
two gyroscopes in rapid opposite motion. 
nrrriTA (jlv), n. a chain for the legs; a shackle: 
gyve V 't. to fetter: to chain: to shackle. 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; <ften, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 












ha 


274 


hah 



ha 


(h&), interj. an expression of wonder, 
joy, hesitation, etc.: v.i. to express 
wonder, etc.; hesitate; as, to hem and ha. 

IJa Kalr lrnlr (ha-bak'uk), n. a book of 
xia-DaK-KUK the Old Testament; the 
Hebrew prophet whose prayers are recorded 
in the book. , a . v 

ha be as cor-pus you 1 ^- have p the 

body; a writ or order to produce a prisoner 
at a stated time to determine the justice of 
his detention. [Lat.] 

VioK q*- or (hab'Sr-d&sh'er), n. a 

naO-er-Ud.bIl-CI dealer in small wares, 

as ribbons, lace, tapes, needles, etc.; in the 
United States, usually one who deals in men's 
furnishings. 

hab-er-dash-er-y ^ ha th?warS h soid"by 

a dealer in small wares; men’s furnishings; a 
shop where such goods are sold. 

VioK ot* (ronn (h&b'er-jun; hd-bflr'jfln), 
lidU-ol -gCUU n a coat of metal covering 

the neck and breast. 

l. •« :i ; (hd-bfl'I-ment), n. an ar- 

na-DU-l-meni tide of clothing; a gar¬ 
ment: pi. dress, in general. 

-* (hab'It), n. the ordinary course of 

naO-lt conduct; general condition or 
tendency; disposition; established custom; 
dress; a woman’s riding dress; the dis¬ 
tinctive dress worn by members of a religious 
order: v.t. to dress; furnish with a garb. 

Syn. n. custom, practice. 

V»aK if- a V»1« (hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit to live 
H8.D-ll-a.-UlC i n comfortably. 


in comfortably. 
(hab'I-tSnt), 


dweller; 


in Canada and Louisiana. -L|<» n-1/% Vkin (he'mfc-glS'bln), n. the 

Hcc-IllO-glO-UlIl normal coloring mat¬ 
ter of the red blood. 


J 4 - 011 + (hab l-tant), n. a 
Ild.U-1-td.111 permanent rasident; a farmer 
of French descent, in Canada and : 

VioK i 4-o+ (hab'l-tat), n. the natural lo- 
Hd.U-1-ld.l cality of animals, plants, etc., 
in their wild state; geographical range. 

i +ir»n (habT-ta'shun), n. resi- 
JJLd.U-x-lct-liUil dence or place of abode; 
occupancy. 

Unk ;+ (h&b'It-Sd), p.adj. wearing a 
UtlU-H-cu garb or dress; as, the Carmel¬ 
ite nuns are habited in white. 
x_ - .... n\ (hd-bIt'u-51) , adj. formed or 

Uct-Ull-Ll-clA acquired by use; customary; 
of long standing; as, he is an habitual coffee 
drinker. 


irregular cut; a horse, or a carriage, let out 
for hire; a kick on the shins at football; a 
liteiary drudge; a drying frame for fish; a 
place where bricks are dried; a feeding rack. 
U a n\r (hak'e), n. the chipmunk or 

ilath-CC ground squirrel. Also, hacky. 

Uanlr ina (halc'Ing), adj. cutting irregu- 
IldL.K.-lIlg larly; irritating and wearing 
said of a cough; as, the child has a hacking 
cough: n. the stacking of bricks for drying; 
a particular method of massage; a process 
in gem cutting. 

l-.a/'lr 1 q (hak'l), v.t. to dress or comb, as 
IlaLil-Ic flax or hemp; tear into pieces; 
mangle in cutting: n. an implement with 
sharp spikes for cleansing flax or hemp; 
a long narrow feather in the neck of a cock, 
used for making artificial flies for angling; a 
feather fly for angling. Also, hatchel, heckle. 
i,_~i_ (hak'nl), v.t. [p.t . and p.p. 

ildbii-Ilcy hackneyed, p.pr. hackneying], 
to wear out by constant use; make common¬ 
place: ad;, let out for hire; common or trite. 
n. a coach, or a horse, kept for hire: a nag. 

hack-ney coach Sed ca^tfc. a *“ 

harlr npvpf! (h&k'nid), P-adj. worn out, 
iia.LJa.-i.ic_y cva commonplace. 

Chad), p.t. of have: also used as 
llaU. auxiliary in the past perfect tense. 

V.O A rl (had'fik)\ n. a sea fish of the 

JiaCl-QOCK C od family found in the North 
Atlantic. 

tTq (ha'dez), n. the abode and state 

rid-Ucb 0 f the dead; the invisible world; 
in Greek mythology, the god of the under¬ 
world; the place of departed spirits.— ad). 
Hadean. 


lyn 1k:+ 0 1 1 tt (ha-bIt'fl-51-I), adv. by 

iIa.-UlL-U.-a.l-lj custom; as, she habitually 
makes calls on Sunday. 

habit-u-ate 

familiarize. 

"hall i +ii H (hab'I-tud), n. customary man 
iiuU-l-lUUC r»er nr rrind p.• familiaritv 


V.t. to 

familiar by use or custom; 


; ner or mode; familiarity; as, 
one who mingles with good company will 
acquire the habitude of correct speech. 

Tij* Viif 11 £ (hd-bit"fl-a/; Fr. &''be"ttt-a'), n. 
iia-Ult-U-C one who frequently visits a 
place, as a saloon or place of amusement. 

Iici r*ip>n r!o (a-the-en'da; ha'sl-gn'da), n. 
lia.-Llcll-U.cl j n Spanish-America, a large 

plantation or ranch on which the owner 
resides; an isolated farm; an establishment 
for raising stock, farm produce, etc. 

Tiarlr (hak). to cut irregularly and into 
llaLJL small pieces; injure by cutting; 
notch; kick (the shins of another), at foot- 
ball; let out for hire: n. a notch; hollow 


__ Also, hemoglobin. 

Iicerni nr rliciffP (h6m'S-r4j), n. any dis- 
naem-or-rnage Charge of blood from the 

blood vessels. Also, hemorrhage. 

Ti'Xiiii nr i-Tirvirlo (h§m'o-roids), n.pl. a 
naem-or-rnoias painful swelling; piles. 

Also, hemorrhoids. 

•L-fx (haft), n. a handle of a tool or knife: 
Hall v _t. to furnish with a handle. 

Tiocr (hag), n. a witch; an ugly old woman; 
iia^, an eel-like fish that eats other fish. 

XT n cr fro i (hag'i-i), n. a Hebrew prophet 
who lived about 500 B. C.; the 
book of the Old Testament in which his word? 
are recorded. 

make -Lorr crarH (h^g'drd), adj. worn and anx- 
•Wag-gdi U. ious in appearance; lean and 
hollow-eyed. 

Vincr trie (hag'Is), n. a Scotch dish made 
liag-gio 0 f chopped and highly seasoned 
mutton. 

Vi a crl (hag'l), v.t. to cut roughly or 
iiag-gic hack; to cut into small piecei; 
to notch or cut in a rough way: v.i. to dis¬ 
pute about trifles; to higgle: n. the act or 
process of hacking; a dispute about a trifle. 
H.JJ tyn (ha=ha'), n. a hedge, fence, or wall 
lid- lid. which does not obstruct the view; 
a sunken fence. 

V,oil (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call or 
lidii salutation: v.i. to pour down hail; 
to sail; to come: with fram; as, the ship hails 
from England; I hail from the west: v.t. 
to pour down or out like hail; call to or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sm; cold, obey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut. focus, moniir 







hailstone 


275 


halloo 


salute: interj. an exclamation of respectful and 
friendly greeting; as. Hail, my friend, I am 
glad to see you. 

Syn. v. accost, address, greet, welcome. 

hoi'J c+nno (hal'ston"), n. a pellet of ice 
nd.lI-bLOIie from the clouds. 


F/6.1 



F/6. 2 



Forms of Hailstones. Fig. 1, A, large hailstone 
weighing 300 grains; B, C, sections of hailstones. 
Mg~ 2, A, section of hailstone with pyramids on sur- 
,'ace; B, C, D, E, fragments of same. 

« • (har), n. one of the small filaments 

nair growing out of the skin of any animal; 
the mass of such threadlike growth; minute 
fibers on the surface of plants.— adj. hairy. 
Uni*- Vit-aa^t-Vi (har'bredth"), n. a very 
nair-Dreaain short distance: adj. very 

narrow. Also, hair’s breadth. 

(har'kloth"), n. goods made of 
Halr-ClOm camel’s hair or horsehair: used 
to cover furniture, etc. 

VioiV nitl (har'pln"), n. a pin of wire or 
nair-pm bone, with two points, used to 

fasten the hair. , 

i 4-lncr (h&r'spllt'lng), adj. mak- 

hair-Spllt-tmg ing trivial or very small 
distinctions, in reasoning or statement. 

■ • (har'sprlng"), n. a very fine 

hair-Spnng spring to regulate the bal¬ 
ance wheel of a watch. 

(har trlg'er), a trigger of 

hair trig-gGr a gun so adjusted 

that very slight pressure discharges 
the weapon. 

(hak), n. an eatable sea fish 
Ildlxc like the cod, valued as 
food and for its oil. 

Viol korrl (hal'berd), n. an 
Hal- Uclu ancient weapon 

consisting of a long staff to which 
an ax with a broad, sharp 
blade and a spear like point 
was fastened. Also, halbert. 

hal-berd-ier ',| r s - , ) '. bS n r a 

foot soldier armed with a spear- 
iu'' , a ' on (hal'sl-fin), adj. 

hal-cy-on pertaining to the 

kingfisher family of birds; peace¬ 
ful; happy; calm: n. the king¬ 
fisher: so called because of the 
fable that its hatching season 
was in calm weather. . Halberdier 


(hal), adj. sound in body; healthy; 
ild-ic hearty: v.t. 



to drag or draw by vio¬ 
lence. 

Iiol-f (haf), n. [pi. halves (havz)], one of 
lld.il two equal parts; a school term; in 
football, a half back: adv. equally; partly: 
adj. consisting of a half; partial; incomplete. 

Vi olf KoMr (haf bak) * in football, a player 
ild.il UtU ii occupying a. position on the 
right or left side of the field, between the 
quarter back and full back. 

kl (haf blud), one whose parents 

Hd.il UluUvi are of different races; relation¬ 
ship between persons who have only one parent 
in common. 

i__ir (haf'bred"), n. a person of 

llali-DIcell mixed blood; as, an Indian 
half-breed. 

1-ioIf Vi*-/v+Vi At- (haf bvuth'er), a brother 
lld.ll DlOUl-cI by one parent only. 

kolf noc+A (haf'kast"), n. a person of an 
.[ld.ii”Ldb ItJ East Indian parent on one 
side and of a European on the other. 

(haf kroun), a silver coin, 
lld.ll CrOWIl valued at two shillings and 
six pence, or 60 cents. • [Eng.] 

VioT-f Vioort aH (haf'hart "M), adj. lack- 
nan-Xiecirl-cU mg hi interest; not en¬ 
thusiastic. 

V.o1f mnei (haf'mast"), n. position of a 
Hd.Il—Illd-b l fl a g midway of the staff, as an 
indication of death or distress, 
t, ir ^(haf'moon"), n. the moon 
ndll—HlOOn -when half its disk gives light. 

V.o1-f rvtr (ha'pen-I; haf'pen'I), n. an 

naii-pen-ny English coin equivalent to 
one cent in United States money, 
kolf oio + At- ( ha f sis'ter), a sister by one 
ild.il bib - tei parent only. 

kol-f V/vnA (haf'ton"), n. a photographic 
ild.ll-lOIK? process of making plates tot 
illustration; a picture made by this process. 

half-wit-ted 

lacking. 

1 __i • -U-I 1 + (hal'i-but; hSl'I-bfit), n. a 
nai-l-DUE large eatable flat fish, often 
weighing more than three hundred pounds; 
an important food fish. Also, holibut. 

1,-1 : J Arn (hal'I-dum), n. holiness; a 
ndi-l-UUill holy relic; something sacred; 
a holy place. 

t-rtli (h61), n. a large building or room for 
Ild.ll the transaction of public business, en¬ 
tertainments, etc.; a court of justice; the pas¬ 
sageway into a house; a college dining room; 
the dinner served there; a college in an English 
university; at Oxford, an unendowed college; 
in early times, the main living room of « 
castle; a vestibule, entrance room, etc., 
in a modern home. , „ . 

kol In 4oVi (hal"6-150'yd), n. (Hebrew, 
naI-IO-iU-Jd.lI praise ye Jehovah), an ex¬ 
clamation or song of praise to God; a musical 
composition having as its theme similar words 
of praise: adj. singing, or containing, such 
praises. Also, alleluia, alleluiah, halleluiah. 
Vi„1 Koi-rl (hal'yerd), n. a rope for hoisting 
IlclI-lldl U. a flag or sail. Also, halyard, 
krtll imn-Ar (hoi'mark"), n. the official 
il9.ll-Tnd.rK. mark of the Goldsmiths’ 
Company and other English assay offices, 
attesting the quality of the gold and silver 
articles on which it is impressed; hence, 
a mark or proof of genuineness or purity. 
Uni 1 (h5-loo'), inter j. and n. an exclama- 

IlclI-IUU tion to call attention to or cheer 
one; a shout to attract attention, or to 
cheer or urge on: v.t. to shout out; incite 
or cheer on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. 
Also, halloa, hallo, hello, holloa, hullo,_ 


Tf ao *** v ’ _———— ■ ■ ■ — — - 

boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh asm when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 













hallow 


276 


handsel 


usually of network or can- 



Hammock 


i_ Q i 1/v«r (h&l'o), v.t. to consecrate; to 
lia.l-IUW ma ke holy; to set apart for 
holy or religious use; devote to sacred pur¬ 
poses; revere. 

TTal Irvur (h&l'5-en'). n. the eve 

±iai-10W-e en of All Saints or All Hal¬ 
lows, Oetober 31. Also, Hallpween. 

he*) lit ri -net finn (h3i-lu' , sl-na , shfin), n. 
nai-IU-Cl-na-tlOn belief in something 

Imaginary; a delusion; something apparent, 
but not real, as the visions seen in a delirium. 

Via In (h a ' lo )» n • a ring or circle of light 
UO.-1U around the sun or moon, caused by 
refraction; a glory; the bright ring repre¬ 
sented in pictures as surrounding the heads 
of saintrs and other hoi'' persons. 

1 -j.u (hdlt), n. the act of limping; a stop 
llalL in marching or in progress: adj. crip¬ 
pled or lame: v.i. to limp; to come to a 
stop; to stand still; to hesitate; to stop in 
marching: v.t. to cause to stop. 
ha] fnr CHol'her), n. one who limps; one 
Ual-lcl who stops in marching; a rope for 
hanging criminals; a rope for leading or hold¬ 
ing a horse: v.t. to put on, or secure with, a 
rope of this kind. 

Kalvp (k av )» to divide into two equal 
Halve parts, as an apple; fasten together, 
as timbers. 

VmKrpQ (k&vz), n. plural of half; as, two 
J.ia.1 V Co halves make a whole. 

V»o1 waivd (h5,l'y§rd), n. a rope or tackle 
llal-ydiLl f or hoisting a sail, flag, etc. 

Also, halliard. 

ham (h&m), n • the hinder part of the thigh; 
lictlll a thigh of an animal, especially a 

f )ig, salted and smoked; a house; village: 
n place names of Anglo-Saxon origin, as 
Tottenham. 

TTam h*%rcr (bam'bflrg), n. a rich kind of 
xla.Hl-U111g black grape; a breed of 
black domestic fowl; a kind of machine- 
made embroidery. 

1lamp (ham), n ■ one of the curved bars 
name on the collar to which the traces 
of a horse’s harness are fastened. 

"ham 1 of (ham'lgt), n. a small village; 
liam-iet as> a peaceful hamlet in the hills. 
ham mpr (hSm'er), n. an instrument 
llcUil-lllCl w ith a handle and iron head, 
used for driving nails, beating metals, etc.; 
anything resembling this tool in its action 
or shape: v.t. to pound or beat with a 
heavy implement; to drive, as a nail, into 
place by pounding; to work out in the mind: 
v.i. to work hard. 

"ham mpr rlrkfh (h&m'Sr-kloth), n. the 
Halll-Illcl-LIOLII c i 0 th which covers a 

coach box; canopy. 

ham-mock , ( ,Siv k V- n - a swinging bed ’ 

vas. 

ham-per 

(ham'per), n. 
a large wick¬ 
erwork bas¬ 
ket for carry¬ 
ing food, etc.; 
the rigging of 
a ship: v.t. to 
put into or 

inclose in a large basket; embarrass; perplex; 

Impede. 

hatx* cTiqptr Ip (ham / shak ,, l), v.t. to fas- 
ndJU-bild.v.xL-lC ten the head of an animal 

to one of its forelegs by a rope or strap; as, 

to hamshackle a horse. nauu-om given to make good a contract, 

ham c+ririo - (ham 'string'), v.t. [p.t. and anything that is used, given, or delivered 
jj.anAA-aii.xiig, V P- hamstrung, p.pr. ham- for the first time; a gift, especially at the 


stringing], to lame (a horse) by cutting the 
muscles or tendons of the hinder part of the 
thigh: 7i.pl. the strong muscles or sinews at 
the back of the kneo. 

hartrl (hand), n. the divided and lower part 
IiailU 0 f the human arm connected with 
the wrist; a similar member terminating the 
fore-limb of certain animals; something 
resembling this member in appearance or use* 
a measure of four inches; ability or skill; right 
or left side; possession; style of writing; 
an employee who labors with his hands; a 
sailor; cards held; a game; pledge of 
betrothal; nearness; control; authority; 
agency of; index of any kind; turn of a 
player to serve the ball at tennis, etc.; a 
shoulder of pork: v.t. to give or transmit 
with, or as with, the hand; assist or lead 
with the hand: adj. belonging to, or used by. 
the hand. 

ha-nri Kill (hand'bll'), n. a printed sheet 
•Ha.IiU.-ulH of paper displayed for adver¬ 
tising purposes. 

hmA /"iiff (hand'kuf'), n. a manacle or 
ildliU-tlUl fetter confining the wrists; 
a ring usually connected with another by a 
chain, used to fasten the wrists together: 
v.t. to put fetters on. 

J £,,•» (hS,nd'f<551), n. as much as a 
HdHU-lUl hand can hold; all that can be 
managed. 

hat* A ore nodp (h&nd grS-nad ) , a glass 
Ila.HU. gie-ndue bottle containing chem¬ 
icals for putting out a fire; an explosive shell 
to be thrown by the hand in battle. 
ha-rtA i ran (han'dl-kap), n. an extra 
HaHU-l-V/ctp weight or distance imposed 
on a superior contestant in a race; a hin¬ 
drance; as, the young man’s inability to speak 
well was a distinct handicap: v.t. to hinder or 
retard; as, his inability to speak weU handi¬ 
capped him. 

har\A 3 nraf+ (h&n'dl-kr&ft), n. the work 
naJlU-1-Lid.i l or skill of a craftsman or 
mechanic; manual skill, or labor. 
hat* A 3 Itt (h&n'dl-ll), adv. in a deft maa- 
ilcinu-l-iy ner; skilfully; as, he used his 
tool handily. 

hand 3 nocc (h&n dl-n8s), n. the state 
HdUU-l-llcbo or quality of being skilful. 

ha nd i ixmrU- (han'dl-wflrk'), n. work 
na.nu-1-WUIxV done or produced by 

manual effort; anything done personally; as, 
are these conditions I find the result of your 
own handiwork? 

hand Iraf fhiP^ < ’hS.]i , k§r-chlf), n. a 
HdHU-lS.er-t.mex piece of cloth, usually 
square, for wiping the face, nose, etc.; a 
silk or cotton square for the neck. 
har\ flip (han'dl), n. that part of a tool, 
AAaAA-u - AC ' vessel, etc., grasped by the 
hand: an instrument to gain an end: v.t. 
to touch or feel with the hand; manage; 
manipulate; discourse on; act toward or 
treat; buy, sell, or invest in: v.i. to use the 
hands. 

hat*A mat’d (hand'mad'), n. a female 
Hd.UU-lUd.lU servant or attendant. Also, 
handmaiden. 

hand nr crat* (hS,nd 6r'gSn), a sort of 
na.nu. Ui-gail large music box, arranged 

to be wheeled through the streets, from which 
music is produced by the turning of a crank. 
hat*A ocrntir (hand skrCiO), a device for 
HdllU ollcw lifting heavy articles; a 
clamp used by carpenters. 
hat* A cpI (hand'sSl; han'sSl), n. a pledge 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







handsome 


277 


hardihood 


time of the New Year, to children, servants, 
etc., on Handsel Monday: v.t. to give a 
pledge to; use or do for the first time. Also, 

hansel. 

•t_i ^ (h&n'sfim ), adj. pleasing 

nana-some to look upon; well formed; 
elegantly dressed; graceful; liberal; generous; 
ample.— adv. handsomely.— n. handsomeness. 


^'ritTr Thi.nd'spik"), n. a wooden tentment. , ,, 

handspike lever for moving heavy Syn. joyfulness, bliss ^felicity 


the 

po- 


weights, heaving, etc. 
hand-writing style of penmanship 

■hoTirTw '(han'dl). adj. [comp, handier, 
nana-y superl. handiest], dexterous; skil¬ 
ful - convenient; close beside; manageable. 

V, (h&ng), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hung, 

nang hanged, p.pr. hanging], to suspend, 
to fasten to something so as to be movable; 
suspend by the neck; cause to droop; dis¬ 
play; show aloft; attach or fasten; furnish 
with ornaments or drapery suspended or 
fastened to the walls, etc.; catch fast: v-i. 
to be suspended; bend forward; be de¬ 
pendent upon; dangle; cling; be in a dead¬ 
lock - n. manner in which something hangs; 
method of hanging; manner of doing or 
using; general tendency; slope. 

■j"* (han'gar"), n. a shed for storing 

nail-gar airplanes or vehicles. 

A^cr (hang'dog), adj. of degraded, 
nang-aog ashamed, or sneaking appear 

cmc6. . 11 j 

, (hftng'er), n. one who, or that 
-er which, hangs; that by which 
’ - J - a kind of 


hang 


(h&p'n), v.i. to come by chance; 
nap-p6n occur ; take place; come to pass. 

• l T , (hap'I-li), adv. successfully; by 
nap-pi-iy good fortune; luckily; in a 

contented manner or state. , . 

t- • (hap I-nes), n. the state of 

hap-pl-ness being satisfied or glad; 
good fortune; good luck; prosperity; con- 


Bomething is hung, or suspended; 
cutlass, or short curved sword. 

(hang'Ing), p.adj. suspended or 

nang-mg dangling; suggesting or in¬ 
volving death as a criminal: n. the act or 
putting to death by hanging: pi. drapery 

for a ro °™ (hang'mSn), n. [pi- bang- 
hang-man men (-men)], a public officer 

who executes convicted criminals. 

I; ° (hang'nal' 1 '), n. a small piece 

hang-nail of skin growing from the root 

of a finger nail. . . - 

(hank), n. two or more skeins of 
hank thread, silk, wool, etc., fastened 
together; one of the wooden rings to which 
a fore-and-aft sail is bent; a withy or rope 
for fastening a gate: v.t. to form into hanks. 

, 1 (han'ker), v.i. to desire eagerly: 

hank-6r -with after; crave; as, to hanker 

after pleasure. (h&A'ld-P&A'W), n. jug- 

han-ky-pan-ky giery; the chatter of 
fakers to.divert attention from their tricks: 

xt tnCky ’ ^i 1 ^ 1 ”hkn ,/ s6-at'Ik),adi. pertain- 

Han-Se-at-lC i nK to the Hanse towns, or 
free German cities, on the Baltic and Non 
Seas - used of the league formed by these 

‘ owns “ a .two-wheeled 

han-som cab: named after its inventor. 
i (hap), v.i. [p-t. and p.p. happed, p.pr . 

hap happing], to happen; befall casually: 
vt [Scot.], cover or wrap: n. chance, a casual 

event - [Scot.], a cloak or wrapper, 
evem, nc j (h §, p ' h &z"ard), n. < 

hap-haz-ara accident; random 
by chance: »<«. accident^. ^ 

hap less lucky; unhappy; as, a hapless 
fate; the hapless Juliet. 

hap-ly (hSp;in ' ’ 


chance; 
adv. 


Ant. (see unhappiness). 

fur (hapi), adj. [comp, happier, super I. 
nap-py happiest], enjoying pleasure or 
good; successful; prosperous; lucky; living 
in concord; satisfied; favored by luck or 
fortune; enjoying peace of any kind. 

1% ^ US (ha'raske'rg), n. formerly, in 
na-ra-Kl-rl Japan, a method of suicide 
by ripping open the bowels, permitted to 
nobles and military officers so as to escape 
the indignity of a public execution or official 
disgrace. Also, harikari. 

(hd-rang'), n. a public address 
na-ratlgue or speech or oration, espe¬ 
cially without preparation.; a noisy or pom¬ 
pous speech; ranting: v.i. to deliver a loud, 
ranting speech: v.t. to address by a noisy 

(har'Ss), v.t. to annoy or vex; 
nar-ass fatigue or weary with labor or 
importunity; to tire out and annoy (an 
enemy) by incessant petty attacks; to worry, 
tease; disturb; torment; as, the merchant 
is harassed by many cares. 

or (h&r'5s-gr), n. one who, or 
har-ass-er that which, vexes or plagues. 

1 __ __ • (h&r'5.s-Ing), p.adj. fa- 

nar-ass-mg tiguing; annoying; as. he 
fled from the harassing details of business. 

1 _(har'Ss-mSnt), n. the act 

har-ass-mem of annoying; the state 
of being worried; woiry; anxiety. 

2 r _’ (har'bln-jer), n. a messen- 

har-bm-ger ge r; forerunner; as, the 
bluebird is the harbinger of spring: v.t. to 
announce; foretell; usher in. . 

Um- (har'ber), n. a port or haven 
liar-DOi for ships; any place of refuge or 
safety; formerly, an inn or lodging: v.t. to 
shelter or protect; cherish; indulge; as, to 
harbor resentment. Also, harbour. 

Syn. n. haven, port, refuge. 

■« ^ ^ o n-c, (har'ber-aj), n. a port or 

har-bor-age anchorage for ships; shelter. 

(hard), adj. compact and solid; Arm; 
nara not easy to be pierced or broken, 
as, hard wood; unyielding; difficuit of accom- 
nlishment; as, hard to understand; laborious, 
fatiguing; cruel; oppressive; severe; keen; 
austere; inflexible; unfeeling; exacting, not 
easily complied with; rough; coarse; not 
prosperous; uttered gutturally; stiff or formal. 
adv. forcibly; laboriously; diligently; tem¬ 
pestuously; closely; near; roughly; to the 
utmost extent; so as to become firm and 
unyielding; with vexation, trouble, or sorrow: 
n. a roadway of solid material by the sea; a 
pier or landing place: pi. the refuse of flavor 
wool; alum and salt mixed together, used 
for giving a white color to bread. 

Syn. adj. firm, solid, arduous, difficult. 

Ant. (see easy, soft). 

, i __ (har'dn), v.t. to make firm or 
hard-en solid; confirm in impudence 

or wickedness; toughen; accustom: v.i. to 
become firm or solid; to become impudent or 
indifferent.— adj. hardened.^ 

hard-i-hood (ience; boldness; physical 
endurance; brav ery : pluck; reso lution. . 











hardily 


278 


liar Hill/ (har'df-ll), adv. with endurance; 
Alai-Ul-ly boldly; stoutly; resolutely. 

liar di riPQQ (har'dl-n<5s), n. capacity 
liai -tli-Ucbb f or endurance; ability to 
survive wintry weather. 

hard la hnr (kard la'bSr), work imposed 
iiax u. id-uui as an additional punishment 
to a term of imprisonment, 
hard (hard'll), adv. with difficulty; 

iio .1 scarcely; vigorously; severely; 

coarsely; unfavorably. 

hard (hard'ngs), n. the quality of 

iiaiu-iic&a being firm and unyielding, 
literally or figuratively; as, hardness of rock; 
hardness of heart. 

hard-t)an (kard'p&n'), n. in mining, a 
AA ,.T ^ aAi bed or layer of gravel or sand; 
a solid foundation. 

hard Qhin (hard'ship), n. oppression; se- 
xio .1 ix-oxxxp vere labor or want; injustice. 

hard-tar (kard't&k*) 

Ud.IU-ld.LJl cracker or 

army and navy use. 


harmony 


n. a large solid 
biscuit baked for 


hard warp (hard'w&r*), n. manufactured 
uaiu-waic articles of metal, as cutlery, 
kitchen utensils, chains, hatchets, etc. 

hard wood i har , d ^ o , od )- tb e wood 

jj.ai u. w uuu from broad-leaved trees; any 
dense, heavy wood. 

har dv (kar'dl) adj. robust; capable of 
xxcxx-xxy bearing haruship; bold; able to 
survive wintry weather: used of plants: 
n. a blacksmith s chisel with a square shank to 
fit into an anvil: sometimes called a fuller. 
har d V h nl f* (kar'dl hoi), a square hoie in 
, . uuxc an anvil into wll ich a hardy 
or chisel may be set. 

hare* ik&r)> w. a small animal with long 
AA fr. ears and a short tail, larger than a 
rabbit, characterized^ by its great timidity. 

harp hpll (har'bel*), n. a small, slender, 
lldic-ucil branching plant, having blue 
bell-shaped flowers. 

hare-brained (^•''brand*), adj. wild; 

uaic uictmcu giddy; heedless; as. a 
harebrained girl. 

hare-foot ” arrOW 

hare-hound SS‘T d l gs ?- 

hunting hares or rabbits. 

hare lin (k&r'lip' 1 ')• n. a deformity of the 
fr ai T u PP° r HP which is divided in 
the middle. 

ha rein fka'rSm)• n - the apartments of 
t,Z V he , women and children in a 
Mohammedan house; the wives of a Moham- 
medan. Also, hareem, har am. 

hare’s-foot 

(harz'fSot"), n. a 
kind of fern; a kind 
of clover with soft 
silky heads; the 
foot of a hare or 
rabbit used by ac¬ 
tors In making up. 

hare’s-tail 

(h S,r z't al"), n. a 
kind of cotton-grass 
related to, or like, 
the bulrushes. 

har-i-cot f_ h £g: 

h 3, r' i-k 61), n. a* 
kind of stew of 
meat and vege¬ 
tables; the kidney 
bean. 



Haricot, a. flower; b, pod. 


horlr (kark), v.i. to listen: oftenest used hi 
xia.xrv exclamation; as, Hark! listen. 

T-iof-Jr pfi (hark'n), v.t. to hear by listening; 
iiain.-cu to attend or give heed to: v.i. to 
listen, or hred what is said; as, harken to me. 

A I yd h pq rlron 

Har I* 0 auin (b ar'ffi-kwln; har'ffi-kin), n. 
xxcix - 1 W- 4 UXXX the performer in a panto¬ 
mime who wears party-colored, spangled gar¬ 
ments : harlequin, n. a buffoon: adj. fantastic or 
full of trickery; party-colored: v.i. to make fun 
by playing tricks. 

har 1 nt (kar'lfit), n. a woman of bad char- 
■ Lia - ± acter or ill-repute, 

harm (karm), n. injury; damage; moral 
xxcxxxxx evil or wrongdoing: v.t. to inflict 
hurt, damage, or injury upon. 

Syn. n. hurt, wrong, infliction. 

Ant. (see benefit). 

harm fill (karm'f561), ad), hurtful; injuri- 
Xicixxxx-x XXX ous; mischievous.— adv. harm¬ 
fully.—n. harmfulness. 

harm Ipqc (harm'18 s), adj. free from 
ixaim-icob damage; not injurious; as, a 

harmless drug; innocent; without hurt; as, 

to escape harmless. 

har rnntl ir (kar-mfin'Ik), adj. pertaining 
AA , "y AU1A , to, or producing, a right con¬ 
cord of sound; musical; concordant; pleas¬ 
ing to the ear. Also, harmonlcal.— adv. har¬ 
monically. 

har men i ra (kar-mon'I-kd), n. a mush 
t aA , . , cal instrument, the tones 

of which are produced by friction from a 
number of musical glasses filled to various 
heights with water; a mouth organ; an 
oblong musical instrument consisting of 
a number of glass slips which are struck 
oy a mallet. Also, harmonicon. 

bar-men ire (kar-mbn'iks), n.x>l. the 
xxax xxxuxi-lLb science of musical sounds. 

har-mo-ni one (kar-mo'nl-fis), adj. con- 
iA< r A . , , UUt> cordant; musical; sym¬ 

metrical; adapted to each other; agreeing 
in action and feel- 
ing; living in 
friendship.— a d v. 
harmoniously. 

har-mo-nist 

(har'mo-nlst), n. 
one who is ex¬ 
pert in musical 1 
science; one who 
explains the har¬ 
mony of the 
Scriptures, espe¬ 
cially of the Gos -1 
pels. 

har-mo-ni- 

(har-mo'ni- 

l f lu ™), n- a reed organ, or small organ for 
church music. 

har-mo-ni7P (kar'mft-nlz), v.t. to render 
-Jr , C 111 accord; cause to agree; 

reconcile: v.i. to agree; be in peace and 
friendship; correspond. 

har-mo nv (kar'm6-ni), n. [pi. har- 
monies (-nlz)], the quality 
of being pleasing to the ear, as in singing 
^ ®P® aking : concord; just adaptation of 
parts to one another, so as to form a con¬ 
nected whole; accord in feeling, sentiment 
as ; 1 ncver saw more perfect harmony 
in any home; a literary work showing the 
agreement between parallel or similar his¬ 
tones or passages. 

Syn. accord, unison, agreement, union. 

Ant, (see discord). 



Harmonium 


iiue, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, perade* scene ovont xj-,,. *1 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; flnit, unite, burn, At, foefis! men^ 






























harness 


279 


hatchel 


L„ r flocc (har'ngs), n. the working gear 
nar-nebo of a horse; the dress and 
armor of a knight; any arrangement, as of 
straps, 
etc., for 
perform¬ 
ing some , 
mechani- , 
cal opera¬ 
tion: v.t. 
to put 
harness 
upon; equip, 
as a knight. 

harp 

(harp), n. 
musical 
Stringed 1 n - 
strument o f 
triangular 
shape, played 
with the fin¬ 
gers: v.i. to 
play on such 
an Instru¬ 
ment; dwell 
unduly, tedi¬ 
ously, or per¬ 
sistently on 
Borne particu¬ 
lar subject: 
with on or 
upon. 

harp-ing 



Harness. 1, browband; 2, 
blinders; 3, cheek piece; 4, nose¬ 
band; 5, bit; 6 , curb; 7, curb strap; 
8 , throatlatch; 9, checkrein; 10, 
collar; 11 , collar pad; 12 , martin- 


(harts'horn*), n. a prepara- 
laris-nom tion of ammonia and sweet 
oil: so called because ammonia was formerly 
distilled fi-om the horns of a deer. 

_,v„ (harts'tung*), n. a Brlfc- 

narrs-tongue ish fern, also found in 

Florida. „ „ ,« , * . 

(h&r'ftxm-sk&r'flm). 

. lar-llIIl-SCar-Uin. a dj. Wild; thought¬ 
less; rash; giddy; reckless; untidy; as. 
a harum-scarum girl. [Colloq.] 

4. (har'v&st), n. the season of 
iiai-Vcbl reaping and gathering in grain 
and fruits; a crop of grain or fruit; the 
result of effort: v.t. to gather in, as corn; 
reap.— n. harvester. 

t.A. „,__4. (har'vSst hom), an au- 

har-vest nome tumn festival; a church 

service of thanksgiving held during the season 
of the ingathering of crops. _ _ _ 

1__ _x (har'vSst moon), the 

har-vest moon full moon which occurs 
about September 23. 


bridle; 19, headstall; 20, cockade; 
21 , check ring; 22 , checkrein 
buckle; 23, hames; 24, rein; 25, 
girth; 26, hip strap; 27, fork; 28, 
breeching; 29, breeching strap; 30, 
trace buckle; 31, shaft; 32, trace. 

(har'plng), p.pr. of harp: n. 


_ Pt’ - - 

- A ^ the act of playing upon a harp: 

nl. the breadth of a ship at the bow. 

/v.«—~ a Jong spear 


(har-pdbn'), n. 

nar-poon hav¬ 


ing a line attached 1 
to the staff, for 
striking and killing 
whales: v.t. to strike 
with a harpoon. 




Harpoon 


WlUi a uoiiJuuu. .... , ¥ 1. _ 

■ _ • (harp'sl-kord), n. a, 

narp-si-cnora stringed instrument with 
a kejdxoard, in general use before the advent 

!^°(har'pl). n. [pi. harpies (-plz)j, in 
Har-py Classical mythology, one of three 
grasping and filthy winged monsters with a 
woman's face, and the body and claws of 
a vulture: harpy, an extortioner; a large 
crested American eagle. 

_ •«„_ (har'kwfi-bus), n. a kind 
ll3.r-QU6-DUS of gun in use before the 
musket. Also, arquebus. 

,_- _ (har'I-6r), n. a variety of dog used 

nar -ri-6l for hunting hares; a kind of hawk. 

mrr (WLr'o), n. an agricultural or 
nar-row farming instrument having sharp 
iron or wooden teeth, for breaking up clods 
and casting earth upon sown land: w. to 
break up, tear, or draw over with a sharp 
toothed instrument; lacerate or torment; 

(h&r'l). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. harried, 
nar-ry p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay 
waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass. 

1 (harsh), ad}. discordant; jarring; 
narsil rough to the ear, taste, or touch; 
austere.— adv. harshly.— n. harshness. 

Syn. rough, rigorous, severe, gniff, morose. 
Ant. (see gentle). ,, . . 

f . (hart), n. the male of the red deer; 
Hart as, “The hart panteth after the water 
brooks-”—Psalm xlii. 1. ... , - . _ ... 

« r .. _i. (hart'best ; har t8-best ), n. 

Harte-DeeST a large African antelope or 
goat . Also, hartbeest, hartebest. 


1 — „.„i. (hSr'vgsfc moils), a 

har-vest mouse S maii aeid mouse 

which builds Its nest in stalks of corn. 

eatef 137 trace; 14, shaft;' 15. sad- tioc third person singular present of 

die; 16. girth; 17, shaft ring; 18, Uda the verb have. 

- .(hS,sh), n. a dish of meat cut and 

nasn cooked with vegetables; a mixture: 
v.t. to chop small and mix. 

(h&sh'esh; h&-shesh'). n. an 
nasn-isn Oriental intoxicant made from 
Indian hemp. Also, hasheesh. 

(hasp), n. a clasp folded over a staple 
IlciSp an( t secured with a padlock: v.t. to 
shut or secure with a clasp and padlock, 
t _ __ _ 1 _ (h&s'Qk), n. a padded mat or 
IlaS-SOClv. cushion for kneeling upon in 
church, etc.; a tuft of coarse grass. 

- i (hast), second person singular present 
IlclSI of the verb have. 

1 . (hast), n. quickness of movement; 

IlaSie celerity; speed; swiftness: vJ. and 
v.i. to hurry. 


I 4 .^ (has'n), v.t. to cause to hurry; 
nas-ien urge forward: v.i. to move with 

SP< Syn. accelerate, dispatch, expedite, speed. 
Ant. (see delay). . . . 

; Ur (has'tl-ll), adv. in a hurried man- 
Jiast-l-iy ner; quickly; testily; peevishly. 
•l _ — 4 . _ r (has'ti), ad}, [comp, hastier, super I. 
nasi-y hastiest], precipitate; quick; speedy; 
eager; vehement; rash; testy; peevish; ir¬ 
ritable.—n. hastiness, f 
Syn. fast. < 

Ant. (see deliberate). . . 

hast-y pud-ding pudding** made^ by 

stirring Indian meal into boiling water; 
mush; in England, a batter of flour similarly 

nrfiD3,rP(i 

i_ . 4 . (hat), n. a covering for the head, with 
nat a crown and brim; a cardinal’s rank 
and dignity. 

i, n iL n „4 (hat'b&nd’'), n. a band worn 
nat-Dana around the hat; a black cloth 
band worn as a token of mourning. 

(hach), v.t. to produce (young!' 
naiLIl from eggs; plot or contrive; shade 
by narrow lines; close with, or as with,, 
a half-door: n. the number of young produced 
from eggs at a sitting; a narrow line in en¬ 
graving, or drawing; a door with an opening 
over it; a half-door: pi. doors or openings 
by which a descent is made from one deck 
of a ship to another; hatchways. 

£*1 (bach'Sl), v.t. to dress or comtk, 
Ud-li/Il-tSi as flax or hemp: to tease or vex*. 


boot foot. • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in ■when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh= ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. „ 
















hatchery 


280 


hazardous 


Also, 


n. a comb for dressing flax or hemp, 
hackle, heckle. 

Via+rVi (hach'er-I), n. a place where 

Ualtil-ci -y eggs are artificially hatched, 
especially those of fish. 

Via+r*Vi At (dach'et), n. a small ax with 
lid-lL/ll-CL a short handle used with one 
hand. 

Via+rVi in rr (d&ch'Ing), n. a kind of draw- 
11a ll/U-Ulg ing or engraving with narrow 
parallel or crossed lines. 

Via+r*Vi (hUch'mSnt), n. a sort of 

ila.il/ll-lilCllL panel upon which the 
coat of arms of a deceased person is tem¬ 
porarily placed in front of his house, on a 
tomb, in a church, etc. 

Vio+nVI waxr (bach'wa*), n. an opening 
naxcil-way i n the deck of a vessel for 
passage below; a hatch. 

Vi at A (hat), v.t. to dislike intensely; abhor; 
liaiC detest: n. detestation; thorough dis¬ 
like. 

VlfltA fill (dat'fSSl), adj. causing or show- 
uaLC-lUl j[ n g deep dislike, or abhorrence; 
as, a hateful spirit; a hateful foe.— adv. 
hatefully.—n. hatefulness. 

Syn. odious, detestable. 

Ant. (see lovable). 

Via ti*A*4 (ha'tred), n. bitter aversion; 
Hd-liCU. continued hostility of feeling; 
detestation. 

Syn. enmity, ill will, rancor. 

Ant. (see friendship). 

Viat tAfl (dat'ed), adj. wearing a head- 
Utti-Lou covering with crown and brim. 

fckf (hat'er), n. a manufacturer of, 
11a c-Id or a dealer in, headgear. 


w _ a hawk; as. 

Viaii ViArlr (do'berk), n. a coat of armor the hawk-eyed foreman kept strict watch 
uau-uciil formed of steel rings, reaching 


below the knees. 

ViaiioVi Vi Itt (do'tl-ll), adv. in a proud 
uaugll-ll-iy manner; disdainfully. 

Vi a ii crVi fir (UO'tl) . adj. [comp, haughtier, 
uaugu-Ljr superl. haughtiest], proud and 
disdainful; overbearing; contemptuous.— 
n. haughtiness. 

Syn. arrogant, proud. 

Ilfllll (ho 1 )* v - t - t0 P u d or draw with force; 
nam transport by drawing: v.i. to change 
the course of a ship; shift: said of the wind: 
n. a strong pull; draft of a net; quantity cf 
fish caught at one time; distance over which 
anything is drawn. 

Via ill At* (ddl'er), n. one who, or that which, 
AA<XUA " CA pulls forcibly; a device for catch¬ 
ing fish. 

ViannrVi (hiinch; honch), n. the hip; 
naLU.it/ii the hind part; of meats, the 
leg and loin taken together; a joint of deer 
meat or mutton; shoulder of an arch. 
ViaiinV (bant; hunt), n. a place of accus- 
ii.au.iLL tomed resort: v.t. to visit frequently 
or habitually; trouble with frequent visits, 
as an apparition. 

Via lit Vinv (ho'boi), n. a wind instrument 
liaut-uvij 0 f the reed class and similar in 
shape to a clarinet. Also, oboe. 

Iiaii Vaiii* (b6-tfir'), n. a haughty bearing 
liau-icui or spirit; disdainful pride; 
arrogance. 

Ha-van-a ^®. -van, u) • n. a cigar made of 


vp (hav), v.t. [ p.t . and 
nave having], to possess; 


Cuban tobacco. 

p.p. had, p.pr. 

__ take; hold or 

bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; bring 
forth; cheat; obtain the advantage of. 

Syn. hold, occupy, possess, own. 

ViavA Inrtr (bav'ISk), n. a white cover for 
iia v e-iv/L/ix a military cap, with a long rear 
flap as a protection from strong sunshine. 


Via vao (ha'vn), n. a sheltered anchorage 
lia-veil for ships; harbor; place of shelter 
and safety. 

Viaxr At* car lr (bav'er-s&k), n. a strong 
uav-ci-oaLA coarse linen bag in which 

soldiers carry their food when marching. 

Viav in tr (bav'Ing), p.pr. of have: n. the 
iiav-uig act or state of possession; that 
which one possesses; goods. 

Viav nr (bav'Sk), n. wide and general 
AAcAV- l''^ destruction; devastation; waste. 

Vi aw (bd), n. the fruit of the hawthorn, 
liaw or shrub of the rose family; a growth 
under the third eyelid of a horse; a hedge 
or inclosure; a hesitation in speech: v.i. to 
speak with interruption and hesitation; as, 
don’t haw and hum so much. 

Vioiir -finrVi (ho'flnch"), n. the common 
liaw-11111/11 grosboak or finch bird: sup¬ 
posed to feed on the hawthorn. 

Viaxirlr (bok), n. a name for various kinds 
liawiv of birds of prey related to the 
buzzards, falcons, and kites; a forcible 
effort to clear the throat of phlegm; a square 
board, with a short handle, for holding mor¬ 
tar: v.t. to cry, or carry about, for sale: 
v.i. to make a forcible effort to cough up 
phlegm; to fly trained hawks at birds on the 
wing. 

Viaurlr "kill (bok'bll"), n. a sea turtle that 
iiawn.-Ulll furnishes tortoise shell: so 
named from its curved upper jaw. 

Viaxirlr ai* (bok'er), n. one who cries and 
lldWA-ci sells goods in the streets; 
peddler; one who breeds and trains hawks. 

adj. sharp- 
hawk; 


hawk-eyed sighted 1 like 


a large moth 
flight somewhat ro¬ 
ll. a plant of 
the aster family with yellow 


over his men 

hawk moth wh 0 k se m ™^ 

sembles that of a hawk. 

Viawlr waaH (bok'wed*) 
ildWJi-WeeU the aster fa 

flowers. 

Via wca (hoz, hos), n. that part of a 
nawac ship’s bows where the cable holes 

are situated. 

ViawcA VaIa (hSz hoi), one of the two 
lldWbc IlOlt? holes under a ship's bow 

through which the cable passes when the 
vessel is moored. 

Vi aw cat (bo'zer; hb'sSr), n. a thick rope 
uaw-oci or cable used in towing or for 

securing a vessel. 

knTir Vhnrn 'do thorn), n. a prickly 
lidW-IIIUill s hrub or tree of the rose 

family. 

Viaxr (ba), n - grass, clover, etc., cut and 

llay dried for fodder. 

Via xt Andr (da kok / ), n. a cone-shaped 
nay-V/Ui/iv pile G f hay heaped up in the 
field. 

Vi a xt f a XT At* (da fe'ver), a catarrh, ac- 
iiay ic-vci companied by itching, sneez¬ 
ing, slight fever, and pains in the head, usually 
appearing in late summer. 

Via xt m our (ha'mou"), n. a mass of hay 
liay-lIlUW laid up in a barn; the place 

ill which the hay is stored. 


Via 7 arr( (baz'ard), n. chance; accident; 
ll aL-aiu risk; danger; a dice game; 
a stroke at billiards which puts the ball in 
the pocket; in golf, a bunker, water, a ditch 
or other obstruction: v.t. to run the risk of; 
chance; put in peril. 

Syn. n. and v. risk, venture. 

ha.Z~a.rd-OUS (baz'ar-dus), adj. risky; 
Liaz, aiu uuo perilous; dangerous; as. 

a hazardous trip. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cdt, focus, menu; 








haze 


281 


hearted 


Via 7#^ (haz), n 
llctiL ness of 


a slight fog or mist; dim- 

sight or knowledge: v.i. 
to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or harass 
by overwork or unpleasant tasks; play 
practical jokes upon, especially of a severe 
kind. 

_*i (ha'zl), n. a shrub or tree bearing 
na-zei an oval-shaped nut; the nut borne 
by this tree; filbert. . . 

l.„rr : (haz'I-ngs), n.-mistiness; state 

naz-l-nebs of being confused; as, hazi¬ 
ness of thought. _. 

(ha'zi), adj. misty; obscure; not 
na-zy clear; as, a hazy landscape; a 
hazy idea.— adv. hazily. 

t*. (he), pron. \pi. they (f?ia)], the masculine 
Uw pronoun of the third person: n. a male. 

(hSd), n. the uppermost part of the 
JieaU body of an animal containing the 
face, brain, etc.; chief or principal part of 
anything; an individual: often used as a 
plural; as, a hundred head of cattle; leader or 
commander; place of honor or authority, 
top - fore part; the understanding or intellect; 
principal topic; a division; origin or source; 
pitch; crisis or height; latent or reserve 
force; froth on liquor: ad), principal or chief; 
acting against the front; as, a head wind. v.t. 
to lead or direct; take the first place m; get 
in front of; direct the course of; oppose; Viealth-V 
strain: v.i. to move forward; come to a liCcU-tll y 

--I,** (hed'ak'), n. severe or burn- 

neaa-acne ing pain in the head. 

t % v .1 / ,i_y n rt 


head-stone piece in a foundation; 


corner 

x __ _ _ i; as, 

the headstone of the corner; a marker for a 
grave; a tombstone. 

L nn j oft-Atirr (hgd'strong), adj. ungov- 

neaa-strong ernable; self-willed; stub¬ 
born; unruly. 

UrmA nra tt (hed'wa'), n. forward motion 
neau-wety of a vessel, etc.; momentum; 
progress or success of any kind; time between 
two railroad trains. 

t. QO j _ r (hed'l), adj. precipitate; intoxicat- 
neau-y ing; wilful; rash; ungovernable, 
i t (hel), v.t. to restore to health; cure; 
Heal ma ke sound; reconcile: v.i. to become 
well or sound. 

(hel'ing), p.adj. tending to cure; 
neai-mg soothing; as, healing effect of 
a medicine: n. cure. ! 

health n - freedom from bodily 


; « -a “(bgd'dres*) n. a covoring or welfare.— adv. healthily, 

head-dress ornament for the head. Syn. vigorous, salutary, wholesome. 


\~~~A ^A (hSd'ed), adj. in respect of under- 
neaa-ea standing or intellect, or cf the 
shape of the skull: much used in composi¬ 
tion; as, clear-headed, fiat-headed, etc., formed 
into a compact center, as cabbage. 

«_ a * (hgd'er), n. a plunge or fall 

neaa-er foremost; one who puts head3 
on. as in pin making; a machine, etc., for 
making or removing heads; a brick or s 
with its short face in front. 

* „ j A *.^4- (hed "f first'), adv. in thought- 

neaa-lirst ] ess haste; without stopping; 
plunging forward. Also, headforemost. 
Lo/1 ffPfjr (hSd'ger"), n anything worn 

neaa-gear upon the head. 

« j • „ (hed'Ing), n. a title; 

heaa-ing from which heads of 


pain or disease; vigor of mind; 
moral purity; righteousness; healing power; 
a toast or pledge. _ 

fiA (helth'f 651), adj. promoting 
neaim-IUI bodily welfare; wholesome; 
favorable.— adv. healthfully.—n. healthful- 

TlCSS 

■v 1 1 j. 1 , : nooo (h61'thl-n6s), n. the state 
neaim-l-nebb of being free from disease. 

(hgrthi), adj. [comp, healthier, 
„ superl. healthiest], in a sound 
or wholesome condition; as, a healthy mind 
in a healthy body is the greatest blessing of 
mankind; enjoying or contributing to bodily 


barrels are made; the strip on the edge 
embroidery, by which it may be sewed to a 
earment; the entrance to a mine, 
f j \ n „A (hed'land), n. a promontory: 
nead-land a cape; as, they lighted a 
fire on the headland as a signal to the ship. 

« „ A 1i /vV»+ (hed'llt*), n. a bnght lamp 

h. 03 .U-llgnt or globe at the front of a 

locomotive, automobile, etc. 

U~~A (hed'lin"), n. a line of type 

neaa-line at the top of a page, chapter, 
column of a newspaper, etc.: pi. the ropes 
at the top of a sail by which it is secured 


Ant. (see unhealthy). „ . . 

-i _ (hep), n. a pile or collection of things 
neap thrown together; a quantity; accu¬ 
mulation; crowd: v.t. to form into a pile or 
mass; pile up; aggregate. 

Syn. v. accumulate, amass, pllo. 

(her), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. heard, p.pr. 
Xiear hearing], to perceive by the ear; 
attend or listen to; give heed to; obey: 
accede to the wishes of; attend in an official 
manner: v.i. to have the sense of hearing; 

be told of. „ ,, .... 

i_ ... ft - !cf (her'Ing), n. the sense by which 
near-lllg sound is perceived; audience: 
judicial or official investigation, 
mntfirial (har'lcn), v.i. to listen, to heed; 

casks or heark-eil as , •• Hearken diligently unto 



covering or 
the 


me.”—Isaiah lv. 2. Also, hark, harken. 

ooir (her'sa"), n. rumor or report: 
near-say adj. secondhand; as, hearsay 
evidence is not accepted in a court of law. 

(hfirs), n. a vehicle for carrying 
nearse dead bodies to the grave. 

. , (hart), n. the organ in animals 

neart which’causes the blood to circulate 
through the arteries, etc.; the vital, inner, 
or chief part of anything; the often assumed 
seat of the affections and passions; emotion; 
tenderness; affection; courage; will; spirit: 
energy; power; resolution; secret thoughts; 
conscience; one of a suit of cards marked 
with one or more red hearts; a kind of cherry. 
pi. a card game. 

0 Q (hart'ak ), n. sorrow; men- 
heart-acne tal pang; grief; distress. 


nrecipitate; violent; thoughtless. 
i j . (hed'pes), n. a covern 

head-piece armor for the head; 

headhunters hetrtbum 


of a chief officer or official; a center of 

authority. (h edz'm£n), n a public 

heads-man executioner who beheads 

t.bnse condemned to die. Also, headma n 


i (hart'bro'kn), adj.deep- 

heart-DrO-Ken ly grieved; inconsolable: 


_ adj. in respect of the 

feelings or qualities of char¬ 
acter: used in compounds; as, good-hearted, 
chicken -hearted, etc. 


heart-ed feelings 


ihose cnnnftmue u tu uio. i: ---—-. , * 1 • 

boot foot-found; boil;function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as mwhen, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


JO 













hearten 


282 


hectoliter 


h port pn (ha r ' tn ). v to give courage to; 
ucaA l ' cu inspirit; to animate or inspire. 
Upnfp, 1 f (hart'fglt"), adj. earnest; sin- 
ilGiXA WCH cere; with deep emotion. 
Viparth (harth), n. that part of a room 
UCcu. til where the Are is made; hence, the 
family circle; as, they gathered round the 
hearth on wintry evenings. 

TiparfVi cfnria (harth'ston*), n. the stone 
11 Co.I lil-blUlltJ forming a fireside. 

Upqrf i Itt (har'tl-ll), adv. cordially; ener- 
UCcti t-l-ljr getically; willingly; eagerly. 

hpart t nocc (har'tl-ngs), n. cordiality; 
ucai t-i-iicoo vigor; as, the heartiness of 
a greeting; heartiness of appetite, 
heart leSS ( h art/16s),adJ. without feeling; 

hcfirtc agcA (hartz'ez'), n. the pansy 
to-caoc an< j gome other species of 

violet. 

lipar+ xr (hiir'tl), adj. [comp, heartier, 
aigo.a t-y superl. heartiest), cordial; as, 
they gave us a hearty welcome; sincere; 
open; warm; strong; as, he is hale and 
hearty; vigorous; good-natured; kind; 
healthy; keen in appetite; abundant; as, I 
ate a hearty meal. 

Upni (het), n. a physical form of energy, 
due to vibration, or motion, of the 
molecules, or minute particles, of which a 
body is composed; the sensation produced 
by a hot body; high temperature: oppo¬ 
site to cold; as, the heat of summer; the 
state of being hot; effervescence or bubbling; 
agitation of sudden or violent passion; ardor; 
vehemence; redness or flush of the face; a 
course at a race; hot weather: v.t. to make 
hot; warm; excite with passion or desire; 
make feverish; animate: v.i. to become hot 
or warm. 

koat pi* (het'Sr), n. one who, or that which, 
ucai-ci gives warmth; a 6 tove, furnace, 
or other appliance used to make a place 
warm, as a house, store, building, etc. 
kpnfk (heth), n. a small evergreen flower- 
UCflUA ing shrub growing on level land; 
heather; a tract of waste or level land, espe¬ 
cially with this evergreen shrub growing upon 
it, 

Vipa -ff.pt> Oxe'thn), n. one who is ignorant 
ilcd-liicU 0 f the true God; a pagan; 
Idolater; a rude, irreligious, uncultured per¬ 
son. 

VifkQ ■ftipri f? otti (he'l/in-dfim), n. the 
ucd-iuen-uom state or condition of 

being a pagan; that part of the world in¬ 
habited by pagans. 

Vi pa fhpn icVi (he'tfm-Ish), adj. pertain- 

nea-men-isn ing tD( or like a pa g an; 

rude; Ignorant, or uncultured: irreligious. 

Vipa ihpn icm (he'ihn-Izm), n. ignorance 
Uca-tiicll-lblu 0 f th e true God; pagan¬ 
ism; idolatry. 

h pa fVipn 170 (he'tfm-Iz), v.t. to make 
-U.Ga.-u.XdA-j.z-c like a pagan or Irreligious 
person. 

VlPfltVi pr (hSfh'Sr), n. a small evergreen 
ucaiu-ci plant, often with rose-colored 
flowers. Also, heath. — adj. heathery, 
kpoxrp (hev), v.t. to hoist or lift up; 
ucavc force from the breast, as a sigh; 
cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be lifted up; 
swell; rise and fall alternately; struggle or 
toil; pant; vomit: n. an effort or exertion 
upwards; lift; the act of throwing; swell or 
rising; haul; struggle; effort to vomit. 

Vi pa tt pn (hfiv'n), n. the abode of God and 
UCdV-cu the blessed; the firmament, or 
sky; a state or condition of bliss; a sublime 
and exalted condition: any place of supreme 


happiness or great comfort; as, this place 
is a veritable heaven upon earth. 

hpa-rr pn If npre (hSv'n-11-nSs), n. su- 
uoav-cu-u-uuoo preme excellence; as, 

the heavenliness of great music. 

Vs pa-tr pn 1v (hev'n-ll), adj. pertaining to, 
IICd.V-Gll-iy or like, heaven; celestial; di¬ 
vine; supremely excellent. 

(hev'er), n. one who, or that 
llCav-Ci which, lifts; especially, one who 
loads or unloads goods, coal, etc. 

Vipovpc (hevz), n. a disease of horses 
ilCaVCb recognized by their difficult 
breathing, wheezing, a peculiar cough, etc. 

Vioqtt i npco (hSv'I-nfis), n. the quality 
IlGd.V-1-Ilcbb 0 f being weighty; dejec¬ 
tion; grief; sadness. 

1%pav rr (hSv'I), adj. [comp, heavier, superl . 
iicav-y heaviest], large in extent, quality, 
or effects; as, we had a heavy fall of snow; 
the store has a heavy trade; ponderous; 
weighty; oppressive; grievous; laborious, 
obstructive; depressed; dull; dense; power¬ 
ful; loud; indigestible; as, that cake was 
heavy; clayey.— adv. heavily. 

Syn. burdensome, ponderous, weighty. 

VipoTr \t wpicrVlt u. a very 

ned.v-y-weigiu powerful wrestler or 

boxer; one whose moral force or business 
ability, etc., gives him great influence. 

VipTi Hnm a An 1 (hSb-dOm'd-dSJ), adj. 
neo-uom-a-aai composed of seven 

days; of weekly occurrence. 

TTp Vira in (h3-bra'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
XJ.G-UIa.-lG the Hebrews, the Jewish lan¬ 
guage, or literature. _ 

XXp V\-»*a -i c >>> (he'bri-Izm), ti. a Hebrew 
AAC-uia-isiu phrase or custom; a char¬ 
acteristic of the Hebrews. 

ITp Vira icf (he'bra-ist) n. one who is 
AJ.G-uiO.-Aol learned in the Hebrew lan¬ 
guage and literature._ 

XXp krnw (he'broo), adj. pertaining to 
ne-Drew th0 Hebrews; Jewish: n the 
Hebrew language; a Jew: pi. a book of tb8 
New Testament, the Epistle to the Hebrews. 
XXpp n fp (hek'a-te), n. an ancient Grecian 
j-XGG-o-tG goddess supposed to have three¬ 
fold power over heaven, earth, and the under¬ 
world; the goddess of magic and witchcraft. 

V»pr a t Am Vi (hek , <i-t6m; hSkki-tSQm), n. 

AlcG-a-lUIIAU a sacrifice of a hundred 

oxen; any large sacrifice or slaughter. 

Ti prlr 1 p (hfik'l). n. an instrument for clean- 
AAGV/Xv-AG ing flax; a hackle or hatchel: v.t. to 
comb or dress, as flax or homp; to hackle or 
hatchel; to question severely or annoy with 
questions; as, the audience heckled, the speaker. 
Vp/i farp (hfik'tar), n. In the metric sys- 
aagg-uxag tern, a land measure equal to 
100 ares or 10,000 square meters, or 2.471 
acres. Also, hektare. 

Vi pc fic (hSk'tlk), adj. constitutional; slow. 
aagg-iag but of long continuance; pertain¬ 
ing to the fever that accompanies tubercu¬ 
losis; feverish: n. a fever accompanying 
tuberculosis, characterized by a bright pink 
spot or flush on the cheeks. 

her -to PTPTT1 (h5k'tS-gr&m), n. In the 
ilCG-lU-grd.111 me tric system, a weight 

equal to 100 grams, or 3.627 ounces avoirdu¬ 
pois. Also, hectogramme. hektogramme. 

hpr to err a nh (h8k'tS-gr&,f),n.anappa- 
ncG-io-girapn ratus for mu itipiyf n g 

copies of a letter or drawing, etc. 

hec to Ti for ( h Sk , i t6-le"tgr), n. In the 
aagg tu-il-ici metric system, a liquid 

measure equal to 100 liters, or 26.42 gal¬ 
lons; one-tenth of a cubic meter. Also 
hectolitre, hektollter. hektolitre. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu? 






hectometer 


283 


hello 


Vwar m p +#>r (hSk'tfi-me'ter), n. In 
ilcc-cvz-iAiC-tci. the metric system, a 

measure of length equal to 100 meters, or 
328 feet 1 inch. Also, hectometre, hektome- 
ter, hektometre. 

In or* (hSk'tSr), v.t. to bully; to threaten; 

IlcG-lUI to tease; to irritate or provoke: 
v.i. to bluster. 

Vior c+oro (hSk'tO-ster), n. in the met- 
UCl--lU-aiCic ric system, a cubic measure 
equal to 100 cubic meters, or 3531.44 cubic 
feet. Also, hektostere. 

Viorlrro (h8j), n. a fence of bushes or 
HvJUgc shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a 
border of bushes or shrubs; encircle; invest: 
v.i. to bet on both sides, so that the possibility 
of loss will be diminished; evade; skulk: 
ad). mean; contemptible: of the lowest class. 
i_ Q j „ t-nrr (h8j'h8g # ), n. a small lnsect- 
flCU.ge-IJ.Ug eating animal covered on 
the back with spines or prickles. 

row (bej'ro), n. a line of small 
licugc-iow trees or shrubs planted as a 
fence, or for ornament. 

j (hed), v.t. to regard with care; take 
fleeU notice of; mind; attend; regard: 
r.i. to give attention: n. careful attention; 
regard; caution. 

V, J r.-l (hed'fdbl), ad), cautious; atten- 
fleeU-lul tive; as, she is heedful of my 
welfare.— ado. heedfully. 

t. A toce (hed'16s), ad), careless; in- 
116 cfl-lc a o attentive; neglectful; as, that 
boy is very heedless. 

* 1 (hel), n. the hinder part of the foot; 

flCCl the hinder part of a boot, shoe, or 
stocking; anything shaped like a heel: v.t. 
to furnish with a heel: v.i. to loan on one 
6ide, as a ship. 
i , Q -1 (hel'er), n. one who follows close 
neei-ei after, as a political hanger-on; one 
who heels shoes; a fast runner. 

(hel'ing), n. the degree of in- 
neei-mg clination of a vessel from the 
perpendicular. 

(hel't&p'). n. leather for a shoe- 
neei-iap heel; liquor left in a glass after 
drinking. 

diSft), n. a handle; an effort; weight; 
IlCIt the greater part or bulk: v.t. to try the 
weight of. by lifting or holding in the hand, 
i ^ (h$-jem'o-m), w. leader- 

lie -gem.-0-ny s hip; powerful influence: 
usually said of the influence of ono govern¬ 
ment over another. _. . . „<> 

(hej'I-rd; hS-p'ra), n. the flight of 

neg-l-ra Mohammed from Mecca to Me¬ 
dina, September 13, 662 A. D.; a flight. Also, 

hejira. ,. 

o** (hef'er), n. a young cow; as. the 
neil-er KO d Jupiter changed Io into a heifer. 
* • -U (hi'ho"), inter), an expression 

neign-XlO of languor or uneasiness, sur¬ 
prise or joy. _ , * . . . 

(hit), n. altitude; elevation; hlgh- 
neignx est state or degree; an eminence or 
hill; summit; stature; as, what is your height? 


p, (&r'8s), n. a woman or girl who 

IlCll-Coo inherits property; as, she was 
the heiress of all her father’s wealth. 

-i (&r'lo5m') t n. any movable 

neir-ioom or personal property, which 
* — *•*-- --*-•— with an estate descends 


by its connection 
to posterity. 


heir pre-sump-tive iiv r ),o?ewh?wfli 

succeed as heir if his right is not barred by 
the birth of one nearer in succession than 
himself. . . , 

(held), past tense and past participle 
IlCiu. 0 f the verb hold. 

t, „ i; x„ . r (he"lI-kop'ter), n. a flying 

ne-ll-cop-xcr machine held up by its 
propeller or by rotating planes, 
t. _ i; _ 4-rir* (he'll-o-sen'trlk), ad). 

ne-li-o-cen-tric having the sun as a 
center. Also, heliocentrical. 

i; - 0 (he'H-6-krom'), n. a 

ne-il-o-cnrome photograph in natural 
colors. 

L n i; A rrm-rfU (he'li-S-gr&f'), n. an appa- 
ne-ll-O-grapn ratus for signaling by 
reflecting the sun’s rays: used chiefly In 
military operations. 

1 * _ X.^ (he'11-Cm'S-tSr) , n. an 

ne-ll-om-e-xcr instrument for measur¬ 
ing small angles in the heavens. 

i(he'11-S-skop*), n. a tele- 
116 -li-0-SC0p6 scope for observing the 

i; e+o+ (he'll-o-stat'). n. an instru- 
ne-Il-O-SXdX ment for signaling by means 
of a mirror moved by clockwork. 

^ frrmc* (he'll-o-trop), n. a plant 
ne-il-O-iropc whose flowers follow the 
course of the sun; a green-colored variety 
of quartz with small red spots; bloodstone; 
the color of the flowers of heliotrope, bluieh- 

(he'H-6-tip'), n. an Impres- 
ne-il-o-xype Sion from a photograph taken 
on a gelatin plate hardened with alum. 

15 (he'll-um), n. an element first 

ne-ll-um observed in the spectrum of 
the sun, but recently discovered on the 
earth and some of its characteristics learned; 
a gaseous element found in the atmospheres 
of the sun and earth and in some rare minerals; 
a product yielded by one of the gases from 
radium, which it resembles. . 

■U^ll (h81), n. the place of the dead or of 
11611 departed souls (more correctly Hades); 
the grave: the place of punishment for the 
wicked after death; hence, any place or 
condition of extreme misery or evil; a gam¬ 
bling house. v , , . 

t, A n. Uz-vro (here-bor). n. any herb of 
il6l-l6-D0r6 the crowfoot family; the 
powdered root of the plant, used for medicinal 
purposes; the Christmas rose 
tt'i * (he-len'Ik; hg-le'nlk). adjper- 

1161-1611-1L taining to, or characteristic of, 
the ancient Greeks, or Grecian art and litera¬ 
ture. 


Ulll ^ « 

heighten ’Sb'fc Hel-len-ism 

crease; aggravate; improve. 

_, 1C1 (ha'nfis), adj. hateful; extreme- 
nei-nous ly wicked; as, a heinous crime; 
flagrant; giving great offense.— adv. heinously. 

L A * (ar), n. one who succeeds another in 
Heir the possession of property, title, 
office, mental gifts, etc. . 

. __ f&r ,’1-par'ent), an heir 

heir ap-par-ent whose right to inherit 

property cannot be annulled if he outlives 
his ancestor. 


culture and the love of "the beautiful in art. 
tj i *_,+ (hel'8n-Ist), n. a Jewvwho 

Mei-1611-lSX spoke Greek; one learned In 

Greek 

tt^I t „ • _ (hgl'en-iz), v.t. to cause to 

Mel-len-ize conform to Greek standards 

or usages. , .. . 

l a i i a (h8-lo'). inter), and n. a cry to attract 
Xiei-10 attention; a salutation: v.i. to call 
out. 

hullo. 


Also, holloa, holla, halloa, halloo. 


ais aa iccfruui ■ ________ , • u • 

boot foot • found ; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in i when, 
zh = z as iii azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 










helm 


284 


herbage 


bplm n - the apparatus for steering 

AAC/ JJ.il a s hjp; tiller; the place of its 
direction and government; poetically, a hel¬ 
met: v.t. to guide or conduct. 

(hSl'met), n. metal or leather 
uci-iuci armor for the head; the hooded 
upper lip of a flower. 

helms man 

the person who steers a 
ship or boat. 

nt (hel'ot; he'lot), 
xaca-UI ft. a slave in ancient 



fif 

issist- 


Trench 

Helmet 


Sparta; slave or serf, 
hpln v - t - to give assist 

liCi r ance to; aid; support; sustain; succor; 
relieve; avoid; prevent; distribute food to at 
table; remedy; cure: v.i. to lend aid; be avail¬ 
able or useful: n. assistance; aid; support; 
succor; relief; that which forwards or pro¬ 
motes; a portion of food served at a meal; 
la hired servant. 

Syn. v. assist, rescue. 

Ant. (see hinder). 

bain fill (help'fool), adj. giving aid; bene- 
ucip-iui fieial; useful.— adv. helpfully. 

hplti lacc (hSlp'les), adj. unable to do for 
ucip-icoa oneself; feeble; dependent; be¬ 
yond remedy.— adv. helplessly.—n. help¬ 
lessness. 

bplm -mafp (hglp'mat*), n. an assistant; 

partner; companion, espe¬ 
cially a wife. Also, helpmeet. 

bpl +pf-_clrpj fpr (hel'ter=sk61't§r), adj. 
uei-ier bKci-ier and adVm in hurry and 

confusion; without definite purpose; as, 
away they run, pell-mell, helter-skelter, slap¬ 
dash. 

lh (helv), n. the handle of an ax, 

UC1 v c hatchet, etc.; the handle of a forge 
hammer. 

bpm (hem), n. the edge of a cloth or gar- 
- ment doubled and sewed; sound used 

as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc.; a 
little cough, better expressed by hm: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. hemmed, p.pr. hemming], to doublo 
and sew the edge of (a cloth or garment); to 
shut in; surround: v.i. utter fne sudden 
sound, hem. 

bam a tifp (hem'd-tlt; he'ma-tit), n. one 
of the most important of 
iron ores, so called because of its red color 
when powdered. Also, hmmatite. 

Vipm i (hemT-), a prefix meaning half; as, 
aa^aaa-a- hemisphere, a half sphere or globe, 
b prn \ cpl'l pro (hem'I-sfer), n. a half 
C sphere or globe; as, the 
northern or southern hemisphere. 

Vip-rn Inrlr (hem'ldk), n. a wild poisonous 
AXCiii-iLfc.ix. pj an t; 0 f the p ars ] e y family: 

hemlock spruce, an evergreen tree of the 
pine family; the lumber made from this tree, 
hpm mpr (hem'er), n. one who. or that 
uvm-iiAcx which, hems; an attachment 
to a sewing machine for hemming. 

hs-mo crl n bin (ke" m ?-gl o, bfr0, n. the 
i 11 AAA '-' glU-JJlll normal coloring matter 
.Vof the red blood. Also v haemoglobin. 

ibpm CiT rbno'P (hem'o-raj), n. bleeding 
^iiem-ur-mage from tho lungSf arte ries, 

veinsj etc.; any flow of blood from blood 
vessels. Also, haemorrhage. 

hPTYI fit* 1*br»idc: (hem'5-roldz), n.pl. 
JU.CJ.il Ul-rnoius bleeding piles. Also, 

haemorrhoids. 

hptrm (hemp), n • a plant of the nettle 
C H family, the tough fiber of which 
is used for cordage and various kinds of 
coarse linen; in Asia, a drug and intoxicant, 
hashish, is obtained from this plant. 


li pin Qtitrb (hem'stlch), n. a particular 
aacaaa-31.u,cju kind of ornamental stitching. 

b (hen), n. tho female of a bird, especially 

AA ~ AA the domestic fowl. 

kpn KoriP (hen'ban'), n. a poisonous, 
aa^aa-uciaac: coarse, hairy, wild herb of 

tho nightshade family, deadly to fowls, 
bpnrp (hens), adv. from this place, source. 
aaciav^c or time; as, a week hence I shall 
go away; in consequence of this; for this 
reason; as, hence you may have the new 
hat: interj. away! begone! 

ViPTiPP fnrtb (hens'Tortk'; bgns'forth'), 
AA '-' AA,,/ fc'-J.UI HI adv. from this time. 

hp-nrb man (hench'man), n. [pi. hench- 
IlOilCIl-lTlcin men (-men)], formerly, a 

male attendant or servant; a follower; 
groom; one who serves in a political cam¬ 
paign under another because he expects 
reward in money, office, etc. 

hpn nprlrpd (hen'pekt*), adj. governed 
AJLCAA "\r ,c ^ J:vc ' A ' by one’s wife; domineered 
over. 

fip« -t-Tr (hen'rl), n. a term of measurement 
aas^aa-a y used in the science of electricity, 
bp Tint ir (he-pat'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
the liver; as, hepatic disease. 

bp nert i net (h6-patT-ka), n. a pretty wild 
lic-pctt l-ta spring flower. 

T4" p ta n t i poa (he-pat'I-se), n. a subclass 
iiC-JJcll-l-CcC C f plants, tho liverworts. 

bpn fn (hep'to-), a prefix meaning seven. 
-Lic-jj-Lti- Also, hept. 

bpn fc? rbrnrrl (hep'td-k6rd), n. a series 
AA^jj-tu.-^AAUiU. c f seven notes; a seven¬ 
stringed musical instrument. 

hep-ta-gen 

plane figure having seven 
sides and seven angles. 

hep-tag-o nal 

nal), adj. having seven sidts 
and seven angles. 

hep-tarch-y ft 5 .®: 

heptarchies (-klz)J, a gov- Heptagon 
ernment by seven rulers; especially, the seven 
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in England 
in the ninth century. 

b pr (hur), pron. the objective and possessive 
case of she. 

bpr fdd (her'ald), n. formerly, an official 
v/ -ctAVj. w iio proclaimed peace and war. 
bore messages from a sovereign to a com¬ 
mander, superintended coronations and 
other public ceremonial functions, etc.; 
an official whose duty it is to grant, record, 
and blazon arms, trace pedigrees, etc.; a 
forerunner; harbinger; as, the lark is the 
herald of the morn; any messenger; v.t. to 
introduce; proclaim; usher in. 

hfi-rsl dip (he-ral'dlk), adj. pertaining to 
, those who design coats of arms; 
pertaining to the science of making coats of 
arms. Also, heraldioal.— adv. heraldically. 

herald TV (^ r '^ld-rf), n. the science 
aac- aiu-iy that treats of armorial bear- 

mgs or coats of arms, and of determining 
pedigrees, etc. 

hprh ( Qr , b; . hfirb), n. a plant with a soft 
7T and Juicy stem that, after flowering, 
withers away. * 

her-ba-CPnilQ (her-ba'shus), adj. per- 
7 ua CCUUb ta ining to, or of the 

nature of, or feeding upon, herbs, grasses, or 
certain small plants. 

herb-ae-e ( Q r ' b a i; hfir'bftj), n. grass; 

' +*, i o Pasturage; the right of pasture 
on the lands of another. 



ate senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 















herbal 


285 


heron 


ViatH (hdr'bS.1), adj . pertaining to herbs 
ilci U-tXl or grasses; n. a book descriptive 
of plants. 

V%pr t*i urn ^her-ba rl-um), n. [pi. 
fler-Od-ri-UIU herbaria (-a), herbariums 

(-flmz)], a collection of dried plants for 
purposes of study; a building where such a 
collection is kept. 

V»»r Kif at* mic (her-blf’er-fis). adj. pro- 
UCi-UU-Ci-UUo duclng grasses and vari¬ 
ous small plants, called herbs. 

TTor Kiv r\ ra (her-blv'o-rd), n.pl. ani- 
fici - UlV-U-id mals that feed on grasses, 

small plants, or vegetables. 

Ino-r Vktrr rnnc (her-blv'6-rds), adj. 
ner-DIV-O-rOUS feeding on small plants 

and vegetable matter. 

her ru 1 q an (her-ku'Ie-5n). adj. of 
-a.il exceeding strength and 
power; huge; vast; very difficult; as, his 
herculean task: Herculean, pertaining to Her¬ 
cules, the hero of Grecian mythology, pos¬ 
sessed of superhuman strength. 

loo (hCir'kd-lez), n. a famous 
X2.tJI-GU.-iCo Greek hero, son of Zeus 
(Jupiter) and Alcmene. 

j (hurd), n. a collection of beasts or 
HciU. cattle feeding or driven together; 
crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to unite or 
associate, as beasts; crowd together. 

lior^o rmn (Mrdz'mk), n. one who 
ilCJi U 0 - 1110 X 1 . keeps or tends a large num¬ 
ber of beasts or cattle. 

(her), adv. in, or to, this place: op- lives alone; 
nere posite to there; as, I live here; at French wine. 


.VO W VI w v/j ■ — -- —y - 

this point; as, here is a good place to pause 
in the address; in the present life or state; 
on this occasion. 

V, f (her-af'ter), adv. after this; 

nere-ait-er a £ a later time: n. the life 

of the future; the life after death. 
i_ (her-bi'), adv. by virtue of this; 

neic-uy aSi you are hereby given the 
right to proceed; formerly, very near; as, 
he lives hereby. 

i (he-red f-ta-bl), adj. 

116-1T0CI-1-X3.-DIG that may be handed 
down from parent to child; that may be left 
to someone by will; that may be received 
from another through death. Also, heritable. 
— adv. hereditably. 

V,- -~A ; + Q nr (he-rgd'I-ti-rl), ad), pass 
ne-rea-l-IU-ry i n g from an ancestor to 
a descendant; transmitted from parent to 

J 2 x T7 (he-rdd'I-tl). n. the trans- 
ne-rea-l-iy mission of physical or mental 
characteristics or qualities from parent to 
child; the tendency of an organism to 
reproduce the characteristics of ancestors, 

• (her-In'). adv. in this; as. you 
nere-m w ill find herein the information 

that you requested. , _ ... 

r (her-ov'; her-Sf'), adv. of this; 
nere-OI from this; about this; as, we 
will speak further hereof. 

-« (her-on'), adv. on this; hereupon; 

nere-OIl aSt hereon he produced his proofs. 

^ ott (her'e-sl), n. f pi. heresies (-slz)l, 
ner-e-sy a n opinion or doctrine m oppo¬ 
sition to views or opinions commonly accepted 
as true, as in religion, politics, literature, 
philosophy, etc.: used especially when the 
opposing doctrine leads to division. 

1,1*. ~ +5/> (her'e-tik), n. one who holds 
ner-e-UG or maintains opinions contrary 
to customary views or prevailing religion. 
Sun. sectary, sectarian, schismatic. 

poI (he-ret'I-kSl), adj. pertaining 

ne-r GT-l-CStl or having the character 


of, doctrine contrary to accepted views; 
subversive of, or contrary to, orthodox or 
common belief. 

h orr 4-r\ (her-too'), adv. to this; as, the 
UcIU-lU notes added hereto w r ill make the 
matter clearer. 

Hor-a imrc (her'lSS-for'), adv. pre- 
nere-IO-IOre viously; hitherto; up to 

this time; in time past. 

(her"u-p6n') t adv. on this; 
hereon; as, the meeting 
hereupon adjourned. 

Hava viT-i’-fh (her-wKh'), adv. with this; 
II cl C- W ilil aSi x send herewith my check, 
c « Kla (her'It-a-bl), adj. that may 

Hcl-11-a.-UIC X)e handed down by will or 
received from another through death. Also, 
hereditable. 

i taffp (her'I-taj), n. an estate that 
llcl-l-tdgtJ passes from an ancestor to a 
descendant; a birthright; the people of God. 

her-maph-ro-dite n. a plant or animai 
which combines the qualities of both sexes.— 
adj. hermaphrodite. 

iV (her-met'ik), adj. perfectly 
her-met-ic closed and air-tight. Also, 
hermetical.— adv. hermetically. 

rm'+ (hur'mlt), n. one who retires 
Hcl-Iiilt from society and lives alone; 
sl recluse 

U pr mif orrp (hfir'ml-t&j). n. the abode 
lid -llill-dgc of a recluse, or one who 
a variety of red and white 


i i ne. 1 (htir-mlt'I-kSl), adj. per- 

ner-nut-l-cal taining to, or suited for, a 
hermit, or one who lives alone; solitary. 
Vicnr~n (hflrn), n. the heron, or wading bird 
UGlXL with long neck and legs and soft 
feathers. Also, hernshaw. 

Via*- ni o (hflr'nl-d), n. a protrusion, or 
Hd-IU-d. sticking out, of some part of the 
intestine, or of some other internal organ; 
rupture. , _ 

~r\ (he'ro), n. [pi. heroes (-roz)], a man 
IltJ-IU 0 f distinguished courage, moral or 
physical; as, every man is a hero to some 
one; the chief character in a play, novel, 
poem, etc. , 

Uc rr\ iV (hS-ro'Ik), adj. having distin- 
liC-AU-AG guished courage; brave; noble; 
fearless; producing men of great courage 
and noble deeds; larger than life; venture¬ 
some; drastic; as, we must use heroic meas¬ 
ures. Also, heroical.— adv. heroically, 
to rrt cap (he-ro'Ik aj), the age when 
ne-lU-lG dgG xhe legendary great men 
of the Greeks and Romans, called the chil¬ 
dren of the gods, are supposed to have lived. 

•l • 0 (he-rollcs), n.pl. extravagant or 

ne-IO-lGb boastful language. 

torn iV rorQP (he-rolk vdrs), a kind of 
JuLG-xO-ll/ VCIoC verse particularly suited 
to lofty or heroic subjects; in English, the 
iambic pentameter couplet or blank verse 
consisting of five iambic feet, each composed 
of an unaccented syllable followed by an 
accented one; as, The cur'few tolls the 
knell' of parting day'. 
her r\ ir»f* (her'6-In), n. a woman 
HtJA -U -in c 0 f distinguished courage, 
moral or physical; the leading fe- 
male character in a play, novel, etc. I mjfx 
Up,- a tem (hSr'6-Izm), n. highll^ 
Ilci-U-iolii an< x noble courage; 

fortitude; fearlessness. 

Viet- rvn (hgr'un), n. a wading bird 
Xlcl-Ull with a long neck and long 

legs. 



Heron 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 











heronry 

nn rir (bSr'fin-rl), n. a place where 
hvi -Ull-i y herons congregate and breed. 

r « r , q. (her'Ing), n. a small sea fish that 
ild-xlilg lives in shallow water: valuable 


286 


hierarchy 


for food. 

U pr rt wcr ViAriA (her'Ing-bdn"), n. a kind 
ner-rmg-oone of cross-stitch: v.t. and 

v.i . to work in such a stitch. 

ViAt*GA (Mrs), n. a portcullis, or kind of 
iicl sc gate, in the form of a harrow set 
with spikes and hung above a gateway so 
that it may be quickly lowered to stop the 
advance of the enemy. 

flAr gaIV (her-sglf'), pron. an emphasized 
Uci-ocli or reflexive form of her; one’s in¬ 
dividuality; as, she does not act like herself. 

i fofo (hez'I-tat), v.i. to be in sus- 
UCb-l-l&lv? pense or uncertainty; pause; 
vacillate; stammer. 

Syn. falter, stutter. 

Viac t fa ft rm (hez"I-ta'shun), n. a pause 
uco-i-ia-uuu due to uncertainty; doubt; 

a stopping to consider; indecision; a falter¬ 
ing in speech; a halting movement in a dance. 

Also, hesitancy. 

TIoq T , pr (hes'per), n. the evening star, es- 
nco-pci pecially Venus. Also, Hesperus. 

Wac nA ri on (hes-pe'rl-5n), adj. -west- 
13. Lb-pe-ll-d.il ern; in or of Hesperia, 

the name given by Greek poets to western 
lands. 

line npr I Hoc (hes-per'I-dez), n.pl. in 
HCo-pcl-1-U^o Grecian mythology, the 
four daughters of Nox (Night) and grand¬ 
daughters of Hesperus, who guarded the 
golden apples given by Gaia to Hera on her 
marriage with Zeus (Jupiter); the garden 
containing the golden apples protected by an 
enchanted dragon. 

IJoo 110 (hes'per-us), n. the evening 

neb-pcr-Ub sta r. Also, Hesper. 

TTpg ojon (bSsh'an), n. one of the merce- 
ixta-omu nary soldiers employed by Great 
Britain in the American Revolution; hence, 
a dishonest politician or any other person who 
can be bought off: pi. top-boots with tassels 
in front: adj. relating to Hesse in Germany 
or its inhabitants. 

TJTp c cion fl tt (hesh'an fli), a small fly, 
xxca-oictii liy the larvae or young of 

which are often destructive to wheat crops. 

r\ A y (het'er-o-doks), adj. con- 
nci-ci.-u-uuA trary to, or differing from, 
an accepted doctrine or standard of faith, 
etc.; heretical: opposite to orthodox, or com¬ 
mon belief. 

hof or a r| av xr (het'er-o-d 6 k"sI), n. [pi. 
UCl-Ci-d-UUA-y heterodoxies (-slz)], an 
unorthodox or uncommon doctrine or opinion; 
heresy. 

HaV n rp pp ] f tt (het"er-o-je-ne'I- 

lid cl U 5 c lic-l-iy ti), n. difference 
in kind; dissimilarity. 

het-er-o-ge-ne-ousg^^J.-^fe 

or dissimilar in character, quality, structure, 
etc.; not homogeneous. 

tipf maw (bet'man), n. a general or head- 
t-iAiali man of the Cossacks. 

llPW (bh), v.t. [p.t. hewed, p.p. hewn, 
Aic vv hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or shape, 
as with an ax or other sharp instrument’ 
hack; chop; form laboriously. 

Vipy o (hSk'sa-), a prefix 
UCA - a ' meaning six; as. hexa- 
chord, a six-stringed musical in¬ 
strument. Also, hex. 

Vtpv- a errm (bdk'sa-gdn),n.a 

UCA-ct-gUll plane figure hav- 

ing six angles and six sides. 


Hexagon 


six- 

crys- 


Vpv oor /Y frpl (hdk-s2.g'6-n5J), adj. 
Xic-X-d.g-U~Il<tl sided; as, hexagonal 

tals. 

Vpy o V p dfnn (hek"sd-he'dron), [pi. 
ixCX-3.-I10-U.rOIl hexahedra (-dra)J, & 

solid bounded by six plane faces; a cube. 

Viay am a fpr (hek-sam'd-ter), n. a 
iica-cuii-c-lca poetic line consisting of 

six feet; as. This' is the | for'est pri | nie'val. 
The | mur'muring | pines' and the (hem'locks'. 
li/axT (ba), interj. an exclamation to express 
HCj surprise, attract attention, etc. 

•l att Aav (ba'da"), inter j. an exclamation 
liey-uoy of surprise, joy, welcome, etc.: 
n. the tune of greatest vigor and ardor; 
as, the heyday of youth. 

M n f 1ic (hl-a'tus), n. a break; vacancy; 

-d-tub gap; a step lacking In a chain 
of proof; a space where something is wanting. 

m k or (hi-ber'n&l), adj. wintry; as, 

-UCl-nai the hibernal sleep of the toad, 
v,: V pr rusfA (bi'ber-nat), v.i. to pass the 
m-pci-naic winter in a state of torpor 
or sleep, as do certain animals; to winter. 

FTi Vs At* n? aw (bl-bflr'nl-an), adj. per- 
ixi-uci-ui-au taining to, or characteris¬ 
tic of, Hibernia, or Ireland. 

"hi Vi?c pug (hi-bls'kus), n. a kind of 
tu-uia-buo plant, often a ehrub or email 
tree with large, showy flowers: some species 
are raised In India for their fiber, which 
is used for hemp^ 

Vip ppp (bik'up), n. a short convulsive 
iiiiy-i/UjJ cough: v.i. to utter a short con¬ 
vulsive cough. Also.hiecough. 

Tiir* \a rpf (blk ja'sdt), a Latin inscrip- 
tion used on tombstones, 
meaning “here lies.” 

Tiirlr n rv (blk'6-rl),n. [pi .hickories (-riz)J, 
iiiw.ia.-u-i y an American nut-bearing tree. 
■Lipi (hid), p.adj. concealed; not knowm; 
mu. gecret. Also, hidden. 

Vi? rlpl cm (hl-dal'go), n. in Spain, & 
u.x-wxa..i-gu nobleman of the lowest rank. 
VnrfA (bid), v.t. [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, p.pr. 
Aiiwxu hiding], to conceal; to put out of 
view; to remove from danger; to shelter; 
secrete; not to confess; disguise: v.i. to lie 
concealed; to keep oneself out of view: 
to be -withdrawn from view: n. an animal's 
skin, raw or dressed; formerly, a measure of 
land. 

Syn. v. bury, screen, mask. 

Ant. (see disclose). 

Vi?f?A Vintvnf? .(hld'bound"), adj. having 
mue-DOUna'the skin close or tight; 
prejudiced; bigoted. 

Vii/1 aiic (hld'e-Qs), adj. offensive to the 
mu-u-ouo sight, ear, or taste; shocking; 
dreadful; horrible.— adv. hideously.—n. hid¬ 
eousness. 

Syn. grim, ghastly, grisly. 

Ant. (see beautiful). 

Vl?H ?n cr (bid'Ing), p.pr. of hide: n. con- 
xxxwx-xxi^ cealment; the act of withholding 
from view or knowledge. 

Vi? a (hi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hied, p.pr. hieing], 
to cause to hasten; urgo: v.i. to hasten; 
hurry; as, hie thee hence. 

Vn Ar arc \1 (bi'er-ark), n. the chief ruler 
m-ci-aiui G f a religious body; the 
leader of an angelic host; in ancient Greece, 
an officer who had charge of offerings given 
in fulfilment of a religious vow.— adj. hier¬ 
archic, hierarchical. 

V? At* arch v (bi'er-ar'kl), n. [pi. hler-> 
m-ei-clILH-y archies (-kiz)J, the clergy 

of a church in higher and lower ranks; priest¬ 
hood; rank of holy beings, as angels; In 
biology, a series of systematic groups. 


ate senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












liieratic 


287 


hinge 


111 A rsif ir (hl'5r-5t'lk), adj. pertaining to 
u.i-c-i.a.L-.iL/ priests; sacred; consecrated 
'to sacred uses. Also, hjeratieal. 
fif (rlvtlTl (hT'er-A-gllf*), n. a sacred 

character or symbol. Also, 
^hieroglyphic. _ . _ „ 

M-er-o-glyph-ic ^ i of J 


(hl'er-S-gllf'Ik). n. a sacred 
character or symbol: pi. 
the picture writings of the 
ancient Egyptians, etc.: adj. 
toelonging to hieroglyphics; 
emblematic. 

Jiip- trig (hlg'l), v.i. to 
carry provisions 
about for sale; chaffer; ■ 


l 




Hieroglyphics 
dispute about trifles. 

hig-gle-dy-pig-gle-dy Sj'f'S^in 

confusion; topsy-turvy: adv. in a confused 
manner; mixedly. 

1iicr"h (M)» adj. elevated in place; lofty; 
.lllgil exalted in degree or quality; chief; 
head; honorable; noble; of large amount 
or quantity; strong; powerful; intense; 
tempestuous; full or complete; near to the 
wind; tainted; shrill; acute: adv. to a 
great altitude; eminently; luxuriously. 

Syn. adj. lofty, tall, exalted. 

Ant. (see deep). 

TTir/h P'hiirc’h (hl'chOrch), adj. attach- 
-ax A &n“ , 'Lxllu.J.L/ii. ing great importance to 

the authority of the Episcopal Church, its 
sacraments and priesthood; full of ceremony; 
extremely ritualistic. 

Iiit/h rnl nrpH (hl'kul'erd), adj. having 
mgn-LOI-OI titl a strong, deep, or glar¬ 
ing color; flushed; vivid; exaggerated; pro¬ 
nounced. 

•i,: rr 'U (hi'Sst), adj. most high; n. a 

lllgli-Col synonym for heaven; as, glory 
In the highest. 

litrrh fa In fin (hi"fd-lu'tln), adj. 
nign-ia-lU-im pompous; high-sounding; 

bombastic: n. bombastic speech. 

I, • (hl'fldn"), adj. elevated; 

mgn-nov/n proud; extravagant; inflated. 

r, 1 ^A (hl'hanMgd), adj. vio- 

Jllgn.-JlaJlCl-CU. lent; arbitrary; oppres¬ 
sive; overbearing. 

lo +-,A (hi'is,nd), n. elevated or moun- 
nign-iana tainous land: Highlands, the 
mountainous districts of Scotland; the moun¬ 
tains bordering the Hudson River, etc. 

UirrU lo-nrl or (hl'lSn-der), n. a moun- 
Hlgn-iana-er taineer: Highlander, a 

native of the Scotch Highlands. 

1 .• -U (hi lif), fashionable society; its 

nign me manner of living. 
u:~u 1 r\ ,,r c* (hi'loz"), n.pl. laced shoes 
nign-lOWS reaching to the ankle. 

*_• i. Irr (hl'll), adv. in a lofty manner; 
lUgHL-iy i n a great degree; with favorable 
esteem or opinion; proudly; arrogantly. 

Mncc (hi m&s), a Mass, usually at 

Jdlgn Mass the high altar, at which a 

deacon and a subdeacon assist the priest. 

T»oao (hl'nes).n. the state or quality of 
Hlgll-IlCbb being lofty: Highness, a title of 
honor applied,with a possessive pronoun,to per¬ 
sons of princely rank; as. His Royal Highness. 

high priest especially tke principal^priest 
of the Jewish hierarchy or council. 

X *_a. (bl'rod*), n. a chief road; 

fllgil-lOclU. a much traveled or main road; 
an easy course or method. Also, highway. 

UlrrU ( hi ses). the °P en sei L’ , beyc ! nd 

nign seas the limits of waters belonging 
to certain nations. 


J 0 4-» cfriincr (hi'strung*), adj. extremely 
AiA S AA onuxig sensitive; easily excited; 
having nerves quickly affected; spirited. 
Iiicrhf (hit), called or named; p.p. of a verb 
illgill no t now in use: a form found only in 
poetry. 

Vlicrh-frmprl (hl'tbnd*). adj. pitched in 
wuvu the upper range of musical 


or vocal sounds; 
honorable. 


high-principled; fashionable; 


111 * 0-11 ixra for (hl'wd ter), adj. pertaining 

mgn-wa-Lor to high tide, or lts height 

or time. 

high-way 


or time. 

(hl'wa"), n. a 
_ _ course or path 

li i till nro -it rn atl (h I' w a m 5. n), n. [pi. 
nign-way-man highwaymen (-m8n)j, 

one who robs on the public road. 


public road; a 
Also, highroad. 


1 X 71 tip (hi win), an intoxicant con- 
WIi.lt? taining a large amount of 


to take a long 
a long walk or 


high 

alcohol. 

(hlk), v.i. to tramp; 
liiivc -walk; to march: n. 
march. [Colloq.] 

lii la ri enc (hl-la'rl-fis; hl-ia'rl-fls), adj. 
m-ia-ii-uuo merry; exhilarated; noisy; 

mirthful.— adv. hilariously. 

m lar i fir (hl-lar'I-tl), n. [pi. hilarities 
-ldl-i-lj (-tlz)J, noisy merrmient; exhil¬ 
aration; jollity. 

t-211 (hfl), n. an elevation less than a moun- 
11111 tain; a small mound or heap: v.t. to 
draw earth about (plants) In mounds, as 
potatoes. 

Tiill nrlr Chll'uk), n. a small hill or eleva- 
lllU-UhA tion; a mound; as, the cart 
jolted over one hillock after another. 
t- 2 ii (hll'I), adj. abounding with, or char- 
11111-y a cterized by, hills; rugged; not level. 
— n. hilliness. 

■L. 21 J. (hilt), n. a handle, especially of a 
Hill sword; as, the hilt of Arthur's sword 
was rich with jewels. 

■l. 2 -^. (him), pron. the objective case of he; 
111111 aSi they brought him home in triumph 
h»i-m ccilf (hlm-sSlf'), pron. a reflexive 
HHll-bcii form of him; one's individ¬ 
uality; as, he came to himself. 
u: n A (hind), n. the female of the stag or 
HlllU- red deer; a farm servant; peasant: 
adj. backward; in the rear, 
fiitirl or (hln'der), adj. pertaining to, or 
Hlllil-tU constituting, the back or rear 
of anything; as, she was in the hinder part 
of the boat. 

Iiin rlor (hln'der), v.t. to obstruct or 
Hill-LICl impede: v.i. to impose obstruc¬ 
tions or impediments. 

Iiin A Of rnncf (hm dgr-most), a<y. farth- 
mnu-er-mobl es t fu the rear; as, he 

was hindermost in the race. Also, hindmost. 
•L, “ J (hlnd'most), adj. farthest 

nmu-mobl f rom the front; in the 
extreme rear; last. Also, hindermost. 

Iiin /iranro (hln'dr&ns), n. obstruction; 
mn-UlttUlC anything that is in the way; 
as, stooping is a hindrance to deep breathing. 
TTin rlii (hln'doo; htn-do5'), n. a native 
XXHJL-UU G f Hindustan belonging to the 
Aryan race; Brahman: adj. pertaining to the 
Hindus or to Hinduism. Also, Hindoo. 

TJm /f“ii -Jem (hln'doo-Izm). n. the reli- 
tlin-au-ism gj on Qf the Hindus. Also, 
Hindocism. 

TJi-ti A 11 of a tii (hln'dOU-sta'ne), n. the 
xxlXi-tlu.-bld.-Hl official and common lan¬ 
guage of India; Urdu. Also, Hindoostanee. 
Tii-ncre. (Mnj), n - the joints or hooks on 
Illilgc: which a door, gate, lid, etc., turn or 
swing; the joint of an oyster or similar shell ; 


boot fobt; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











hint 


288 


hobgoblin 


thftt on which anything depends or turns: v.t. 
to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to turn or depend 
as on a hinge; as, my future hinges upon 
the decision of one person. 

1 . 1-1 (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention casu- 
uliil ally: n. a suggestion; distant allusion. 
Syn. v. refer, intimate, insinuate. 

(hip), n. the upper fleshy part of the 
thigh; the thigh joint; haunch; the 
flraC joint of an insect’s leg; the rafter at the 
junction of two sloping roofs; the fruit of the 
brier or dog-rose; melancholy: interj. a huz- 
zah: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hipped, p.pr. hipping], 
to sprain or fracture the thigh joint of; 
build with two sloping roofs joining at the 
top; throw by a certain hold in wrestling, 
i,* __ i4*./vrv»£» (hlp'o-drom), n. an an- 

DLlp-pQ-arome cient Greek race course 
for games and chariots; a circus. 

hin tie err iff (hlp'6-grlf), n. an imaginary 
mp-pO-griU wmged monster, half horse, 

halfgriffln. Also, hippogryph. 

hip-po-pot-a-mus i hI g,?"gippop“tami 

(-mi), -muses (-Sz)], a large water animal of 
Africa; the river horse. 

(hlr). v.t. to engage for temporary 
Xlllc service at a certain price; bribe; 
let or lease: n. recompense or consideration 
paid for the use of anything: wages; bribe. 
Vitro lino- (hlr'llng), n. one who serves 
Alii C-IIU5 for wages: adj. mercenary. 

Vtir cirfo (hflr'sut; her-sut'), adj. hairy; 
IlU-slUC shaggy; as, the hirsute covering 
of animals; a hirsute growth on the face. 
t-| c (hlz), pron. the possessive case of he; 
■Q1® as, his merit is great; the credit is his. 
TTte nan ip (hls-pan'Ik), adj. pertaining 
irilS-pd.II-lo t 0 Hispania or Spain. 

Viiec n - a noise, made by forcing the 

HISS breath between the tongue and upper 
teeth, and resembling that of a serpent or 
goose: v.i. to utter such a sound, especially 
as expressing disapprobation or contempt; 
as, they hissed at what he said: v.t. to con¬ 
demn or express contempt for by such a 
sound; as, you are kindly asked not to ap¬ 
plaud or hiss these pictures. 

Viie-fr (hist), interj. silence! hark! as, hist! 
X11S l What was that sound? 


mark); attain to; suit: v.i. to clash or 

collide; succeed: n. a stroke or blow; a 
lucky event; appropriate remark; as, his 
answer was a clever hit. 

uu.u (hlch), n. a catch; that which acts 
miCU lik e a catch; impediment; a pulling 
or jerking upwards: v.i. to become entangled 
or caught; move by jerks; strike the feet 
together, as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; 
pull up with a jerk. 

Vii+rVi ino- (hlch'Ing), p.pr. of hitch: n. a 
IllICdl-IAI& fastening m harness; as, the 

hitching of the horse was soon done. 

Vii-fVi nr (hlth'er), ado. to this place: adj. 
mui-ei on the side nearest to the speaker. 

4-hn.f +r\ (hhh'er-too"; hfth"Sr-t<5<3 / ). adv. 
fll-iner-iu to this time; till now. 

-I*—- (hlv), n. a box or house ror bees; 
nive a swarm of bees living in such a box; 
a busy group or society: v.t. to gather or 
put into a hive; harbor. 

•l,* (hivz), n.pl. nettle rash and similar 

XllVtJS diseases of the skin; croup, 
t (ho), interj. stop! hold! also, a cry of de- 
iiO light, surprise, etc., or, when repeated, 
of mockery; halloo! attend! 

•Ur.nr (hor), adj. white; gray with age; 
IlUo.1 aSi his locks were hoar; ancient, 
c or J (hord), n. a store or treasure laid 
HOd.ru. U p secretly; a collection of things: 
».i. to lay up money; to store goods; as, he 
hoards because it gives him pleasure: v.t. to col¬ 
lect and lay up; to store secretly; to accumu¬ 
late; as, he hoards his money for others. 

tno- (hord'Ing), p.pr. of hoard: n. 
IlOdlU-Illg the act of storing up; a fence 
of rough boards inclosing a building site. 

•L, v r (hor'frost"), n. white particles 

X10d.i-liU.3l of frozen dew or moisture. 

(hor'hound"), n. a plant 
noar-nouna which has a bitter taste, 
and is a weak tonic, used as a remedy for 
colds, coughs, etc. Also, horehound. 
Vi^a-roo (hors), adj. rough and harsh Id 
X 10d.ioC sound, as the voice when affected 
by a cold. 

It t (hors'll), ado. in a rough, harsh 
IlOdlbc-lj voice; as, he shouted hoarsely. 

hnorco npce (hors'ngs). n. the state of 
llUd.1 oc-ucoo being rough or harsh in 

ViJc* r\ ott/ (hls-tbl'o-jl), n. the science voice; huskiness. 

illb-lUl-U-gy of animal tissues. Vina -rxr (hor'I), adj. white or gray, as hair 


Viio in ri on (hIs-to'rI-5,n), n. a writer 
Hlo-tO-il-d.il about, or student of, the 

events of the past. 

Vile +nt* ir (hls-t5r'lk), ad), pertaining to, 
Ulo-LOl-lG contained in, or celebrated in, 
history; relating to the past. Also, historical. 
— ado. historically. 

his-to-ri-og-ra-pher 

especially appointed to study and write of 
past events, usually in a particular country, 
liic +n fir (hls'to-rl), n. [pi. histories (-rlz)}, 
Ulo-lU-iy an account of past facts and 
events affecting one or more nations, etc., ar¬ 
ranged in the order of their occurrence; 
the branch of knowledge that studies and ex¬ 
plains such facts. 

Syn. annals, story, record. 

Ant. (see fable, legend). 

Tile fri on tV (hls"trl-5n'lk), adj.. pertain- 
iiio-ti 1-ui.A-ro f n g t, G ac tors or the stage; 

theatrical. Also, histrionical. — adv. histrion¬ 
ically. 

Vi5c n-n ire (hls'trl-Sn'Iks). n.pl. the 
lllo- Li i-uu-U/O ar t of theatrical represen¬ 
tation. 

(hit), v.t. (p.t. and p.p. hit, p.pr. hitting]. 
Hit to strike; give a blow to; touch (the 


Vina rxr (hor'I 

IlUd-iy from age; aged; ancient. 

Vinav (hoks), 11 . a sportive deceptive trick; 
HOd-A. practical joke: v.t. to take in, or 
delude, by a trick. 

TiriVi (hbb), h. the flat part of a grate on 
IlOO which things are placed to be kept 
warm; a sprite or fairy. 

VinVi Vila (hob'l), v.i. to walk with a limp 
I1UU-JJ1C or awkward step: v.t. embarrass; 
perplex; shackle: n. limping or awkward step, 
h aV\ 1-v| a /] a bnv (hOb l-d6-hoi), n. a 
nOO-Die-ae-XlOy lad between boyhood 
and manhood; an inexperienced, awkward 
youth. 

hnVi Vila elri-H- (hQb'l skQrt), a woman’s 
nOD-Die SKill dress made tight below 

t/lio knees 

Tinh Viv (hdb'I), n. [pi. hobbies (-Iz)J, a 
nuu-uy favorite pursuit or object; an 
ambling nag; a kind of falcon or hawk. 

Vi aVi Vitt Vinrca (hdb I-hors"), n. a stick 
XIOD-Dy-XlOlbe with a horse’s head. 

across which children sit; a wooden rocking- 
horse; a character in old morris dances. 

Vmh oyiVi lit! (b0b'g5b"lln), n. a goblin, 
nuu-guu-nu sprite, or elf, especially one 

of frightful appearance; hence, an alarming 
apparition. 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 








hobnail 


289 


holster 


UA -nail (hfib'nal*), n. a short thick 
ilUU-uau na jj a large head, used for 
protecting the soles of heavy boots. 

nrth (hOb'nob'), v.i. to drink or talk 
UUU-uUU familiarly (with); associate inti¬ 
mately together; as, some neighbors spend 
much of their time hobnobbing. 

Vm hrt (ho'bo), n. an idle, shiftless, travel- 
11U-UU ing workman; a tramp. 

Vinrlr (b5k), n. the joint between the knee 
.LIUliIV and the shank of some quadrupeds, 
corresponding to the ankle in man; the back 
part of the human knee-joint; any white 
Rhine wine: v.t. slang, to pawn. 

Vi/iMf «, y (hok'I), n. an outdoor game 
llUl/JV-ey played with a ball or disk and 
with clubs curved at one end. 

Vin me (ho'kfis), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hocused. 
11U-UU3 p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or trick; 
to stupefy or render insensible by means of 
drugged liquor in order to cheat or rob: 
n. a person who tricks or juggles; drugged 
liquor. 

nto—nn mo (ho'kiis=po'kfis), n. a 
flO-CUS pO-CllS juggler’s trick; a jug¬ 
gler; a cheat; nonsense; as, what you are 
telling is hocus-pocus. 

(h5d), n. a wooden trough, fastened 
UUU. t 0 a long handle, for carrying mortar 
or bricks; a coal scuttle; a male ferret or 
weasel. 

VinH ror ri or (hOd'kar'ff-er), n. a laborer 
UUU-lcli -1 i-CX who carries mortar and 

bricks. Also, hodman. 

V» r\A rro unHeP (hSj'pbj"), n. a mixed 
nO(lg“-pOUgc mass of ingredients; as, 

the pudding is a hodgepodge; a mixture; a 
medley. Also, ho*chpotch. 

J T nan (hSd'mSn), n. a bricklayer’s 
UUU-llldU laborer. Also, hodcarrier. 

(ho), n. a farmer's tool for cutting 
HOC weeds, etc.: v.t. to cut, or till, with 
this tool; clear from weeds. 

Vino ralro (ho'kak), n. a kind of thin 
IlUC-UaJVC corn meal bread. 

Vinrr (bog), n. a swine; a kind of rough 
nog broom used for scrubbing a ship’s 
bottom under water; a grasping, gluttonous 

g erson: r.t. [p.t. and p.p. hogged, p.pr. 

ogging], to scrub (a ship s bottom) under 
water; to cut (a horse’s hair) short; to take 
mo e than a fair share of: v.i. to droop at 
both ends: said of a ship. 

Vinnr rrioVi (hog'ish), adj. gluttonous; filthy; 
&0g-£ 1SJ1 coarsely selfish. 

V, _ J (hogz'hed), n. a measure of 

nogs-neaa capacity equal to 52 H im¬ 
perial gallons or 63 wine gallons; a large barrel 
or cask holding from 100 to_140 gallons. 

Hoh-en-zol-lem l!he "family name of 

the house from which came the kings of 
Prussia after 1701 and the emperors of 
Germany after 1871. 

*• j (hoi'dn), n. a rude rustic or 
UOl-lltJIl country girl; romp: adj. inele 
gant: rustic; ill-mannered: v.i. to romp 
roughly or indelicately. Also, hoyden. 

(heist), v.t. to lift or raise with 
IlOlSL tackle; heave: n. an apparatus 
for lifting goods from a lower to a higher 
floor, etc.; a lift. 

t_ • x__ x • X_. (hol'tI*toi'tI), interj. an 
noi-xy-toi-iy exclamation of surprise, 

rebuke, etc. _. , 

i ^ 1 _„_ _ ^ 1 (ho'kI=po'ki),n. a cheap 
nO-key-pO-Key kind of ice cream sold 
in the streets. Also, hoky-poky. [Colloq ] 

(h51d), v.t. [p.t. held. p.p. held, 
holden. p.pr. holdlngl. to grasp and 


hold 


keep in the hand; clutch; retain; keep; 
possess; as, he holds office; connect; judge 
or consider; as, hold him a model of culture; 
entertain; contain; celebrate; use; main¬ 
tain, as an opinion; as, I hold that he Is 
correct; to call and conduct, as a meeting: 
v.i. to cling; adhere; stand good; as, this 
rule always holds good; continue; proceed; 
restrain oneself; refrain; maintain an 
opinion: n. the act of grasping or keeping; 
a grasp or clutch; an embrace; support; 
a fortified place; that part of a vessel where 
the cargo is stored.— n. holder. 

Syn. v. detain, keep, retain. 

VirklH \\ctr\r (hold'b&k'), n. a check; hin- 
HUiU-uauJV drance; restraint; that part 
of the harness used in backing a carriage. 
VirJrl foof (hold'fast'), n. a hook or 
nuiu-iaot support; something used to 
secure and keep in place something else, 
as a flat-headed nail, a catch, a clamp, etc. 
VintH in a- (bold'ing), n. property owned; 
liUlU.-JJ.if> right of possession; a farm or 
other estate rented from another; that 
which secures, binds, or influences. 

Vir»1<a (bol), n. an opening in or through 
ilUic something; a cavity; hollow place; 
pit; perforation; the burrow of an animal; 
a mean habitation: a difficulty or dilemma; 
in golf, a cavity in the putting green into which 
is sunk a metal cup; the distance between such 
points; the points scored. 

Vir»1 i rloxr (bol'I-da), n. a day of gaiety 
llUl-1-Ua.jr and joy in celebration of some 
event, etc.; a day of freedom from labor: 
adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous; gay. 
Also, holy day, holy day. 

Tux 1i -noco (ho'll-nes), n. the state or 
liU-U-Ilc&o quality of being free from sin; 
moral and spiritual purity; sacredness: 
Holiness, a title of the Popo. 

Syn. sanctity, piety, sacredness. 

Ant. (see impiety). 

_ 1 lo-nrT (hol'land), n. fine unbleached 
iiUl-ldHU. linen, glazed or unglazed, used 
for window shades, children’s garments, 
etc.: pi. a kind of gin. 

Tinl loxci (bol'6; hS-lo'), v.i. to shout to 
IlOi-lOa. 0 ne at a distance: n. a shout: 
interj. a cry to attract attention. Also, 
halloo, halloa, hello, holla, hollo, hullo. 

Vi/xl 1/vwr (hSl'o), n. a cavity; pit; groove; 
JJUJL-IUW space between hills or elevations: 
v.t. to make hollow: adj. having an empty 
space within: opposite to solid; sunken; super¬ 
ficial; unreal; insincere; deep or low: used of 
sound: adv. colloquially, completely; thor¬ 
oughly: sometimes with all. 

Vi/xl 1 nxxr npcc (hfil'o-ngs), n. the state 
I1U1-1U W-llCoo 0 f being empty or sunken; 

insincerity; deepness (of sound). 

1,^1 1 a... ,t, 01 .a (hbl'5 w&r), cast-iron 
IlOl-lOW WaXC kitchen utensils, earthen¬ 
ware, etc. 

i_ _ 1 i Tr (hol'I), n. a shrub or tree with 
IlOl-Iy glossy, prickly leaves and red 
berries, much used at Christmas time. 

V»/x1 1-rr Vi/xr>tr (hbl'I-hok), n. a tall plant 
nOl-iy-nOCK of the mallow family with 

large flowers. 

l-uxl-m (horn), n. an evergreen oak; low 
IlOlIIl flat land by the side of a river; 
a small river island. 

Vin,1 n relief (hSl'S-kost), n. a sacrifice 
nUl-U-laUtsl wholly consumed by Are; 

complete or total destruction, as by fire, 
of many human beings. 

T-»/x1 of of (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol case 
HOl-alCI usually carried at the belt, 
or often at the front of a saddle. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw — wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 






holt 


290 


honeycomb 


holt 


(holt), n. a wooded hill; a group of 

hr (hd : ll). adj. [comp, holier, superl. 
no-iy holiest!, pure: morally and spiritually 
perfect; sinless; preeminently good; pious; 
sacred; consecrated.— adv. holily. 

Syn. devout, religious. 

Itt Amr (ho'fl-da'), n. a festival: gcn- 
HO-iy-Ud.y erally used of religious cele¬ 
brations. Also, hoiy day, holiday. 

ho ly Joe jBSJ 1 - an army chap,ain ' 

tt a i Tr T 0 —/I (h5'li land), Palestine, the 
XjLO-iy Lana ancient home of the Jews, 
and the birthplace of Christianity. 

V»« hr c+rvn (ho'll-ston), n. a large flat 
HO-iy-olUllC stone used for scouring the 
ship’s decks: v.t. to scrub (a deck) with this 
stone. . ., , 

hntaa cura (hom'&j), n. respect paid by 
ilUill-agc external action; deference; rev¬ 
erence; honor; respect; in feudal times, 
the ceremony by which a tenant or vassal 
promised fealty and service to his landlord. 
t_ . _ (horn), n. one’s abode or residence; 

HUlUc dwelling place of a man and his 
family; fatherland; locality where a plant 
or animal abounds; a benevolent or charitable 
institution: adj. pertaining to one’s abode or 
country; domestic; to the point designed; 
as, a home thrust; near; effective: adv. to 
or at home; to the uttermost; closely. 
’Usttvw* i: (hSm'lI-nSs), n. the state 

nome-ll-nebb of being plain-featured; 
rudeness; lack of beauty. 

hnmo hr (horn'll), adj. plain-featured; as. 
Iiume-iy a homely man; uncultured; rude; 
benevolent, kindly, or homelike. 

Syn. plain, ugly, coarse. 

tisvmo maHp (hom'mad"), ad), of house- 
HOIIlC-IIla.U.C hold or domestic manufac¬ 
ture; as, homemade bread. _ 
k a a a «o+k (ho me-o-pS/th ik), 

HU-Hlc-U-pclLIl-lC dfjj, of or pertaining 
to homeopathy, a system of treating disease: 
opposite to allopathic; extremely small in 
quantity. Also, homoeopathic. 

ho-me-op-a-thist i h ^whopSSs 

or believes in homeopathy, or the giving 
of medicine in very small doses. Also, homce- 
opathist. 

ho-me-op-a-thy Se' m mf<[ , i'ii th, sy S teS; 

introduced by Hahnemann (1755-1843) 
which seeks to cure disease by giving, iD 
minute quantities, medicines which would 
produce in a well person results similar to 
those produced by the disease treated. Also, 
homoeopathy. 

tJa mor ir (hfl-mgr'Ik), adj. pertaining 
-ExU-iilCi -it/ to the time and works of 
the poet Homer. 

U A mp ml** (horn rool), local self-gov- 
unc ernment; especially, that 
form of government for Ireland. 

home-sick aii - ,onglng for 


homesickness. 


hrnrif* cniin .(hom'spun*), n. cloth woven 
uuiuc-op uij. a t homo or made of yarn spun 

there; an unpolished rustic or countrified per¬ 
son: adj. of domestic make; plain and homely. 

Vi/vm** c+Pfir! (hom'stM), n. a dwelling 
•HUIllc-blcclU. house with the adjoining 

land; original abode. 

li/vma wa-rH (hom'werd), adj. and adv. 
nOme-Wd.ru towards home. 

Vi/\m i r\A q 1 (h6m'l-sld"al). cdj. pertain- 
aOlU-l-blU-ai ing to, or tending to, the 
killing of a human being; murderous. 


i (hdm'I-sid), n. the killing 

nom-l-uiue of a human being; one who 
kills another. 

l-i nm i Ipf ir (h&m'I-iet'Ik), ad). pertain- 
IlUlIl-l-lc 1-1C hig to the composition of 

sermons; like a sermon. Also, homiletical. 

Vi i ir>o (hom'I-let'Iks), n.pl. that 

nOm-l-iet-lLb branch of rhetoric which 
treats of sermons and their composition. 
Vi-wm : l, 7 (hom'I-11) , n. [pi. homilies (-Hz)], a 
IIUIII-1-ly religious discourse or sermon. 

in rr (hom'Ing), adj. returning to the 
IlUIIl-illg place from which one started : 
said of carrier pigeons. 

i -r»Tr (hom'I-nl), n. Indian corn 
IlOlil-I-liy soaked so as to remove the 
hull, and then coarsely ground. 

Virk mrv (ho'mft-), a prefix meaning like, 
I1U-IIIU - same, similar; as, homocercal, lobed 
alike, as the tail of a mackerel, 
p, . __ „ (ho "m§-6p'&-th! ) , 

no-moe-op-a-tny n the medical system 
of Hahnemann, by which “like cures like.’’ 
Also, homeopathy. —n. homeopathist. — adj. 
homeopathic. 

lio-mo-ge-ne-l-ty n . likeness: simi¬ 
larity; identity. 

v./-* mA era. /-me (ho 'm6-je'n e-us ; 

no-mo-ge-ne-ous hom / '6-je'ne-0s), 

adj. uniform; of the same kind or nature; 
composed of similar parts or elements. 

-rvii-wl (YAiio (h6-m61'6-gfls), ad). 

no-moi-o-gous identical; exactly alike 

in structure, position, etc. 

m o-tt (ho-mbl'b-jl), n. likeness of 

no-moi-o-gy structure, as the relation 
between the leg and arm. 

Amm, (hOm'd-nlm; ho'mS-nlm), n. 
nom-o-nym a -word like another in 
sound, but differing in meaning, as pair, 
pare, pear; to, too, two. 

Virvm n nhono (hom'5-f5n; hd'mo-fon), 
nom-o-pnonu n> a letter representing 

the same sound as another; a word having 
the same sound as another. 

ho-moph-o-nous i^e m S 6 sSSd, but 

differing in meaning; as, these are homopho- 
nous words, so, sow, and sew. 

Vi on & (hon), n. a kind of fine whetstone for 
liUilC sharpening razors, etc.: v.t. to 
sharpen on such a whetstone. 

Vi rvn (dn'gst), adj. upright; Just; 

ilUii-Coi sincere; honorable; fair; right¬ 
eous; chaste; frank or open.— adv. honestly. 
Syn. trustworthy, candid, correct. 

oo -Hr (on'es-tl), n. the quality 
HUH—Cb -ly being free from deceit: 
ness and truth; chastity; uprightness. 

Syn. integrity, probity. 

Ant. (see dishonesty). 

Vin-n <=kTr (hun'I), n. a sweet, sticky, syrupy 
liUil-cy substance collected by bees from 
flowers; sweetness; darling or sweet one: 
v.t. to talk to in an endearing or flattering 
manner: adj. very sweet. 

Virm hPA (hun'I-be"), n. the common 
uuu cjf-ucc hive bee; as, the honeybee 
gathers honey from every flower 


of 

fair- 


Virm fixr rnmh (hun'I-kSm'j.n. fchestruo- 

non-ey-comD ture of 


waxen six-sided cells made by 
bees for their home and store¬ 
house; any structure or sub¬ 
stance full of holes; as, honey¬ 
combs or (law's in guns, caused 
by exploded povvder: v.t. to 
fill with holes, etc., so as to leave only thin 
partitions. 



mmm 

Honeycomb 


ate, senate, rare, eat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 









honeydew 


291 


horizon 


ott /laiTr (hfin'1-du"), n. a sweet, 
non-ey-aew sugary substance that 
comes out of the leaves of trees and other 
plants in small drops, like dew; a sweet 
substance secreted by certain kinds of insects, 
especially plant lice; a variety of tobacco; a 
variety of melon. 

i__„ Id /'mof (hun'I lo'kust), a large 

hon-ey 10-C11 Sl American tree of the 

bean family. _ 

v ___ (hun'I-moon"), n. the 

hon-ey-moon first month after mar¬ 
riage: so called from an ancient custom of 
drinking a beverage made of honey for a 
month after a wedding. 

i,.„ _1, 1 „ (hun'I-suk'l), n. a 

hOn-ey-SUCK-le climbing plant with 

fragrant flowers. , , . _ 

v ^^ (Sn'er), n. respectful regard; high 
IlOn-OI esteem; worship; reputation; 
exalted rank; fame; uprightness; scorn of 
meanness, deceit, or unfairness; self-respect; 
chastity; an outward mark of high esteem; 
a title used in addressing certain officials; 
one of the four highest trump cards in 
whist: pl. distinguished standing in school or 
college; as, he graduated with honors: v.t. to 
treat with respect, deference, or civility; 
revere or worship; bestow marks of esteem 
upon: followed by with; dignify; acknowl¬ 
edge; accept and pay when due; as, the bank 
will honor my check. Also, honour. 

Syn. n. respect, reverence, esteem. 

Ant. (see dishonor). 

Vi a klo (6n'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of, 

nOn-Or-d.-Die or conferring, esteem; dis¬ 
tinguished in rank; high-minded; illustrious; 
upright; a title of distinction. Also, honour¬ 
able. — n. hon orableness, honourableness. 

, 11 (on'er-d-bli), adv. with re- 

hon-or-a-bly S pcct or esteem; fairly 

and uprightly. Also, honourably. 

.. _ „ (onVra'n-um), n. a 

hon-o-ra-ri-um f G e paid to a 

sional man. 


profes- 
done 


, __ (on'er-a-rl), adj. done or 

hon-or-a ry conferred as a sign of high 
esteem; as, an honorary degree, 
t!,: V (hood), n. a soft wrapper or cover- 

nOOQ i n g for the head; a head-covering 
attached to a monk’s or woman’s cloak; some¬ 
thing resembling such a head-co\ erm^, • 
folding cover for a carriage: an ornamental 
fold hanging down the back denote JJ 
university degree; a cowl: v.t. to co\er or 

furnish with, or as with, a hood. , 

(hood'lum), n. originally a 
hOOd-IUm California rough or bully; 

n. a person or thing 
hOO-ClOO that causes iil luck: v.t. to bring 

ill 1 iick upon. K ] vIr . ik) _ v f t deceive; 

hOOd-WinK blindfold; as, he hoodwinked 
evervbody with his tale of misfortuno. 
i £ (hoof) n. [pl hoofs], tho horny 
hOOI substance covering the feet of certain 
animals, as horses, etc.; an animal with hoofs. 
. _ (hobk), n. a curved piece of 
llOOk bone, etc., to hold or catch some¬ 
thing, as a fish-hook; a trap; an instru¬ 
ment for lopping or cutting, a ^f t ^ 

or headland: v.t. to catch with oi as with, 
a hook - to gore or attack .with the horns, 
said of a horned animal: v.i. to bend in the 
"shane of a hook; become fastened to any- 
fhfng vdth a hook: with on; in golf, to drive 

widely to tho loft. . . , 

. I (hook'd), n. a pipe with a long 

hook-an t,„he. easily bent, which draws 


the smoke through a vase containing water- 

Also, hooka. 

V\r\r\\rnA (hobkt; hook'ed), p.adj. curved 
IIOOKtJU. bk e a hook; as, a hooked nose; 

a hooked stick. 

V, _ _i_ (hobk'er), n. a fishing smack; a 
IlUUli-bl small Dutch vessel; any clumsy, 
ill-fitted, old craft. 

Vinnlr umrm (hook'wfirm*), n. a blood- 
nOOK-WOIill sucking parasitic worm, 

which invades the human intestines and 
causes great debility; a disease, causing 
one to be weak, tired, languid, etc. 

VisN/i-n (hoop), n. a circular metal or wooden 
llOOp band to hold together the staves 
of a cask, etc.; the band of a finger ring; 
a kind of crinoline or stiff cloth used to 
expand a woman’s dress; a large circular 
ring of metal or wood used by children at 
play; anything curved like such a ring: v.t. 
to bind or secure with a curved band; encircle. 
TT_ (hoo'zher), n. a citizen of the 

XlOO-biei state of Indiana: a nickname. 

..i. (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout; 
nOOL the cry of an owl: v.t. to jeer or drive 
with contemptuous shouts: v.i. to utter a 

sharp cry. „ , , 

(hop), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hopped. 
IlUp p.pr. hopping], to leap over; add, or 
fill with, the bitter flowers of the hop vine; 
as, to hop beer: v.i. to proceed by short leaps 
on one leg; sldp -with both legs; limp; to 
pick hops: n. a jump on one log; a dance; 
a plant, the ripened cones or flowers of which 
cir 0 used in brewing to impart a bitter taste 
to malt liquors: pl. the fruit of this plant 
which is used in making yeast: adj. pertaining 
to this plant. 

(hop), n. the desme cf good accom- 
ilUpc panied by expectation; anticipation; 
confidence; the object of desire: v.t. to 

expect with confidence or desire: v.i. to 
cherish a desire for good; trust confidently. 
Syn. n. expectation, trust. 

Ant. (see fear, distrust).. 

fill (hdp'fdol), adj. full of confident 
nOpe-IUl expectation; as. he was hopeful 
that the war would soon end; promising suc¬ 
cess; as, hopeful prospects.—n. hopefulness. 
Vi/vno fill (hop'fobl-I), adv. with pleas- 
nope-lui-iy ant anticipation; with confi¬ 
dence; as, he continued on his way hopefully. 
liona lacc (hop'les). adj. without expecta- 
IlOpe-iebb ti on of good; despairing; as, hope¬ 
less grief.— adv. hopelessly. — n. hopelessness. 

i;+ 0 (hop'lit), n. an ancient Greek 
11 Op-IILU heavy armed foot soldier. 

(hop'er), n. one who, or that 
nop-per w hich, makes short leaps or skips ; 
a name for various leaping insects; a wooden 
trough or funnel through which grain passes 
into a mill; mechanism in a piano for lifting 
the hammer; a seed-basket used m sowing 
grain; a hop picker; the basm of a water- 
closet) 

i. ‘ (hSp'l), n. a fetter: v.t. to shackle 

nOp-pie or fetter; as, they hoppled the 

horses and turned them loose. ., 

(hop'skoch"), n. a child s 
ilOp-SCGtCil game, in which a flat stone 
is driven by the foot while the player hops. 

(hord), n. a wandering tribe or 
norae clan dwelling in tents or wagons; 
a vast multitude: v.i. to live or act together 

wTfniind (hor'hound"), n. a plant that 
hore-nouna j S used as a remedy for 

colds and coughs. Also, hoarhqund. 

ho ri zon. (h5_ri ' zfin - : - b °- n zn)i n - fche 


circular line where the sky 


tube, easily lh iigj—_ ---—-- ' - , . i • i. 













horizontal 


292 


hospitality 


and earth or sea appear to meet; hence, 
the limit of one’s mental vision. 

Vi/m* t ' 7 /v-n 1 (h6r"I-z6n'tal), adj. paral- 

11UI -1-Z.UI1- IcU. lei to, or situated near, the 
Mne where earth meets sky; level: opposite 
to vertical. 

Syn. flat, level, plain, even. 

Ant. (see inclined). 


hor-i-zon-tal-ly 


angles, 
hnrn (hflm), 

mAKJIU noint.Af 


(horT-z5n't51-I), adv. in 
a direction at right 


n. a hard and usually 
pointed projection, growing upon 
the head of certain animals, especially cattle, 

g oats, deer, etc.; the material of which animals’ 
orns are composed; a thickened form of 
tissue; a musical wind instrument; one of 
the extremities or ends of the moon when in 
crescent form. 

horn-beak < h6 fl r ii: b S53- ”• the 


a 


n. a 
tough 


small 

white 


a fish with a snout like 

spear. 

horn-beam ££“2?& 

wood: used for cogwheels, etc. 

'U nrr) u:i1 (horn'bll"), n. a bird with a 
llUlll-Ulii large horn-crested bill, some¬ 
thing like the kingfishers. 

V»rvm hlonHia (horn'blend"), n. a widely 
nom-uieuue distributed dark-green or 
black-colored mineral composed chiefly of 
silica, magnesia, and lime, 
hnrnprl (hornd; h6r-ned), adj. having 
iiui.licvj. horns; as, horned cattle; horn¬ 
shaped. 

finr rtPkf (hor'ngt), n. a kind of wasp 
AA ' AA -AAC t which inflicts a severe sting; 
hence, a waspish, disagreeable person, 
hnm nirwa (horn'pip"), n. a lively dance, 
especially by sailors; music 
for this dance; a musical wind instrument 
once much used in Wales. 
hj-.fr, Tr (hor'nl), adj. hard like horn; made 
llUlU-y G f horn. 

hor-ny-hand-ed 

hardened by labor. 

Vj/vf* a lrkoe<a (hSr'8-loj; h5r'8-loj), n. a 

uoi-v-iugc timepiece of any kind, as a 
clock, watch, dial, etc. 

Vm ml n crxr (hS-rol'fr-jl), n. science or 
uu-iui-o-gj art of measuring time, or of 
making timepieces. 

Tint* crnnp (h8r'8-skop), n. a repre- 
HUI-U-bGUpt; sentation of the heavens 
at any time, especially at one’s birth, from 
which astrologers profess to foretell the 
future. 

h or ri hi a (h5r'I-bl), adj. terrible; dread- 
AA '-' A-AA ~ AAAC ful; shocking; hideous. 

Viai* ri hi tiacc (hor'I-bl-nes), n. the 
AA '-' A -AA ”UiC-lICbb state of being terrible 

or dreadful; as, we all realize the horribleness 
of war. 

hr»r ri hhr (hor'i-bli), adv. terribly; dread- 
lIUI-li-DIy f u iiy : a s, the workmen were 
horribly torn by the explosion. 

Vmr riH ( h6r 'id). adj. dreadful; terrible; 
uoi-ixu hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. 

hnr rif if* (ho-rTf'ik), adj. causing dread 
AA '-' A ” AAA ~ JA/ or horror; as, the horrific fury 
of the storm. 

Vmr ri fv Ohor'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

horrified], to fill or strike 
with great foar, dread, terror, ropugnance. 

Vs nr rnr (hor'er), n. excessive fear accom- 
AA, - ,A _A ' JA panied with shuddering; extreme 
dread; great disgust; that which fills with 
dread or terror; as, the horror of a great 
crime: pi. extreme dread or depression. 


hnrcn (hors), n. a solid-hoofed quadruped. 
IlUlbc used for riding or drawing burdens; 
a male of the species; cavalry; a framework 
or machine for the support of anything; a 
foot-rope to support the foot of a sailor 
under a yard or the bowsprit: v.t. to mount 
on, or furnish with, a horse; carry on horse¬ 
back; place astride: v.i. to get on horse¬ 
back : adj. coarse or large of Its kind. 

horse-chest-nut SitS 

large, nutliko seeds growing in burrs like chest¬ 
nuts; the seed of this tree. 

Vmrcf» fhr (h6rs'flT). n. a large fly that 
uuioc-ujf stings animals; a gadfly. 

VtnrcA "hair (hors'har*’), n. the hair of 
nut ac-i.ia.il the mane or tail of a horse. 

Vinrcn -man (hors'man), n. a rider upon 
xiui oc-iiiOJ.1 a horse; a cavalryman.— n. 

horsemanship. 

horse-play n ‘ coarso “ rough * 

rxnw pr (hors'pou'er), a theoreti- 
riOloe pow-cl ca i unit of work, equal 

to 33,000 pounds raised one foot in one 
minute. Also, horsepower. 

Imrcp raft icVi (hbrs'rad'ish). n. a 
liOlbc id. LI-lbH plant of the cabbage 

family whose root is used as a relish or 
appetizer. 

It nr c a cVmo (hors'shoo*), n. a U-shaped 
11U1 bc-bliue metal shoe to protect the 

hoof of a horse: a small round or oval forti¬ 
fication; anything U-shaped; the king crab. 

Vmrcp> wppH (hors'wed'), n. the flea- 
nuiDC-wccu bane, or common weed; 

horse cane. 

Vmrcp whin (h6rs'hwip # ), n. a long 
11UI bc-WIlip leather whip with a lash. 

hnrQ \r (hdr'sl), adj. pertaining to horses; 
liuio-y interested in horses. Also, horsey. 
Tmr +n +iv<=* (hor'tn-tlv), adj. tending to 
AAUA-t£A-LA v c rouse, encourage, or urge on; 
giving earnest advice. Also, hortatory. 

Vinr fi f*ii1 Vllt* o 1 (hor^tl-kul ' tllr-8,1) , 
nor-tl-cui-iur-ai G(/; - pertaining to the 

art of cultivating gardens or orchards. 

V Af +i r»ii1 -j-iirA (hfir'tl-kuUtflr), n. the 
AA ” A -Ll-CUI-luI c art of cultivating gar¬ 
dens or orchards. 

hor-ti-cul-tur-ist 

in horticulture, or the science of growing 
fruits, vegetables, and plants. 

Va can na (hft-z&n'a), n. an exclamation 
iiu-ocui-iia Q f praise and glory to God. 

hnQP* (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for 
lluoc the legs; stockings; rubberlike tubing 
for carrying water, etc., from a faucet, hydrant, 
or fire engine. 

TTn cp a (hS-ze'a), n. a Hebrew prophet 
liu-oc-a 0 f the eighth century B. C.; 
the book of the Old Testament that contains 
his teachings. 

hn ci pr (ho'zhgr), n. one who deals In 
ny-oici stockings and other kinds of knit 
goods. 

Vm Qmr XT (ho'zher-I), n. stockings, under- 
Aivj-oici -y clothing, etc.; a manufactory 

for such goods. 

hf><$ ni tn hip (h8s'pl-ta-bl), adj. recelv- 
.u.c/o-pA-i.a.-uic ing and entertaining 

friends or strangers; kind and generous 
to guests and strangers; as. the Southern 
people are very hospitable. — adv. hospitably. 

hn<5 ni tal (hos'pl-tal), V. an institution 
iiuo-pl-ldl f or fke medical treatment and 

care of the sick. 

hos-pi-tal-i-ty 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







host 


293 


howl 


practice of entertaining friends and strangers 
with kindness and liberality. 

Vjrvc'f (host), n. a crowd; multitude; army; 
xAvroi, ono w }io entertains another in public 
or private; a landlord of a hotel or inn- 
an animal or plant organism on which an¬ 
other lives.—Host, the consecrated bread or 
wafer of the Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman 
Catholic, and Lutheran Churches. 

hoc Va cp (hds'taj), n. a person who 
xxuo-uxgu remains in the hands of an¬ 
other as a pledge for the fulfilment of cer¬ 
tain conditions; a pledge, 
hoc (hos'tel), n. formerly, an inn or 
uua-LCi hotel; as, the Tabard Inn was a 
famous hostel. 

hoc fTr (hos'tSl-rl), n. an inn or 
lodging-house; as. the Way- 
side Inn was a quaint old hostelry. 
hocV pec (hos'tes), n. a woman who re- 
. . coives and entertains guests 

either in a home or of an inn: hostess house, 
in the World War, an establishment of the 
Young Women’s Christian Association at 
camps and cantonments for extending aid and 
hospitality to women visitors. 

Vine; tilp* (hos'tll; hds'tll), adj. showing ill 
liuo-iuc will or animosity; adverse; un¬ 
friendly; repugnant: 7 1 . an enemy; especially, 
an American India® in enmity with the whites. 
—adv. hostilely. 

Vine fil t -Hr (hos-tll'I-tl), n. [pi. hostilities 
IlOb-lll-l-iy (-tlz)J, the state of being 
opposed; antagonism; enmity; animosity; 
as, his hostility made all my efforts useless. 
pi. acts of warfare. 

Vine tlnr (hos'ler; Cs'ler), n. one who takes 
iiua-uci care of horses at an inn or stable; 
one who takes charge of a railroad locomotive 
after a trip. Also, ostler. 

hot (hot), adj. [comp, hotter, superl. hot- 
AAUl ' test], having much heat; burning; 
fiery; passionate; lustful; ardent; furious; 
pungent; acrid; unendurable; near to the 
object sought for. 

Vint VipH (hot'bed*) . n. a bed of earth 
nui-ucu covered with glass and made 
artificially warm to fo~ce the growth of plants; 
hence, any place or condition that promotes 
rapid growth or great activity. 

Viotrh nntrVi (hoch'poch"), n. a mixture 
■iiULV/iJ.-]JULU±i. G f various ingredients; a 

thick broth of meat and vegetables. Also, 

hodgepodge.^ 

Vl n fpl (ho-tel'), n. a house for entertaining 
J.AU -IC1 travelers or strangers; a superior 
inn or lodging house; the official residence of a 
French commanding general. • 

Vint fnnt (hot'foot"), adv. in great haste; 

as, he set off hotfoot in pursuit 
of the escaped prisoner. 

Viot-hpaH pH (hotTied'ed), adj. hasty; 
llul ucau-cu impetuous; of fiery temper. 

Vint V»mic<a (hot'hous"), n. a glass house 
liui-iitUv-C heated for raising tender 
plants; a doing room. 

Vint c-nii-r (hot'spur*), n. a rash, hasty, or 
lIUL-opui hot-headed man: adj. hot¬ 
headed. 

TTnt tpn tnt (hfit'n-tSt), w. one of a 
ntH-LCii-lUl savage South African race 

in Cape Colony; the language spoken by the 
Hottentots, characterized by a peculiar click. 
Vl nil Hah (hou'dri) - n - a covered seat on the 
IlUU-U.cU.1 back of an elephant or camel. 

Also, howdah. 

Vl nil trVl (hok) , n. the joint between knee and 
XlUUgll iS hank of quadrupeds. Also, hock. 

VinnnH (bound), n. a kind of domestic 
11UU11U dog, with large, drooping ears, 



which hunts squirrels, rabbits, foxes, etc.; 
a despicable, mean fellow: v.t. to chase with, 
or as with, hunting dogs; incite; set upon; nag. 
Vimir ( our )’ n - the 1/24 part of a day; 
UUUi 60 minutes; particular time: pi. 
life; in the Roman Catholic Church, prayers 
repeated at stated times; the book contain¬ 
ing prayers.— adj. and adv. hourly. 

Vinur oHacc (our'glas"), n. a 
IlOUr-gld-bb device for meas¬ 
uring time by running sand through 
a narrow neck of a glass vessel. 

Vinil ri (boo'rl; hou'rf), n. [pi. 

11UU ' A1 houris (-riz)J, one of the 
dark-eyed nymphs or maidens of 
the Mohammedan paradise. 

VioilCP (hous), 7i. a building for 
ii.uu.oc residence; place of abode; 
household manner of living; family 
or race, especially if of high rank; ulUblHaa 
one of the divisions of a lawmaking or church- 
governing body; a quorum of the members of 
such a body, or enough to transact business; 
with qualifying term, a building for assembly, 
business, etc.; an audience; a business firm; 
in astrology, the station of a planet in the 
heavens, or the twelfth part of the heavens; a 
square on a chessboard; a workhouse: v.t. 
(houz), to place in a dwelling; shelter or lodge; 
make secure before a storm: v.i. hide; to take 
shelter. 

Vimicp Virus t (hous b5t), a covered ves- 
nuuoc UUcil se i fitted up as a river resi¬ 
dence. 

VioilCP Virpntr pi- (hous'brak'er), n. one 
llUUbc-UI CdK-cI who f®rcibly enters a 

dwelling with intent to steal; a burglar. 

Vioiicp VinlH (hous'hold"), n. a family 
IlUUbC-IlUiU. Jiving together: adj. do¬ 
mestic; pertaining to a family or home.— n. 

householder. 

VinilCP Irppn ino- (hous'kepTng), n. the 

IlUUbe-Keep-mg management c f do¬ 
mestic affairs.— n. housekeeper. 

Vioiicp wifp (hous'wif'), 7i. the mistress 
iiuuoc-wnc of a fiome; one who manages 

domestic affairs; a small case for sewing 
materials, particularly in the army: pro¬ 
nounced hus'sif. — adj. housewifely. 

Vimic incr (houz'ing), n. act of giving 
nuuo-uig shelter to; that which gives 
shelter; as, the housino of the workmen in the 
city; a saddle cloth: pi. ornamental trappings 
of a horse: adj. designating a form of peri¬ 
scope on a submarine. 

Vinv p 1 (hov'el), n. a poor cottage, hut. 
liuv-ci or cabin: v.t. to shelter in a hut or 
cabin. 

Vinv pr (huv'er), v.i. to flutter over or 
llUv-ei about; stand in suspense or 
expectation; move about in a neighborhood. 
VlGW ( hou )' a ^ v - An what manner; to 
IIUW what degree or extent; for what 
reason. 

ViAur V»o if- (hou-be'It), adv. nevertheless; 
IIUW-UtJ-lL although; however; yet. 

how Hah (hou'dd), n. a pro- 
I1U W-U-d.Il tected seat for riding 

on an elephant or camel. Also, 

houdah. 

VlfYW pv Pi* (hou'ev'er), 

IlOW-ev-tJr adV ' in what¬ 


ever manner or degree; at all 
events; in any case: conj. 
notwithstanding; yet. 

Vipixt iVy pi* (hou'lt-ser), n. 

now-itz-er a short ]ight 

cannon used for throwing shells 
Vinwl ( houl ). n. the prolonged 

11U W i. Hob’ ni 



Howdah 


dog or wolf; 


cry of a 
the cry of one In pain 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when ; 
zh as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 
















howler 


294 


humbug 


hoy 

hoy- 


or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or wolf; 
utter a prolonged cry of pain or distress; 
roar, like the wind; cry down by clamor: 
v.t. to utter in a loud wailing tone. 
t_ l0 ., TT 1 (houl'er), n. one who wails or 
nowi-er cr iQs loudly; a South American 
monkey which climbs trees and wails at night. 

(houl'ing), p.adj. crying loudly; 
hOWl-ing dreary; dismal; extreme. 

VinTxr cn pr (hou's6-6v'er), adv. in 
UOW-SO-eV-tJI what manner soever; al¬ 
though; in whatever degree or extent. 

(hoi), n. a heavy one-masted coasting 
vessel: interj. ho! . 

r A (hoi'dn), n. a rude, romping girl: 
f-Ucn adj. rough; ill-mannered. Also, 

hoid3n. . „ , 

(hoil), n. a book of rules for card 
jn.Uyi.tJ games, originally edited by Ed¬ 
mund Hoyle of England: according to Hoyle, 
adhering strictly to the rules in any game. 

(hub), n. the central part of a wheel; 
I1UU the peg at which quoits are thrown; 
a kind of steel punch used in coining, etc.; 
a hilt; a jutting obstruction. 

■L.-k Vink (hfib'ub), n. uproar; a loud 
uUU-UUU noise of many voices; tumult. 
i „ i _ i, ^ -.1- (htik'd-bak), n. a rough 
nUCK-a.-Da.Ull. kind of linen or cotton 
cloth, used for toweling. 

huck-le-her-ry huckleberries (-Iz)], a 
small black or dark blue berry that grows 
on bushes and is good to eat raw or cooked; 
the whortleberry: the blueberry. 

Vivirlr ctpr (huk'ster), n. a peddler or 
XlU.UJn.-ibIt;I hawker; one who retails 

small articles; a mean tricky fellow. 

Hurl rile (hud'l), v.t. to crowd together 
IJ.UU.-UiC i n a disorderly manner; collect 
closely; place or perform in haste or dis¬ 
order: v.i. to come in a crowd or haste: 
with on, up, over: n. confusion; crowd. 

(hu), n. color; tint; a shouting; clamor; 
hUc as> to raise the hue and cry. 

an<\ rn; (hu and in la T* the 

IXUtJ aiiU Uiy common process of pur¬ 
suing a felon, criminal, or wrongdoer; an 
official gazette in England advertising deser¬ 
ters from the army. 

•l. (huf), n. fit of petulance or ill humor; 
U.UII sudden offense taken: v.t. to puff or 
blow up; treat with insolence; bully; re¬ 
move (a piece at checkers), when one’s 
opponent fails to take with it.— adj. huffy. 
t_,. „ (hdg), n. a close embrace; a particular 
hug grip in wrestling: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
hugged, p.pr. hugging], to embrace closely; 
fondle; hold fast; keep close to. 

V 111 cr<=» (huj), adj. vast; very large; irn- 
lxUgC mense; as, a huge crowd. 
t_l Tr (huj'll), adv. immensely; exceed- 
nuge-xy ingly; as, I like it hugely. 

rro n occ (huj'nes), n. vastness; very 
llllgC-llCbb large bulk; as, the hugeness 
of a rock or an undertaking. 

Vtiier tr&r miicr crpr (hug'er=mug'er), 
nug-ger-mug-ger ad j_ secret; con 

fused: n. confusion. 

TTti net (hu'ge-nSt), n. a name 

±iu-gue-110 C applied to French Protes¬ 
tants of the 16th and 17th centuries, 
iiiiltr (bulk), n. the body of a ship, especially 
XlUlxk if old or unseaworthy: pi. old mast¬ 
less ships formerly used as convict prisons: 
with the. 

t,„l1r Ino- (hullc'Ing), adj. unwieldy; bulky; 
nUXK-mg as> a hulking fellow. 

(hul), n. outer covering, especially 
X1U11 of grain or nuts; the body or frame 


of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the husk of; strike 

or pierce (the hull of a vessel) with a shot or 
shell: vA. to drift to and fro upon the sea, 
like a ship without sails. 

-i ii i „ i _ _ (hul'a-ba-lob ), n. clamor; 
hul-la-Da-lOO uproar; noisy contention; 

tumult. , . . . 

Hul In (hfl-lo'), r., n and inter], an In- 

ilUi-10 formal salutation. Also, halloo, 
hello, holloa, etc. 

(hum), n. the noise of bees and 
X1UU1 other insects in flight: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. hummed, p.pr. humming], to make such 
a noise; to be in energetic motion or action; 
as, he made things hum: v.t. to sing in a low 
undertone: interj. a sound with a pause im¬ 
plying hesitation or consideration. 

U** man (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, or 
ilU-lIld.il characteristic of, man or man¬ 
kind; having the qualities of a man; not 
divine. A 

Hu met nP (bti-man'), adj. having the 
illl-IIlclIIw feelings proper to man; benevo* 

lent; kind; compassionate; elevating; gentle; 
sympathizing. 

Syn. merciful, pitying, tender. 

Ant. (see cruel). 

1 xt (hfl-man'II), adv. in a kind 
ilU-Iild-IlU-iy manner; benevolently; com¬ 
passionately. , _ , „ x 

^(hu-man'nes), n. the 

nu-mane-ness quality of being kind 

and gentle; benevolence. 

,, (hu'man-Izm), n. the state 

nu-man-lbin Qf belonging to mankind; . 
interest in mankind: the study of tho classics. 
Hu mem ict (hu'man-Ist). n. a student 
XlU-IIldli-lb l 0 f the classics; one versed 

in the knowledge of man’s nature. 

V»ii men ic tiV (hu"mS,n-ls'tIk). adj. per- 
XXU-IIlctXX-lb-llU taining to, or character¬ 
istic of, tho classics; pertaining to mankind. 

J or , (h\l-man''i-ta'rl- 

hu-man-i-ta-ri-an §, n ) _ n , a philan¬ 
thropist, or charitably inclined person; one 
who believes that the duty of man consists 
of acting rightly to others: adj. philan¬ 
thropic. 

i_,, i + T , (hfl-man'i-tl), n. [pi. hu- 

iiu-maxi-l-iy manities (-tlz)], mankind; 
the state or quality of belonging to mankind; 
philanthropy, or charity towards others; 
kindness; benevolence: pi. classical learn¬ 
ing and literature. 

Hu man i- 7 <a (hu'm3,n-iz), v.t. to render 
Xlu-XIiail-IZrtJ hke mankind; soften; to 

refine or civilize. 

hu-man-kind ^m&n-ktod), n. tLe race 

V»ii mon Hr (hu'man-11), adv. after the 
XlU-lllclli-iy manner of men; - as, he was 

humanly kind. 

Hum HIp (hum'bl), adj. having a low es- 
XXUlIl-UltJ timate of oneself; modest; meek; 
submissive; lowly; mean; obscure; unassum¬ 
ing; as, they lived in a humble cottage by the 
sea: v.t. to make submissive; subdue; bring 
low; mortify; humiliate. 

Syn. v. degrade, depress. 

Ant. (see haughty). 

Hum HIp hop (hum'bl-be'), n. a kind 
XlHlIl-DXC-DcC 0 f large bee. Also, bum* 

blsbae. 

Hum HI a nm (hum'bl pi), a pie made 
J4A1II1-Die piU 0 f the entrails of a deer, 

intended for the servants’ table; hence, to 
eat humble pie is to make apologies, humiliate 
oneself, or withdraw one’s words. 

Hum Hiio- (hum'bug"), n. a fraud or 
z H-iii-UUga imposition under fair ] 


pre¬ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 











humbuggery 


295 


hurdy-gurdy 


tenses; sham; a plausible deceiver; a spirit 

of trickery or deception. 

hum-bug-ger-y 

position or fraud. 

hum drum (hum'drum*), adj. dull; mo- 
U1 U1U notonous; commonplace; as, 
a humdrum life. 

hii mpr lie (hu'mer-iis), n. [pi. humeri 

nu-mer-ub ( _ i)]t the bone of the arm 

from the shoulder to the elbow. 

hii mid (hu'mtd), ad), damp; moist; some- 
xiu.xi.xxu. yybat wet or watery; as, humid air 
or atmosphere. 

hit mid i fir (hft-mld'I-tl), n. dampness; 

moisture: said especially 

of the air or atmosphere; as, the humidity 
was very high to-day. 

hii mil i afp (hfL-mfl'I-at), v.t. to humble; 
AAlA ' AA1AA-A-<Al '* : ' abase; put to_ shame. 

hu-mil i a fiotl (hh-E^'l-& , shiin),n. the 
AAU AAAAA A d-LiUli act of putting to shame; 

the state of being put to shame; mortifica¬ 
tion; abasement. 

hii mil i fir (htl-mlll-tl), n. [pi. humilities 
UU-lim-l-iy (-ttz)], the state or quality 
of being lowly in mind; modesty; self- 
abasement. 

hum-minp- bird (burning bfird), a very 
AAUAAA AAAA1A o UliU. small bird noted for its 
bright colors, and for its habit of hover¬ 
ing about flowers, and moving its wings 
so rapidly as to make a buzzing, hum¬ 
ming noise. 

IlliYYI ninrtr (hum'uk), n. a large mass 
llUIll-lllUCia. Q f floating ice; a hillock 

or mound. 

hii mnr (hu'mer; u'mer), n. wit; merri- 
nu-mui ment; the tendency to look at 
things from the mirthful side; caprice; 
proud conceit; temper; as, good or bad humor; 
petulance; peevishness; moisture of the body 
and eye; disease: v.t. to indulge; yield to a 
particular desire of. 

Syn. n. mood, temper. 

hii mnr icf (hu'mer-Ist), n. one who in- 
xi u-iiiui -xo L dulges his own mood; a droll 
person; one whose writing or conversation is 
characterized by a spirit of fun. 

hii mnr ni 1 c (hu'mer-iis), adj. full of, or 
-u Lio characterized by, mirth and 
fun; as, Mark Twain was a humorous writer; 
comical; diverting; wittj r ;~ pleasant; merry. 

hii mnr Qnmp (bu'mer-sum), adj. full 
IlU-IUUr-bUIIie of moods; laughable; 

capricious; witty. 

hiimn (hump), n. a protuberance or 
xxuxxxp bulging, especially that on the back 
of a camel, or that formed by a crooked back 
in man: v.t. to vex or annoy; slang, to exert 
(oneself). 

hiimn harlr (hump'bak'), n. one with 
a deformed back; a crooked 

back. Also, hunchback. 

hiimnh (humf), interj. an exclamation of 
11 UAAA ±' AA doubt or dissatisfaction. 

Hump-ty Dump-ty U; a ? b p e » 

nursery rime; a character in pantomime, or 
silent pla s: humrdy-dump y, adj. character¬ 
ized by short limbs and a round body, 
hii miic (hu'mfis), n. vegetable mold; 
xxu-xxxixo that part of soil formed by the 
decay of animal and vegetable matter 
which makes the earth rich. 

TT 1irt (hun), n. one of a warlike, wandering 
XX.UXX people of northern Asia, who, in 
the 5th century, overran and laid waste 
Europe; a name applied during the World 
War to the Germans, and later to their 


allies, because of their barbarities; any 
destructive person. 

hivnrh (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a thrust 
xiuxxi/il ypjth the fist or elbow. 

hlltirh harlr (hunch'bak"), n. a person 
AAUAA ' >/AA ~ , “' CA with a crooked back. Also, 
humpback. 

him HrpH (hun'dred), adj. ten times ten: 
A cu n ^he xmmber of ten times ten; 
the symbol [C. or 100] denoting it; a division 
of an English county; the name given to 
a township in the State of Delaware. 

hurl Hrpdfh (hun'dredth), adj. the ordl- 
Xllill-u.1 culll nal of one hundred: n. one 
of a hundred equal parts. 

hun-dred-weight & 

a ton, or 100 pounds avoirdupois, 
himtr (hung), past tense and past participle 
Aa ^ Aa & of the verb hang. 

Him Pfl fi fln (huh-ga'rl-3,n), adj. per- 
XlUiI-gd.-ri-cm taining to Hungary or 

its people: n. a native of Hungary, 
him crpt* (hun'ger), n. keenness of appe- 
uuli -& CA tite; pain or uneasiness caused 
by want of food; strong desire: v.i. to feel 
the desire for food; to have a longing or 
earnest desire. 

him OTV (hun'grl), adj. [comp, hungrier, 
"S 1, J superl. hungriest], having a keen 
appetite; feeling pain or uneasiness for 
want of food; emaciated or thin; eagerly 
desirous; unfertile: said of land.— adv. 
hungrily. 

him(hunk), n. a lump or large piece; 
A '*'as, a hunk of bread or meat, 
himlrc: (hunks), n. a niggardly or mean 
uuimo fellow; a covetous man; miser, 
hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue or chase, as 
xxuiil game or wild animals; follow closely; 
search after: v.i. to follow the chase: n. 
pursuit of game or wild animals; pack of 
hounds; an association of huntsmen; district 
over which hounds pursue game; a search; as, 
a hunt for a house. 

Syn., v. seek, chase, track, 
himf PI* (hun'ter), n. one who pursues 
xxuxxl-c;x game; a horse or hound trained 
for pursuing game; a watch with a metal cover, 
hunt in<r (hunting), p.pr. of hunt: n. the 
uum-uxg act or practice of one who 
searches or pursues; pursuit; search, 
hunt in cr Key (hunt'Ing bbks), a tem- 
AA UAA *' -AAA & DUA. porary residence while fol¬ 
lowing the chase 

a 

face 


hunt incr wsffll (hunting w6ch) 
IlUIll-mg WcUCIl wa tch having its 

protected with a metal cover. 

himt rpcc (hun'tres), 

nuiu-rebb follows ^ 


71. a woman who 
the chase; as, the 
goddess Diana was a huntress. 

Iiiinfc tTiini (hunts'm&n), n. [pi. hunts- 
AAlAAAl ' 0 " AAAcAAA men (-men)], one who pur¬ 
sues game; one who manages a pack of 
hounds. 

V 1111 * rllp (hflr'dlEn. a movable 
AAUA_VAAC fence of interwoven 
twigs, branches, or steel; a fence 
or barrier to be leaped over in 
steeplechasing or in racing; a rude, 
frame on which criminals wero f 
formerly dragged to execution: 
v.t. to cover or inclose with a fence 
or barrier to be leaped over in 
racing. Hurdle 

hlir riv-fnir dv (htir'dHgQr'dl), n. a 

nur-uy-gur-ay musical instrument 

played by turning a crank; especially, a 
mechanical piano mounted on wheels and 
played on the street. 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










hurl 


296 


hydrocarbon 


i_„^1 (hdrl). v.t. to throw with violence; 
Hun drive forcibly; utter with vehemence: 
n. the act of throwing. 

Ur Kiir Ur (hOr'lIsbOr'lI). n. tumult; 
nur-iy-our-iy great commotion; con¬ 
fusion. 

mU (h55-ra; hfl-rS,'), interj. a shout 
nur-Iclil 0 f joy, triumph, applause, etc.: 
v.i. to utter such a shout in applause, etc. 
Also, hurra, huzzah. 

t-l poiiq (hur'I-kan), n. a gale of 
nur-n-i/dlic extreme violence, character¬ 
ized by fitful changes of the wind; a violent 
storm;' as, the hurricane struck us violently, 
i A (hur'I-kan dek), the 

hur-n-cane U.6CK bridge-deck, or top¬ 
most deck, of a steamship, 
t.,,,. rioA (hur'Id), p.adj. exhibiting, or 
nur-neu characterized by, haste; hasty; 
done in hasto; going or working at speed; 
as, he always lived a hurried life. 

U„ r n , (hur'I), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hurried, 
nur-iy p.pr. hurryingl, to impel to greater 
speed; hasten on: v.i. to act or move with 
haste: n. haste; urgency; precipitation; 
confusion; a coaling stage for loading vessels. 
w *. T r (hur'I=skur'I), n. con- 

hur-ry-scur-ry fused, bustle: adv. in 

disorderly haste. 

(hfirt), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. hurt, p.pr. 
liUI l hurting], to cause or inflict pain in; 
wound; grieve; injure; impair or damage: 
v.i. to feel pain: n. a wound; injury; damage 

or loss. _ . 

Vm-ft fill (hflrt'fdbl), adj. injurious; harm- 
IlUri-lUi ful; as, hurtful exercise. 

Syn. noxious, pernicious. 

Ant. (see beneficial). 

hurt-ful-ly injuriously. 

(hflr'tl), v.t. to move violently; im- 
UUr-lie p e i forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash in 
collision. * , , 

V,,,,. kor t-TT (hflr'tl-bgr'I), n. a kind 
nur-tie-ber-ry of blueberry; a huckle¬ 
berry. Also, whortleberry. 

"ko-nrl (huz'b&nd), n. a married man; 
Hilo-UctliG fjje correlative of wife: v.t. to 
manage or use with economy; as, she will 
husband her money. 

hus-band-man husbandmen \-m8n)], 
a tiller of the soil; farmer. 

Vino "ko-nr! -rxr (huz'b&nd-rl), n. agricul- 

nus-bana-ry ture; farming; frugality. 

Syn. cultivation, tillage. 

VnioVi (hush), interj. be still! silence! 
liubU n . quietness; silence: v.t. to make 
silent; soothe. 

Vitiolz' (husk), n. the dry outer covering 
it tibia. 0 f certain fruits or seeds: v.t. to 
remove hulls from; as, shall I husk this corn? 
Vinolz- i Itt (hus'kl-ll), adv. hoarsely; as, 
illioxV-i-iy be spoke huskily. 

Viiiolr i ripcc (hus'kl-nes), n. the state 
11 GoJV-l-ll Coo 0 f being hoarse. 

Vinclr ino- Vu*^ (hus'klng be), a social 
llllo-TL-Hlg ucc gathering to assist, in 


hulling corn. 

(hus'kl), 


adj. 


assist 

[comp, huskie 


htlSk-y superl. huskiest], consisting of, 
or like, husks, or dry hulls; worthless; rough 
or hoarse: said of the voice; colloquially, 
powerful: n. an American Indian sledge dog; 
a well-developed, energetic man. 

Tviio car (hdS-zar'), n. a light-armed cavalry 
IlUb-bdi so idier in European armies. 

(hus'tlngz), n.pl. a court held 
JtluS-llIlgS i n the Guildhall before the 
Lord Mayor. Recorder, and sheriffs of 


London; formerly, the stand from which 
Parliamentary candidates, when nominated, 
addressed the electors; now, a place where 
campaign speeches are made. 

Vine -Hp (bus'l). v.t. to push roughly; 
nUS-lie jostle; mob; shake together In 
confusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alacrity; to 
hurry. [Colloq.] 


hut 


(hut), n. a 
small house 
or cabin; a tempo¬ 
rary building for 
lodging troops. 

VmtrVi (buch), n 
nUlCIl a bin,box. 



Forms of Huts 


or chest in which things may be stored; 
as, a grain hutch; a coop or pen in which 
animals may be kept; as, a rabbit hutch; 
a mining trough for washing ore: v.t. to 
store; to wash (ore) in a trough. 

11117 70 Vi (hfi-za'; hoo-za'). n., and 
llUA-Z.a .11 interj. expressive of joy or ap¬ 
plause. Also, huzza, hurrah. 

o i (hl'a-slnth), n. a well-known 

ny-a-cmxn plant of the lily family with 
stalks of bell-shaped flowers; also, one of Its 
bulbs or flowers; a kind of mineral used as a 
jewel. 

Vi-ir o rirs thirip (hrn-sIn'thTn) adj per- 
ny-a-Cin-tlilllG taming to the hyacinth; 

like Hyacinthus, the handsomo youth who, 
according to Greek myth, was accidentally 
killed by Apollo and transformed into the 
hyacinth; hence, handsome; beautiful. 

TT_ r 0 (hl'a-dez), n.pl. the five stars 

jLl.y-d.-Uto i n the face of the constellation 
Taurus, supposed by the ancients to bring 
rain when they rose with the sun. Also, 
Hyads. 

Vitt co. -no (hi-e'nd), n. a bristly-maned, 
Iiy -ct- 11 d. -vvolfiike, flesh-eating animal. Also, 
hyena. 

Vitt Vi-riH (hl'brld), n. a mongrel; an 
liy-UHU animal or plant produced from 
the mixture of two distinct classes or varieties; 
a compound word, the elements of which 
are derived from different languages. 

Vitt A ret (hl'dra), n. any evil which, -when 
Iiy-Uid grappled with, appears to become 
greater; a kind of fresh-water plants which 
multiply on division: Hydra, in classical 
mythology, the water serpent with nine 
heads (slain by Hercules), each of which 
on being cut off became two. 

Vitt Hron ctp o (hi-dran'jS-d). n. a plant 
ny-aran-ge-a -with large heads of 

showy flowers of many colors. 

Vitt A rant (hi'drant), n. a pipe with a 
Iiy-U.lcll.LL valve and spout through which 
water may be drawn from the mains of water 
works; a water plug. 

Vitt HroVfi (hi'drat), n. a chemical com- 
liy-UialC pound containing a definite 
quantity of water: v.t. to combine with 
water to form this compound. 

Vitt rli-oii (hi-dro'llk), ad), pertaining 
ny-uxau-lic to fluids in motion: n.pl. 
the science of liquids in motion, and tne 
application of the forces which influence 
the motions of water for practical purposes, 
as raising water, etc. 

hy-dro-air-plane < hI a ' d fl r ® 1 ' 0 | r ^|£>; 

or aeroplane, so adapted that it can rise from, 
or alight upon, the surface of water. Also, 
hydro-aeroplane. 

hy-dro-car-bon 

pounds containing carbon and hydrogen, as 
acetylene, gasoline, etc. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








hydrochlorate 


297 


hydroplane 


Vitt /IfA r*Vi1n rotp (hi'dro-klo'rat), w. a 

ny-uro-cmo-raie sa i t of hydrochloric 

or muriatic acid. 

hv dro ehlo ri C (hi'droddo'rik). adj. 

-VAitr-V/lUU-Illy pertaining to, or com¬ 
posed of, hydrogen and chlorine: hydrochloric 
acid, a colorless, corrosive, gaseous compound 
of equal parts of hydrogen and chlorine, ex¬ 
ceedingly soluble in water: in solution, often 
called muriatic acid. 

Vixr 4«*/\ pTT on ir* (h!*dro-si-§,n'lk), adj. 
ny-UiO-Cy-cUl-lL composed of hydrogen 
and cyanogen: hydrocyanic acid, an unstable, 
volatile, and extremely poisonous liquid. 


mapping the water surface of the earth, 
as oceans, lakes, coast-lines, etc., with infor¬ 
mation as to their depth, tide, beds, etc. 

Viv Hrnm p fpr vhi-drdm'6-ter), n. an 
ny-urom-e-ier instrument for deter¬ 
mining the specific gravity, strength, etc., 
of fluids. 

Vitt Hrn njith ip (hi ff dro-path'Ik), adj. 
uy-U-iU-pdlll-lty pertaimng to the treat¬ 
ment which cures disease by water pressure: 
n. an establishment where patients reside 


while under water treatment. 

ky Hr A nH A Vli 51 (hi"dr6-fo bl-a), n. a 
fly-UIU-pIlU-Ul-d. disease caused by the 



Hydraulic Device d ’• ndKi 

ram. 


, J_(hi'dro-di-nam'Ik), 

hy-aro-dy-nam-ic a( y. pertaining to, 

or derived from, the pressure of water: n.pl. 
the science that treats of water pressure. 
t-__ o-o-, (hi'dro-jen), n. a colorless, 

ny-aro-gen gaseous, inflammable sub¬ 
stance, which becomes liquid under great 
pressure, and is the lightest element yet 
known, much lighter than air; when com¬ 
bined with oxygen it produces water. Hydro¬ 
gen is the standard unit for the estimation 
of atomic weights and volumes 
Ur. m -nVixr (hi-drog ra-fl), n. the 

ny-arog-ra-pny art Of measuring and 


bite of a mad dog, due to the poisonous liquid 
from the saliva of the dog, and accompanied 
by convulsions and unnatural_ dread ©f water. 
Vitt Am nhotio ihT'drS-fon), n. an instru- 

ny-aro-pnone ment for the detection of 
submerged sounds, both as to their direction 
and approximate distance. 

V.TT Arrx «larwa (hi'dro-plan), n. a motor 
ny-aro-picuie boat with sloping bottom 
which rises to the surface when driven at 
high speed; an airplane attachment to a 
boat which serves to lift it partly out of the 
water; a gliding boat; the diving rudder of 
a submarine boat. 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy ; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 


21 

























































































































































hydrostat 298 

ViTr rlr-A c+o + (hi'drfl-st&t). n. an appara- 
Iiy-U.1 tus for the prevention of 

boiler explosions; an electrical contrivance for 
indicating the leakage or overflow of water. 

Viw f?ofof iVo (hi'dro-stat'Iks), n. that 
-ilj -U.IO-b Ldl-lCo branch of physics that 

treats of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids 
at rest: hydrostatic, adj. pertaining to this 
branch of physics. 

hy-dro-ther-a-py 

by water; water cure. 

U , r Hrrv -t-VtAr rrsot (hi'drS-thflr'm&l), 
ny-aro-iner-mai adj. pertaining to the 

action of hot water. 

Vitt a na (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned, 
Iiy-C-lla. wolflike, flesh-eating animal. Also, 
hyaena. 

u Tr o-p (hi-je'&n), ad), pertaining to 

Ai yhealth or its preservation: 
Hygeian. pertaining to Hygeia, the goddess 
of health, daughter of Esculapius. 

Vitr rri aaa (hi'jl-en; hf'jen), n. the science 
**jr of health, its preservation, and 

the laws of sanitation. 

I* it o-: : r (hTjl-gn'Ik), ad), pertaining 

l*y - 51 -ch-it to health or the science of 
health; healthful; sanitary. 

Viir ffretn a far (hl-grdm'g-tSr), n. an 

instrument for measur¬ 
ing the degree of moisture in the atmosphere. 
Vit 7 arnm a frv (hi-grbm'e-trl), n. that 
ay-grom-e-iry branch of physics that 
treats of the moisture of the atmosphere. 

Vi tt nrrn croriP (hi'grS-skop), n. an in- 

strument which shows 
whether there is more or less moisture In the 
atmosphere, without telling its amount. 

Vitt t-na-i-i (hi'mgn), n. marriage: from 
ny-meu Hymen, the fabled Grecian 
god of marriage. 

ma a a al (hi'mg-ne'&l), ad), pertain- 
iiy-liic-nc-cu. jng to marriage; nuptial: 

n. a marriage song. 

V|T rmr i (him), n. a sacred song expressive 
uyiiLU 0 f p ra i s e or adoration: v.t. to sing 
praises to; adore or praise by singing. 

Vivm rial (hlm'nal), n. a collection of 
AA JrAlwldl sacred songs for public worship. 

Vi-trm nnl A crv (hIm-n61'o-jI), n. the 
nym-noi-o-gy study of sacred songs, 

their origin, use, etc. 

U-rr (hi'pgr-), a prefix meaning over, 

liy -pc-i - beyond, excess, and, in chemistry, 
highest. 

Viyy tx p r Vi a 1 q (hi-pflr bo-la), 

ny -per-DO-ia n . a curve form¬ 
ed by the section of a cone when 
the cutting plane makes a greater 
angle with the base than is made 
by the surface of the cone. 


hysterics 



v, v aat* Via 1a (hi-pfir'bo-le), 

ny-per-uo-ie n . a figure of 

speech which expresses more than 
the truth; exaggeration. 


hy-per-bol-ic apgfiSHS: Hwrb °"‘ 


ture, pertaining to, or containing, overstate¬ 
ments or untruths; exaggerated; in mathe¬ 
matics, belonging to, or of the nature of, a 
hyperbola. Also, hyperbolical. 

Vixr aat* Via t*A an (hi'pSr-bo're-Sn), adj. 

ny-per-Do-re-an arc tic; very cold; 

frigid. 

Vit7 riAt* rrif t ra\ (hi'pgr-krlt'I-kSl), adj. 
-pcx -i/in-i-vtu oversevereln comment 

or judgment; too quick to find fault; difficult 
to please; excessively nice or exact. 

r-per-me-tro-pi-a 8 £ tortafc 


hy- 


edness: the opposite of myopia, or nearsight¬ 
edness. 

Vt-ir (hi'fen), n. a mark [-] to Join 

ny-piieil words or to separate syllables: 
v.t. to join with, or separate by, such a mark, 
t, _ r V, o (hi-fen-a't 6 d), ad), con- 

ny-pnen-a-tea nected by a hyphen. 

Viwn -nA cic (hip-no'sis), n. a trance; an 
•H.yp-110-bl.S a rtiflcial sleep. 

V, t 7 « ««+ (hlp-nbt'Ik). ad), pertaining to, 
llj p-liU L- 1 G or producing, artiflcial sleep: n. 
a person who can be put into a trancelike sleep. 
r, TT „ „ _ x• „ (hlp'no-tlzm), n. a method 
nyp-no-tism of causing a trancellke 
sleep. 

firm a a fi-zA (hlp'nS-tlz), v.t. to cause to 
fall into, or to subject to, a 
land of sleep or trance. 

hyp-o-chon-dri-a h^-fen'dri-dr"^ 

a disease attended with extreme melancholy, 
and with anxiety respecting one’s state of 
health; melancholy; the blues. Also, hypo¬ 
chondriasis. 

hyp-o-chon-dri-ac ^ hIp o 6 ne 6 n who ak i 8 

affected with extreme melancholy: ad), per¬ 
taining to, or affected with, melancholy. 

Vttt n — rl err (hl-pok ri-sl), n. a pretend- 
ny-pOG-n-by fng f 0 be what one is not; 
a putting on of an appearance of virtue which 
is not possessed. 

Syn. cant, pretense, sham, affectation, 
deception. 

Ant. (see truth). 

Vnm a rritA (hlp' 6 -krlt). n. one who prac- 
tices pretense or deception to 
gain his own ends: a dissimulator or deceiver. 
Syn. dissembler, impostor, cheat. 

Vnr aa Hat- mi!r (hl'pS-dflr'mlk; hlp'fi- 
ny-po-uer-mic dfir'mlk), ad), inserted 

under the skin: n. a medicine thus injected. 

Vnr aa crac frir (hi"p 6 -gas'trlk), ad), per- 

taming to the lower 
part of the abdomen or belly. tt 

hy - pot - e-nuse 

(hx-p5t'§-nus; hl-p 6 t'$-nxxs). 
n. the side of a right-angled 
triangle opposite the right 
angle. Also, hypothenuse. 

hy-poth -e - cate 

(hl-poth' 6 -kat ;hI-poth'e-kat), 
v.t. to give (property) as secu- . „ 
rity fora debt; to mox-tgage. Hypotenuse 

Vi tt tia+Vi a cic (hi-p5th'6-sls; hl-poth'S- 
AA y _ pOLIl-c-blb s js ) t n. [pi. hypotheses 

(-sez)), something assumed for the purpose of 
argument; a theory which may or may not 
prove to be true; supposition; conjectxire. 

Vitt aa +Via+ ir* (hI"PO-thet'Ik; hlp ff 6 -th 6 t'- 
ny-po-mex-ic I 1 £ ) 1 0 dj. based on supposi¬ 
tion, or on something assumed: conjectural. 
Also, hypothetical.— adv. hypothetically. 

Vittc caa ( hLs/ up), n. a fragrant plant 
with blue flowers: an unidentified 
plant mentioned in the Bible. 

Vive Va ri a (hls-te'rl-a), n. a nervous 
11 j o-lc-xi-<x a ffection of women, character¬ 
ized by choking sensations, spasms of laughter 
or weeping, and frequently by the imitating 
of other diseases. 

Vittc tor i aqI (hls-tSr'I-kSl), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or affected by, 
a nervoxis disease marked by laxxghing and 
crying; violently emotional.— adv. hysteri¬ 
cally. 

V»vc tAr ire (Ws-tSr'iks), n.pl. a fit of 
n)o-ici-u.a nervoxis laughing and crying. 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene 2 event, edge, novel, 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, 


refer; 

menu; 












I 


299 


idea 


i 


i-am-bic 


T (I), pron. [pi. we (we)), nom. sing, of the 
* pronoun of the first person; the word 
by which the speaker or writer denotes 
himself. 

(I-am'blk), adj. having a verse 
form in which each foot con¬ 
sists of a short (unaccented) syllable followed 
by a long (accented) syllable: n. a metrical 
foot having a short syllable followed by a 
long one; a satirical poem in verse composed 
of such metrical feet. 

! am Hue (i-am'bils), n. a metrical foot 
A-o.iii.-uua consisting of two syllables, 
of which the first is short and the second 
is long f'-' —]; a word of two syllables, 
accented on the second syllable, as ignore'. 

| Hpy (i'beks), n - a class of wild goats, 
l-UCA. having very large recurved horns, 
the best known species of which is the Alpine 
steinbok or bouquetin. 

1 Hie (i'bls), n. a kind of large wading 
i-uia bird, having a long, curved beak, 
of which the most notable species is the 
sacred Ibis of the ancient Egyptians. 

«/,p (Is), n. frozen water; any substance 
iV/C resembling ice, as menthol ice; a frozen 
confection, such as water ice: v.t. to change 
into a frozen state; freeze; preserve by 
freezing; cover Avith melted sugar; frost, 
irp orr<=k (is aj), the glacial epoch, or 
ICC period; as, during the ice age the 

ice in North America was 1,500 feet deep 
at the margin of the ocean, 
irp Hprcr ds'bfirg"), n. a large mass of 
lec-ucig j Ce detached from a glacier, 
and floating in the sea. 

Hr»d+ (is b5t), a strong steamboat 
ICC UUai used to break a channel through 
a frozen river, lake, etc.; a boat mounted 
on runners and propelled by sails on a frozen 
surface. 


Ice Boat 



• . J ( 1 st), p.adj. covered with ice or made 
IvCU cold with ice; as, iced tea; covered 


with icing; as, iced cake. 

field - is feld) ’ a very 


ice 


large sheet of 

floating ice. 

-fine* (is flo), a sheet of floating ice 
liv/C smaller than an ice field, 
noclr (is Pak). a field of broken and 
ICC pacii. drifting ice, consisting of great 
masses packed together. 

• T_ (Ik-nu'mon), n. a weasel- 

lcn-neu-mon animal found in Asia, 
Africa, and Spain, which feeds on mice, rats. 



Ichaett- 

moo 

Fly 


(Ik'thl-og'rd-fl), n, 
a treatise on fish. 

a fossil, or 
in stone, of 


snakes, and birds, and is sometimes domesti" 

Celt 0(1 

■If*H tiPii iri/in flv (Ik-nu'mon fll), any 

lcn-neu-mon ny of a i arge group or 

insects that deposit their 
eggs in or upon other in¬ 
sects which their larvae, or 
young, will feed upon. 

ich-nog-ra-phy 

(Ik-nog'ra-fl). n. the art of 
drawing or tracing by 
means of compass and rule. 

IpH tin ( Ik'nfi-lit), 

Avai-iiu-iiic n.astone bear¬ 
ing the footprint of a prehis¬ 
toric animal. 

5 pH tiol fi orv (Ik - nbl'fl - jl), 
len-noi-o-gy n . that branch 

of science which treats of foot¬ 
prints of prehistoric animals, 
t rHnr (I'kor), «. in classical 
I-UllUl mythology, the invisi¬ 
ble fluid which ran, instead of 
blood, in the veins of the gods; 
a thin, watery, acrid serum, or 
discharge, from an ulcer or 
Avound. 

irH fhv ir flk'thl-Ik). adj. 
icn-my-ic flshlike; as. an 

ichthyic vertebrate. 

ich-thy-og-ra-phy 
ich-thy-o-lite 

an ancient fish. 

ipH fHv nl n av (lk'thl-dl'6-gl). n. that 
lcn-iny-oi-o-gy branch of zoology which 

treats of fishes, their structure, classification, 
etc.; a natural history of _flshes. 
if'H -Fhw r» cic (Ik-thl-o'sis), n. a disease 
icn-xny-o-blb j n which the skin is thick, 
rough, and scaly: called also fishskin. 

: r : (i'sl-kl), «. ice formed by the 

1-U-UC freezing of dripping water from 
the eaves of houses, etc. 

i pi Hr (I'sl'll), adv. in a frigid manner; 
I-Cl-iy coldly; as, she icily refused to be in¬ 
troduced. 

1 ri nPC5 (I'sI-nSs), n. the state of being 
l-d-licao i C y ; coldness; as, the iciness 
of the streets made walking dangerous; 
iciness of manner. 

ir in<r ds'Ing), n. frosting; a coating or 
lG-lUg covering on cake, made of sugar, 
milk, white of egg. etc. 

i (I'kon), 7i. [pi. icons (I'konz), iconee 

1-l/UII (i'kft-nez)], in the Greek Church, a 
sacred image or picture. Also, eikon, ikon. 

i ran n rtacf (I-kbn'i-kl&st). n. an image 
i-tuii-U-t«iaol breaker; one who attacks 

superstitions or shams. 

i rn qq lip /ft* on (* k6-sd-he'dr6n), n. 

l-co-ba-ne-aron a solid bounded by 

twenty plane faces. 

ir flic (Ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in 
IG-lUo prosody and music, rhythmical 
or metrical accent or stress placed upon the 
accented syllable of a word, 
i rv d ,s 9. a< tj- [comp, icier, superl iciest), 
I-^y pertaining to, resembling, or abound¬ 
ing in, ice; cold; chilling; indifferent, 
i Ack n (I-de'd), n. a mental Image or 
1-UC-q picture; a conception of what 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix f;o xxii. 



















ideal 


300 


idyl 


ought to be; an abstract principle; opinion; 
belief; plan; a general notion; an impression. 

Syn. thought, imagination, fancy. 

* _i (I-de'al), adj. existing in imagina- 
1-Uc-di tion only; visionary; impractical; 
conforming to a standard of perfection; per¬ 
fect: n. a mental conception or an individual 
regarded as the standard of perfection. 
i Ho al {cm (l-de'al-Izm), n. in art, the 
l-UC-<U-loin stress put upon the value of 
the imagination as compared with the exact 
copying from nature to attain the highest 
type of any object; tendency to imagine 
things better than they are; the seeking of 
perfection; the doctrine that all our knowl¬ 
edge of objects is a knowledge of ideas. 

-J Ho al 4of (I-de'al-Ist), n. one who pur- 
l-UC-<U-iol sues perfection; one who holds 
the doctrine that all our knowledge of objects 
is a knowledge of ideas; a visionary; one who 
sees the best side of people and things. 

4 Ho al 4c +4r (I-de"5,l-Is'tIk), adj. pertain- 
l-Uc-ctl-lo-LHw/ j n g to a perfect type; per¬ 
taining to those who seek perfection or to 
the doctrine that makes everything to consist 
of ideas.— adv. idealistically, 
i Ho ol 4 hr (I"dS-al'l-tI), n. the quality 
1-UC-di-l-iy of being unreal; the state of 
conforming with a standard of perfection; 
the power to form standards of excellence. 

\ Ho al 4*70 (i-de'5,l-Iz),i?.f. to make perfect; 

embody in a perfect form; 
represent (natural objects) so as to show 
their best characteristics only: v.i. to form 
standards of perfections. 

4 Ho al W (I-de'5,1-1), adv. according to a 
1-UC-dl-iy standard of excellence; as, 
ideally perfect beauty; mentally. 

4 Hon +4 cal G-dSn'tl-kSl), adj. expressing 
sameness; not different; dif¬ 
fering in no essential or necessary point. 

4 Hon +4 cal 1v (i-den'tl-kSl-I), adv. in 
l-Alcll-LJ.- 1 /a.J.-J.y ^e same or in a similar 

manner. 

4 Hon +4 -fi a Vilo (i-den'tl-fl'a-bl), adj. 
l-U.cU-ll-II-a.-UIC that may be proved to 

be the same. 

4 Hon +4 d-den'tl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
1-UCIl-ll-iy identified, p.pr. identifying], 
to make, prove to be, or consider as, the same. 
4 Hon +4 +v (I-den'tl-tl), n. essential or 
1-UCil-ll-iy practical sameness; likeness; 
individuality; as, the witness established the 
identity of the prisoner. 

4 Ho n crranVi (i'dS-ft-gr&f*). n. a symbol 
l-UC“U-giapu or figure, not naming but 
suggesting the idea of an object; a word sign. 
Also, ideogram. 

4 Ho n crratVh 4c (i v de-o-gr&f'Ik), adj. 
l-uc-u-gi apii-ic representing ideas by 

symbols independently of sounds; as, 6 
represents not the word “six” but the idea 
of the number itself. Also, ideographical. 

4 r\e* ncr rn nhv (i'de-og'rd-fl), n. the 
1-UG-Ug-l d-piiy direct representation of 
Ideas by symbols, as sometimes is done in 
shorthand writing, etc. 

4H oc (id 2 ) • a.pi. in the ancient Roman calen- 
lUCo dar, the 15th of March, May, July, 
October, and the 13th of the other months. 
4H oc+ 6st), that is: usually written 
1U col I. g.; as, the engine has great 
momentum, i. e., moving force. [Lat.] 

4H 4 rxr (Id'I-6-sI), n. mental weakness: 
lU-l-O-cy extreme lack of intelligence, 
usually due to incomplete development of 
the brain. 

Syn. folly, Imbecility, stupidity, senseless¬ 
ness. 

Ant. (see~lntelHgence). 


id-i-o-graph mark or trade-mark. 

4H 4 Am (Id'l-fim), n. a mode of expression 
1U-1-UII1 peculiar to a language; as, he 

spoke an unfamiliar idiom; the distinctive 
characteristics of a language; an expression 
whose grammatical relationships are peculiar 
to itself; an expression whose meaning as 
a whole cannot be obtained by joining to¬ 
gether the meanings of its separate parts: 
for instance, “how do you do?” is an idiom 
whose meaning as a whole merely conveyB 
greeting, but whose separate parts convey 
meanings very different from that of the 
expression as a whole. 

4H 4 mat 4c (Id'I-d-m&tTk), ad), pecu- 
lU-l-U-lildl-ll/ liar to a language; given 
to, or marked by, the use of expressions char¬ 
acteristic of a language. Also, idiomatical.— 
adv. idiomatically. 

M S ~ ott (Id'I-o-sIn'kra-sI), n. 

-l-o-syn-cra-sy [pi. idiosyncrasies 

(-slz)], peculiarity of temperament; a char¬ 
acteristic peculiar to an individual born of 
that individual’s own particular bent. 

4H 4 ck+ (Id'I-ot), n. one of weak mind; a 
1U.-1-UL foolish person; dunce. 

M 4 rrf- 4c (Id'I-bt'Ik). adj. pertaining to, or 
-1-UI-IU like, a weak-minded person, a sim¬ 
pleton, or an imbecile; foolish. Also, idlotical. 
— adv. idiotically. 

4 HI a (i'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; un- 
1-UiC employed; unused; useless; vain; 
as, idle rebuke; of no importance; as, an idle 
tale; futile; lazy: v.i. to be inactive or with¬ 
out employment: v.t. to spend, or waste (time;: 
usually with away. 

Syn., adj. indolent, lazy. 

Ant. (see industrious). 

4 HIp (i'dl-nes),n.the 

1-Ulc-Ilcoo state of being 

inactive; indolence; slothful¬ 
ness; laziness. 

4 Hlpr (I'dler), n. one who 
l-UIUl wastes time in doing 
nothing; a lazy person. 

4 Hlxr (i'dll), adv. in an un- 
1-Uiy occupied or aimless 
manner; as, they wandered 
idly through the fields. 

4 HpI (i'dSl), n. an image of 
1-UU1 a divinity or a god 
employed as an object of wor¬ 
ship; a person or thing greatly 
loved or adored. 

4 Hrd a fpr d-dbl'd-ter), n. 

1-UUl-ci-lCl an idol wor¬ 
shiper; one who pays divine 
honors to images, etc.; one who 
loves a pers®n or thing to 
excess. 

i-dol-a-tress Sis) 61 n d a ' 

female worshiper of idols. 

(i-dbl'- 
d-trfis). 



Egyptian Idol 


i-dol-a-trous_ 

adj. pertaining to, or practicing, the worship¬ 
ing of images; marked by undue reverence or 
affection. 

4 Hoi a +t-Tr (i-dbl'd-trl). n. [pi. idolatries 
l-U.UI-d.-iry (_trlz)], the paying of divine 
honors to images, or any created object; 
very great admiration, veneration, or love 
for any person or thing. 

4 Hnl 4 tp (I'ddl-Iz), v.t. to make an object 
i-uui-iic 0 f worship of; love or admire to 
excess. 


i-dyl 

for 


an 


(i'dll), n. a short, pastoral poem; 
an episode forming a suitable subject 
idyl; sometimes, a descriptive or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bev, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 

















idylist 


301 


illness 


pertaining to, 
or resembling, 

adj. sending 
when struck 


a 

to 


narrative poem of greater length; a description 
of simple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also, idyll. 

1 Hvl icf (i'du-Ist), n. a pastoral poet; 
i-ujri-ioi a painter of pastoral scenes. 

I rivl Hr (i-dll'Ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, a short, pastoral 
poem, or an episode which is a fit subject for 
such a poem; pastoral. 

(If), conj. on the condition; as, if I let 
you have the book, you must read it 
carefully; supposing that; as, if I do go to 
New York, what is the best train to take? 
whether; as, he asked if he might go; 
although; as, if the answer is correct, the 
work is not neatly done, 
for np Aiic (Ig'nS-fis), adj. 

A fe“ AAC “'“ ,lAC> consisting of, 
fire; produced by fire. 

ig-nes-cent 

with steel; scintillating. 

ipe riicj faf II iic dg'nls fat'fl-fis), 
A & -AAA ® lal-U-Uo strange light seen 

flit above the ground in marshy places, etc.; 
a misleading influence: popularly known 
as Will-o’-the-wisp, Jack-o’-Lantern, Corpse- 
candle. ILat.] 

•icy rii+A (fe-nlt'). v.t. to set on fire; to heat 
1 &" 1AAI ' C strongly; subject to the action 
of intense heat: v.i. to take fire; glow with 
heat. 

itr nit at* (fe-nit'er), n. one who, or that 
A & -AAAL-CA which, kindles; a time exploder 
for setting on fire the powder of a torpedo, 
itr nit i "hi#* (fe-nit'I-bl), adj. capable of 
A fe -AAAI '- A-UAC being set on fire; easily 
kindled. 

ia ni tirvn Ofe-nlsh'fin), n. the act of 
A 6 -AAA-AAl - ,AA setting on fire or kindling; the 
state of being set on fire; the means of pro¬ 
ducing fire; the mechanism for exploding the 
charge in a gas engine. 

icy nn HI a Ote-no'bl), adj. of low birth 
*b' AAU_ulc or station; of mean character 
or quality; of little value; degraded; vile; 
dishonorable. 

irr no HI a npcc (Ig-n5'bl-nes), n. the 
A &“ AAA '“*- ,AC “ AAC015 state or quality of being 
humble, base, or mean. 

icy nn HHr (I»-n5'blI), adv. in a low or 
A & -AAW-AAA J mean manner; basely. 

icy nn min i mic (fe nd-mln I-us), adj. 
Ig-no-mm-l-oub marked with dishonor 

or public disgrace; as, to sell a vote is 
ignominious; shameful; deserving disgrace; 
despicable; as, his conduct is ignominious. 
Syn. scandalous, infamous. 

Ant. (see honorable). 

icr nn min tr (ig'no-min-i), n. [pi. igno- 
Ig-no-mm-y minies (-Tz)l, loss of one’s 
good name; public disgrace or dishonor; 
cause or source of disgrace. 

Syn. shame, disgrace, infamy, reproach, 
iev nn a mne (te"n6-ra'mfis), n. one 

A & _AA ^ _A<A ~ AAAlA::> without knowledge; espe¬ 
cially, such a one who pretends to knowl¬ 
edge; a dunce. 

icr nn ran pa (fe'no-rans), n. the state 
•l-H-'-IeUlvC of being uneducated, or 

uninformed; want of knowledge. 

irr nn rotil (Ig'no-rant), adj. destitute of 

lg-IlU-Idlil or without knowledge; umn- 

s true ted 

Syn. unlearned, illiterate, uninformed, un¬ 
educated. 


Ant. (see educated). 

irr nni-n (Ig-nor'), v.t. to treat as unknown; 
lg-UUi vi disregard wilfully; fail to recog- cross, 
nize; refuse to notice; throw out as false 111 npcc (H'nes), n. the condition of being 
or unsupported bv sufficient evidence. _ aaa-aa*;pp sick or evil; disease; sickness. 



Tuberculated 

Iguana 


i cm ana (I-gwa'na), n. a large lizard found 
A-gua.-lla jjj South and Central America. 
There are 
sev eral 
species, 
the largest 
attaining 
a length 
of five or 
six feet. 

il-e-um 

(U'g-fim),; 
n. the low¬ 
er part of 
the small 
intestine. 

| 1p V (i'lgks), 

1-lcX n holly; 
a class of ever¬ 
green trees and 
shrubs repre¬ 
sented by the holly. 

;i : o r (il'I-ak), adj. per- 
AA-i-cll/ taining to the 
ilium, or upper bone of 
the pelvis. 

T1 j n/| (Il'I-ad), n. a Greek epic poem in 
j.l- 1 -a.u twenty-four books, written by Homer. 

U : iin-i (H'1-urn), n. the dorsal or upper 
-1-U1I1 bone of the pelvis. 

lllr ad l- same: now rarely used except 

AAAi - in the phrase: of that ilk, of the same 
family, name, or estate. 

ill (A), adj. [comp, worse, superl. worst], 
AAA bad or evil; contrary to good; causing 
or attended by evil or suffering; in a bad or 
disordered state physically or morally; sick; 
diseased; unfriendly; not proper; unskilful; 
vicious: n. misfortune; disease; anything 
that prevents what is good; something 
morally bad; mischief: adv. not well; not easily. 
Syn., adj. sick, indisposed, unwell. 

Ant. (see good, well). 

ill Ht*aH (fl'bred"), adj. uncivil; rude; 
A1A_UACU - badly brought up; impolite. 

(I-le'gal), adj. contrary to law; 
unlawful; illicit.— adv. illegally. 

n lpcr : Ulp, (I-lej'I-bl), adj. badly written; 

~ AC b“ A_lAAC; as, this manuscript is illegible; 
defaced; not to be read easily. 

n ip „if I mofp (Il"e-jIt'I-mat), adj. born 
-le-gu-l-nidie out of wedlock; unlaw¬ 
ful; illegal; illogical; unsound; contrary to 
good usage; not genuine.— adv. illegitimately. 
—n. illegitimacy. 

m -ffl vnrpH (Il'fa'verd), adj. ugly; of- 
ia-vuicu f e D S jv e ; unpleasant. Also. 

ill-favoured. 

|| H Hpr al (I-lib'er-al), adj. not generous; 
ii-AA-uci-ctl no t broad-minded; bigoted: 
mean.— adv. illiberally.— n. illiberality. 

|1 lip if (I-lIs'It), adj. not authorized or 
ll-Alo-Al allowed; unlicensed; illegal; un¬ 
lawful. 


il-le-gal 


ll lim it a HI A (I - 1 Im ' 1 1- a -b 1 ), adj. 
AA - AAAAA-Al ' -<A_ UlC immeasurable; vast; in¬ 
finite.— adv. inimitably.— n. illimitableness. 

il Iff A-r o r\T (I-Ht'er-d-sI), n. ignorance 
Il-iil-ei-cl-uy 0 f letters; want of learn¬ 
ing; ignorance; inability to read or write; 
as, the illiteracy of the people is surprising. 

U 1\f p r o+p (I-lit'er-at), adj. unable to 
-lil-Ci-dlC read or write; unlearned; 
ignorant of letters or books; unrefined. 

m no +<iroH (fl'na'tfird), adj. ha\ing a 
■” AacA_1 '‘ Aa CAA bad temper; spiteful; surly; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








illogical 


302 


imbricate 


il-log-i-cal iLund' kdl) ' ad) ' contrary 


rules of logic. 


reasoning, or to 


to 

the 


one sub- 
impressions; 


il 111 mi nonf (I-lu'mi-nant), n. anything 
aa-aui-aaaa-aacaaal which gives or produces 

light. 

il In mi ncx (Mu'ml-nat), v.t. to give 
.m-i.Iil-lld.lo light to; as, they will 

illuminate the park with arc lights; decorate 
with lights, in token of rejoicing; as, we 
illuminate the Christmas tree with colored 
electric lights; enlighten; throw light upon; 
make plain; adorn, as a manuscript, with 
small designs in colors and gold: v.i. to 
display lights as a sign of rejoicing; as, 
the city has decided tq, illuminate during the 
convention. 

U lll mi na firm (Wu'ml-na'shiSn), n. 
-iU-mi-na-IlOIl supply of light; the 

act of giving light to, or state of being lighted; 
especially, the decoration of houses or cities 
with lights; the art of adorning books or 
manuscripts; a design in a work so adorned; 
intellectual light; inspiration. 

U lll mi na tor (I-lu'mi-na'ter), n. one 
-i.u-mi-ud.-iui who or that which, 

gives light; one who adorns books, manu¬ 
scripts, etc.; a condenser or reflector, 
il minp (i-lu min), v.t . to light; as, the 
u-iu-nuuc moon illumines the night: v.i. 
to be lighted. 

il ill cirm d'lu'zhfin), n. deceptive appear- 
u.-iu.-oiuii ance; false show; hallucina¬ 
tion; tulle; delicate lace for veils. 

Syn. fallacy, deception, phantasm. 

il-lU-Sion-ist ^Pto^e' 

a sleight-of-hand performer, 
il Iff eivA d-lu'slv), adj. deceiving by 
, c false impressions; deceptive; 

illusory.— adv. illusively. — n. illusiveness. 

il 111 cr» T\T (I-lu'so-rl), adj. causing de- 
a-iu-oo-i y ception; deceptive; fallacious. 
Syn. imaginary, chimerical, visionary. 

Ant. (see real). 

il Inc (I-lus'trat; ll’fis-trat), v.t. to 

u-iuQ-uaic make clear or intelligible; 
as, 1 think that I can illustrate the subject 
so that you will be able to understand each 
sentence; explain by examples; to make 
plain by means of pictures, etc.; as, I wish 
you to illustrate this book. 

il Ino 1“ T'O'f - pd d-lus tra-tgd; fl/us-trat- 
u-iuo-uai-cu ed), p.adj. having pictures 
or sketches to adorn or explain the text. 

n liiQ ■("inn (A"us-tra'shun), n. the 
-lUo-Lid,-LlUIl ac t; of making clear or 

adorning by pictures; the state of being 
explained or adorned by pictures; that which 
makes clear, as a comparison or example; 
a picture designed to make the text plain or 

C J ear 

il lliq fra tivp (1-lus'trS-tIv; H'fis-trS,- 
11-lUb-X.td-tlVe t iv), ad j m tending to 

explain or make clear.— -adv. illustratively. 

il lifd "t'Tfti tor (I-lus'tra-ter; Il’us-tra-ter), 
xi-xuio-LAai-tUA one who makes plain 

by example; one who draws pictures, as for 
magazines; a. cartoonist. 

il 1 11 Q +m ni 1 C (l-lus'trl-fls), adj. distin- 
U-m&-lU-UUb guished by greatness; re¬ 
nowned; glorious; famous; honored; as. 
Colonel Roosevelt was one of the most illus¬ 
trious persons of his day. 

Syn. celebrated, eminent. 

Ant. (see obscure). 

im ft tr#» n. an imitation of any 

uu *“b c person or thing; a statue; bust; 
an idol; a counterpart; likeness; as, “God 
created man in his own image" ; a mental 


picture, conception, or idea; as, it is easy 
to form an image of the scene you describe; 
an extended metaphor; reflection of an 
object formed by rays of light; as, how 
I love to watch the images in the water: 
v.t. to form, or reflect, a likeness of; represent 
to the mental vision; imagine. 

Syn., n. representation, effigy. 

im a o-a nr (hn'aj-rl), n. [pi. imageries 
llll-d-gc-iy (_rlz)l, the work of one whose 
business it is to make figures or likenesses of 
objects or persons; figures or imitations of 
objects taken collectively; figures of speech 
by way of decoration in discourse; forms of 
the fancy; work of the memory or the 
imagination. 

im per i na d-maj'f-nd-bl), ad), ca- 

1111-d.g l-Ild.-UiU pable of being pictured 

in the imagination or conceived; as, she has 
the prettiest home imaginable .— ado. Imagi¬ 
nably. 

im per i tip rv (I-maj'I-nS.-rl), adj. exist- 
iiii-a^-l-list-I y only in the fancy; 

as, imaginary ills hurt as badly as real ones; 
unreal; idealistic; as, his trip was only 
imaginary, but he enjoyed it greatly. 

Sij7i. ideal, fanciful, illusory. 

Ant. (see real). 

im ppr i tip firm (tona-jd-na'shfin), n. 

lill-d.g-1-IId.-llUIl picture-forming 

power of the mind; the ability to create 
thoughts, ideas, or fancies; especially, the 
higher forms of this power exercised in art and 
poetry, usually termed the creative power; 
any product of this mind-power; a conception 
or idea; fanciful opinion; fancy; invention. 

im 1 fifl tivp (I-maj'I-n$,-tIv), adj. 
UIi-dg-1-lld.-llVt; proceeding from, ex¬ 
hibiting, or endowed with, the picture¬ 
forming faculty of the mind; as, she is the 
most imaginative person I ever knew; in¬ 
ventive; fanciful.— adv. imaginatively. 

im-ag-i-na-tive -ness 

quality of being fanciful or inventive. 

1 YT 1 pnr tyifa (I-maj'In), v.t. to form a 
iui-d.g-llie mental picture of; as, I shall 
describe the place and see if you can imagine 
the scene; produce by the picture-forming 
quality of the mind; conceive; as, can you 
imagine any one’s taking that risk? conjec¬ 
ture; think; scheme; suppose: v.i. to form 
a mental picture; fancy; as, the place Is 
just as pretty as you imagine; surmise. 

im VlP ri1<^ (hn'be-sll; Bn. Im'be-sel, Im"- 
liU-UC-Olic bg-sel'), adj. without strength, 
especially of mind; feeble-minded; idiotic: n. 
one of feeble mind. 

im bp ril i tv (im'b6-sn'i-tn, n. [pi. im- 
1 H1 ue Uli-l-iy becilities (-tlz)], mental 

weakness; inability; incapacity, or lack of 
power to do; foolishness; idiocy. 

Syn. silliness, senility, dotage, 
im bpd (bn-bed'), v.t. to inclose In sur- 
xaaa-uovj. rounding matter; to sink or lay 
as in a bed. Also, embed. 

im bibp (ba-bib'), v.t. to drink in; absorb, 
aaaa-uaaao as if by drinking; receive or absorb 
into the mind: v.i. to drink: absorb moisture. 
— n. imbiber. 

im brwt V (bn-bdd'l), v.t. and v.i. to make 
iJ.ii-UUU-y definite and easily grasped or 
comprehended; as, to imbody ideas in words; 
to cause to become a body or part of a body; 
as, to imbody these suggestions in the text! 
Also, embody. 

im bl*i rafp (bn'brt-kat), adj. with the 
Iiil ui 1-Ud.lo edges lapped over each 

other, as scales or shingles, in regular order. 
Also, Imbricated. 


ate, sen&te, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade,* scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 








imbrication 


303 


immolate 


an 

as 


im Kri ra firm (hn"bri-ka'shun), n. 
UU-Uil-i/a-uUH overlapping of edges, 

in scales or shingles. 

itrt Km crlia (Im-brol'yS), n. an intricate 
*11 j.- ui ant j perplexing state of af¬ 

fairs: misunderstanding; entanglement; strife; 
perplexity; complicated plot, 
im KniP (Im-broo'), v.t. to wet or moisten; 
ixix-ui uc soak; drench, especially in blood, 
im Kim (im-bu'). v.t. to cause to absorb; 

1111-UU6 to catnrj 


to saturate; tinge deeply; dye; 
to tincture deeply, as the mind with certain 
principles; as, I was quite imbued with his ideas. 

im i fa Kla (Im'I-td-bl), adj. capable of 
iiu.-i-ia-uii? being copied or patterned 

after. 

im i fafa (Im'I-tat), v.t. to duplicate in 
nii.-i-ta.ic form, color, qualities, conduct, 
and the like; use as a model or pattern; 
to take example by; as, the boy imitates 
his father’s every act and word; to copy; 
to appear to be like; to resemble in externals. 

Syn. ape, mimic, mock, 
im i -fa -firm (Irn'T-ta'shfin), n. the act 
llll-l- 1st-llUll 0 f following as a pattern 

or example, or of striving to copy; that 
which is made to resemble something: adj. 
made as a copy of an object of superior 
worth; not genuine. 

fi-fTf* (Im'l-tS-tlv), ad), inclined 
AAAA “ A “l < l“l Avc to copy an original; formed 
after a model.— adv. imitatively. 
im i fa far (Im'I-ta'ter), n. one who 
AAAA_A_ l e *“l'- ,A copies; as, an imitator rarely 
possesses any originality. 

im ma f* n lafa (I-mak ll-l&t), ad), with- 
liil-Iild.0-U.-ia.lt; out blemish; unspotted; 

undeflled; pure.— adv. immaculately. 

Syn. spotless, unsullied, stainless, 
im ma -narif (Im'd-n8nt), adj. remaining 
AAAA-AAAcA-AA ' : ' AA L within; indwelling; as, an 
immanent power of the mind.—??, immanence. 

iwi ma ie i*i al (bn d-te rl-cll), ad), not 
lUl-Hla.-ItJ-i 1-d.l consisting of matter; 

spiritual; disembodied; unimportant.— adv. 

Immaterially. 

:tyi a ■fura (ini d-tur ), ad), not ripe, 
lIIl-IIld.-lU.iC not fully grown or de¬ 
veloped; not finished or perfected; crude. 

im-meas-ur-a-bil-i-ty 

mezh’tlr-d-biri-tT)* n. the quality of being 
of indefinite extent or degree; as, the mind 
of man cannot grasp the immeasurability of 
eternity. 

• iiv o Vwla (I-mezh'flr-a-bl; 

im-meas-ur-a-Die im-m6zh'iir-d-bi) , 

adj. not capable of being reckoned in terms of 
length, breadth, etc.; immense; limitless; 
vast. Also, immensurable. 

• o VwItt (I-mezh'fir-d-bll; 

im-meas-ur-a- biy im-mezh'tir-d-bii) , 

adv. to an indefinite extent or degree; as, 
the civilization of the twentieth century is 
immeasurably in advance of that of the 
fourteenth and fifteenth, 
im ma rK a fa d-me'dl-it). ad), directly 
lTH-IH6-U.l-d.lt> related; next; direct; 
acting without any agency, object, or time 
coming between; as, these are only the 
immediate causes of the war; there are others 
more deep-seated and remote; near at hand 
—n. immediateness, immediacy. 

Syn. pressing, next, proximate, 
im ma of a Kr (I-me'dl-it-lI). adv. di- 

im-me-ai-aTe-iy rectly; instantly; at 

once. . , 

Syn. forthwith, presently, straightway. 
i*v» ma mov ? ol (Im'e-md'rI-5,1), adj. ex- 

lm-me-mor-l-ai tending beyond the 


reach of memory, record, or tradition; as. 
immemorial usage or custom. 

tyi anQa d-m^ns'), adj. immeasurable; 
AAAA ~ AAACAA::,C botmdless; vast; very great 
or large; n. infinite space.— adv. immensely. 
Syn., adj. enormous, huge, monstrous. 

im tnan ci fir (I-men sl-tl), n. [pi. im- 
1 *11-111611-SI-iy mensities (-tlz)], the char¬ 
acter of being very large; boundless; im¬ 
measurableness; infinite space; vastness in 
extent or size. 

im man cm* a Kla (I-men , sh(55-rd-bl ) , 
im-men-sur-a-Die a( y. immense; lim¬ 
itless; incapable of having size, dimensions, 
etc. given, on account of vastness. Also, 
immeasurable.— n. immensurability. 

•-y- Tt-naraa d-mfirj'), v.t. to plunge into 
nii-nici or under anything, especially 

a fluid; immerse; v.i. to disappear by enter¬ 
ing into anything else; as, the moon immerges 
into the shadow of the earth, 
itn marcp d-mfirs'), v.t. to plunge into 
liil-mci or under anything, especially 

a fluid; sink; dip; plunge into and be 
absorbed in, as an occupation; baptize by 
plunging into water. 

Syn. immerge, submerge. 

im marcarl d-mfirst'). p.adj. deeply 
im-inci ocu. plunged into anything, espe¬ 
cially a fluid; deeply occupied, interested, or 
involved; growing wholly under water: said 
of a plant. 

im mar cion d-mfir'shfin), n. the act 
lm-mer-bion of plunging or dipping 

into a fluid; the state of being plunged or 
dipped into a fluid; baptism by dipping the 
whole person into w r ater. 

im mi erranf (hn'I-grSnt), adj. passing or 
mi-nil-giant coming into, as a new place 
of residence: n. one who comes into a country 
to settle. 

im mi err a fa dm'i-grat), v.i. to come 
liii-iin-giatc into a new place of resi¬ 
dence; especially, to come into a country to 
settle.—n. immigration. 

im mi nanra (hn'I-nens). n. the condl- 
im-mi-nence tion of being about to 
happen immediately; as, in all ages there 
have been persons who have preached the 
imminence of the end of the world; nearness; 
threatening evil or danger. 

if-M mi nan-1- (Im'I-nent), adj. threatening 
im-m.1-116111 or about to fall or occur 
immediately: said especially of misfortune 
or peril; as, to the ancient Romans, a falling 
star meant some imminent calamity. 

Syn. impending, threatening. 

Ant. (see unexpected). 

im ma Kila d-mo'bfi), adj. not movable; 
im-II10-DlI6 not to be affected by the 
emotions; motionless. 

• i i., (Im'S-bH'I-tl), n. flxed- 

im-mo-oll-l-ty ness in place or state; 
motionlessness; as, the American Indian 
was noted for the immobility of his face 
under suffering or pain. 

a** n+o (I-m5d'er-at), ad), ex- 
im.-IT10Cl-6r-S.t6 treme; not confined to 
customary or just or reasonable limits; 
extravagant; intemperate. — adv. Immoder¬ 
ately. —n. immoderation, 
i-*-*-* act (l-mbd'est), adj. forward; 

llll-lilUti-col boasting; wanting in the 
restraint required by decency: indelicate; 
impure in word or deed.— adv. immodestly. 

im marl ao fir (I-mfid'6s-tI). n. want of 
lHl-II10Cl-6b-iy modesty, delicacy, or 

proper reserve; proud boasting; impurity, 
im mn Kfp (Im'6-lat). v.t. to kill as a 
lill-lim-laic sacrifice; as. Abraham was 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; f/ien, thick;hw - whasm when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 






immoral 


304 


impecuniosity 


about to immolate his son, Isaac; offer in 
sacrifice; make a sacrifice of; as, it is often 
necessary to immolate ambition on the altar 
of duty.— n. immolation. 

-irvt mAr ol d-mfir'al), adj. contrary to 
Xi.ll-JJ.JLUx -a.1 the law of right and wrong; 
wicked; vicious; loose in acts or words; 
dishonest; unprincipled.— adv. immorally. 

1TT1 TTifl 1 1 tv (Im"6-rS.l'I-tI), n. vice; 
Ull-lllU-laJ-l-Lj wickedness; an evil act 

or practice. 

■im mnr -fal d-mor'tal), adj. never-dying; 
uu-iuui ■ tcxx imperishable; ever-living; n. 
one who never dies; one whose fame is un¬ 
dying or lasting; pi. the gods of Greek and 
Roman mythology. 

itn in tc il i t\T O^^r-tal'l-tl), n. ex- 
■111-l-I.LlUl -ld.i-1-iy emption from death; 

unending existence. 

<m TrtrtT* d-mor'tal-iz), v.t. to 

Ull-IIlUr-Idl-lZc give unending hfe to; 

bestow lasting fame upon; as, Shakespeare’s 
plays immortalize his name. 

•!m mrvr hr d-mor'tal-I), adv. eter- 
Illi-IIIUr-tdl-iy na iiy; undyingly; as, the 

name of Lincoln is immortally enshrined in 
the history of America. 

•im mnr folia dm"6r-tel'), n. [pi. im- 
im-mor-Leilt; mortelles (-telz)], a plant 

whose flowers may be dried without losing their 
form or color; a wreath made of such flowers. 

im-mov-a-bU-i-ty 

fs^tllGSS 

im mn\T a hi#* d-moov'd-bl), adj. inca- 
im-mOY-a-Die pable of being moved; 

fixed; steadfast; unchanging; unfeeling: 
n.pl. land, or things fixed to, or belonging to, 
land, as trees or buildings.— adv. immovably. 

-im rniiriA (I-mun'), adj. exempt; privi- 
iiix-iiiuiic leged; protected against a 

disease; as, vaccination usually makes one 
immune from smallpox: n. one who is 
cot liable to take any particular disease by 
reason of having had it. 

•im mil ii i fir d-mu'nl-tl), n. [pi. immu- 
1111 -III u-Ill-iy n ities (-tlz)], freedom from 

any duty, office, or tax; freedom from natural 
or usual duty, etc.; special privilege: usually 
in plural; the state of freedom from any par¬ 
ticular disease because of protection against it. 

Syn. privilege, prerogative, exemption, 
im mnro d-mur'). v.t. to inclose within 
liu-iixuiu -walls; shut up in prison; confine. 

im mu tfi hil i tv (i -mu "td-bii'i-ti), n. 
lm-mu-ld-011-1-ty unchangeableness. 

im mn fa "hi#* (I-mu'ta-bl), adj. un- 
im-iilu.-la.-UlC changeable; unalterable; 
permanent.— adv. immutably, 
imn dmp), n • a young, little, or inferior 
imp devil; a hobgoblin; a pert or mis¬ 
chievous child. 

i-rr, riant (Im'pakt), n. a collision; a striking 
UU-patl together of two objects; as, the 
impact of the two cars jarred the passengers 
from their seats. 

im Tsftc firm iv#* (fm-pak shun-iz), v.t. 
1111-pd.L- 11U11-1ZC store or pack closely 

together, as airplanes. 

im rvair (ha-P&r'), v.t. to make worse; 
mi-paii lessen in quantity, excellence, 
value, or strength; weaken; harm; as, the 
use of alcoholic drinks impairs the health. 
Syn. injure, diminish, decrease. 

im mair merit dm-par'ment), n. a les- 
1111-pall-IUCIll sening in value, excel¬ 
lence, or strength; injury, 
im naif* dm-pal'). v.t. to pierce through 
iiu-paix; with anything sharp; as, to 
impale an insect on a pin; put to death 


by thrusting through with a sharp stake 
fixed upright; surround with, or as with, 
pales or stakes.— n. impalement. 

im-pal-pa-ble 

as, the air is full of impalpable particles of 
dust; not consisting of matter; not capa¬ 
ble of being felt. 

im -non ol (hn-pan'el), v.t. to enter the 
Hil-pdll-cl names of (jurors) on a piece 
of parchment called a panel ; summon to 
serve on a jury; draw from the list and 
swear in persons to form a jury; enroll, 
im r\art dm-part'), v.t. to bestow a share 
Hll-pai L or portion of; give; to communi¬ 
cate knowledge of; make known; v.i. to give 
a share. 

Syn. reveal, divulge, disclose, bestow, 
im r\ar fial dni-par'shal), adj. not favor- 
llll-pdl-Udl i n g one m0 re than another; 

fair; just; as, a judge must be absolutely 
impartial in his decisions.— adv. impartially. 

im not* ti ol i •fir (Im—par shl-cll I-tl, 
llXl-pST-Tl-al-l-iy im'par-sha.l'1-ti), n. 

freedom from favoritism; fairness. 

im nocc a Vila (Im-pas'a-bl), adj. not to 
liii-paaa-a-uic: be gone through or by; 

not admitting transit; as, the way was blocked 
by an impassable barrier.— adv. impassably. 

im -nocc i Vila (un-pas I-bl), adj. incapa- 
llll-pdbb-l-Ulc ble of suffering from out¬ 
side causes; free from harm or pain; not to 
be moved to passion, sympathy, or any sign 
of emotion; as, he met every trial with 
impassible courage. 

im ttfic QintlpH (Im-p&sh'und), p.adl. 
llll-pdb-blUllUU. moved to strong feel¬ 
ing; excited; showing warmth of feeling; as, an 
impassioned appeal. 

Syn. glowing, burning, fiery, vehement, 
intense. 

im tiaq civ#* (hn-p&s'Iv), adj. not feeling 
nii-pao-aiv c or no t showing pain, suffer¬ 
ing, feeling, or emotion; calm.— adv. impas¬ 
sively.—n. impassivity. 

im r\a tionra (Im-pa'shSns), n. the state 
llii-pd.-llcilLC 0 f being restless, irritable. 

or unwilling to wait. 

im r\a fio-nf (Im-pa'shent), ad), restless 
llll-pd.-U.CIll because of pain, delay, 

opposition, control, or circumstances; in¬ 
tolerant; showing or expressing restlessness, 
irritability, or intolerance; eager.— adv. impa¬ 
tiently. 

Syn. peevish, fretful, hasty, choleric. 

im noarh dm-pech ), v.t. to call in ques- 
liii-pcaeil tion; accuse of official mis¬ 
conduct before a court: challenge the truth 
or value of; as, to impeach the testimony 
of a witness or a document. 

Syn. charge, arraign, censure. 

im n#*arh n hi#* dm-pech'd-bl). adj. 
UIl-ped.Lll-d.-Uie guilty Of such miscon¬ 
duct as makes a public officer liable to trial 
in court, or of making statements, especially 
on the witness stand, that can be chal¬ 
lenged or called into question. 

im npflrli m#*n+ (lm-pech'mSnt), n. the 
rni-peacn-meni calling to trial of a 

public officer for wrongdoing in office; a 
discrediting of testimony or the like. 

im Tipf (*o hil i fv (Im-pSk'd-bm- 1 1), 
im-peC-Ca-DU-1-iy n freedom from sin, 

error, or wrongdoing. 

im npf fa hi#* dua-pgk'd-bl)• o.d). not 
Ull-peC-ea-Die liab i e to sin; faultless; 

as, God is impeccable. 

im-pe-cu-ni-os-i-ty 

money; poverty. 


ate, senate, rUre, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, Unite, bUrn, cut, focus, menu; 







impecunious 


305 


impertinent 


jtri -np pit rij (^^."P^ku'nl-ils), adj. 

mi-pe-tu-m-uuo without money; poor. 

Jm nodo (Im-ped'). v.t. to obstruct; hin- 
Ull'pcuc dor; make slower; prevent; 
as, snow and cold impede the advance of the 
army. 

Im nod i mpn+ (Im-pSd'I-mSnt), n. that 
im-pea-l-menx w hich hinders or ob¬ 
structs progress or activity; obstruction; 
obstacle. 

Syn. hindrance, barrier. 

Ant. (see aid). 

im npH i tti on fg (Im-p6d*I-m8n , t d), 

im-pea-i-men-xa n , p i things which 

hinder progress; baggage; especially, military 
baggage; military supplies. [Lat.] 
im <hn-p81'), v.t. [p.t . and p.p. impelled, 
Ull-pci p.pr. impelling], to drive or urge 
forward or on; to force or influence to any 
kind of motion or action; as, fear and self- 
reproach impel him to confess. 

Syn. animate, induce, incite. Instigate, 
embolden. 

Ant. (see retard). 

im -nonsi (hn-pgnd'), v.i. to hang over; 
UU-pCUU. ready to fall; be at hand; 
threaten immediately. 

im-pend-ing SEE 

to threaten; close at hand; as, impending 
ruin or disaster. 

Syn. immin ent, threatening. 

im-pen-e-tra-bil-i-ty b'“:Sf, n nflnci- 

pability of being pierced or entered; that 
property of matter according to which no 
two bodies can occupy the same space at 
the same time. 

;«vi p + r o kip (Im-p8n e-tra-bl), 

llll-pcll-c-II a-UIC adj. not to be entered 
or pierced; not admitting entrance; not ca¬ 
pable of being understood or comprehended; 
as. an impenetrable mystery; not touched by 
reason, sympathy, etc.; as, an impenetrable 
heart; having the property of matter accord¬ 
ing to which no two bodies can occupy the 
same space at the same time; as, the impene 
trable armor of a battleship. 

• (Km-pen'I-tSns).n.hard- 

im-pen-l-tence ness of heart; stubborn 
wickedness; failure to repent for wrong done 

Also, impenitency. 

• _ (Km-pSn'I-tent), adj. not 

lin-pen-l-tent sorry for sin; finally 
neglecting the duty of repentance: n. one 
who finally neglects the duty of repentance; 
a hardened sinner. 

non o fiira (Km-pgr'a-tlv), adj. ex- 
llU-pcl11VC pressing command; not 
to be avoided; as, an imperative necessity; 
in grammar, expressing command, entreaty, 
or exhortation; as, the imperative mood: n. 
something, as an act or word, that gives or 
expresses a command; the imperative mood. 
— adv. imperatively. 

Syn., adj. commanding, urgent, despotic, 
authoritative. 


iS-per-cep-ti-bil-i-ty 

incapability of being taken in by the senses 
or realized by the mind. 

• - _ xf -Ulo. (Km p8r-sep tl-bl), 

im-per-cep-tl-ble adj. not capable of 
being perceived by the senses, or realized by 
the mind; extremely small or brief; as, 
after an almost imperceptible pause, he spoke. 

— adv. imperceptibly. 

• _ £~. n 4 . (Km-pur'fekt), adj. wanting 
im-per-iecx in completeness, correctness, 
or excellence: wanting in some organ neces- 


sary to usual activity; incomplete; indicat¬ 
ing that tense in grammar which expresses 
past action as uncompleted or continuous 
at the time denoted: n. in grammar, the 
form of the verb denoting incomplete action. 
— adv. imperfectly. 

• „ r _ +• __ (Km"per-fek'shfln), n. 

lm-per-iec-tion incompleteness; faultl- 
ness; a defect or blemish, physical, mental, 
or moral; failing. 

Syn. fault, vice, weakness, 
im no ri ill (Km-pe'rI-5,1), adj. pertaining 
llll-pc-l 1 -dl an empire or emperor; 
fit or suitable for one who practices supreme 
authority; of superior size or excellence; 
supreme; sovereign: n. the top ©f a ceach or 
carriage; an article of unusual excellence; 
a tuft of hair left unshaven on the lower lip 
and chin. 

ol loin (Km-pe'rl-SJ-Izm). n. the 
im-pe-ri-ai-ism power or government 
of an emperor; the policy of the extension 
of the control or dominion of a nation, either 
by gaining new territory or by a close union 
of more or less loosely connected parts. 

• -1 ‘-.x (Km-pe'rK-Sl-Kst), n. one 
im-pe-ri-al-lST w ho favors or upholds 
the policy of extending the control or dominion 
of a nation; the follower of an emperor. 

Jm no ri al ic fir (lm-pe*rl : &l-ls'tlk). 
lm-pe-n-ai-lS-XlC adj. pertaining to. or 

favoring, the policy of extending the control 
or dominion of a nation. 

J1 (Im-per'Il), v.t. to put In danger 
im-per-11 or jeopardy; endanger; as. to 
imperil safety; imperil health. 

Syn. hazard, risk. 

Jm no ri nil* (ta-pe'rf-ito). adj. com- 
ini-pc-ll-UUb manding; everbearing; ur¬ 
gent; imperative.— adv. imperiously. 

Syn. commanding, authoritative, lordly. 

im-per-lSn-a-Dle indestructible: not 
subject to decay; permanently enduring; 
as, imperishable fame.— adv. imperishably. 

im-per-me-a-bil-i-ty Tlii 

property of a substance by virtue of which 
it does not permit fluids, etc., to pass through 
its pores; incapability of being pervaded or 
passed through. 

• _ w „ v .1 „ (Im-pflr'me-e-bl), 

im-per-me-a-Dle adj. not permitting 

passage, as of a fluid through a substance; 
as, rubber is impermeable to water. 

non pah ol (Km-pfir'sfin-al), ad), not 
lm-per-son-cll belonging or referring to 
a particular person; not existing as a separate 
person; as, most of us believe in an impersonal 
power called luck; in grammar, referring to a 
verb whose subject is never a person; as, U 
snows; it seems: impersonal verb, a verb 
used without a subject, or (in English) with 
only the pronoun it. — adv. impersonally. 

;„ o/m 0+0 (Im-pfir'sfin-at), v.t. to 

lm-per-son-ate give to something the 

qualities of a person; to represent a person 
or character, especially on the stage. 

• __ _„ x~— (Km-pfir'sun-a*t5r), 

lm-per-son-a-tor n one w ho represents 

characters; an actor. , „ . . 

(Km-pfir'tK-nens) , n. 

mi-pcr-tl-lieiice that which has no 

relation to the matter in hand, as in speech 
or manners; a thing of no value; a trifle: 
lack of due respect for others in manners or 
speech; rudeness. 

x: (Km-pfir'tK-nSnt), ad), of 

im-per-tl-nent no relation to the matter 
in hand: not to the point: rude: uncivil, 


or exceiituiuw, wtnitnis *** —---—- 

boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw= wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








imperturbability 


306 


impose 


or offensive in behavior; guilty of rude or 
unbecoming manners or speech.— adv. im¬ 
pertinently. 

Syn. intrusive, meddling, rude, saucy. 

im-per-turb-a-bil-i-ty b“b§m r n: 

the quality of being self-contained or calm, 
im npr fnrh (Im'per-tOr'ba-bl) . 

lm-pei-xurD-a-Die ad j_ not easi i y dls . 

turbed, agitated, or embarrassed; self-con¬ 
tained; calm; as, the child regarded the 
stranger with an imperturbable stare.— adv. 

imperturbably. 

itn tiat" tn mi c (Im-pfir'vl-fis), adj. im- 
llll-pCi-Vl-UU.£> penetrable; not permit¬ 
ting passage, as of a fluid, through a sub¬ 
stance.— adv. imperviously. 

itn fi#a+ ti i +w (Im-pet'fi-ds'I-tl), n. 
im-pet-U-Ob-l-iy violence; force; the 

quality which leads to action without thought; 
impulsiveness. 

im rwa+ 11 rmc (lm-p6t'fl-us), adj. rushing 
uu-pci-u-uus with force and violence; 

as, an impetuous current; passionate in feeling; 
acting with sudden energy; hasty and rash 
in action and speech.— adv. impetuously. 

Syn. violent, boisterous, furious, vehement, 
impulsive. 

Ant. (see calm). 

im tip* +ii c (Im'p§-tfls), n. the force which 
ilU-pc-i,Ua any moving body possesses by 
reason of its motion and weight; momentum; 
Impulse; stimulus. 

im ni o fw (Im-pi'e-tl). n. [pi. impieties 
Aiii-pi-c-ty (-tlz)J, want or reverence; 
disregard of the Supreme Being; ungodli¬ 
ness; an act of irreverence or wickedness; as, 
an act of downright impiety. 
im nirnrp (Im-plnj'), v.i. to strike or dash; 
JdU-pnigC clash; come in collision: with 
on, upon, and against; as, sound waves im¬ 
pinge on the eardrum, setting in motion a 
series of three tiny bones, 
im -ni nnc (Bn'pl-ffs), adj. irreligious; 
lill-pi-UUo wicked; profane; as, the 
third commandment warns us against impious 
language. 

Syn. godless. 

Ant. (see reverent). 

i rnn (Tm'pish), adj. having the char- 

acter of a mischievous child or 
spirit; as, impish behavior. 

im nlji pfi hit i fv (frn-pla w k<i-bfl'i-tt), 
im-pidL-Lci-011-1-iy n a state of enmity 

which cannot be softened, or anger which 
cannot be lessened. Also L implacableness. 

im nla rex Kick (Im-pla'kd-bl), adj. not to 
iiii-pia.-Ayea.-uic be pacified or appeased; 

constant in anger or enmity; relentless; as, 
an Indian is a loyal friend or an implacable 
enemy.— adv. implacably, 
im nlanf (lm-plant/), v.t. to set in deeply; 
lill-piam cause to take root; to give a 
Arm foothold to; as, to implant a teaching In 
the mind. 

im nip rnpnt (Im'pl&-m8nt), n. that 
uu-pic-mcm which supplies a want, or is 
a necessity to an end; especially, an instru¬ 
ment, tool, or utensil; as, a pickax is an imple¬ 
ment for loosening the soil, 
im nli rofa (Im'pll-kat), v.t. to fold or 
uu-pu-bcuc twist together; involve; en¬ 
tangle; bring into connection with; as, the 
evidence implicates many in the plot. 

Syn. embarrass, compromise. 

im nli ra firm (im'plI-ka'sMn), n. en- 
fAAl-pil-A/O.- Liuii tanglement; a meaning 

not expressed but understood; as, since he 
did not say anything of the matter, the 
implication is that he knows nothing about it. 


im -nliV i+ (hn-plls'lt), adj. to be under- 
uu-pilb-n stood, though not expressed; 
as, implicit sympathy; trusting in the word 
or authority of another; blind; unreserved; 
as, implicit confidence. 

im nlnrck (Im-plor'), v.t. to entreat (a 
lllA-piUA C person, or for a thing) earnestly 
and humbly; to beg; pray; supplicate: v.t. 
to beg; supplicate. 

im nil nr incr (Im-pl5r'Ing). p.adj. humbly 
llii-piui --ing begging; as, an imploring 

look. 

im niw (im-pli'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. implied, 
llli-piy j^pr. implying], to mean some¬ 
thing without directly saying so; to carry 
a certain meaning, plainly to be understood, 
though not directly expressed; as, your words 
imply distrust of him; express indirectly. 

Syn. involve, compromise, infold, import, 
denote, signify. 

im nn lifn (im' , p&-llt / ), adj. wanting In 
liii-pu-ntc good manners; boorish; coarse, 
rough; discourteous.— adv. Impolitely. 

im nn litn tipcc (hn"p6-lit'nes). n. dis- 
AAii-pu-iitc-iicoo courteousness; rough¬ 
ness; rudeness; incivility, 
im nnl i +ir* (lm-p61'i-tlk), ad), unwise; 
lm-pOi-I-ClL, indiscreet. 

im-pon-der-a-bil-i-ty tetn? n 5r th; 

quality of being incapable of being weighed. 

im nnn Hnr cx Kin (Im-pdn'der-d-bl). 

lm-poxi-aer-a-Die adj ^ not capable 

of being weighed; without (sensible) weight, 
im nnrf (hn-port'), v.t. to bring goods or 
lUl-pUi L -wares into a country from abroad 
for commercial purposes; bring in from 
without; to mean; betoken; be of interest 
or consequence to; concern: v.i. to be of 
consequence: n. (Im'port), merchandise 

brought into a country from abroad: usually 
in plural; meaning; significance; consequence. 

•Jwi twii* tnnee (im-por'tSns), n. thequal- 
lm-por-tdnce jty of being significant, 

weighty, or momentous; consequence; pom¬ 
pousness. 

Syn. significance, avail, gravity, moment. 

im nor font (hn-pdr'tSnt), adj. of much 
lni-pui-lain, consequence; bearing weight 

or consequence; of high standing; pompous. 

{•m Tint +ii ftrvn (kn'pAr-ta’shfin), n. the 
1111-pUI-ld-llUIJ. ac t or practice of bring¬ 
ing merchandise into a country from abroad; 
that which is brought in ; that which is 
recently introduced; as, the word chauffeur 
was an importation from France. 

im nnrt pr (hn-por'ter), n. one who 
uii-pui t-ci brings in goods from foreign 

countries for commercial purposes. 

im 1)01* til natf* (Im-por'tft-nSt), adj. 
nii-pui - fll-licnc persistent; unreason¬ 
able or troublesome in begging or asking; not 
to be repulsed; urgent.— adv. importunately. 

im nor tnnp (im^por-tun'; Im-por'tfLn), 
iiil-pui-LUllC vd ' to an noy with continual 

petitions or demands: v.i. to beg persistently 
or urgently. 

im nnr tn ni tv (im-por-tu'ni-ti), n. [pi. 
llll-por-LU-IlI-ty importunities (-tlz)]. 

persistent demand; ceaseless asking or beg¬ 
ging; urgency. 

im nncp (Im-p5z'), v.t. to place upon; 
mi-jjuoc as, to impose the hands In 
confirmation or ordination; lay upon, as a 
burden, punishment, or charge; as. Great 
Britain angered the American colonies by 
the taxes which she continued to impose; to 
pass off deceivingly; to intrude; as, to 
impose one’s company on others; in printing, 
to arrange in order and lock up in a kind of 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






imposing 


307 


imprisonment 


box for printing: said of forms, pages, etc. 
v.i. to place a burden upon; to take too much 
for granted or too much liberty with: with 
upon; as, to impose upon good nature. 

im TlftQ inp- (tm-poz'Ing), P-“dJ- com- 
uu-pus-uig manding; stately; grand; 

impressive; as, the Carnegie Library in 
New York is an imposing building: n in 
printing, the arrangement of pages or columns 
into forms. 

Syn., adj. striking, majestic, august, noble. 
Ant. (see insignificant). 

im ci tinn (lm"p&-zlsh'un), n. a lay- 
ira-pU-bl-LlUIl i n g upon, especially of 

hands, in ordination or confirmation; that 
which is ordered, levied, or commanded; 
an extra exercise required of a student as a 
p unishm ent; a trick, fraud, or deception; 
an excessive or uncalled-for requirement or 
burden; the arrangement of type into forms 
for printing. 

irr» nac ci "hil i fv am-p6s'l-bll'l-tl). n. 
im pOS-Sl-DU-1-iy the utter incapabil¬ 
ity of being done; that which cannot exist 
or be done. 

irrt ci Vi1<* (Im-pOs'I-bl). adj. not ca- 

uu-pua-oi-uic pable of occurring; not 

capable of being done; hopeless, 
im nncf (Im'post). n. a tax, tribute, or 
Llll-pvl&L duty; especially, a customs-duty 
levied by government on goods brought into 
a country; the top member of a pillar on 
which the arch rests. 

im Tknc tnr (hn-pos'tgr), n. one who 
xixi-puo-tvx deceives others by an assumed 

character or false pretensions, 
im -rtrtc! furp (Im-pos'ttlr), n. deception, 
im.-pOb-lU.IC especially that which is 
practiced under an assumed character or 
by false pretensions. 

im nn (Im'pft-tSns), n. the state 

U.ll-pu-LCiiV/C 0 f being weak in body or 
mind; feebleness; as, impotence is often the 
result of old age; lack of means to accomplish 
a purpose. Also, impotency. 

Syn. weakness, incapacity, infirmity, frailty 
Ant. (see power). 

im nrt (im'pS-tent), ad), wanting 

Illl-pu-lCUL in physical, mental, or moral 
power; weak; without vigor. 

Syn. feeble, helpless, infirm. 

Ant. (see strong). 

im nnitriH (Im-pound'), v.t. to shut up in 
1111-puUlIU. a pen, as stray cattle; confine; 

hold in the keeping of a court. 

• _ ___ (Im-pov'er-Ish), v.t. to 

im-pOV-er-lSJl ma ke poor; reduce to 
destitution; as, wars impoverish many people; 
to use up the strength, richness, or fertility 
of, as land. x v . 

im-pov-er-ish-ment £ t ? 5v n the 

act of making poor; the state of being re¬ 
duced in circumstances; extreme penury. 

im-prac-ti-ca-bil-i-ty iftf* 

incapability of being accomplished or done; 
the quality of not being easily dealt with; 
unmanageability. . 

•„ _ x; _ 0 t~l a (Im-prak'tl-kc-bl), 

im-prac-ti-ca-Die adj. not to be 

effected by the means employed, or at com¬ 
mand; not easily dealt with; unmanageable; 
impossible.— adv. impracticably, 
im r»r*» mfp (hn'pr6-kat), v.t. to call 
1111-pi tJ-LctlC down, especially an evil 
or curse, upon; to curse; to wish evil to. 

• +• „ (Im / 'pre-ka'shiin), n. a 

lin-pre-ca-tion curse; the act of call- 
jng down evil upon. 


(Im-pr6g"nd-blli- 

tl), n. the quality 


iin-preg-na-bil-i-ty 

of being unconquerable. 

im nrpff tig Vilia (lm-pr6g na-bl), 
im-preg-nd.-Uie no t to be captured, 

as a fortress; not to be overcome, as virtue. 
— adv. impregnably. 

im ca ri n (tm'pra-sa'rS-o). n. the 

1111-pi c-oa-I i-u manager of an opera or 

concert company; one who engages singers 
and brings them before the public. [It.) 
im «f 0 cc (Im-pres'). v.t. to mark, stamp, 
un-prebb or print by putting force upon; 
to affect with force, or stamp deeply on. the 
mind; to imprint; as, to impress footsteps 
on wet sand; compel to enter the public 
service, as soldiers or sailors; formerly, to 
seize, by force, for British naval service; 
seize for the public service, as money or pro¬ 
visions: n. (Im'pres), a mark made by bear¬ 
ing down upon; an image or figure; a mark 
of distinction; characteristic; stamp; as, 
the poem bears the impress of a great thinker; 
an image fixed in the mind. 

im nrocc i Vil^ (Im-pr6s'I-bl), adj. capa- 
im-preSS-1-Die ble of being mentally 

affected: sensitive; as, poetry appeals to 
impressible natures. 

im nrpc cirm (hn-presh'un). n. the mark 
liil-piCo-olUU made by a stamp or mold: 

as. the impression on a coin; style or character 
formed by outside force or influence; the 
mark or stamp which is the result of outside 
force or influence; an image in the mind 
caused by something outside it; the Imme¬ 
diate effect produced upon the mind by a 
sensation, passion, or emotion; an indistinct 
or vague notion, remembrance, or belief; as, 
the speech gave the audience the impres¬ 
sion that the speaker was not interested 
in his subject; a copy taken by pressure 
from type; number of copies, printed at 
once; edition. . . 

im-pres-sion-a-bil-i-ty £££5®??-«>" 

n. the quality of being open to influence or 
external force. 

im-pres-sion-a-ble S“iSJ.«pab“^ 

receiving effects from without or of being 
influenced by surroundings; as, an artist has 
usually a very impressionable nature. 

im-pres-sion-is-tic ilk), P o<y. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characterized by, the doctrine that 
natural objects should be painted, or de¬ 
scribed in literature, so as to convey only their 
general effect, not their minor details; as, 
impressionistic art. 

im nrnc civ** (im-pres'Tv), adj. capable 
1111-pi co-olvc 0 f making or creating an 

effect on the feelings.— adv. impressively.—n. 
impressiveness. 

Syn. stirring, exciting, affecting, moving. 

(Im-prlnt'), v.t. to mark by 
1111-pi ill l pressure; to stamp, as letters 
and words on paper, by means of inked 
types; impress deeply, as on the mind 
or memory: n. (Im'print), an impression, 
impress, or mark left by something: the 
publisher’s or printer’s name, usually with 
time and place of issue, on the title-page or at 
the end of a book or other publication, 
im -nric rm (Im-priz'n), v.t. to put into 
lm-pris-on a i a n : detain in custody; 

restrain or confine in any way; incarcerate. 
Syn. immure, confine. 

Ant. (see liberate). 

• (Tm-priz'n-ment), n. 

im-pris-on-ment s t a te of being shut 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw — wh as in when, 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 












improbability 


308 


in 


Sun. assurance, 
insolence. 


im r\ii Hoi-if (Im'ptl-dent), adj. shameless; 
1111-pu-U.cill offensively forward; disre- 


in, or as in, jail; confinement; restraint; 
the act of shutting one up in confinement. 

Syn. captivity, durance. 

fm nrnh a hil i tv flm-prab'd-bll'l-tl), 
im-prOD-a-Dli-1-ty n [pL improbabili¬ 
ties (-tlz)], unlikelihood; an event not likely 
to happen. 

1 m ornK q VvIa tim-prfib^-bl), adj. un- 
lm-prOD-a-Die likely; not to be ex¬ 
pected.— adv. improbably. 

(Im-promp'tu), adv. with- : rn ni ilco (Im'puls), n. force communl- 

llil-]JUibC cated suddenly; the result of 


irn nrnv f co ■Hnn (bn-p^v^i-sa'shUn; 
im-prUV-1-bd.-llOn i m -p r 6v"I-za'shun), 

n. the act of composing poetry or music 
without preparation; an impromptu. 

im TVTA xhqp (Im'pr6--v iz'). v.t. to compose 
im-Ui u-vioc without preparation or fore¬ 
thought, especially verse or music; bring 
about suddenly, or without previous prepa¬ 
ration; make up on the spur of the moment, 
or for a special occasion: v.i. to compose 
without previous thought; do a thing in an 
offhand way. 

Im Tini fl nri p n (Im-proo'dens), n. want 
1111-pi U-UclU/C 0 f discretion; careless¬ 
ness of consequences; inattention to one’s 
interests; want of caution, 
trn iyth (Im'Proo'dent), adj. want- 

1 u ' ucil 1 ing caution or discretion; 
not attentive to consequences or one’s 
interest; indiscreet; unwise; as, it is im¬ 
prudent to go in a canoe if one cannot swim. 

ifn nil flpiifp (Im'pti-dens), n. want of 
uu-pu-ucuLC modesty; shamelessness; 
rudeness; forwardness; sauciness. 


impertinence, confidence. 


bold, impertinent. 


spectful. 

Syn. saucy, brazen, 
insolent, immodesty 

tAii rrn (hn-pun'), v.t. to attack by argu- 
lill-pugn ments; contradict; to attack 
as false. 


im nmmn tn (Im-promp'tu), adv. with- 
llil-plUllip-LU. out preparation; offhand; 

as, the minister spoke impromptu: adj. thrown 
off on the spur of the moment; as, an im¬ 
promptu address: n. a speech or an effort 
made without preparation. 

itn nrnn pr (kn-prSp'er), adj. not well 
1111-pi up-CI adapted or suited to the pur¬ 
pose; not according to usage; wrong; unseemly; 
unbecoming; indecent; in mathematics, indi¬ 
cating a fraction in which the numerator is 
greater than the denominator.-adr. improperly. 

im nrn nri p tv (im'prd-pri'S-tl), n. [pi. 
lm-pro-pri-e-iy improprieties (-tlz)), the 

quality of being unsuitable or inappropriate; 
unsuitableness; that which is not in accord¬ 
ance with usage, custom, decency, or correct¬ 
ness in act, expression, etc._ 

im nrnv a K1 p (Im-proov'd-bl), adj. ca- 
llll-piU V-ct-Dit) pable of being bettered, 

or made more valuable. 

im nrnvp (Im-proov'), v.t. to make better; 
llii-piuvc use t 0 advantage; intensify: 
v.i. to grow better; to make better: with I—. rvi1 1 civ<a noco (Im-pfil'slv-n6s), n. 
on or upon. Ull-piU-slV C-liCoo the quality of being 

Syn. amend, reform, rectify, use, employ. 

Ant. (see deteriorate). 

im nrnvp mpirf - (hn-proov'ment), n. 
llil-piUVC-iilCIlL advancement of any¬ 
thing from one condition to a better; profit¬ 
able use of anything; that by which the value 
of anything, especially property, is increased: 
pi. betterments; as, new paint and paper are 
improvements in a house. 

im nrnv i Hpnf'P (Im-prSv'I-d&ns), n. 

1111 - P^ U V -1 - UCIlLe want of foresight or 

thrift; as, poverty is often the result ot im¬ 
providence. 

im TlTPV i Hpnt (Im-prdv'I-dent), adj. 
lm-prov-l-ucni lacking foresight or 

thrift; wanting care to provide for the future; 
careless; as, the five foolish virgins in the old 
parable were improvident. — adv. improvidently. 

Syn . incautious, prodigal, wasteful, reck¬ 
less. rash. 

Ant. (see thrifty). 


a force that urges forward; a mental force 
directly urging to action; a sudden determi¬ 
nation not arising from careful thought; 
as, she spoke on the impulse of the moment. 

Syn. incentive, incitement, motive, instiga¬ 
tion. 

im mil oinn (Im-pfil'shftn), n. the act 
llll-pul-blUIl of driving forward; the 

state of being driven forward; that which 
drives forward; the sudden agency of a 
body in motion on another body; the mental 
force that drives to action. 

im mil civp (kn-pul'slv), adj. having the 
xj.ii.-pui-oi v c. power of urging forward; 
influenced by, or resulting from, a force that 
urges forward; passionate; hasty; as, an im- 
pulsive action; acting by sudden and momen¬ 
tary feeling; not continuous: said of forces.— 
adv. impulsively. 

Syn. rash, forcible, violent. 

Ant. (see deliberate). 


apt to act without thought; that character¬ 
istic that allows a person to act upon a quickly 
passing mental feeling rather than upon 
reflection. 

im mi ni tv (lm-pu'nl-tl), n. freedom 
AAii-p la-aai- tj from punishment, injury, 

or loss; as, one cannot long break the laws 
of health with impunity. 

im TVlirP (hn-Pur'), adj. mixed with foreign 
liii-puxc or outside substance; as, sugar 
mixed with sand is impure sugar; not virtuous 
in thought, word, or deed; as, impure stories; 
unclean; dirty; not accurate: said of ft 
language or style.— adv. impurely. 

im tiiitp tiPQO ( im-pur'nfis), n. the 
llll-pui C-liCbb quality of being unclean, 

unwholesome, or unchaste; that which makes 
unclean or unwholesome, as foul matter, 
action, language, etc. 

im_TI 11 tv (irci-Pu'rl-tT), n. [pi. im- 
AAAA pw-ii-ij purities (-tlz)j, uncleanness; 
a physical or moral blemish; that which 
makes unclean. 

im nut a V»1 p (Im-put'a-bl), adj. capable 
Illl-pu.L-d-UlC of being charged; result¬ 
ing from; as, suicide is frequently imputable 
to insanity. 

irn fill ta tinn (kn^pA-ta'shUn), n. the 
UIl-JJU-ld-LlUIl act of charging; any¬ 
thing charged, especially in the way of dis¬ 
credit; blame; reproach. 

Syn. censure, charge, accusation, 
fm nn +p (lm-put'), v.t. to set to the account 
liix-p uic of; to charge, attribute, or ascribe, 
especially a fault; attribute (sin or righteous¬ 
ness) as received from another, 
in do). P re P- shows physical surrounding; 
AAA as, clothed in purple: last in the night; 
denotes being surrounded by activities, 
interests, etc.; as, in business; in trouble; 
in work up to his ears; signifies within a 
state or condition; as, stilt in death; in 
wintertime: indicates wholes; as, he was 
the most prominent man in town; means 
within; as, he lies now in his tomb; means 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare: unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 






inability 

into; as, go in the house: adv. indicates 
direction; as, he went in; nearness, or 
“at home”; as, my master is in; position in 
general in relation to surroundings, etc. 
in o Kil i (ffi-d-bll'I-tl), n. the state 
lll-a-Ull-l-iy or condition of not having 
the power to do; lack of power: incapacity. 

in or rex c ci hip (In'ak-s6s'I-bl). adj. not 

ui-au-tco-oi-uio easy to get to or into; 

not approachable; not obtainable.— n. in¬ 
accessibility. 

:m nn m vIo-5,k u-rd-sl), n. the 

m-aC-CU-ra-Cy quality of being in¬ 
exact ; the fact of incorrectness; a mistake, 
in rtr nil raff* (In-ak'ti-r^t), adj. incor- 

m-ac-cu-raie rec t: not ej 

ing errors. 

in on +inn (In-sLk'shfin), n. lack of mo- 
lll-aU-L1U1I tion; the state of doing noth¬ 
ing; idleness. 

in on fixTo (In-ak'tlv), adj. having no 
lli-dU-tlvc power to move; not inclined 
to move: sluggish; idle.— adv. inactively. 
— n. inactivity. 

in Ct(\ p rjiio+p (In-ad S-kwat), adj. not 
LLl-ftU-C-^uaic equal to some demand 

or requirement; not sufficient.— adv. inade¬ 
quately. —n. inadequacy. 


309 


incandescent 


leged to enter; not to be granted or conceded 
as true; not allowable.— adv. inadmissibly. 

in orl pnrp (In'ad-vur'tens), n. 

in-aa-veri-enue want of attention; 

oversight; mistake. Also, inadvertency. 

in cte\ vrprt pnt (In"ad-vur'tent), adj 
m-aU-VCIL-CllL inattentive; heedless; 

careless; unconscious; as, an inadvertent 
slight.— adv. inadvertently. 

• _i • _ Vkil i +TT (In-al’yen-a-bll'I- 

m-al-ien-a-Dll-l-ty tl), n. the incapa¬ 
bility of being transferred; the incapability 
of estrangement. 

• _ 1 • _ klo (In-al'yen-a-bl), adj. m- 

in-al-ien-a-Dle capable of being sur¬ 
rendered, or transferred to another; as, in 
the United States, freedom of soeech is one 
of man’s inalienable rights; incapable of 
beihg withdrawn or estranged: said of the 
affections.— adv. inalienably. 

• 1-0 +o (In-Sm'o-ra'tfl), n. a wom- 
m-am-O-Id-Ut an with whom one is in 

love; sweetheart; mistress. [It.] 

• (In-an'), adj. empty; void; senseless; 
Ill-all c silly; pointless; as, inane remarks. 

• _• _ (In-an'I-mat), adj. without 

111-311-1-1113X6 iif e ; dead; spiritless; life¬ 
less.— adv. inanimately. 

O ni -firm (In'd-nlsh'un), n. emptiness; 
m-a-m-UOH exhaustion from lack of 

nourishment. _ _ . 

on i -Hr (In-an'I-tl), n. [pi. inanities 
Ul-an-l-iy emptiness; senseless¬ 

ness; frivolity: pi. vanities. 

• _ _ 1 ? __ -ut 0 (tn-ap'll-ka-bl). adj. not 

in-3p-pll-C3- Die suitable or fit for some 
certain purpose or case; not bearing upon 

the case in hand. . „ . ... 

• _ • (In a-pre shl-a-bl), 

in-ap-pre-Cl-a-ble adj . not to be real¬ 
ized or measured; of no consequence; as, 
one thousandth of an inch is an inappreciable 
distance.— adv. inappreciably. „ A . . 

.__ • _ + _ (I n-a-p r o'prl-ate), 

in-ap-pro-pn-ate adj. not suitable for 
a particular occasion or in a particular person; 
not fit; not proper.— adv. inappropriately.— 

n. inappropriateness. . , , 

• (In-apt'). o,dj. not suitable; not 
lH-3.pi ready; unfit.— adv. inaptly 


n. want of 
of readiness; 


in onf i tnrlp <ln-ap'tl-tud), 

lIl-3pt-l-XuOC fitness; want 

want of adaptation. 

in orrV 1 (In-arch'), v.t. to graft by uniting 
Hl-alUIl £wo branches, etc., while both 
are growing on their own roots. 

in or fir 11 1 o+p (In'ar-tIk'tl-1 at), adj. 
lH-ar-LlU-U.-ld.LC not uttered in the form 

of words, as the sounds uttered by animals; 
incapable of speech; as, he was inarticulate 
with rage; not jointed or valved.— adv. inar¬ 
ticulately. 

m-ar-tic-u-late-ness ggr2 k '&8fc 

tinctness of utterance; speechlessness, 
rect; not exact; * contain- or lie lie (In-ar-tls'tlk), adj. not show- 

lll-ai-Llo-Liu jng taste; not graceful; not 
skilful. Also, inartistical. — adv. inartistically. 

in oc mnrVi dn"az-much'), adv. in a like 
Ul-afi>-liiUV,iJ. degree; seemg that: with 
as; because; as, “ Inasmuch as ye have done 
it unto one of the least of these my brethren, 
ye have done it unto me.”—Matt. xxv. 40. 
in 0 + +£»n -firm (In-^-ten'shun), n. heed- 
111-3 L-LcH-UUII lessness; the state of not 
putting one’s mind on a duty; lack of regard. 

in 0 + ton fixra dn-a-ten'tlv), adj. paying 
1H-3X-XCI1-X1VC no heed to; negligent; 

♦L ’T 0 : '£.1 (In-ad-mls'I-bl), adj. heedless.— adv. inattentively. 

in-aa-miS-Sl-Die no t worthy or privi- 


in 011 (In-o'dI-bl), adj. incapable 

111-au-Ul-UlC of being heard; not actu¬ 
ally heard.— adv. inaudibly. 
in 011 011 rol (In-o'gu-ral), adj. pertaining 
hi-au-gu-iai to the ceremonies aecom- 
panying the dedication of a public building; 
the formal installation of a person In an 
office, etc.: n. an address made on such an 
occasion as the dedication of a public build¬ 
ing, the installation of a person in an office, etc.; 
as, the President’s inaugural. 
in on mi retie* (In-6'gtt-rat), v.t. to admit 
Hl-3Xl-gXl-l a LC G r introduce into office 
with appropriate ceremonies; invest with 
office in a formal manner; consecrate; make 
a formal beginning of; as, to inaugurate a 
custom; begin, as a new policy; celebrate the 
first public use of by some opening cere¬ 
mony; dedicate, as a public building.—«. 
inauguration. 

in 011 c ni rimic (In'os-plsh'fis), adj. un- 
Ul-aUb-jJl-UlUUo fortunate; unlucky; un¬ 
favorable; as, superstitious people consider 
thirteen an inauspicious number.— adv. inaus- 
piciously. 

in horn (In'born"), adj. implanted by 
111-UU111 nature; native. 

• 1~i*o/1 (In'bred"), adj. born with one; 

1I1-UI cU natural; as, man has an inbred 
love of freedom. 

of iri Ki-ooH dn-bred'), v.t. to produce or 
Xll-UlCCU. develop within; to cause ani¬ 
mals closely related to produce young. 

In C3 (l£L,k< ^’ ”• the Peruvian -emperor. 


(Ifi'kd), n. the Peruvian —-- 

or a member of the royal race In 
Peru previous to the Spanish conquest; the 
savage Peruvian race. 

in ml r 11 1a hip (In-kal'kti-ld-bl), adj. 
111-CaI-UXl-J.a-U1C beyond reckomng; be¬ 
yond estimate; very great; as, the incalcula¬ 
ble benefits of civilization.— adv. incalculably. 

in f*A Ipq ppnf (In"ka-16s'ent), adj. ln- 
111-Ua-lco-UcllL creasmg in heat; grow¬ 
ing warm. 

in mn ripe cpiipp (In"kan-des'Sns) n. 
Ul-Call-Uco-XcuXc white heat; glow¬ 
ing due to heat, as an electric lamp. Also, 
incandescency. 

in m-n Hpc rani (In'kSn-des'Snt). adi. 

in-can-aes-cenx growing; white with 

heat; hence, brilliant: shining; clear. 


boot foot; found; boil ; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
?h=’z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 








incandescent lamp 
in-can-des-cent lamp 

lamp in which the light is produced by a 
thin strip of material heated to a white heat, 
or incandescence, by an electric current. 

in ran fa firm (in’kan-ta'shun), n. a 
lll-Ga.xi-l,a.-tiuix magical charm said or 

sung; enchantment; as, the Indian medicine 
men tried to cure diseases by incantation. 
in ro no VO a (In-ka'pa-bl), adj. not hav- 
JJ.l-Ccl-pa.-UiC j ng the power to do; in¬ 
efficient; not able to receive or be influenced 
by; wanting sufficient ability.— ado. in¬ 
capably.— n. incapability. 

/■»<■« nar t fafa (tn kd-pas I-tat), v.t. to 
m~Co.-pa.C-l-Idle deprive of ability or 
natural power; render powerless or unfit; dis¬ 
able; as, old age incapacitates one for hard 
labor 

« s+ch -e-tar i (in kd-pas 1-tl), n. lack 
lii-ca-pac-i-Lj Q f power, physical or 

mental; {Usability from any cause, 
m rar cpt* ofp (In-kar ser-at), v.t. to 
m-ctti-t-ci-aic imprison; confine: adj. 

imprisoned. 

in ray rat* a f i ntl (In-kar^ser-a'shun), 
iii-ua.i -v/U -a-uuu n . imprisonment ; con- 

flnement. 

(In-kar'ser-a"ter), n. 


310 


incitement 


in rar rar a fnr (m-kar'ser-a"ter), n 
ui-uai -v-ci -a-iui one who imprisons 

in rar rt a Hina (In-kar'na-dln), v.t. to 
lll-Gctl -IIa-Lillie dye red or flesh-color: 

adj. flesh-colored; pale red. 
in ray rtafa (1 a-kar'nit), v.t. to clothe 
111-Gal-ilalc with flesh; embody in flesh: 
p.adj. embodied in flesh; personified. 

in rar na firm (In"kar-na'shun), n. the 
lll-Cdl-ilcl- L1U1I ac t of clothing with or 

of assuming flesh; embodiment in human 
form; an actual form representing a principle, 
ideal, etc.; the taking upon himself of human 
nature by the Son of God. 
in racp (in-kas'), v.t. to inclose in a box 
lll-Cabc or solid covering; to surround 
with anything. Also, encase.—n. incasement. 

in rait firmc (in-ko'shus), adj. wanting 
ui-cau-uuua i n care; heedless; careless; 

Indifferent; unwary. 

in ran Hi a riem dn-sen'dl-a-rlzm), n. 
m-cen-ui-ci-ribm the act of one W ho, 

for evil purpose, burns property. 

in ran Hi a rv (In-sen'dl-S-rf), adj. per- 
ni-ccii-ui-a-i j taining to the maUcious 

burning of property; tending to excite 
passion or violence; as, an incendiary speech: 
n. one guilty of burning, for wicked mischief, 
the house or buildings of another; one who 
excites passion or violence, 
in r art ca <I n ~sens'), v.t. to enkindle or 
111-CCUaC excite, as a passion; inflame 
with anger; provoke; irritate: (fn'sens), 
to perfume with incense: n. any material 
which gives off perfume when burned, 
especially olibanum, the frankincense of the 
Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks and 
Romans; any pleasant odor, as of flowers; 
sometimes odor of spices and gums burned 
in religious rites or ceremonies. 

in ran fix/a On-sen'tlv), adj. arousing to 
lu-tcu-uvc action; encouraging: n. that 
which arouses to action; encouragement; 
motive; as. real interest in a subject is an 
incentive to study. 

in ran firm (In-sep'shfin), n. beginning; 
111-Gep-llUll f} rst stage; as, the move¬ 
ment was successful from its inception. 

in ran fiva dn-sep'tlv), adj. beginning; 
ui-tcp-uvc relating to a beginning: n. 
a word or phrase that indicates the begin- 
ning of an action: used in grammar. 


in rar fi -Hi Ha (In-sOr'tl-tud), n. doubt- 
m-cer-ll-iuue fulness; lack of decision. 

in rac cant (in-ses'&nt), adj. unceasing; 
lll-tCa-oaiH ceaseless; continuous; as, 
the incessant dropping of water will wear a 
hollow in the hardest stone, 
in ract (basest), n. sexual relations be- 
lll-Gcol tween persons related within the 
degrees of marriage forbidden by law.— adj. 
incestuous. 

inrVi (Inch), n. one-twelfth of a foot; a 
HIGH sma n quantity or degree: v.t. to drive 
by small degrees; deal out sparingly: v.i. 
move slowly. 

in rVirt a fa Ota'k6-at), adj. just begun; 
XJJ-GAJ.u-a.tc elementary; incomplete; as, 
according to some theories the world was 
at first an inchoate mass of matter.— adv. 
inchoately. 

in rVrn a fiira (In-ko'a-tlv), adj. express- 
iii-unu-a-n v c j n g or pertaining to a 

beginning: n. a word which expresses the 
beginning of an action. 

in ri Hanra (In'sl-dens), n. the direction 
Hi-Gl-tXCJJGC | n w juch a ray of light or 

heat falls upon a surface, 
in ri Hanf (Tn'sl-dent), adj. falling upon, 
iU-Gj-ucni as a ra y of light on a reflecting 
surface; apt to occur; having to do with; 
occurring accidentally; depending on; as. 
the duties incident to his profession: n. occur¬ 
rence; that which happens; chance happen¬ 
ing; episode; event; accident, 
in ri Han fal (in' l ’sl-den'tal), adj. casual; 
111-GI-U.cU-lcH liable to happen unex¬ 
pectedly; happening as a chance feature of 
something else; as, incidental expenses: n. 
something casual or subordinate: pi. minor 
expenses.— adv. incidentally. 

in cin cr-ate ( In ~ si - n ' gr “ at >- vt - to burn 

garbage. 


to ashes; as, to incinerate 


in rin ar a firm (In-sin'er-a'shfln), n. 
m-Gin-t;r-d.-LIOn t h e act of burning to 

ashes. 

in f»in ar a frit* dn-sln er-a ter), n. a fur- 
iii-ulii-GJ -a-iui nace or oven for burning 

substances to ashes. 

in rin i anra (In-slp'l-ens), n. beginning; 
in-uip-i-ciiv/c commencement. Also, ln- 

cipiency. 

in rin i ant (in-sTp'I-ent), adj. beginning 
iii-i/ip-i-ciit to he or to appear; as, the 

incipient stage of a disease. 

in ri<5P (> n - siz '), v.t. to cut in; to engrave; 
lil-Gloc to carve in intaglio. 

in ri <airvn d n -sTzh'un). n. a cut made with 
lil-Gl-oluii a sharp instrument. 

in ri cixra (fn-si'slv), adj. having the 
JJJ-U-oJVC quality of cutting into; sharp; 
sarcastic; biting.— adv. incisively.—n. inci¬ 
siveness. 

in ri ertr (Tn-sf'zer; In-sl'ser). n. a cutting 
ni-Gi-oui tooth; especially, a tooth in 
front of the canines. 

in ri cn ri al (In-si-sS'ri-Sl), adj. pertain- 
lll-Gl-au-ll-al j ng to, or having the char¬ 
acter of, an incisor tooth. 

in ri cn rvr (In-si'sfi-rl), adj. having the 
jjj-vJ-ou-j y power of cutting. 

in ri fa firm (In'sl-ta'shtin), n. the act 
iii-V/i-ta-nuii 0 f urging or spurring on; 

incentive. 

in rifa flu-sit'), v.t. to move to action; 
iii-i/iic s ti r U p ; spur on; encourage. 

Syn. instigate, excite, provoke, stimulate, 
urge, impel. 

in rifa manf fln-sit'ment), n. that which 
iii-uiLC-iiiciit goads or spurs on; a 

spurring on; incentive; impulse; encour- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 








incivility 


311 


incomplete 


agement; as, praise 
to further effort. 


is often an incitement 


in-co-her-ence 


(In'ko-her'ens), n. loose¬ 
ness; want of connec- 

ir» tril 1 +tt (In'sI-vfl'I-ti), n. [pi. in- tion; as, the essay is marked by incoherence 
lll-t/l-Vil-l-iy civilities (-tlz)j, lack of of thought. 


I pi. 
se- 


courtesy; impoliteness; any uncivil act 

itl pi pin pn pTr (In-klem'Sn-sI), n. 
in-ciem-eil-cy inclemencies (-slz)], 

verity; storminess; adversity. 

in rlpm pnt (In-klgm'ent), adj. harsh; 
ui-uioiu-mu severe; stormy; as, inclem¬ 
ent weather. 

in rlin a Kl<a (In-klin'a-bl). adj. disposed 
ui-eiui-a-uic favorably; as, inclinable to 
pity; capable of sloping. 

pli n q firm kll—na'shfin), n. a lean— 

i n g; a turning aside from 
normal direction or position; a nod; as, a 
courteous inclination of the head; tendency 
of the mind; disposition; a bent; as, a 
natural inclination toward business. 

Syn. bias, affection, attachment, wish, 
liking, desire. 

Ant. (see aversion). 

in p1in<a (In-klin'), v.i. to turn from the 
111-biUiC normal direction or position; 
Jean; bow; have a mental bent or tendency; 
be disposed: v.t. to cause to lean; direct; 
bow; give a tendency to; turn; dispose: 
n. a slope; a sloping surface. 

Syn., v. slant, tend, bend, bias. 

in plin^rl (In-kllnd'). p.adj. having a 
lil-lsliiicu. tendency; sloping; disposed; 

bent into a bulging curve. 

in-clined plane £&ffig£ 5 " ) - aslop - 

in pli rmtri P fpr (InTslI-nbm'g-ter) n. 
111-1/ JJ.-AXV711X-C-a an instrument used on 

aircraft or flying machines for measuring the 
angle or dip of such machines during their 
flight. 


v.t. to shut in; sur¬ 
round; put into an 
envelope; separate 
from by a fence. 

Syn. fence in, 
cover, wrap. 

in-clo-sure t 

the’act°of shutting inclined Plane. 1-2, base; 
imorsUteofbelSI 3, large weight; 4, pulley or 
shut in; that which rouer. 

is surrounded; that which surrounds, as a 
fence; something included with a letter in an 



envelope, as a bill, check, etc. 

• ^UiAn. (In-klood'), v.t. to inclose; hold, 
m-ciuue as in a n inclosure; shut up 
within something; to contain as part of the 

whole. ... , , 

(Tn-klood'ed), p.adj ^inclosed; 
lIl-CIUU.-tJtl contained; comprehended. 

• ,^1-- (In-kloo'zhun), n. the act of 

lll-CIU-SlOIl inclosing; the state of being 
inclosed or contained; that which is inclosed 

or contained. „ „ „ . , . 

(In-kloo'slv), adj. inclosing; 
m-ciu-sive containing; taking in ex¬ 
tremes; as, from Monday to Saturday inclusive. 
that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday. 
— adv. inclusively. 

• +r . (In-kbg'nI-to). adj. unknown 
m-COg-m-tO or disguised: adv. m dis¬ 
guise; under an assumed name; as, riders 
sometimes like to travel incognito: n. [fern. 
incognita], a great personage who travels un¬ 
der an assumed title; the assuming of a 
character or title to avoid recognition; state 
of being unrecognized 


in pn har oni (In'kft-her'ent), adj with- 
Ill-CU-IICI-Clil out the quality of being 
held together; without connection; as, the 
speech of one who raves in a fever is incoherent. 

in pnko cinn (In'kfi-he'zhfln), n . want 
m-co-ne-sion of th 0 power of sticking 

together. 

in-com-bus-ti-ble ffthSt b Snno b ti5e 

consumed by fire: n. an unburnable substance, 
in p nmn o (in'kum), n. the gain which 
proceeds from labor, business, 
property, or capital; y r early receipts of a 
person or business company: income tax, a 
tax laid upon the yearly receipts or profits of 
an individual or corporation, 
in pnm imcr In'kum "Ing), p.adj. coming 
j n; as, the incoming adminis¬ 
tration; accumulating, as profits: n. the act of 
coming in; that which comes in.— n. incomer. 

in-com-men-su-ra-ble 

adj. having no common measure; having 
no common divisor except one: n. one 
of two (or more) quantities that have no 
common measure.— n. incommensurability. 

in-com-men-su-rate ^-rfe m %: 

having no common measure; not sufficient 
in measure; not great enough; as, his 
strength is incommensurate to the demands 
upon it.— adv. incommensurately. 
in p/vm moH o (In"kS-mod'), v.t. to give 
111-CUIll-iliUUC inconvenience or trouble 

to; disturb. 

Syn. annoy, plague, molest, Inconvenience. 
Ant. (see accommodate). 

• nno (In'kG-mo'dI-fis). 

in-com-mo-ai-ous a( fj. not giving 

ease or advantage, as incommodious apart¬ 
ments; troublesome; inconvenient. 

in-com-mu-ni-ca-ble ^uf mu ad}~ 

incapable of being given or told; as, health is 
an incommunicable blessing. 

in-com-mu-ni-ca-tiv6 ni-ks,-tiv), adj. 

not given to free speaking; reserved. 

in-com-pa-ra-Die not admitting 

of a statement of likeness and differences; 
unequaled; peerless.— adv. incomparably. 

in-com-pat-i-bil-i-ty 

of being unable to live together in comfort, 
harmony, or peace. Also, incompatibleness. 

• : t.l 0 (ln"k6m-pat'I-bl), adj. 
m-COm-pat-l-Dle incapaJile of living or 
acting together in harmony; as, health and filth 
are incompatible: n.pl. persons or things dis¬ 
agreeing with each other.— adv. incompatibly. 

• fonro (In-kom'pS-tens), n. 

m-com-pe-tence inability. physical, 

mental, or moral ;j .insufficiency. Also, incom - 
petency. . . 

• „ r , rvi (In-kbm'pS-tSnt), adj. 

in-COm-pe-tent wanting ability; want¬ 
ing fitness; inadmissible; as, a man who 
has any defect of body is considered incom¬ 
petent to serve as a soldier. 

Syn. incapable, unable, insufficient. 

Ant. (see competent). 

• —I « (ln"kom-plet'), adj. not 
in-com-plete f u ]]y finished or devel¬ 
oped; as, an incomplete story; not having all its 
parts; imperfect; as, incomplete information . 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xrx to xxn. 
















incompletely 


312 


incorrigibleness 


1 Tr (In'kSm-plet'lI), adv. 

m-com-plete-iy imperfectly; with lack 

of some part. 

in-com-plete-ness pS 

tion. Also, incompletion. 

inxom-pre-hen-si-blef/^ 

not to be understood or grasped by the mind; 
as, the vastness of the universe is incompre¬ 
hensible to man.— adv. incomprehensibly.— 
n. incomprehensibility. 

in-com-press-i-ble arf/ k ®SSjo''of 

being reduced by pressure; resisting pressure. 

in-con-ceiv-a-bil-i-ty ffinS“,"n. v S: 

capability of being grasped or imagined by 
the mind. . _ 

/*oiTr Jl Wia (In*k5n-sev'a-bl), 

m-con-ceiv-a-Die ad j^ incapable of 
being grasped by the mind or imagined; 
unbelievable.— adv. inconceivably^ 

in rrvn rln civix* (In"k6n-kloo'sIv), ad). 
ln-con-ciu-bive leading to no definite 

result in evidence or argument; unconvincing; 
reaching no definite result in action; ineffec¬ 
tive.— adv. inconclusively. 

in r>svn /I eti Cii 111 P (In kon-den si-bl), 

HI- C0I1- lien- SI- Die adj. incapable of 

being made more compact, or of being reduced 
to liquid form. _ 

in rnn crrii i +v (in'kSn-groo'I-tp, n. [pi. 
m-con-gru-l-xy incongruities (-11 z)j, 

want of fitness; unsuitableness of one thing 
to another; as, one was struck by the incon¬ 
gruity of the huge building in the shabby 
little street. _ 

in ran crrii miC (in-kon'groo-us), adj. 
Ill - c Ull - gi U-uua disagreeing; unsmted 

to one another; inappropriate; as, mirth would 
be incongruous at a funeral. 

Syn. conflicting, inconsistent. < i 
Ant. (see suitable). 

Cm aam n q mi rn po (In-kon^se-kwSns), 

m-con-se-quence n . the quality of 

being illogical; unimportance. 

in ran co nn^nt (In-kon'sS-kwent) , adj. 
Ul-LOIl-be-quCIlt no t reasonable; out of 

proper relation; having nothing to do with the 
subject in hand; as, an inconsequent answer. 
» __ mi a.** -fial (In-kon"sS-kwen'- 

m-con-se-quen-tial shal), adj. unre¬ 
lated with the thing in hand; not logical; 
unimportant. 

in-con-sid-er-a-ble dt 

serving consideration; unimportant.— adv. in¬ 
considerably. 

in r nti oiH pi* ofp (in w kon-s!d , er-at), 
in-COn-SlU-er-d.Xe adj. not heeding the 

wishes, thoughts, or feelings of others; 
thoughtless of others.— adv. inconsiderately. 

in r aii cic ipp pir (In ff k5n-sIs , tSn-sI) , n. 
m-con-sis-xen-cy [pj. inconsistencies 

(-slz)j, want of agreement; as, there are 
inconsistencies between his words and his 
actions; incongruity; the quality of being 
changeable; contradiction of self-asserted 
principles or beliefs. 

in c nn cic fpnf (In'kSn-sIs'tSnt), adj. 
All-V/Uil-oio-LdiL lacking agreement; 

lacking uniformity; self-contradicting; as, 
the conduct of many Christians is inconsistent 
with their profession. 

in rnn col a V >1 p (tn*k 5 n-sol'a-bl), adj. 
ILL-bUU-oUl-a-LUC not ij e comforted; 

disconsolate.— adv. Inconsolably. 

In-con-spic-u-ous 


ceived; so small as to escape notice; hardly 
to be seen; not attracting attention; as, 
inconspicuous dress shows good taste. — adv. 
inconspicuously. 

• ^___ (In-kdn'stan-sl), n. 

m-con-stan-cy changeableness; fickle¬ 
ness; instability of temper. 

;m p/\M c+ont (in-kon'stant), ad), subject 
Jil-CUli-olalll change; unstable; vari¬ 
able; fickle.— adv. inconstantly. 

in-con-test-a-ble S'nofadSiutogof 

question or dispute.— adv. incontestably. 

in rnti ti* tiPlirP (In-kon'tl-nens), n. 
m-con-ll-nence lack of restramt, espe¬ 
cially in indulging the passions. Also, 
incontinency. 

in rnn ti p pnf (In-kon tl-nent), ad), un- 
lll-CUll-Li-lldiL restrained; impure:n. an 

unchaste or immoral person.— aav. inconti¬ 
nently. 

in-con-tro-vert-i-bil-i-ty tiS-vofitu 

biri-ti), n. the state or quahty of being 
beyond dispute or discussion. 

in-con-tro-vert-i-ble ^"«-b f'SSdf. 

not admitting of debate; indisputable.— adv. 
incontrovertibly. 

in ppn wpn ipnrp (In /, k5n-ven , yens)» 
m-con-ven-ience n. want of comfort; 

unfitness; troublesomeness; disadvantage; dis¬ 
comfort: v.t. to put to trouble; annoy: molest. 

in rnn vph innf (ta'kon-ven'yent), ad). 
U1-COH-Veil-ieill disadvantageous; un¬ 
fit; giving trouble or annoyance; uncomfort¬ 
able. — adv. inconveniently. 

m-con-vert-i-bil-i-ty £n?t 5 i°;T? r the 

quality of being incapable of being changed 
into or for something else. 

in ppn Trprf i kip (In^kon— vfir^tl-bl), 
in-COn-Veri-l-Die Gt y. incapable of be¬ 
ing changed into, or exchanged for, something 
else; as. Confederate bank notes were incon¬ 
vertible into gold.— adv. inconvertibly. 

in r nr nn Y£i\fr (In-kor'po-rat), v.t. to 
1I1-COI-pu-Idie combine into one body; 

give a body to; embody; unite; put in; 
as, to incorporate an idea in a written com¬ 
position; blend; form into a company 
recognized by law: v.i. to unite with another 
body so as to form a part of it; be mixed 
or blended with; adj. (In-kor'pO-rit), 
closely united; united in one body. 

in rnr nn ya fion (hi-kfir^pd-ra^shfln), 
lll-LUr-pU-id-llUIl n# combination; mix¬ 
ture; formation of a united body; a body of 
persons authorized by law to conduct a busi¬ 
ness under certain conditions. 

in rnr nn Yt i ■fnr 0fa~k6r , p6-ra"ter), n. 
lll-cur-pu-ld-iur one w b 0 embodies or 

unites; an original member of a society 
existing as one united body. 

in rnr nn m pt (In*kor-po'rS-5,l), adj. 
Ul-cor-po-re-di not made of matter. 

— adv. incorporeally. 

in rnr mr+ (In'kS-rSkt'). adj. not accord- 
lil-l/Ul-lCCl i n g to model or rule; faulty; 
not according to fact: inaccurate; not in 
accordance with morality or good manners; 
improper.— adv. incorrectly. 

ill COr ri PI bio Oh-kSr'I-jl-bl), ad), bad 
1 U-CU 1 11 &1 Wic beyond correction or 

amendment; as, incorrigible boys are sent to 
reform schools.— adv. incorrigibly. —n. In¬ 
corrigibility. 

in - cor -ri - gi -ble -ness gj 

the quality of being bad beyond correction. 


ate, een^te, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novSl, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, Unite, bdrn, cut, focus, menii; 









incorrodible 


313 


indefeasible 


as. to 


• -mA i Klo (In’ko-ro'di-bl), adj. in- I by frequent warning or direction; 
in-COr-roa-1-Die capable of being grad- inculcate principles of honesty .etc, 

ually worn away as bjrust ill-CUl-Ca-tor 

m-cor-rupt phySSl or 2 u>i 5 l spot; the mind by frequent warnings; as. his mother 
unharmed; upright; especially, above the I was the inculcator of rus love of truth. 

infh ence of bribery; honest. (In „ k6 _ r{ip „ tl _ Ul-CUm-ben-Cy incumbencies (-slz)], tSe 
in COr-rUpt-l-Dll-l-ty biri-tl), n. in- act or state of holding an office; full possea- 
capability of being influenced by bribes, etc.; sion and exercise of any office£ 
freedom from moral spot. governor accomplished many things during 

• (In"k 5 -rup'tl-bl), adj. his incumbency of office. w . 
in-COr-rUpt-i-Dle incapable of physical pii-rri "hprit ^ m- ^ urr ! bent), 
corruption, or decay; not liable to moral lH-CllIIl-DC l upon; imposed as a duty, 

oonppiollv inranahlfl of hftiner I obligatory \ demanded. Of \ as* it is %TlCllT1flO€TXt 

upon every good citizen to respect the rights 
of others: n. the holder of an office; a clergy¬ 
man in possession of a parish. 

dn-kflr'), v-t. [p-t. and p.p. incurred. 
111 - 1 /U 1 p.pr. incurring], to become liable 
to, by one’s own action; to bring upon one¬ 
self; as, every man incurs some measure 
of dislike; contract, as a debt. 

• _ i_;i ; + Tr (In-kur"a-bfl'l-tl), n. 
m-cur-a-bll-l-ty the state of being be¬ 
yond the power of skill or medicine to heal. 

• o 'kl/a (In-kur'd-bl), adj. incapable 
in-cur-a-ble G f being healed; beyond 
the power of skill or medicine: n. a person 
diseased beyond the possibility of being 
restored to health.— adv. incurably. 

• (In-kGr'shun), n. an Inroad; 
in-CUr-blOIl raid; invasion; as, the enemy 
made an incursion into the country. 

ueve; n ^ | in-debt-ed ^mMno’moSey^ngunde? 

m-cre-du-ll-ty quality of being unbe- obligation.— n. indebtedness. 

rH«belief: as. the beggar’s story i-n A a ron rxr (m-de sen 


LU11 uyuuu, vt o . . 

contamination; especially, incapable of being 
bribed.— ado. in corruptibly. 

• (In"ko-rup'shun), n. 

m-cor-rup-tion freedom from possi¬ 
bility of decay; freedom from moral stain, 
in nfoooo (ln-kres').t.i-to become greater 
lll-V/I Cctot? any respect; multiply 
grow: v.t. to make greater in any respect 
enlarge: n. (In'kres), a growing larger 

that which is added to the original stock 
growth; produce; profit; issue; offspring 
the period of waxing: said of the moon. 

Syn., v. extend, dilate, expand, raise, en¬ 
hance, aggravate, magnify, grow 
Ant. (see decrease). 

• “"a ; k;i i (m-tred'i-bn'i-ti), n. 
m-Crea-l-Dll-l-ty the quality of being 
hard to believe. Also, incredibleness. 

• ; Klo (in-kred'I-bl), adj. surpas- 

in-Crea-1-Die sing belief; hard to be¬ 
lieve; unimaginable.— ado. incredibly. 


oi Deing unoe- uuugaiaoai. /*. “*'*'73” 

lieving: disbelief;:as the beggars story jn.de-Ceil-Cy fcneira 1 -sw"' want of 
was met with incredulity. . .. * t , ,• n w,r,rinc>+v nr cmnH ma,n. 


was met, wuu uwwu,**™. . .. 

• n 1 /Mio (In-kr 6 d tl-lus), adj. m- 
in-Crea-U-iOUS dicating lack of belief; 
unbeheving; as, an incredulous expression on 

the face. _ * , . 

• (In'krS-ment), n. increase; 
m-cre-meill augmentation; produce 

-n n l’nm 


delicacy, refinement, modesty, or good man¬ 
ners; that which is grossly vulgar or impure; 
a word or act offensive to modesty. 

• (In-de'sent), adj. improper In 

in-ae-ceill language, behavior, etc.; Im¬ 
modest; indelicate; unfit to be heard or 


in-cres-cent ^de-ci-sion WMA* 

in-crim-i-nate "crime” ^Ve-cUive 

accuse. (i n _krust'), v.t. to cover with, or inconclusive; as, an indecisive battle, adv. 

111-crust as with, a crust; coat ; overlay; indecisively. On'dS-klin'd-bl) adj. 

to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form a decorati\o in_(j 0 _clm-a_bl 6 that cannot be Varied 
covering. Also enerurt ^fin), n . a by inflection: n. a word that cannot be 

m-crus-ta-tion crust; covering; an inflected. (rn'dg-ko'rfls- In-dSk' 5 - 

incrusted or inlaid object or substaime; iji dg-CO-IOUS ^j s ), a dj. unsuitable or 

a covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, unbecoming; against any ac- 

etc., attached to masonry cepted rule of conduct; as it is indecorous 

in-CU-bate P to to make fun of the aged and feeble. „ ^ 

i3Sh£* s, 

kucu-ba-tion Si SS I in-deed 

means. 


in-cu-ba-tor <*****”*&* ^ 


a • A ' /ro ill 1 * Hr (fe'dfi-f5t'I-gd- 

who m-de-fat-i-ga-bil-i-ty ba i-ti). n. the 

in-CU-Ua-LUi or that which, hatches’; Quality of being untiring. (In , dg . f 5 t f,. gd . bl)t 
especially, an apparatus for hatching eggs m.de-fat-l-ga-ble ad )- not to be 
artificially. . , ♦ x r 7 I'nfnhiKfis wearied out! not yielding to fatigue, J-tn* 

in-CU-DUS “*ftn?ubi <-b!)l, the night- ^ing in labor or effortr-o^ tad.|.U*«b^ 

mare; in the superstition of the'Middle 1 Ages, m .de-fea-Sl-bll-l-ty tl), n. the quality 
deformiai^hhdrenT'^a’heavy“weight of not being able to j.eannu.ied or made void, 
or burden. [Lat.] v t lll-Qe-iea-Sl-DlC no t to be annulled 

in-cul-cate (In -H ul kat: .x i ... 


- -to impress .. ..... 7 , . , 

hnTSt foot * found • boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as m when; 
zh V afm azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 

23 


upon' 1 *the^m i ndj or made void, as a title.— adv. indefeasibly . 






indefensible 


314 


indican 


in c \p fpn q-J (in"d$-fen's!-bl), adj. 

m-ae-ien-bl-Die that cannot be main¬ 
tained or justified; as, an indefensible criminal 
act.— adv. indefensibly.—n. indefensibility. 

in dp fin f\ filp d^de-fin'a-bl), adj. 
Xli-lxc-llxl-cl-Ult? incapable of being de¬ 
scribed exactly; unexplainable; as, an indefin¬ 
able charm.— adv. indefinably. 

in dof i nifp (In-dSf'I-nlt), adj. not exact; 
aai.-vj.cx- i-invague; uncertain; having 

no particular limit; large beyond the under¬ 
standing of man, though not absolutely 
infinite; too numerous or variable to be 
easily counted; as, an indefinite number of 
grains of sand.— adv. indefinitely. 

Syn. unsettled, loose, lax. 

Ant. (see definite). 

in del i bil i tv (di-del"i-bll'i-ti), n. the 
Xli-uei-i-Uli-i-iy quality of being in¬ 
capable of being rubbed or blotted out. 
in dial I K1 a (In-del'I-bl), adj. not to be 
Uic blotted out, effaced, or 
rubbed out; as, indelible ink.~adr. indelibly. 

in dial i ca c\t d n ~del I-kd-si), n. [pi. in- 
xxx-u.t;X-X-G«.-Gy delicacies (-slz)J, want of 

refinement; that which is offensive to modesty 
or refined taste. 

in dial i rofp (In-del'T-kat), adj. offensive 
liA-vici-i-ctAtc to modesty; coarse; inde¬ 
cent.— ado. indelicately. 

in-dem-ni-fi-ca-tion 

act of securing against loss; repayment for 
loss; an allowance to officers or soldiers for 
losses in actual service. 

in-dem-ni-fv (^“dem'nl-fl) V.t. [p.t. and 
iii u.cAii ill ly p p indemnified, p.pr. in¬ 
demnifying], to secure or insure against loss 
or damage; repay; as, fire insurance com¬ 
panies indemnify loss of property by fire. 

in d pm ni tv (* n- d€im / ni-ti), n . fp/. in- 
lil u.CXXX-Xii-iy demmties (-tlz)], security 

against loss, damage, or punishment; repay¬ 
ment for loss; as, if the citizens of one 
nation injure the property of another, the 
former must pay indemnity. 
in d pnf (In-dent'), v.t. to make a depres- 
m-ucui sion in; cut into points like 
teeth: in printing or writing, to begin a line 
with a blank space; notch; bind out to 
service by a written agreement, as an appren¬ 
tice: n. a notch in the border; a formal 
agreement. 

in dpn tion (b^den-ta'shun), n. a 
Xil-Ut;il-Ld.-llOn small hoii ow or depres¬ 
sion, as from a blow; a binding out to service; 
a dent or dint; a space left in a margin. 

ill-dpnt-Pd (di-dent'ed), p.adj. notched 
hi vjcxxt cu on the edge or border like a 

ro.v of teeth; zigzag; having a space left in 
the margin; held by an agreement, as an 
apprentice. 

itl dptl fuirp (in-den'ttl?), n. a "written 
ixi ucu-iuic agreement, formerly in du¬ 
plicate, with the edges notched so as to 
correspond: v.t. to bind by a written agree¬ 
ment, as an apprentice or assistant. 

in-de-pend-encegS*-P 6n fr d 0 s “>- sll j; 

port or government by others; a sum of 
money sufficient for one's needs; self- 
reliance. Also, independency. 

Ixi-de-pend-ence Day 2inf' ] cSV; 

July 4, the anniversary of the American 
Declaration of Independence, observed in the 
1 nited : tates as a national holidav. 

in-de-nend pnt On"d<!i-pen'dent), adj. 
XXX uc-peiiu-exil not re i ying on su '_ 

ported by, or governed by. another: having 


enough to live on; free; not easily influ¬ 
enced; uncontrolled by others: n. one who 
supports measures or men without connection 
with any organized party. 

in-de-scrib-a-ble 

ing expressed or portrayed; beyond the 
power of being expressed or portrayed.— 
adv. indescribably. 

in-de-struct-i-bil-i-ty 

incapability of being broken up, demolished, 
or ruined. 

in - d e-struct-i-ble ^.' ds ;|l rak t'o I ' b le 

broken up, ruined, or demolished: beyond 
ruin or demolition.— adv. indestructibly. * 

in-de-ter-min-a-ble 

sible to be known or defined definitely. 

in-de-ter-mi-nate 

fixed; indefinite; vague; not leading to a 
definite result; not exact; as, an indeterminate 
sentence for crime; in mathematics, having an 
indefinite number of values or solutions.— 
adv. indeterminately. 

in-de-ter-min-a-tion 

unsettled, indecisive state of mind; lack of 
decision. 

in (In'deks), n. [pi. indexes (In'dgk- 

ixx-u-CA ses), indices (In'dI-sez)], that which 
points out or indicates; an alphabetical 
table of the contents of a book; the figure 
or letter which shows the number of times 
a quantity is to be multiplied together, as 
3 4 means 3 X 3 X 3 X 3: v.t. to provide with an 
alphabetical table of references. 

in dex fin crpt* (* n deks fln'ger), the 
XXX UCA lixx-gex forefinger: so called be¬ 
cause used in pointing. 

Tn-di a man (bi'di-d-m&n), n. [pi. India- 
XXX ux d.-Iild.Il men (-men)], a large vessel 

formerly employedjn the India trade. 

Ttl Hi fin d n 'dl-an), adj. pertaining to the 
i . Indies * to the West Indies, or to 

the American Indians; made of maize or 
Indian corn: n. an East Indian, West 
Indian, or Anglo-Indian; one of the first, 
inhabitants of America, or a Red Indian- 
Indian Ocean, the ocean lying between Asia, 
Africa, and Australia. 

Tn dl flf1 pliifi (in'df-an klub), a 
Xii-UX-cUI C1UD bottle-shaped club, 

swung by the hands in gymnastic exer¬ 
cises. 

In-di-an com££n^ 

plant: known also as maize. 

Xii-di-an file Ofr'di-an no, single 
exx cux xxxc pj e the usua j method 

of traveling among Indians. 

In-di-fln rprl ( 5n 'dl-an red), a dark' 

,, A 1CU purplish - red earth x = 
originally imported from the Persian — ~r 
Gulf. Indian 

In-di-an sum mpr (*u'dl-an Club 

c, ,v 1A bU “ 1 , er sum'er), summer- 

like weather, with calm, and absence of rain 
occurring in late autumn. 

In-di-an vel-low yero). 

X jcx xuw a bright yellow color. 

In-dl-a rnh hpr a n'dl-d rub'er, or often 
xxx xxx ti xuu-uer Kn'dI-d*rub'er),atough 

elastic substance from the milky juice of 
certain tropical plants; an article made from 
this substance. 

in-di-can (nf'di-kan), n. a substance 
- obtained from the various 


■ ■ — ■ v v - / v 141 ivy UA 

ate, sc n a t6, rare^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer- 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












indicant 


315 


indistinct 


out: 


adj. 

n. 


serving to 
that which 


(In'di-kat), v.t. to point out; 
show; mark; suggest; hint; 
as, signposts indicate which way 


indigo-producing plants, breaking up, by the 
a. tion of acids, into sugar, indigo blue, and 
Indigo red. 

in-di-cant pSnt' k ^ nt) ' 

points out. 

in -di- cate 

make known; 
to go. 

Syn. betoken, signify, denote. 

ir> Hi ra firvn (* n "dl-ka'shun), n. the act 
Ul-Vll-V/Cl-LiVJii of showing or pointing out; 

that which has meaning; information; token; 
evidence; sign; symptom; as, the expres¬ 
sion of the face is often an indication of 
c rs ct6r 

in rlir* d fiwcw (In-dfk'a-tlv), adj. point- 
lil-vllVs-a--U.Vt? ing out; as, cold hands 

are indicative of poor circulation of the blood; 
bringing to notice; naming that mood of the 
verb which affirms: n. the indicative mood.— 
adv. indicatively. 

in r1i ra tnr (hi'dl-ka'ter), n. one who, 
lii-vll-V/Cl-wi or that which, points out; 

the part of an instrument by which an effect 
is pointed out; as, the hands of a watch 
are indicators of the time. 

in rii ret fp (tn'dl-kd-to-ri), adj. serv- 

lii-U.l-V/d.-t,U-iy i n g to point out; having 
meaning; as, sore throat, headache, and rash 
are symptoms indicatory of scarlet fever, 
in rii (ln-dlt'), v.t. to charge, with a 
111-UlV/l crime in due form of law; as, he 
was indicted before the grand jury, 
in rliVf a KIp (In-dlt'a-bl), adj. liable to 
lU-ulV/l-a-Uic t> e charged with a crime m 
due form of law; liable to be charged with an 
offense; punishable. 

(In-dit'er), n. one who charges 
a crime. Also, indietor. 
(fn-dlt'ment), to. a written 


in-dict-er Sh 

in rlirf rnpnf On-dlt'mentj, to. a w 
U-l-U.lV/t-iiiCJ.it accusation against a 


in-dif-fer-ence 


in-dif-fer-ent 


a pris¬ 
oner presented by a grand jury to a court; 
an accusation. 

(In-dif'er-ens), «. the 

state of being uncon¬ 
cerned; impartiality; absence of choice or 
interest; unconcernedness; unimportance. 

Syn. apathy, carelessness, listlessness, 
insensibility. 

Ant. (see assiduity, application). 

(In-dff'er-ent), adj. un¬ 
concerned ; unimportant; 
mediocre; regardless.— adv. indifferently. 

in rii rrrmrP On'dl-jSns), to. the state of 
ln-Ul-gcllV/C being destitute or very poor; 
poverty; want; as, indigence causes much 
suffering in the city slums. Also, indigency, 
Syn. neediness, penury, destitution, priva¬ 
tion. 

Ant. (see affluence). 

• j;_. * (Tn-dlj'e-nus), adj. born 

Ul-Glg-6-IlOUo or produced in a country; 
not imported; native; as, cotton is indige¬ 
nous to America. . „ v ....... 

• a: (In'df-jent), adj. destitute; 

in-dl-gent needy; as, an indigent widow. 
- a: ~A (in"dl-jes'ted), odi. un- 

m-ai-gest-ea converted into a form 
that can be assimilated into the system as 
food; not softened by heat; not sufficiently 
considered; mixed-up; confused. 

in-di-gest-i-bil-i-ty T-tT) fn. the quality 
of being incapable of being assimilated by the 
system as food; the incapability of being 
taken in mentally. . _ j: t 

or 


* A * i "M/* (In"di-j*s / tf-bl), adj. 

m-di-gest-l-ple easily assimilated. 


taken in, physically or mentally.— adv. in¬ 
dig estibly. 

in rii type firm (In"dr-jes'chfin), to. diffl- 
iii-u-i-gco-uuii culty in converting, or 

inability to convert, food into such a form 
as can be assimilated by the system. 

in rlirr nanf (hi-dfg'nant), adj. affected 
lll-U-lg-lldlll with anger or wrath be¬ 
cause of unfair treatment; inflamed with 
mingled anger and scorn. 

in rlicr no firm (In'dlg-na'shfin), to. ang ir 

m-aig-xia-iion at what is unworthy, 

unjust, dishonorable, or base; anger mingled 
with contempt or disgust. 

Syn. wrath, ire, resentment. 

in rlio- ni fir (fn-dlg'nl-tl), to. [pi. indig- 
111-U.ig-Ill-lj iflties (-tfz)], an action in¬ 
tended to lower the standing or self-respect of 
another; insult. 

Syn. affront, outrage, reproach, ignominy. 
Ant . (see honor). 

in rii ern (In'dT-go), to. a blue dyestuff 
Ul-tli-gU obtained from the indigo plant, 
and by chemical methods; a deep violet blue, 
in rii rr»rf (ui"dl-rekt / ), adj. not straight 
ili-U-l-i CV/t or ju a line; as, an indirect 
road; resulting, in a roundabout manner, 
from a cause; not reaching the end aimea 
at by the most straightforward method; 
not straightforward or fair.— adv. indirectly, 
in Ai -rtir firvn (inMI-rek'shun), to. means 
m-ai-rec-xioil or methods not straight¬ 
forward ; unfairness. 

in rlic rem i hip (Jn'df-zOr'nl-bl). adj. 
m-aiS-Cem-l-Uie incapable of being 

seen or perceived. 

;♦, rlic: crppf"'‘ iu dfs-kret), adj. impru- 
iii-uio-V/icci dent; unwdse; as, it is 

indiscreet to risk all one has in a single venture. 

in rlic rre firm (fn /, dls-kresh'fin), n. 
111-u.io-V/i vJ-tiv/ii rashness; imprudence; 

an unwise act. 

in rlic rrim i tidfp (fn'dfs-krim'I-nSt). 
m-aiS-Cnm-1-nd.ie adj. not choosing 

carefully; undistinguishing; promiscuous; 
as, indiscriminate reading is unwise.— adv. 
indiscriminately.— to. indiscrimination. 

Syn. indistinct, chance, confused. 

Ant. (see select, chosen). 

in-dis-crim-i-na-tive 

making no distinction; promiscuously. 

in rlic n pti cci hip dls-pen sti-bl), 
m-aiS-peil-ba-UlG adj. that cannot be 

done without; absolutely necessary. 

Syn. essential, requisite. 

Ant (see unnecessary). 

in rlic rmcprl On'dls-pozd'), adj. slightly 
in-QIS-pObcU. ju j n health; disinclined; 

unfit. , 

in rlic nr> ci firm (In-dls*p6-zlsh'fin), n. 
lll-QlS-pO-Sl-XlOIl slight illness; disincli¬ 
nation. . 

in rlic nit fd hip (in-dls'ptl-ta-bl), adj. 
m-aiS-pu-ia-UlG too evident to admit 

of debate or question; unquestionable; 
beyond question.— adv. indisputably.— to. In¬ 
disputability. 

Syn. undeniable, undoubted, incontestable, 
sure, infallible. 

• __ I,, t.1 „ (In-dls'6-lu-bl; In'dl- 

1I1-C11S-S0-1U.-DI6 sol'il-bl), adj. not capa¬ 
ble of being reduced to a liquid; as, fat Is 
indissoluble in water; forever binding; as. 
an indissoluble agreement.— adv. indissolubly. 
—to. indissolubility. 

in rlic finrf (InMIs-tfhct'), adj. not dis- 
Ul-vilo-llliV/L tinguishable easily by the 

senses or the mind; faint; undefined; in- 
deflnite; confused.— adv. indistinctly. _ 


boot foot • found; boil; f unct ion; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











indistinguishable 


316 


indurate 


in- dis-tin-guish-a-ble gKffiJSi)'; 

adj. incapable of being made out or dis¬ 
cerned as separate and distinct; as, twins 
are often almost indistinguishable. — adv. in 

distinguishably. 

in difp (in-dlt'), v.t. to compose; write; 
AAA “ lAAl ' c as, to indite a letter or an epistle. 

in-di-vid-u-al e ?nd 

distinct thing or personality; pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, a single person or thing; 
of a peculiar or striking character; as, an 
individual style of speaking: n. a single 
person, animal, or thing.— adv. individually. 

lU di vid 11 si iQTn (lo^dl-vld'fi-al-lzm), 
m-Ul-VlU-U-d-l-lblll n the qua]ity of be . 

ing distinct or peculiar in character; a social 
system in which each person works for himself 
alone; the theory of government which dis¬ 
approves the interference of the state in the 
affairs of the separate persons concerned. 

ill di vid 11 ill i(In"dI-vld'tl-cl]-Ist), n. 
lil-Ul-VlU-U-cU-lbl one who thinks or 

acts independently; one who believes in the 
system of government which disapproves of 
the interference of the state in the affairs of 
the separate persons concerned.—adj. in¬ 
dividualistic. 

in di vid 11 fll i tv On'di-vid'ii-ai'i-ti), 
m-Ul-VlU-U-d.i-1-iy n . the condition of 

being separate and distinct; separate or 
distinct existence; distinctive character. 

in di vid n al izp (in"di-vid'd-s,i-iz), 

Ui-Ui-VlU-U-cll-lze v t to make distinct 

in character; as, George Eliot and Thomas 
Hardy strikingly individualize the char¬ 
acters in their novels; note particularly. 

in di vis i bil i tv On'di-viz'i-bn'i-ti). 

ill U-i Vlo-I-Ull-l-iy n the property of 
being incapable of being divided. 

iii-di-vis i ble (i^di-viz'i-bi), adj. not 
VAA VAO A separable into parts; not 
to be divided without a remainder; as, 10 
is indivisible by 4 . — adv. indivisibly. 

in dnr i’Ia (In-d5s'Il), adj. unteachable; 
m-uou-nc not easily governed or trained. 

in do cil i tv (i n,, d6-sii'i-ti), n. the 
Ul-UU-ClI-l-iy quality of being hard to 

teach or train. 

in dnr ti*i niitn (In-dok'trl-nat), v.t. to 
111-uut-ui-lid.lt; instruct in learning, 

principles, or doctrines. 

In-do-Eu-ro-pe-an ^; d *J?7 n 6 d -ig;- 

ing, or pertaining to, the language family to 
which belong the languages of India, some 
other parts of Asia, and the chief countries of 
Europe; Aryan. 

iti dn Innm (In'do-lens), n. love of ease; 
m-uu-icutc objection to labor; laziness. 

in dn Innt dn'do-lent), adj. indulging in 
ui-uu-icm ease; causing little or hardly 
any pain: used in the science of medicine; 
avoiding labor; lazy.— adv. indolently. 

in dnm i tn bln d n- dom'i-td-bi), adj. 
lil-UUIil-1-ld.-Uie untamable; irrepres¬ 
sible; not to be conquered; as, he has an 
indomitable will.— adv. indomitably, 
in dnrcn (In-dors'), v.t. to write (the 
1AA ~ V - AU1C>C name), on the back of, as a 
check, etc.; approve. Also, endorse. 

Syn. ratify, confirm, superscribe. 

in dnr cnn (In"dor-se'), n. a person to 
aaa-vivu. -occ whorp a check, etc., is as¬ 
signed, or made payable. 

in dnr<?n mnnt (lo-dbrs'ment), n. the 
111-UU1&C-111C11L act of AvritinK on the 

back of a check, etc.; that which is so 
written; approval. 


in dnrQ nr (In-d6r'ser), n. one who signs 
AAA- ' A ' AA a-CA over a check, approves or 


recommends. 


over a check, approves 
Also, indorsor. 

iu dn bi bln (In-du'bl-td-bl), adj. too 
111-UU-Ul-Ul-Uie evident to be doubted; 

unquestionable.— adv. indubitably, 
in dnm (l^-dus'), v.t. to lead on; to 
AAA-VAU influence; prevail upon; bring 
on; effect; cause; as, no one can induce 
him to change his mind; produce by magnetic 
or electric action. 

in dnrnd d n -dnst'), p.adj. caused by in- 
m-uuecu duction, or the effect produced 
by nearness to an electrified or magnetized 
body; prevailed upon; brought on by. 
in diir#a m*vn+ (In-dus'ment), n. that 

which causes action, etc.; 
as, a reward is an inducement to the finder 
of a lost article to return it to its owner; 
motive; incentive; reason. 

in diir i bl<a (In-dus'I-bl), p.adj. capable 
m-uut.-1-uic 0 f being brought on, caused, 
or inferred. 

in dlirf (In-dukt'),».f. to introduce; install 
m uuv/i into an office; put into possession 
of a church. 

in dnr firm dn-duk'shun), n. the intro- 
ui-uuo-uoii duction of a person into an 

office; the introduction of a clergyman into a 
charge; the process of discovering and 
proving general propositions from particular 
cases; as, the conclusion that the earth is 
round was arrived at by induction from the 
observation of such facts as the curve of the 
horizon, etc.; the conclusion so reached; 
electrical or magnetic influence produced by 
nearness to an electrified or magnetized body. 
Syn. deduction, inference. 

i-n fblf* tivp (In-duk'tiv), adj. proceeding 
in U.UV/-HVC by the process of leading 
from one thing to another; producing an 
electrical or magnetic effect by nearness to a 
magnetized or electrified field; reasoning 
from discovered facts; reaching conclusions 
through experiment.— adv. inductively. 

in-duc-tive sci-ence 'dvijjj'VZ 

branch of science which allows and uses the 
method of experiment. 

m dllf* fiv i fv (In'duk-tlv'I-tl), n. power 
m-UUC-tlV-l-iy of giving off ^ectricity 

or magnetism without touching the object 
electrified or magnetized. 

in fblf* tnr d n_ <1uk'ter), n. one who 
ni-uu^-iui leads on, or discovers by 
experiment; that part of an electric apparatus 
which produces electricity or magnetism 
without touching the part or object electrified 
or magnetized. 

it! fblP d n ~du'), v.t. to clothe; put on, 
m ' uwc as clothes; furnish; supply; give 
to or endow; as, alcoholic liquors may in¬ 
due one with a certain false strength for a 
while. Also, endue. 

ifl fbllcrp (In-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or give 
ni-uuigc way to . humor; give free 

course to: v.i. to gratify oneself. 

Syn. foster, cherish, fondle. 

Ant. (see deny). 

bl-dlll ffprifp (In-dul'jens), n. freedom 
aaj. uui gciit/C f rom restraint or control; 

permission; license; gratification; excess; 
as indulgence in laziness, etc. 
in-dul-p^pnf dn-dul'jent), adj. yielding 
t TT & C1At to the humor. \4>hes, etc., 
of another; as, an indulgent parent makes a 
spoiled child; showing favor; kind.— adv. 
indulgently. 

in-dll ra+P dn'du-rat), v.i. to grow hard: 
m uu ldtc v L to make hard . as heat 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 





industrial 


317 


inexperience 


indurates clay; make unfeeling: adj. (In'-dtl- 

rat), hardened. 

in Hnc tri al dn-dus'trl-al), adj. pertain- 
JLU-UU&-Ui-dl ing to productive work; 
devoted to training for systematic labor; as, 
industrial courses are given in many schools; 
engaged in or constituting systematic labor; 
derived from, or engaged in, manufacturing 
on a big scale.— adv. industrially. 

m-dus-tei-al-ism Sty 

founded upon productive or business pursuits, 
as contrasted, for example, with militarism. 

in filial "bri miQ (In-dus'tri-fis), adj. char- 

acterized by diligence or 
application; hard-working. 

•Syn. active, busy, diligent. 

Ant. (see lazy). 

in HllC fnr (In'dus-trl), n. [pi. industries 
lll-UUa-liy (_trlz)], steady attention to 
business or labor; productive labor; a 
particular branch of work or trade; as, the 
sugar industry is the chief dependence of 
the West Indies. 

in HwpII dn-dwel'), v.t. and v.i. to abide 
iil-viWCll j n or within; to inhabit. 

■t n n K-ri nia (In-e’brl-at), v.t. to make 
ixi-C-LU 1-dlC drunk; intoxicate: n. (In- 
e'brl-at), an habitual drunkard; adj. drunken; 
intoxicated. 

in P hri "linn (In-^brl-a'shun), n. in- 
AAA ~'-'~ , "' A A-CA “ tiuii toxication; drunkenness. 

p kri p i*Tr (in S-br! e—ti), n. intoxica— 
AiA-c-AAA tion; habitual drunkenness, 
in pf fa Kick (In-ef'a-bl), adj. unspeak- 
m-ci-ia-uio able; inexpressible; too 
sacred for utterance.— adv. ineffably.— n. in¬ 
effableness. 

i« f fa/*o o Kick iiff e-fas d-bl), adj. in- 
111-cl-ldUC-d-Dlt; capable of being blot¬ 
ted out or rubbed out.— adv. ineffaceably. 

(ri pf fpp ti tjp (in"e-fek'tiv), adj. not 
A1A-CA_ACV '~ l,AV c producing the desired 
result; as, the company’s efforts to end the 
strike were ineffective. — adv. ineffectively, 
in foe fii a 1 (In /, e-fek , td-al), adj. not 

producing the desired 
result; unavailing. — adv. ineffectually. 

Syn. vain, useless, fruitless. 

Ant. (see effective). 

in pf -fi po rimiQ (In-ef i-kashus), adj. 

111-cl-ll-Ud-UlUUo no t; powerful enough 

to produce the intended or desired result.— 
adv. inefficaeiously. 

jn pf -fi oct c'tt (hi-6f I-kd-si), n. want of 
AAA-,:;A_AA-ucl-v 'J power to bring about the 
desired result; fruitlessness; as. the inefficacy of 
popular patent medicines to cure^disease. 

■ n pf ^ cion pir (In^e-fish en-si), n. lack 
m-ei-n-oien-cy of power or skill to do 

well the task required. 

in pf fi ripnf (In'e-flsh'ent), adj. not 
AAA_ V' A_AA-A/A ' : ' AAl ' producing or not capable 
of producing the desired result; incapable.— 
adv. inefficiently. 

in p loo fir (In'£-l&s'tlk), adj. wanting 
lU-C-iao-Ub the power to stretch and 
contract again, as rubber; as, disuse of the 
muscles causes them to become inelastic. — 

adv. inelastically. 

in p1 p o-nnrp (In-el'6-gans), n. want of 
iU-Ci-C-gaiicc any quality required by 

good taste; want of refinement. Also, in- 

in ckl p ffanf^'^t), adj. offensive 
AAA * CA_C_ & CAAA A to good taste; as, slang, to say 
the least of it, is inelegant. — adv. inelegantly. 

in pi i <ri Kil i tv On-ei'I-jl-bll'I-tl), n. 
lH-61-l-gI-Dll-l-Xy the quality of being 

unsuitable or unfit. 


It! pi i <xi K1 p (In-61'I-jI-bl), adj. unworthy 
AAA " CA " A "o A-WAC of choice; unsuitable; le¬ 
gally unfitted for choice or election; as, a 
foreign born citizen of the United States 
is ineligible to the presidency.— adv. ineligibly. 
in pnt (In-Spto, adj. not fit or suitable; 

no t consistent with reason; absurd. 
— adv. ineptly. —n. ineptitude. 

in_ e aual i tv .(fri'^-kwon-ti), n. [pi. 

ill c qudl-i-iy mequahties (-tlz)j, differ¬ 
ence, especially of rank or station; uneven¬ 
ness; as, inequality of size, or of age; change¬ 
ableness; insufficiency. 

Syn. disparity, disproportion, dissimilarity. 
Ant. (see equality). 

in pn 11 i f o K1 p (I n- ®k'wf-td-bl), adj. not 
-Ui-ctj-Ui-lo.-Ui.C according to fairness or 

justice; unjust.— adv. inequitably. 

in pn iii tv (bi-ek'wl-tl) n. lack of falr- 
nj.-CL£-ui-Ly ness or justice; injustice. 

m-e-rad-i-ca-bleS'tc r a 5 pabie 0 of b bl 

ing torn or rooted out. 

in prf (bi-firt'), adj. having no power of 
U1 ' ci 1 motion or action; as, Orpheus was 
said to make stones and other inert objects 
move in response to the music of his lute; 
lifeless; sluggish. 

in pr ti c\ (In-firshi-d), n. lack of activity; 
AAA " C ' A-U ‘“ a ' sluggishness; that property by 
virtue of which matter tends to remain at 
rest, if resting, or to move uniformly In a 
straight line, if moving. 

Ip pci ti m ci K1 p (In-es'tl-ma-bl), adj. not 
in-co-ti-xiia-uic to be measured; beyond 

measure or price; incalculable; invaluable.— 
adv. inestimably. 

in pv i tfi Kil i tv Ofa-^v’t-t^-bii'i-tn.n. 

m-eV-l-Ld-Uli-l-iy impossibility of be¬ 
ing avoided. Also, inevitableness. 

in pv t to K1 p (In-ev'l-ta-bl), adj. not to 
V-l-ld-UlC 1)0 evaded; unavoidable; 
as, death is inevitable for all men.— adv. in¬ 
evitably. 

Syn. certain, unescapable. 
in py art (in"eg-zakt'), adj. not precise, 
m-CA-at/i correct, accurate, or punctual, 
— adv. inexactly.— n. inexactness. 

p y /■‘no o K1p (fiUeks-kuz'd-bl), adj. 

AAA ~ c - x - - '-' LAJ;> ~ cl_ *- ,A ^' not admitting of par¬ 
don or apology; unpardonable.— adv. inex¬ 
cusably. 

in PY Kflll^it i K1 p (I n "eg-zos'tl-bl), adj. 
IIl-CA-IIdUol-l-UIt; no t to be used up; as, 

the natural resources of the United States seem 
almost inexhaustible; unfailing; unwearied.— 
adv. inexhaustibly.— n. inexhaustibility. 

in-ex-o-ra-bU-i-ty 

of being moved by prayers. Also, inexor¬ 
ableness. 

]p pv a i*o K1 p (Iff-®k / s$-rd—bl), adj. not 
ui-cA-u-ia-uic ^ be moved by prayers; 

unyielding; unrelenting; as, an inexorable 
ruler.— adv. inexorably. 

in-ex-pe-di-en-cy r' e M2we n nt£; 

inadvisability. Also, inexpedience. ^ 

in PY TIP Hi pnt (I n *’6ks-pe'dl-ent), adj. 
lii-CA-pc-ui-ciiL unsuitable to circum¬ 
stances; inadvisable; as, it is inexpedient to 
expose one’s life needlessly to risks. 

in py npn civp (In /l 'eks-pen'siv), adj. 
m-CA-peil-blVe cheap; costing little; as, 

inexpensive clothes; inexpensive pleasures. 

in PY np ri pnf*p dn^Sks-pe'rl-Sns), n. 
ili-CA-pc-i 1-CliLC want of actual en¬ 
joyment, suffering, or other personal contact 
with the different sides of life; or of the 
knowledge that comes from actual contact 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






inexperienced 


318 


internal machine 


with life’s fulness; lack of practice or skill 
of any particular kind. 

• (In'eks-pe'rl-enst), 

m-ex-pe-n-encea lacking the per¬ 
sonal knowledge that comes from actual 
living; unpracticed; unskilled; as, inexperi¬ 
enced workers are worth less money to their 
employers than those who are experienced, 
in ait nArf (In"6ks-purt'), adj. unskilled; 
lli-cA-pcl L lacking the knowledge or 
skill gained from practice.— adv. inexpertly. 

• 0 V»1 ci (In-eks'pl-a-bl), adj. that 
m-eX-pl-a-Dle cannot be atoned for; 
as, an inexpiable crime. 

in ov nli pa K1 a (In-eks'pll-ka-bl), adj. 
m-eX-pll-Ca-Die not to be explained, 

made plain, or understood; not to be in¬ 
terpreted or accounted for; as, the growth 
of the simplest flower is an inexplicable mys¬ 
tery.— adv. inexplicably.— n. inexplicability. 

in ov nln civ** (In"6ks-plo , sIv), adj. not 
lIl-CA-]JiU-ol V C liable to burst or expand 

violently. 

in py nrpCQ i Vil a (Iti eks-pres I-bl), 
m-ex-prebb-l-uie adj. incapable of be¬ 
ing uttered or described.— adv. inexpressibly. 

in ev nrpc ciirA (in"eks-pres Iv), adj. 
Ul-CA-pi co-MVC lacking distinct mean¬ 
ing; dull; as, an inexpressive face.— adv. 

inexpressively. 

in-ex-ten-si-bil-i-ty S ; i"-t»r'£ n 't s he 

quality of not stretching. 

in p v ten ci V\ 1 p t I n*6ks - ten s I- bl) , 

HI-cX-TcH-bl-Die adj. that cannot be 

stretched.— adv. inextensibly. 

in-ex-tin-guish-a-ble S.*; 

adj. unquenchable: as, inextinguishable flame. 
— adv. inextinguishably. 

in av fri pci V»1 a (In-eks'trl-ka-bl), adj. 
111-cA-lil-Lcl-UlC incapable of being un¬ 
tied; incapable of being disentangled; as, 
an inextricable knot; hopelessly difficult or 
obscure.— adv. inextricably. 

in f al 1i “hil i fir (In-fal"I-bIl'I-tI), n. in- 
m-iai-ll-tm-l-xy capability of malting 

mistakes. 

in fell 1i (In-fal'i-bl), adj. incapable 

111-icli-ll-UiC 0 f erring; unfailing; as, the 

predictions of the weather bureau are not 
infallible. — adv. infallibly. 

in fa mniic: (In'fd-mfis), adj. having a 
lll-la.-liiuuo very bad reputation; odious; 

scandalous; as, Benedict Arnold was an 
infamous traitor. 

Syn. shameful, ignominious, disgraceful. 
Ant. (see honorable). 

• , r_ ^ 1 T7 . (Tn'fd-miis-lt), adv. shame- 

m-ia-moub-iy f u iiy. wickedly; as, some 
of the negro slaves in the United States were 
infamously treated. 

in fa rmr dn'fd-ml), n. pubhc disgrace; 
111-1 ct-Illy baseness or vileness. 

in fan pir (In'fan-si), n. the state of being 
111-la.ll-uy a babe in arms; early childhood: 
the first stage of anything; in law, the period 
of life from birth to the age of twenty-one. 
in fanf (In'fant), n. a young child; popu- 
111-1 allL i a rly, a child under two years; 
in law, a person who has not attained the 
age of twenty-one: adj. pertaining to the 
earliest stages of childhood, or to the legal 
period of minority; immature, 
in fan fa (In-fan'td), n. any daughter of 
111-1 dll -la the royal family of either 
Portugal or Spain: used also as a title, 
in fan fA flto-fan'tS), n. any son of the 
Hl-ldll-lc r oyal family of either Portugal 
or Spain, except the eldest: used also as a title. 


• (In-fan'tl-sld), n. the mur- 
in-ian-tl-Ciae der of a newborn child; 
one who kills a newborn child. 

• + ;i_ (In'fan-til; In'fan-til), adj. per- 
lH-ld.Il-LHC taining to babies or the period 
of babyhood; childish. Also, infantine. 

in fan frir (In'fan-trl), n. a body of 
111-ldll-Liy soldiers armed and equipped 

for service on foot. 

in faf afA (In-fat'ti-at), v.t. to lead 
lll-ldl-U-dlC i n to folly; to cause m one 
an extravagant admiration or affection. 

• ii o +iivn (In-fat'u-a'shiin), n. ex- 
111-ia.t-U-d-IlOIl travagant folly; that 
which inspires with foolish and. extravagant 
passion, admiration, or affection; as, an 
infatuation for gambling. 

in fcxni (In-fekt'), v.t. to give some (espe- 
m-lCCL cially bad) quality to; taint, or 
harm, especially with disease, physical or 
moral; to inspire with a feeling; as, hi» 
gloominess infected everybody there. 

in fAC firm (in-fek'shiln), n. the act of 
111-1 cL-LlUli communicating disease or 

taint; that which communicates disease or 
corrupts; taint; communication of disease 
from the sick to the healthy; a disease that 
may be communicated. 

in fckr fimio (In-fek'shus), adj. that may 
111-lcL-llUU.o be given to others by 
communication; as, measles is an infectious 
disease; sympathetic; carrying the power to 
affect with a disease; as, the clothing a sick 
person has worn may be infectious. 
in fi=L /»iin A i fir (In'fS-kun'dl-tl), n. bar- 
lM-Ic-LU.Il-U.l-iy renness; unfruitfulness. 

in fA lir i fniiQ (In'fS-lIs'I-tfis), adj. 
lll-lC-Ut-I-Luuo unfortunate; unhappy; 

inappropriate; ill-timed; as, an infelicitous 
remark. 

in fA lir i fir (In"fe-lis'i-ti), n. [pi. infe- 
lll-ic-llL-l-iy licities (-tlz)], misfortune; 

nnhappinass; inappropriateness; an unfortu¬ 
nate or ill-timed act or expression, 
in fAt- (In-fur'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. inferred, 
111-1 Cl p.p? . inferring!, to arrive at (a con¬ 
clusion, etc.), by reasoning; as, from the 
study of Indian relics we infer that some 
tribes had no little civilization; accept as a 
fact or consequence; to lead to as a conse¬ 
quence; imply; to contain or include as 
a matter of course; as, your haste infers 
your eagerness; to make clear -without direct 
statement: v.i. to conclude, 
in fAr a "hi a (In-fur'a-bl), adj. capable of 
111-iCi-d-UiC being arrived at by reason¬ 
ing or deduction. 

in fAr An pa dn'fer-ens), n. conclusion; 
111-1CI - dice that which is contained or 
included or understood as a matter of course; 
as, from their silence the inference is that all 
is well. 

Syn. corollary, consequence. 

in fAr An fial (In"fer-en'shal), adj. hav- 
AJi-iCJ.-CAi.-i.icii. i n g the nature of a con¬ 
clusion arrived at by reasoning from certain 
known facts or admissions.— adv. inferential!)'. 

in fA ri nr (In-fe'rl-er), adj. lower In place, 
lli-lC-il-Ci ra nk, or quality; secondary; 

between the earth and the sun; as, inferior 
planets: n. one who ranks below another. 

in fA ri nr i fir (In-fe"rI-6r'I-tI), n. lower 
111-1 c-il-Ui-l-iy state or quality; as. 

inferiority of rank; mental inferiority. 
in fpr nal dn-fnr'nal), adj. pertaining to 
111-1 Cl -iia.1 the regions of the dead; belong¬ 
ing to or resembling hell: hellish; fiendish; 
outrageous.— adv. infernally. 

in-fer-nal ma-chine ih'fnffi 1 ™p 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








inferno 


319 


inflexibleness 


apparatus designed to explode and destroy 
life or property. 

»»■* fcx-r" Tifl -In-Jhr'no), n. [pi. infernos 
(-noz)], a place or position of 
torment; hell, or a place resembling it. 

in fo r +i1<a (In-fur'til), adj. lacking fruit- 
aaa-aca -me; fulness; barren. 

in +i1 i +v (In^fer-tll'I-tl), n. unpro- 

lix -lei- vaa - a -1 y ductiveness; unfruitful¬ 
ness; as, the in fertility of the soil, 
in fpci- (in-fgstO, v.t. to attack; haunt; 
AAA-icot overrun; to attack or annoy 
constantly and in numbers; as, moths infest 
woolen materials.— n. infestation. 

Syn. annoy, plague, harass, 
in fi fl pi (In'fl-del), adj. casting aside all 
aaa-aa-u-ca religion; refusing to believe a 
religion asserted to be divinely revealed, 
especially the Christian religion; as, an 
infi lei pamphlet, showing unbelief in creed 
or doctrine: n. one who rejects Christianity 
as a divine revelation; formerly, a Moham¬ 
medan, Jew, or heathen, 
in fi fi pi i +tt (In 'fi-del'I-tl), n. \pl. infl- 
IH-ii-U.cI-1-iy delities (-tiz)], disbelief in 
some religion, especially in Christianity; the 
act of breaking a trust; unfaithfulness in 
marriage. 

in fiplfi (Jn'fSld"), n. in baseball, the space 
Ail-iACAU. -within the base line, thirty yards 
by thirty yards, called “the diamond.” 
in fil trfite* (In-ffktrat), v.t. and v.i. to 
AAA " AAA-AAcAl '' c ' cause a liquid or gas to pass 
through pores or very small openings. 

in fil tret firm (In'fll-tra'shfm), n. the 
m-m-Ud.-UUIl ac t of causing a liquid 

to pass through pores or very small openings, 
in fi ni+P dn'fl-nlt), adj. perfect; un- 
AAA-AA_AAAl '' : ' limited; immeasurable: n. in 
mathematics, a limit that can be approached 
but never reached; an indefinite magnitude: 
the Infinite, God; the Absolute Being, 
in fi ni+P Itr (In'fl-nlt-ll), adv. beyond any 
AAA_AA_AAAAC_A J' measurable degree; vastly. 

in fi ni+P npcc (In'fl-nlt-nes), n. state 
ic-ncao 0 f being limitless or 
boundless; immensity. 

in-fin-i-tes-i-mal 

small; as, the weight 
would be infinitesimal; 

in-fin-i-tes-i-mal-ly 

Indefinitely small quantities, 
in fin i +ixrp (In-fln'I-tlv), adj. without 
AAA_AAAA-A ~hvc limitation of person or 
number: applied to that verb form which 
simply expresses the general sense of the 
verb: n. the infinitive verb form; as, to sing. 
in fin i -Hr (In-fln'I-tp, n. [pi. infinities 
lfl-IUl-l-iy (-tiz)], the state of being 
immeasurable; unlimited extent of time, 
space, or quantity; absolute perfection; 
an indefinitely great quantity: in mathe¬ 
matics, a limit that can be approached but 
never reached. Also, infinitude, 
in fi-m-i (In-furm'), adj. feeble in body or 
aaa_aAaaaa health; weak-minded; insecure; 
weakened; irresolute; uncertain. 

Syn. weak, feeble, enfeebled. 

Ant. (see robust). , , . , „ 

in fir met rvr (In-ffir'ma-ri), n. [pi. inflr- 
m-nr-ma-ry maries (-rfz)j, a hospital for 

the sick and injured. „ , „ 

in fir mi Hr (In-fOr'ml-tl), n. [pi. infir- 
m-nr-mi-iy mi ties (-tlz)l, the state of 
being weak or sick; weakness of body or of 
mind; illness; failing. 

ill fix ( In " fifks ^’ v t ’ to fastcn in: i m P lant : 


(In"fIn-I-tes'I-m3,l), 
adj. immeasurably 
of an insect’s wing 
very minute. 


insert. 


tn fl Cl trip (l®-fl8m) r v.t. to set on fire; 
m-iiHiiJt fire with passion; excite; pro¬ 
voke; irritate; put into a state of redness, 
swelling, and pain; as, weeping inflames 
the eyes: v.i. to become inflamed. 

Syn. anger, enrage, chafe, incense, aggra¬ 
vate, exasperate. 

Ant. (see allay, soothe). 

Ill flump'd (Ifi-flamd'), p.adj. heated; as. 
aaa-aaciaaava inflamed with anger; exas¬ 
perated. 

in-flam-ma-bil-i-ty “iiy 

or state of being easily set on fire. 

in-fiam-ma-ble !e”'on' b flVe ; <, S: 

gasoline is an inflammable substance; easily 
excited; excitable; as, an inflammable temper. 
— adv. inflammably. 

in flam mil +inn (ht^fla-ma'shfin), n. 
111-Ild.IIl-IIld.- Hull an unnatural condi¬ 
tion of any part of the body shown by pain, 
redness, heat, and swelling. 

in-flam-ma-to-ry 

passion, tumult, or rebellion; tending to 
produce, accompanied by, or showing, 
a condition of redness, swelling, etc. 

in-flat-a-ble .. a 4i- capable 


air or gas. 

in-flate 


of being swelled out with 


mechanical 

(something) 


(In-flat'), v.t. to swell out with air 
or gas, as a balloon; puff up; 
make proud; expand or raise, as prices. 

i-n fla +i/vn ie+ (In-fla'shfin-Ist), n. one in 
lAl-lla.-llUAl-A&t favor of the use of more 

paper money. 

in file? +nr Oh-flat'er), n. a 
1AA-J.ia.-IUA device for swelhng 

up with air or gas. _ 
in fl <1 +11 c (In-fla'tfis), n. inspiration; as. 
Au-na-iua the divine inflatus of the poet, 
in flpp+ (In-hekt'), v.t. to bend; turn from 
AAA_AAC '^ A a direct line; vary the form 
of (a noun, verb, or adjective) so as to show 
changes in the person, number, case, etc.: 
v.i. to undergo grammatical change of ending, 
in fl**r+ c*fl (In-flek'ted), p.adj. bent or 
iAA ” AAC ^ l ' -CAA turned from a direct line or 
course; having changes in the form of words 
so as to show changes in meaning; as, the 
personal pronouns in English are all inflected; 
bent or turned inward or downward. 

in flop firm (In-flek'shiin), n. a bend or 
111-Ale U-llUIl bending; rise and fall in 

the voice; as, the soft inflection of her voice 
showed her sympathy; variation of nouns, 
verbs, etc., by declension and conjugation. 
Also, inflexion. 

in flop +inn aT (fo~flek'shun-5,l), adj. 
AAi-ixcu-nuii-a.i [ n grammar, showing 

changes in form to denote changes in mean¬ 
ing; as, .9 and ’s are the chief inflectional 
endings of English nouns. Also, inflexional. 

in fiop+ ii 7 A (In-flek'tlv), adj. capable of 
ui-ncti-ivc bending; possessing the vari¬ 
ous forms that show changes in the meanings 
of words according to their use; as, inflective 
languages. 

in fl qv i hi! i +v (m-fl6k'sl-bll'l-tl), n. 
m-nex-l-uil-l-xy incapability of being 

bent; stiffness; obstinacy. 

in flov i V*1*a (In-flek'sl-bl), adj. not to be 

Ul-IIt?A-l-UiC bent; rigid; stiff; not to 

be moved by prayers; not to be varied or 
changed; unalterable; as, an inflexible 
determination.— adv. inflexibly. 

in flpv i V*1p n pcc (In-flek'sl—bl-nSs), n. 
lll-neX-l-Die-IieSb the quality of being 

rigid; incapability of being bent or changed . 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









inflict 


320 


inhabitant 


• (In-fllkt'), v.t. to cause by, or as if 

1H-IJ.11/1 by, striking; cause to be suffered; 
impose as a punishment.—n. infliction. 

in-flo-res-cence <? n ; fl r ti r& a^geme5! 

of flowers in any species or class of plant; 
a group of flowers growing upon a common 
main stem. 

i-n flu onro (In'floo-ens), n. energy or 
ili-ll U.-C11V/C p 0wer tending to produce 
effects by indirect or invisible means; as, a 
great leader must have real influence over 
men; power arising from wealth or station; 
as, political positions are often obtained 
through the influence of some one already in 
power; that which exerts power over some one 
or something: v.t. to have unseen power over, 
physically or mentally; to modify or change. 

Syn., v.t. bias, sway, prejudice, prepossess: 
n. credit, favor, reputation, character, weight, 
authority. 

in flu on fiol (In'flbb-en'sh&l), adj. hav- 
lil-IiU-Cii- ucu ing or exerting power or 

sway; as, an influential citizen. 

««« fl,< on f 1 a 1 1 \t (In'floo-en'shal-I), adv. 

m-nu-en-uai-iy j n SUC h a way as to 

affect or change; powerfully, 
in flu on 70 (In-floo-en'za), n. catarrh 
llA-litA-Cii-ott accompanied by fever, 
pains, and nervous prostration, 
in fltiv (In'fluks"), n. an inflow; inpouring; 
J11-11U.A the addition or incoming of any¬ 
thing that may be likened to a stream; as, 
the discovery of gold in Alaska led to a great 
influx of adventurers; the point at which a 
stream flows into another or into the sea. 
in frvrm (In-form'), v.t. to animate; mold; 
1A1-1U11U instruct; to give knowledge of; 
to tell: v.i. t@ give information. 

xYtfi 1 (In-for'mal), adj. not accerd- 
lAl-lUI-lil<U i n g to custom or rule; irregu¬ 
lar ; unceremonious.— adv. informally. 

f Af trial i (In'for-mal'I-tl), n. [pi. 

Hl-ior-mai-l-xy informalities (-tlz)],want 

of regular, customary, or legal form; lack of 
ceremony. 

in fr»rm ont (In-f6r'mant), n. one who 
Ul-lUllli-cUH gives news or knowledge 

of something. 

in fnr mn linn dn'for-ma'shun), n. 
aaa-avja -AAio.- la knowledge given; a law¬ 
suit brought on behalf of the government; a 
declaration mad© before a magistrate to cause 
him to issue a summons or warrant, 
in form pr (In-for'mer), n. one who in- 
Ul-IUliU-ci forms a magistrate of a break¬ 
ing of the law, or sues for a penalty under 
some law; a telltale. 

in fra r firm (In-frak'shun), n. the act 
111-11 at- LIUll 0 f breaking, especially a law. 

in frp mipnrp (In-fre'kwens), n. the 
111-11 tJ-l[Ut;IlbC state or fact of happen¬ 
ing very seldom; rareness. Also, infrequency. 

in frp niipnt (In-fre'kwent), adj. seldom 
lii-ii c-ijug nt occurring; as, infrequent 
visits; infrequent rains.— adv. infrequently, 
in frincrp (In-frlnj'), v.t. to disregard, or 
ui-umgc break, as a law; to neglect to 
obey: v.i. to encroach or trespass: followed 
by on or upon; as, to infringe upon a patent. 

Syn. invade, intrude, contravene, break, 
transgress, violate. 

in frincrp mpnf Ota-frlnj'ment), n. vio- 
m-Ilinge-meni lation, or failure to 

observe, as of a law, patent, trade-mark, etc.; 
as, ignorance of a law is no excuse for its 
infringement. 

in fit ri afp (In-fu'rl-at), v.t. to onrage; 
lii _AU-A 1-«-madden; as, to infuriate a 
mob. —n. infuriation. 


in-fuse (In - fQz ' > ' 


to introduce, as by 
pouring; to fill. 

• fn oi Klo (In-ffl'zl-bl), adj. incapable 
111-1 ll-ol-UlC of being melted or liquefied. 

in fn cirvn (In-fu'zhun), n. a pouring in. 
111-1 U.- 0 IUAI or something poured in or 
mingled; the act of imparting or teaching 
gradually, as of good principles; a liquid 
extract obtained by soaking a vegetable 
substance in hot or cold water without boil¬ 
ing; as, tea is an infusion of tea leaves. 

in o-affi pi* incr (In'gal/i'er-Ing), n. the 
in-gam-er-ing act of bringing in, espe¬ 
cially of a harvest. 

in O-pn imiq OMSn'yfis), adj. having in- 
111-gtJll-lUUo ventive skill; clever; as, 

the penny-in-the-slot machine is an ingenious 
device for catching people’s pennies.— adv. 
ingeniously. 

in «r£ miP (ah''zha"noo'), n. a frank and 
111-ge-llUC innocent girl or young woman;, 
an actress who acts such a character in a 
play. [Fr.] 

in o-p mi i Hr (In"j&-nu'I-tI), n. clever- 
ill -gC-llU-l-tjr ness i n contriving or in¬ 
venting; skill. 

in o-pn ii nnc (In-j6n'u-us), adj. franks 
All'&tJll-li-Ullo open; innocent; sincere; 

candid; as, an ingenuous child.— adv. in¬ 
genuously. 

Syn., adj. generous, plain. 

Ant. (see crafty). 

in crip (lu'gl). n ■ a (ke or fireplace; a blaze; 
il A- & Ae as, sit thee by the ingle. 
in crip nnnlr (In'gl-nook*), n. the chim- 
AAA- & AC-AA ' J, - , ' n - ney corner; the fireside. 

in crln ri pnc dn-glo'rl-us), adj. without 
lll-glU-ll-UUo fame; disgraceful; shame¬ 
ful; as, an inglorious defeat, 
in trnf (Iu'g8t; In'got), n. a mass of metal 
lli-gUl cas t into some convenient shape; 
as, ingots of gold are in bars; of tin, in blocks, 
in crrain (lu'gran'; In-gran'), v.t. to dye 
AAA_ o A P-Iaa i n the fiber or before manufac¬ 
ture; dye with any deep, lasting color; 
saturate or fix in deeply; as, ingrained vice: 
adj. (In'gran), dyed prior to being manufac¬ 
tured; thoroughly wrought or worked in; 
deep-seated: n. a carpet made of cotton and 
wool. 

in crra+o (In'grat), adj. not thankful: n. 
AAA- S AcAAC one who is not thankful, 
in err a +i a+P dn-gra'shl-at), v.t. to bring, 
AAa "& AcA_1 ' a '" £AA '' by flattery, etc. (oneself) 
into the favor of another; as, he knew how to 
ingratiate himself with all about him; secure 
favorable reception for: with into. 

in <rrci + i +ii Hp (In-gratff-tud), n. absence 
AAA- & A<A t-l-lULic of thankfulness; insensi¬ 
bility to kindness. 

in errp Hi pnf dn-gre'dl-ent), n. a part 
AAA “& A '-'-'- AA-CAAl ' G f a compound or mixture; 

as, sugar is an ingredient of cake; an element, 
in OTPQC (In'gres), n. entrance; access; 
AAA_ & ACDO the place of entrance; liberty of 

access. 

in ernIf (In-gulf'), v.t. to swallow up in; 
AAA_ & U - AA bury; overwhelm. Also, engulf. 

in fiaVi if (In-hab'lt), v.t. to dwell in; 
aaa-aacuj-al occupy as a dwelling place. 

in-hab-it-a-ble S^fav^S!' 

very short time they made the old house 
inhabitable. Also, habitable. 

in VioVi if an c*p du-hab'T-tcins), n. occu- 
iaa iicX-U ii-cti.iV/C pancy; residence. Also, 
inhabitancy. 


i-n kok If an+ (In-hS,b'l-t5,nt), n. one who, 
111-ilclU ll-cUll or that which, occupies; 

a permanent resident. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, ciit, focus, menii; 








inhabitation 


321 


injustice 


n. 

in; 


in-hab-i-ta-tion & h l c b t ' I -‘f' s S?£ , g 

continued residence. 

in hflb it pH (In-hab'f-ted), ad;, peopled; 
aaa - AAcAA '~ aA -'''“1 lived in; occupied. 

in hfl Ipnt d n -h&r5,nt), n. an apparatus 
for d raW i n g something into 
the lungs; that which is drawn into the lungs, 
in ha la tinn (^"hd-la'shfin), n. the act 
AAA-AA,a “ ACA " l ' AUAA of drawing into the lungs; 
as. the inhalation of a sufficient quantity of 
ether produces unconsciousness, 
in halp (In-haT), v.t. to draw into the 
m-naic lungs; as, inhale deeply all the 
pure air you can. 

in-har-mo-ni-ous 

agreeing; as, inharmonious sounds or colors. 
— adv. inharmoniously. 

in hprp (in-her'), v.i. to be fixed or to 
ui-nci c exist in something else; be a 
part of. 

1 'j'i pt" ptipp (fn-her’ens), n. the state of 
AAA-AA ' : ' A existing inseparably in some¬ 

thing else. Also, inherency, 
in hpr pr»t (ta-her'ent), adj. existing in- 
AAA-AACA ~ CAAL separably in something else; 
essential; inborn; as. fear of death is 
inherent in human nature.— adv. inherently, 
in hpr it (In-her'It), v.t. to possess from 
AAA ” AACA_AL an ancestor by right of succes¬ 
sion; receive by nature from one’s ancestors; 
to receive by birth: v.i. to come into pos¬ 
session of property as the heir.— adj. inherit¬ 
able. 

hpr it Qtjrp (In-hSr'f-tHns), n. the act 
aaa *uci -H-aiU/C 0 f coming into a property 
handed down by ancestors or others; that 
which is received from an ancestor or other 
person; a possession or blessing, especially 
one bestowed. 

(In-her'I-ter), n. one who 
receives property or posses¬ 
sions from his ancestors or others; an heir, 
in hih if (Jn-hlb'It), v.t. to restrain; pre- 
AAA-AAAAA_AA vent; as, lockjaw inhibits the 
opening of the mouth; forbid; to prevent. 
— n. inhibition. 

i n hnc ni fc ; hip (in-hos'pl-ta-bl), adj. 
111-liUb-pi- Id.- UiC no t welcoming stran¬ 
gers or guests; affording no shelter; barren; 
cheerless; as, the Pilgrims landed on the 
inhospitable New England coast.— adv. inhos¬ 
pitably. 

in hoc ni ti il i tv (In-hos^pI-tSPI-tl), n. 
Ul-ilUb-pi-id.1-1-iy the want of cordiality 

or desire to welcome strangers or guests; the 
lack of facilities for shelter or food; used of 
desert wastes. 

in hn -man (In-hu'man), adj. cruel; un- 
111-11 U.-U.1<UJ. feeling; without kindly qual¬ 
ities.— adv. inhumanly. 

Syn. brutal, savage, barbarous, ruthless, 
merciless, ferocious. 

Ant. (see humane). 

-«« hit mart i tv '’’hli—man , I—t>I), n. [pi. 
^^“■tltX-IIlMll-l-iy inhumanities (-tfz)J, the 

quality of being unfeeling or unkind; cruelty, 
in i-m i rc il (in-Im'I-kSl), adj. hostile; act- 
AAA_AAA A_A_ '- /CAA ing against; as, weariness 
of body is inimical to hard brain work.— adv. 

inimically. 

in im i +o hlo (ln-Im'1-td-bl), adj. match- 
lil-lIIl-l-ld.-UltJ i ess; a s, Shakespeare’s 

A Midsummer Night's Dream is an inimitable 
fairy play.— adv. inimitably, 
in in iii fntic (in-Ik'wf-tus), adj. wicked; 
lH-iq-Ul-TOilb unjust; as, the buying 

and selling of slaves was an iniquitous 
practice.— adv. iniquitously. 


in-her-i-tor 


(In-Ik'wI-tl), n. [pi. 


iniquities 

injustice; 


* # • j (J 

in-iq-Ul-ty (-tiz)], wickedness; 
unrighteousness; crime; evil. 

Syn. wrong, grievance. 

in i tipi (to-lsh'al), adj. placed at the 
Aii-A-iiMi beginning; beginning; n. a letter 
placed at the beginning of a word, etc.: pi. 
the first letters of a person’s name placed 
separately: v.t. to mark with an initial.— 
adv. initially. 

in i ti flfp (fri-Ish'l-at), v.t. to instruct in 
xxx-i-tx-cxcc fbe first principles of anything; 
set on foot; bring in; to introduce; as, to 
initiate a series of reforms; to introduce into 
a club, secret society, etc., by special teach¬ 
ings and ceremonies; adj. (In-Ish'I-at), intro¬ 
duced into a society; instructed: n. ©ne who 
has been introduced into a society, etc. 

Ifi i ti p fion (In-ish"I-a'shun), n. the 
AAA-A_ AA-<A_ AAAAAA act of introducing into a 
club, society, business, literature, etc.; the 
rites, ceremonies, etc., with which one is 
made a member of a society, order, etc. 

•»f» i +i a tivp Ota-fsh^-a-tlv), adj. intro- 
Li-ci- n v c ductory: n. an introduc¬ 
tory or first step; power of commencing, 
especially applied to the introduction of 
laws; the starting-power energy required to 
begin or dare new undertakings. 

in i fi p tnr ( ’ In -ish'i-a"ter), n. one who 
xu-i-u-a-iui introduces or begins. 

1 ti i ti p to tv dn-fsh'T-d-to-n), adj. ln- 
ui-i-u a-iu-ijf troductory; as, the initia¬ 
tory steps in an undertaking, 
in ippt Ofa-jekt'), v.t. to throw or cast 
in; introduce, as a liquid, by me¬ 
chanical means; as, the doctor injects mor¬ 
phine under the skin to quiet the sufferer's 
pain. 

in ipp tinn Cfn-jek'shfin), n. a forcing In; 

an enema; that which ‘ 

forced in. 

in-ject- 

nr (In-jek'- 
" A ter), n. 
one who, or 
that which, 
forces in: 
used, espe¬ 
cially, of an 

apparatus for filling the 
boilers of steam engines 
with water. _ 

in-ju-di-cious (in'jdo-dfsh'fls), adj. 

indiscreet; unwise; as, injudicious advice; an 
injudicious remark. 

in iiinp tinn (in-juhk'shfin), n . the act 
lii-j 0 f enjoining or command¬ 

ing; that which is enjoined or commanded; 
command, order, or precept; a legal paper 
to restrain certain proceedings, 
in iiirp Ota'joor), «.f. to hurt; harm; 
111-J UI c damage, physically or morally. 
Syn. wrong, spoil, mar, sully. 

Ant. (see benefit). 

In ti miG (In-joo'rf-us), adj. hurtful. 
AAA "J u_AA_AAUO physically or morally; un¬ 
just; harmful.— adv. injuriously. 

Syn. baneful, noxious, damaging. 

Ant. (see beneficial). 

in in rv (fn'jdo-rl), «• f pi- injuries (-rlz)J, 
AAA- J lA - A y that which causes harm morally 
or physically; loss; damage, 
in inc tiro dn-jus'tis), n. the quality of 
-■- AA— J Ub-tl.CC being unfair; disregard of 
another’s rights; injury; wrong. 

Syn. iniquity, grievance. 

Ant, (see right). 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 












U1K 


322 


inquiry 


ink 


(Ink), n. a fluid material used for 
writing, printing, etc.: v.t. to spread 
ink upon; color or blacken with such a fluid. 
In'b' i -n occ (Ihk'I-nes), n. the state of 
ililS.-i-l.lcoo being covered with ink; black¬ 
ness; as, the inkiness of the night, 
inlr lino- (Ink'llng), n. a slight knowledge; 
llm.-J.iilg hint; as, I had an inkling of the 
truth. 

i-l- ,, (Tnk'I), adj. consisting of, or like, 
Ulh-jf ink ; discoloredwith ink; black. 
i-n 1 aiA (In-lad'; In'lad), adj. set into a 
111-ldILl fl a t surface in order to ornament 
it; so ornamented. 

in lonri (In'land), adj. pertaining to, or 
111-lallU. situated in, the interior of a 
country; far from the sea; not foreign: 
adv. towards the interior or inside: n. the 
interior of a country. 

in loir Ofa-la'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. inlaid, 
lu-lclj p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a 
surface), by setting in pieces of ivory, wood, 
metal, etc.: n. (In'la"), materials for orna¬ 
menting by setting pieces of ivory, etc., into 
cL surface 

in lev*- (In-let'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. inlet, 
lll-lcl p.pr. inletting], to inlay; insert: 
n. (In'let), an entrance; a small bay or creek, 
in (In'mat), n. one who dwells with 

lll-lila.lt; others in a house; as, an inmate 
of a prison. 

in mnct (In'most), adj. deepest within; 
ul-luubl as> the inmost wish of my heart. 

Also, innermost. 

inn (In), n. a house for the reception and 
11111 entertainment of travelers; tavern; 
hotel; hostelry. 

in n a fa (In'nat; In-nat'), adj. inborn; 
Ul-Ilalc native; natural; as, innate grace; 
innate courtesy. 

in npr (In'er), adj. internal; interior; per- 
111-llcl taining to the mind or soul, 
in nn-r (In'er-m5st), adj. most dis- 

lll-licl -lllUoL tant from the outer part; 

inmost. 

in npr iro +inn (In'er-va'shito), n. the 
ui-nci - v a- uuu arrangement of nerve 

fibers in the body; special activity in any 
part of the nervous system, 
in nine - (In'Ing), n. the turn of a side 
111-llllig or player to bat, in baseball, 
cricket, etc.; hence, the turn of a person 
or party in power: pi. lands reclaimed from 
the sea. 

in nn ronro (In'6-sens), n. freedom from 
lii-iic-cC1J.CC guilt; purity; simplicity 

of heart; harmlessness; simplicity bordering 
on silliness. Also, innoeency. 

in nn mnt (In'6-sent), adj. free from 
ill-nc-cent guilt or wrongdoing; blame¬ 
less; pure in heart and lifef foolishly ignorant; 
without evil effect; as, an innocent joke; 
devoid; as, innocent of humor; harmless; as, 
an innocent medicine: n. one who is free 
from, or unacquainted with, sin; a simpleton. 
— adv. innocently. 

Syn., adj. guiltless, sinless, inoffensive, in¬ 
noxious. 

Ant. (see guilty). 

u ac ii aiio (I—nok'vl-us), adj. harmless; 
LU-llUC-U-UUd sa fe; innocent; as, an 
innocuous dose.— adv. innocuously. 

in nn xra+f* Ota'6-vat), ®.i. to make changes 
iii-liu- v a. tc i n something already estab¬ 
lished; introduce new things. 

in nn ira ■firyn (I^^S'^^^bun), n. the 
Ul-IlU-Vd.-llUIl introduction of something 

new; a change or novelty; as, the wide use 
of electricity has brought about many inno¬ 
vations in the home. 


• tto t- (In'6-va'ter), n. one who 

m-IIO-Vd.-lUl introduces or seeks to 

introduce new things. 

in nov inne (In-nok'shus), adj. not hurt- 
lll-iiUA-lUUo ful; harmless; innocuous. 

in nil on rin (In"u-Sn'dd), n. [pi. innuen- 

in-nu-en-ao flos, -does (-doz)J, an indi¬ 
rect reference, usually suggesting something 
bad, to a person or thing not named, 
in nil mol- a Kid (I-nu'mer-a-bl). 

m-nU-mei-a-Die adj. that cannot be 

counted; countless; as, innumerable stars. — 
adv. innumerably. —n. innumerability. 

iV nn +i-i done (In'tl-trlsh'fls; In'ntl- 
lll-Illl-Lll-XlOllS trlsh'us), adj. not afford¬ 
ing nourishment. 

in it 1o+d (In-dk'u-lat), v.t. to commu- 
nicate a disease to, in a 
mild form, by the insertion of infectious 
matter or germs into the system, in order to 
make the person so treated free from future 
attacks; in botany, to graft on by the insertion 
of buds; to inculcate (harmful ideas). 

in nr ii la firm (In-ok’fl-la'shun), n. the 
lii-OC-ll-Ia-JlUIl p raC k{ ce or art of in¬ 
serting virus into the system for the purpose 
of producing a mild form of disease in order 
to ward off future attacks; the inculcation 
(of harmful ideas). 

in nr ii la tnr dn-ok'fi-la'ter), n. one 
lii-'-'i'-ti—la-lux who communicates, espe¬ 
cially a disease. 

in n dnr- nnc (In-o'der-fis) , adj. free from 

m-o-aor-ous sm eii or scent. 

in nf fan civn (In'6-fen'slv), adj. harm- 
ui-ui-icu-oivc less; free from disagree¬ 
able or disgusting qualities.— adv. inoffen¬ 
sively. 

in nn or a fiwo (In-op er-S.-t!v), adj. not 
lll-up-d-a-live active; not capable of 

acting; producing no result. 

in nn nnr tnnn (In-6p"6r-tun'), adj. not 
m-op-por-xune ready; not fit; un¬ 
timely ; unseasonable.— adv. inopportunely. 

in nr Hi nsfp (In-or'dl-n&t), adj. im- 
u.i-ui-vii-Aia.i.x7 moderate; excessive; un¬ 
restrained; as, inordinate love of eating or 
drinking. 

Syn. intemperate, disorderly. 

Ant (see moderate). 

in nr Hi nafn 1v (In-br'di-n&t-li), adv. 
Ul-Ol-Ul-ndie-iy immoderately; as, in¬ 
ordinately fond. 

in nr cran ir (In'or-g&n'ik), adj. without 
111 -ui-gan-iv, organs; not produced by 

living organisms; as, rocks are inorganic 
substances: inorganic chemistry, that branch 
of chemistry which does not treat of carbon 
compounds. Also, inorganical. — adv. inoigan- 
ieally. 

in mmef (In'kwSst), n. an official inquiry 
lu-ijucsi with the aid of a jury into the 
cause of a sudden death; inquiry; the body 
of men making such an inquiry, 
in mii n tiiHn (In-kwi'&-tud), n. a state 
AAA- M. LAA_ ' : ' -LLAVAC of uneasiness or restless¬ 
ness: pi. disturbing thoughts, 
in miirp* (In-kwir'). v.i. to seek for or after 
xii-quu t; by questions; make examination 
into: -with for, into, after, about. Also, enquire. 
— n. inquirer, enquirer. 

in nnir incr fln-kwir'Ing), p.adj. given to 
AAA -'i LAAA _AAA fe asking questions or making 
investigations; inquisitive.— adv. inquiringly, 
in niiit- ir (In-kwir'I), n. [pi. inquiries 
lll-quil-y (-lz)i, the act of asking about; 
search by question; investigation; question; 
research. Also, enquiry. 

Syn. examination, scrutiny, query, inter- 
rogation. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









inquisition 


323 


insipid 


n. in¬ 
quiry; examination; an 


in nui qi’ tinn (^V^wi-zish unj, 

m-qUl-bl-UUli quiry; examii 
official inquiry in criminal matters 

r'li'iQ i "fivp (In-kwlzl-tlv), adj. given 
m-^uio-i-iivo t 0 asking questions; pry¬ 
ing; curious. 

Syn. peeping, peering. 

in rmic i tor (In-kwIz'I-ter). n. one who 
ioi makes examinations or in¬ 
vestigates. 

in nilic i fA rj ol (Tn-.kwIz"I-to'rI-al), 
m-qUlS-1-XO-n-d.I ad pertaining to an 

investigator or to his office; making searching 
or unpleasant inquiry. 

in rr»pd (In'rod), n. an invasion of an 
ui-iuau enemy, especially a sudden inva¬ 
sion; forcible entrance. 

IH n ■ an influx 


in-sane 


a sudden 

invasion; as, an inrush of waters. 
(In-san'), adj. mentally disordered; 
mad; very unreasonable; very fool¬ 
ish; lunatic; crazy. 

Syn. deranged, delirious. 

1 vtt (in-san l-ta-ri), adj. not in 
lii-oa.ll-.l- td-i y accordance with the re¬ 
quirements for preserving health; not pertain¬ 
ing to health. 

in Qi»n i tv (In-san'I-tl), n. disorder of 
lAl-adli-A-ty mind or intellect; lunacy; 
madness; extravagant folly. 

Syn. frenzy, delirium. 

Ant. (see sanity). 

in CP ti p hil i tv (In-sa'sht-d-bil'i-ti; 
Ul-ba-Xl-d.- Dll-1-ly in-sa"sha-bll'l-tl), 

n. the quality of being unable to be gratified 
fully or satisfied. 

in oo +i O Vklo (in-sa'shi-d-bl; in-sa/shd- 
lll-oti-ll-«.-DIc bi) ( ad j' beyond gratifica¬ 
tion; immoderate; not to be satisfied; as, 
an insatiable appetite; an insatiable ambition. 
— adv. insatiably. 

in scribe ^ v - t - to writ 0 ° r en_ 


in crrin tinn (In-sknp'shun), 
ili-oclip-llUiA 0 f printing or engraving 

for publication; the act of formally address¬ 
ing a book to a person; that which is written, 
printed, or engraved for preservation, or to 
be read by the public; as, an inscription on a 
monument; an address or a formal dedica¬ 
tion, as of a book to a person; the name, 
address, etc., on the envelope of_a letter. 

• x„ i,,'1 J +TT (In-skroo'td-bll't-tl), 

m-SCrU-ta-Dll-l-ty n . the quality of 

being incapable of being understood. 

in-scru-ta-bie to be penetrated by 

inquiry or reason; not to be understood; as, 
the inscrutable ways of God.— adv. inscrutably. 

• (In'sekt), n. one of a numerous 
111-bcc l class of animals, the Insecta, hav¬ 
ing no skeletons, including bugs, bees, flies, 
etc.; figuratively, a despicable person. 

• oar -ft (In-sek'tl-sid), n. a powder 

1I1-S6C-Xl-CIQG f or killing bugs, flies, etc. 

• ___ i!.. (In"sek-tIv'o-rils ), 

ln-sec-tiv-o-rous ad j feeding on bugs, 
flies, etc.; as, many birds are insectivorous. 

• __ (In"s6-kur'), adj. not firm; 

111-bc-CUIc unsafe; not shielded or cer¬ 
tainly protected from danger; not assured of 
safety.— adv. insecurely. 

• ^ ; x_ r (in"s£-kur'l-tl), n. lack or 
m-se-cur-l-iy W ant of safety; the state 
of being unprotected from danger; lack of 
soundness or firmness 


n. 

state 


grave upon; hence, to stamp 
deeply, as on the memory; to assign or 
address formally; as, to inscribe a poem 
to a friend; draw one figure within another, 

as a square within a circle. „ _ 

n. the act cinr nif 1 rotiro (in slg—nlf I-k§.Ds), 

Ill-big-IUl-1-Gd.IlGt; n . unimportance. 


in con cp( m-sen'sat), ad?, without feel- 
AAi-ocii-oa.ic ing ; soulless; mad; brutish; 
as, insensate ambition. 

in cpn ci Viil i tu (In-sen"sl-bil'i-tl), 
m-Sen-Sl-Dli-l-Xy the quauty or si 

of being incapable of feeling. 

in con ci hi a (In-sen'sl-bl), adj. incapa- 
111-bcXl-bl-Ulc ble of feeling; lacking the 

power to feel; oy slow degrees; gradual; 
imperceptible.— -adv. insensibly. 

i-n op-n o yp n 1 p* (in-sep d-rd-bl), adj. in- 
Ul-bep-d.-rd.-Ult? capable of being di¬ 
vided or parted.— adv. inseparably.— n. in¬ 
separability. 

in cart (In-sfirfc'), v.t. to place in or among; 
lAi-bcl t introduce into: n. (In'surt), that 
which is put in; inset. 

in cpr finn (hi-sur'shfin), n. the act of 
ill-beI - 11U1I putting in; that which is put 
in, as lace or embroidery in a garment, 
words in writing, etc. 

in cat ( In 'set), n. a leaf or leaves inserted 
111-bcl i n a newspaper, magazine, etc.: 
v.t. (in-set'), to putin; implajnt. 
in c tint* a (In'shor"; In"shor'), adv. near or 
111-bllUi c towards the coast or bank; as. 
inshore fishing. 

J-n (In'sid"), adj. interior; being with- 

lll-blUc j n: adv% (in"sid'; In'sld"), within; 
in less time or space: n. that which is within; 
inner part; contents: prep, on the inner side 
of; within. 

in ciH ar (in"sid'er), n. one who is so situ- 
lli.-olU.-ci atedas to be able to get reliable 
information; one who is close to the inner 
workings of something: opposite to outsider 

in cirl i nuc (in-sid'I-us), adj. treacher- 
m-oiu-i-uuo OU s; deceitful; operating 

secretly; as, tuberculosis is an insidious 
disease.— adv. insidiously, 
in citrht (In'sit"), n. penetration; mental 
lll-blglll vision; as, poetic insight ,* a man 
of remarkable insight. 

in cicr ni p (In-slg'nl-a), n.pl. badges of 
xii-oig-Aii-a. honor or office; as, the 

crown and scepter were the ancient insignia 
of the power of a king. 


Also, insignificancy. 

in Qitr nif i CPTlt (In*slg _ nlf'r~k3,nt), adj. 
Ul-blg-1111-l-X/d.llL without unportance, 

force, influence, or meaning; trifling; mean; 
small.— adv. insignificantly, 
in cin rprp (In"sln-ser'), adj. deceptive; 
lii-oiu-cci c f a i S e; not to be trusted; hypo¬ 
critical.— adv. insincerely. — n. insincerity. 

in cin ii pf^ (In-sln'u-at), v.t. to push, 
iAJ.-OAAA-u-a.tc W ork, or introduce by slow, 

gentle, or artful means, as into the confidence 
or affections of; suggest or hint indirectly; 
as, do you mean to insinuate that I have not 
told the truth? introduce as by a winding 
motion; worm in: v.i work oneself into the 
confidence or affection of another. 

Syn. hint, intimate, suggest, infuse, intro¬ 
duce. 

in qiti ii o'f’ in o* (to-sIn'u-atTng), 
111-Sm-U-d.X-mg gently gaining 

slyly hinting; indirectly hinting. 

in cin ii p tinn (In-sIn"ti-a'shCin), n. an 
in-Sin-Xl-d.-XI011 indirect or sly hint; 

as, he slandered them more by insinuations 
than by direct statements, 
in cin irl (In-sIp'Id), adj. without flavor; 
111-bip-lU. tasteless; uninteresting; as, in¬ 
sipid conversation.— adv. insipidly. 

Syn., adj. dull, flat, mawkish, inanimate, 
lifeless. 

Ant, (see bright, sparkling). 


p.adj. 

favor; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = eh as in loch. .See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







insipidity 


324 


instinct 


in-si-pid-i-ty (ln ' ,sI "P Id I r tI ) > n - th . e Q ual - 


dull. 


ity of being tasteless or 


in cicf (In-slst'), v.i. to urge or press 
***“® A ®^ a wish or command: with on or 
upon; to take a stand and refuse to give 
way; to persist. 

in cic-f onra (In-sis'tens), n. the act of 
Ul-oio L-cutc persisting or holding fast 

to something; urgency. Also, insistency, 
in c-io-f on-f (In-sls'tent), adj. urgent; com- 
Ml-blbl-clll pelling attention.— adv. in¬ 
sistently. 

in cn aro (In-sn&r'), v.t. to catch in, or as 
Hi-bHcll c in, a trap or noose. Also, ensnare. 

in cn Ivri o frr (h^sS-bri'S-tl), n. intem- 
Ul-oU-UU-C-lJf perance; drunkenness. 

in ca lonrp (In'sft-lSns), n. contemptu- 
Hl-bU-ieilUC ous or haughty language or 

manner; offensive impertinence; insulting 
behavior; impudence. 

in on 1 ori+ (In's6-lent), adj. haughty or 
Hi-bU-lCll L contemptuously offensive to 
others; insulting; very rude.— adv. insolently. 
Syn., adj. saucy, pert, impertinent, abusive. 

in onl 11 Vkil i +ir (In-sol'A-bil'I-tl) , n. in- 
in-SOl-U-Dll-l-Xy capability of being dis¬ 
solved; inability to be explained, 
in cnl 11 Ma (In-sol'ff-bl), adj. that can- 
Hl-bUl-ll-UlC no t be dissolved; as, fat is 

insoluble in water; not to be explained; as, 
an insoluble mystery. 

m-soi-ven-cy solvencies (-slz)j, the state 
of being imable to pay all debts, 
in onl T7ont (In-s81'vSnt), adj. unable to 
1I1-SO1-V0I1X p a y a ii debts; bankrupt: 
n. one who cannot pay all his debts; a 
bankrupt. < 

in e/vm ni o (In-som'nl-a), n. sleepless- 
Hl-bUiii-iii-a. ness; as, insomnia is often 

caused by overwork. 

in on mils'll (In'so-much'), adv. in such 
HI-bU-ill nun manner; to such a degree: 

usually followed by that or as. 
in cnort (In-spekt'), v.t. to examine closely 
111-Opcu l and carefully, so as to find 
possible errors, etc.; as, men are sent out by 
the government to inspect all farms where 
milk is sold; to investigate, 
in cnor +irvn (In-spek'shun), n. careful 
Hi-opcu-tiuii or critical examination. 

in cn&r for (In-spek'ter), n. one who 
in-bpcu-iui examines or oversees; an 
official who superintends some matter of 
public interest; a police officer ranking next 
below a superintendent. 

in c-ni ra firm (In"spl-ra'shun), n. the 
Ul-bpl-I11U11 aC (; 0 f drawing air into 

the lungs; the influence which causes creation 
in art, literature, music, etc.; influence 
gained from association with great minds, 
scenery, etc.; the supernatural influence of 
the Holy Spirit on sacred writers and teachers; 
as, John is believed to have written the 
Revelation under divine inspiration. 

‘ CY .; ro (In-spTr'), v.t. to draw (air) into 
lii-opilG the lungs; breathe into; fill 
with ideas; to have a superior or super¬ 
natural influence upon; to pour into the 
mind or spirit; as, to inspire a person with 
a hatred of wrong: v.i. to draw air into the 
lungte. 

Syn. animate, cheer, inhale, 
fn c-nir^H (In-spird'), p.adj. affected by a 
lll-opii cu supernatural influence; as, the 
Bible is believed to have come from inspired 
sources; breathed in; presented or suggested 
to the mind by some one else; as, an inspired 
s peech. 


• ;x (In-splr'lt), v.t. to give life or 

in-Spii-lL vitality to; exhilarate; cheer. 
— adv. inspiritingly. 

• _x 0 v.;i : (In'std-bfl'l-tl), n. want 

111-SI cl- U11-1- Ij of firmness; inconstancy; 

fickleness* 

Syn. mutability, mutableness, wavering. 



__ x _an office 

in-Stan or rank;’ to put into condition 
for use; as, to install an electric lighting 
system; to place. 

e+ot la +irvr> (In'sto-la'shCin), n. the 

ln-stal-la-tion ac t of placing in an 

office or rank; introduction of machinery 
for use; as, business methods have been 
greatly changed by the installation of the 
telephone in almost every office and factory. 

• _ i _ 1 __.fr (In-stol'ment), n. the act 

lU-Sldl-IIlClll 0 f establishing; a part 
of a sum of money to be paid part by part 
at stated times; as, the third instalment on 
the piano is due to-morrow; one of a number 
of parts of anything produced part at a time; 
as, the first instalment of a new serial story 
is published in this month’s magazine. Also, 
installment. 

i’« otatiro (In'stSns), v.t. to refer to. or 
lll-otctuuc offer as an example: n. some¬ 
thing offered as an illustration or example; 
suggestion; request; as, the work was begun 
at the instance of the publishers. 

• o+o(In'stant), adj. urgent; fmmedl- 

Hl-bld.lll ate; passing; of the present 
month; as, the tenth instant: n. a particular 
moment of time. _ 

in-stan-ta-ne-ous ffiCSffSTgo^oc? ul* 

ring in a moment. 

in o+o n +or (In-stan'ter), adv. immedi- 
in-sian-xer ately; without delay; as, 

I will go instanter. [Lat.] 

in o+on+ 1 it (In'st5nt-ll), adv. at once; 
111-bldJ.1 L-iy without delay; as, when his 
father spoke to him, he obeyed instantly: 

conj. as soon as. 

in o+o+o Ctn-stat'), v.t. to put in office or 
Hl-bld.CC rank; install; as, he instated 
himself in the favor of those in power, 
in o+o nA (In-sted'), adv. in room or place: 
m-sceau. followed by of. 
in o+on (In'step), n. the arched fore part 
111-biep 0 f the upper side of the human 
foot; part of the hind leg of a horse, 
in e+i rro+o (In'stl-gat), v.t. to provoke or 
111-bll-gd.LC urge on (in a bad sense); as, 
to instigate one to murder. 

Syn. persuade, animate, incite, urge, stim¬ 
ulate, encourage. 

in c+i era firm (In'stl-ga'shfin), n. an urg- 
lH-bll-gd-llUll j n g forward; an incite¬ 
ment: chiefly to bad actions, 
in c+i era tor (In'stl-ga'ter), n. one who 
lll-o n-ga- urges another on, usually 

to evil. 

in c+il (In-stll'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. Instilled. 
Ill-bill p.pr. instilling], to introduce grad¬ 
ually, as if by drops; as, to instil the prin¬ 
ciples of honor and self-reliance; pour in by 
drops. Also, instill. 

Syn. implant, inculcate, infuse. 

I-, c +il la ft An (In stl—la shfin), 71. act of 
lll-bLH-ld.-liun pouring in drop by drop; 

the act of infusing gradually. Also, instil* 
ment, instillment. 

in efinrf (In-stlnkt'), adj. charged or 
lll-bLlllUl fli] e d with; as, creatures instinct 
with life: n. (In'stlnkt), natural impulse In 
animals; involuntary urging to any action; a 
natural tendency; as. an instinct for direction. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





instinctive 


325 


insurrectionary 


ifi cfinr FivA (In-stlhk'tlv), adj. acting 
Hl-blillU-llVC or prompted by natural 

impulse; as, self-protection is instinctive in all 
creatures; innate.— adr. instinctively. 

iri cFi FiiFa (In'stl-tut), v.t. to establish; 
iu-ou-iuic se t up . fi x; originate; set in 
operation; as, to institute a new custom: n. 
established law; a maxim or principle; 
scientific or literary society; a building 
devoted to the work of advancing science, 
learning, etc. 

oFi til tinvi (In'stl-tu'shfin), n. the 
lll-o 11-1U-11U11 act of establishing; that 

which is established; an organized body or 
society for promoting a particular object; 
the building where such a society meets; 
an establishment, especially one of public 
character; as, an almshouse is a charitable 
institution. 

Ill «ti til tint) A1 (tn*stl-tu'shfin-2,l), adj. 
HI-Oll-lll-HUH-cti pertaining to an estab¬ 
lishment; pertaining to a national law or 
custom; established. 

iyi efi til Fnr (l Q, stI-tu''ter) t ti, a founder 
XJ.J.- 0 ii-Lu-ioi of a system or society; as, 
Benjamin Franklin was the institutor of the 
library system of Philadelphia; an enactor of 
laws or rules; an instructor of youth, 
in QFrnrF Ofa-strukt'), v.t. to teach; edu- 
111-011 net cate; furnish with orders or 
directions. 

Syn. inform, teach, initiate. 

in of-riir* Finn (in-struk'shun), n. the act 
lll-oUC-llUIl of teaching; that which 

teaches or directs: pi. orders or directions; 
knowledge imparted. 

m cfriir Finn sil (In-struk'shun-5,1), adj. 
A1A-a 1,1 Uv-uuu-al pertaining to orders, 

directions, or teaching. 

in oFtim Fiwo (in-struk'tlv), adj. tending 
lll-oIIUl-Live to inform; giving knowl¬ 
edge. 

in cfritr fnr fln-struk'ter), n. [fem. in- 
lii-oli ui-iui structress], one who gives 

knowledge or informs; a teacher; as, an in¬ 
structor of youth has a great work to perform. 

in cFm monF (In'stroo-ment), n. that 
m-bxru-menx by which anything is 

accomplished; a tool; a mechanical contri¬ 
vance for producing musical sounds; agent; a 
writing containing the terms of a contract, as 
a deed. 

in cFm m An Fal (In'stroo-mgn'tS,!), adj. 
lll-o li u-iiicn- ten pertaining to, or done 

by, an instrument; helping to bring about 
some end; helpful; as, mountain air is 
sometimes instrumental in restoring health.— 
adv. instrumentally. 

Syn., adj. conducive, assistant, helping. 

in- stru-men-tal-i-ty ttHuFTfpL 

Instrumentalities (-tlz)], an agency; means. 

in-stru-men-ta-tion 

the arrangement of music for a combination of 
instruments; music thus arranged; use or 
method of using an instrument, 
in oiiK nr Hi ticiFa (ta'sfib-or'dl-n&t), 

in-SUD-or-ai-nate ad j. not submit¬ 
ting to authority; disobedient; mutinous. 
— adv. insubordinately. 

in - sub - or- di - na - tion 

disobedience to authority. 

in ciiV» cFan Fifil (ta'sfib-stan'sfa&l) adj. 

111-SUD-Sian-tiai not having solidity; 

frail; unreal.— adv. insubstantially. 

in-suf-fer-a-ble SSSSSSiS* 

insufferable conduct.— adv. insufferably. 


as, 


m cuf "fi ripnF (hi su-fish / ent), adj. scan- 
Hi-oui-H-uicili ty; incompetent ; not 

filling some certain requirement.— adv. in¬ 
sufficiently. —n. insufficiency, 
in on Jar (In'sH-ldr), adj. pertaining to an 
ni-o li-idi island or to the inhabitants of 
an island, their customs, etc.; standing 
alone; narrow (mentally). 

In on lot* i Fir (In'stl-l&r'I-tl), n. the state 
lll-o li-Idl -i-lj 0 f being isolated or of 

standing alone; narrowness of opinions, etc. 
in qii IjsFa (hi'stli-lat), v.t. to place alone, 
m-ou-ia.LV/ or in a separate situation; 
separate by a material that will not conduct 
electricity, etc., from other bodies that do 
conduct electricity, heat, sound, etc. 

ifi cii 1o Finn (in /y su-la , shun), n. the act 
lll-o U-io.-null 0 f separating by materials 

that will not conduct heat, electricity, sound, 
etc., from those that do; the state of being 
so separated. 

in cii 1 o Fnr (to s(l-la*ter), n. one who, 
Ul-oU.-Ia.-lul or that which, isolates; 
that which acts as a nonconductor of heat, 
electricity, sound, etc.; a material that does 
not carry electricity, heat, or sound, 
in Qlllt dn'sult). «. an affront or indignity; 
ni-omi gross abuse in word or action: 
v.t. (in-sult'), to treat with gross contempt, 
or abuse, by word or act. 

Syn., v. outrage, mock. 

Ant. (see honor). 

in-sult-ing conta " 1,ng 

in-su-per-a-ble 

as, insuperable difficulties.— adv. insuperably. 
— n. insuperability. 

it! Qlin norf B Til P (in w sfi-por'td-bl),fldj. 

lll-oup-pui l-u-uie not capable of being 

endured; insufferable.— -adv. insupportably. 

in Qiir a KIa (In-shoor'a-bl), adj. capable 
ui-o ill -a -uic of being insured against 

loss, damage, etc.; proper to be insured; as. 
real estate and personal property are both 
insurable. 

Qiit" anrA (ht-shoor , Sns), n. the act or 
ui-sui-aiu/c system of securing against 
loss or damage; a contract whereby in con¬ 
sideration of a certain payment called pre¬ 
mium, one party agrees to guarantee or 
indemnify another against certain risks such 
as fire, death, accident, etc., by the payment 
of money; the sum paid in settlement of 
such a contract. 

in Qiir A Ota-shoor'), v.t. to make a formal 
lll-o mu agreement on certain conditions 
to secure against loss or damage by fire, 
death, accident, etc.; make sure or secure: 
v.i. to undertake or contract to give security 
against loss by fire, death, accident, etc.; 
to underwrite. 

in Qiir aH (In-shoord'). n. one that Is 
ui-o m cu secured_against loss by fire, etc. 

in Qiir Ar (fn-shoor'er), n. one who secures 
m-oui-ui others against loss by fire, etc. 

in Qiir o-AnrA (In-sGr'jens), n. a revolt; 
lu-aui-gcuic an uprising against au¬ 
thority; rebellion. 

in Qiir o-AnF (in-sGr'jent), adj. rising 
lll-o ui -gem against authority: n. a rebel. 

in-sur-mount-a-ble £ b 'if 

pable of being risen above or conquered.— 
adv. insurmountably.— n. insurmountability. 

in Qiir rpr Finn (In'su-rdk'shfin), n. ac- 

lll-oUI -I cl/-11UI1 five or open rebellion 

against authority; revolt. 


m-sur-rec-tion-a-ry 


On'sfi-rek'shfin. 


adj 


per- 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







insurrectionist 


326 


intercellular 


taining to, or engaged in, active or open 
rebellion; as, insurrectionary ideas. 

icl (.In'su-rek'shun-Ist), 

m-sur-rec-tion-isi n , one who rebels 

against authority. 

Itl chi c ppn fi flip (In'sfi-sSp'tl-bl), adi. 
UI-oLlo-CCp-tl-UlC not easy to influence 

or impress.— n. insusceptibility, 
in tart- (In-takt'), adj. entire; uninjured; 
lll-ldd untouched; as, an express company 
guarantees that articles in its care will be 
delivered intact. 

in la a- Hr* (In-tSl'yo; It. gn-tiil'yo), n. 
in-ld.g-ilO [ p i, intagli, -glios (-ye, -yoz)j, 
a gem or stone having a design cut in the 
surface; the art of making intaglios. [It.] 

in-tag-lio print-ing 

from an engraved metal plate, 
in falra (Tn'tak"), n. a thing taken in; a 
iU-ldivc taking in; the place where a 
fluid flows into a conduit, etc. 

in fan rri KIp (In-tan'jl-bl), adj. incapa- 
m-Xdll-gl-Die ble of being touched; 

vague; not easily expressed; as, the beauty 
of a poem is intangible. — adv. intangibly.— 
n. intangibility. 

in x 0 erar (In'tS-jer), n. the whole; a 
IU-lC-gCl whole number; as, 1, 2, 3, etc. 

in fck err at (In'te-gr&l), adj. constituting a 
111-lC-gla.l whole; complete; belonging to 
a whole number; necessary as a part: n. the 
whole made up of parts. 

in f<=» <rranf (In'te-grant), adj. making 
111 - LG-gJ.cult, p ar t 0 f a whole; necessary 

to constitute an entire thing. 

■ fa err a f o (in tS-grat), v.t. to bring 
111 -lc-gia.LC together the parts of; give 
the sum total of.— n. integration. 

in foo- ri fir (In-teg'rl-tl), n. uprightness; 
lAi-tcg-ii-tv virtue; honesty; soundness; 
uninjured or unbroken state of anything. 

Syn. probity, entirety, completeness, purity. 
Ant. (see dishonesty). 

in forr n mpnt (In-teg'u-ment), n 
Ul-ieg-U-IIieiit external covering or 

as the human skin. 

1 (in'te-lekt), n. the mind or 

IM-lCI-lctl understanding; superior intel¬ 
ligence; knowledge gained. 

Syn. sense, brains, mind, ability, talent, 
genius. 

Ant. (see body). 

in fpl Ipr til fll an'tS-lgk'tfl-ai). adj. 

iu.-Lti-icu-LU.-cii pertaining to, or under¬ 
stood by, the mind; mental; endowed or 
gifted with the power of understanding; 
exercising the mind; as, intellectual pursuits. 
— adv. intellectually. 

Syn. ideal, metaphysical. 

Ant. (see brutal). 

in-tel-lec-tu-al-ism 

power or quality; the doctrine that all knowl¬ 
edge comes from pure reason. 

in lp| |pp fi'* at i f t7 (In < ’te-lek"tu-S.l , l- 
m- tei-ieU-tU-d.I-1-iy t I), n . the quality 

or state of being scholarly or endowed with 
a high degree of mentality. 

ire IpI It ffpiirp (In-tel'I-jens), n. power 
in-tei-ll-geiice of mind; as, the dog 

has a great deal of intelligence; understand¬ 
ing; mind; knowledge gained; notification; 
news. 

In IpI 11 (rpnf (In-t6ri-j§nt), adj. posses- 
lu-ici-n-gciu sing power of mind or 

understanding; showing knowledge; clever; 
discerning. 

in IpI 1i trt KIp Ota-tSl'I-jl-bl), adj. capa- 
.J T.-LCl-.U-gl-Dlc ble of being understood; 


. an 
skin. 


clear; as, an intelligible explanation.— adv. in¬ 
telligibly. 

Syn. obvious, plain, distinct. 

Ant. (see abstruse). 

in-tem-per-ance want of 'moderation 

or self-restraint; excess, especially in the use 
of alcoholic liquors. 

in-tem-per-ate characterized by want 

of moderation or self-restraint; excessive; 
fond of alcoholic liquors.— adv. intemperately. 
Syn., adj. immoderate, drunken, inordinate. 
Ant. (see temperate), 
fiatirl (In-tend'). v.t. to purpose; as, we 
111-ldlU intend to win the war; propose: 
mean. 

• X-*, J (In-tgn'dan-sl). n. the 

Ul-tena -an-cy office or employment of 
one in charge of some public business. 

fonrt anf (In-ten'd&nt), n. a super- 
111-Lcll 11-<U1L intendent; as, an xntendant 

of a hospital. 

fatiH a A (In-t6n'd6d). adj. purposed: 
lll-ldlcl-CU. aS( the intended meaning of 

a remark. 

in loncp (In-tens'), adj. extreme in de- 
lii-ldioc gree; excessive; strained; forced; 
ardent; eager.— adv. intensely. 

Syn., adj. earnest, glowing, fervid, 
in +on oi ft t (In-ten'sI-fT), v.t. \p.t. and 
lil-ldl-ol-iy p,p, intensified, p.pr. Inten¬ 
sifying] , to make greater in degree; heighten; 
strengthen. 

in ton cinn (In-ten'shfin), n. determina- 
lll- Ccll-DlUIl tion; increase of energy. 

in +an oi +Tr (In-ten'sl-tl), n. [pi. intensl- 
lll-ieil-bl-iy ties (-tfz)], the state or 
quality of being extreme; extreme strength, 
force, or energy; as, intensity of heat; degree 
or amount; as, tbe spot of light in the 
window seemed to increase the intensity 
of the surrounding darkness, 
in Ion ciwp (In-ten'siv), adj. serving to 
111-ldi-olVC heighten; giving force or 
emphasis to.— adv. intensively, 
in tpnf (In-tent'), adj. having the mind 
111-LCllL strained or closely fixed on a sub¬ 
ject; anxiously diligent; constantly giving 
attention to: with on: n. purpose; aim; mean¬ 
ing.— adv. intently. —n. intentnes9. 

Syn., n. design, intention, drift, view, purport. 

in ton linn (In-ten'shiln), n. purpose; 
ui-lcii-liuu design; aim; as, his inten¬ 
tion was good. 

in Ion linn al (In-t6n'shfin-8,l), adj. done 
ux-icu-uun-ai on purpose; done by de¬ 
sign; as, an intentional wrong, 
in lor (In-tfir'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. interred. 
Ill-Id p.pr. interring], to bury. 

* n x„ r opl (In"ter-akt'), v.i. to exert influ- 
lii-ici-dtl ence upon each other; to have 
effect upon each other. 

iv, r» r linn (In^ter-ak'shfin), n. effect 

iii-lca -ac-uun on one thing by another; 

mutual effect. 

in lor KrppH (In'ter-bred'), v.i. and v.t. 
m-ici-piccu t 0 propagate by crossing 

different varieties, kinds, or stocks. 

In lar r*a la v*vt (In-tfir'kd-l§,-rl), adj. fn- 
Hl-ld-Cd-id-iy sorted in the calendar, 

as Febniary 29 in leap year; interpolated. 

in 1 or ra lalo (In-ter'ka-lat), v.t. to in- 
111- Id-cd-ldlc sert, ‘as a day, in the 

calendar; to interpolate.— n. intercalation. 

in lor rorlo (In"ter-sed'), v.i. to mediate 
m-ict-vcuc as a friend between persons 
who are unfriendly; plead for another. 

itv Ipi* f*p1 111 lar (In'ter-sSl'fi-ldr), adj. 
lll-xer-td-iu-ldr bing between cells. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 








intercept 


327 


interment 


in tpr r(In*ter-sept'), v.t. to stop and 
ui-ici-V/cpt seize in the way; cut off; 

to come in the way of; as, hedges and ditches 

intercept the passage of the army. 

in tAl* cpc cirvn (In’der-sesh'un), n. the 

act of trying to restore 
friendship between two who are separated 
by disagreement; the act of pleading for 
another. 

in tor car (In"ter-ses'er), n. one 

ui-LCi-cco-oci w ho tries to restore 
friendly relations between two who are 
parted by differences; one who pleads for 
another. 

in fpr rfoa n o 'a (in"ter-chanj'), v.t. to put 

m-ter-cncinge one thing in the place of 

another; to vary: n. (In'ter-chanj"), the ex¬ 
change of two things, one for the other; 
alternate sequence or variation. 

in-ter-change-a-ble &*)! 8 S£ h S5j£ 

ble of being put in place of each other; 
capable of being exchanged.— adv. inter¬ 
changeably. — n. interc hangeability. 

in-ter-col-le-gi-ate 

games, between colleges; existing, as leagues, 
between colleges. 

in-ter-com-mu-ni-cate Sa'S-kt®; 

v.t. and v.i. to impart or convey mutually.— 

n. intercommunication. 

in x_i (In"ter-kos'tal), adj. be¬ 

lli- ici-vua-mi tween the ribs; as, inter¬ 
costal rheumatism or neuralgia: n. a muscle 
thus situated. 

in +at* rnurQP (In'ter-kors), n. connec- 
ni-im-V/UUioo tion, correspondence, or 

communication between individuals, nations, 
etc.; exchange; familiarity; fellowship. 

Syn. commerce, connection, intimacy, 
acquaintance. 

in-ter-de-pend-ence ^nel^^lhe 

state of being mutually reliant; a state of 
confidence, trust, and reliance, interchanged 
oy two or more people, nations, etc.— adj. 

Interdependent. 

i-r* 4 -o.t (In"ter-dikt'), v.t. to restrain 

Ul-lcr-U.lt/1 or forbid; cut off from the 
spiritual services of the church: n. (In'ter- 
dlkt), an order that restrains or prohibits. 
Syn., v. prohibit, inhibit, debar. 

Ant. (see allow). 

in ocf (tn'ter-est), v.t. to engage the 

ill-Id-cot attention; awaken curiosity, 
care, etc., in; cause to take a share in; as, 
to interest oneself in politics: n. advantage; 
Influence; as, he used his interest : with the 
president to secure a position for his brother; 
personal concern; benefit; as, it will be to 
your interest to be present at the meeting; 
profit; sxnn paid for the use of money; share; 
as, an interest in a factory. 

ter oof c±A (in'ter-es-ted), p.adj. hav- 
111- Lci-co L-cU jng the feelings or emotions 

excited or held; concerned; having a share 
or a responsibility in. 

in tor od- in cr (In'ter-est-ing), p.adj. en- 
in-ter-ebl-lllg gaging the attention or 

curiosity; exciting the feelings or emotions. 
In for** On*ter-fer'),. 0 .i. to enter into 

111 - Icl-icI c Qj. meddle in the affair’s of 
others; oppose; come into collision; injure 
the fetlock by striking it with the opposite 
hoof: ordinarily said of a horse. 

: n pnrp (In"ter-fer'ens ), n. the 

m-ier-ier-ence ac t of opposing or 

plashing with; the act of meddling in other 
people’s affairs. 


(In"ter-fuz'), v.t. to cause to 
flow together; cause to blend; 


in-ter-fuse 

intermix. 

it! fpir im (flflter-Im), n. intervening time 
in- lci -1111 or period; as, in the interim 
between the battle of Bunker Hill and the 
raising of the Bunker Hill monument, many 
important events had taken place. 

in +a ri nr (In-te'ri-er), adj. inner; inter- 
ni-LC-ii-ui n a i; f a r from the coast or 
frontier: n. the inside; the inland; home 
department of a government.— adv. interiorly. 

in +Ar inri (hi"ter-jekt'), v.t. and v.i. to 
in-1Cl -JCCL p U t in; to insert; to thrust in. 

in +ai* i^r firm (hi"ter-j6k'shun), n. an 

m-ioi-jcv-uon exclamation; a word 

thrown in without grammatical connection 
to express sudden emotion, feeling, etc. 
in fpr 1 or a (hitter-las'), v.t. and v.i. to 
ill- lci -xo.ee j 0 i n or unite by weaving or 
lacing together; to intermingle. 

in tAr lord Ota'ter-lard'), v.t. to mix; to 
hi- lci -let! u va ry by mingling with; as. 

to interlard a serious discussion with jests, 
in fAr Ipoyo (in"ter-lev'), v.t. to insert a 
iii-ici-icavc i e af in; as, to interleave a 
book with blank leaves or illustrations. 

in 1 a r linA (l n "ter-lin'), v.t. to write in, or 
ill-Lci-line insert between the lines of; 

to put into a garment an extra lining beneath 
the ordinary one. 

in lAr lin a or (In'ter-lln'e-dr), adj. 
Ill-LCI -1111-C-dl written or printed be¬ 
tween other lines, as a translation. 

in f At* Inrlr (hHter-lok'), v.t. and v.i. to 
in -lci -icciv fasten together by linking or 
engaging with one another. 

in Iay* Inf* il In itt (In"ter-lok , tl— to-rl), 
Ul-lCl-10l/-U.-l0-iy a( ij_ conversational; 

not final; in law, made or done during the 
process of an action.— n. interlocutor. 

in Ia-t Inn a dn"ter-15p'), v.i. to meddle; 
iii-tci to intrude where one is not 

wanted. 

m f at* Inn At* finder-lop^er), n. an in- 
iu-ici-iujA-ci truder; as, he was an 

interloper in the fa mil y party and was very 
unwelcome. 

in In A /a (In'ter-lud), n. short enter- 
lll-LCi-lUUC tainment given between acts 
of a play, etc.; a short passage of music 
played between the stanzas of a hymn, 
acts of an opera, etc. 

in f At* men* rt o o' a (hPter-mar Ij), n. a 
m-ier-max-ridge joining in wedlock as 

between two families. 

in 1 at* mar ftr (hi^ter-mSr'fl, v.t. and 
m -lci -Alien -a y v j' to relate or become 

related by uniting in wedlock: said of 
families, etc. 

in +A1* m a A Hip (flHter-med'l), v.i. to 
111-lcl-IIlcll-UJ.c interfere in other peo¬ 
ple’s affairs.— n. intermeddler. 

in-ter-me-di-a-ry 

tween; as, there is an intermediary time of 
four months after a President of the United 
States is elected before he takes office: ». 
an agent; go-between; means. 

in ■f'AT mA Hi si a (In"ter-me'dl-at), adj. 
HI-Lci-Hie-U-l-dlC existing or lying In 

the middle; coming between: n. that which 
lies between; a go-between. 

in-ter-me-di-a-tion 

of coming between or of playing the part of 
a go-between. 

• x ^ ^ or ,x (fn-tfir'ment),n. burfel; as. 
Ill- LCI -menL interment in Westminster 
Abbey is a great honor. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh ~z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix tro xxii. 









intermezzo 


328 


intertwine 


< (in-ter-mgd'zo), n. an 

m-ter-mez-zo interlude; as, the two 

parts of the opera are connected by a beautiful 
intermezzo. [It.] , , v .... .. 

• . • „ 0 -uiia (In-ter'mI-na-bl), ad;. 

m-ter-mi-na-Dle endless; boundless; 

Immeasurable.—adr. interminably. 

• . „ (In'ter-mln'gl), rd. and 

m-ter-mm-gie to join together; to 

mix together. _ , . 

• x. (In'ter-mlsh'fin), n. m- 

m-ter-mis-sion terruption; pause; short 

br03>k 

in for mif (In'ter-mlt'). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
m-xer-mil intermitted, p.pr. intermit¬ 
ting], to cause to cease for a time: interrupt. 

• 4 . (In"ter-mlt'ent), adj. 

m-Xei-miL-LCIIL coming and going at in¬ 
tervals ; as, intermittent sounds made bya ham¬ 
mer struck on a nail.— adv. intermittently. 

• + „ •„ (In''ter-mlks'ttar), n. a 

m-ter-mix-ture mingling together; a 

quantity or mass of ingredients mingled 

together. „ ... . 

in (In-tOrn'), v.t. to confine within 

lll-lclll a town or fortress, or in the 
interior of a country; place under arrest, 
in tor no 1 (In-tOr'n&l), adj. belonging to 
m-xei-nctl the center; interior; inward; 

not foreign; domestic. . , 

in-ter-nal-com-bus-tion nal=kom- 

bus'chun), n. the process by which power is 
generated in an engine by the explosion of 
fuel, such as gasoline, in the engine cylinder. 

• nol Itt (In-tfir'nSl-I), adv. inward- 

m-ter-nai-iy iy; as, besides being at 

war with another nation, the country was 
internally in a state of rebellion. 

m-ter-na-tion-ai adj. pertaining to two 
or more nations; as, the new republic in 
America had international difficulties with 
England and France.— adv. internationally. 

• a _ (In"ter-ne'sln; in"ter-ne'- 

m-ter-ne-cme s j n ), adj. deadly; de¬ 
structive of each other; as, internecine strife. 

« + I 1 (In'ter-pel'at), v.t. to 

Ul-Xcl-ptl-ltlie question formally, as an 
officer, in explanation of his conduct. 

• . (In"ter-pen'e-trat) 

m-xer-pen-e-trate to pass into ai 

parts of each other; form a union.— n. inter 
penetration. 

(In'ter-pla"), n. mutual action; 
Ul-tei-piay action or influence exerted 
between or among; interaction. 

• „ J (In'ter-pled'er), n. in 

m-ter-pieaa-er j aWt the discussion of a 

clause to determine ownership of property. 

;-n rw\ 1 o+a (In-tflr'pft-lat), v.t. to in- 

in-XCr-pU-ia.lt; ser t in a book or writing 
new or foreign matter; to insert between 
other things or parts; to interrupt. 

in fpr nn la tnr (to-tur'po : latter), n . 

Ill- Lei -pU-ld-lUI one -who mserts new 

matter in a book or writing. 

x T i n +; nT1 (In-ter"po-la'shun), n. 

m-ier-po-ia-xion that which is inserted; 
the act of inserting. 

in far tincp (In'ter-poz'), v.t. to place 
lil-iei-puae between; thrust in: v.t. medi¬ 
ate; interrupt; come between. 

Syn. arbitrate, interfere, meddle. 

in fpr nn ci tinn (to"ter-pckzrsh'fin ) n. 
m-xer-po-bl- null the act of coming be¬ 
tween, interrupting, or mediating; that which 
is thrust in or interjected. 

• x _ „ rirpf (to-tfir'pret), v.t. to explain 
m-tei-piCl the meaning of; as, to inler- 


pret a foreign language; to interpret a passage 
from Shakespeare. . 

Syn. elucidate, unfold, decipher. 

. , __, 4 .?-— (In-tflr"pr 6 -tashun), 

in-ter-pre-ta-tion n . the act of explain¬ 
ing the meaning of; explanation; translation. 

in-ter-pre-ta-tive ad;, explanatory; in¬ 
tended or serving to explain or translate. 

• . (In-tflr'pret-er), n. one 

Ul-ter-pre-ier w ho explains, or trans¬ 
lates orally; especially, one who explains the 

principles of religion or law. . . 

• 4. * (In"ter-reg num), n. the 

m-ter-reg-imm period between two- 
reigns, governments, or ministries; a break 
in a continuous event or series. 

• , _ __ -i_x (In"ter-r§-lat'ed), p.adj. 

in-ter-re-lat-ea having a connection 
between each other or among one another. 

• i~r\ rra+p (to-tfir' 8 -gat), v.t. to ques- 
m-ter-ro-gate tion: v.i. to askquestions. 

. ,__ (In-tgr" 6 -ga'shun), n. 

Ul-ter-ro-ga-tion the act of asking 

questions; a question; inquiry; a mark [?]: 
denoting a question. » ,, 

4. * 0 +: T ,~ (In'te-rdg'd-tlv), adj. 

in-ter-rog-a-tive denoting or contain¬ 
ing a question or inquiry: n. a word used in 
asking a question.— adv. interrogatively. 

. 4 * __ 4.-.-. (In-ter' 6 -ga'’'ter), n. one 

Ul-ter-ro-ga-tor w h Q asks questions. 

• 4 _ __ _ _ 4 -- Tr (In^te-rog'd-tA-rl), 

in-ter-rog-a-to-ry a( y. containing or 

expressing a question^ w 

-r-ci-rkt- (In te-rupt), v.t. to stop or 
in-xer-rupx hinder by breaking m upon; 
break into something which is continuous; 
as a huge rock interrupts the course of the 
stream at one point; cause to be delayed; 

end suddenly. „ _ 

i-rt tor -ninf pH (In'te-rup'ted), p.adj. 
m-ier-rupi-CU not continuing unbro- 

kenly; broken. x 

• 4___ 4.; „„ (In'te-rup'shfln), n. the 

in-ter-rup-tion act of breaking in up¬ 
on; hindrance; something which blocks the 
way; sudden ceasing. 

t'n far cprt (In’'ter-sekt'), v.t. to cut or 
lli-XGl-bcl/l divide; as, one street inter¬ 
sects another at a corner: v.i. to cross each 
otlicr 

• 4 .' „ (In^ter-sek'shfin), n. the 

in-ter-sec-tion a ct of dividing by cut¬ 
ting across; place of crossing; the point or 
line in which two lines or two surfaces cut 
each other; as, the intersection of two faces 
of a cube makes an edge. 

c-nprep (Inner-spArs'), v.t. to dis- 
111 -tel -opci oc tribute widely* scatter 
objects upon; as, to intersperse a lawn with 
bushes. „ ^ , 

in fpr cnpr cinn (In'ter-spflr'shfln), n. 
in-xer-bpci -blUll the act of placing or 

scattering here and there among other things, 
i-n of a to (In'ter-stat*), adj. existing 

IIl-lcl-Male between different states; 
including different states; as, the Interstate 
Fair Corporation; interstate commerce. 

x r Q 4- p 1 1 ar (In'ter-stelVir) , adj. per, 
111 - 1 Cl -oIci-Icll taming to, or situated in, 
snace between the stars. 

i-r» fo-r efirp (In-tflr'stls), n. a narrow 
lJJL-lCl-olii/C; space between things closely 
set; as, the interstices of a window screen 
must be small enough to allow no insect to 
crawl through. 

in far fwin p dn^er-twln'), v.t. and v.i. 
111 -lcI-lWlllC to twist with one another; 

wind or coil together. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










COMMON AMERICAN INSECTS 


1 . 

louse 


Vine feeder 2 Seventeen-year locust. 3. Butterfly. 4. Water scorpion. 5. Gadfly. 6 Apple-tree plant 
vine teecer. | Dragon-fly. 10. Locust. 11. Lady bird. 12. Round-headed 

s . e - . 7 V ra5£mo ^ er T uAh.L Vi T.nrvn J Nn 12 IS. Star butterfly. 16. Goldsmith beetle. 17. 


apple-tree borer 13 Leaf beetle. 14 . Larva of No. 12. 15. Star butterfly: 16. Goldsmith beetle 

Comma butterfly. 18. Larva of No. 15. 19. Chrysalis of No. !•%. 







—^ COMMON SEA SHELLS 

1 S Tf SSSk LTV MVrS S ptte R To C T?UteS y “"Si's. 'iSmJS^U^. 

«£&, "lAl VoTsielT 15- Pearl oyJSr. 16. White root shell. 



















interurban 


329 


introduce 


4-rvg 4-r% prr (Ill-teS^tfl-sI) f 72. 
m-ieb-ia-cy of dying without 

in-tes-tate 


in +pr lir Vian (In'ter-Gr'ban), adj. lying 
AAA ici-ui-uau between or running be¬ 
tween cities or towns; between cities or towns, 
in tpr va 1 (In'ter-val), n. time or space 
.’ V<U between; the distance between 
soldiers in the ranks, between companies, etc.; 
tne distance between two musical sounds. 

in "tpi* vpn p (In"ter-ven'), v.i. to come or 
a-la-cv^a - v ^aac; ijq situated between; as, 

a very short time should intervene between 
the sending of a letter and its receipt; inter¬ 
fere. 

in tpr vpn firm (In'ter-ven'shiin), n. 

HA-ICI - Veil-IIUH the act of coming 

between for any purpose; as, peace was 
brought about by the intervention of the 
United States; interference. 

in vi ertr (In'ter-vu), v.t. to visit, as a 

aaa- tci - v ic w notable personage, in order 
to obtain facts about him or his opinions: 
n. a personal conference or meeting; the 
published account of a conversation with, or 
questioning by, a newspaper reporter.— n. 
interviewer, 

in tor mpavp (in'ter-wev'), v.i. and v.t. 
ill- id - w ca.v e to twine together; to twist 
together; intermingle 

the state 
a will. 

(In-tes'tat), adj. not having 
made a will; as, to die 
intestate: n. one who dies without having 
made a will. 

•in +00 i-i not (In-tes'tl-nal), adj. pertain- 
Ul-ltJo-ll-IlcU. j n g to, or found in, the 
bowels.— adv. intestinally. 

fp,o ti-np, (In-tes'tln), adj. internal; not 
in-ico-mio foreign; as, an intestine war: 
n.pl. the bowels. 

in ti ma pv (In'tl-nui-sl), n. [pi. intima- 
Aii-n-iiia.-uj C |og (-slz)], close or confiden¬ 
tial friendship. 

in ti mnfp (In'tl-mat), adj. close in 
• lAA-LA-AAACLtc friendship; well acquainted; 
familiar; confidential: v.t. (In'tl-mat), to 
suggest indirectly; make known: n. a close 
friend. 

Syn., v. hint, suggest, insinuate, express, 
signify, impart, tell. 

in fi tnfl tp 1 \7 (in'tl-mat-II), adv. in a 
i AA-l ' i-AAACAl ' c_A j confidential manner. 

in ti ma tirm (In'tl-ma'shfin), n. an in- 
1 AA_ Li-iiiti-Liwii (jtrect suggestion or hin t; 

announcement. 

in tim i /tot^ (In-tlm'l-dat), v.t. to make 
ill-lllll-l-tla.lt? afraid; to frighten, espe¬ 
cially by threats. 

Syn. dishearten, alarm, frighten, scare, 
appeal, daunt. 

Ant. (see encourage). 

in tim i /la ti on (In-tIm /!, I-da , shi5n), n. 
Ill-lffil-1-Ucl- HOIl ^he act of frightening 

by threats; the state of being frightened by 
threats. 

(In'too), prep, to the inside of; 
111-LU denoting passage inwards; as, he 
came into the room; she poured the tea 
into the cup. 

in fnl pr a hip (In-tol'er-d-bl), adj. xin- 
111-lOi-CI-d-Ulfc? bearable; as, the heat 

of the tropics is sometimes almost intolerable. 
— adv. intolerably. 

Syn. insupportable, unendurable, 
in -t/vl o.t- on/'o (In-tbl'er-ans), n. refusal 
111-1til-til -alike to a n ow fo others the 

enjoyment of their own opinions or practices; 
as, religious intolerance has caused many 
wars in Europe; inability to bear or endure. 

-tn 1 or onf (In-tol'er-ant), adj. not 
*a1— IU1—t?l -a.111 allowing difference of opifi- 


ion, especially in religious matters; unable 
to bear or endure: with of. 
in tn nflfp (In'to-nat), v.t. to recite in a 
iii-iu-iia.tt? musical manner, as in reading 
the church service: to recite musically. 

in tn n a firm (In"t6-na'shun), n. the act 
AAi-tu-iia.-iiiMi or manner of sounding 

musical notes; rise and fall of the voice; 
act of chanting; as, the intonation of a prayer, 
in ton p (In-ton'), v.t. to recite in a single 
ni-iuiic tone; to chant; as, to intone a 
church service. 

i oo"ivt (In-tok'sl-kant) , n. that 
jj.i-tu.A.-1-V/a.iil -which makes drunk, as 
alcohol; anything which excites; as, to him 
success was an intoxicant. 
in toy i rafp (In-tok'sl-kat), v.t. to make 
UA-iUA-i-tcllc drunk by alcoholic liquors; 
excite exceedingly; as, pleasure intoxicates. 

in fnv i pa ti on (In-tok".sI-ka'shun), n. 

lil-lOA-l-Cd-llOIl the act of making 

drunk; the state of being drunk; extreme 
excitement. 

in-trac-ta-bil-i-ty 

state of being unmanageable. 

in trap fa "hip (In-trak'ta-bl), adj. un- 
AAA-uav-ia-oic manageable; as, in former 

times an intractable pupil was punished by 
severe whipping.— adv. intractably. 

in trap tilp (I n -trak'tll), adj. incapable 
111-11 a. U-111 C? 0 f being drawn out or 

extended; as, iron is an intractile metal. 

in tra mn ral (In"tra-mu'ral), adj. en- 
111- II d.-ll 1U-I d.1 tirely within a city; as, an 

intramural railway. 

in tran ci tiwp (In-tr&n'sl-tlv), adj. not 
aaa-aacaaa-oa- uvc carrying action over to 

a receiver; expressing action not received: 
said of certain verbs.— adv. intransitively. 

trpnpti (In-trench'), v.t. to surround 
111 -ilcut/ll -with a ditch; to make hollow: 
v.i. to enter upon; to take possession of: 
usually followed by of or upon; as, to intrench 
upon the rights of others. 

in ■f’rpnpli mpnt (in-trench'ment), n. a 

111- ireiikll-IIieil l long, narrow ditch in 

the earth; in the military sense, a defensive 
work consisting of ditches with a protecting 
wall of earth thrown up before them. 

f rp « ZA (In-trep'Id), adj. bold; fearless; 
-*- Ai-La cp-lU. brave; daring.— adv. intrepidly. 

Syn., adj. dauntless, courageous, valorous, 
heroic, gallant, chivalrous. 

Ant. (see cowardly, faint-hearted). 

in trp niH i tv (in'tre-pid'l-ti). n. 
Ul-UC-jUU-l-ljf fearlessness; vaior; 

boldness. 

m ft*i po pT. (In'tri-ka-si) , n. [pi. fntrica— 
Ul-111-l/d.-Ly ci es (-siz)J, the quality of 
being entangled or complicated. 

• a * (In'trl-kat), adj. entangled,* 

111 -lil-l/O.lc perplexed? complicated; as, an 
intricate plot in a play or story.— adv. intri¬ 
cately. 

in triemp d n -treg'), v.i. to carry on a 
- AA-tAA Ssecret plot; engage in secret 
love affairs: v.t. colloquially, to interest 
keenly: n. (In-treg'; In'treg), a secret plot; 
secret love affair. 

Syn., n. plot, conspiracy, artifice, ruse, 
ft-in cip (In-trin'slk), adj. pertaining to 
All-liiii-oit/ the very nature of a thing; 
as, we often value for their associations 
things whose intrinsic worth is small; real.— 
adv. intrinsically. 

Syn. true, f native, natural, essential. 

Ant. (see extrinsic). 

in tr/v rlnpp (In"tr6-dus'), v.t. to conduct 
lll-llU-UUtg or bring in; bring into use 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







introduction 


330 


or notice; bring into acquaintance; to put 
Into something else. 

• i„ A Jut* -i-isvn (In'trS-duk'shOn), n. 

m-tro-auc-tion the act of bringing into 

use; presentation; a preface. 

+**/■* At if +n rw (In"tr6-duk'to-rI). adj. 

m-tro-auc-to-ry serving to bring in; 

preliminary. Also, introductive. 

• if (tn-tro'It), n. a part of the Mass 
in-lrO-lL in the Roman Catholic Church; 
a part of the service of the Anglican Church, 
in +rn cnprt (In'tro-spekt'), v.t. to look 
111-Ll U-ojJtJU l into or within; examine the 

interior of. 

• 4-J/vn (In'tro-spek'shun), n. 

Ul-tro-spec-tion the a ct or process of 
examining one's own thoughts or feelings; 
as, too much introspection is bad for one. 

• (In"tr6-spek'tlv), adj. 

ln-tro-spec-tive inclined to look in¬ 
ward and search one’s own thoughts and 
feelings.— adv. introspectively. 

fvMirlo (In-trood'), v.i. to come in with- 
111-LI UUc out invitation or welcome: v.t. 
to thrust or force in. _ 

• f„„ - (In-troo'zhun), n. the act of 

Ul-XiU-blUH entering without invitation 
or welcome. ,, . , 

in +rn civrck (In-troo'slv), adj. inclined 
lli-Xin-olVC or apt to thrust or force 
oneself in where one is not wanted or has no 
right; forward.— adv. intrusively. 

in +*-nc«+ (in-trust'), v.t. to give into faith- 
111-LlUoL fui keeping; confide; place in 
charge. 

in +11 i linn (In'tu-Ish'fin), n. knowledge 
111-IU.-1-U.U11 or feeling which comes of 
itself without reasoning or a process of 
thought; insight; as, the child’s intuition 
told him that the man could be trusted, 
in +n i +inn ol (In'tfi-Ish'fln-al), adj. 
m-xu-l-lion-ai pertaining to instinctive 

knowledge or insight. 

in +n i +i tt« (In-tu'I-tlv), adj. known or 
m-XU-l-XlV C f e it immediately by the 
mind without reasoning; as, children seem 
to have intuitive power of recognizing real 
child lovers.— adv. intuitively, 
in iin An+c. (In'un-dat; In-un'dat), v.t. to 
111-Ull-U.cllC flu to overflowing; flood; as, 
the overflowing of the Nile inundates the 
fertile fields of Egypt. 

in 11 n Act +irm (In'un-da'shfin), n. pver- 
lU-XUl-Ud.-XlUIl flow; flood; as, the inun¬ 
dation of Egypt by the Nile, 
in iii-ci vln-ur'), v.t. to accustom; toughen; 
111-Ul C as, a n outdoor life will inure one 
to varying weather conditions, 
in vctAc* (In-vad'), v.t. to enter (a country) 
111-VctUC -with a hostile army; to enter 
upon; take possession of. 

in irol i A (In-val'Id), adj. of no force or 
1U-Veil-1 Cl authority: n. (In'vd-lld), one 
who is weak or infirm in health; a disabled 
soldier or sailor: v.t. to register, enroll, send 
home, or to a hospital, as an invalid; affect 
with disease. 

in ttoI i Act+e* (In-val'I-dat), v.t. to weak- 
ill- V«.l-l-HcllC en or destroy the force or 

authority of; as, the will most recently 
made invalidates all others formerly made. 

Syn. quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate, 
nullify, annul. 

in vra lirl i +vr (In'vd-lId'I-tl), n. want of 
lll-Va.-llU.-1-ty legal force or argument. 

in vrol n ct Kl*a (In-^val'il-d-bl), adj. price- 
ill- Val-U-a-UiC less; as, his services 

were invaluable to his employer. 

in ttq i*i n Vvl p. (In-va'rT-d-bl), adj. con- 

111-Vd-11-d-UlC s tan^; uniform: unchang¬ 


investigate 

ing; as, his invariable custom was to walk to 
his office.— adv. invariably.— n. invariability, 
in xrct cirm (In-va'zhun), n. the act oi 
lll-vd-olUll entering a country with a 
hostile army; entrance forced by an enemy’s 
army; encroachment. 

Syn. irruption, inroad, aggression, raid, 
fray. 

a* ~ (In-vek'tlv), n. violent blame, 
111-VeC-tlVe sarcasm, or abuse; as, the 
newspapers hurled invectives at the retiring 
cabinet officer: adj. abusive. 

Syn., n. reproach, railing, sarcasm, 
in -rr^in-li (In-va'), v.i. to speak violently 
lll-veigll and bitterly against persons or 
things; utter blame or reproach; as, a 
Congressman may inveigh against a bill which 
has been proposed. 

in xro (In-ve'gl), v.t. to persuade, 
m-vei-gie especially to something evil; 
to entrap; to draw on by flattery, etc.; as. 
in the old rime, the spider inveigles the fly into 
his web. „ . 

in vont (In-vent'). v.t. to find out by 
ill-VellL study or inquiry; to produce 
for the first time; to think out; devise or 
contrive; originate. 

Si/n. frame, discover, design, 
in -rr^n -fisvn (In-ven'shun), n. the act of 
m-ven-xioil originating; the thing origi¬ 
nated; discovery; the quality by which one 
creates or produces anything for the first 
time; that which is made lip. 
in ,T^n +ixT^ (In-ven'tlv), adj. able to 
1H-VGI1-X1V6 make new things or dis¬ 
coveries; quick at contriving; ready in 
thinking out ways to accomplish an end. — 
adv. inventively. 

in imn +hro nocc (In-vgn'tlv-ngs), n. 
m-V eil-llVC-IXGSS gioii; ingenuity; men¬ 
tal resourcefulness; as, American inventive - 



as, Edison is America’s greatest inventor. 

in iron +n nr (In'vgn-to-ri), n. [pi. in- 
m-ven-xo-ry ventories (-rlz)], a catalog 
or list of goods, furniture, etc.; as, a merchant 
takes an inventory of his stock once a year; 
account: v.t. to draw up a list or catalog of 
goods* 

in Trorco (In'vfirs; ln-vflrs'), adj. opposite 
ill-V Cl SC j n tendency, direction, or effect; 
turned upside down; as, subtraction is the 
inverse operation of addition, 
in roroa Itt (In-vurs'll), adv. in an opp*- 

in-verse-iy site order. 

in iraf cion (In-vfir'sh*n), n. the act of 
lil-VCl-olUii turning in the opposite 

direction, etc.; the state of being turned 
upside down; change of order or position, 
in ttqi-+ (in-vurt'), v.t. to turn upside aown, 
1I1-V cl L inside out, or in an opposite 
direction. 

in xT&r +o "hrci+fi (In-vfir'tS-brat), n. an 
llL-VCl-lC-UlcllC an imal without a back¬ 
bone: adj. having no backbone; having no 
force of character; weak. 

in TTort ck A (In-vur'ted), adj. turned in an 
111—V Cl L-CU opposite direction or turned 
upside down. 

in -irpkcf (In-vest'), v.t. to place or lay out, 
111-VCol as money at interest; clothe, as 
with office, authority, or dignity; surround; 
as, the armies invest the city: v.i. to put 
money into; as, to invest in oil stock. 

in vrckC fi o-o+<a (In-vgs'tl-gat), v.t. to find 
m-V Co-ll-gctic ou t by careful inquiry; 

search; examine; as, to investigate the 
cause of a disaster. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









investigation 


331 


Ionian 


tn VPQ fi pra firm (l n-v Ss' l 'tI-ga'shun), n. 

Ul- VCt>-Ll-gct-L1UI1 the act of finding out 

by careful inquiry; inquiry; search. 

Syn. examination, scrutiny, 
in VPQ fi pra tnr (I n " v S s 'tI-ga"ter), n. 

Ul-Veb-11-gd.-lUI one w ho finds out 

by careful search. 

in Trt^rj +1 (In-ves'ti-ttlr), n. the act 

111-VCb-11-1111C or right of giving legal 

possession. 

«rt Trac i tv, (In-v8st'mSnt), n. the act 

Ul-VCoL-lllcill of laying out money for 

the sake of profit; money so placed; the 
act of besieging or blockading. 

in vpq tnr Ota-ves'ter), n. one who puts 
Ui-VCo-LUl out money for profit; as, many 
women are investors in railroad stock, 
in vpf nr a rxr (hi-vet'er-ri-sl), n. the 
et-er-a-Cy state of being firmly 
established, as a habit. 

in vpf nr afp (In-vgt'er-at), adj. deep- 
111-Vcl-cl-dlc mooted; habitual; as, an 

inveterate cigarette smoker. 

Syn. confirmed, chronic, malignant, 
in viH i mic (In-vid'I-fis), adj. likely to 
provoke ill will or envy; 
as, invidious preferences or partiality; un¬ 
pleasant.— adv. invidiously. 

Syn., adj. envious, hateful, odious, malig¬ 
nant. 

in 'trier nr afp (in-vJg'6r-at), v.t. to give 
111-Vlg-Ul -die vitality to; strengthen; as, 

sea air is likely to invigorate the weak.—n. 

invigoration. 

Syn., v. brace, harden, nerve. 

Ant. (eee enervate). 

in vin pi Kil i tv (fn-vta'sl-bil'i-ti), n. 
m-Vm-Cl-DU-l-Xy the quality of being 

unconquerable. 

in vin ri Kin (to-vln'sl-bl), ad), uncon- 
AAA_V AAA- ^' A_l - ,A *' querable; as, Job showed 
invincible patience.— adv. invineibly. 

in vi n la Kil i tv (to-vTo-ld-bll'I-tl), n. 
m-Vl-O-ia-DU-l-Ly incapability of being 

profaned or broken. 

in vri n la Kin (In-vi'6-ld-bl), ad), that 
lll-Vl-LJ-la-uic cannot be profaned or 

Injured; unbroken; as, an inviolable promise 
or command.— adv. inviolably, 
in vri r\ latn (In-vi'6-lat), adj. uninjured; 
AAA_ * 1 -U-ia lc unbroken; pure.— adv. in¬ 
viola tely. 

in vie i Kil i tv (in-vlz'l-bn'l-tl), n • the 
m-vib-l-uu-l-xy state or quality of being 

unseen; incapability of beipg seen. 

in vric i Kin (In-viz'I-bl). adj. that can- 
III-VI.&-I-U1C no t he seen; as, during the 

day the stars are invisible. — adv. invisibly. 

Syn., adj. unseen, imperceptible, impalpable, 
unperceivable. 

in vri ta tinn (In'vf-ta/shfin), n. the act 
Hi-Vi-Ld-LiUii. 0 f requesting the presence 

of, begging, or attracting; polite request; 
the words or document by which one is 
asked to come to a place, 
in vito (In-vTt'), v.t. to ask, beg, or summon; 
lli-VlLC request the presence of; persuade; 
attract; as, the title of the book invites the 
reader’s interest. 

Syn. call, solicit. 

in vif inn- (In-vIt'Ing), p.adj. tempting; 
lXl-Vil-Uig attractive; as, an inviting meal. 

— adv. invitingly. 

in xrn rex fp (fn'vo-kat), v.t. to address m 
aaa ~V\J-V/o.lc uraver. Also, invoke. 

the 


in tta nn +inn (In'’v6-ka , shfin), n 
lli-v U-hd.-LlUll ac t or form of addressing 

in prayer, or calling for the help of some 
superior being; as, the invocation of God’s 
all 


in-voice 


(In'vois), n. a document an¬ 
nouncing the sending of goods, 
with their prices, quantity, etc.: v.t. to state 
in such a paper. 

in vnlrp un-vok'), v.t. to address in prayer 
1A1 - vun. c or supplication; as, to imoke a 
blessing; ask solemnly or earnestly (aid or pro¬ 
tection). 

Syn. invocate, appeal, refer, implore,beseech, 
in TTA In rro (In'v8-lu*kgr), n. a rosette 
111-V U-1U.-G1 C 0 f leaves, eften resembling 
a calyx, surrounding the main stem of a plant, 
and supporting a flower cluster or fruit. 

in vnl nn fa fi 1 v (in-vdhfin-ti-rl-ll)* 
m-voi-un-xa-ri-iy adv _ not willingly; 

not from choice; not intentionally; as, if 
something strikes at one’s face, one involun¬ 
tarily closes the eyes. 

in vnl tin fa tv (in-vdl'un-ta-rl), adj. 
Ul-VOl-XUl-ld-ry without will or choice. 

in vn Infp (In'vo-lut), adj. folded or 
m-vu-iuic rolled inwards, as certain 
leaves and flowers; coiled spirally: n. a 
particular kind of curve turned inward at the- 
margin. 

in vn lii firm Cta*v8-lu'shfin), n. the act 
lli-V0-1X1-LlUli of infolding; complication; 

return of an organ or tissue to its normal size 
after having been stretched or swelled out;, 
the process of raising an arithmetical or 
algebraical quantity to a given power; as, 
3 4 = 81: read, three to the fourth power equals 
eighty-one. 

in vnlvp (In-vblv'), v.t. to complicate; 
lll-vuivc entangle; surround; to draw 
into; as, to involve one in a quarrel; produce* 
as a consequence; multiply a quantity by 
itself any given number of times. 

Syn. implicate, compromise, envelop, sur¬ 
round. 

in-vul-ner-a-bil-i-ty 

quality of being incapable of being wounded. 

in vnl tipr a KIp (In-vul'ner-a-bl), ad). 
m-VUl-ner-a-Die that cannot be 

wounded or injured; as, the Greek hero, 
Achilles, was invulnerable everywhere except 
in the heel; without any weak point.— aav. 

invulnerably. 

in warr1 (l n 'werd), adj. situated within; 
111-W dl U. as> to throw the light inward, from 
without; in the mind: adv. towards the center 
or interior; as, to bend inward. Also, inwards., 
in urorrl 1v (in'werd-ll), adv. internally; 
in - w cu. u. - ly especially, in the mind or 
feelings; secretly. 

in VTorrl npcc (In'werd-nes), n. the real 
1I1-VVdivl-llcbb nature of a thing; the 

quality of being internal; earnestness; as, the- 
true inwardness of a plan. 

in-wrought j n lIL 

figures or patterns. 

i n rlirlp (i'S-did), n. a compound of iodine* 
1-U-LilUC with another element. Also, iodide 

i n rlinp d'^-dln; i'-Sdln), n. a non- 
1-U-UUic metallic element occurring in 
nature always in combination as iodides, 
and giving off a rich violet vapor when heated:: 
largely used in medicine, in making dyee. 
etc. Also, iodin. 

i n Hn inrm (i-o'd6-form; l-od'o-ffirm). 
l-u-iAV-iviiii. a crystalline antiseptic 

comDOund, with a penetrating odor, 
t nn (I'on), n. one of the electrified particles. 
1-Gll i n t 0 w hich a gas, or a substance in solu¬ 
tion,is broken upunder the action of electricity. 

I n til an d-o'ni-an), adj. pertaining to 
-U-Hl-all Ionia, the western coast of 
Asia Minor, or its inhabitants. Also. Ionic.. 


help in time of sickness. _ _ _ _ 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw =wh as in when;, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii.. 









Ionic order _ 

A Qt - (!-6n'Ik or'der), an or- 
-On-lC Oi-U-Ci ^er 0 f classic architec¬ 
ture, characterized 
by the volute, or 
ram’s-horn scroll, of 
its capital, or orna¬ 
mental top. 

i n (i-b'td).n. a Greek 
1-U-tct letter which, from 


332 


irrefutable 


its being used under certain 
vowels (iota subscriptum ), 
denotes anything small or 
Insignificant. 

I r\ TT (i 5 u), I owe 
vJ you; a memo¬ 
randum of a debt; promise 
to pay. 

ip-e-cac-u-an-ha 

(Ip'6-kak"^^^), n. the 
root of a South American 
plant: used in medicine. 
Also, ipecac. 

T fct ti! o ti (i-ra nl-Sn), 
j.-Id.-111-aJ.I ad j relating 

to Persia or Iran: n. a 

modern Persian. 

• 

1 

(I 

bll'I-tl), n. the 
of being easily 
to anger 

i-ras-ci-ble S: r K 




i-ras-ci-bil-i-ty £ 

(i-r&s'fi-blTI-tl; I-ras'I- 


H 


i 


quality *- 
excited 




Ionic Column 


bl; I-ras'I-bl), adj. easily ex¬ 
cited to anger; hot-headed.— adv. irascibly. 

•» vo+o (i-rat'; Prat), adj. angry; enraged; 

as> an irate old gentleman.— adv. 

irfttdy* 

(ir), n. anger; wrath; strong resent- 
II c ment; as, his ire was quickly aroused.— 
— adj. ireful. 

I.* ; .In^ catico (Ir'l-dgs ens), n. the com- 
11 -Jl-u.co-^/cxiv^c i n g an( j going of colors 

like those of the rainbow. 

■Jr t rloc rpnf (Ir'I-des'ent), adj. having 
11 - 1 -uc^-ocuL changing colors like those 
of the rainbow.— adv. iridescently. 

• "J * 11tY | (i-rld'I-um), n. a rare element 
J-I1U-1-U1U somewhat like platinum, one 
•of the heaviest known metals. 

-J ric (I' rIs ) • n - [Pi- irises (-es; -Iz), irides (Ir'I- 
l-llo dez; i'rl-dez)], the pupil of the eye; the 
•rainbow; a spring flower: commonly called flag. 

rJ crnnp (I'rl-sk5p), n. an apparatus 
l-ll-ol/U|;c f or showing the colors of the 
rainbow. 

I ricli (i'rlsh), adj. pertaining to Ireland, 
-I loll inhabitants, or language. 

I ricVs Jem (I'rlsh-Izm), n. an Irish peculi- 
-115>lI-lolll ar jty of speech; Irish character 
or traits. 

■Jrlr (Ark), v.t. to weary; as, the dull details of 
II the business irk him. 

■Jrlr enmp (Grk'sum), adj. tedious; weari- 
lliv-wUiiic; some; as, tasks may be irksome. 
Syn. tiresome, annoying. 

Ant. (see pleasant). 

i rrvn (I'urn), n. a metallic element; the 
1-IUil most common and useful of the 
metals; an instrument made of iron, espe¬ 
cially one to smooth clothes by heat; any¬ 
thing especially hard; in golf , a club made of 
iron, with the head laid back to raise the 
ball: pi. chains or fetters for a prisoner: 
adj. pertaining to, resembling, or made of, 
iron: v.t. to smooth with an iron; furnish 
with iron; chain. 

: fjyn o rye* (I'firn aj). the latest prehistoric 
l-i mi ti&C age characterized by the use of 


iron for weapons, etc.; the last of the four 
ages of classic mythology. 

J ~1 0 rl (i'urn-klad"). n. a warship 

1-rOII-t/IdU protected wholly or partially 
with iron or steel plates: adj. covered or 
protected with iron armor. 

• • _ 0 i (i-ron'I-kal), adj. expressing one 
1-rOIl-l-CdJL thing and meaning another. 

• J ool lir (i-r6n'I-k8l-I), adv. in a 
1-rOIl-l-Cd.i-iy sarcastic manner; in a 
manner which expresses one thing and means 
another; as, he was speaking ironically. _ 

: f-.-j.-1 c, (i'urn-sid"), n. a man of 

l-ron-biue strength; a warship protected 
by steel plates: Ironsides, Cromwell’s cavalry. 

: iiMro (i'urn-war"), n. hardware; 

1-l On.-- Ware a rticles made of iron. 

: (i'firn-wdod"), n. a name for 

l-ron-woou the timber of trees of un¬ 
usual hardness. 

J rrm work (i'urn-wQrk*). n. work to 
1-ron-WUIli. iron; a place where iron Is 

smelted and articles are made from it. 

; mr (I'rft-nl), n. sarcasm; a mode of 

I- iO-Iiy speech meaning the opposite of 
what is said; as, “to cry like a baby—that's 
a fine way for a man to act,” said he with 
keen irony. 

Syn. satire, ridicule, raillery. 

(Ir"6-kwoi'). n. a member of 
lr-o-quuib the powerful Indian con¬ 
federacy of that name formerly inhabiting 
Central New York; an Indian tribe: called also 
the Five Nations. 

Jt* fo A J an + (1-ra'dI-S.nt) , adj. giving forth 

II- Ict-Gl-ctiil, ra y S of hght; as, irradianX 

stars.— n. irradiance. 

J-r dJ (I-ra'dI-at), v.t. to shed light 

11-ld-Ul-ctLC upon; illuminate; brighten: 
v.i. emit rays of light.—n. irradiation. 

t-o -f Jsvn o 1 d-rash'fin-5,1), adj. lacking 
ll-la.-uuu-<u reasoning powers; contrary 
to reason; absurd.— adv. irrationally. 

ra. rlot'm o K1 p (lr'6-klam'd-bl), adj. 
ir-r6-Ci3.Ull-3.-D10 incapable of being 

recovered, reformed, or restored.— adv. lrre- 
claimably. 

Jt- ror r\n rJI n KIp (I-rSk'fln-sIl'd-bl), 
ir-r6C-0ll-Cll-3.-Dl6 adj. not adjustable, 

as differences or quarrels; not in agreement, 
as actions and beliefs: n. one that is not able 
to adjust himself to conditions; as, an irrecon¬ 
cilable opponent; one who is discontented.— 
adv. irreconcilably. 

Jt* mv pt p hip (Ir e-kuv Sr-d-bl), 

ir-re-cov-er-d.-Die ad j % not capable of 

being regained.— adv. irrecoverably. 

Jr rp dppm a KIp (Ir'e-dem'd-bl). ad). 
ir-re-aeem-a-Die incapable of being 

bought back; not exchangeable for gold or 
silver: said of paper money; hopeless.— adv. 
irredeemably. 

Tr rp dpti fief (fr-6-den'tfet), n. one of a 
li-ic-ucn-uoi party which favors in¬ 
corporating into Italy neighboring regions, 
known as Italia irredenta, or Italy unre¬ 
deemed, largely Italian in population. 

Jr rp Hn rJ "hip (Ir'6-du'sl-bl). adj. to¬ 
llDIG capable of being les¬ 
sened or curtailed; in arithmetic, not capable 
of being changed in denomination or form 
without a change in value; not capable of 
being subdued or conquered.— adv. irreducibly. 

Jr rpf ra era Vdp d-rSf'rd-gd-bl), adj. un- 

answerable.— adv. lrref- 

Jr rp fii+ p hip (Ir'e-fut'd-bl; I-rSf'u-td- 
ir-ie-lUX-d.-Die bl)t ad j . incapable of 

being proved false or incorrect, as an argu- 
ment; unanswerable.— adv. irrefutably. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 





















































irregular 


333 


isolation 


lr TPtr 11 lor (I-rfig'u-lar), auj. not straight; 
uU.-XO.X not symmetrical; not ac¬ 
cording to established method, standards, 
customs, or law; abnormal; not methodical. 
— ado. irregularly.— n. irregularity. 
fl» f/al tto tn + (I-rSl e-v&nt), adj. not bear- 

u-ici-o-vaAH ing upon the case; un¬ 
related to the matter under discussion.— ado. 
Irrelevantly. —n. irrelevance, irrelevancy. 

■Jv* i*o It crirmc (Ir^S-Uj’us), adj. wanting 
11 -l uo religion; not godly; wicked. 

— ado. irreligiously. 

ir-re-me-di-a-bleS; 8 ;S s ^f,ie bl 2f 

being relieved; incurable.— adv. irremediably. 

ir ron o to Kick d-rep'd-ra-bl), adj. not 

capable of being re¬ 
paired or restored; not capable of being 
retrieved or made good.— adv. irreparably. 

IV* t& nrpcc i V\1 a (Ir"2>-pres'I-bi), adj. in¬ 
i' 1 -A Cbb-l-Uic capable of being sub¬ 
dued, curbed, or checked.— adv. irrepressibly. 

ir-re-proach-a-bie e b & 

being condemned or blamed; blameless.— 

ado. irreproachably. 

|*• t“Q oiof t Til pk (Ir'e-zls'tl-bl), adj. in- 
A *-Xc-blbX-l-Ulc capable of being with¬ 
stood; not to be opposed; overpowering.— 

adv. irresistibly. 

rpc n 1n+<a d-rez'6-lut), adj. undecided; 
li -i co-u-iuic wavering; not determined. 

— ado. irresolutely. —n. irresolution. 

; r ria cnar +iv#a (Ir'e-spSk'tlv), adj. re- 
11-1 G-bpcL-llVC gardless: with of; as, 

all male citizens of the United States may 
vote, irrespective of race or color.— adv. 

irrespectively. 

it* rp cnoti oi Til^ (Ir , e-sp6n , sl-bl), adj. 

lT-itJ-bpUIA-bl-UIc no t accountable; free 

from care; not trustworthy.— adv. irrespon¬ 
sibly. —n. irresponsibility. 
i r + r i«v o Kip (Ir "6-trev'd-bl), adj. 
ll-lC-LlicV-d-Uit; no t recoverable; not 

to be made good.— adv. irretrievably. 

it* row or otirp (I-rev'er-ens), n. want of 
11-lCV-ci-ciibc respect; lack of venera¬ 
tion; a disrespectful act or speech, 
ir row or o«+ d-rev'er-ent.), adj. disre- 
il-ICV-Cl-ciiL spectful; showing a want 

of veneration.— adv. irreverently. 

ir ro wore i VJo dr"e-vur'sl-bl), adj. in- 
ir-Ic-VClo-1-Ulc capable of being turned 

back or around.— adv. irreversibly. 

ir row o ro KIa (I-rev'6-kd-bl), adj. ln- 
ir-lcV-U-Uct-Lilc capable of being re¬ 
called; unalterable.— adv. irrevocably, 
ir ri wo+o (Ir'I-gat), v.t. to moisten as 
ir-11-gctlC land, by causing water to flow 

over it by canals, etc. 

ir ri cro firm OM-ga'shfin), n. the supply- 
lr-n-gd-XlUIi ing of water to land by 

means of canals, etc. 

ir ri to "hlo dr'I-td-bl), adj. easily pro- 
li -11-ld-UlC yoked to anger; easily caused 

to perform some physical function.—n. irri¬ 
tability, irritableness. 

Syn. excitable, irascible, susceptible, sensi¬ 
tive. 

Ant. (see calm). 

• • l-i. r (Ir'I-td-bll), adv. with vexa- 
ir-ri-ta-Diy tion: petulantly. 

• • (Ir'I-t&nt), adj. causing redness 

ir-n-Ldill oj- inflammation: n. anything 
which causes redness qr inflammation; as, 
rough clothing is an irritant to the skin. 

ir ri toif* drd-tat), v.t. to provoke or 
ir-Il-ldlC naake angry; cause heat and 
redness in; as, to read in a poor light irritates 
the eyes 


Syn. aggravate, worry, embitter, madden, 
exasperate. 

ir ri to tinn dr'd-ta'shfin), n. the act of 
-xX-to.-null exasperating; the state of 

being provoked or vexed; exasperation; 
vexation; impatienpe; the causing of mus¬ 
cular action by something outside the muscles; 
oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the 
body; heat and redness caused in an organ, 
etc.— adj. irritative. 

\ r riiin finn d-rup'shfin), n. a bursting or 
J.1 -i up- tlUii rushing in; sudden rushing in. 

ir run tivp d-rup'tlv), adj. tending to 
up- ti v c r ush in upon ; rushing in upon. 
(Iz), third person singular present indica- 
tive of the verb be. 

I aoor d' z «k), n. in the Bible, a Hebrew 
-oddl/ patriarch; the son of Abraham and 
Sarah. 

I co taTi d-za'yd; i-zrd), n. in the Bible, 
-od-ldli greatest of the Hebrew 
prophets; a book of the Old Testament. 

To noT \ n+ (Is-kar'I-5t), n. the surname 
Ao-l/dl-1-U l 0 f Judas, who betrayed Christ 
into the hands of the Jews. 

TcTi mfl d dsh'm&-el), n. in the Bible. 
AoIl-lild-CI a son 0 f Abraham and Hagar; 

one socially ostracized. 

ToVi two p 1 iT^ (Ish ma-el-it), n. a de- 
Aoll-liid-Cl-lLC scendant of Ishmael, a 

son of Abraham and Hagar; hence, a social 
outcast.— adj. Ishmaelitish. 
i cin (rloco (i'zln-glas), n. a white semi- 
1-oiii-gldOo transparent substance or gela¬ 
tin prepared from the air-bladders of the 
sturgeon, cod, etc.; a sheet of mica. 

To loin (Is'ldm; iz'idm; Is-lam'), n. the 
lo-ldlll Mohammedan religion; the whole 
body of Mohammedans and the countries 
where the religion of Mohammed is professed, 
io 1 o-nH (I'land), n. a tract of land sur- 
Ib-ldllU rounded by water; anything re¬ 
sembling such a tract of land, 
io 1o-nrl or (I'lan-der), n. an inhabitant 
lb-lcUlll-cl or a native of an island, 
id a (II). n. an island; as, Shakespeare call9 
lolC England “this sceptered isle,” and 
Byron sings of “the isles of Greece.” [Poet.} 
is let ■ n ‘ a sma11 island; as, many 


ism 


islets compose the Lesser Antilles. 
(Izm), n. a system or theory; as, he 
was constantly talking about one ism 


or another. 

i co hor d'so-bar), 
1-DU-Ual neets nlac 


n. a line which con¬ 
nects places on the earth’s sur¬ 
face having the same atmospheric pressure 
at the sea level. 

i cr* \\or ir* (I"s6-bar'ik), adj. of equal 
1-aU-UcU-ll atmospheric pressure; per¬ 
taining to, or showing, lines denoting equal 
atmospheric pressure at sea level; as, an 
isobaric chart. Also, Isobarometric. 

i cn dim rwot ir (I"s6-kr6-m&tTk), adj. 
1-SO-CmO-md.X-ll/ having the same 

color: a term used in the study of light and 
vision. 

i co rltr ti a m ir d s<5-dl-nam Ik), adj. 
1-bU-Xiy-lld.Hl-Il/ having equal force: n. a 

line on the surface of the earth at all points of 
which the earth’s magnetism is of equal inten¬ 
sity. 

i cr\ 1 o+ck (I'so-lat; Is'6-lat), v.t. to place 
1-bU-la.lC alone; to insulate; place in a 
situation apart from others; as, it is neces¬ 
sary to isolate people suffering from con¬ 
tagious diseases. 

(I"s6-la'shun; Is'o -la'shfln), 
n. the state of being placed 
detachment; as, isolation from 


-so-la-tion 

apart or alone; 
one’s family. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw = wli as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










Isometric 


izzard 


334 


adj. having 
measure, as 


i cnmpt rtf (i's#-m8t'rlk) 

1-SO-met-riC equality of 

In the axial lines of a crystal. 

i-so-met-ric pro-jec-tion 

jfik'shfln), a land of drawing designed to 
show proportions without regard to the prin¬ 
ciple of perspective. 

: cr . c loc (l-sos'e-lez), adj. having two 
1-oUb-l/C-lco euual sides; as, an isosceles 
triangle. 

■J (T'so-thOrm), n. an imaginary 

l-bO-lilcIIU line connecting those places 
on the earth’s surface which nave the same 
average annual or seasonal temperature. 

; OA fhoi* tnol (I'so-thfir'mal), adj. hav- 
1-SO-trier-mcU i ng uniform temperatures; 
pertaining to, or showing, lines indicating 
places which have the same temperature at 
the same time; as, an isothermal % chart, 
i* cp trrm if O'sb-trdp'Ic), adj. havtag the 
1-bO-Xrup-IU game physical properties m 

every direction. . 

To ial dz'rS-el), n. in the Bible, the 
JLS-Ict-Cl Hebrew patriarch Jacob; the de¬ 
scendants of Jacob; the Jews; as, the children 

of Israel; the northern kingdom after the di- "« a nasa- 

JSS&B5i e 3« who retumed from iJm-er^-ey&^^eVpK, 


uneasiness in the skin, causing a desire to 
scratch the part affected; have a constant 
and teasing desire for. .. 

•x.t, Ty (Ich'r), adj. having the skin disease 
Utn-y which causes constant irritation; per¬ 
taining to this disease; resembling this disease; 
feeling the persistent desire to scratch an irrita¬ 
ted part of the skin.— n. itchiness. 

• x m (i'tem), n. a separate article, entry, 
1-iem or particular; a sum entered in an 
account; a newspaper paragraph. 

: +orri (i'tem-iz), v.t. to state by 

I- lClIl-lZiO separate articles or entries; 
give particulars of; as, to itemize an account. 
— n. itemization. 

ix. Q x. 0 (It'er-at), v.t. to utter a second 
lL-tJi-ulC time; repeat; as, to iterate a 

threat or command. 

;x at- o -fir»n (It'Sr-a'shfln), n. repetition; 

II- Cl-d-llUAi a second performance. 

;x. 0 +• (It'er-&-tIv). adj. repeating; 

ll-er-a-Xlve doing again; as, the iterative 
“whoo, whoo, whoo” of the owl kept me 
awake. . .. 

; -fin £>■»• O fTr (i-tln'er-a-sl), n. the practice 
l-lin-er-a-cy of passing from place to 
place; the state of travel)ng_ about. 


Pd/P J ivjuiau vo.pi/iY xv j. - , 

T« (Iz'ra-el-it), n. a descendant 

lS-Ia-cl-llb of Israel or Jacob; a Hebrew; 
sl Jew 

T„ -o cl :+■ (Iz'ra-el-Tt'Ish), adj. per- 

J.S-ra-01-IX-lbil taining to the Israelites; 
Jewish. Also, Israelitic. 

Ac 011 QtirA (Ish'ti-ans), n. the act of send- 
Ib-bU-UAICv; | n g or giving out; a sending 

forth; as, the issuance of an edict; issue. 

•„ (Ish'u), n. the act of passing or 

lb-bUc flowing out; as, the issue of the 
passengers through the door of the car; 
that which flows on passes out; discharge; 
as, the issue of blood or pus from a wound; 
publication; as, the issue of a book; the entiro 
number or amount sent out at one time or 
during a particular period; as, the January 
issue of a magazine; a government issue of 
bank notes; offspring; descendants; produce 
of the earth; profits of land, etc.; important 
points in pleading or debate; result; as, the 
issue of an investigation; an outcome; a run¬ 
ning sore: v.t. to send out; publish; put into 
circulation; as, to issue a magazine: v.l. to 
come or pass out; arise, as from a source; as, 
the stream issues from a hill; flow; proceed; 
be descended. 

Syn., v. emerge, rise, spring, emanate: n. 
end, upshot, effect, result. . . 

on (ts'ml-an), adj. pertaining to 
IS til a n3C k of land which con¬ 
nects two larger bodies of land: Isthmian, n. 
one who lives on, or who was born on, an 
isthmus. , . . . 

•_x.i_ miio (Is'mus), n. a neck of land 
lSUl-HlUb connecting two larger parts, 
or a peninsula, to the mainland. 

•x (It), pron. the neuter pronoun of the third 
IX person singular. 

I X.i (I-tal'yan), adj. pertaining to 

-xai-ld.il Italy, its people, or language: 
n. a native of Italy. 

• x .,,1 (T-tal'Tk), adj. denoting a slender, 
1-Xd.I-H/ sloping kind of type (italic): used 
for emphasis, etc.: n.pl. italic type. 
i i* rW o (I-tal'I-sIz), ».<. town 
l-la.I-1-t/jXC in italics: emphasi: 

italicise. 

iff* fa 

llvii irrit.n 


write or print 
emphasize. Also, 


n. a skin disease causing great 
irritation; a constant and teasing 
desire for something; v.i. to feel a particular 


i-ijux—mg irom piace w 
especially in the discharge of some official 
duty, as by a judge, a preacher, etc. 

; et . OT .x. (i-tIn'er-S,nt) , adj. passing 
1-lHi-cI -ctlit from place to place; as. 
an itinerant preacher: n. one who passes from 
place to place. ^ .. . . 

• o rv d-tln'Sr-J-rl), ad), pertain- 

l-XHl-er-d.-iy ing to, or done on, a journey; 
traveling from place to place: n. a traveler's 
guide or route-book; a rough sketch of the 
country through which troops are to pass; a 
diary of a Journey; plan of an extended 
excursion. 

i X. • ar . 0 x._ (i-tln'er-at) . v.i. to travel from 
l-llIl-cI-dlC place to place for, usually, 
some definite purpose, as preaching, .giving 
lectures, etc. 

•x e (Its), pron. the possessive case of the pro- 
1X5 noun it; pertaining to a thing. 

•x,j g (Its), a contraction of the two words 
IX 5 n i S . 

oolf (It-sSlf'). pron. the emphatic or 
lL-bcll reflexive form of it; as, he cared only 
for the work itself, and not for praise or money. 

I hr Pt (iv), a colloquial contraction of the 
V C two words I have. 

i xt\c.A (i r vld), adj. covered with, or over- 
I-Vlctl grown with, ivy; as, ivied walls. 

• _ rr . (i'v&-rl), n. the hard, bony, white 
1-VU-iy substance which forms the tusks 
of the elephant, walrus, etc.: adj. made 
of, or like, ivory. 

i tta t-rr nui (i'vo-rf nut), the seed of a cer- 
1-VU-iy IlUt tain American palm, which, 
when dry, is hard, and, when polished, looks 
like ivory: used for buttons, etc. 

i xrr\ txt ncjlm (i'vo-rl pam), the palm 
1-VO-ry paim from which are obtained 

the ivory nuts used as an imitation of ivory 
in making buttons. 

; rT T hmp (I'vo-rl-tip'), n. a particular 
l-vo-ry-xype kind of photographic plo- 
ture with an ivorylike surface. 

J tttt (i'vl), n. a clinging evergreen plant: 

v y frequently seen on the walls of churches 
and houses. 

i'T or A (Iz'ard), n. the wild goat of the 
U-cUU Pyrenees Mountains between France 
and Spain. 

it rrarA (Iz'ord), n. an old name for the 
U-idlU letter Z: as. from a to izzard. 


V 1VZ« v — — ■ ■ ■ ' ■ - 1 ■ - ~ 1 ■■■ — ' 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
Tight, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 









jab 


335 


Janizary 


ioK (j&b), v.t. and v.i. to thrust. or poke i ar l r c+m\xrc pS.k'strdz'), n.pl 
jaD suddenly with something pointed: n. J»vh-DUaWo in which ^ light 
a sharp thrust. [Colloq.] 
iaVi (j&b'er), v.i. to talk rapidly 

Jd-U-UCI an( j indistinctly; chatter; as, the 
monkeys jabber in the trees.—n. jabberer. 

(zha"bo'), n. a lace frill on a wom- 
Jd-UUL an > s waist; formerly, a ruffle on a 
shirt bosom. [Fr.J 

in rtntVi (ja'slnth; j&s'Inth), n. hyacinth: 

Jct-UUitU name of a gem almost pure 
orange in color. 

jack n ’ a flsli: called also a pike; 



a 

in bowls, a small ball serving 
mark to be aimed at; the male 
of some animals; a leather cup or 
jug; timber cut short of its usual 
length; a small flag used as a sig¬ 
nal, bearing the same device as 
the union jack; the knave of 
cards; a teat hern coat of armor; 
a name applied to various kinds 
of levers or mechanical labor- 
saving devices; as, a jack- 
screw, rousting-jack, etc 
v.t. to lift with a jack 

jack-al1^4'-' 

like, flesh-eating 
animal which 
hunts in packs; 
one who does 
base work for 

another: from the incorrect supposition that 
the jackal hunts prey for the lion. 

• _i (jak'a-naps"), n. a con- 

jack-a-napes ceited or impertinent 

fellow. , , _ 

• _ 1 _ (jak'as"), n. the male ass; don- 

jaCK-abb key; a blockhead: used with 

contempt. __ _ , . 

\nrXr (i ak bootz), large boots 

jaCK DOOlS reaching above the knee. 

r»tr /faMr (jak'do"), n. a glossy kind of 
jatK-aaW crow which is often tamed and 
may be taught to imitate the human voice. 

• _i_ (jak'et), n. a short tailless coat; 
iaCK-ei an outer covering put on like a 

coat but not used as clothing; as, a cork <xi.u „- . 

jacket used as a life preserver; an outer •„: 1 p r pal er), n. a person in charge 

covering of various kinds; a covering to jaiL-ei jail. Also, jailor, gaoler^_ 

prevent heat from being given off: v.t. to 
clothe with a short coat; to beat; thrash. 


jack-in-the-pul-pit <S'^' ft t po vSid 

flower of the arum family, green in color. 

• _ 1 _ 1 r-nlfa. (jak'nlT), n. a large pocket 
jaCK-Kniie knife with two or more 

blades. . (jak'odgji'tem), n. a 

jack - o -lan-tern follow pumpkin cut 

to resemble a human face, having a. light 
inside it; a lantern similarly made, of card 

Stok (jak rab'It), a large hare 

jaCk raD-Dll with long legs and long 

earS 

• j. (jak'staz'), n.pl. ropes 

Jack-Stays stretched along the yard of 

ship to fasten the sails to. 

• i ~ (jak'stonz'), n.pl. a game 

jack-stones played by picking up peb¬ 
bles or metal pieces; the pieces used in the 
game 


a game, 

_ _ strips of 

wood are picked up with a hook: the strips 
of wood used in the game. 

To oz-kK (ja'kub), «. in the Bible, a Hebrew 
J d-l/U U patriarch, son of Isaac and Rebekah: 
afterwards called Israel; father of the twelve 
patriarchs.—Genesis xxv-1. 

Jar n Vn*n (Jak'6-bln), n. one of a club 
J d.G-U-UJJ-1 G f very extreme democrats 
during the French Revolution of 1789; hence, 
a violent extremist.— adj. Jacobinic. 

Too ^ ki+o (jak'6-blt), n. in EngUsh 
Jd.G-U-UlLC history, a follower of James II 

or his family. „ 

iar A Tia+ (jS.k'6-net), n. a fine soft white 
J d.U-U-J.lt; L cotton material somewhat like 
cambric; nainsook. Also, jacconet. 

• (jad), n. a tired or worn-out horse; 

JctU-G a vicious woman; a young woman: 
used contemptuously or humorously; an 
opaque semiprecious stone of dark green, 
color: v.t. to tire by long continued labor; 
harass. 

Syn. v. weary, tire, worry. 
iarr (jag), n. a notch; sharp projecting- 
Jdg point: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. jagged, p.pr. 
jagging], to cut into notches or teeth. 

(jag'ed), p.adj. notched; irregular 
Jd-g-gCU- C n the edge; cut or to rn in points. 

jag-uar 

(jag'war; . 
ja-gwar'), Am 
n. a fierce ^<3 
animal of,0 
South 
America, 
resem¬ 
bling the 
leopard; 
the Amer¬ 
ican tiger 



ieo.ii ui 6 ei. , . 

In Uar 1 (ja-had'), n. a Mohammedan holy 
ja-IiaU war against the common enemies- 

of Islam. Also, jihad. . 

• :i (jal), n. a prison; especially, a place 
jail where persons guilty of minor offenses 

are confined. Also, gaol. 

- . — of e 


(jam), n. a thick, sweet, fruit preserve 
jam a squeeze; block; crush: v.t. [p.t, 
and p.p. jammed, p.pr. jamming], to squeeze 
or crush; press in tightly; block up by 

crowding. , . . . .. 

• _!. (jam), n. one of the upright sides of 
jamD a doorway, window-opening, or 
fl rPDl3,CC 

Torn^Q (jamz), ». to tke Bible, the son of 
jameb Zebedee, brother of John, one of 
the twelve apostles.—Matt. iv. 21; the son 
of Alpheus, one of the twelve apostles.— 
Matt. x. 3; a book in the New Testament, 
the Epistle of James. 

ion o-l^ (jan'gl), v.i. to quarrel or wrangle; 
jan-gie sound out of tune; as, the bells- 
jangle on the ragman’s cart: n. a discordant 
sound; coarse quarrel; chatter. 

Syn., v. conflict, disagree, 
io-n i +/m- (jan'i-t-er), n. a doorkeeper; 
jan-l-ior caretaker of a building; porter. 
T n+* 1 r,n **T 7 (j&n'I-zS-rl), w. [pi- Janl- 
J an-l-za-ry za rie.s (-rTz)l. a Turkish sol- 


boot fobt: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as ra when; 
zh = z as in azure; khi = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


I 

















January 


336 


dl8r; formerly, one of a body of infantry 
who acted as guard to the Sultan and were 
famous for their fierce fighting: often spelled 
with a small letter. Also, Janissary. 

Ton 11 o nr (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month 
J wJ.I-u.-cl-I y ^he y ear j n the modern 

calendar. 

io non (ja-P&n'), n. work varnished with a 
Ja.-pa.li peculiar kind of shellac called 
lacquer, after the Japanese style of orna¬ 
mentation; a kind of varnish: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. japanned, p.pr. japanning], to cover or 
varnish with lacquer; make black and glossy. 
Ton o nacp (jap"d-nez'), adj. pertaining 
J ap-u-Jicac to Japan, its inhabitants, 
or language: n. a native of Japan; the 
language of Japan. 

Ton o npcmip (jap"d-nesk'), adj. resem- 
J cip-ci-ilc;olj[UC bling the Japanese style 

of art. 

io nan i ro (jd-pon'I-kd), n. the camellia, 
J u-pun-i-oa a pi a nt with roselike, white 
or red flowers; the Japanese quince, 
iar n - a deep, broad-mouthed vessel 

Ja.i 0 f earthenware or glass; a shake pro¬ 
duced by a sudden shock; jolt; harsh 
sound; conflict of opinion or interest: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause 
to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: v.i. to 
interfere or clash; give out a harsh sound; 
to have a disagreeable effect, 
iar Hi -niprp (zhar"de"nyar'), n. an orna- 
j ai -Hi-nici c mental flower stand or holder 
of porcelain or metal. 

iar crnn (j ar 'gbn), n. confused talk not 
J"- 1 to be understood; a mixture of 

two or more languages; the peculiar expres¬ 
sions of a party, sect, etc.. 
ia«5 minp> (jas'mln)i n. a shrub with 
ja.o-JJ.uiiC fragrant flowers. Also, jasmin, 
jessamine. 

i a c npf (jas'per), n. a many-shaded opaque 
jao-pci kmd of quartz, usually red, brown, 
or yellow: when polished, it is made into a 
variety of ornamental articles. 


by yellowness of 
the eyeballs, skin, etc., caused by disorder 
of the bile; hence, a mental condition in 
which everything appears doleful, disagree¬ 
able, etc.— adj. jaundiced, 
iannt jont), n. a short excursion 

ja.UHL or ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; 
take a short excursion or trip. 

jaunt-ing car TlSvMSi 

with seats on which the passengers 
sit sidewise, back to back. 

lairn tv (i an 't*: jon'tl), adj. airy; 
jauu-ij gay; showy; stylish; as, 
he has a jaunty air.— adv. jauntily, 
iavp lin (Jav'lln; jav'e-lin), n. a 
javc-iui light spear intended to 
be thrown by the hand, 
iaw n • either °f the bones of 

jaw the mouth in which the teeth 
are placed; mouth; maw. 
i‘n V (ja), n. a chattering bird akin 
J c *v to the magpie, with bright 
handsome feathers. 

IP 77 (jaz), n. rag-time music in dis- 
j cordant tones played on vari¬ 
ous instruments, as the banjo, man¬ 
dolin, ukelele, saxophone, trombone, _ 
drum, piano, etc. [Colt.oq.] Tavelinq 

ippl nilQ (jSl'fis), adj. lull of, or 
jcm-uua characterized by, envy or suspi¬ 
cious fear; unwilling to have a rival, or fear¬ 
ful of a rival, in affection; anxiously suspicious 
or watchful.— adv. jealously. 


ui 


jerk 

• 0 1 - r (jel'us-I), n. suspicious fear or 

JCdl-UUs-j watchfulness; especially, the 
fear of haying one’s place taken by a rival, 
iaon (jen; i an )> n - a kind of twilled cotton 
J Call doth: pi. a garment of this cloth, as, 
overalls, or blue jeans. 

ioprc O’ers), n.pl. ropes and pulleys for 
Jcai£> moving the lower yards of a ship. 
Also, jeers. 

ippr (jer), v.t. to sneer at; make loud fun 
Jcci 0 f ; ridicule: v.i. to speak in a sneer¬ 
ing or sarcastic manner: n. a sneer, coarse 
ridicule: pi. ropes and pulleys by r which the 
lower yards of a vessel are raised or lowered. 
T fl Vtc. ttoVi (je-ho'va), n. a Hebrew word 
J tJ-liU-Vail for the Supreme Being, thought 
by the’Jews to be too sacred to be spoken; 
in the Christian use, Lord; God. 
ip* Vin (ie'hu), n. one fend of driving, 
Jc-llll especially fast driving, a humorous 
term derived from the story of Jehu.— 
2 Kings ix. 

ip iiinp (jc-joon'), adj. empty; dry; with- 
jc-juhc out interest; as, a jejune tale. 

ip in mim (je-joo'num), n. [pi. jejuna 
Jc-JU.-llu.IIl (_nd)], the middle division of 
the small intestine. 

ipl 1v (i® 1 ' 1 )* n - \P l - (-Iz)], the 

jca-ij stiffened juice c> fruit , meat, etc , 
after boiling; any semitransparent soft gluey 
substance: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly¬ 
ing], to turn to, or become, jelly, or the con¬ 
sistency of jelly. 

ipl 1 v -fiel-i del'I-flsh*), n. a small sea 
JCi-iy creature without bones and 

with a jellylike body. 

ipr» npf (ien'et), n. a small Spanish 
jen-nct horse. Also, genet, 
ipn nv (jen'I), n. a machine for spinning; 
jcn-ny a na me often used to denote a 
female bird; a female donkey. 

1Pf>n flrH G’Sp'ard), v.t. to expose to loss 
jcvjj-ajvj. or j n j U ry; risk; as, who would 
jeopard his life for nothing? Also, jeopardize. 
Syn. peril, endanger, risk. 


ioiiri HirP (J' an ' dIs i jon'dls), n. a disease o rr l (jep'dr-dl), n. risk; peril; 

jau.n-vj.jcc characterized by yellowness of jcup-oiu-j hazard; danger; as, “Why 


stand we in jeopardy every hour?”—1 Cor. 
xv. 30. 


Egyptian 

Jerboa 



ipf "ho fi (j6 r- bo'd), 

Jcr-DO-a n. a mouse¬ 
like animal, having 
long hind legs, adapted 
for jumping: Egyptian 
jerboa, a burrowing 
animal, active at 
night, remark¬ 
able for its quick 
flying leaps. _ 

ip r ppH (je-redO, 
jc-jccu n a jave¬ 
lin or blunt kind of 
spear used in Turkey and Persia in mock 
battles; a game]play T ed with jereeds. Also, 
jerrid. 

ipr p mi arl (jer"e-mi , ad), n. lamenta- 
jcj -c-un-au. tion; a tale of sorrow, dis¬ 
appointment, or complaint: so called in 
allusion to the Book of Lamentations of 
Jeremiah. 

Tp-r p mi oTi (jer'e-mi'a), n. a book of 
jcl-c llll-a.il the Old Testament, con¬ 
taining the preachings and prophecies of the 
Hebrew prophet Jeremiah. Also, Jeremias. 
(jurk), v.t. to give a sudden pull, 
twist, or push to; throw with a 
sudden quick movement; cut into long 
strips and dry in the sun, as beef: n. a 
sudden quick pull, twist, push, or motion; 
jerked beef. 


jerk 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn,, cut, focus, menu; 















jerkin 


337 


Jew 


Iriri (Jur'kln), n. a short coat or jacket; 
close waistcoat; as, formerly a 

jerkin i 

jerk- 


jerkin was made of bull leather. 
• 1 --it (jur'kl), adj. moving 

k -"j starts and frequent 

1 erkily. 


with quick 
stops.— adv. 


Tpf cpv (ifi 1 *' 2 *), n - a breed of dairy cattle 
j cx -ocjf from Jersey, one of the Channel 
Islands; an animal of this breed.—jersey, 
a close-fitting thick woolen upper garment; 
fine yarn wool. 

ipon (jes), n. a leathern strap fastened to 
jCoo leg of a hawk and provided with 
a ring to which is attached the leash or line 
wrapped around the .falconer’s hand. 


T oc „ kgrlr (jSz'fl-Its bark), cin- 

JCo-U-H o UdJ.lV c hona, a tree growing 
in the region of the Andes and yielding 
quinine, etc. 

Trv 0110 (je'zfis), n. in the Bible, the Son 
Jb-bub 0 f Mary; the founder of the 
Christian religion.—Matt. i. 21. 

(jet), n. a stream of liquid suddenly 
jet thrown out; as, the whale spouts a 
jet of water; a sudden rushing forth, as of 
gas, etc.; a spout or nozzle through which a 
flow of gas, etc., is regulated; an opaque, 
very black mineral, akin to coal, which may 
be highly polished; tube for running molten 
metal into a mold: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. jetted. 



Specimens of Ancient Jewelry. 1, Egyptian; 2, Assyrian; 3, Mycenaean; 4, Greek; 5, Etruscan. 


• _ • c (jes'a-mTn), n. a shrub with 

jes-sd-mme fragrant flowers. Also, jas¬ 
mine, jasmin. 

(jest), n. a joke; fun; something or 
jcol somebody laughed at: v.i. to joke; 
make merriment; make game of anything. 

Syn. sport, divert, amuse. 

• c x (jgs'ter), n. one who makes jokes; 
JtJol-vJI a court fool. 

ii i-f (jez'll-It), n. a member of the Ro- 
jeb-U-ll man Catholic Society of Jesus, 
founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. 

Too ii i+ ir» (jSz"tHt'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
J Co-U-lL-lG or resembling, the Jesuits, their 
principles, or practices: jesuitie, cunning; de¬ 
ceitful; crafty. Also, Jesuitical, jesuitical. 

ii if icm Oez'u-It-Izm), n. the prin- 
Jcb-u-ll-lblii Ciples, system, or practices 
of the Jesuits; secret diplomacy. Also, 
Jesuitry.. 


p.pr. jetting], to spurt out; v.i. to shoot or 
spout out; jut out. 

io+ com (jet's&m), n. that part of a ship’s 
J c i-bolli cargo which is thrown into the sea 
to lighten the vessel in case of peril; usually, 
such goods when washed ashore. Also, jettison. 
i<a+ +i enn (jSt'I-sun), n. the act of throw- 
JCl-Ll-oUll jng goods overboard to lighten 
a vessel in danger of being lost or wrecked; 
the goods so thrown overboard; jetsam: 
v.t. to throw overboard to lighten a vessel. 

• j. x T _ (jet'I), n. [pi. jetties (-Iz)], a structure 
Jcl-iy extending into the water, used as a 
pier, or wall, to protect a harbor or to direct 
currents; projection of a building: v.i. 
[p.t. and p.p. jettied, p.pr. jetting], to jut out 
or project: adj. made of, or like, jet. 

Tour (iu: job), n. [fem. Jewess], an Israelite; 
Jew Hebrew; as, Shylock is perhaps the 
most famous Jew in literature. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thifk; hw=wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 






















































jewel 


338 


John 


jew-el 



(ju'el; joo'el), n. a valuable orna¬ 
ment; gem; precious stone; any¬ 
thing of great value or dear to one: v.t. 
to adorn with, or as with, gems; furnish 
with gems. _ 

(ju'el-er; joo'el-er), n. one who 
JCW-Cl-Cl makes or deals in valuable 
ornaments, gems, etc. Also, jeweller. 

ckl rtr (ju'el-rl; joo'el-ri), n. precious 
JCW-tM-Ij stones, ornaments of gold and 
silver, etc., taken collectively; the art or 
trade of a jeweler. Also, jewellery. 

Tp,, r i c -U (ju'Ish; joo'Ish), adj. pertaining 
J c vv -loll to, or like, the Jews, their lan¬ 
guage, customs, etc^ 

Tp.r. rxT (ju'rl; joo'rl), w. Judea; a district 
JCW-J.J peopled by Jews; the race of the 
Hebrews. 

Vi am O'uz'harp"), n. a small lyre- 
J cw 0 -xia.AjLi shaped musical instrument 
with a thin metal tongue 
which, when placed be¬ 
tween the teeth and struck 
by the finger, gives forth 
tones. Also, jews’-harp. 
liVi (jib), n. a large three- Jew’s Harp 

cornered sail project- 

ing beyond the edge of the vessel; the project¬ 
ing arm or beam of a crane or lifting machine 
from which the load is hung: v.i. [p.t. and 

S .p. jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move restlessly 
ackwards or sideways: said of a horse. 

4iV» Knnm d Ib boom), a spar on which 
Jib UUUiu the jib, or three-cornered sail, 
of a vessel is set. 

•;» n „ (jib), n. a scoff; taunt: v.t. to sneer 
JJ.UC a t: v.i. to scoff; sneer. Also, gibe. 
•Sfl-f -f tt (jlf'i). n. an instant; moment; as, 
Jil-iy i w iii do it in a jiffy. 

(jl£). n • a quick lively dance, or music 
JI& for such a dance; a particular kind of 
fishhook: v.i. \p.t. and p.p. jigged, p.pr. 
jigging], to dance a jig: v.t. to jerk up and 
down. 

■no” ffor (jig'er), n. one who jigs; a name 
for various mechanical contri¬ 
vances, especially one that works with a 
jerky motion; a golf club; a small insect, or 
mite, found in the southern United States, 
which burrows under the skin: properly spelled 
chigoe. 

•?io* crip. (jig'l), v.t. and v.i. to move slightly 
J A &“& AC and jerkily. 

incr (Jlg'iog*), n. a jolting motion: adj. 
having a jolting motion: adv. jolt- 

ingly. 

11 II O’H), n. a young woman; sweetheart; the 
female of a ferret or weasel. Also, gill, 
iilt (Jilt). n. a coquette or flirt: v.t. to 
JH1 discard (a lover) after having encouraged 
him: v.i. to play the jilt; practice deception 
in love. 

tYiTr (jini'i), n. a short crowbar used 
Jim-my b y burglars. 

Fltn QOTl urpprl (jlm'sn wed), a tall, 
jAiii-oviii "ecu coarse, poisonous weed, 

with white, trumpet-shaped flowers. 

Fin crip. (jlu'gl), n. a sharp tinkling metallic 
Jlll-glG sound; a little bell or rattle; 
meaningless rime; a covered two-wheeled 
Irish car: v.i. to give a tinkling sound: v.t. 
to cause to give a tinkling sound; as, the 
sleigh bells jingle. 

Fin crr\ (jlu'go), n. [pi. jingoes (-goz)], one 
J AAA_ & W of a political party who, at the time 
of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, wished 
Great Britain to go to war with Russia: 
named from a popular song of the day; 
hence, one who favors or supports a warlike 
policy in foreign affairs: one who boasts 


jit- 

jo 


noisily of the prowess of his country: by 

jingo, a mild oath. 

iin ern icm Cfin'go-Izm), n. the military 
spirit of the man who boasts 
of what he thinks his country can do in war. 
•• (jln'I), n. [pi. jinn (jin)], a spirit sub- 

Jlil-111 joct to magic control, which often 
appears in Oriental tales. Also, jinnee, genie. 

fi\r i c?Vio (jln-rlk'I-sha), n. a small 
J1I1-I lH.-1-olla. Japanese two-wheeled car¬ 
riage, drawn by one or more men. Also, 
jinriksha. 

(jlt'nl), 71 . a passenger automobile; 
Hvy a five-cent fare for a motor ride, 
(jo), n. [pi. joas (joz)], a sweetheart of 
either sex. [Scot.] 

f (job), n. a piece of work, especially of 
JUU an odd or occasional kind; colloquially, 
any scheme for making money or securing 
private advantage at the public expense; any 
event or circumstance; as, it is a bad job-, 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], tft 
let out for hire; buy up (goods) and retail 
(them): v.i. buy and sell, as a stockbroker; do 
an occasional piece of work for wages; let out 
or hire horses; work for one’s own advantage. 
TnV» (job), n. a poetical book of the Old 
Job Testament, teaching lessons of patience 
in trial; the patient hero of the book. 

4-,-u Urt*. (job'eri, n. a middleman; espe- 
jUU-Uvi cially, one who acts as agent 
between a stockbroker and the public one 
who transacts public business for his own pri¬ 
vate interests; one who does odd pieces of work 
for hire. 

inh Vor ir (jbb'er-I), n. [pi. jobberies (-Iz)], 
JUU-UCi-j low scheming for private ad¬ 
vantage or political ends. 

: np 1r w (jok'I), n. [pi. jockeys (-Iz)], one 
who rides a horse in a race; 
groom; a dealer in horses; cheat: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. jockeyed, p.pr. jockeying], to cheat 
or deceive; jostle against and hinder by 
riding unfairly: v.i. to cheat, be tricky, 
in rnep (jo-kos'), adj. full of jokes; spor- 
JU-tUoC tive; humorous; merry; as, a jocose 
manner; jocose remark.— adv. jocosely, 
in rnc i fir (jo-kos'I-tl), n. the quality of 
j u-vuo-l-ty being humorous, gay, or merry. 
Also, jocoseness. 

inr 11 1«r (jok'fi-ldr), adj. making jokes; 
Jvv-U.-J.cU. done in joke.— adv. jocularly. 

inr 11 lor i -Hr (jbk"u-lar , i-tl), n. merri- 
JUC-U-lal-l-iy ment; quality of being 
humorous or inclined to joke, 
inr irnH (jok'find), adj. jovial; sportive; 
jutz-uiiu. gay; as, jocund spring or dances. 

in run Hi fv (i&-kun'di-tl), n - the quality 
J L J of being merry; sportiveness. 

Tn nl (j° ,a b. n - a book of the Old Testa- 
J O-Cl m ent, recording the preachings of 
the Hebrew prophet Joel. 
in<r (i Q S), v - t - t P- 1 - an <i P-P • jogged. P Pr. 
J^fc. jogging], to push or shake slightly, 
usually with the elbow or hand, by way of 
reminder; to call the attention to: v.i. *0 
travel along with a slow trotting motion: 
n. a slight push or shake; slow trot, 
intr crln (ibg'l). v.t. to shake slightly; 
J V &“S AC nudge: v.i. to totter: n. a sudden 
shake or push. 

Toll n • n - i n the Bible, a son of Zebedee 
juiiii one 0 f the twelve apostles; th «1 
fourth Gospel, prepared by the apostlo 
John; three other short books in the New 
Testament, containing Epistles, or letters, 
written by the apostle John, who was the 
author, also, of the book of Revelation; 
a preacher of repentance who preceded 
Jesus, called John the Baptist.—Matt, iil. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, .local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






339 


John Bull 


joyful 


TrtVin "Rull <l° n hd&l), the English peo- 
JG1I1A XJU11 pi e personified, or a typical 

, /OLLOQ.] 

\r r*olfo tjon i-kak ), n. a flat 
JOim-ny-OcUte Indian corn meal cake, 
mixed with m'lk or water, quickly prepared 
at an ordinary Are. 

inin (i°i n ), v - t - to unite; connect; to make 
JUIil act, hold, appear, etc., together as one; 
add or annex; become connected with; as, 
to join a club; to unite in marriage: v.i. be 
in contact; become associated or united; 
to come together as one: n. a joint or 
union. 

■i •« Acvr (join'der), n. in law, the joining 
JUiil-Ucl 0 f two or jnore causes of action. 

^ (join'er), n. one who, or that 
JUHI-GI -which, fastens together; especially, 
a skilled workman who finishes the woodwork 
for houses, etc. 

• TT (join'er-I), n. skilled work in 

jom-er-y wood; the art of finishing and 
covering rough lumber. 

■i •«+. (joint), n. the place where two or 
J DU-11 more things join; the point where 
two bones of the body are joined so as to 
allow motion; the part included between 
two joints or two knots; as, a joint in a 
grass stem; hinge; an opening which divides 
rock masses into blocks; a large piece of 
meat cut for roasting; slang, a place 
for low amusements: adj. produced by the 
action of two or more; united in or sharing: 
v.t. to form with, or unite by, joints; cut or 
divide into joints, as meat: joint-stock 
company, a company consisting of a num¬ 
ber of persons doing business for gain, the 
shares owned by any member being trans¬ 
ferable without the consent of the others. 

— ado. jointly. 

join-ture sffld on a woman in con^SS j 0Ur _ na Ust ^'Sribltor to.^Sews' 


irvn niifl (jdn'kwll; jun'kwll), n. a plant of 
J Ull-quil fhe narcissus family with yellow or 
white fragrant flowers. Also, jonquille. 

• «im (jo'rum), n. a large drinking 
JO-rum bowl, or that which it con tans. 
[Colloq.] , „ , 

t~ rank (jo'zef), n. in the Bible, a Hebrew 
JO-SGJJI1 patriarch, the son of Jacob.— 
Genesis xxxvii-1; the husband of Mary, 
mother of Jesus.—Matt. i. 18-25; the rich 
man of Arimathea who buried Jesus.—Matt, 
xxvii. 57-60. _ 

Inch ii a (Jfish'ft-a), n. a book of the 
JObU-U-<a old Testament, giving the 
history of the conquest of Canaan and the 
settlement of the Israelites in the promised 
land; the successor of Moses, who led the 
Israelites into Canaan, and whose name is 
given to the book. „ . 

, AC _ (jos), n. a Chinese household divinity 
, Co® or idol: joss house, a Chinese temple: 
oss stick, Chinese incense stick. 

tie, (jos'l), v.t. to push against; to 
JG&-UG run against and shake; to elbow. 

(jSt), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. jotted, p.pr. 
JGL jotting], to make a memorandum of: 
with down: n. a tittle or very small particle; 
as, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass 
from the law.—Matt. v. 18. 

IrtiincQ (jouns), v.t. and v.i. to shake up 
JGUllGC an( i down; to jolt: n. a jolt. 

• 1ir (jfir'nal), n. a record of news or 

JUUI -II cU. events; a daily newspaper or 
other periodical; diary; a book in which 
particular transactions are entered from the 
daybook; a ship’s logbook. 

• 11t . -nol tom (jur'nal-Izm), n. the col- 
J U ul -lictl-IolII lection and publication at 
stated times of current news; the influence 
exercised by such literature; the profession of 
publishing, editing, or writing for, newspapers. 


tion of her marriage, to be enjoyed by her 
after the death of her husband: v.t. to settle 
property upon (a wife). , , , , 

• • + (joist), n. a horizontal timber to 
J01SI which the boards of a floor or laths 
of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to furnish with 

(jok). n. something said or done to 
J0K6 cause mirth; jest; sport: v.i. to jest: 
v.t. to make fun of. 

• i_ (jok'er), n. a jester; an extra card 
JOK-CL used in certain card games. 

•~1 is G (jOl'I-fl-ka'shfin), 

jOl-ll-H-Ccl-TlOll merrymaking; festivity. 
"J i IS krr (j51'l-tl), n. the state of being 
IOi-11-Xy merry, gay, or sportive. 

• i i Tr (jol'I), adj. [comp, jollier, superl. 
JOl-iy jolliest], full of life and mirth; 
gay; causing mirth; companionable: v.t. 
[p.t. and p»p» jollied, p.pr . jollying], slang, 
to make good-humored fun of. 

• 1 i__ (j51'I*bot"), n. a ship’s small 

J0l-iy-D0ai boat, used for general or 

(ToTtb v.t. to shake by sudden jerks: 
JOlt i i, to have a jerky motion: n. a 

sudden jerk. # . , - A 

y (jo'na), n. a book of the Old 

Jo-nan Testament which tells the story 
of a lesser Hebrew prophet, Jonah, who, 
fleeing on a ship in disobedience to God, 
was thrown overboard as being the cause of 
a perilous storm, and was swallowed by a 
whale; hence, any person who brings ill luck. 

(jon d-thSn), n. m the Bible, 

1 on-a-tnan the son of King Saul and 
close friend of David.—1 Samuel xviil-xx, 

2 Samuel i. 26 


paper; one who keeps a daily record of events. 

: niir rial iq fir (jGr'naMs'tlk), adj. re- 
JUUI -11 a.I-1 o-lIG i a ting to newspapers, 

their makers, or the profession of making 
them. 

iniii* 11PV 71 • P assa 6 e from one 

JOUr-lIGy place to another; amount or 

time of travel; a day’s work or travel: v.i. 
to travel from one place to another. 

Syn. travel, tour, passage. 

• „ „_ r (jur'nl-man), n. [pi. ]our- 

JOUr-UCy-Hiail neymen (-men)], a me¬ 
chanic who has served his apprenticeship or 
learned a trade and works, especially by the 
day, for another. _ A 

(just; joost), n. a combat with 
J Olio t lances between two knights on horse¬ 
back; especially, a mock combat in the 
lists, or inclosed field, as part of a tournament 
or display; as, the jousts at King Arthur s 
court: v.t. to engage in such a combat. Also, 
just. _ . 

T^- t£ v (j5v), n. in Roman mythology, Jupi- 
JOVC ter, the greatest of the gods. 

xri (Jo'vT-al), adj. jolly; . merry; as. 
J G-V 1-ctl be was always a jovial comrade. 
— adv. jovially. —n. joviality. 

• __.i (j51), n. the jaw or cheek; as, a man 
J G W I with a heavy jowl; 
cooked. 


head of a fish. 


■i^vr (joi), n. gaiety; gladness: v.i. to rejoice 
JOy or be glad; as, to joy in happiness. 
Syn., n. pleasure, mirth, delight. 

Ant. (see grief). ^ , . 

-fill (joi'fool), adj. full of gladness; as, 
JOy-IUI schooldays are the joyful days.—■ 
adv . joyfully. — n. ioyfulness. _ 


boot fcTcf found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 









joyless 


340 


jumbo 


IfkV Ipioc Uoi'les), udj. wxunout glauness; 
JUjr-lCoS gloomy; despairing.— adv. joy¬ 
lessly.—n. joylessness. 

i/vTT rkitc (joi'us), adj. glad; causing happi- 
JUy-UUa ness; full of delight.— adv. joy¬ 
ously.—n. joyousness. 

Qtirlr 0°i stik), the lever in an air- 
J'Jy oliLzi. plane which corresponds to the 
steering wheel of_an automobile. 

•Ill Hi 1 ant (joo'bt-lant), adj. uttering songs 
jll-ui-lcu.it of triumph; shouting with joy; 
exultingly glad.—flde. jubilantly, 
ill Hi 1a+P (joo'bl-lat). v.i. to utter tri- 
jU.-UA-xa.tc; umphant rejoicing: n. (ju'bl- 
la'te; yoo"b$-la'ta), the 100th Psalm: from 
its opening word in the Latin version; hence, 
a hymn of rejoicing._ 

in Hi la firm (joo"bI-la , shfln),n.ashout- 
ju-UA-ia-tiUAi ing for joy; expression of 
triumph. 

ill Hi 1 pp (joo'bl-le), n. a Jewish festival 
ju-m-lCC celebrated every fiftieth year, to 
commemorate the deliverance of the Israelites 
from Egyptian bondage; the fiftieth anniver¬ 
sary of any event; a year of special indulgence 
granted by the_Pope every twenty-fifth year. 
Tn rla ir (joo'da'tk), adj. pertaining to 
J U-uct-lL jews. Also, Ju(laical. 

Til Ha \ 7 p (j°°'da-Iz), v.i. to be converted 
J u-ua-uc the ceremonies and doctrines 
of the Jews: v.t. to_convert to Judaism. 

Ju i4 n icrn (joo'd^-izm), n. the religious 
J u-ua.-xoxii ceremonies and doctrines of 
the Jews. 

Til Hac (joo'dds), n. in the Bible, the 
J u-u.d» disciple who betrayod Jesus; hence, 
one who betrays another under pretense of 
friendship._ 

TiiHfk U°od), n. a book of the New Testa- 
J ment, containing the Epistle, or letter, 

written bj r Jude_to the Christian believers. 

Tii Ho art (joo-de'&n), adj. pertaining to 
J U-Ut5-d.il Judea, the land of Judah, one 
of the sons of Jacob. Also, Judaean, 
ill Hero (idj), n. the presiding oflicial In a 
juugc court of law, having authority to 
hear and decide civil and criminal causes; 
a person appointed to decide in a trial of 
skill, speed, etc., between two or more 
persons; one who has skill, knowledge, or 
experience to decide on the quality or value 
of anything; as, a judge of poetry; one of the 
chief rulers of the Israelites from the death 
of Joshua to the kingship of Saul: Judges, 
a book of the Old Testament, giving the his¬ 
tory of the Jews during the time of the 
judges, from Joshua to Samuel: v.t. to exam¬ 
ine and pass sentence upon; hold an opin¬ 
ion upon; consider; come to a conclusion 
concerning; to decide with authority; as, to 
judge a case: v.i. to form an opinion or 
decision after careful consideration; hear 
and determine a case and pass sentence. 

Syn., n. justice, referee, arbitrator. 

Judge Ad-vo-cate 

eminent in the trial by court martial of an 
officer or soldier. 

ill Her inpnt (juj'mSnt), n. the act of 
deciding or passing sentence; 
the decision of a court; mental power of 
deciding correctly by the comparison of facts 
and ideas; intelligence; criticism; opinion; 
punishment inflicted by God: the Judgment, 
the final trial of mankind by God. 

Syn. discernment, discrimination, under¬ 
standing. 

■Ju Hi ra i-p (joS'df-kd-tftr), n. a court 
of justice: power of doing 
jus tice by legal trial and judgment. _ 


in Hi rial (joo-dlsh al), adj. pertaining to 
J U-Ul-Llal the administration of justice or 
to a judge; proceeding from, or inflicted by, 
a court of justice; impartial.— adv. judicially, 
ill Hi ri a nr (joo-dlsh'I-a-rl), n. judges 
JU-U.l-LI-d.-iy collectively; that branch of 
a government concerned with the carrying out 
of civil and criminal law: adj. pertaining to 
courts of justice; judicial. 

in Hi rintic (j°o-dIsh'us), adj. prudent; 
ju-ui-uuuo wise; done with good judg¬ 
ment or discretion; as, a judicious choice, 
ilia n - an earthenware or metal ves- 

JU-& sel Avith a handle, used to carry liquids; 
slang, a prison or jail: v.t. to put into, or cook 
in, a jug; slang, to commit to jail. 

Tiia aor naii+ (jug'er-not), n. the chief 
J U.g-ger-Ild.UL Hindu idol, under whose 

car Avheels worshipers Avere supposed to sacri¬ 
fice themselves ; a custom or belief demanding 
Aictims; an object of blind devotion. Also, 
Jagannath. 

ilia alp (jug'I), v.t. to cheat by tricks; 

o AC to perform tricks Avith: v.i. to 
perform tricks by sleight of hand; to con¬ 
jure: n. a trick by sleight of hand; impos 
ture. 

ilia crlpr O’ug'ler), n. a conjurer; one who 
J U &“& AC1 is skilled in sleight of hand tricks, 
ilia alpr -rr (jug'ler-I), n. f pi. juggleries 
J (-Iz)], magic, trickery; sleight 

of hand; deception. 

Tii an Qlo-ir (yu'go=slav), n. one of the 
J U-gU Old-V southern Slavs or Serbs, a 
race Avhich includes the Serbo-Croatians, 
Bulgarians, and_S10A r enes. 
ill ail lar (joo'gti-lar), adj. pertaining to 
J u '6 u ' iai the neck or throat; connected 
Avith the large (jugular) vein, Avhich returns the 
blood fro i_the head: n. a jugular vein, 
illirp (i° os )- n - the fluid contents of plant 
J ultc or animal structures, consisting of 
Avater in which is dissolved sugar or other 
substances;_slang, electric current, 
in ip v (joosl), adj. full of fluid; as, juicy 
juiu-y fruit; full of interest or scandal; 
as, a juicy bitjof gossip.—n. juiciness, 
in inHp (joo'joob), n. a kind of lozenge 
ju-juuc or small tablet flaA^ored with, or 
in imitation of, the jujube fruit; the eatable 
fruit of a shrub or tree of the Mediterranean 
region. 

in inf cm (joo'jdbt'soo), n. the Japanese 
ju-jui-ou art 0 f wrestling, Avhich opposes 
knoAvledge and skill to animal strength. Also, 
jiujutsu. 

in (joo'lep), n. a drink composed of 

J brandy or whisky sweetened and 

flaAmred; a mixture of sugar and water in 
Avhich medicine is given. 

Till ian O'ool'yan), adj. pertaining to Jul- 
J UA " ia11 ius Caesar, or to the calendar as 
adjusted by Julius Caesar, 46 B. C.: replaced 
by the Gregorian year (NeAV Style) in England 
1752. 

Ill llPTltlP ( z bu"lyen'; joo"lT-en'), n. a 
J clear meat soup, Avith chopped 

A-egetables, especially carrots; a method of 
frying potatoes after cutting them into long 
narrow strips. 

Til 1V (i°o-li'), n. the seventh month of the 
J year, so named from Julius Caesar. 

ilim Hip (jfim'bl), n. a confused mass, 
jtAxxx-uAt? mixture, or collection; disorder; 
a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a confused 
mass; throAv together Avithout order: v.i. tc 
mix or unite confusedly. 

ilim Hn (jum'bo), n. a huge person or 
juiu-ju animal: from the name (Jumbo) 
of the largest elephant eA r er in captivity. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, prirade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSrnpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








341 


jump__ 

iilTYVn (iu m P). n • a spring or bound; the 
JU-Attp space jumped; a slinping of masses 
of rock in a mine: v.t. to cause to spring or 
bound; leap over; to take possession of 
(a mining claim) during the absence of the 
owner: v.i. to spring upward or forward, 
iiirrm **r (jum'per), n. one who, or that 
jUIlip-Cl w hich, jumps; a name applied 
to certain religious sects who practice dancing 
under religious excitement; a hooded fur 
jacket, worn in Arctic regions; a sort of blouse 
or loose jacket worn by workmen over their 
ordinary dress to protect it; a decorative, 
sleeveless, or short-sleeved, low-necked waist, 
worn by women and children, 
iiinr* firm (junk'shun), n. the act of being 
J UHL/-HUAI joined; union; a point or place 
of union; as, the junction cf two rivers, 
iii-n^ fur** (junk'tur). n. the point or line 
JUxlU-LUi C a t which two bodies are joined; 
joint; particular or critical occasion. 

Tnnp (joon), n. the sixth month of the year; 
J UI1C as> there are thirty days in June. 
inn crl** (juh'gl), n. a close, tropical thicket 
J Ull-glt; 0 f forest trees, brushwood, tall 
grasses, etc. _ 

inn inr (joon'yer), adj. younger; of lower 
J Ull-AUA standing; as, the jimior partner 
in a firm; belonging to youth: n. the younger 
of two; one of lower standing; in American 
colleges and high schools, a student in the 
next to the last year. 

in ni n**r (joo'nt-per), n. an evergreen 
Jl*-Ill-pci shrub, the berries of which are 
used in flavoring gin. 
iiinlr (junk), 

JUI1K n short Chinese 

pieces of old 
cable, rope, 
etc., used for 
making 
mats, oak¬ 
um, etc. ; 
hard salt 
ship beef; a 
C hinese 
f lat-bot- 
t o m e d 
vessel 
with a - 
S Cl U. cL I* 6 

bow and high stern, having the mast in one 
piece; old metal, paper, glass, etc. 

oi- (yoong'ker), n. a member of tho 

jUnK-er aristocratic party in Prussia, 
which came into power in 1862. 
t i (yoong ker-izm), n. the 

Junk-er-ism political and social the¬ 
ories of the aristocratic party in Prussia. 

• „ (juh'ket). n. a preparation of 

JUIl-KeL curdled milk and cream; a kind 
of sweetmeat; excursion; picnic: v.i. to take 
part in an excursion or picnic. 

tL ^ (jbb'no), n. in Homan mythology, 
JU-IlQ the goddess of marriage and child¬ 
birth, wife of Jupiter, god cf the heavens; 
identified with the Greek Hera. 

• „ +0 (jun'ta), n. an assembly or council for 
JUn-ta making laws; as, the Cuban junta. 

• a. fiun'to), n. [pi. juntos (-toz)l, a 

JUn-tO number of men secretly combined 
for some purpose, especially a political one. 
T j. _ (joo'pi-ter), n. m Roman my- 

JU-pl-ter thology, the god of the heavens: 
identified with the Greek Zeus; the largest 

nlanet and except Venus, the bri .lit • t. 
planet, ana, g g5 _ rId / I . k51) , a dj. pertaining 

iu-ria-l-cal to law or to the proceedings 

of law courts; as, juridical days are days on 

which the courts are open. 



juxtaposition 

• fie Airs -f-i/vn (jobhis-dik'shun), n. le- 

ju-ris-ctic-tion g a i authority; extent of 

power; as, the jurisdiction of a court or state; 
the district over which any authority extends. 

1*11 ric -nrii dpnrc (joo'rls-proo'dens), 

JU-PIS -piU- UCIILC n the science of 

law; system of laws of a country. 

• •_+ (ioo'rlst), n. one skilled in the 
JU-ilSl science of law; as, Blackstone 
was a great English jurist. 

in rnr (jdo'rer), n. a juryman; one who 
JU-IUI serves on a jury. 

• * (joo'rl), n. a body of men, usually 
JU-iy twelve, selected according to law, 
and sworn to inquire into, or decide on, the 
evidence in a case of law before them; a 
committee of experts selected to aw-ard 
prizes, to adjudge the value of land, etc. 

in nr man (ioo'ri-mSn), ». a jurtr; one 
JU-iy-Ilid.il w ho serves on a jury. 

iii nr m a c+ (Joo'rl mast), a temporary 
JU-ry IXIctoL mast in place of one that 
has been broken or carried away, 
in of (just), adj. according to divine or 
JUbl human laws; upright; giving to every 
man his due; faithful; exact; regular; fair: 
adv. exactly; barely; nearly; almost; per¬ 
fectly.— adv. justly.— n. justness, 
in of (just), v.i. to tilt with lances on 
JUbl horseback: n.pl. a tournament. Also, 
joust. , „ , . 

ino fir** (jus'tls), n. the quality of being 
fair; uprightness m dealing with 
others; absolute fairness; a judge or magis¬ 
trate. 

Syn. equity, right. 

Ant. (see injustice). . r , . 

J,ic +i ri a rv (jus-tIsh'l-4-rf), n. \pl. jus- 
JUS-11-Ll-d.-iy ticiaries (-riz)], a judge: 

adj. pertaining to law or the w r ork of the 
courts. Also, justiciar. 

ino +i fioKlo (jus'ti-fi'd-bl), adj. capa- 
JUS-U-n-a-Die hie of being shown to be 
right; excusable; as, the killing of a man in 
self-defense is considered by law to be justifi¬ 
able. — adv. justifiably.— n. justifiableness. 

iiic +i fi ra finn (jus''tl-fi-ka'shun), n. 

JUS-Il-n-Ca-llOn the act of showing a 

thing to be right; acceptable excuse; de¬ 
fense; as, there is no justification for his 
disobedience.— adj. justificatory, 
iiic fi fir (jus'tl-fi), v.t. \p.t. and p.p. justl- 
JUb-ll-iy fled, p.pr. justifying], to show or 
prove to be right; as, to justify the ways of God 
to men; pardon; pronounce free from blame; 
v.i. in printing, to make even by spacing prop¬ 
erly, as lines, or type. 

(jut), v.i. [ p.t . and p.p. jutted, p.pr. 
JUl jutting], to project beyond the main 
body; as, a rock juts out from a mountain 
side. 

• i (joot), n. the fiber of an East Indian 

JUXc plant used for ropes, bagging, mats, 
etc.—Jute, a member of a Low German tribe 
living in Jutland, some of whom, with the 
Angles and Saxons, invaded, and settled in, 
Britain. ___ „ . 

in ire* noc ro-nrp (joo've-nes'ens). n. a, 
Jli-VC-IlCo-LCllV/C growing young again. 

ill 170 noc cent (joo'vS-nes'ent), adj. 
j U-VC-IlCo-LCHl becoming young again. 

• , TT » (joo've-nil; jbo've-nll). adj. 

JU-Vc-IHac youthful; characteristic of, or 
suitable to, youth; as. juvenile books: n. a 
voung person; a book for children. 

iii i 7 o -nil i +ir (joo"ve-nil'I-tI), n. youth- 
jU-V0-mi l-ty fulness; youth. 

• i „ „ „ • x• „ (juks"td-p6-zish'(in), 

JUX-ta-pO-Sl-tlOn n a placing close to- 
gether; state of being close together. 


which the c ourts arc ----; . . , , , . , 

l.ootloot • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as m when; 
=’z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 
























Kaaba 


342 


kennel 


K 


TTq a Via (k&'a-ba; ka'bd), n. the shrine 
J^a-a-ud. at Mecca cowards which all 
Mohammedans turn when praying. Also, 
Caaba. 

Va -At (ka'fer), n. a member of one of the 
.Ek.d.-i.ljL negroid tribes of South Africa; their 
language; one of a non-Mohammedan race of 
Northern Afghanistan; an infidel, or one who 
is not a Mohammedan. Also, Kaffir, Kaffre. 
Iro-f ton (kaf'tan; kaf-tan'). n. a kind of 
xVctl-tctli long gown worn in Oriental 
countries. Also, caftan. 

lroi cor (ki'zer), n. emperor; the title of 
iVctl-oCi £h e emperors of Germany and 
Austria: kaiserism, autocratic despotism. 

Iro Iri (ka'k e"), n. the Chinese or Japanese 
Ivd-lvi. date pi um> bearing a fruit about the 
size of a small apple. . 

Irali-k (kal), n. any kind of cabbage with 
JactiC open curled leaves. Also, kail. 

Ttji 1 pt Ho QPriTif 1 (kd-li'dd-skop), n. an 
Jid.-lCl-UU-Ol/Upc instrument containing 

small bits of colored glass, which, by an 
arrangement of mirrors, are caused to appear 
in a variety of beautiful patterns. 

Ira Ipi Ho cron ir (kd-ll / 'd 6 -sk 6 p'ik), 
iva.-161-GO-SCOp-lC a dj. constantly mov¬ 
ing and changing; changingly beautiful; as, a 
kaleidoscopic pattern. 

Iral cvn Hat* (kal'en-dar), n. a system of 
Kai-cil-Ucu dividing time into years, 
months, etc., so as to fix dates; a table or set 
of tables, showing the divisions of a given 
j-ear, with the days of the week on which dates 
fall. Also, calendar. 

u a lif (ka'lif; kal'If), n. in Mohammedan 
lid -111 countries, one who has civil and 
religious authority. Also, caliph. 

Ira mo. raH (ka-m 6 -rat'). n. comrade: 
zvcl-IllC-i dU. £h e expression used by a 

German soldier in surrendering. [Ger.] 

Ira mic (ka-mes'), n. a long, loose shirt 
hd-lUlo with sleeves, worn by Moham¬ 
medans. Also, camise. 

T7 or , 0 \rn (kan'a-kd; kd-nak'd), 
n a Hawaiian Island¬ 
er; a South Sea Islander. Also, 

Kanacka. j4 

kan-ga-roo 

an animal peculiar to Aus¬ 
tralia, having short fore legs, 
and long, powerful hind 
legs with which it 
leaps. 

ka-o-lin 

ka o-lln), n. a very 

pure white clay _ 

used to form the Kangaroo 

paste from which porcelain is made. Also, 

kaoline. 

Ira ra lrrsl (ka"ra-k5br), n. a fine grade of 
ivct-i ct-xVtii astrakhan. Also, caracul. 

tror af (kar'at), n. a unit of weight for 
ivcll-ctt precious stones: a term used to 
express the fineness of gold used in jewelry. 
Also, carat. 

Ira -Hr HiH (ka'tT-did"), n. a large, green, 
-vno*. t roo insect which makes a 
shrill sound similar to the words “Katy did.” 
Iraw air (ki'ak), n. a hunting canoe made 
Jxa.y-aJX of sealskin, used in arctic America. 
Also, kaiak, kajak. kyack. 



H-pHo-p ( kg J>* n - a 6,11311 anchor used in 
hcUgc light work: v.t. to move (a vessel, 
raft, etc.) by carrying a small anchor out 
in a boat, dropping it overboard, and hauling 
the vessel up to it. 

tro/al (kel), n. the chief and lowest timber 
Keel or s t 00 i plate of a vessel, extending 
from stem to stern and supporting the whole 
frame; hence, a ship; in an airship, the 
lowest and central part of the body of the 
machine, which helps to keep the balance; 
a broad, flat vessel used on the Maine coast: 
v.t. to furnish with a keel: v.i. to turn up the 
keel; turn over. 

Irool Vi a ill (kel'hol"), v.t. to drag under 
ixtJUI-Iict Ui water beneath the bottom of 

a ship from one side to the other: formerly, 
a naval punishment; to rebuke sternly. 

cnn (kel'sun), n. a beam or timber 
K.cfcJl-oUII ] a id on the middle of the floor 
timbers over the keel of a vessel to strengthen 
it. Also, kelson. 

Irppn (ken), adj. sharp; eager; as, keen in- 
IkCcll £erest; piercing; bitter; as, keen wind; 
acute; as, keen eyesight: n. in Ireland, a shrill 
bitter wail: v.i. to wail loudly.— adv. keenly. 
—n. keenness. 

Irewa-n (kep), v.t. \p.t. and p.p. kept, p.pr. 
ivccp keeping], to have the care of; guard; 
preserve; support; perform or observe; as, 
to keep a rule; maintain; as, to keep a servant; 
fulfil; a.s, to keep a promise; supply with the 
necessaries of life; detain; confine; hold back; 
as, to keep a secret: v.i. to remain in any state 
or condition; as, she keeps cheerful; stay: n. 
means or provision by which one is kept; the 
stronghold or donjon of an ancient castle. 
Syn., v. preserve, save. 

Ant. (see abandon). 

Irppn pr (kep'er), n. one who guards, maln- 
Kccp-cl tains, takes care of, etc.; .as, the 

keeper in a prison. 

Irppn in O' (kep'xng), n. care; custody; 
rvccp-ixig ctxat-g©; means of life; the con¬ 
dition of being fitting or becoming; as. gay 
music is not in keeping with sorrow. 

Irppn calrf* (kep'sak"), n. something.kept, 
neep-oano Gi . given to be kept, for the 
sake of the giver. 

Irckcr (keg), n. a small, strong barrel, usually 
containing from five to ten gallons. 
IrtHn (kelp), n. the ashes of seaweeds, 
Kelp from which iodine is obtained; a 

large brown seaweed. 

ItpI nip (kel'pl), n. an evil water sprite, 
-rvci-pic eif t or spirit, supposed to take the 
form of a horse, and believed to warn people 
who are to be drowned. Also, kelpy. 

'K’plf (kelt), n. a member of one of the 
JVdL primitive races of central and western 
Europe, from which arc descended the 
Bretons, Welsh, Irish, and Gaelic Scotch; 
a member of one of these modern races; a 
person who sneaks a Celtic language, or 
one derived from the early Celts. Also, 
Celt.— adj. Celtic, Keltic. 

■U-p-j- (ken), n. view; knowledge: v.t. and 
xvci .1 t>.£. [p.t. and p.p. kenned, p.pr. ken¬ 
ning], to know r : understand. [Scot.] 
lrpn tipi (kSn'el), n. a house for a dog or 
jxcii-Aici dogs; a place where dogs are 
bred and reared; a pack of dogs; hiding place 
of a fox; street gutter; vile lodging: v.t. 
to confine in a kennel: r.i. to live in a kennel. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








keno 


343 


kiloliter 


ke 

ke 


(ke'no), n. a game of chance played 
-111/ with numbered balls and cards. 
ram ir* (ke-r&m'Ik), adj. made of, or 
-Idlll-lls belonging to, pottery: n.pl. 


the art of making pottery. Also, ceramic. 
l r „ r V» (kfirb), n. a restraint; the rein 
hcl U attached to a horse’s bit; a border 
of stones, etc., at the edge of a sidewalk; 
v.t. to restrain; to make a stone edge to, as a 
sidewalk. Also, curb. 

1 r ~ r (kfir'cMf), n. a square of cloth 

IkCl -1/111C1 worn by women on the head 
or about the neck. 

lr«=»r mpc (kur'mez), n. the dried bodies 
ivel-lllCo 0 f certain insects, furnishing a 
scarlet dye; a Mediterranean oak on which 
the kermes insect lives. 

lr<a-r mncc (kflr'mes), n. a festival or fair; 

HCl-lilCoo originally, a church festival. 

Also, kirmess. 

lr#arr» (kfirn). n. the overhanging part of a 
type; formerly, an Irish foot soldier; 
in Scotland, the last sheaf of the harvest. 
lrp>T* n ol (khr'nel) 

i*vl t>ll0 0clt>3, 

or fruit stone; the part of anything which 
is most full of meaning: as, the kernel of an k6y-StOH6 


the key to a riddle; an exact translation; a 
low, small island; as, the Florida keys; a 
system of musical tones based on their rela¬ 
tion to a note, called a keynote, from which 
the system is named; as, the key of G major; 
general pitch or tone of voice; as, men 
naturally speak 



in a lower key 
than women; y 
a small lever, as 
in a piano, type¬ 
writer, etc., by 

which the in- Ward-lock Key and Keyhole, 
strument is A, main ward or bridge; B, stem 
made to act: v.t. or body; C, pin; D, collar; E. 
to regulate the bit or web; F, bow; O, eye; H, 
tone of. Blot * 

tr„r (ke'bord"), n. the row of keys 

Kty-UUclX Cl on a piano; the manual of 
an organ; the bank of keys of a typewriter, etc. 
i,~ Tr (ke'hol"), n. a small opening in 

Key -IlUic which a key is inserted to turn 
ci lock. 

n. a grain or seed; trc»T 7 (ke'not"), n. the basal note In a 

the eatable substance of a nut system of musical notes; ruling 

principle. 


argument, 

ker-o-sene 

n. a refined oil used 
extensively 
for burning 
in lamps. 

Ker-ry 

Irish breed of cattle 
raised in County 
Kerry. 

ker-sey 

a coarse woolen 
cloth of light 
weight. 

ker-sey-mere 

(kur'zl-mer), n. a 
light-weight woolen 
cloth used for men’s 
garments. Also, 
cassimere. 

IrckC +t*#a1 (kSs'fcrel), n. a comm on European 
KCO-lICl falcon, of small size and reddish 



Kestrel 


color. 


Iro+r'T'i (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- 
hclUl masted, sailing vessel; in England, 
a hangman. 

tro+rti ii-n (kech'up), n. a sauce prepared 
he LClI-up from tomatoes, mushrooms, 
etc. Also, catsup, catchup. 

’ xi _ (ket'l), n. a metal vessel for boiling 
xvcl-llv? liquids; a teakettle; a tin pail. 

Irof Flo rlnim (kgt'l-drum"), n. a drum 
K61-TlG-CiruIIl ma de of a hollow hemi¬ 
sphere of copper 
or brass with 
parch ment 
stretched over 
the opening; 
afternoon tea 
party. 

fe-pv (ke), n. a 
Key metal in¬ 
strument for 
turning a lock; 

an instrument Kettledrum 

by w r hich some- _ 

thing is turned, secured, or operated upon; 
that which allows or hinders entrance; as, 
Liege was the kev to Belgium: solution; as. 






(ke'ston"), n. 
the central or 
wedge-shaped 
stone at the 
center of the 
crown] of an ==; 
ar ch. 

lrV»o Iri (ka'kfe), n. a light drab-colored 
KHci-Jvl cloth, much used for uniforms; 
collectively, uniforms of this cloth; as, the 
boys in khaki: adj. of the color of dust. 
IrVio-n (kiin; kan), n. an Asiatic prince. 
Klldll chief, or governor; in the Orient, 
an inn for the accommodation of travelers. 

/-I Ittcv (ke-dev'), n. the official tilde of 
Kile-vC the ruler of Egypt. 

Irirlr (klk), n. a blow with the foot; a 
iLlCxv spring backward: v.t. to strike with 
the foot: v.i. resist; spring back. 
h-irlr cTio-ur (Mk'shd"), n. something fan- 
KlCK-blla.W ciful or out of the way; a 

delicacy. 

\t-\A (kid), 7?. the young of the goat; this 
K1U. animal’s soft skin used for gl taves, etc.; 
a small wooden tub; slang, a child: adj. 
made of kid; v.t. [p.t. and p.p. kidded, p.pr. 
kidding], to furnish or cover with kid; slang, 
humbug. 

nnn (kid'nap"), v.t. [p A and PP- 
IViU-liap kidnaped, p.pr. kidnaping], to 
steal, carry away, or disappear with: used 
of a human being, especially of a child.— 

n. kidnaper. 

IriA tioTr (kld'nl), n. [pi. kidneys (-nlz)J. 
Kltl-licy 0 ne of two oblong flattened 
organs which separate the urine from the 
blood; anything resembling a kidney; sort or 
kind; disposition. 

till (kll), v.t. to take life from; destroy; 
Kill slay: n. a creek or channel; as, Cata- 
kill; Schuyl kill; in fox-hunting, the death: 
as, to be in at the kill. — n. killer. 

Syn., v. assassinate, murder, slay. 

1_;T« (Ml; Min), n. a furnace, oven, or pile 
Kllll for burning, drying, or hardening; as, 
bricks are dried in a kiln. 

k :i ~ err am (kll'o-gram), n. a thousand 
il-O-^Idlll grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds. 
Also, kilogramme. 

k «1 (Ml'S-le'tSr), n. a thousand 

Ll-O-U-lCI liters, equal to one cubic 
meter, or 264.18 gallons. Also, kilolitre. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
jrh = z as in azure; kh = ck as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 















kilometer 


344' 


kitchen 


til rv rno +of (kll'6-me*ter), n. a thousand 
IVlI-U-iliC-lcl meters, 3,280.8 feet or 

0.62137 mile. Also, kilometre. — adj. kilo- 
metric, kilometrical. 

Iril o watt (kll'6-w5t"), n. a unit for mea- 
Jtvil-U- wait suring the power of an electric 
current, equal to one thousand watts. 
lyJlf (kilt), n. a short plaited petticoat 
jaiil worn by men 0 f the Scottish High¬ 
lands; a skirt similarly made: v.t. to form into 
broad, flat plaits; tuck up: v.i. to move 
swiftly. 

Iril fpr (kll'ter), n. proper order; good 
aiaa-ica condition; as, out of kilter. 
Also, kelter. [Colloq.] 

Iri mn no (kl-mo'no; Jap. klm'6-no), n. 
avi-aaau-aau the loose outer robe of the 
Japanese; a similar robe worn as a dressing 
gown by women of western nations. 

(kin), n. relationship; relatives; as, 
one’s nearest kin; a Chinese lute: adj. 
of the same ancestry; hence, of the same 
kind or nature; related. 

\ri-nA (kind), adj. indulgent; gracious; lu- 
aaaaau. clined to do good to others; affec¬ 
tionate; sympathetic: n. class or species; 
quality; variety; sort. 

Sun., adj. amicable, charitable, friendly. 

trifl Hpr trar fp-n (kln'der-gar'ten), n. a 
Kin-uer-gdr-ieil school for young chil¬ 
dren in which they are taught by object lessons, 
games, etc.— n. kinder gar tner. 

kinH~hpart pH (kind'har"ted), adj. 
XVU. 1 .VJ. Aic-oui i-cu generous; sympathetic; 

charitable; full of good impulses. 

Irin HIp (kln'dl), v.t. to set fire to; inflame: 
JAlil-UlC to catch fire; to become 
excited.— n. kindler. 

IrinH 1i upco (kind'll-nes), n. the quality 
nxiiu-AA-AAcoo G f being gracious and sym¬ 
pathetic; as, kindliness of disposition, 
iri-nrl Ixr (kind'll), adj. sympathetic; gra- 
JUIAU-Ay cious; benevolent: adv. in a 
gracious manner. 

IrinrS npcc (kind'nes), n. the state or 
lv.AAAU.-iAC2>o quality of being ready to do 

good to others: a helpful or gracious act. 

(kln'dred), adj. of like nature 
Xklli-llieu. or character; related by blood 
or marriage: n. relationship by birth or 
marriage; persons so related. 

Iri ti p rna fit" (kl - ne'md-kul"er), n. 
J\.l-IiU-IIid.-C(Ji-UI the process of making 

and showing motion pictures in colors, based 
upon the three-color process of photography. 

k i np+ if* (kl-net'Ik; ki-net'Ik), adj. per- 
l-iiCl-At^ taining to, or imparting, motion; 
active; as, kinetic energy: n.pl. the science 
which treats of the action of forces in caus¬ 
ing or influencing motion. 

Iri up err a nil (kl-ne'tS-graf; kl-ne'to- 

x\.l-AAC-fu-gAa.jjAA graf), n. an apparatus 

for taking photographs of moving objects 
and afterwards reproducing them on a screen, 
as if in actual motion.— adj. kinetographic. — 
n. kinetographer. 

Iri rrn nVl nnp (kl-ne'to-fSn; ki-ne'tS- 
Kl-ne-lO-pilOIie f 5 n ) t n . an instrument 

which combines sight and sound in motion 
pictures. Also, plionocinematograph. 

Iri rtf* tn cronp (kl-ne'tS-skop; ki-ne'to- 
K.l-Ilc-LU-bA,Upt; skop), n. a machine for 

projecting motion pictures on a screen, 
triner (king), n. a male sovereign or ruler; 
Hllifa in chess, cards, etc., a piece or card 
representing a king; one who is specially dis¬ 
tinguished in his class or kind; as, a king of 
men; the king of beasts.—Kings, two histori¬ 
cal books in the Old Testament, recording 
the reigns of Jewish kings._ 


triner rlnm (klng'dum), n. the territory 
ruled by a king or queen; 
royal authority; sphere of influence; one 
of the classes into which all natural objects 
are divided; as, the animal, mineral, and 
vegetable kingdoms. 

king fish er ( kIn ^ ,f3Csh/,gr )* n • a flsh - 


blue and green, 
or si ate-blue 
and white 
feathers. 

kingly 

(king'll), adj. * 
pertaining to, or # 
worthy of, a 
monarch. 

king-ship ^ 

(klng'shlp), n. 
the state or 
position of a 
monarch. 

king truss 

(king' trus). 


eating bird with bright 



Kingfisher 


braced structure supporting a roof, with a 
vertical member called a king-post. 

king wood 

(king wood), a 
hard violet- 
tinted wood 
imported from 
Brazil: used in 
fine cabinet 
work. 

kink < k “$; 

den twisted 



King Truss. A, 
king-post; B, tie- 
beam; C,C, struts 
or braces.. 


bend in a rope, wire, or thread; whim: v.t. 
and v.i. to form twists or loops.— adj. kinkly. 

trine fivllr (klnz'fok"), n. relatives; as. 
jvLAib-iUAxv bis kinsfolk came to his aid. 

Irin el-» in (kln'shlp), n. the state of being 
Hiil-biliJJ related; relationship. 

trine? on (klnz'man), n. \fem. kinswom- 
xvLLib-AllaJ.A an j i one related by blood or 

marriage; a relative. 

k i rtclr (ke-osk'), n. an Oriental open 
L-Ub-tt. p a viiion; a building of similar 
construction used as a news stand, etc. 

(kip), n. the untanned skin of a calf 
or small cattle; leather made from 
such a skin. 

Irin ppr (klp'er), n. a salmon after having 
xvip-MCA ] a jd its eggs; a salmon, herring, 
etc., cut open, salted, and smoke-dried: v.t. 
to salt and preserve, as a salmon. 

Irirlr (kurk). n. a church: the Kirk, the 
JA1IJA established church of Scotland. [Scot.] 

Irir tip (kur'tl), n. an upper garment; 
avaa-lac petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle; 
as, kirtled to the knees. 

Iri<5 mpf (kls'met), n. fate; destiny; as. 
XkA&~AAACC there is no escape from kismet. 
kjcQ (kls), n. a salute or caress with the 
iklob bp s; a s bgbt touch: v.t. to salute 
with the lips; touch slightly: v.i. to salute 
each other with the lips. 

It-:a (kit), n. a small wooden tub; a small 
violin; traveling necessaries, outfit, etc.; 
a large bottle; a soldier’s outfit for field service, 
carried upon his person; a bag or box in w hich 
a traveling or other outfit is packed. 

Iritr*li p« (klch'en), n. a room or apart- 
xxAlA/AA-CAA m ent set apart for cooking; 
the cooking department: adj. pertaining to 
the kitchen. 


ate ; senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, 


/ tt ' — 7 

cut, focus, menu; 














kitchener 


345 


Knight Templar 



Kite or 

Observation 

Balloon 


lri+rVi or (klch'en-er), n. a worker in. 
IklLOii-cii-ci or head of, a kitchen; in 

England, a cooking range with ovens and all 
modern conveniences. 

kitch-en-ette "• a sma “ 

Irl+eVi pfi «a 1{ep (k I c h' e n p5-1 es), 
micn-en po-lice soldiers detailed for 
service in preparing food, etc.: soldiers are 
often assigned to kitchen police duty in punish¬ 
ment for petty offenses. 

1r.jn (kit), n* 

.tkl LC a bird of 

prey, of the 
hawk family; a 
light frame of 
wood covered 
with paper or 
linen, for flying 
in the air; a 
light lofty sail: 
kite balloon, a 
captive bal¬ 
loon used for 
observation 
purposes. 

(kith), n. acquaintance, friends, neigh- 
bors: used only in the expression, 
kith and kin. 

k i-f (kit'n), n. a young cat; the 

Ll-lcll young of any animal of the cat 
family; as, a tiger kitten. — adj. kittenish, 
lri ixri (ki'wS), n. a flightless New Zealand 
Hl-Wl bird, having loose plumage, and 
long bill with nostrils near the tip: the 
kiwis are nocturnal and feed mostly on 
earthworms; in army slang, a member of 
the flying corps who does not fly. 

1,1 f A mo tii o (klep"to-ma'nI-d), n. a 
Klep-tO-nia.-111-a. f or m of insanity show¬ 
ing itself in an irresistible impulse to steal. 

klep-to-ma-ni-ac ^one^whS^under 

the influence of an Insane and irresistible 
Impulse to steal. . 

Irlctyritio 1 or (klfp'sprlng Sr), n. a 
mip-spnng-er small African antelope, 

noted for its 
coarse hair and 
remarkable 

P ower of leap- 
ng up and 
down. 

knack 

(nak), n. quick¬ 
ness and clever¬ 
ness in perform¬ 
ance; as, she 
could never 
acquire the 
knack of using 
a needle. 

knap-sack Kllpsprlnger 





Irnaxr icVi (nav'Ish), adj. dishonest; mis- 
JtllctV-loU chievous; as, a knavish trick. 
— adv. knavishly.—n. knavishness. 

( ned )> v -*‘ to work into a mass by 
jvucctu. pressing, usually with the hands, 
as dough; operate upon in massage. 

Ir-n oo ( n ®)» n • the joint between the lower 
khcc i e g an( j the thigh; anything like a 
knee. 

tr-ripi/a 1'lTP‘Pf'Vl o <2 (be brlch'fiz), breeches 
KJ1CC oreecn-es reaching just below 

the knee. 

knee-cap 

(ne'kap"), n. a 
flattened, tri¬ 
angular, mov¬ 
able bone on 
the fore part of 
the knee joint: 
called the pa¬ 
tella. Also, 
kneepan. 

kneel J.f j^; 

i „ a , V ■.'? A * Human Knee Joint. 1. Right 
l- n j’r, 1 knee from the front showing llg- 
horuf foil aments: A, lower end of femur; 

.y r . 1 ~ 1A B, anterior crucial ligament; C, 
upon the knees, posterior crucial ligament; D. 
RTlPlI (Hel). interior semilunar cartilage; E, 
xiiicii n the external cartilage; F, part of the 
sound of a bell ligament of the patella turned 
when struck, down; G, synovial bursa laid 
especially a open beneath the ligature of the 
funeral bell; a patella. 2. Longitudinal section 
sign of coming of the left knee: A , lower end of 
p Y j i • v t and femurj J3 9 tendon of extensor 
v i to sound or muscles of leg; C, patella; D. 

t oll as a funeral Hgament, of patella; E, head of 
uni, as a iunerai t j b i a . anterior crucial llgar 

,2® u - . „ ment; G, posterior ligament; H, 

Kfltf k pr mass of fat projecting into the 
- cavIty of t he joint below the 

b 0 C k - 6 T patella; I, bursa. 

(nlk'er-bok'er), n. a member of an old 
New York family; especially, persons de¬ 
scended from the original Dutch settlers.—— 
knickerbockers, pi. wide breeches gathered 

in below the knee. 

1,„ « „i, (nlk'nak"), n. a little orna- 
knick-knack mental trifle; a toy. 

(nlf), n. [pi. knives (nivz)], a cutting 
xvllllc instrument with a sharp-edged steel 


(nap'sak'), n. a leather or cloth traveling case 
carried on the back, used especially by soldiers. 
the modern soldier uses a blanket roll for 
the same purpose. 

i a (nap'wed), n. a common 

knap-Weed. European weed, natural¬ 
ized in the United States in meadows and 
pastures, with heads of purple flowers: 

sometimes called hill weed. _ 

1 (nav), n. a dishonest or doceitful 

Knave person; formerly, a servant or 
man of humble birth; a playing card with 
the figure of a soldier or servant. 


knav-er-y g av -' 5 ^’ n 


__ _ [pi. knaveries 

(-lz)?. dishonesty; fraud; deceit 


blade set in a handle; a sharp-edged blade 
in a machine: v.t. to stab with a knife. 

(nit), n. one who holds rank next 
Killglll below a baronet, giving him the 
title Sir; in the Middle Ages, one of high 
birth, who, after serving as an esquire, was 
admitted by certain ceremonies to military 
rank; a champion; lover; one of the pieces 
in chess: v.t. to confer the honor of knight¬ 
hood upon. _ ... 

knight-er-rant ^nights^rrant]: £ tSe 

Middle Ages, a knight who went in search 
of adventure, to show his boldness and power, 
chivalry, etc. 

a common k n ight-er-rant-ry 

the practices or 
customs of wandering knights. 

1 _ • (nit'hood), n. the char- 

knignt-nooa acter, rank, or dignity 
of a knight; chivalry. , , _ 

1_„* i_+ lir (nit'lT), adj. like a knight, or 
Klllgill-iy chivalrous; brave, gentle, and 
courteous. , _ w , , , 

Kni ght Tem-p lar Knights Tfanpiarel. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when.; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 


24 


















knit 


346 


kyack 


a member of a high order of Freemasonry, 
supposed to have descended from the Tem¬ 
plars of the Crusades. 

(nit), v.t. [p.t . and p.p. knitted, p.pr. 
nlilt knitting], to tie. unite, or draw to¬ 
gether; form, as a fabric, by weaving thread 
on needles: v.i. to weave thread or yarn m 
loops on needles; to join together; as, the 
broken limb knitted well, 
i—-jx (nlt'Ing), n. the work of a 

Knit-ting knitter; the netted fabric thus 
woven. 

-.i- (n<5b), n. the rounded handle of a 
■KIIOU door, etc.; round swelling, mass, or 
lump; a rounded hill. 

Ak Ktt (nbb'I), adj. full of humps or 
KnOD-Dy knolls; hilly; as a knobby field 
or landscape. 

Imnnh- (n8k), n • a Mow or stroke with 
ivliUuxv something hard or heavy; rap: 
v.t. to give a blow to; to strike with some¬ 
thing hard or heavy; slang, to criticize harsh¬ 
ly: v.i. to drive or strike against something. 
i_„ _ _i_ (nbk'er), n. one who knocks; 
KllUth-cI a loose handle attached to a 
door, to be used as a hammer by persons 
wishing to enter. 

Irrmrtr (ndk'ned"), adj. having 

KnOCK-KIlccU. tjm legs bent inward at 

the knees; hence, lame; weak. 

1ras%11 (ndl), n. a rounded hillock; hilltop; 

the tolling of a bell: v.t. to toll. 
Ir-nrm ( nb P). n. an architectural ornament 
xvliup 0 f clustered leaves and flowers; a 
knob or button; a flower bud. 

Imrvfr (not), n. an interweaving or tying of 
xLLLUl thread or cord, etc.; anything 
resembling a knot; entanglement; difficulty; 
a hard part in a piece of wood; part of a 
tree where the branches shoot out; a nautical 
mile or 2,025 yards; bond of union; group; 
the red-breasted sandpiper: v.t. [p.t. and 

e .p. knotted, p.pr. knotting], to tie in a 
not; unite firmly or closely: v.i. form knots 
or joints; make knots for fringe. 

Irrmf finer (oot'Ing), n. a kind of lace 
xvliUl-llllg work; a paint of red lead, etc., 
for protecting metal. 

tr-n/vf f\r (not'I), ad), [comp, knottier, 
JUlUl-iy superl. knottiest], full of knots< 
rugged; difficult; as, a knotty problem, 
lmmif ( nout : noot), n. a leathern whip 
xVilUU-t formerly used for punishing crimi¬ 
nals or serfs in Russia; v.t. to punish with 
the knout. 

trnrvw ( n °)» v - t - [P-f* knew, p.p. known, 
JVliUW p.p r . knowing], to perceive with the 
mind; understand clearly; be aware of; to 
see as distinct from others; recognize; be 
acquainted with: v.i. to be informed. 

trnmxr imr (no'Ing), p.adj. having knowl- 
JvllUW-illg edge; intelligent; shrewd; 
cunning; as, a knowing look.— adv. knowingly. 

Aurl pH o*a (nol^j), n. clear perception 
JV11U Wl-CvlgC of a truth or fact; learning; 
skill from practice; acquaintance; informa¬ 
tion. 

Syn. learning, science. 

Ant. (see ignorance). 

Know—Noth inp* ( n o *nuth'ing), n. a 

XvilU W liuui-iiig political party in the 
United States, in 1853 and a few years fol¬ 
lowing, which claimed that none but native 
Americans should hold office. 

Irmirlr 1o (ouk , l), n. the joint of the 
jaj.iuun.-ic flngers; the knee joint of a 
calf or pig: v.i. to bend the fingers; yield or 
submit: with down or under. 

ImilTl ( n fi r l)* n - a hard knot, or anything 
njiu-Li. swelled or pushed beyond the sur¬ 


face, as in a tree trunk, stone, etc. Also. 

knur.— adj. knurly. 

o (ko'd), n. a Hawaiian tree yielding a 
JIU-d. valuable timber used for building and 
cabinetwork. __ . . 

lm VinlH (ko'bold), n. in old folktales, a 
JuU-UUlU. brownie or gnome. 
h-n rtalr (ko'dak), n. a hand camera for 
xv.U-lld.lv taking snapshot photographs: v.t. 
to take a snapshot picture of; to describe 
minutely, or with photographic accuracy.—n. 

kodaker, kodakry. _ 

J «AAr (ko'hl-noor"; kb'I-noor'), n. 
XV.UIl-1-llUUi a famous large diamond, one 
of the British crown jewels. 
i_ A i Q (ko'la), n. the nut of an African tree, 
JiU-lcl bitter and containing caffeine: used for 
chewing, like tobacco, and in making a drink. 

(ko'pek), n. a Russian coin 
JvU-pCuJfc. worth from one-half to three- 
fourths of a cent. Also, copeck, kopek. 

TT*. t-Qf, (k&-ran'; ko'r&n), n. the sacred 
XV.U-id.li book of the Mohammedans, be¬ 
lieved by them to be the revelations of Allah 
(God). Also, Alcoran. 

Irn cb At* (ko'sher), adj. bright; lawful; 
hU-ollci clean, according to Jewish law: 
used of food, especially meat slaughtered 
according to the Jewish law. 

1 --, i. (ko'to), n. a Japanese musical instru- 
JvU-lU me nt_, somewhat like the zither. 

Irn +nw (ko-tou'). n. a Chinese form of 
xVU-LUW greeting from an inferior to a 
superior by touching the ground with the 
forehead: v.i. to salute by such an act. Also, 
kowtow. 

Xrrc\ 1 (krai), n. a South African village con- 
ivi ddl sisting of a group of huts surrounded 
by a defense of stakes driven into the ground; 
a single hut; a sheepfold, or cattle-pen. 
Irrpm i*.— (krem'lin), n. a Russian citadel 
Clii-llll or fortress, especially that of 
Moscow; a large inclosure which contains 
palaces, churches, etc. 

1 rT .p 11 x 7PT * (lcroit'ser), n. an Austrian 
xvicui-ici copper coin equal to one-half 
of a cent; formerly, a German coin worth 
two-thirds of a cent. 

■u.-Jq (krls), n. a short Malay sword or 
xvi 10 dagger. Also, creese. 

Kri<? Krin (krls krln'gl), the good 

xvrib XV.rill-gie spirit of Christmas; 

Santa Claus; St. Nicholas. [Ger.] 

Irrn n a (krd'ne), n. [pi. kronen (-nen)J, a 
xvx u-iic ooin (crown) used in Germanic 
and Scandinavian countries and equal to 
twenty-seven cents. 

Kn inn cmn (krobp gun), a breech-load- 
u \Fr' S UAL ing cannon made at the 
Krupp works at Essen in Germany. 

KlI-KIllY (ku kluks"), n. the Ku-Klux 
a viua Klan, a secret society in the 
southern United States after the Civil War, 
whose object was to frighten the negroes 
who were trying to control the whites, 
politically and^socially. Also, Kuklux. 
lrnl till* (kool-toor'), n. advancement In all 
A fields of education, civilization, 
etc.: used especially of the state-controlled 
German system of education and scientific 
advance which led to the German desire for 
world power. [G.er.] 

trii mice (koo'mls), n. a fermented liquor 
xvu-iiii03_m a( ie from milk. Also, kumys. 
KlirH (koord), n. a member of a dark. 

fierce race of Kurdistan. Also. 
Curd, Koord.— adj. Kurdish. 

IfV flrlr (kl'5,k), n. a hunting canoe made 
xvj -a.uxv sealskin, used in arctic America. 
Also, kaiak, kajak, kayak. 


——————————————————^ m ^^ mmm ^ m — 

ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade) scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare) unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu] 






347 



/5 /4 /5 /6 /7 




21 




Tmnnr .,.„ t K'notq 1 overhand knot; 2, ilgure eight knot; 3. stevedore’s knot; 4, loop knot; 

^a^iAaffiffsaT 

jrSlSSw^S^Wille S'd 1 hK-27>uddlo 8;8 «U M beud: 28. ree<. 
«iS5 S datg29. granny knot; 30. 31. amele andjo.ible bowtpot. 





































































































la 


348 


lacker 


In (la), n. the sixth note of the musical 
scale of C major, which is A. 

Ip o o"pr da'ger; 16'ger), n. in South Africa, 
iaci “o c - t a hastily made camp for defense, 
formed with wagons, etc.: v.t. to protect by 
a laager. _ 2 

Ip Upl (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, 
ia-uci etc., attached to anything to show 
where it is to go, who owns r . - 
It, etc.; a projecting mold¬ 
ing over an opening: v.t. 
f p.t. and p.p. labeled, p.pr. 
labeling], to mark with a 
slip of paper, etc., showing 
ownership, contents, etc.; 
classify. 

la-bel-lum Sntn S L 

lip, or lower petal, of an T v. i 

orchid. ' Label 

Ip pi (la'bi-al), adj. formed by the lips; 
ld-Ul-a.1 as a labial consonant; of or per¬ 
taining to the lips; as, a labial vein: n. a letter 
representing a sound formed by the lips, as b, 
p, m. — adv. labially. 

tp p fp, (la'bl-St), adj. lipped; having 
in-m-avC petals like lips, as the snap¬ 
dragon, catnip, etc. 

Ip t-.(la'ber), n. toil or exertion, physical 
la-UUi or mental; the whole class of 
workers, artisans, and others employed in 
the actual production of wealth as distin¬ 
guished from those who supply money or 
mental work; as, the relations between 
capital and labor are difficult to adjust; a 
task; as, the twelve labors of Hercules; effort; 
difficulty; pain; the act of bearing a child: 
v.i. to use muscular strength or mental effort; 
to toil; be hard-pressed; take pains: move 
slowly; pitch and roll heavily, as a ship in a 
storm; suffer the pains of childbirth. Also, 
labour. 

Syn., n. toil, work, exertion, drudgery, 
pains. 

Ant. (see idleness). 

a i»p +/-v A*rr (lab'o-ra-t5-rI), n. [pi. 
f'-U-id-lU-iy laboratories (-rlz)J, aplace 
where scientific experiments and operations 
are carried on; as. a physical, chemical, or 
bacteriological laboratory. 

T p k a,. T'icjTT (la'ber da), in the United 
Lj d-UUl Ua.y States, a day, usually the 
first Monday in September, set apart as a 
legal holiday. 

Ip 'hnrpHI (la'berd), p.adj. done with toil 
*o.-uv/agcx or care; not easy; elaborate; 
as, a labored speech or style of writing. Also, 

laboured. 

Ip Ivnr Pf* (la'ber-er), n. one who toils; 
ia-uui-ci one w ho does for hire physical 
work that requires little skill; as, the laborer 
is worthy of his hire. __ Also, labourer. 

1 a Knr tfinr (la'ber-Ing), p.adj. pertaining 
la-uoA-mg to, or performing, labor; as, a 
laborig woman; struggling against great diffi¬ 
culties; as, a laboring ship. 

If! Tin fi mi <2 (lu-bo'ri-us), adj. difficult; 
la-uu-n-uuo requiring toil; as; a labori¬ 
ous task; hard-working; as, a laborious 
mechanic.— adv. laboriously. — n. laborious¬ 
ness. 

Ip fvitr TI111T1 (lo-bur'nfim), n. a European 
ici-iou .1 nuin ornamental tree with yellow 
flowers. 


IpU XT rin+li (lab'I-rtnth), n. a series 
iau-j-ilAim passages winding in and out 

of each other; 


a maze; a diffi¬ 
culty which 
cannot be 
solved; as, a 
labyrinth of 
doubt; the 
winding tubes 
of the inner 
ear. 

lab-y-rin- 

thine 

thin), adj. in¬ 
tricate; per¬ 
plexing. Also, 

labyrinthian, 
labyrinthic. 



Labyrinth 


|pp (lalc).n.a 

la.Vs gummy substance formed on certain trees 
by an insect: when melted, called shellac, and 
used in sealing wax, dyes, varnishes, and 
lacquers; the sap of various trees; in British 
India, the sum of 100,000 rupees, or about 
$50,000; a very great number. 

Ippp flas), n. an ornamental fabric of fine 
iatc linen, cotton, gold, or silver, etc., 
threads, woven in a delicate, open pattern; 
a cord passed through eyelets or other holes 
in order to bind or fasten: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
laced, p.pr. lacing], to fasten with a cord; 
adorn or trim, as with narrow braid, etc.; as. 
cloth laced with silver; to weave or twine 
together; to beat or lash. 

1 on cur ato (las'er-at), v.t. to tear, as part 
lat-ci-aic 0 f fhe body; to mangle; 
wound; as. shrapnel lacerates the body horri¬ 
bly; to afflict with pain; as, to lacerate the 
feelings. 

Tor pr p firm (las'er-a'shtin), n . the act 
lav,- Ci -d-llUIl 0 f tearing; a jagged rent or 
wound; as, a laceration of the flesh is sewed up 
with catgut; a harrowing, as of the feelings. 
Ip pH TV mill (l&k'ri-mal), adj. pertaining 
J to tears; secreting tears; 

as, lachrymal glands. Also, lacrimal, lacrymal* 

]nch TV mncp (lak'rl-mos), adj. tearful; 
IctLIl-ry-HlObe sad . aSi a lachrymose 

tone of voice. Also, lacrimose. 

lach-fy-mose shells 

tiles filled with gas which causes smarting 
and watering of the eyes: called also tear 
shells. 

\f\C ATW Oasing), p.pr. of lace: n. a cord, 
, &> string, braid, etc., passed through 

eyelets to fasten something, or used for 
trimming. 

lark v.t. to be without; as, to lack 

xavxv common sense, to be in w^ant of; 
to need; as, to lack money: v.i. to be wanting; 
come short; as, to be lacking in wisdom: n 
want deficiency; as, a lack of self-respect: 
lack of food. 

Syn., n. need, scarcity, insufficiency. 

\{\rk ci pdak"d-da / zl-k5,l), adj. 

IcILK-cl-aai-Sl-Cai languidly sentimen¬ 
tal; listless.— adv. lackadaisically. 

lark PV 9.hk'er), n. a varnish made by 
ld-LK-er dissolving shellac in alcohol: v.t. 
to cover with a shellac: va rnish. Also, lacquer. 


ate senate, rare, c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus,’menu; 


















































































lackey 


349 


lambent 


1o r 1r pxr (l&k'I), n. an attendant of low 
J rank; a footman; a person who 
follows and flatters another supposedly of 
higher rank: v.t. and v.i. to serve or attend 
as a servant. Also, lacquey, 
la rnn ir* Od-kon'Ik), adj. expressing much 
infewwords; as.Benjamin Frank¬ 
lin was the author of many famous laconic say¬ 
ings. Also, laconical. — adv. laconically. 
lap niiPf (lak'er), n. a varnish consisting 
Ictf'-quei of shellac dissolved in alcohol, 
and colored; Oriental varnish; Chinese or 
Japanese woodwork finished with a hard 
polished varnish, and inlaid with gold, ivory! 
pearl, etc.; a composition for preserving can¬ 
non, carriages, etc: v.t. to cover with a var¬ 
nish. Also, lacker. 

1 or* fillAV (lak-I), n. an attendant of low 
rank; a footman; a servile 
follower: v.t. and v.i. to serve or act as a 
servant. Also, lackey. 

lop pi rn o 1 (lak'ri-mal), adj. pertaining to 
icw-i.i-mai tears; secreting tears; as, 

lacrimal glands. Also, lachrymal, lacrymal! 

1 _ _ • _ _ _ /lolr / rT_mAC'\ sisIA . 


ri mr»CP (lak'rl-mos), adj. tearful; 

sa( i. aS( a lacrimose tone of 



Lacrosse 

Stick. 


lac 

voice. Also, lachrymose 
1ft pvftn o ft (ld-kros'), n. a Canadian 
Id-UIUbbt5 g an ae like football, but 
played with a netted bat, or crosse. 

iar riflA (lak'ta-rln), n. a prep- ' 
xau-i,a.-i.u.ic ara tion of casein, or 

milk curds: used extensively in calico 

printing. 

Ian +a +irvn (lak-ta'shiSn), n. the 
IdU-ld-llUll production of milk from 

the body; the act or period of suckling, 
lop -fo n1 (l.lk'te-al), adj. pertaining 
la.U-lC-a.1 to, or like, milk; conveying 
the fluid called chyle, or lymph, which 
contains fats from digested food; as, 
lacteal ducts: 7i.pl. the ducts which con¬ 
vey chyle, or fat-containing lymph, 
from the intestines to the thorax. 

1 op fip (lak'tik), adj. pertaining 
IdU-llU to, or derived from, milk; 
as, lactic acid. 

1 «p + n m +or Oak-tbm'e-ter), n. an In- 
strument for measuring 
the richness of milk. * 

Inp f nc ~ (lak'tos), n. a sugar contained In 
lcU/-lU£>C milk:_ called also milk sugar. 

In ril p,o (la-ku'na), n. [pi. lacunae (-ne), 
ia.-uu.-lla. lacunas (-naz)], a space from 
which something has been omitted. 
as in a manuscript; a small pit or ^ 
hollow, such as those in the sub¬ 
stance of bone. 

1 nA (lad), n. a boy or youth; a 
lo-U stripling; comrade or mate. 

1 nA Apr (lad'er), n. a framework 
Acl tl-U.Cl consisting of two parallel 
side pieces connected by bars, etc., 
forming steps at suitable distances; 
any means by which one climbs or 
ascends; as. young ambition’s ladder. 

1 rxr\ Hi A dad'I), n • a lad; some- 
laU-UiC times, a boy sweetheart. 

Also, laddy. [Scot.] 

1 (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, p.p. ^ 

IdUC laded, laden, p.pr. lading], to <=. 
load; to put a burden on or in; 
throw out or in with a scoop or ] 
dipper; as, to lade water out of a tub. ^ 
laH in a Oad'ing), n. the act of 
lau-mg loading; freight; cargo; 
as, a bill of lading; burden. 
la HI a fla'dl), n. a deep spoon or dipper 
la-UlC f or dinping out liquids: v.t. to 
take up with a dipper. 


: 


Scaling 

Ladder 


In Hv ( la 'dl). n • ladies (-dlz)], a well- 
i.a-u.jr i 3 re( i WO man; a woman of good 
family or of high position in society; a 
sweetheart: Lady, the title of the wife of a 
knight, baronet, earl, etc.; the daughter of a 
duke, marquis, or earl; the Virgin Mary: 
with Our. 

]o Hv KirH (la'di-burd"), n. a red or 
xa-uj-uuu orange-colored insect marked 
with black spots;_ a lady bug. 

1o Hv Tin o' (la'dl-bug), n. a red beetle 
la-uy-UUg marked with black spots; a 
ladybird. 

1 o Hv lilrA (la'dl-lTk"), adj. befitting a 
a a. - vij -aaxvu gentlewoman; courteous; well- 
bred. 

1 ft Hit cTvin di-shlp), n. a term of 
“Allip address for a titled woman in 
England. 

k Hv*Q—cl in tv AT* (la'dlz»sllp"er), n. a 
-\Xy b blip-pci flower of the orchid 
family that looks somewhat like a slipper. 
Also, lady-slipper. 

1 nry (lag), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. lagged, p.pr. 
ACl & lagging], to move slowly; loiter; stay 
behind: n. a falling behind in movement.— 

n. lagger. 

la cr At* Ti a At* (la'gSr her), a German 
ia “S cl ucci brewed liquor laid up, or 
stored, for some months before use. Also, 
lager. 

Incr crnrH (l&s'ard), n. a person who acts 
ACA o"& CAAVA more slowly than he should; 
loiterer; as, a laggard in love: adj. back¬ 
ward; slow.— adv. laggardly. 

1 pq- aincr Oag'Ing), n - slow motion; the 
ACA oo AAA o act of holding back; strips of 
wood or planks used to support an arch 
during construction, or the roof of a mine. 
In crnrm da-goon'), n. a shallow lake 
m-gvuii formed at the mouth of a river 
or near the sea. 

Ip ip (la'lk), adj. pertaining to those who 
la-io are not clergymen or members of some 
particular profession: n. a layman. 

IfliH ( lad ), P-t- and P-P- of l a V‘- adj. marked 
with fine parallel ribbed lines: said of 

paper. 

join (lan). past participle of the intransitive 
id.Ill V r erb lie. 

1 pip (lar), n. the den or resting place of a 
AclAA wild beast; as, the lion makes his 
lair in the jungle. 

ToT-rH (lard). n - a lord; the master of a 
IdllU. landed estate. [Scot.] 

laic ca7 fairA Oe-sa" far'), a term indl- 
ittia-bci ia.il c eating a policy of letting 

every individual do as he pleases in social 
and economic matters, without regulation 
by the government. [Fr.] 

Ip i (la'i-tl), n. the people, as distin- 
ld-i-cy guished from the clergy; all those 
who are outside any given profession. 

Ip Ip A (l a k). n- a large body of water sur- 
ldlvc rounded by land; a purplish-red color¬ 
ing matter. 

lalrTi (l a k). n. in British India, the sum of 
AcaA ' j - a 100,000 rupees, equal to $50,000; a 
very great number. Also, lac. 

Ip fpio (la'ma), n. in Tibet, a priest, monk. 
Id-ilia. or nun 0 f one branch (Lamaism) 
of the Buddhist faith. 

Tpmh ( lam ). n - the young of a sheep; the 
IdliiU flesh of the young sheep; one who 
is gentle or innocent: v.i. to bring forth lambs. 

lam fiAnt dam'bent), adj. playing over 
Acini-(.A uii l ffl e sur face; flickering; touch¬ 
ing lightly; as, a lambent flame; softly 
bright; as, the lambent light of stars.— adv. 

lambently.— n. lambence, lambency. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 












lambkin 


350 


Land sturm 


lamK trim (l&m'kln). n. a little lamb; a 
iaJ.llLr-ii.ill child that is tenderly cherished. 

lam firA miitl Uam'brS-kln; l&m'bgr- 
Idin-Dre-qum kin), n. a drapery, hang¬ 
ing from the upper part of a window or door¬ 
way, from the edge of a shelf, etc. 
la-mV. olrim (lam'skln"), n. the skin of a 
IdlliU-bAlii lamb dressed with the fleece 
on and frequently colored; leather made from 
the skin of a lamb. 

l Qrnp (lam), adj. crippled or disabled in the 
lolllC limbs; not sound or effective; as, a 
lame excuse: v.t. to cripple or disable.— adv. 

lamely. —n. lameness. 

k man + (ld-mentO. v.t. to mourn for; 

-i.AiCJ.il a s, fa lament the loss of a friend: 
v.i. to express soitow: n. an expression of 
sorrow. 

Syn., v. mourn, grieve, weep. 

Ant. (see rejoice). 

lam ati fa KIa O&m'Sn-td-bl) adj. 
iaili-cll-ld.-Ulc mournful; pitiable; as, 

a lamentable condition, occurrence, cry.— 

adv. lamentably. 

lam An fa firm (lS>ni ,/ en-ta , shun), n. 
laiil-Cll-Id-llUli gnef expressed aloud; 

outcry: Lamentations, a book of the Old 
Testament. 

la m Amf od (Id-m6n't8d), p.adj. mourned 
10.-111011 L-tfU. f or ^ dead; regretted. 

lam t na (l&m'I-nd). n. [pi. laminae (-ne)], 
i.a.iii- 1 -iia a thin plate or scale; a coat 
or layer lying over another, as in minerals 
or bone; the blade of a leaf or petal.— adj. 

laminar, laminary. 

lam i nafA (lam'f-nat), adj. composed 
lo.iii- 1 -iio.tc D f, or arranged in, thin coats, 
scales, or layers: v.t. and v.i. (lam'I-nat), to 
roll, press, or divide into thin sheets, as metal. 

Inrn 1 finn (lam"T-na'shun), n. divi- 
lcllli-l-llcl-L1U11 sion into thin plates or 

sheets, as of rock; a structure so divided. 
Ipmn (lamp), n. a vessel in 
lamp which oil, etc., may be 
passed through a wick and 
ignited so as to 
produce light; 
any device for 

E reducing arti- 
cial light; as, 
an electric 

lamp. Ancient Lamps 

lamp-black (lamp'bl&k"), n. fine soot 

obtained from the smoke of substances con¬ 
taining carbon, as from the smoke of an oil 
lamp: used as coloring matter: v.t. to apply 
such soot to. „ ,. , 

(lam-poon'), n. an article, 
iam-pOUXl essay, etc., written to hold a 

E erson up to ridicule and contempt: as, 
lincoln was the subject of many a disgraceful 
lampoon ." v.i. to abuse or ridicule in a written 
article. 

-rv* Tk*-£»T 7 (l&ni'prl), n. an eel-like fish of 
lcllll-pl c y which one kind is valued as food. 
i QT ..„ (Ians), n. a long shaft of wood with 
ldllCC a S pear head: v.t. to pierce with a 
lance; cut open with a lancet, or surgeon’s 
knife.— lance corporal, an assistant to a cor¬ 
poral; a private soldier acting as corporal.— 
lance sergeant, an acting sergeant. Also, 
launce. , . 

1anr» at flan'ser), n. a cavalry soldier 
LdllC-Cl armed with a long spear: pi. a 
kind of square dance arranged for four 
couples. , , 

Ian flan'set), n. a surgeons knife; 

Idll-LCL a window with a sharply pointed 
arch. _ 



(lans'wdbd"), n. a tough 

lanCC-WOOd elastic wood used in coach 
building, etc. 

(land), n. the solid portion of the 
land surface of the globe; a country or 
district; ground or soil, "with reference to 
Its use; as, farm -land: real estate: v.t. to 
set on shore; as, to land passengers from a 
ship; capture and bring to shore; as, to 
land a fish; win; as, to land a prize; put 
down after carrying; as, the tram landed 
him at his destination: v.i. to come or go on 
shore; to arrive at a dock, as a vessel; dis¬ 
embark; get down from, out of, or off from. 
Ian dan (lan'do; lan'dou), n. a four- 
Idll-UdU wheeled covered carriage with 
a top that can be let down or thrown back. 
1^*, 1o+ (lan"do-let'), n. a motor car 

lan-dau-let ^ith a double top, folding 

hood, and two seats; a small landau. 

Ion d ad (lan'ded), adj. possessing, or con- 
IdJlU-cU sisting of, real estate; as, a landed 
proprietor; a landed estate. 

< koi- (land'grab"er), n. one 

lana-grab-ber who obtains public land 
by fraud; in Ireland, one who buys or occupies 
land from which another has been expelled. 

v»a1d at* (land'hol"der), n. an own- 
lanU.-Jl01Q.-6r er or holder of property 

in the form of land. 

i n „j • „ (lan'ding), n. act of coming 

lanu-ing ashore; a place for going on 
shore or for alighting from a carriage, etc.; 
a platform at the end of a flight of steps, 
lo-nrj la dv (land'la"dl), n. [pi. land- 
iana-ia-uy ladies (-dlz)], a woman who 
lets houses, etc., to tenants; the mistress of 
a boarding house or inn. 

(land'lokt"), adj. nearly sur- 
lanQ-lOCKea rounded by land; as, a land¬ 
locked bay; confined to fresh water by some 
barrier; as, landlocked fish. 

1 oi-ir? Im-d (landlord"), n. one who owns 
idllU-lUI U. buildings or lands which he 
rents to others; the keeper of a hotel or inn. 
land Ink VkAt* (land'lub"er), n. a sailor’s 
IdlllA-AlAU-U Cl term for one who has not 
been to sea; hence, anyone who is awkward 
on shipboard. 

land ina-rlr (land'mark"), n. an object 
lailU-llialiA that marks the boundary 

of a tract of land: a familiar object that 
serves as a guide to a locality; any fact or 
event that helps to recall other facts and 
events. 

land awn (land'on'er), n. a person 

laiiLt-uwn-ci who possesses property in 

land. 

land nnnr (land'poor"), adj. possessing 
laiiLA-puui property in real estate but 
having little or no income with which to 
maintain it and pay taxes on it. 
land cranA dand'skap), n. the general 
iaiiu-oLaj^c appearance of a country as 
seen from one point of view; a picture repre¬ 
senting a scene from nature, other than the 
sea. 

land did a (land'slTd"), n. the slipping 
idIlU.-o.ilUC of a mass of earth, etc., 

down a steep slope; the earth that slips 
down. Also, landslip. 

landc man fl&ndz'man), n. a person 
ioiiLAO-iiiaii who lives on land: opposite 

to seaman. 

T ondc -tViin cr Oans'tlng"). n. the Upper 
J^cUiab-inillg House of the Danish 

Parliament or Rigsdag. 

T arid o+im-m (lant/stoorm"), n. the last 
Ldliu-biurill reserve of the German 
army, called out only in time of war. [Geb. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novll, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








Landtag 


351 


larva 


tfl cr (lant'tak*). n. the Parliament 
-L/cLLLU-lcLg 0 f p russ j a [Ger.] 

lflTld ward dand'w&xl), adj. facing to- 
laliu vvaiu ward the shore: adv. toward 
the shore. Also, landwards. 

T and VfPlir (laid/var*), n. the reserve 
.L/aliU-W Clll f orcea 0 f tlie German army. 

{Ger.] 

latl P ’ n - a narrow path, as between 
1£U1C hedges, walls, etc.; a narrow street; 
any narrow way or track. 

Ian frnap-p (lan'gwSj), n. human speech, 
spoken or written: the speech 
of one nation or race as distinguished from 
that of another; as, the French language: 
style or expression peculiar to an individual, 
or to something written or spoken; as, the 
language of an address. 

Syn. dialect, idiom, speech, tongue. 

Ian frit id (lan'gwtd), adj. wanting energy; 
J,C4AA "o u " 1 '-*’ weak; drooping.— adv. languidly. 
— n. languidness. 

Ian 0Tli<;Vl Oan'gwlsh), v.i. to become 
weak or spiritless; pine away; 
as, to languish in sorrow; look with tender¬ 
ness or wistfulness. 

latl ino- Oan'gwlsh-Ing), p.adj. 

lcui gUloil Ulg drooping; pining; senti¬ 


mentally tender; 

languishingly. 


as, languishing looks.— adv. 



A, post; B, range 


Ian ail nr dan'ger; lan'gwer), n. weari- 
■ kajJ,- o Ll ” A ness of body or mind caused 
by exhaustion; feebleness; dreamy indolence. 

—adj. languorous. 

lanlr (lank), adj. lean, slender; shrunken; 
lauiv. as> a m an with a tall, lank figure. 

Ianlr V (lank'I), adj. tall and thin; loosely 
xau.n.-y hung; as. the lanky form of 
Ichabod Crane.— n. lankiness. 

Ian n lin (lan'ft-lln), n. fat or grease from 
lau-u-im sheep’s wool, purified and made 
into a healing 
ointment. 

Also, lanoline. 

lan-tern 

(lSLn'tern), n. a 
transp arent 
case for holding 
or carrying a 
light, and pro¬ 
tecting it from 
the wind; the 

light -room of l ante’ ns. a, pos 
a lighthouse; a light; C, riding light, 
small tower on 
the roof of a building to admit light and air. 
lo-n loxxrpd (lan'tern * j6d),adi. hav- 

ian-Tem-jawea ing a i ong t hin face. 

lo-M TTnr/1 (ISn'ydrd), n. a piece of rope, 
ladl-yU. C ord, etc., for fastening the 
tackle of a ship; a strong cord attached to 
the trigger of a field gun and pulled to fire 
the gun. Also, laniard. 

lor* (lap), n. the loose part of a garment 
ld.p which may be doubled over; the part of 
the body from the waist to the knees of a 
person when seated; the clothing that covers 
that part of the body; the part of a thing 
that lies over the edge of another thing; 
the distance which one thing lies over another; 
one length of a course, especially one which 
has to be passed over more than once in a 
race; the act of licking up or washing against; 
c.t. [p.t. and p.p. lapped, p.pr. lapping], to lay 
or fold over: as, to lap one shingle over an¬ 
other; to wash or ripple against; as, the 
water laps the shore; lick up; as, a dog 
laps water: v.i. to lie partially over something 
else. 


1n n Ar\cr O&P d6g). a small pet dog that 
ldp UUg may be held in the lap. 

In (Id-pel'), n. the part of a garment 

la-pci which is folded back; especially, 
the fold at each side of the front of a coat. 

1 n -f", i A n rrr (lap l-da-rl), j7. [pi. lapidaries 
ldp-l-Ua-iy (-riz)], a skilled workman who 
cuts and sets precious stones; a dealer in, 
or collector of, gems. 

In n{c! to 'Tit ti (la'pls laz'u-li), a stone 
ict-pib ld.-ZU.-il 0 f a r ich blue color; the 

azure blue of the stone. [Lat.] 

T orvn (lap). n - a Laplander; the language 
PP of Lapland. 

Ion ripf (lap'et), n. a little loose flap on a 
rap-pci headdress or garment; a flap of 
flesh, as on the head of a bird; a wattle. 

Ip no a daps), v.i. to glide or slip slowly 
ia r ac away; as, to lapse into unconscious¬ 
ness; his interest lapsed; to fall into ruin by 
degrees; as, buildings lapss into ruin; commit 
a fault or fail in duty; as, to lapse from good 
behavior; slide or fall anew into sin; pass to 
another owner by neglect or death: n. a gliding 
or passing away slowly; as, the lapse of time; 
slight fault or mistake; the ending of a claim, 
right, etc., through failure to assert or exercise 
it.— p.adj. lapsed. 

1 on win cr (lap'wlng'), n. a ploverlike 
idp-wmg bird of the Old World. 

lot- 'hnarH (lar'bord; lar'bgrd), n. the 
Idl-UUdlU term used formerly for the 
port or left-hand side of a ship. 

1p r -p-TT (lar'sS-nl), n. the carrying 
ia .1 -A-c-uy away of another’s property 
with the intention of defrauding the owner; 
theft. 

lore'll (larch), n. a tree of the pine family 
10.1 vii w bich has needlelike leaves and 
bears cones. 

Ip t A (lard), n. the fat of swine melted 
10.1 U. down and solidified by cooling: v.t. 
to cover with fat; insert strips of bacon in 
before roasting; to enrich; hence, to deco¬ 
rate; as, to lard a speech with compliments, 
lord pr (lar'der), n. a pantry; household 
10.1U.-C1 provisions. 

Ip rp(: (la'rez), n.pl. the household gods 
ld-1 Co 0 f ^e Roman people. 

Iprp-p darj), adj. great in size; bulky; 
AclA & c wide; extensive; comprehensive; 
broad in understanding or sympathy; as, 
a large mind: at large, in full; as, to discuss 
a subject at large; free; as, the thief is at 
large; for a whole state, district, etc.; as, a 
Congressman at large. — adv. largely. —n. 
largeness. 

Syn. big, broad, huge, ample. 

Ant. (see small). 

Ipr ffpeo (lar'jes), n. a generous gift or 
icii. -gcoo bounty; as, the king scattered 
largess as he rode along. Also, largesse. 

Ipr crr\ (lar'go), adj. and adv. in music, 
1*1 -& u slow, slowly: n. a musical compo¬ 
sition of slow and dignified movement. [It ] 
Ipr i at (lari-at), n. a rope or lasso. 
iai- 1 -tu usually with a running noose, 
used for catching cattle, etc. 

1<ifir (lark), n. a noted song-bird, not 
found in America; especially, the 
skylark; any of several similar American 
birds, as the meadow lark; colloquially, 
an amusing adventure. 

Iff fir- emir (lark'spflr), n. any plant of the 
Idlxl-ojJUl crowfoot family with showy 
blue flowers. 

1 nr TT/i (lar'va), n. [pi. larv® (-ve)|, an 
idl-V a insect in the first stage of its life 
after leaving the egg; thus, the larra of the 
moth is a worm or caterpillar; the early 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wkas in wUen; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 




















larval 


352 


latitudinal 


form of any animal which changes in form as 

it develops, as the tadpole. 

(lar'v5,l). adj. pertaining to a larva, 
iar-vai or insect that has just left its £hell. 

ol (lu-rln'je-al; lar'in-je'^l), 
-ryn-ge-dl pertaining to, or situ¬ 
ated near, the larynx, or upper windpipe. 

nri +io (lar"ln-ji'tls), n. mflamma- 
lar-yn-gl-IlS tion of the membrane of the 
larynx, or upper part of the throat. 

1 (lar'Inks), n. the upper part of the 

iar-ynx trachea, or windpipe; the special 

organ of the voice. „ , 

1 " (las'kdr; las-kar'), n. an East 

las-car Indian native sailor, army servant. 

Inc'rivVmic;' CWr'Mto)■ «#’• lustful; 

laS-ClV-1-OUS W anton; exciting lust.— 

adv. lasciviously.—n. lasciviousness. 

Syn. loose, unchaste, impure. 

Ant. (see chaste). 

l„_t, (lash), v.t. to strike or scourge with 
laSIl a whip; whip; blame very severely; 
as, to lash vice; fasten or bind with a cord 
or rope; as. the sailors lashed him to the 
mast; to beat violently to and fro; as, the 
wind lashed the sails; v.i. to apply the whip; 
flog; to rush, pour, or beat: n. the thong of a 
whip; a stroke with a whip or anything used 
like a whip; sarcasm; one of the little hairs 
on the edge of an eyelid. 

1 „_i_ Jurr (lashing), n. a cord, rope, etc., 
I3.Sn.-Ulg to secure or bind anything; a 
whipping; sharp reproof; as, a tongue 

lashing. ... 

loco das), n. a young woman; girl, a 
I3SS sweetheart: said usually of a Scotch 
Kiri or a country girl. Also, lassie. 

1 „ (lasi-tud), n. bodily or men- 

las-sl-iuae tal weariness; lack of energy; 
as very hot weather produces lassitude. 

. ’ (las'o), n. a rope, .usually of bide, 

iaS-SO with a running noose, used for 
catching wild horses and cattle: v.t. to catch 

with a noosed rope. .. . 

l i, (last), adj. coming after all others In 
laSl time, place, or order; lowest; utmost; 
least likely: adv. after all others; on the 
final time or occasion; at the end; finally; 
v.i. to remain in existence or operation; 
endure: n. a wooden tool for shaping boots 
and shoes; the end. 

Syn., adj. final, latest, ultimate. 

Ant. (see first). . 

1oo+ inn- (lasting), p.adj. wearing well, 
iaSI-Hlg permanent: n. a fabric used for 
the uppers of women’s shoes, for covering 
buttons, etc.— adv. lastingly. . 

I np i i. f (last'll), adv. finally; in conclusion; 
;iaS l-iy at the end. 

'in4-nit (lach), n. a catch 
ild.lL 11 for a door or gate, 
often not requiring a key; 
v.t. to secure or fasten with 
a catch 


i_ coil (l&-ten' sal), a three- 

13-16611 Sail cornered sail attached to 

a low mast: 
used in the 
Mediterranean. 

late - ly 

(lat'll), adv. not 
long ago; as, I 
heard the news 
lately; they 
have lately come 
to town. 


la-ten-cy 


(la'ten-si), n. 
the state of 
being concealed 
or invisible 



Lateen Sails 

r *“ j.""(la'tent), adj. concealed; invisible: 
la-tent present, but not active; as. disease 
germs often lie latent in the body for a long 
time before the disease develops.— adv. 

latently. ac y. pertaining to. 

lat-er-ai proceeding from, or acting upon, 
the side* as lateral buds are those along the 
sides of a branch or twig .-adv. laterally. 

1 „ j-u (lath), n. a thin, narrow strip of wood 
latn use d for making framework to be 
covered with plaster in building.— n. lather. 
1„.+L«. (la ,th), n. a machine by which article® 
lame of wood, metal, etc., are held and 
turned while 
being shaped 
and polished by 
a tool. 

1 a t h - e r 

(lath' er), n. 
froth made by 
moistened soap; 
foam from 
sweating, as of 
a horse: v.t. to 
cover with 
froth or foam: 
v.i. to form 
foam or suds. 

— adj. lathery. 

lath-ing 

(lath-ing), n. the thin, narrow strips of wood 
on which plaster is laid in building. 

T «+ in (lat'In), adj. pertaining to. written 
JL/d. 1-111 or expressed in, the language of 
ancient Rome; pertaining to Latium, ancient 
Rome, its inhabitants or language, or to the 
races and languages derived from Rome; 
Roman: n. an ancient Roman; the language 
of ancient Rome and its literature.—La<in 
Quarter, a section of Paris, south of the 
Seine, populated largely by students. 

T i-M (l&t'In kros), a 

-bai-Ul ClOSS having the low«3st 
longer than the two sides and top. 

T o + in icrrv (lat'in-izm), n. an expression 
.L/dl-lil-lolll belonging peculiarly to the 

Latin language. 

T in i rjd (lat'in-iz), v.t. to give Latin 
L/dL-lll-l^C endings, or characteristics, to; 
translate into Latin. 




Engine Lathe. A, bed; B, 
headstock; C, taJlstock; D, tool 
rest; E, live center; F, dead 
center; G, cone driving pulley. 


cross 

limb 


1 „ 4-nU d.4- (lach'et), n. a shoestring; 

latcn-et a strip of leather that 
fastens a sandal. 

1 + „ (lat), adj. f comp, later, superl. 
laie latest], coming after the usual 
time; tardy; long delayed; as, a, late 

°7ffl(c°hmir of^th^dav^ Latch 7l&t'i-tud), n. distance on the 

reclnt; as i late occurrence; fbrmerly in lat-l-tUGC earth’s surface as measured by 
office;’ as, the late secretary of state; re¬ 
cently dead; as, the late Mr. Brown: adv 
after delay; as, to arrive late; after the usual 
time; as, to get up late; recently: of late, 
recently; as, I have not seen you of late. — n. 
lateness. __ . 

ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, 'obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 


degrees north or south from the equator; 
breadth; extent; freedom from rules, 
lo-f- i +11 A i -nol (lat"l-tu'di-nal), adj^ re- 
iai-1-XU-ai-HcU latingto, or in the direc¬ 
tion of, latitude, or distance in degrees north 
or south from the equator. 



























latitudinarian 


353 


lay 


latj-tu-di-na-ri-anSV I ; t |' d S' r ‘n 

range or scope; not attached strictly to any 
particular belief or opinion, especially in 
religious matters; allowing others their 
own beliefs; as, latitudinarian ministers: n. 
one who holds views wide in range or scope 
or who cares little about forms of creed, 
worship, or church government. 

Ip trinp (la-tre*'), n. a privy for the use 
1 a.-u.iJ. 1 c- of soldiers. 

Ipf (lat'er), adj. being the second of 

icu-lca two things already mentioned; 
recent; modern.— adv. latterly, 
lof fipp (lat'Is), n. crossed or interlaced 
lat-ut/O openwork of metal or wood; 
hence, any door, window, gate, etc., made 
of such work: v.t. to furnish or cross with 
openwork of metal or wood: latticework, 
work made by crossing or interlacing strips 
or bars of materials such as wood or metal. 
Iflllrf G^d), v.t. to praise highly: n. praise; 
iauu worship or hymn of praise. 

IflllH a hip (lod'a-bl), adj. worthy of 
ia.tivi-a.-L/ic praise; as, a laudable effort.— 

adv. laudably. — n. laudableness, laudability. 

lau-da-num a prepara ‘ 

lau-da-tion Si?S n) ’ “ eh pralse; 

lailfl o f a rv (lod a-t6-rl), adj . express- 
xctuu.-a.-tvj'-ij tng praise; eulogizing. 

lnilffh (laf), n. a convulsive sound caused 
iaugu by merriment; an expression, made 
only by man, of mirth, ridicule, etc.: v.i. to 
express merriment, etc., by such a sound; 
appear gay, pleasant, etc.; jeer: with at: 
v.t. to express or utter with laughter; to move 
or affect by merriment or ridicule; as, they 
laughed her out of her ill-temper.— n. laugher. 

Iniicrh a hip (laf'a-bl), adj. funny; mirth- 
ACAU fc> AA-a - -UAC provoking; causing amuse¬ 
ment; ridiculous.— adv. laughably. 

Iqii oh inc o-aQ (lading gas), nitrous 

Id.ugn-mg gctb oxide gas> used as a light 

anesthetic, by dentists especially. 

laitcrh in tr c+nrlr OaFlng-stok"), n. an 
iaugn-mg-SLOCK object of ridicule. 

lancrh fpr (laf'ter), n. convulsive sounds 
idUgil-LCi and movements caused by 


merriment. 

laiinrli (^nch; lonch), v.t. to move or 
Id Lilian cause to slide into the water, 
as a vessel; send forth; hurl; dart: v.i. 
to put to sea; plunge; enter on a new career: 
n. the sliding of a ship from the ways into the 
water; the largest boat of a man-of-war; a 
large, open pleasure boat, usually moved by 
steam, gas, or electricity. 

1 aun der ^ an, d gr * ,Sn ' dgr )< *’•*• to wash 

n. a 


and iron. 

laitn flrpcc (lan'dres; lon'drgs), 
laull-Ul coo washerwoman. 


(lan'drl; lon'drl), n. [pi. laun- 


laun-dry dries (-driz)J, an establishment I Ip -117 VPI* G6'y8r), n. one skilled in knowl- 
' * ’ ’ ’ * ’ ictw-yci edge of law; one who conduct® 


or place where clothes are washed and ironed; 
colloquially, articles sent to be washed. 

I 011 -ro (16'rS-it), adj. decked or 

Iflu-IC-aLw crowned with laurel; hence, 
worthy of honor: n. one crowned with laurel: 
poet laureate, a title given by the English 
monarch to a poet whose duty is to compose 



sweet bay, bay tree, etc.: used as a symbol 
of fame and honor; any of several shrubs 
resembling the bay, especially the flowering 
mountain laurel of the northern United 
8 tates; a crown or wreath of bay given as a 


prize or an honor; hence, honor; distinction. 

— adj. laureled. 

Ip Trp (la'vd), n. melted rock such as that 
LO.-V a. v/ hich is thrown from a volcano. 

la-val-liere ( la '' val 'W; la'vd-ler'). n. a 

la. v ui uci C lady s flat, round, or oval 
pendant, worn on a necklace, or chain around 
the neck. [Fr.] 

1 pv fl +r» rv (lSv'd-tfi-rl), n. [pi. lavatories 
iav-a-xo-ry (-rtz) ], a place for washing the 
hands and face: found in more or less public 
places, such as hotels and railroad stations; 
a retiring room. 

1PVP d av ), v - t • and [P-t- and P-P- laved, 
lftVC p.pr. laving], to bathe or wash; to 
flow or wash gently against. 

] pxr zvyj r\ pt (l&v'Sn-dSr), n. a fragrant 
lav-cu-uci plant of the mint family; 
the perfume obtained from the plant; the 
pale lilac color of its flowers. 

1 pv icVi (lavish), adj. liberal; extravagant: 
ia v v.t. to expend or bestow liberally; 

squander; waste.— adv. lavishly.— n. lavish¬ 
ness. 

tp w (16), n. a rule of action established by 
Aa - W authority or custom, the whole body 
of such binding rules or customs; as, he was 
careless of social law; act or enactment 
of a legislative, or lawmaking, body; judicial 
process; legal science; as, he studied law; 
the legal profession; as, he chose law as his 
career; the moral code, given by Moses and 
later lawgivers; a rule of science or art: 
a scientific statement of the action and 
relation of things in nature, etc., observed 
to be always the same under given condi¬ 
tions; as, the law of gravitation; an estab¬ 
lished principle. 

Syn. code, edict, statute, decree. 

1n W fill (lo'fool), adj. according to estab- 
idw-iui lished rule or custom; just; as, 
lawful acts; rightful: as, lawful ownership 
of property.— adv. lawfully. — n. lawfulness. 
Syn. legal, legitimate. 

Ant. (see illegal). 

Iotit civ Pt* (16'glv'gr), n. one who de- 
law-giv-ci clares, or enacts a law, as 
Moses, Solon, etc. 

law Ipcc (16'les), adj. not obedient to, or 
la.w-i.coD controlled by, authority; not 
according to established rule or custom; 
ungoverned; unruly.— adv. lawlessly. — n. law¬ 
lessness. 

law malr pt (IS'mak'er), n. one who. 
la.W-lllclli.-CI or a member of the body 

which, enacts a law. 

lawn Gdn), n. a plot of grass kept closely 
iciwii mown; fine, thin cambric or muslin. 

1p-*TT —1 ^pvj vi ic don ten Is), an outdoor 
idWii idi-niD g ame played with rackets, 
balls, and a net. 

law ciii+ (lo'sut*), n. an action in a court, 
la. W-Dilll etc., for the settlement of a claim 
or right. 


lawsuits for others in the law courts, 
lav (' a ^ s )> not firm, tense, or rigid; 

La. a. loose; vague; weak; as, lax principles; 
lax discipline.— adv. laxly.— n. laxness, 
lav a tivp G&k'sd-tlv), adj. loosening; 
LG-A.-a.-iLV c causing the bowels to move, 
as a medicine: n. a medicine which causes 
the bowels to move. 

lav 1 + v G&k'sl-tl), n. the state or quality 
id..A.-1-iy 0 f being loose, vague, or weak, 
lav G a )» P ast tense of the intransitive verb 
AcA J lie: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. laid, p.pr. laying], 
to put or place; spread over; cause to lie; 
settle; calm; bring forth and drop, as an 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








layer 


354 


leaky 


egg; wager; deposit; set or form secretly; 
as, to lay a trap or plot; impose, as a bur¬ 
den; as, to lay a task on someone: v.i. to 
produce eggs: adj. l elating to the people, as 
distinguished from the clergy, or members of 
other proifessio _s; as, lay delegates to a church 
convention, not of a given profession; as, the 
lay mind understands little of the cause of 
disease: n. a simple song or poem, 
loir or (la'er), n. one that lays; a stratum, 
iay-er row> or bed; one thickness; as, a 
layer of earth; a layer of bricks; a runner 
of a plant fastened down and covered with 

Iqtt o-f+o 0a-y6t'). n. a complete outfit for 
lay-CllC a newborn child; a three-sided 
tray used to carry powder or explosives. 
[Fr.] 

ioxr -firr 111*0 ( la flg'fir). a jointed model 
Lay iig-UIC upon which to hang drapery; 
one who weakly follows the will of others; a 
person in a position of authority who exerts 
no real power or influence. 

1 oT 7 man (la'm&n), n. \pl. laymen (-men)], 
Id.y-IIJ.cUl one G f the people, as distin¬ 
guished from a clergyman; a person not 
belonging to a given profession; as, a lay¬ 
man's opinion of a painting differs from 
that of an artist. 

k rjny (la'zar), n. a person, especially a 
-Ldl beggar, who has a horrible disease: 
a leper. 


13.Z cl ret tO • n -~ a . hospital 


persons suffering with 
infectious or dangerous diseases, as smallpox; 
a ship’s storeroom. Also, lazaret. 

T a-r a me (laz'a-rus), n. in the Bible, 
ljd.L-a.-l Ua the brother of Mary and 
Martha.—John xi; also, in the parable, the 
beggar who lay at the rich man’s door.— 
Luke xvi. 

k 7 { -pee (la'zl-nes), n. indolence; slug- 
-cA-UCao gishnoss,; dislike for work. 

k „_ r (la'zl), adj. [comp, lazier, superl. lazi¬ 
ly est], not inclined to action or work; 
Idle; indolent.— adv. lazily, 
ip- (le), n. a meadow; a grassy field or 
It'd. pasture land. 

loorVi (lech), n. the material, as wood 
ICatll ashes, through which water passes 
in making lye; the solution obtained; the 
vessel in which lye is made: v.t. to pass water 
through (ashes) to form lye; to wash by 
draining water through: often with out: v.i. 
to come from by draining; as. lye leaches 
from the ashes. 

I 00 H (led)> n - a soft, heavy, bluish-gray 
ICdlL metal; a weight attached to a rope 
for sounding depths at sea; a thin strip of 
metal for separating lines of type in print¬ 
ing; a stick of graphite or black carbon 
used in pencils: adj. consisting, wholly or 
partially, of lead: v.t. to cover, fit, or join 
with lead; in printing, to place thin metal 
strips between the lines of. 

1 exnA (led), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. led, p.pr. 
icau. leading], to conduct by the hand; 
as, to lead a little child; show the way to; 

g uide or conduct by advice or counsel; to 
ave the direction or control of; as, to lead 
an army; to go ahead of; to be first among; 
as, to lead one’s class; induce; spend; as, 
to lead an unhappy life; to begin a game by 
playing (a certain card): v.i. to take the 
first place; act as a guide, director, manager, 
etc.; to take a course; as, the path leads 
through the woods; to conduct; as, the 
broad way leads to destruction; play the 
first card or domino: n. guidance; first place 
or position; in games, the right to play first 



or the play made; the principal actor in • 
play, or the part he plays. 

j (led'b&th). n. a furnace in 

16 a Cl- D alii which the powdered ores of 

gold or silver are brought 
in mechanical contact with 
melted lead: an alloy is 
thus formed from which the 
precious metals are after¬ 
wards extracted by various 
processes. 

lead-ed 

ted by strips of metal; 
as, leaded glass windows 
are made of small pieces 
of glass separated by 
strips of lead; set in or 
covered with lead. 

lafirl atl (led'n ), adj. 
ludU.-C!i made of, or 

colored like, lead; heavy; 
sluggish; dull. 

lead-er < 15d „ s & 

who guidas, directs, 
or conducts; one who 
occupies, or is fitted 
to occupy, the first or 

chief place; the chief Tead-lmth 

editorial article of a Lead Data 

newspaper; a tough, elastic band of tissue 
uniting a muscle to some other part: called 
also a tendon; the foremost horse when 
several are used to draw a vehicle; a pipe to 
carry off rainwater from the roof of a house. 

_ai laoHAfcViiTl 

Ipjifi nipep (lgd p§s) ’ the flr ! St 51111 ln P°" 

lcau piCCC s ition among the guns of a 
battery. , ^ . * .. 

IftaH toam (led tem), the first pah’ of the 
IcdU. icaiii s ix horses harnessed to a field 
gun, the left-hand horse being ridden by the 
artilleryman known as the lead driver, 
loo-f def). re. [pi. leaves (levz)], one of the 
lGa.1 thin flat parts of a plant borne by 
the stem; a thinly beaten sheet; as, gold 
leaf used in gilding domes, etc.; something 
thin and flat, as a single sheet of a book with 
a page on each side, a part of a folding table 
top, one-half of a folding door, etc. 
i_. 0 £ (lef'&j), n. leaves collectively; 

lca.I-d.gc foliage. 

la of laf (lef'let-), n. a small foliage leaf; 
Icai-idL a printed sheet or circular. 
i_ 0 £ TT (lef'K), adj. [comp, leafier, superl. 
16a.1-y leafiest], full of foliage. 

Ipatrnp (leg), n. an agreement between 
league two or more persons, nations, or 
parties for the accomplishment of some 
purpose for their common good; a measure 
of three geographical miles: v.t. and v.i. to 
combine for mutual interests. 

Ian cm at* de'ger), n. formerly, a siege or con- 
ica-guei tinued attack; a besieging camp ; 
a member of a confederacy, or body of persons 
united for mutual interests: v.t. to besiege, 
la a tr d el< ). n - a hole or crack which let* 
lCd.lv anything, especially a fluid, in or out. 
contrary to intention: v.i. to let anything, 
especially a fluid, in or out through a hole 
or crack, when not intended; to become 
gradually, often unintentionally, public. 

Ipkol r orj-a (lek'^j). n - the passing in or 
ican.-ago out of anything through a 
hole or crack; the quantity that passes In 
or out; allowance for such loss. 

Ipnlr v (lek'I), adj. allowing water or other 
icarv-y fluid f 0 p ass i n or ou t through 
holes or cracks; not able to keep a secret. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












































leal 


355 


legacy 


leal 


(lel), adj. true-hearted; loyal; falth- 
-ful L [Scot.] 

Ipan (l® n )> v - i - fP-** and v.p. leaned, leant, 

ACai.1 p.pr. leaning], to slant from an up¬ 
right position; to bend over for support; 
as, to lean on a cane; to rely; as, to lean on 
one's friends for advice; to tend; as, his 
opinion leaned toward the popular side: 
r.f. to cause to slant; rest: adj. thin; as. 

6 lean person or animal; free from fat; as. 
lean meat; not productive; as, lean years; 

• lean harvest.—n. leanness. 

Syn., adj. meager, spare. 

Ant. (see fat). 

loan (len'tdb*), n. a building whose 
lCcUl“lU rafters rest on another building, 
as a shed built against a house, 
loan (1©P). v t • tP-*- and P P- leaped, leapt, 
leap p.pr. leaping], to pass over by a 
bound or jump; as, to leap a ditch; to cause 
to jump or spring over; as, to leap a horse 
over a hedge: v.i. to jump or spring off the 
ground or from a high place; as, to leap from 
a wall; to vault; to bound or move suddenly; 
as, my heart leaps up: n. the act of pass¬ 
ing over with a bound; a jump; a spring; the 
space passed over in jumping.—n. leaper. 

i_. 0 _ (lep'frSg"), n. a boy’s game, in -- 

U5d]J-l.LUg which one player stoops and 1 ~~ (lek'tur), 

another jumps over him. ICC-lUic anv subi 

loan Troar (lepyer), a year of 366 days, 
leap y cal when February has twenty- 
nine days; every year that Is divisible by 
four, except those that are divisible by 100 
and not by 400, such as 1800. 
loam aflm). v.t. Ip.t. and p.p. learned, 
lCd.ni learnt, p.pr. learning], to gain knowl¬ 
edge of; fix in the mind; as. to learn a lesson: 
v.i. to gain or receive knowledge or skill; as, to 
learn quickly.—n. learner, 
loam oH (Fir'ned), p.adi. having much 
Iccira-cU. knowledge; skilled; as, a learned 
professor or lawyer.— adv. learnedly. 

Syn. trained, scholarly. 

Ant. (see ignorant). 

1 _ ~ (lflr'nlng), n. knowledge of 

ied.m-lllg literature, languages, science, 
etc.; knowledge or skill gained by study or in¬ 
struction. ^ „ 

(les). n. a written contract for the 
lca.Sc renting of land or buildings for a 
certain period of time; the time for which 
a property is rented: v.t. to grant possession 
for a certain time by a written contract; 
as, an owner leases a house to a tenant; 
take possession of by contract; as, a tenant 
leases a house from the owner. 

Uni A (les'hokT), n. the holding of 
163.S6-I10ICL property by contract for a 
certain time; property so-held.—-n. leaseholder. 

1 (lesh), n. a thong of leather or a 

leasn i ong cord by which a hawk or hound 
Is held; three of one 
kind; as, a leash of 
dogs; * ‘ a leash of 
kings”; a band by 
which anything is 
held: v.t. to tie or hold 
with a thong or cord 



least ai> ' 


super 1 a t i v e 
of little; smallest in 
degree, size, value, 
importance, etc.: adv. 
in the lowest or 
smallest degree. 

leath-er He Hide of Leather 
skin of an animal tanned and prepared for use; 
anything made of, or like, the skin so prepared 


1#aafVi ar af (leth'er-et), n. an imitation 
icalil-cl -C l leather made of paper. Also, 
leatherette. 

1 qo+Vi am (lef/i'ern), adj. made of, or 

leaxn-ern like, leather. 

1 pqvp (lev), n. permission wanted; de- 
parture; farewell; a short vacation 
given to a soldier on active service: v.t. [ p.t . 
and p.p. left .p.pr. leaving], to allow to remain; 
as, they will leave him behind; to depart from; 
forsake; give up; bequeath; cease from; 
as, to leave work; refer for decision; as, 
leave it to me: v.i. to depart; go away. 

Syn., n. liberty, permission, license: s. 
quit, relinquish. 

Ant. (see prohibition). 

loaw o-n (lev'n), v.t. to produce fermenta- 
iCd.V-cll tion in; to make light, as dough; 
to touch with something which tends to spoil; 
to mix; as, to leaven correction with a 
little praise: n. a ferment mixed with a sub¬ 
stance to render it light, as yeast with dough; 
any influence that, working silently and 
strongly, causes changes in things or opinions. 

laair incrc (lev'Ingz), n.pl. what is left 
Acav -ill 5,0 over; discarded remains. 

1 -. 4-n-m (lek'tern), «. the reading detsk 
iec-iem Of a church. 

(lek'tftr), n. a formal talk on 
any subject; a lengthy reproof: 
v.i. to deliver a formal talk: v.t. to rebuke 
formally.—n. lecturer. 

(lgj), n. a shelf; ridge; layer; edge; 
_ as, a ledge of rock; the ledge of a 
window. 

1 oA rr or (ISj'er), n. the principal account 
lctlg-CI book of a business house. 

(le), n. the side or quarter towards 
ICC which the wdnd blows; calm or sheltered 
side. 

lacr'Vi (lech), n. a worm furnished with a 
Ice vil sucker, used in medicine for sucking 
blood; formerly, the namo for a physician; 
one who gets all he can out of another: i\t. to 
bleed with leeches. 

IncAr (lek), n. a plant of the lily family 
iccJi. having a flavor like the onion, but 
stronger. 

loor (let), «. a sly, sidelong look of malice, 
lccl triumph, or evil desire: v.i. to look 
slyly or with a sidelong look. 

1 aac (lez), n.pl. the foreign matter (dregs) of 
icco liquor that has settled in the bottom 
of a cask or other holder. 

'i-tra-rA (le'werd; naut. lu'erd), adj. be- 
icc-WdlU ing in the direction toward® 
which the wind blows: n the lee side, or the 
direction toward which the wind blow®: 
adv. toward the lee side. 

, trQ ., (le'wa"), n. the sideways drift 
Icc-Waj 0 f a vessel in the direction to¬ 
wards which the wind blows; room for action, 
loft (le f t). P-t- and p.p. of the verb leave: 
lcl l a dj' pertaining to the weaker, less active 
side of the human body: opposite to right; 
placed to the left: n. that which is on the left 
side; the most liberal party in a European 
parliament: so called because often seated on 
the left of the chair. 

Vi an H oA (ICft'han'dSd), adj. using 
iclL-JlallQ-cQ the i e ft hand with greater 
strength or skill than tho right; awkward, 
lory d g &). n ■ one of the limbs by wdiich men 
Iv'to and animals walk, especially, in man, 
that part of the lower limb between the knee 
and the ankle; anything resembling this limb, 
especially if used as a support; as, the leg 
of a chair; a covering for a lower limb. 

(l<Sg'a-sl), n. [pi. legacies (-sTz)l. 
a gift, bv will of money or 


leg-a-cy 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











356 


legal 


lens 


property; anything that has come down 
from an ancestor; as, a legacy of family pride. 

1 jyjjl (le'gS. 1 ), adj. pertaining to law; per- 
lC-gai mitted or authorized by law: legal 
tender, currency or coin which a government 
has declared shall be received in payment of 
debts; a forward offer of money in payment 
of a debt.— adv. legally. 

la rrol i +T 7 (le'gal'I-tT), n. conformity to 
IC-gcU-l-iy law; lawfulness. 

1^ oral i 7 P (le'gSl-iz), v.t. to make lawful; 

aSi t 0 legalize the sale of 
Intoxicating liquors. 

(leg'at), n. a representative or 
leg-die a gent of the Pope; an ambassador, 
delegate, or messenger; envoy. 

Iact a fpp (leg'd-te'), n. a person to 
icg-a- ice w hom money or property is left 
by will. 

Ip 0 -n (le-ga'shtin), n. the authoriz- 

IC-gd-liUii j n g 0 f one person to act 
another; an embassy; an ambassador and 
his associates; the official dwelling place of 
an ambassador. 

cro in (la-ga'to), adj. and adv. in music, 
IC-gd-lU moving smoothly without breaks 
between notes. [It.] 

lao- pnr 3 (lej'end; le'jSnd), n. a romantic 
lCg-CJLIU. or nonhistorical story handed 
down from the past; myth; fable; an 
inscription, as on a coin, under a picture, etc. 

(lej'Sn-da-rl), adj. told of 


leg 


elld-a-ry jn story, fable, or myth; 


as, Romulus was the legendary founder of Rome. 

(lgj'er), adj. light and fine, as a line: 
-cl leger lines, lines added above or 


leg 


below the musical staff. 

Ipo- p r ,4p mOir, (lej'er-d3-man'). n. 
ieg-er-ae-IIid.111 sleight of hand; magic. 

loo-crnrl ( 16 S d ; or lg s' gd ). a haAing legs: 
A '-'&& CVA used in combinations; as, a two- 
legged animal. 

1 arr cri-no-c Geg'Ingz), n.pl. long gaiters 
A ' ; '&"& AAA & i3 used as protection from cold 
or wet. Also, leggins. 

laer horn (leg'hom), n. a kind of fine 
icg-nui ii Italian straw braid, or a hat 
made of it; a breed of domestic fowls. 

liacr i Kil I +v (lej'I-bll'I-tl), n. the quality 
lcg-1-Dll-l-iy 0 f being easily read. 

1p>o : "hi A (lej'I-bl), adj. capable of being 
ICg-l-UlC read; clear; distinct; apparent; 
as. vertical handwriting is legible. — adv. legibly. 
— n. legibleness. 

Ip trirvn ( le 'i dn ). n. a division of the 
AC ~& AUAA ancient Roman army; an army; 
a great number. 

Ip <rinn a rxr (le'jfin-i-rl), adj. belonging 
IC-glim-a-iy to, or consisting of, legions; 
too great to be numbered: n. a soldier of a 
Roman legion. 

1 po- io (leJ'Ts-lat), v.i. to make or 

enact a law or laws; as, 
Congress legislates for our country: v.t. to 
bring about by the passage of law. 

1p ff io la firm G6j*Is-la'shfin), n. the act 
A ^fo _A ‘ 5-Ac *- - *' A '-* AA of making a law or laws; 
the laws so made. 

Ipct ic la +ixrp G6j'ls-l&-tlv), adj. pertain- 
icg-l£>-la.-livc ing to, or enacted by, law; 
ha\ r ing the power to make laws. 

1 pnr Ija fnr (lej'is-latter), n. a lawgiver; 

g-i-O-ia- iiu a member of a lawmaking 
body. 

|pnr ic; la 4ni*a G8j'fs-la"tffr), n. that body 
Icg-l&-la-lUlc j n a state which has the 
power of enacting and repealing laws. 

Ip o'if’ I ma cxr Gc-jltf-mo-sl), n. the state 
iC-gil-I-llia-cy or condition of being al- 

lowed by law; lawfulness of birth. _ 


la rr-i-f i mafa (te-JIt'I-m&t). adj. lawful; 
A “-& A t“ A_AAAcAl ' c born of wedded parents; 
real; correct; reasonable; as, illness is a 
legitimate reason for absence from school: 
v.t. (lS-jlt'I-mat), to make or declare to be 
lawful or regular.— adv. legitimately, 
la rri+ i mief (le-jit'I-mist), n. a supporter 
lC-gll-l-li AA ol 0 f the established govern¬ 
ment, especially of a hereditary monarchy, 
lacr uma (lSg'um; le-gum'). n. the seed 
ICg-Uii.i.C or fruit of certain plants, as 
the bean, pea, etc.; a two-valved seed 
vessel having its seeds attached to one side 
only, as a peapod.— adj. leguminous, 
lai cum (le'zhtir; lezh'flr), n. spare time: 
iCi-oUlc ac/j. free from business; unoccu¬ 
pied; as, Zeiswre hours. 

lai ciirairl (le'zhtird), adj. haAdng much 
ici-Mllcu S p are time; as, the leisured 

class of people. 

for lai onra 1v Ge'zhtir-U). adj. not hasty; 
XCl-oUi C-iV s ]ow; deliberate: adv. not 
hastily; deliberately.— n. leisureliness, 
lam rvn Oem'un), n. a well-known acid 
IClll-LUX fruit, of the orange family; the 
light-yellow color of the fruit: adj. flavored 
with, or colored like, a lemon. 

1am arlp Gem'un-ad'), n. a drink of 
-civic, sweetened water flavored 
with lemon juice. 

la mm* Ge'mur), n. a small animal related 
Iv-liiUA to the monkey family. 

lpnH G8nd), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lent, p.pr. 
xc.ii.ci lending], to grant to another for use 
for a time; to afford; as, to lend aid; to 
devote; as, to lend oneself to a scheme: v.i. 
to make a loan.— n. lender. 

Ipncrfh (length), n. the measure of any- 
ACAA & l ' AA thing from end to end; extent 
(of space or time); as, the length of a war; 
a given space taken as a measure; as. two 
lengths of cloth in a skirt; reach; forty- two 
lines of an actor’s part: at length, in full; 
finally. 

Ipncrfh pri (leng'thn), v.t. to make long 
tix-cxx or longer: v.i. to grow longer; 
as, daylight begins to lengthen in December. 

Ipntrfh wica (length'wiz"), adv. in the 
iCilgui-wioc direction from end to end. 
Also, lengthways. 


lprurfVl v Oeng'thI), adj. long and tire- 
ACAA & tAA “J some; as, a lengthy speech.— adv. 


n. 

mer- 


Iengthily.— n. lengthiness. 

la tli pn rv Ge'ni-en-sl; len'ygn-sT). 
xc.-xii-c:xi-cj forbearance; mildness; 

cifulness. Also, lenience._ 

Ip til an+ (le'nl-Snt; len'ySnt), adj. indul- 
xc-xxx-cxxi gent; mild; merciful; as, a 
lenient judge.— adv. leniently. 

Ipn i tivp (ISn'I-tTv), adj. soothing; allay- 
icu-i-uvo j n g p a jn or suffering: n. any¬ 
thing that allays pain or soothes passion. 

Ipn i tv den'I-tl), n. mildness of temper or 
xviA-i-iy disposition; gentleness of treat¬ 
ment; forbear- A a ■ c o c t 

ance. 

1 pn g (ISnz). n. 
lcuo a piece 
of glass or other 
transparent 
substance, with 
one or two 
curved surfaces, 
fitted for chang- 
ing the direc¬ 
tion of rays of; 
light; a body n the eyes of animals whose 
purpose is to bring the rays of light to a 
point on the sensitive membrane within the 
eye; the crystalline humor of the eye. 



Lenses. A, piano - concave; 
B, double concave; C, plano¬ 
convex; D, double convex; E, 
meniscus; F, concavo-convex. 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare;-unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












Lent 


357 


lever 


T PTlt d&nt), n - a fast of forty days (exclud- 

ing Sundays) observed by some 
churches as a preparation for Easter, and a 
time of repentance for sin.— adj. Lenten. 

IpTt "ftp 11 1 st (lon-tlk'il-ldr). adj. bulging 
lCAA-iAU-u-iai out, or COIlvex> on ] 3 0t jj 

sides; as, a magnifying glass is lenticular in 

form. 

Ipn til QSn'tll), n. a plant of the same 
icu-ui nature as the pea, bean, etc., whose 
seeds are used for food, or are ground into 
meal: pZ. the seeds of the plant used for food. 
T p (le'5), n. a group of stars called the 
Lion; one^of the signs of the zodiac. 

1 n a yi,yt p. (le o-nTn), adj. like a lion; 
Ic-U-Illllc powerful; kingly. 

Ipnn orrl (lep'erd), n. a large catlike 
icup-axu beast of prey, with a beautiful 
spotted skin of yellow and black. 

Ipti or (lep'er), n. one suffering from an 
icp-ci infectious disease marked by ulcers 
and white scaly scabs. 

Ipn t*a si), n. [j)l. leprosies 

lcp-lU-oy (-siz)], a contagious, usually 
fatal, skin disease marked by ulcers and white 
scaly scabs. 

1p n rni1<3 dSp'rus), adj. having leprosy, 
icp-iuua a contagious disease marked 
by ulcers and white scaly scabs; covered 
with white scales; unclean. 

Ippp mai pc +t r (lez maj / es-tl), a crime 
lCoC ixiaj-co-tj against the sovereign 

or ruling power; treason; as, in many 
European countries, any criticism of the ruler 
is considered Zese majesty. Also, leze majesty. 
Ip Qirvn de'zhfin), n. injury; change in a 
AC-olUAA function or organism caused by 
disease. 

Ipcq d6s). adj. comparative of little; not so 
ICoo much; smaller; made smaller by 
taking away; as, ten less seven: ado. in a 
smaller or lower degree: n. a smaller quantity: 
a suffix meaning without; as, soulZess, worth¬ 
less, etc. 

Ipc coo (les-e'). n. a person to whom 
ICo-oCC property is rented for a certain 
time, upon certain conditions. 

1 pcc on (les'n), v.t. to make smaller; 
ICoo-CU reduce; to disparage: v.i. to 
grow smaller; to shrink; to become less 
important. 

Ipqq PT des'er), adj. smaller; inferior; as, 
iCba-CI the lesser evil; the lesser value. 

Ipc cnn (les'n), n. that which a pupil 
lCo-alUl learns, or repeats, or does for a 
teacher; instruction or lecture given at one 
time; an exercise; that which is learned or 
taught by experience, observation, etc.; 
a portion of scripture read at a church service; 
as, “Here endeth the first lesson.” 

Ipc cpt des'or; les-or'). n. the grantor of 
lco-oUi a lease; one who lets property to 
another for a certain time, upon certain 
conditions. 

Ipc-f- (lest), conj. that . . . not; for fear 
ICol that; as, “Take heed ZcsZyofall”; that; 
as, I was in dread lest they should arrive too 
late: used without not after expressions indi¬ 
cating fear, anxiety, etc. 

Ipf (ISt), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. let, p.pr. letting], 
to permit; grant to a tenant; lease; 
give out on contract: v.i. to be hired or 
leased; as, the house lets for fifty dollars a 
month; allow to be done: n. an obstacle: 
common only in the phrase, “without let or 
hindrance”: otherwise obsolete. 

Ip fl-io 1 (le'thSl), adj. deadly; fatal; per- 
IC-lllal taining to death. 

Ip ffio-r crip (le-thar'jik), adj. sluggish; 
lC-tAiax-gAU dull: unnaturally drowsy. 


IpfVl f\r crv Ueth'dr-jl), n. unhealthy drow- 
lt- Lii-ai -gj siness; unnatural prolonged 
slumber; listlessness; as, the first symptom 
of certain diseases is extreme lethargy; state 
of inaction or indifference; as, war often 
awakes a nation from lethargy. 

T p flip (le'the), n. in classic mythology. 
a^c-axic the underworld stream of forgetful¬ 
ness, whose waters, when drunk, produced 
loss of memory of life on earth; hence, 
forgetfulness. 

Ip +Vip cm ( 16 -the'S.n), adj. having the 
io-uic-ttii power of the fabled waters of 
Lethe, which caused forgetfulness of the 
past; causing forgetfulness. 

Ipf +pf (let'er), n. a mark or character 
ici-ici used to represent a sound; written 
or printed communication; a printing type; 
word for word meaning; as, the Hebrews 
kept the letter of the law; a document certify¬ 
ing certain privileges, authority, etc.; as, a 
letter of credit: pi. knowledge; learning; lit¬ 
erature; as, great men of letters: v.t. to 
impress or write letters upon. 

1 o+ tororl (let'erd), adj. learned; marked 
Icl-lcI cU with letters. 

Ipf +p r err urn (let'er-gram), n. a night 
it-i-iti-gioin telegram at reduced rates. 

Ipf tpr~"hpc?H (let'er=hed"), n. a printed 
aca-aca ucau or engraved heading at the 
top of a sheet of writing paper. 

1p+ +pr in a (let'er-ing), n. the act or 
ac L-ici -AAij^ process of marking with 
letters; the inscription, etc., made by mark¬ 
ing; as, the lettering on a tombstone. 

1p+ fp-rc na + pn+ OjBt'erz patent, or pa'- 
iei-iers pal-clll tgnt), an official paper 

under seal of the government, giving a person 
authority or permission to do some act or enjoy 
some privilege. 

Ipf fitpp (let'Is), n. a garden plant the 
ici-iutc leaves of which are used as a 
salad. 

T P Vfmt (18-vSnt'), n. the near East; the 
A/c-voiH Orient; the countries near the 
eastern Mediterranean.— adj. Levantine. 

Ip Mfi tor d$- va 'tor), n. a muscle., that 
Ac-va-tux serves to raise an organ or some 
part. 

00 (16-ve'; ^ lev'e), n. a morning recep- 


1© /-cc tion beld by a sovereign or per¬ 
sonage of high rank: properly, one attended 
by gentlemen only; in the United States, any 
general reception, especially one at the White 
House; a river embankment built to prevent 
overflow: v.t. to embank. 

Ipv p 1 dev'el), n. a horizontal surface or 
Ac v -ca ime; surface without inequalities; 
equality of height; as, this position is cn a 
level with that; a horizontal plane which 
represents the height of a certain position 
above the sea; position reckoned in terms 
of height; as, at this level the air is rare; 
she reached a higher social level; standard; 
an instrument used in surveying; section of a 
canal from one lock to another: adj. even; 
horizontal; smooth; steady; equal to some¬ 
thing else in importance: adv. in a horizontal 
direction: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. leveled, p.pr. 
leveling], to make even; free from inequali¬ 
ties; bring to the same plane; point in taking 
aim.— n. levelness. 

Ipv pi pt (lev'el-er), n. that which, or one 
icv-ca-ca w ho, makes even or equal; one 
who would destroy distinctions of rank and 
society; a scraping instrument used in grad¬ 
ing. Also, leveller. 

1p vpt 18v'gr), n. a bar of metal, 

1 G-VC1 etc., turning on a support (ful- 
crum) and raising a weight. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







licentiate 


leverage 


358 


la vpr fltrp (le'ver-aj; lgv'er-aj), n. the 
ie-ver-tige mechanical power gained by 
using a lever; leveraction. 

« 4-Kpn (le-vi'd-th&n), n. a large 
IC-V 1-a-Ulail animal of the sea mentioned 
in several places in the Bible (Job xli. 1-8; 
Ps. civ. 2), but no longer known; anything 
hug 9 , as a whale, etc.: also often applied to 
very large ships. 

i 4-a -ftsvn (l§vT-ta'shun), n. lightness; 
lev-l-xa-xion the state of being lighter 
than the surrounding water, air, etc. 

T a xrl-fo (le'vit), n. in Jewish history, one 
0 f the tribe of Levi, from which 
the priests were taken, and whose members 
helped in the care of the temple.— adj. 
Levitical. 

T ^ T ri+ i nil a (le-vlt'l-kfis), n. the third 
Lc-ViL-l-tUb book of the Old Testament, 
containing the laws for the priests and 
Levites. 

loir i 4 -tt (lev'I-tl), n. lightness of disposi- 
ICV-l-iy tion, conduct, etc.; trifling gaiety; 
as, levity is out of place when talking of sacred 
things; lightness of weight. 
i axr xr (18vT), v.t. Ip.t. and p.p. levied, p.pr. 
iCV-jr levying], to raise or collect by com¬ 
pulsion, as an army or a tax: v.i. to seize 
in order to collect money; as, to levy on 
household goods for unpaid rent: n. the act 
of collecting or raising by compulsion, as 
money or men; the amount or number 
raised. 

I^vfr ir xiror (lev'I war), to make war or 
IcV-y Wdi begin hostilities. 
ip., r J (lud), adj. sensual; impure; as, lewd 
lew LI conversation.— adv. lewdly. —n. lewd¬ 
ness. 

1 q v 1 nf\or ro nb et* (lck sl-k8g ro-fer), n. 
ieX-1-CUg-Id.-piiei fjjQ editor or com¬ 
piler of a dictionary, or lexicon. 

| py i rrvcr fp nb \r (lek'si-kSg'ni-fl), n. 
ieA-l-LOg-1 d-pny the art or occupation 

of editing or compiling dictionaries, or lexicons. 
JoTri nr\n (lek'sl-kon), n. a dictionary; a 

lex-l-con WO rd book. 

U o Kil i -Hr (li'd-bll'I-tl), n. [pi. liabilities 
-d.-Dll-1-ly (-tiz)], the state of being 
exposed to or responsible for; as, liability to 
accident; liability for damages; that for 
which one is responsible: pi. debts. 

I ; o U1 0 (li'a-bl), adj. exposed to damage, 
l-d-uic danger, expense, etc.; as, liable 
to misfortune; answerable; responsible. 

U ni cnn (le"a"z6n'), n. a bond or rela- 
-CU.-OLU1 tionship; an improper intimacy 
between a man and a woman; a connection or 
communication established between two or 
more military units: liaison officer, a joint 
officer of two cooperating military units: 
liaison patrol, a small detachment of soldiers 
operating in territory jointly occupied by two 
military units. [Fr.] 

H nf (li'er), n. one who habitually tells un- 
“*11 truths; one who intentionally tells 
that which is false. 

H kn firm (h-ba"shun), n. the act of 
-U>a.-tlLU.A pouring wine or other liquid 
on the ground as a sacrifice to a god: the 
liquid so poured out; as, the ancient Greeks 
poured a libation to their gods, 
fi Tv P‘1 (b'bel), n. any false or unjust writ- 
il-UCl i n g ( print, publication, or picture 
calculated to injure the reputation or char¬ 
acter of anyone and bring him into public 
contempt: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. libeled, p.pr. li¬ 
beling], to publish a false, injurious statement 
against; injure the character of.— n. libeler, 
libeller; libelant, libellant; libelist, libellist; 
libelee, libellee. 


U V,~1 -niio (li'bSl-fis), adj. containing, or 
-DDl-UUb of the nature of, anything 
that defames; as, a libelous report. Also, 
libellous.— adv. libelously, libellously. 

1iK ar ol (llb'er-al), adj. generous; plenti- 
llU-cl-ai f u l; free from narrowness in 
ideas or doctrines: n. one who believes in 
extension of freedom in political, social, 
religious, and other institutions: Liberal, 
a member of the Liberal party of England. 

liVi oi* a 1 art c (llb'er-al arts), the 
llU-C/I-dl dl lo branches of academic 

learning leading to a degree of bachelor of 
arts, such as literature, history, science, 
language, etc. 

of ol icm (Ub'er-Sl-Izm), n. the prin- 
U-Cl-dl-loi.il ciples in politics or religion 
of one who believes in extension of freedom. 
i:u n T n\ \ Hr (llb'er-Sl'I-tl), n. [pi. liber- 
11D-ci-cii-l-Xy alities (-tiz)], the quality 
of being free and generous; mental breadth. 
UK or o+o (hb'er-at), v.t. to set free from 
llD-Ci-dlC restraint or bondage; as, to 
liberate the slaves; to free from confinement; 
as, to liberate the waters of a stream that has 
been dammed.— rt. liberator. 

1iK of o 4-Ton (llb , er-a / ’shfin), n. the act of 
AlD-Cl-d-LlUli setting free; state of being 

set free. 

UK or lino (llb'Sr-tln), n. one who does 
11D-cl-1111C not restrain his evil impulses, 
appetites, and desires: adj. unrestrained, 
morally or socially; loose in morals.— n. 
libertinism. 

UK or ■Hr (bb'er-tl), n. [pi. liberties (-tiz)], 
llD-Cl-iy freedom; special privilege or 
permission; ungranted or undue freedom; 
as, to take a liberty. 

Syn. independence, license. 

Ant. (see captivity, constraint). 

T iK or Hr "Rntlfl (llb'er-tl b5nd), a 
l^lD-er-Xy -DOIIU. United States govern¬ 
ment bond, issued during the World War, 
as security for repayment of money lent to 
the government for war expenses. 

T iK or Hr T nan (hb'pr-tt Ion), one of 
■L/lD-cl-iy L/Udll a series of several loans 

made by the people of the United States tc 
the government during the World War, and 
secured by government bonds. 

T iK or +V TVTn tnr (hb'er-ti mo'ter). a 
L/lD-er-Xy 1V1U-IUI type Of twelve cyl¬ 
inder gasoline motor, perfected during the 
World War, capable of great speed, and 
adopted for use, for the sake of uniformity, 
in all United States airplanes. 

I I Kro t-i an (li-bra'rl-an), n. one who has 
L- Ul d-l i-txxk charge of a large collection 
of books. 

H U r n f-tr (li'bra-rl), n. [pi. libraries (-rTz)], 
-Ula-iy a collection of books; a room or 
building where such a collection is kept. 

1 : t_ (11-bret'Ist), n. the writer of a 

l-UICt-Llot libretto, or book containing 
the words of an opera, etc. 

U t, rp 4. (11-bret'o), n. a book containing 
-lUCt-tU the words of an opera, oratorio, 
etc.; the text itself. 

1 ] rp (lis), n. plural of louse; as, there are 
11LC numerous species of lice. 

H /.ppoa (li'sens), n. authority to act at 
-eciiao discretion; permission; leave; 
unrestrained liberty; legal permission to do 
something; as, no one can operate an auto¬ 
mobile without a license ,* permitted variation 
from a rule; as, poetic license: v.t. grant 
permission by law. Also, licence. 

U pati fi p+A (ll-sen'shl-&t), n. one given 
-v/ou-u-aic authority to preach or to 
practice a profession. 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene ? event, edge, novel, refer, 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







licentious 


359 


lighterage 


U pp-n 't'irtllQ (U-s6n'shus), adj. un- 
-vtn-uuuo restrained morally; impure. 

Ii rTlPII (K'kSn), n - one of an order of 
M-i/iit/ii. air-nourished plants or fungi 
growing on stones, etc.; a kind of skin 
eruption.— adj. lichenous. 
fipV) crate* ( kc h gat), the roofed gate of a 
Ai '- AA churchyard, under which a dead 

body is carried to the grave. Also, lych gate. 
1 jplf (Ilk), v.t. to pass the tongue over; ca- 
ress with the tongue; lap up; to 
pass over like a tongue, as flames; col¬ 
loquially, to whip, or to conquer in fight: 
n. the act of passing the tongue over; a quick 
or careless stroke; a small quantity; a place 
where salt is found on the surface of the 
earth and where wild animals come to lick it. 
Hr rirA (Uk'6-rls), n. a plant of the 
Ilt-U-iltc bean family; the dried root 
of this plant, or the juice extracted from it. 
Also, liauorice. 

Hr for (lik'tSr), n. a Roman official who 
Ut-lUl attended the chief magistrates and 
bore the badge of authority, a bundle of rods, 
having among them an ax with the blade 
projecting. 

12.4 (lid), n. a movable cover closing an 
opening, as of a box; top; the cover 
of the eye. 

Ho v.i. [p.t. lay, p.p . lain, p.pr. lying], 
to rest in a reclining position; to take 
such a position; rest or remain; be situated 
or placed: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. lied, p.pr. lying], 
to speak a falsehood; represent falsely: n. a 
falsehood; in golf, the slant of a club held 
ready to strike; the situation of the ball to 
be played on. 

12(lef), adv. willingly; as, I had as lief 
11 cl go as stay. 

Hpctp G dt having the right to devo- 

llCgC tion and service; sovereign; as, 
he reverenced his liege lady; bound to give 
service and devotion: n. one bound to give 
service and devotion; a sovereign; a lord 
and master.— n. liegeman. 

„ — (le'Sn; len), n. a legal claim upon 
property; security fcr payment. 

(lu), n. place; stead: used in the 
phrase in lieu of. 

] i ai i fpri all ('XT du-t§n an-sl), ti. the 
licu-ieil-clll-uy rank or authority of a 

lieutenant. 

Hon ion crrvf (lft-ten'ant; Br. lef-ten'- 
^ n t) t n. ah officer ranking 
next below a captain in the army and a 
lieutenant commander in the navy; one who 
acts for a superior in his absence: lieutenant 
colonel, an army officer next in rank above a 
major, and below a colonel: lieutenant 
general, an army officer next in rank above 
a major general, and below a general. 

12-f^ (lif), n. the state of being alive; living 
AiiC existence; vitality; as, to bring to 
life that which appears to be dead; union 
of soul and body; a living .person; as, but 
one life was saved from the wreck; living 
beings collectively; as, human life; animal 
life ,* period between birth and death; as, 
all the years of a man’s life; manner of living; 
as, a life of pleasure; a biography; as, the 
life of Tennyson; animation; vivacity; as, 
to be full of life; to put life into an under¬ 
taking; the moving spirit; as, he was the 
life of the household. 

Hfo Hlnnrl (llf'blud"), n. the life-giving 
li.iC-UJ.UUU. fluid in the veins; any source 
or spring of vital strength. 

Hfa \\r\at (lif'bdt*), n. a strong buoyant 
hiC- UUdL boat used in res'cuing persons 
at sea. 


li 
lieu 



Life Preserver 


1!fa Hlinv dtf boi; lif bool), afloat, often 
U1C u uujr a buoyant ring, to keep persons 
from sinking in the water. 

life crnarri Sard), a body of troops 
AAAC c,u<u u defending the person of a high 
officer or dignitary. 

life 1 pqq (liffles), adj. without vitality; 
AAA c_At ' c>0 dead; wanting in energy; list¬ 
less; dull.— adv. lifelessly. —n. lifelessness, 
life* Hlr^ (lif'fik"), adj. like a living being; 
Aii^r-iuvc realistic; as, a lifelike portrait. 

life Inner (hf'long"), adj. enduring or re- 
AAAC-AWAA 6 maining throughout life. 

1 i fp nrp cm*v Pr (hf priS-zflrv'er), a de- 
111C prC-bClV-Cr vi Ce f or holding the 

body up from sinking in 
the water; a club or cane 
with a heavy metal head, 
used as a weapon. 

life timp (lif'tim"), n. 

lllC-imiC t he length of 

time that life lasts. 

12f:x (lift), v.t. to raise to a 
Ai 1 higher point; place in 
a higher position; to exalt; 
support in the air; collo¬ 
quially, steal: r.i.to exert 
strength in raising; to rise: 
n. the act of raising to a 
higher point; high position; 
as, the proud lift of her 
head; aid; help; assistance; 
as, to give anyone a lift in 
carrying a load; a ma¬ 
chine for carrying up or down; an elevator. 

Her Jl mPTlt (Wg'a-ment), n. a strong 
Aig-a.-AJ.j.ciJ.t elastic tissue connecting the 
ends of movable bones, or holding in place 
an organ of the body; a bond or tie. 

\\cr a tiirp (Hg'd-tfir), n. a narrow bandage; 
AA &~ CA " tUA in printing, a double character, 
or two or more letters united, as ee; a curve 
or line connecting musical notes, or the notes 
so connected: v.t. to bind with a narrow band. 
Her Tit ( kt ) • n - the condition of illumination 
ligiiL U pon which sight depends: opposite 
to darkness ; as, the light of day; that which 
illuminates, as the sun, a candle, etc.; the 
brightness so given out; appearance from a 
special point of view; as, your explanation 
puts the matter in a new light; clear mental 
vision or that which gives it; as, to throw 
light on a problem; a window, or a pane of 
glass in a window; as, the hail beat against 
the window and broke three lights: adj. 
clear; bright; not dark; blond; not heavy 
or burdensome; delicate; not massive; gay; 
trifling; unimportant; nimble; short in 
weight; well raised, as bread; graceful; 
undignified; dizzy: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lighted, 
lit, p.pr. lighting], to set fire to; cause to 
shine and give forth brightness; furnish with, 
or guide by, a light: v.i. to take fire; to 
begin to give forth brightness: usually fol¬ 
lowed by up; as, her face lighted up; to come 
down, fall, or settle, or to find by chance: 
with on or upon. 

llVTlt 211* til Ipi* V jir-tfiTr-I), can- 
AigAit ai-iu-ici-j r.on accompanying 

troops in field operations. 

HcrTvf p-n (Kt'n), to ®!ake clear or 
ligilL-cil bright; to illumine; make less 
heavy; to cheer; as, kind words lighten the 
heart: v.i. to brighten; shine out; flash, as 
in an electric storm-; to become less heavy. 
HcrTrf pi* (Ht'er), n. a large epen barge used 
ligilL-Cl i n loading and unloading vessels. 

Kcrht pr acre* (Ht'gr-ij), n. the unloading 
ligiiL-ci-agc 0 f a cargo by large open 

barges; charge made for such work. 


-' —. - ■ ■ -— -- - ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ — 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











light-fingered 


360 


limited 


UrrVi+ fi-n o-<vr^H (lit'fln'gerd), adj. deft 
Ugnt-nn-geieu and clever in picking 

pockets; thievish. 

1 :ryU + pH (lit'hSd'Sd), adj dizzy; 

llgni-neau-eu delirious, as with fever; 

thoughtless; heedless. 

* . -t _ x. _ j mt/i 


ticrVit Vi part pH (llt'hart"ed), ad;, free 
IJ.gllL ilcdl l-Cll from care; gay; cheer 


dv. light-heartedly.- 


gay; 

light-hearted- 


.house 



like-wise 

similar 


ful. 
ness. 

light »nuuoc a tower 
or other structure furnished 
with a brilliant light at the 
top to show points of danger 
to ships at sea. 

1in-V»+ Itt Oit'll), adv. with 
llgul-iy little force or 
weight; as, to walk lightly; in 
small degree or amount; as, 
to reward lightly; without 
heed; indifferently; as, to 
treat a matter lightly; gaily; 
cheerfully; as, to bear trouble 
lightly; swiftly; nimbly. 

light-ness gteemghthouse 

gree of being illuminated; bteei ugntnouse 
state or quality of being not heavy; hence, 
buoyancy; fickleness; nimbleness; grace. 
lio-Vi* -nincr (Ut'htogb n. a sudden flash of 
Alglll-IAlIif, electricity in the air, usually 
accompanied by thunder; a brightening or illu¬ 
mination; as, the lightning of the setting sun. 

1 • i_ 4 - „• mA (llt'nlngrod), ametal rod 
lignt-ning rod fastened on a building to 
protect it from lightning by catching the 
electric discharge and conducting it into the 

Un-Vi* eVit-rw (lit'shlp"), n. a vessel with a 
ilgilt-oliip light moored at a dangerous 
place to warn sailors. 

licrlvf crimp (Kt'sflm), adj. cheerful; live- 

ilgni-some ly; nimble. 

1i nd-»+- in-V»+ (lit'wat"), n. one that 
llgnt-weignt we ighs less than the 
average: adj. weighing less than the average; 
hence, of little account. 

Her tip mic (lig'nS-us), adj. composed of, 
**&- AA C-UU.o or like, wood; woody. 

Wcr ni+P (Ug'nit), n. an imperfect kind of 
Hg-IlllC coal formed from wood. 

lirr mim ui Vcp (Ug'num=vi'te), n. the 
ilg-nUIIl Vl-Xcc very heavy nard wood 

of certain South American, West Indian, and 
Australian trees. 

HItp adj. similar; resembling; equal or 

illkC nearly equal; in a mood or condition 
for; as, I feel like reading; it looks like rain: 
adv. and prep, to the same extent, or in the 
same manner, as; likely: only in such expres¬ 
sions as like enough: n. that which is equal or 
similar to another; a copy: pi. the things 
one prefers; fancies; as, our likes and 
dislikes: v.t. to have a taste for; enjoy: v.i. 
to choose: suffix, indicating resemblance. 
— adj. likable, likeable. 

HItp 1i VinnH (Hk'li-h86d), n. probability; 
*VKC-I1-I100CI aSi there is little likelihood 

that it will happen. 

l*i,p (Ilk'll), adj. [comp, likelier, superl. 
AlIVC-lj likeliest], credible; probable; as, 
a likely story; suitable; as, likely behavior; 
being such as to make probable; as, that is 
likely to happen: adv. probably, 
lilr p-n v - t - to compare; as, “I will 

Ilia. - Cl 1 uken him unto a wise man.” — 
Matt. vii. 24. 

Hlrp rtpcc (lik'nSs), n. resemblance; sitnl- 
111S.C-I1C&Q larity; a portrait. 



(lik-wls), adv. and conj. in a 
manner; also; more¬ 
over; too. . 

-ill- (liking), n. fondness; inclination; 

llK-ing desire. 

r : i 0 _ (li'lak), n. a shrub with fragrant 
1 -Id.C white or pale pinkish-purple flowers; 
the pale purple color of the lilac. 

L J1 i; flor, (M"I-pu'shan), adj. very 

11-11-pu-XIdJl small; like the tiny people 
of Lilliput, a country described in Swift’s 
Gulliver’s Travels: n. one of the tiny people 
of Lilliput; any extremely small person; a 
dwarf. Also, Liliputian. 

liij. (lilt), n. a light or lively tune; a merry 
lilt song; rhythmic movement; as, the 
lilt of verse: v.t. and v.i. to sing lightly or 
gaily; as, to lilt a song; to lilt and play. 

m ^ r (lfli), n. a plant with bulblike roots 
and handsome flowers: adj. lily-white. 
limK (l Jm ). n - a jointed part extending 
IIIIIU from an animal body, as a leg, an 
arm, or a wing; 
the branch of a 
tree; an edge or 
border; as, the 
limb of a plan¬ 
et’s disk; col¬ 
loquially, a ro¬ 
guish child: v.t. 
to cut or tear 
the legs and 
arms from. 

lim-b er 

(llm'ber), n. the fore part of a gun carriage: 
v.t. to attach the fore part to (a gun carriage); 
make easy to bend: adj. easily bent; limp.— 
n. limberness. 

K-rvi Vin (llm'bo), n. a region between heaven 
nm-UU and hell; a place for worthless 
things. 

li-rrwi (11m), n. a kind of white earth ob- 
I1II1C tained by the action of heat upon 
limestone, hard to melt, and having power to 
eat away any substance it touches: called 
also quicklime; a tree of the orange kind yield¬ 
ing a juicy, acid fruit; the linden tree: v.t. to 
apply quicklime to: birdlime, a sticky sub¬ 
stance smeared on twigs to catch small birds, 
lii-i-id L-il-n (lim'kir; lim'klln"), n. a fur- 
llllltJ-ivlIIl nace in which limestone la 
burned to yield lime. 

li-rna lin-Vvf (lim'lit"), n. a brilliant, in- 
IllllC-Ilgllt candescent light produced by 
the action of a very hot flame upon lime; 
the brilliantly lighted portion of a stage; a 
prominent position before the public; as, 
certam natures enjoy being always in the 
limelight. 

T J-n-i i/*1r (llm'er-ik), n. a nonsense 
J-'blll-t/I -ILiv poem of five lines, of which 
lines one, two, and five form one rime and 
lines three and four another, 
lima o+Anp.dim'ston'), n. a rock con- 
iliii.C-oLUJ.ic taining carbonate of lime, 
lim (llm'It), n. a border or boundary; 
illll-ll utmost extent; that which confines, 
ends, or checks: v.t. to confine within bounds; 
restrict. 

Hm t +o +tnn (Um'I-ta'shfln), n. that 
lim-l-xa-lion w hj C h bounds, binds, or 

holds back; restriction; point beyond which 
one cannot progress. 

lim :+ Ar 1 (llm'It-ed), p.adj. restricted; 
lllll-lL-CL1 controlled in action by con¬ 
stitutional provisions: said of a government; 
as, a limited monarchy: n. a fast express train, 
with special accommodation for first-class 
passengers, and usually charging an extra fare. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 






















I 



1. Black oak. 2. White ash. 3. White oak. 4. White elm. 5 Cucumber tree. 6. Yellow poplar. 7. 
Sycamore or Buttonwood. 8. Sugar maple. 9. Red cedar. 10. Sweet or Red gum. 















AMERICAN TREE LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUITS 


1. White pine. 2. Shellbark hickory. 3. Red spruce. 4. Incense cedar. L. Hemlock. 6 . Black walnut. 
7. Redwood. 8. Chestnut. 9. Cottonwood. 10. River birch. 














limitless 


361 


liquidate 


lim it Ipcc (llm'It-les), adj. having no 
AAAAA -lL-iCoo bounds; unconflned. 

limn 61m), v.t. to paint or draw; illuminate 
AAA 1111 as books and majauscripts. 

li moil ci-np (le'moo-zen'), n. a type of 
AA-AAAV,LA-OAAAC motor car having a closed 
body and outside driver’s seat, 
limn (Iknp), n. a halt in walking: v.i. to 
lli.np walk with a halt: adj. lacking stiff¬ 
ness, firmness, or strength.— adv. limply.—n. 
limpness. 

lim npt (lim'pet), n. a shellfish with a 
AAAAA r ,ct cone-shaped shell, found sticking 
to rocks or timbers. 

lim nirl Ohn'pid), adj. transparent; spark- 
*AAAi-piu. Ungly clear; as, a limpid stream. 
— adv. limpidly.— n. limpidness. 

linrVi -nin (Unch'pln'), n. a piece of iron, 
ili.iL/ii.-pii.x etc., which goes through the 
end of an axle and keeps the wheel in its 
place. 

lifl rlptl (hto'den), n. a tree with heart- 
1111-UC AX shaped leaves, and small clusters 
of cream-colored flowers: found in both 
Europe and America. 

(lin), n. a mark on paper, etc., having 
JUllC length but not breadth or thickness; 
a slender string or cord; a cord used for 
fishing; a row; as, a line of trees; a boundary; 
as, we crossed the line into Canada; an 
imaginary circle on the globe; as, a line of 
latitude; plan or method; as, follow this 
line of attack; a course of action; an industry 
or profession; as, he was an expert in his 
own line; a mark in the hand or face; a row 
of printed or written letters or words; a verse 
of poetry; particular class of goods; descent; 
as, a line of kings; vehicles, cars, trains, 
ships, etc., making up a system of transpor¬ 
tation; in war, a row of defended positions; 
as, a trench in the front line; a row of soldiers 
marching abreast; a wire in a telegraph or 
telephone system: pi. the words of a part 
in a play: v.t. to draw lines upon; place along 
side by side; as, to line up soldiers; cover 
on the inside; as, to line a coat: strengthen 
by inner fortifications: v.i. to form a row; as, 
the men line up for inspection: line officer, a 
commissioned officer below the rank of a 
ma,or. 

if- - orrp (Un'e-aj), n. descent from a 
Ull-c-a.gc common ancestor; family; as, 
a lady of high lineage. 

1 • _ _ 1 (lin'e-al), adj. composed of lines; 

UIl-c-cll j n direct descent from an ancestor; 
as, the lineal descendants of the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence.— adv. lineally, 
lin o a mpnf (Un'e-a-ment), n. feature, 
lUl-c-ci-TllcIll especially of the lace; 

outline: usually in plural, 
lin a, ov (hn'e-cr), adj. pertaining to, or 
Illl-C-a.1 composed of, lines; having a 
straight direction; very narrow. 

|• _ rma-n (lin'man), n. a man who repairs 

lUIc-IIIcUA electric wires: one who carries 


or 

a 

as 


n. one skilled in; 


lin anal (Un'gwal), adj. pertaining to, 
A 1AA -t,lAa.l formed by, the tongue: n. 
letter or sound formed by the tongue, 
l , r, th, etc. 

lin anici'i' dm'gwist), 
mi-gUlbl languages. 

lin ai’ic fir* dih-gwis'tlk), adj. belonging 
1AAA & Alio-tic to the study and comparison 
of languages. 

lin aiiio ■iir*c (lTn-gwls / tiks), n.pl. the 
ini guio-uca science of languages, or the 

study of their origins, growth, likenesses, and 
differences. 

lift i rripn+ (lln'I-ment), n. a liquid medi- 
lli.i-1-iiiCllc ca i preparation for rubbing 

into tho skin. 

lin in a (Im'ffig), n. an inside covering; 
nil lii^, contents; as, tho best lining for 
a purse is money. 

|ini- (1 nk), n. a single ring or division of a 
mill chain; single part of a connected series; 
as, a link in a chain of evidence; a surveyor’s 
land measure, 7.92 inches; connection; torch 
made of pitch and tow, or coarse flax: pi. 
flat sandy soil; golfing grounds: v.t. to con¬ 
nect by, or as by, a link: v.i. to be connected. 
lin npf , n. a small singing bird 

1111 -licl common in England. 

li Ip* nm (h-no'le-um), n. a floor cover- 
ii-llU-Xv^-lllil j n g composed of ground cork, 

linseed oil, and chloride of sulphur, commonly 
used in kitchens, bathrooms, etc. 
lin n Oin'6-tip"; Hn'6-tTp"), n. a 

xin-u-ty jJL/ typesetting machine, operated 
by keys similar to those of a typewriter, which 
casts each line of type in ono piece; hence 
the name; the slug, or line of type cast by 
such a machine. 

11-p c* p>prS (hn'sed"), n. the seed of flax, from 
liu-aCCU. which linseed oil is produced. 

lin cpir-wnnl covr zi=wool zl), n. a 

im-Sey-VvOCi-SCy doth of mixed linen 

and wool. Also, linsey. 

linf (*' nt )- n - the soft down obtained by 
1111 L scraping linen and used for dressing 
wounds; also, fluff from yarns or fabrics, 
lin fol (lTn'tel), n. the horizontal top piece 
illA-lcl 0 f a door or window. 

1 8 nn (li'un), n. [fern, lioness], a large power- 
5,-Uli f u i flesh-eating mammal of the cat 
family, fourd in the deserts of Africa and 
southern Asia; a person who possesses great 
courage; one who is noted and is sought by 
society: adj. (in composition), noble; ma¬ 
jestic; courageous; as, Zion-hearted. 

H rm (li'fin-iz), v.t. to treat as a 

-Ull-lZ/C celebrity; to pay very great 
attention to socially; as, Americans delight 
to lionize great men. 

1 •„ (lip), n. one of the two fleshy borders of 
AA P the mouth; the flaring or folding edge 
of anything hollow: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lipped, 
p.pr. lipping], to touch with the lips; kiss: adj. 
spoken but not felt; insincere; as, lip service, 
electric wires; one who carries 1J n fop fion (hk^wg-fak'shfin), n. the 
tape, a line, or chain in surveying. ii 4 *uc-iav/-uuu 


a cloth made of flax; 
of this cloth; under- 


14n (un en). n - a 

AAii-cii articles made 
clothing: adj. made of, or like, linen, 
i* (lin'er), n. a steamship belonging to 

llll-tl a regular line of vessels; one who 

makes inside coverings. 

1* o-za*. (lin'ger), v.i. to delay; loiter; 

*111-gc I remain long in any state. 

1 • dan"zh-re'), n. underclothing; 

AUl-gvJ-IlC hnen articles of dress collec¬ 
tively. [Fr.] 

lin err. (Hn'go), n. language; dialect: used 1 j n m ffofp 
IU1-&G’ generally in a humorous or con- ai 4-111 uan 

temptuous sense. 


process of making a 
solid into a fluid; state of being melted, 
lin 111a fir (Uk'w$-fi), v.t. to melt or make 
liq-UC-iy fluid: as, extreme heat will 
liquefy iron: v.i. to become fluid. 

IS mmiir (le"kQr'; llddir'). n. a light 
n-qucui alcoholic drink sweetened and 
variously flavored. 

(llk'wTd), adj. clear; smooth in 


lin iiifi (Ilk wld. 

114-11111 sound; as, a liquid melody; not 

solid: freely flowing: n. a substance that 
flows freely; one of the consonants /, m, n, r. 

(llk'wi-dat), v.t. to pay off, 
as a debt; arrange, as the 
affairs of a bankrupt. , 


boot, loot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


25 








liquidation 


362 


liturgical 


lin iii Ad firm (Hk'wl-da'shttn), n. the 
uq-ui-ua-lion ac t of paying off; the 

settlement of the affairs of a bankrupt’s 
estate. 

12 n ,<2,4 (Itk'wid fir), in the World 

Iiq-Uia nrc War, a highly inflammable 
liquid, such as gasoline, ejected from an 
apparatus usually carried on the back of the 
operator, and ignited so as to form a stream 
of fire. 

lin iinr (Uk'§r), n. an alcoholic drink; any 
uq-UUl substance that pours freely. 

12 n ,,,v~ (Hk'6-rls). n. an herb of the 

liq-uor-ice bean family; the root of the 
plant or the juice extracted from it. Also, 
licorice. 

12 , rCk (le'ra), n. [pi. lire (le'ra)], an Italian 
11-let coin, worth 19.3 cents and equivalent 
to a franc; a Turkish coin equal to $4.40. 
lid a 6fl), n. a fine hard twisted cotton 
Hole thread or fabric woven from it. 

12Qf-j (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and z nearly 
llojJ ibce th; to speak imperfectly or with 
hesitation: v.t. to utter imperfectly or 

affectedly: to express in a childlike manner; 
to utter timidly or secretly: n. the imperfect 
utterance of s and z. 

Iio ervm (Us'um), n. limber; nimble; agile; 

sw jft and light in motion. Also, 
lissome.—n. lissomeness. 

12of (list), n. a catalog, roll, or register; 
llol the edge or selvage of cloth; strip of 
doth; a leaning or bending to one sido: 
said of a ship; small square molding: pi. 
formerly, an inclosure where a tournament 
was held: v.t. to catalog, register, or enroll; 
■cover with strips of cloth; sew together; 
listen to: v.i. to tilt over to one side; to 
•enlist; choose; as, the wind bloweth where 
It listeth; hearken. 

lie f at? d* s ' n )» attend to closely, so 

11b-tell as ^0 hear; hearken; obey.— n. 
listener. 

Syn. attend, hark, heed. 

Ant. (see ignore). 

lie fpn in a- nnct (Us'n-Ing post), in the 
IlS-ten-mg post World War, a position 

occupied at night by one or two soldiers 
detailed to try to hear some indication of 
the movements of the enemy: listening patrol, 
the soldiers occupying a listening post, 
lief loee (ITst'ISs), adj. indifferent; languid; 
lib l-lcob spiritless.— adv. listlessly. — n. 

listlessness. 

12 f (lit), past tense and past participle of the 
lit verb light. Also, lighted. 

m o mr (lit'c-nl), n. a solemn form of 
-d-Iiy prayer or supplication in which 
the clergyman leads and congregation re¬ 
sponds. 

U i f . r (le'ter), n. in the metric system, a 
-led measure equal to 61.023 cubic inches, 
or 1.0567 quarts. Also, litre. 

m Ai* o (Ut'er-d-sl), n. the state of 
"Ui-d-t,y being able to read and write. 

m , ir (lit'er-al), adj. consisting of, or 
-ui-ai expressed by, letters; following 
the given words; exact; as, a literal trans¬ 
lation; precise; as, the literal truth; matter- 
of-fact.— adv. literally.— n. literalness. 

|2f n rT , (llt'er-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, 
1.11-cl -rf-l y or appropriate to, literature 
or men of letters; having a knowledge of, or 
engaged in, literature. 

m AT of a (llt'er-ai), adj. having a knowl- 
- cl-die edge of letters or literature; 
able to read and write: n. a learned or edu¬ 
cated person: opposite to illiterate. 
lit 6 ra ti dlt'S-ra/ti), n.pl. men of letters. 


12f rci f^ (llt'S-ra'tlm), adv. literally 
ilt-e-ra-Iirn or exactly; letter for letter. 

[Lat.] 

■j 2 f „ 0 f 1iro (llt'er-d-tur), n. the written 

lU-tJl-d-LUlC or printed productions of a 
country or period, especially those that .re 
notable for beauty or force of style; the 
work of authors; the body of writing upon 
a given subject; printed matter issued for a 
special purpose; as, campaign literature. 

<Uth), adj. bending easily; willowy; 
illllc Umber; nimble; supple; as, the 
cat has a lithe body.—n. litheness. 

1 if Via onm a (l’ffi'sum), adj. nimble; 11m- 
llllic-bUiiic ber; lissom.— n. lithesome- 

neS s. 

I 2 xd \ o (llth'I-d), n. a white crystalline 
UUl-I-d substance obtained by burning 
lithium in oxygen, etc. 

I 2 xi_ 2 11trl (llth'I-um), n. a silver-white 
llUl-l-UlIl metallic substance, the lightest 
metal known. 

12+Vi r\ irrnnh (Hth'6-graf), n. a picture. 
llin-O-grdpil y usually in colors, 

printed from a drawing on stone, or zinc: 
v.t. to draw, or engrave on stone, or zinc, 
and transfer to paper.— n. lithographer. 

litli n errnnil i r (Hth'fi-gr&f'ik). adj. per- 
lltil-O-gldpil-li; taming to the art of 

printing pictures, or stationery, in colors or 
otherwise, etc., from stone, or zinc. Also, 
lithographical.— adv. lithographically. 

H +1-1 act to -nVixr (H-tbog'rd-fi). n. the art 
-tnog-ra-pny of making a design. 

usually in colors, on stone, or zinc, so that 
it may be transferred to paper. 

m 2 n+ (Ht'I-g&nt), n. one engaged In 
-1-gdlil a lawsuit: adj. engaged in a 
lawsuit or inclined to resort to the law to 
settle claims, etc. 

m ; rro+A (Ht'i-gat), v.t. to make the sub- 
-1-^dlC j cc t of a lawsuit; to bring to a 
court of law for settlement; as, to litigate a 
dispute about boundaries of land: v.i. to 
engage in a lawsuit. 

1 *X • f2 nri (litT-ga'shfin), n. the act or 
lll-l-go—IlUii process of carrying on a 


lawsuit; 

12 +2 crinne: (U-tlj'fls), adj. given to en- 

II- Li-gjiuuo gaging in lawsuits; quarrel¬ 
some. 

Iif mite (llt'mus), n. a purple dye, obtained 
ill-illu£> from certain very small plants 
called lichens: used to dye chemical testing 
paper, which turns red in an acid and blue 
in an alkali, 

(lit'er), n. straw, hay, etc., used for 
-lei horses’ bedding; a framework with 
a bed, for carrying a person who is lying down; 
state of confusion or untidiness; number of 
young produced at one birth, as pigs, etc.: 
v.t. to supply with straw, etc., for bedding; 
cover with straw; scatter about carelessly: 
v.i. to bring forth young. 

TCX f csiit (le'ta"ra*tflr , ),fn. a scholarly 
-lo-la-lCUl man; a man of letters. [Fr.J 
lif .pip, (llt'l), adj. \comp. less, superl. least), 

III- lie small in size, quantity, dignity, or 
importance; brief in time; insignificant; 
young; mean: adv. in a small degree; not 
much: n. that which is small in size, quantity, 
etc.— n. littleness. 

Syn., adj. diminutive, small. 

Ant. (see groat). 

1 (Ht'6-rSl), adj. pertaining to, near, 
-tu-iai or living on, the shore; situated 
between high- and low-water mark: n. 
country lying near the shore of a sea, lake, etc. 

H fiir tnV al (H-tflr'jlk-5,1), adj. of or per- 
taining to a set form of 


ate, senate, rare, eat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










liturgy 


363 


lobelia 


divine service; as, a liturgical form of wor¬ 
ship. Also, lifurgic. 

lit-U.r-e'V (llt'ur-jio, n. [pi. liturgies (-jlz)], 
tit ui & J the set form or service for public 

worship. 

Hv n Kick (llv'd-bl), aclj. endurable; fit 
iiv-a-uic or agreeable to live in or with. 

Also, liveable. 

liTro 6*v), v.i. to exist or have life; pass or 
uv , c enjoy life; as, to live happily; reside 
or dwell; as, to live in a house; to live in the 
woods; to get support or to subsist; as, to 
live on meat; to live within one’s means; to 
continue to have life; as, to live to be old; 
to survive or endure: v.t. to pass or spend; 
as, to live a happy life: to live down, to recover 
from, or cause to be forgotten by later con¬ 
duct; as, to live down disgrace: adj. (liv), 
having life; effective; burning; as, a live 
coal; full of activity or interest; as, a live 
topic. 

llVP li hnofl (liv'll-hood), n. means of 
* v v-xx-xxvvv. existence; regular support. 

Syn. living, maintenance, subsistence, sup¬ 
port. 

livp 1 nrs O' 6iv'long"), adj. long in passing; 
nYt-xoug tedious; whole; entire; as. they 
toiled the livelong day. 

llVP Iv (liy'.ll), adj. active; brisk; full of 
v ^ -A J spirit; as, a lively disposition; 
vivid; as, a lively fancy; forcible; as, a 
lively impression.— n. liveliness. 

Syn. merry, sportive, sprightly, vivacious. 
Ant. (see slow, languid). 
llVP Pair 6Iv ok), one of several snecies 
uvc '-' ctxv of American oak valuable as 
timber and for shipbuilding, 
liv Pr (Hv'er), n. one who exists, dwells, 
xxv-cx or spends time in some especial 
way; an organ of the body which produces 
bile and causes important changes in cer¬ 
tain food substances in the blood, 
liv Pr iprf (Uv'er-ed), adj. clothed in the 
AAV_CA “ ACVA peculiar dress used by any 
group of persons, especially by servants. 

liv-er-wort $2rK,at«£ a mosslike 

liv pr V 6Iv'er-I), n. [pi. liveries Hz)], a 
AA v -t ' A “J particular costume worn by ser¬ 
vants or by any other special group of per¬ 
sons; the keeping and feeding of horses for 
a certain sum of monoy or the hiring out of 
horses and vehicles; a stable where horses 
are boarded or hired out. 

liv pr V man (hv'cr-l-m&n), n. the keep- 
AAV_CA_ J -AAAClAA er of a stable where horses 
and vehicles are boarded or hired out. 

Iitt cx v T 7 ofo h 1 p (liv'er-I sta , bl), a stable 
xiv -ci -y oia-bic where horses are kept 


and let out for hire 
liv irl 6iv'id), adj. black and blue; dis- 
iiv-au. colored as by a blow; as, a livid 
scar; ashy pale. 

liv inv dtv'Ing), p.adj. having life; flowing, 
AAV_AAA & as a spring; vigorous; active; 
producing life, action, or strength; n. liveli¬ 
hood; in England, a church appointment or 
office; mode of 
life. 

liz-ard 

n. a reptile hav¬ 
ing a scaly body, 
and four well- 
developed 
limbs, each 
with five toes. 

11 o n\a (la ma), n. a, ouum iuiiau.au 
AACA-AAJLCl animal somewhat like a camel, but 
smaller and without a hump. Also, lama. 



Lizard 
a South American 


11a- 


nr»<5 (la/noz; Span, lya'noz), n.pl. the 
-xxv o broad level grassy plains of South 
America. 

1 A (lo), interj. behold! see! look! as, lot 
AV/ he comes. 

Innrh (loch), n. a small European fresh- 
avcxvaa water fish of the carp family. 

Iftn (lod), v.t. to put on as much as cans 
xvo-u. be carried; to freight; to burden; 
weigh down; embarrass; to give to in great- 
abundance; as, to load one with attentions; 
to put powder, etc., into, as a gun: n. a bur¬ 
den; mass or weight usually carried at once; 
as, a load of coal; cargo; something which 
hinders free or swift movement; a mental 
burden; as, a load of care or suffering; the- 
powder, etc., with which a gun is charged.— 
n. loader. 

Syn. burden, clog, encumbrance. 

Inn A p/4 (lod'ed), p.adj. laden; weighted, 
luau-cu especially with lead; as, loaded 
dicer. 

cfar 6od'star"), n. a star that lead® 
ioau-oiai or guides; especially, the pole- 
star, called the North Star; hence, anything: 
which strongly influences or draws attention. 
Also, lodestar. 

1 e+nrip (lod'ston"), n. magnetic oxide 

1UO.U.-& IU1XC 0 f iron; a magnet. Also, 
lodestone. 

Inflf 6of), v.i. to idle away time: n. [pL 
avcia loaves (15vz)], a shaped mass of bread 
or cake; a shaped lump, as of sugar. 

Ipjaf (lof'er), n. an idler; hence, on© 
xuai-ci who has the bad habits of street- 
loungers. 

lofStn 65m), n. a rich soil composed of 
xvcxxxx decayed vegetable matter, clay, and 
sand: v.t. to cover with such soil.— adj~ 

loamy. 

IfiflTS 6on), n. a sum of money lent for a- 
avcua period, repayable with interest; some¬ 
thing granted for temporary use: v.t. and v.i- 
to lend. 

loath 65th), adj. unwilling; reluctant; as, 
XUclUA j W as loalh to go. Also. loth. 
Inafho (loth), v.t. to regard with extreme 
avcllaav dislike or disgust; detest. 

Instil in cr (lotting), n. disgust; nausea; 
xvexxxx xxxg, aversion; abhorrence. 

Inath enmo (lotfi'sfim), adj. causing dis- 
lUdUl-bUine gust and a feeling of sick¬ 
ness; as, smallpox is a loathsome disease; 
detestable.— adv. loathsomely.— n. loathsome¬ 
ness. 

Iaqvpo 6ovz), n. plural of loaf; as, five- 
IOa.V es loaves of bread. 

In hfl tf* (lo'bat), adj. having rounded divi- 
xv-uaio sions or parts, as a leaf. 

loll hv 6ob'I), n. [pi. lobbies (-Iz)], a small 
xvv-vj ball or waiting room; passage* 
opening into an apartment; that part of the* 
hall where a lawmaking body meets to which 
the public have access; the persons who try 
to influence the votes of members of a law¬ 
making body: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. lobbied, 
p.pr. lobbying], to try to get the votes or 
members of a legislature or lawmaking body 
for a particular measure. 

Inh hv ict 6ob'i-ist), n. a person, not a 
xou-uj -Ao i member, who tries to influence- 
the votes of members of a legislative or law¬ 
making body. 

Inho 6ob), n. any rounded projection or 
ivx,v part; as, the lobe of the ear; th& 
lobes of the brain.—ad;, lobed. 

In hn li a 66-be'lI-a; lo-bel'yd), n. any of 
lv-uc-u-a a certain kind of plants with 
beautiful red, blue, or white flowers, including: 
the Indian tobacco plant, etc. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 







lobster 


364 


logarithm 


otor (lob'ster), n. a large shellfish 
AU U-o tel used as food. 

l n «„1 (lo'kal), adj. pertaining to place; 
lU-Udl used in, or relating to, a particular 
place; as, local elections: n. in the United 
States, a newspaper paragraph of local inter¬ 
est; a train running between small towns. 

,, _i „ (lo"kal'), n. place, as affected by 
JLU-UclAc surrounding conditions; locality. 
[Fr.] 

l/\ />o1 tom (lo'kal-Izm), n. a word, expres- 
AU-UdA-Xblil s ion, or custom used in a 
particular region or district. 

I. i ; x r flo-kal'l-ti), n. [pi. localities 
lU-l/di-l- ij (-tlz)], restriction or limitation 
to a definite place; a geographical region or 
position; a vicinity. 

ir\ r*«ol i' 7 <a (lo'kal-Iz), v.t. to limit to a 
iU-tcU-lzo particular place; as, quarantine 
-attempts to localize contagious diseases.—n. 

localization. 

In r*n 1 (lo'kal bp'shfin), the right 

lo cal op-lion or duty of the people of 
a district to determine by vote whether tho 
sale of alcoholic drinks shall be allowed 
within the district. 

I _ (lo'kat), v.t. to place in a particular 

.lU-UdlLc spot; establish; mark out and 
•determine the position of: v.i. colloquially, 
to settle. 

I- „„ -l-i/vn flS-ka'shiin), n. exact position 
lU-l/d-lIUlI or place; plot of ground 
marked out by boundaries. 

1(lokh), n. a lake; a bay or arm of the 

J. UL11 sea . Also, lough. [Scot.] 

_t_ (lok), n. a mechanical device fur- 
lULIi nished with a spring and bolt for 
fastening a door, etc., by means of a key; 
anything that fastens; an inciosure between 
agates in a canal, river, etc., used in raising 
or lowering boats as they pass from level 
to level; a mechanism for firing a gun; a hug 
In wrestling; a tuft of hair or wool; ringlet: 
’V.t. to fasten or secure with a lock; shut up; 
confine: v.i. to become fast by a lock; en¬ 
twine. 

Syn., n. bar, bolt, hook, fastening. 

Iftrlr or (lok'er), n. a drawer, cupboard, 
tUUn-ci compartment, or chest secured 
by a lock; especially, a cupboard for individ¬ 
ual use. 

1 ft a of (Ibk'et), n. a small gold or silver 
LU Lix-C I. ornament, so made as to open and 
shut, attached to a necklace or chain. 

Iftrlr i a\nr (lok'jo"), n. a disease by which 
lUth-Jaw the lower jaw is drawn up and 
becomes fixed or locked; tetanus. 

Iftolr rkii+ (lok'out"), n. the shutting out 
.AvUxk-U LI L 0 f workmen from a factory by 
an employer to compel them to accept his 
terms. 

omi+li (lok'smlth"), n. a maker or 
repairer of locks. 

Iftrlr cfft-n (lok'step"), n. the strict rnarch- 
iUt/xv-bLUp jng-step of men in close file. 

Iftflr iim dbk'up"), n. a temporary prison 
lUv/h-Up for persons under arrest; a jail. 

1ft rft (lo'ko), n. a name for various poison- 
AW-vU ous American plants which cause 
■disease to animals that eat them; also, the 
■disease so caused: v.t. to poison with this 
weed; as, cattle are locoed; to make crazy. 
1ft rn m ft hilft (lo"cb-mo'bIl), adj. hav- 
ing power to move from 

place to place. 

1ft rft mft fift-n (loTcS-mo'shfin), n. the 
1U-LO-IIIU-LIOil ac t Q f moving or ability 

to move from place to place. _ 

1ft rft -mft fivft (lo'ko-mo'tlv), adj. hav- 
AO-V/U-iuo- v v; j n g ti ie power of moving 


lo- 
lode 


from place to place; moving from one place 

to another; pertaining to a machine that 
moves about under its own power: n. a 
steam engine or electric motor for drawing 
railway cars. 

1ft rn mft +nr (Ib'kb-mo'tSr), adj. per- 
1U-UU-J.11U-LUA taimng to motion from 

place to place. 

lo-CO-mo-tor a-tax-i-a Sf k d"™k'- 

st-d), a disease of the nervous system, affecting 
especially tho patient’s control of the legs. 

1ft met (lo'kust).. n. a destructive winged 
iO-UUbL insect resembling the grasshopper, 
which travels from place to place; a tree of 
the bean family. 

rii xi nr . (lb-leu'shun), n. a particular 
-Lu-llUIl form of speech; phrase; idiom. 
(15d), n. any deposit of metallic ore 
(gold, etc.) found within definite 
boundaries that separate it from the rocks; 
the fissure that is filled with the ore. 

(lod'stiir"), n. a guiding star; 
old.1 the polestar. Also, loadstar, 
o-fft-nft (lod'ston"), n. magnetic oxide 
ll/U-C-o LU1.AC 0 f iron; a magnet. Also, 
loadstone. 

Iftrlo-ft 0 Q j), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lodged, p.pr. 
iuugc lodging], to furnish with a temporary 
dwelling; deposit; settle; place; as, to 
lodge information against; to lodge authority 
in: v.i. to live in for a time; to live in a 
hired room or rooms in another’s house; be 
deposited or fixed; as, seeds blown about 
by the wind often lodge in strange places: 
n. a small house in a park; gatekeeper’s 
cottage; wild beast’s den; hut or wigwam 
of an American Indian; place where members 
of an association meet, especially Freemasons; 
the members themselves. 

1ft«4cr »r (ISj'er), n. one who resides in 
1UU.£-CI a hired room or apartment in a 
house occupied by others. 

Iftrl rr tn rr (loj'Ing). n. a place where one 
living only for a time: pi. a 
room or rooms hired in the house of another. 

Iftrlor -mft-nf (loj'ment), n. tho act of 
lULlg-IIxCil l giving shelter to, settling, or 

depositing; the stato of being housed, 
settled, or deposited; a place for being 
settled in; as, the idea found lodgment in 
his brain; a collection of material deposited; 
occupation of a military position. Also, 
lodgement. 

(loft), n. a room directly beneath a 
roof; a floor or gallery raised above the 
main floor; as, an organ -loft in a church; 
a ha y-loft in a barn; an 
upper floor in a warehouse, 
t \t (lof'tl), adj. 

1U1L-J [comp, loftier, 
superl. loftiest], very high; 
proud; stately; sublime; 
as, lofty sentiments.— adv. 
loftily.—n. loftiness. 

Intr (k>ff)- n - a Piece of tim- 
ber in its natural state; 
the record of a ship’s daily 
progress: called also logbook; 
a heavy dull fellow; an instru- 
ment for measuring tho rate 
of progress cf a ship: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. logged, p.pr. logging], 
to enter in a logbook: v.i. to 
hew down and get out trees: 
logline, the ccrd to which a 
ship’s leg is attached: logreel, a reel upon 
which a legline is wound. 

Ifto- £i ri+Vim (log'd-rlthm). n. the num* 
ber cf times a number 


loft 



Log, Logline, 
and Logreel. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










logbook 


365 


loon 


(called the base) must be multiplied by itself 
to produce a given number; thus, since 4* = (34, 
3 is the logarithm of 64 to the base 4.. 

Intr hnnlr (Hte'book*), n. a ship’s diary, 
ivg-uuoa or journal, recording the prog¬ 
ress of a vessel, daily occurrences, etc. 

1/%or ctexT VlAnrl (log'er-hed*), n. a block- 
lOg-ger-nedU head; numskull; a kind 
of sea turtle; to be at loggerheads, to dispute 
or quarrel. 

Incr crifl 6oj'a; lo'jl-d), n. a covered gallery 
or portico; an open balcony in a 
theater. [It.] 

Incr crincr (l^g'Ing), n. the business of cut- 
l u b‘b m b ting down timber, 
tncr ir 6oj'Ik), n. the science of correct 
reasoning; the power to think cor¬ 
rectly. 

Incr 1 pol (lOj'I-kSLI), adj. pertaining to, or 
AAA used in, the science of reasoning; 
according to the rules of correct reasoning; 
as, to reach a logical conclusion; reasonable; 
to be expected according to the laws of 
correct reasoning; as, sorrow and suffering 
are logical results of war.— adv. logically. 

In <ri rion d^-jish'&n), n. one skilled in 
~& A_ dctli ^e science of correct reasoning. 

In cri~ tine (lo-iis'tfks), n. the branch of 
A '- , -£ 9 A &-U-k '0 military science dealing with 
the transport and supply of armies; the use of 
the four fundamental operations in arithmetic. 
Ino- n crra-nh (log'6-graf), n. a written 
C'o 1 djJii. W ord ; an instrument for 
registering spoken words. 

Incr n bmp (log'6-tip), n. a type contain- 
AUg-u-iypo ing two or more letters, a3 ff. 


log 


•roll incr (16g'rol"Ing), n. the act of 
-rOIi-mg rolling logs from 


_ _ tho place 

where they were cut down to the stream 
which floats them to the sawmill or the 
market; a combining to assist another with 
the expectation of receiving assistance in 
return, especially in political schemes. 

Incr urnnH (log'wood"), n. the wood of a 
lOg-WOOU. Central American tree used 
in dyestuffs to produce a deep-red color. 

Inin (l°i n )- n • the lower part of the side of 
lOlIl the body of an animal or man, between 
the lowest rib and the hip bone; usually in 
plural. 

Ini fnr (loi'ter), v.t. to spend idly: with 
AUi-lcI away, in reference to time; as, to 
loiter away the afternoon: v.i. to spend time 
idly; delay; linger on the way; saunter.— 

n. loiterer. 

Inll ddl), v.i. to lounge at ease; to hang out 
IU11 loosely, as the tongue: v.t. to permit to 
hang out loosely, as the tongue, 
tnl li nnn (lol'I-pop), n. a kind of taffy. 
lUA-il-pUjJ often a lump on a stick: pi. 

bonbons. _ 

Innn ( lon )■ oAj. solitary; retired: by one- 
lbiic self; unmarried or widowed. 

1/vnn li -n oco (lon'11-nes), n. the state of 
lUIiC-11-AiCoo being without companions, 

or solitary; seclusion; solitude; low spirits 
due to lack of companionship. 

Inn a. Itt (Ion'll), adj. [comp, lonelier, superl. 
IUIlc-iy loneliest], deserted; solitary: with¬ 
out a companion; not often visited; de¬ 
pressed because alone; lonesome. 

Irrnn cnmn don'sum), adj. shut off from 
lUiic-ouiiAC society; depressed because of 
solitude; drearily solitary; secluded.— adv. 
lonesomely.—n. lonesomeness. 

Inn cr (long), adj. not short; covering a great 
iUlig distance from end to end; extended 
In time; having a definite measure in space 
or time; as, a yard long; drawn out or con- 
tinued to a great extent; slow; tedious; 


lingering; far-reaching; holding for a rise; 
as, long of the market: adv. to a great- 
length or period; at a time far distant; for 
a length of time: v.i. to desire something 
eagerly: with for or after. 
lrvno" Kno + Oong'bot"), n. the largest and 
1 (Jii fc >-UUci.L strongest small boat of e. 
merchant ship. 

Inner Hrvur Oong'bo*), n. a long powerful 
iuug-uuw bow formerly used by English 
archers. 

Inner rlnfh dong'kloth), n. a superior 
iong-ciom cotton fabric. 

Inn ctpv i (lon-jev'f-tl), n. length of 
lOH-gcV-1-iy life; life prolonged to an 
unusually old age. 

Inner binnH (longhand*),n.ordinaryhand- 
iUiig > - li cixiAA writing, as distinguished from 
shorthand. 

Inncr-hnarl Ar l (long'hed*ed), adj. far- 
loilg-neau-eu seeing; shrewd; clever. 

Irt-nrr in ne (ISng'Ing), n. an earnest desire; 
lQIlg-ing craving. 

Inn <ri fii rln don'jt-tud), n. distance east- 
lUJ-i-gi - LU’uie/ an( i west on the earth’s sur¬ 
face measured from a meridian or definite* 
plac8, and counted in degrees. 

Inti (rf til rjt nf?1 Udn"jl-tu , dY-n;;,l). adj. 
IUll-gl-lU-Ul-Ild.1 pertaining to longitude- 

or to length.— adv. longitudinally. 

Inncr-IiwprJ dong'Hvd*), adj. of long con- 
xvxxg uvt, u tinuance; living to great age. 

Inner ctinm man ddng'shor'man), n. & 

lUIlg-bllOIO-IIicUl whaif laborer, espe¬ 
cially one who loads and unloads ships. 

Inruy-Qierlit nH (long'sit'ed). adj. far- 

seeing; sagacious. 

Inncr-ctfinrJ incr dong'stand*ing), adj . 
long-stanu-ing having lasted for a. 

long time. 

long-suf-f er-ing 'JS& 

injury or offense: n. patience under injury. 

long-wind-ed ipSrSr d writing“‘at 

too great length; as, a long-winded speech or 
speaker. 

Innfr vuicn (long'wlz*) , adv. in the direo- 
lOIlg-vvlbo tion from end to end. Also, 
longways. 

Inn (1°°)* n - a game of cards somewhat like* 
1.UU whist, plac ed with three or five cards. 
Inntr (l° ok )> v -i- to direct the eye to any- 
lUCm. thing, in order to view it; direct the 
mind or attention; as, to look into a matter; 
front or face; as, my windows look out on a 
beautiful garden; watch; as, to look for 
news; appear; as, she looks happy; to have 
a certain expression of face; to depend or 
turn; as, citizens look to the state for pro¬ 
tection: v.t. to show by an expression of face; 
as, he looked his contempt; turn the eye© 
upon; as, ho looked the boy up and down; 
to influence by looking; as, to look down 
opposition: n. the act of looking; appear¬ 
ance; expression of face; interj. see! 

Syn., v. appear, seem.^ 

1r*nlr intr-crlncc (look / Tng=glas*),n.amir- 
lOOK-lilg glcibb ror . that which reflects. 

In/vlr rvii+ (look'out*), n. the act of watch- 
lUUxv-UUl big for someone to come or 
something to happen; a place for watching; 
a person engaged in watching. 

1 Anm (loom), n. a frame or machine for 
ItMJIIl weaving cloth; an oar handle: v.i. 
to rise gradually and appear very large; as. 
difficulties loom up before him. 

IrkA-n (loon), n. a fish-eating, diving bird 
IUUII 0 f the North; a dull or stupid person; 
a dunce. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







loop 


366 


lovable 


Unrm (loop), n. a folding or doubling of 
-lUUjJ string, rope, etc.; a ring or eye through 
which a cord may be run; a noose; a ring- 
shaped figure, road, etc.: v.t. to form into, 
furnish with, or secure with, loops: v.i. to 
make a loop. 

lonn finlp (loop'hol"), n. a narrow open- 
jug f or observation or defense; 
means of barely_a voiding something. 

'Inrrn limp (loop'lin"), n. a railway lino 
luujj-iint; running out of and rejoining 
the main line. 

InridP (loos), adj. [comp, looser,, super 1. 
iVJUoC loosest], not fast; unbound; not 
fixed; not tight; not crowded together; 
vague; unconnected; not close or compact 
in substance or texture; not careful in 
principles or morals: v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. loosed, 
p.pr. loosing], to set free; unbind; dis¬ 
engage; rela x^—adv. loosely.— n. looseness. 
Innc pti (loos'n), v.t. to free from tightness 
.IOU 2 -CU or restraint: v.i. to become less 
■tight or firm. 

I Ant v -t- and v.i. to rob or plunder, 

1UUL especially a captured city: n. booty 
thus taken. 

\ dop), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lopped, p.pr. 

lopping], to cut off, as branches from a 
tree; to cut branches, etc., from; trim; 
to permit to hang down; as, a horse lops his 
ears: v.i. to hang down, as the long ears 
of a dog: n. a hanging down; that part of a 
tree which is cut off. 

InnP (lop), n. a slow, easy, swinging gait, 
jujpc as D f a horse: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. loped, 
p.pr. loping], to move with such a gait. 

"Inn cir? (lop'sId"ed), n. heavier on one 
lup-oiu-cu side than the other; not sym¬ 
metrical. 


In micj rtnuc (lo-kwa'shus), adj. talka- 
tive; chattering.— adv. lo¬ 
quaciously. — n. loquaciousness. 

*1 n nil ^ i (lo-kwas'I-ti), n. talkative- 
ness; loquaciousness. 

Inrrl fl^rd), n. a ruler or governor; master; 
jiuxu. one who has supreme power; the 
owner of a manor; a baron in the British 
nobility; the son of a duke or marquis; 
oldest son of an earl: Lord, a title of honor 
given to British noblemen and to certain 
officials; as, the Lord Mayor: the Lord, God; 
Jehovah; Jesus Christ: v.i. to rule with 
absolute power: with over or it. 

Inrrl liner Oprd'llng), n. a little or insig- 
iU1 nificant person of high rank. 

Inrrl 1V dord'li), adj. suited to, or like, 
xuiu-ijf one 0 f high rank; noble; proud; 
haughty.— n. lordliness. 

Inrrl cfi in (16rd'ship), n. the state, quality, 
or territory under the power of 
a lord; title or term of address for noblemen 
and judges: preceded by his or your. 

(lordz sup' er), the 


Lord’s Sup-per 

memory of the last supper partaken of by 
Jesus before his crucifixion: called also 
Communion and Eucharist. 

■Jnrp d° r ), n. learning; instruction; space 
avxx between the eye and bill of a bird. 
Inr cmpffp (16r"nyet'), n. a long-handled 
» Lv; opera glass; a pair of eye¬ 
glasses fixed to a long handle into which 
they shut. 

Inrn 06m), ad L forsaken; forlorn; deso- 
AU1U late; lone. 

Inr rv dor'I; lur'I), n. [pi. lorries (-iz)], a 
^ -x j i on g four-wheeled wagon without 
sides; a miner’s handcart; in military use, a 
ilarge, low autotruck for carrying men and 
.(supplies. Also, lorrie. 


lose 


(lobz), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lost, p.pr. 
losing], to be deprived of; cease to 
have in possession; mislay; to wander from; 
as, to lose one’s way; waste; miss; as, to 
lose an opportunity; fail to keep; as, to 
lose one’s health; fail to win; as, to lose a 
battle: v.i. to fail of success; yield; be 
defeated. 

Syn. forfeit. 

Ant. (see gain). 

Irkcc (16s), n. privation; injury; ruin; the 
iUo»> state of having no longer; failure to 
keep or obtain; as, loss of wealth; defeat; as, 
loss of a battle; that which one ceases to 
have, through accident or misfortune; excess 
of outgo over income in a business; waste: 
pi. number of soldiers killed, wounded, or 
captured in battle. 

Ir»ct (lost), p adj. missing; given up; not 
IUot w on; destroyed; perplexed; wasted. 

(lot)* n - fortune; fate; as, the lot of 
Act man; portion or parcel, especially a 
plot of land; a share; method of deciding 
questions by drawing numbers, blocks, dice, 
etc.; as, to choose by lot; one of the objects 
so drawn; colloquially, a great quantity: v.t. 
to separate into lots; assign. 

I/Ml-* (loth), adj. reluctant; unwilling. Also, 
IO III loath. 

I n fhfi ri n (lo-tha'ri-o), n. a gay de- 
ceiver, especially a deceiver 
of women: so called from a character in 
Rowe’s The Fair Penitent. 

In finn (lo'shun), n. a medicated fluid for 
lU-liUii bathing the skin or an injured or 
diseased part. 

Inf fpr v Oot'er-T), n. [pi. lotteries (-Iz)], 
lUl-ici-j a distribution of prizes by 
chance; selling of chances. 

1 f n (lot'o), n. a parlor game played with 
lvJ t- Lvj twenty-four cards and wooden disks 
numbered 1 to 100. 

In flic: 66'tfis), n. a plant of the water lily 
JLU-lUo family, especially the sacred lotus 
of the ancient Nile; a name for various 
trees and shrubs, the fruit of winch was 
fabled to cause forgetfulness of care and 
create a state of dreamy indolence. Also, 
lotos. 

In fiic-.n«f nr Oo'tus=et"er), n. one who 
xu-luo cciL-ei jdies away his time in 

forgetful dreaming. Also, lotos-eater. 

Iniir! 0° ud )» ad J■ high- or full-sounding; 
iUUU noisy; colloquially, showy in dress or 
manner; vivid, as loud color; striking or 
emphatic in sound.— adv. loudly. — n. loud¬ 
ness. 

Syn. clamorous, high-sounding. 

Ant. (see low, quiet). 

(15k), n. a lake; a bay or arm of the 
sea. Also, loch. [Scot.] 

Immcrp (loixnj), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. lounged, 
lounge p.pr. lounging], to saunter about in 
a lazy manner; loll; live lazily: v.t. to waste 
in laziness: followed by away: n. the act of 
lolling; lazy motion or gait; a low-backed 
couch; a comfortable and informal parlor or 
waiting room in a hotel, club, etc. 

1 Girt! O' pt* Ootm'jer), n. an idler; one who 
louug-ci stands or strolls about lazily. 

ImiCP (lous), n. [pi. lice (11s)], a small, flat. 
luuoc wingless insect living and feeding 
on the bodies of annuals or men. 

Iniic \r OouzJ)» adj. infested "with lice; 
lUUb-y mean; foul. 

1mif 6°ut), n. an awkward fellow; a 
luul clown; a bumpkin.— adj. loutish. 

1f)V flip (luv'o-bl), adj. worthy of love: 

u u winning; amiable.— adv. lova¬ 
bly .— n. lovableness. 


lough 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, memi; 






love 


lucubration 


367 


l nvp (luv), n. a strong feeling of affection; 

vv fond and tender attachment; pas¬ 
sionate devotion to one of the opposite sex; 
courtship; parental care; state of feeling 
kindly toward others and of desiring the 
welfare of all; as, in lo e and charity for all 
men; a sweetheart; the term used for zero 
in scoring at tennis: v.t. to regard with strong 
affection; feel devotion towards; delight in: 
v.i. to be in love; have strong affection. 
Imrp on 1 p (luv ap 1), an old name for 

love ap-pie the tomato. 

KirH 6uv burd), a small bird of the 
lWv UAAvx parrot family which shows 
great affection for its mate. 

1a vp fooci 6uv fest), a religious feast 
iv vc a veto A celebrated among certain de¬ 
nominations as a sign of brotherly love. 
l nvp Ipcc (lu-v'les), adj. having no affec- 
luvc-icos tion; incapable of causing 
affection in others. 

love-lOCk lock o^hl'lr"' a conspicum,s 

| nvp Inm (luv'lorn"), adj. deserted by 
ivvc-iviu one’s love. 

1 nx7(Ck 1 v (luv'll), adj. [comp, lovelier, superl. 
AVVv-Ay loveliest], causing affection or 
admiration; amiable; beautiful; inviting; 
delightful.— n. loveliness. 

Inv (luv'er), n. one who loves; one 
lUV-vi deeply attached; a man who is in 
love: pi. a couple in love with each other. 
l mrp cirlr (Ihv'sik"), adj. overcome with 
lUVC-albn. passionate affection; languish¬ 
ing; as, a lovesick swain. 

Inv incr duv'mg), p.adj. devoted; affec- 
lVV-AAA^ tionate.— -adv. lovingly. 

Inv incr run (luv'ing kup), a large orna- 
AU v " Ui 5 ^ U P mental drinking cup, having 
two or more handles. 

Inw 06), adj. not high; depressed; shallow; 
IVW not noisy; subdued; near the horizon; 
as, the sun is low in the west; cheap; moder¬ 
ate; feeble or weak; below the recognized 
standard; vulgar; abject; in music, not 
high in pitch: adv. not on high; deeply; 
softly; quietly; at a small price; in humble¬ 
ness, poverty, or disgrace: n. the moo or 
soft bellow of cattle: v.i. to bellow softly 
or moo like cattle. 

Syn., adj. abject, mean. 

Ant. (see noble). 

T rkur r'kini-rli do chfirch), pertaining 
.L/OW ^XlUILIl the section of the 

English or Protestant Episcopal Church which 
is opposed to an extreme use of ritual, form, 
and ceremony. 

Irk\v or (lo'er), v - i - to lessen or bring down; 
lU»V-vl reduce in price or value; weaken; 
humble; change to a less high pitch: v.i. to 
become less high; sink; fall: (lou'er), to 
appear dark, gloomy, or threatening. 

lrkur o-r rocA (lo'er=kas), n. that part 
IV w-ci “Vdov 0 f a printer’s case which 

contains the small printing types; small (not 
capital) letters: adj. denoting small letters 
in distinction to capitals. 

lrk-iv or incr (lou'er-Ing), p.adj. overcast 
AUW-vI-AAlg with clouds; threatening a 
storm; gloomy.— adv. loweringly. 

Irkur Of mnct (lo'er-most), adj. lowest: 
lUW-cl-lllubl opposite to uppermost. 
l rtn . (lo'fng), n. the mooing or soft 

iUW-ilig bellowing of cattle: adj. mooing. 

Irkixr lorir! (lo'land), adj. pertaining to a 
1UW-ldllU ]ow or level country: n. a low 
level country: often in plural. 

lnw Ii'vaH (16'livd*), adj. vulgar; ill- 
iv W 11 V v 11 bred ; base in character and 

habits. 


IflW 1v do'll), adj. [comp, lowlier, superl. 
xuw-ijf lowliest], low in rank or size; 
humble; modest: adv. modestly.—n. lowliness. 

T aw TVTacc 6° m as). Mass said without 
ukjvv iUaoo music and by one priest. 

low-necked ,ow at 

low-spir-it-ed £S : IW 1ld ; ad L™- 

hearted. 

Iav pI (loi'51), adj. faithful, especially to 
xuj -ai one’s ruler or country; true to 
friend, promise, or duty.— adv. loyally. 

Inv q 1 icf (loi'al-Ist), n. one who supports 
ivy-dl-lot the authority of his ruler or 
country. 

O I tv floi'Sl-tl), n. faithfulness to 
i\jy-CLL-iy country, friend, promise, duty; 
constancy; devotion. 

1n7 ATltrA (loz'enj), n. a diamond-shaped 
lUA-ciigc figure 'with four equal sides; 
especially, a diamond-shaped figure used in 
designs on coats of arms, etc.; a sweetmeat; 
a cough drop. 

Illh Kfkf (liib 3r), n. an awkward, clumsy 
luu-uti fellow; a raw sailor.— adj. and 
adv. lubberly. 

Ill Vkt*i rant flu'brl-kSnt), n. a substance 
iu-vi 1 -v/diiL f Qr malting anything smooth, 
slippery, or easily bent. 

Ill Ivri r«tA (lu'brl-kat), v.t. to make 
AU--vii-va.iv smooth or slippery, or easy 

to bend; as, to lubricate machinery with oil; 
certain liniments lubricate the joints.—n. 

lubrication. 

lit Kri r a inr (lu'brl-ka"ter), n. one who. 
AU.-UAl-va.-lUI or that which, makes slip¬ 
pery or smooth; especially, a device for 
oiling machinery. 

In Krif* i tv (Iti-brfe'I-tT), n. smoothness; 
1U-U11V-1 -ly freedom from friction; un¬ 
certainty, as of fortune; impurity of thought, 
word, or action. 

In pout (lu'sent), adj. shining; bright; 
AU-Vvlll resplendent. 

In porn (M-sfirn'), n. alfalfa. Also, lu~ 

lU-UvlJ.1 jcerne. 

In rid (lu'sld), adj. clear; readily under¬ 
let-VIU. stood; as, a lucid explanation; 
mentally sound or sane; as, a lucid interval; 
shining; transparent; as, a lucid stream of 
water.— adv. lucidly.— n. lucidness. 

In rid i fir (lu-sid'I-tl), n. the state of 
AU.-VlU.-1-iy being clear; as, lucidity of 

thought. 

lit ri for (lu'sl-fer), n. a match so pre- 
ill-Vl-lvl pared as to be lighted by strik¬ 
ing: Lucifer, Venus, as the morning star; 
Satan. 

Iiirlr (luk), n. an event happening by 
lUViv chance or accident; fortune, either 
good or bad; success. 

Iiirlr 1 acc (luk'les), adj. unlucky; unfortu- 
lUVJA-ivoo nate; unfavorable.— adv. luck¬ 
lessly.— n. lucklessness. 

Iiirlr v (luk'I), adj. [comp, luckier, superl. 
lUViX-j luckiest], having good fortune; 
successful; fortunate; of good omen.— adv. 

luckily.— n. luckiness, 

in rro (lu'krd-tlv), adj. profitable; 

AU-VAO.-IAVV wealth producing; as, he is 
engaged in a lucrative business.— adv. lucra¬ 
tively.— n. lucrativeness. 

In rt*A (lu'ker; loo'ker), n. money, as 
Ill-UIv greedily sought; mean gain. 

In m Vk-ra+a (lu'kti-brat), v.i. to work by 
lU.-VU.-Ula.Lv artificial light; hence, to 
study or write laboriously; reason closely. 

In rii Vk-ro +i*a« (lu"kfl-bra , shfin),n.close 
All-V U.- via.- LI VIA ai1( | earnest study; a 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









ludicrous 


368 


lunula 


literary composition produced as the result 
of long and toilsome study. 

In Hi rrmic (lu'dl-krfis), adj. causing 
iU-Ul-UUUo mirth; comical; droll.— adv. 
ludicrously. — n. ludicrousness. 

Iirff 6uf), n. the weather gauge; that part 

J,UJJ G f a ship towards the wind; the act of l 1irn ‘U p , r tnon (lum'ber-m&n), 
sailing close to the wind: v.i. to steer nearer W hn is ms’a.in 

to the wind. 

1 11£r (lug), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. lugged, p.pr. 

lugging], to pull or draw along: v.i. 
to drag; move heavily; pull with difficulty: 
n. the act or effort of pulling or dragging 
along; the ear; that which projects like an 
ear, as the lugs of a kettle; a lugsail. 

In rr o-o 0-0 (lhg'aj), n. baggage: the usual 
word in Great Britain. 

Ill O’ crpr dug'er), n ■ a small vessel with 
two or three masts and with 
four-sided sails fastened to spars hung 
obliquely to the masts. 

Ilitr ccsi! (l&g'sal"). n. a four-sided sail held 
AUg-ocu.1 ou t hy a long spar, called a yard, 
that is, in an oblique position toward the 
mast. 



lu-gu-bri-ous “&S 

crossbones are lugubrious emblems of death; 
doleful; as, a lugubrious tone of voice.— adv. 

lugubriously.— n. lugubriousness. 

lug-worm SKTuibSi.”- a sand worm ' 

T iiIta 6uk), n. the third book of the New 
■ UUAC Testament, containing the Gospel 
as told by the Evangelist St. Luke, a physi¬ 
cian, companion of the apostle Paul. 

Iiilrp w«rm Ouk'worm'), adj. moderately 
iun.w-waim warm; tepid; as, lukewarm 
tea; indifferent; as, lukewarm interest. 

(lul), v.t. to soothe to sleep; quiet: 
v.i. to become calm: n. the state of 
being less noisy cr violent; a calm lasting 
for a short time; as, a lull in the storm. 

lull I wt (lul'd-cF). n. [pi. lullabies (-biz)], 

iu.ii-a.-Gj a cradle-sc-Ag. 

Ilim hid an (lum-ba'gd), n. rheumatism of 
lum-ua the muscles of the lower part 
of the back. 

Ilim Kar (lum'bar), adj. pertaining to the 
j.mii-ua.i i ower par (; 0 f the back; as, the 
lumbar vertebrae. 

n. rubbish; forest 
sawed for market: v.t. 


lull 


him hpr ( lam 'ber) 
timber « 


to fill with rubbish; heap together in dis¬ 
order: v.i. to cut down timber and prepare 
it for market; to move or roll heavily along. 
Ilim hpr pr (lum'ber-er), n. one who cuts 
lum-uci-ci forest timber and shapes it 
for market. 

(lum'ber-m&n), n. one 
who is engaged in the 
trade of cutting or dealing in forest timber; 
a foreman of a body of men engaged in 
cutting timber. 

In mi n a rv (lu'ml-na-ri), n. [pi. luml- 
•‘■U-IIll-Ild.-IJ naries (-rlz)J, a body giving 
forth light, especially a heavenly body; as, 
the sun is the greatest luminary of the heavens; 
one who enlightens or instructs. 

In mi nif Pi* nnc (luhnl-nff'er-ils), adj. 
lU-mi-Illl-er-UUb giving forth or carry¬ 
ing light; as, the light of the sun is brought 
to us through tho luminiferous ether. 

In mi n no i tir (lu-ml-nfis l-ti). n. the 
lU-Iill-IiUb-l-iy quality of being bright 

or shining; luminousness. 

In mi nrmc (lu'ml-nfis), adj. giving forth 
lU-lill-liUUb or spreading light; as, the 

stars are luminous bodies; bright; clear; 
easily understood; very intelligent.— adv. 
luminously.— n. luminousness. 

Inrrm (lump), n. a small shapeless mass; 
lump a swelling: v.t. to unite in a body or 
mass; as, to lump expenses; to speak of 
collectively: v.i. to form into a mass; as, 
cornstarch will lump if it is cooked too fast. 

Inrrm ficVi (lump'flsh"), n. a thick fish 
lump-lion w ith horny spines. 

Inrrm icVi (lump'fsh), adj. gross; heavy; 
lump-ion stupid. — adv. lumpishly.— n. 
lumpishness. 

Inrrm v dum'pf), full of lumps; 
lump-j lumpy bread; choppy; rough; 
lumpy sea. 

Ill nn cxr (lu'na-sl), n. [pi. lunacies (-slz)j, 
AU.--iio.-L/j mental unsoundness. 

Sy7i. derangement, craziness, insanity, ma¬ 
nia, madness. 

Ant. (see sanity). 

Ill n C\r (l u ' n dr), adj. pertaining to, meas- 
au-aaoa ured by, or influenced by, the moon. 

In nor cpiio +•»(lu'nar kos , tIk), silver 
iu lieu L/Ouo Liu nitrate prepared for use 

in cauterizing, or burning the skin. 

In nor mnntb (lu'ndr munth), the 
iU-lld.1 monm period from one new 

moon to the next, or twenty-nine and one-half 
days. 

In mtp (lu'nat), adj. crescent-shaped; as, 
•*.u -mtLC a lunate, leaf. 

Ill no tif* (l un d-tlk), adj. affected with, or 
lu-na-UL characteristic of, insanity; crazy; 
as, lunatic notions: n. one who is insane. 
Innrb (lunch), n. a light meal between 
luiiL/ii breakfast and dinner; luncheon: 
v.i. to eat a light meal. 

Ill npftp (Iti-netO, n. anything shaped like 
iu-iictic a h a lf-moon, as in fortification, 
etc.; a flattened watchglass. 

Inner dung), n. one of two organs of breath- 
1U11 & ing in air-breathing higher animals. 
Iimcrp dunj), n. a sudden thrust or pass 
w with the sword; sudden lurch: v.i. 

to make a sudden thrust or pass. 

Inn O’ wnrt dung'wfirt), n. a European 
luiig-wuu p| ant with white blotches 
suggestive of disease spots, once thought 
helpful as a remedy for disease of the lungs; 
a small colorless plant growing on trees and 
rocks. 

Ill nil Ifl du'ntl-ld), n. [pi. lunulae (-1©)], 
iu-iiw-ia the w hite crescent-shaped part 
of the finger nail near the root. 


as. 
as, a 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 



















lupine 


369 


lyrist 


In ninf* (lu'pln), adj. like a wolf; eager to 
lU-pmc devour; pertaining to dogs and 
wolves: n. a plant of the bean family having 
an edible seed. 

liirrVl (lurch), n. a sudden roll to one side, 
lUlLil as 0 f a s hip; a swaying, staggering 
motion; a difficult or forlorn position; as, to 
be left in the lurch; a losing position in 
cribbage: v.i. to roll or stagger suddenly to 
one side. 

lurrVi (■ir (l^rch'er), n. one who lies in 
lUlLil-cI wa it; one who steals game, as 
deer, etc.; a dog noted for power of scent 
and silence in hunting. 

Iiita (lur), v.t. to draw by anything that 
IU.ie promises profit or pleasure: n. any¬ 
thing used as a means of drawing by promis¬ 
ing profit or pleasure; as, thousands of 
foreigners have answered the lure of the 
freedom offered them by America; bait; 
a device, resembling a bird, used by a falconer 
to recall the hawk; a long curved trumpet 
still used in Scandinavia. 

In -rirl (lu'rid), adj. grayish-orange; wan; 
lU-IlU. ghastly; pale; gloomy.— ado. luridly. 
—n. luridness. 

Inrlr (lurk), v.i. to lie in wait; lio concealed 
lUIJi. or unnoticed. 

Iiio rioiio (lush'us), adj. excessively sweet; 

lUb'tlUUb delightful to the taste or sense. 

— adv. lusciously.— n. lusciousness. 

litcVi (lush)- a dj • full of juice; rich In 

LUbll growth or vegetation; as, lush 

meadows. 

I 110 + dust), n. strong desire to possess and 
ills l enjov, usually in a bad sense; as, a 
lust for gold; sinful and impure desire: v.i. 
to desire something strongly; have impure 
desires: with after. 

liia tor (lus'ter), n. brightness; splendor; 
lUo-ICI brilliancy of reflected light; fame; 
a chandelier ornamented with cut glass 
pendants; a dress-cloth with a sheen; the 
quality and brilliancy of light reflected from 
the surface of minerals; an old-fashioned kind 
of pottery, having a metallic finish, the making 
of which is a lost art. Also, lustre. 

Ino-f ful (lust'fool), adj. having sinful and 
lUb l—l Hi. impure desires.— ado. lustfully. 
Ina tra 1 (Ms'tr&l), adj. pertaining to, or 
lUo-Udi used in, purification; as, lustral 

w&tcr 

Inc fro firm (lus-tra'shun), n. a cere- 
lllb-LI cl-IlUil mony of purification. 

1 ... j™-. (lus-tei;), n. brightness; splendor; 
IU5-lit? brilliancy of reflected light; fame. 

Also, luster. 

Ina 4-i*mic (lus'trus), adj. having 
lUb-UUUb a sheen or brightness. 

Ina 4-i*iim (lus'trum), n. a purifl- 
lub-ll Ulli cation; the ceremomes 
of purification in ancient Rome every 
five years; a period of five years. 

1na4- T 7 fltis'tl), adj. \comp. lustier, 

JLlXbl-y superl. lustiest], robust; 
vigorous; healthy; as, a lusty infant. 

— adv. lustily. — n. lustiness. 

1ii4-o Out), n. a stringed musical 
illie instrument of the guitar 
family; a composition of clay, 
etc., used for making the joints of 
vessels air-tight, or protecting 
them from the action of fire: v.t. 
to play on the lute; to close up 
the cracks of with a composition 
of clay, etc.: v.i. to play the Lute 
lute. . . 

T 11 4-Vi or an Ou'ther-an), adj. relating 
l>U-Uiei -dll to Luther, the German 

reformer, or to the Lutheran Church and its 


n. a 


member of the Lutheran 



doctrines: 

Church. 

1 11Y (luks), n. [pi. luces (lu'sez)], the unit of 
1UA measure of the lighting power of 
electricity. 

Tiiv -11 1*1 anno (luks-u'rl-5,ns; lug-zhoo'- 
lUA-u-11-dllLC r i_ a ns), n. rank, vigorous 

growth. Also, luxuriancy. 

Iiiyii ri (luks-u'rl-ant; lug-zboo'rf- 

1UA-U-I1-<U.11 ant), adj. rank and vigorous 
in growth; as, the morning-glory is a vine of 
luxuriant growth; hence, sometimes, existing 
too freely or plentifully; superabundant; 
superfluous.— adv. luxuriantly. 

Syn. exuberant. 

Ant. (see sparse). _ 

lii-v -11 ri ci+p (luks-u'rl-at; lug-zhoo'rl-at), 
lUA-U-ll-dlC v i_ ^0 grow abundantly; live 

extravagantly; enjoy oneself unrestrainedly; 
as, to luxuriate in ease and plenty, 
in v .. ~ 11C (luks-u'rl-us; lug-zhoo'rl- 

1UA-U-ll-UUo fis), adj. pertaining to ex¬ 
travagant ease and plenty; indulging in, or 
administering to, extravagant ease.— adv. 
luxuriously.—n. luxuriousness, 
luv 11 -nr (luk'shoo-rl), n. [pi. luxuries 
1UA-H--I-J (-riz)], extravagant indulgence In 
the pleasures of the senses, dress, etc.; a 
dainty; anything which gives enjoyment 
but is not a necessity; as, the possession 
of a piano is a luxury. 

Tit- no 11m (H-se'um), n. [pi. lyceums. 
lj lycea (-umz, -a)], a literary 

seminary; an academy; a literary associa¬ 
tion ; anintermediate classical school: Lyceum, 
originally, the grove at Athens where Aristotle 
taught. 

1 j /Ti+ck (Hd'it), n. a powerful explosive, 
iya-UllC consisting chiefly of picric acid, 
used as a shell explosive. 

i (ll), n. a strong caustic substance 
iy C obtained especially by pouring water on 
wood ashes, used in making soap, etc. 

Itt- inn- (li'Ing). P-adj. telling frequent false¬ 
ly- 111 ^ hoods; as, a lying tongue; being 
in a reclining position^ n. untruthfulness. 

1 _ • (li'ing too), state of a vessel 

ly-UIg IG in which the sails act against 
one another and keep the ship nearly at rest. 
1 riV, (Hmf), n. a transparent, colorless 
iympn fluid in animal bodies. 

1 - 17 -m nVi a\ ir (hm-fat'xk), adj. pertaining 
iy lil-pild L-iV/ t 0i carrying, or containing, 

a colorless fluid called lymph; sluggish: n.pl. 
the tiny tubes which carry lymph. 

Itt-ti r*Vi (lI nc W» v t . to inflict punishment 
lyilCll upon, especially death by hanging, 
without legal trial. 

1 - 171-1 r*Vi 1 0-117 (Much lo), punishment by prl- 
lyncn IdW vate individuals without the 
usual legal formalities, especially such action 
at the hands of a mob. 

1 rvv- (links), n. a fierce catlike animal, well 
lynx known for its keenness of sight. 

1 T7r .~ (lir), n. a musical instrument of the 
lyre harp kind: used by the ancients to 
accompany the voice. 

1-irfo Viirr! (lir burd), an Australian bird 
iyiG UliU. huving a tail shaped like a lyre. 
1 - 17 -r ir* (llr'Ik), adj. pertaining to, or adapted 
iyr-lG ^0 singing to, a harplike musical 
instrument called a lyre: n. a poem express¬ 
ing emotion. 

1 x 7 i* i cal (llr-I-kal), adj. suited to be sung; 
iyi-1-l'dI appropriate for song; expres¬ 
sive of a poet’s feeling.— adv. lyrically. 

1 x 7 i- icf (Ur'Ist; lir'Ist), n. a player on the 
iyr-lbl harplike musical instrument called 
a lyre; a composer of poems that express 
the feeling of the poet. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = whas in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











ma 


370 


mademoiselle 


M 


ma 


(ma)d n. contraction of mamma: a 
childish, often vulgar, form, 
mfl ’am ( mam : mam), n. colloquially, con- 
nxa. din traction of madam: usually in direct 
■address of inferiors to superiors. 

TVT q r (dak-). a prefix i 11 names of Scotch or 
Ifish origin meaning son: often writ¬ 
ten, Me or M’. [Soot, or Ir.) 

< r inor? o-rn (mak-ad'am), n. a pave- 
ment of crushed stone; 
crushed stone used for such a pavement. 

iyisp Ctrl o-m 17 m (mak-ad'am-iz), v.t. to 
liictU-cl(J.-d.Ili-lZc build or finish (a road) 

by covering it with a compact layer of small 
broken stone, so as to form a smooth, hard, 
rounded surface.—n. tic dvnizaxion. 

mn r n rm ni (mSk' i-ro'nl), n. a food 
inau-a-i u-lil consisting of long, thin 

■tubes made of a paste composed chiefly of 
fine wheat flour; a dandy or dude of the 
eighteenth century. 

■jyi o q i ( m ak"d-ron'Ik), adj. denot- 

liiau-a-i Ull-IG a land of writing in 
which words from several languages are used 
with humorous effect; as, macaronic verses; 
hence, confused; mixed. 

-mo/* o rnnn (mate <z-roon , ) > n. a small 
UIid.U-a.-I UUli ca ke made of floui 1 , eggs, 

almonds, and sugar. 

Win raw ( m d-ko'), n. a large and gaily 
xxxcx-xjcx w colored parrot with a strong, 
hooked bill. 


ma rViinm criin (ma-shen'gfin), a small, 
md-Ciline gun portable cannon capa¬ 
ble of firing continu¬ 


ously: usually operat 
ed by mechanism. 

ma-chin-er-y 

(ma - shen' er-I), 
n. engines and 
other appli- 
ances collec¬ 
tively, or the 
parts of them; 



Browning Machine Gun 


macp (mas ,V n - a lar , se and heavy staff m ... rncm (mak'ro-kozm) 
luai/C usually topped by a crown: a staff mdC-IO-tOblll universe* tho 


. a crown; a staff 
•carried by or before an official as a symbol 
of authority; a person who bears such a staff; 
a medieval war club; a heavy billiard cue; a 
kind of aromatic spice consisting of the dried 
covering of the nutmeg. 

■mar p r a (master—at), v.t . to soften or 
mau-c-i-atc separate the parts of by 
soaking in a fluid; to cause to grow thin and 
weak.— n. maceration. 

•ma oTim (mii-cha'ta), n. a largo heavy 
ixia-unc-lG knife used in Cuba and South 
America for cutting sugar cane, brush, etc. 

Mach-i-a-vel-li-an 

■adj. pertaining to Machiavelli, the Florentine 
statesman, or to his principles of political 
deceit; hence, crafty; double-dealing.— n. 
Machiavellianism. 

ma-chic-o4a4ion 

n. an opening in a parapet through which 
missiles can be shot or dropped on an enemy; 
a parapet with such onenings. 
m a r*Tr t vi a dm (makff-nat), v.t. and v.i. to 
tc p i a n; to contrive; to plot: 
usually with evil intent. 

Tnacll i tlfl fjnn (mak'J-na'shun), n. a 
liIaGIi-1-Xld.-lxUIl hostile plot; a schemo 

to do evil; an artful design or plot; as, wan 
are often due to the machinations of deceitful 
politicians. 

ma rliipp (ma-shen'), n. any contrivance -v, Q J A ~ 
nid-Lfline to produce, increase, and regu- maa-Ging 
late the power of motion so as to do work; 
an engine; a light carriage or vehicle; an 
automobile; one who acts without purpose 
or at the bidding of another; a body of 
persons acting together for a common pur¬ 
pose; a political organization which controls 
the policies and activities of a nartv. 


any means or combination by which something 
is kept in action or the result desired is ob¬ 
tained. 

ma rlii« icd (ma-shen'Ist), n. one who 
** makes or repairs engines 
and other appliances or is skilled in their 
design and principles; one who works about, 
or attends to, an engine or other mechanical 
appliances. 

marlr pv mi (niak er-el), n. an edible fish, 
uidG-iv-d from twelve to eighteen 
inches in length, found in schools in the 
North Atlantic: mackerel sky, a sky covered 
with a mass of small white flecks of cloud: 
so called from its resemblance to the marking 
of the fish, and thought to be a sign of storm. 

marlr in (ift&k'ln-tosh), n. an India 

lixa.Glv-JJ.l- lUoli rubber waterproof over¬ 
coat. 

n. the 

universe; the world at 
largo, exterior to man; used in contrast to 
microcosm, or man. 

m a rron (nia'kron; mak'ron), n. a mark 

llid-V/I vll r_l ovpr a. vnwpl fn c?Vi 


[-] over a vowel to show that 
it is long in quantity, as in came. 

marl (mad), adj. [comp, madde-% superl. 
jLii.au. maddest], mentally disordered or 
distracted; insane; blindly or unreasonably 
devoted (to a person or thing); furious with 
rage or terror; colloquially, inflamed with 
anger; greatly excited; as, mad with joy.— 
ado. madly.— n. madness. 

Syn. crazy, delirious, rabid, violent, frantic. 
Ant. (see sane, rational). 

marl am (and'am), n. a complimentary 
Iiiau-cuil title, or fonh of courteous 

address to a lady. _ 

ma Hamm ( ri '.a'’dam / ; ma-dam'; often, 
m ^- aai r e ,mad'am), n. [pi. mesdames 

(ma'dan')l, the French title for a married 
lady: abbreviated, Mme. [Fr.] 

mar! ran ( m 3d/k&p"), n. a wild, thought- 
mau-cap person; a rattle-brained 
person: adj. given to wild follies; recklessly 
adventurous. 

mar! r!pn ( ma d'n), v.t. to craze or make 
iiiau-ucil funous; v.i. to become crazed 
or furious. 

mar! rlpi* Cmad'er), n. a plant from the 
lxlcUl-UcI roofc G f wkick a re( i dy e arK j 

color arc extracted. 

(mad'Ing), adj. raging; furi- 
__ ous; wild; raving. 

marip Jf-t- an d p.p. of make: adj. 

, , artificially produced or formed; col¬ 

loquially, assured of success. 

JVla-dp! ra ( m d-de'rd; ma-da'rd), n. wine 
a made on the island of Madeira. 

ma - d e - moi - s elle L 1 ? kh" m • 


mad "e-md-zgl' 


ate 
r: 


i_te, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
Ight, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus,’menu; 












made-up 


371 


magnetization 


colloquially, mam"zel'), «• [pi- mesdemoiselles 
(mad"mwa"zel')], a title of courtesy given in 
France to an unmarried lady: abbreviated. 
Mile. [Fr.] 

maHp-lin (mad'up"), adj ; not true; m- 
md-Ue tip vented; artificial. 

___ j (mad'man), n. an insane man; 

mau-lllctll a lunatic; one whose mind is 
disordered or deranged. 

TV/Tn A -mo (ma-don'd), n. [pi. madon- 
Ma-QOn-na nas (-ndz)], a picture of the 
Virgin Mary, usually with the infant Christ; 
the Italian name for the Virgin Mary. 
tmo flroo (md-dras'). n. a fabric of fine 
IUd-UI as cotton, usually figured or corded. 
-MO A cral (mad'rl-gal), n. alight, lyric 
mau-ri-gd.1 love-song; a pastoral poem; 
a part song unaccompanied by an instrument. 
tmo -rr\ (naa-doo'rO), adj. of full 

Hid.-Liu.-IU strength and color: said of 

cigars. [Span.] „ , 

T\/T~ (mal strom), n. a cele- 

Mael-Strom brated whirlpool on the 

Norwegian coast: maelstrom, any destructive 
or widespread and harmful influence; as, the 
maelstrom, of war. w i 

M O A (rne'nad), n. [pi. maenads (-nadz) ], 
liicSJ-lidLi a nymph or bacchante attendant 
upon Dionysius, the Greek god of wine; any 
frantic or frenzied woman. 

0 (miif'fe-d), n. a Sicilian and 
Uldi-il-d Italian secret society, given to 
acts of lawlessness and violence. Also, mafia. 
„„„ „ (mag"a-zen'), n. a ware- 

IHclg-cl-ZlIlC house; a place for storing 
military supplies, as ammunition, etc.; the 
cartridge chamber of a gun; a literary or 
scientific publication, containing various arti¬ 
cles, stories, etc., and issued at stated times. 
macr An 1 o-n (mag'dd-len), n. a woman 
mag-Ud-IGIl reformed from an evil and 
sinful life: from Mary Magdalene, said to 
be the repentant sinner forgiven by Christ. 
—Luke vii, so. Also, magdalene, Magdalene. 

to (ma-jen'td), n. a red dye; 
ma-gen-ta also, the peculiar shade of 
purplish-red produced by the dye. 

(mag'St), Ti. the larva of an 
mag-gOX i ns ect, such as the house fly. 
In its wormlike stage of development; such 
a worm living in decaying flesh, food, etc.; 
a grub; whim.— adj. maggoty. 

TV/Tn rri (ma'ji), n.pl. among the ancient 
lVia-gl Persians, the priestly and learned 
class; the wise men of the East. 

(maj'ik), n. the pretended art of 

mag-lC W orking by power over the hidden 
forces of nature or by the assistance of super¬ 
natural beings; sorcery; witchcraft; enchant¬ 
ment; any hidden or secret power; as, the 
magic of beauty: adj. pertaining to, produced 
by t or exercising more than, human power, 
enchanted.— adj. magical.— adv. magically. 

• (md-jish'S-n), n. one skilled 

ma-gl-cian in the pretended art of 

putting into action the power of spirits; 

a conjurer; a sorcerer. 

• -I i (maj'ik lan'tern), an 

mag-ic lan tern optical instrument for 
throwing on a screen, in a darkened room, illu¬ 
minated pictures enlarged by an arrangement 

t-non-io pi ( m aj"is-te'rl-al), adj. 

mag-lS-te-ri-ai pertaining to, or suit¬ 
able to, a master or magistrate; commanding; 
having a*i air of authority; as, a magisterial 
air or tone.— adv. magisterially. —n. magis¬ 
terialness. 

Syn. august, dignified, majestic, pompous, 

stately. 


» TT (maj'ls-tri-si), n. [pi- 

mag-is-tra-cy magistracies (-slz)], the> 
office or dignity of a civil officer with public 
authority, or of a justice of the peace; civil- 
officers, such as justices of the peace, collec¬ 
tively. ... ,. . 

o rr ic -ft-cil (maj'Ys-trSl), acj. like a- 
Illclg-Io- lieu, schoolmaster or magistrate* 
imperious; chief: n. the line from which the- 
positions of the various units of a fortifica¬ 
tion are determined. . 

-f-ro-f-ck (maj'Is-trat), n. a civil 
mag-lS-iraie officer who has public 
authority; a local justice; as, a justice of the 
peace is a magistrate. . 

Mag-na Char-ta Great Charter, form¬ 
ing the basis of English civil liberty, granted, 
by King John of England to the Barons, 1215, 

[Lat.] , w „ • V « 

Mrt mJm-i i +TT (mag na-mm'I-ti), n. 
mag-na-nim-l-ty greatness of mind or 
soul; nobility; as, to forgive an enemy is an 
act of magnanimity. 

i mAiicf (mag-nan'i-rnus). 

mag-nan-l-mous ac rj . great of mind; 

elevated in soul or feeling; generous; , cour¬ 
ageous; heroic; as, to bo magnanimous I® 
indeed to be great.— adv. magnanimously, 
m a o* notp (mag'nat) n. a person of rank: 
md.g-Ild.lG or distinction; a person of 

influence. . „ . 

_ _ ~ 0 (mag-ne'zhl-a; mag-ne'zhar. 

mag-ne-Sl-a mag-ne'shl-a; mag-ne'sha). 
n. a white, tasteless, earthy powder, used as-, 
a medicine. y . 

♦Morv-Mo, ci urn (mag-ne zhl-um; mag- 
mag-ne-si-um ne'shl-um), n. a silver- 
white metallic substance that burns with a> 
brilliant light: much used in photography. 

(mag'net), n. the loadstone; a> 
mag-IlGL variety of ore having the? 
property of attracting iron; a steel _ bar 
having the power to attract iron artificially 
given to it; a person or tiling that attracts, 
moo- rsoi ic (mag-nf t'ik), adj. pertaining: 
mag-nei-ic to, exhibiting, or produced 
by, the magnet, or its power of attraction" 
hence, having the power to attract; as, a- 
magnetic personality; pertaining to animah 
power of attraction, or mesmerism: magnetic 
needle, a slim bar of steel, charged with the- 
forces of attraction, which, swinging in a. 
compass, indicates the earth’s force of attrac¬ 
tion, and hence, approximately, the north- 
and south line.— adv. magnetically. 

ire (mag-net'iks), n.pl. the sci- 
lliag-IlGl-lLb ence of magnetic attraction. 

and repulsion. . ., . 

mag-net-ism property ~ possessed by 
various bodies, as iron or steel, of attracting: 
or repelling each other according to certain 
physical laws; the force to which this attrac¬ 
tion is due; the science that treats of tbe> 
laws of physical attraction and repulsion* 
personal attraction; mesmerism. 

(mag'net-it), n. an iron, 
mag-nei-lie oxide, strongly attracted by 
the magnet: called loadstone when it has the* 
power of attraction for iron. 
tMorrnfifiV (mag'net-iz), v.t. to give- 
mag-nei-ize force of attraction to; 
to make a magnet of; to attract by personal 
influence; to mesmerize.— adj. magnetizable- 
„ .__ x* (mag"net-i-za'shun), 

mag-net-l-za-tion n . the extent or 

degree to which a body possesses the forcei 
of attraction; a giving of the force of attrac¬ 
tion to. 


boot fobt: found; boil: function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw v. li as in \> hen, 

zh=’ z as h azure; kh=ch as in loch. f See pronunciat.cn key, pages xix to xxu. 









magneto 


372 


maintain 


tnoo-np tn (mag-ne'to; mag'ngt-o), n. a 
AAACl & -a i ^7 - iu dynamo which generates the 
•current for the ignition in certain internal- 
combustion engines, 


-and which receives its 
•driving force from the 
•engine itself. 

mag-ne-to-e- 

lec-tric 

trlk; mag-ne'to - 
36k'trlk), adj. char- 
.acterized by, or 
pertaining to, elec¬ 
tricity developed by 
magnets. Also, 
magneto-electrical. 

Mag-nif-i-cat 



High Tension Magneto 


(mag-nif'i-kat), n. the 
isong of thanksgiving of the Virgin Mary.— 
Luke i. 46-55. 

~*Y 1 onr fiif 1 pptipp (mag-nif i-sens), n. 
llld.g-Illi-A-LcrLLc grandeur of appear¬ 
ance; splendor; pomp. 

m a ix n i f i ppnt (mag-nifT-sent), adj. 

J - AACA & _AAAA -i-ccni grand in appearance; 
•splendid; pompous; sublime; as applied to 
ideas, noble.— adv. magnificently, 
mgrrnt fl or (mag'nl-fi-er), n. one who, 
or that which, makes, or 
makes to appear, greater or larger, 
mo o* tit ’fir (mag nl-fT), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
AAACA & -AAA-A J magnified, p.pr. magnifying], 
to make great or greater; to make the size 
•of appear greater; to exaggerate; as, to 
magnify one’s importance: v.i. to make 
greater the apparent size of an object by a 
lens.— n. magnification. 

mncr nil o mi ptit (mag-nll'6-kwent), 
lIld.g-mi-0-quenX ad j_ pompous in style 

or speech; bombastic.— adv. magniloquently. 
— n. magniloquence. 

meter r»i +nr!<a (mSg'nl-tud), n. compara- 
1AA<A &“ AAA “ LLi '- AC ' tive size or bulk; extent 
of dimensions (length, breadth, and thick¬ 
ness); importance; grandeur; in astronomy, 
the degree of brightness of a star. 

irmcr nn 1i a (mag-no'll-d), n. an orna- 
-lAxa-g-xnA-ii-a. mental tree, having aro¬ 
matic bark and large fragrant flowers, 
m 51 cr r»i (mag'pT), n. a chattering bird of 

AAAtA &“F AC the jay family; a chatterer, 
matr ii pv (mag'wa; Span, ma-ga'e), n. the 
- AAACl S“ lAC j century plant, a species of 
-agave, or American aloe. 

TVT 510" va r (mbd'yor), n. one of the ruling 
J - TACA &"j «- A race j n Hungary; the language 
•of that race: adj. relating to that race or to 
its language. 

m a hara I o (md-ha-ra'ja), n. a great 
ma-ua-ia-ja prince among the Hindus. 
Also, maharajah. 

IVToH rllcf (ma'dlst), n. among the Mo- 
ATAo.iA-u.iot hammedans, a follower of the 
Mahdi, or claimant for the position of last 
Header of the faithful. 

matil ctirlr (mal'stik"; mol'stlk"), n. a 
liioiix-OLi^Ja. S Hck used by painters as 

a rest for the hand while painting. Also, 

maulstick. 

TYt a la no* o ti tt (md-hog'd-ni), n. a tree of 
liAO-llU^-o-llj tropical America yielding 

-a dark, reddish-brown, hard wood, used for 
furniture; also, the wood. 

Ma bnm ckf ori (md-hom'et-an), n. a 
IVAd-IlOm-e 1-cUl follower of Mahomet, 

•or Mohammed, the founder of the religion 
"that accepts Mohammed as the only prophet 
•of God: adj. of or pertaining to Mohammed. 


or to the religion founded by him. Also, 
Mahomedan, Mohammedan. 

TT 15 I limit (md-hout'), n. an East Indian 
liid-nuui. name for an elephant driver or 
keeper. 

rrtaiA (mad), n. an unmarried girl or woman; 
illctlU. a yh'gin; a female servant: maid of 
honor, a noble lady, unmarried. who 
attends a queen; the bride’s chief attendant 
at the wedding ceremony. 

rrmirl mi ( ma d'n), n. an unmarried girl 
liidiu-cix or W oman; a virgin: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, a virgin; pure; innocent; 
unsoiled; unused; untried; as, a maiden 
sword; a maiden knight; earliest or first; 
as, a maiden trip. 

rrtaiA on hair (mad'n-har"), n. a beauti- 
Iild.lU.-cII-Ild.lI f u f > delicate fern found 

in damp woods. Also, maidenhair fern. 

maiH on Vmnrl (mad'n-hood), n. the 
AAAC *d'^“' : ' AA-AAA ''^ AA state of being a young 

unmarried girl. 

rrtai A on 1w (mad'n-11), adj. like, or suit- 
Illdlvi-cll-iy able to, a young girl: 

modest; gentle, adv. in a manner suitable to, 
or becoming, a young girl.—n. maidenliness. 

maid-serv-ant S d (S(2 nt) ’ a wo ' 

moil (mal), n • defensive body armor of 
AAAcAAA steel, net, or platework; the govern¬ 
ment system for conveying letters, etc.; the 
bag or bags for carrying letters, etc., from 
one post office to another; letters, etc., 
carried by post: v.t. to clothe with, or as 
with, armor; to post, or send by post. 

moil a b 1 o (mal d-bl), adj. capable of be— 
Aiiail-ct-UiC j n g se nt by post; lawful to 

post. 

maiiaA (maid), adj. clad in, or covered by. 
AAidllCU. armor; posted. 

mnim (mam), v.t. to deprive of the use 
aaacxaaaa Q f a jimb; cripple or disfigure: n. 
an injury to the body by crippling or dis¬ 
figuring. Also, n. mayhem, 
mo in (man), adj. chief; principal; sheer; 
aaaciaii as> by main strength; leading; 
direct; nautically, connected with the main¬ 
mast: n. the ocean; strength: now used only 
in the expression with might and main; the 
essential point; a principal conduit or pipe; 
as, a water main: in the main, for the most 
part. 

main lanrl (man'land), n. a continent; 
iaacuai-xoaiu. a broad expanse of land, 

generally, principal land as opposed to island. 
main lir (man'll), adv. principally; chiefly; 

mam-iy for the most par £. as> he ^ 

mainly a thinker. 

mpif-s rnact (man'mast), n. the principal 
Illdlll-IIldbl mast of a vessel. 

main cail (man'sal"), n. the principal 
lildlll-bdU sa ji on fbe mainmast of a 

vessel. 

main eluant (man'shet"), n. one of the 
AAAdlAl-oilccL ropes by which the main¬ 
sail is extended and fastened. 

main ^nrinp" (mainspring"), n. the prin- 
aixoaxa op a AAA o cipal spring, or driving 

spring, in a mechanism, as a watch; chief 
motive or reason; as, a sense of duty was the 
mainspring of all his actions. 

main ctav (man'sta"), n. the large, 
aaacaaaa— o lcaj strong ropes extending from 

the foot of the foremast to the platform about 
the head of the mainmast; hence, principal 
dependence; chief support; as, the son is the 
mainstay of the household. 

main tain (man-tan'; men-tan'), v.t. to 
liidiii-Ldlli supp ort or bear the expense 

of; sustain; to keep possession of; affirm and 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, pdrade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 



































maintenance 


373 


malefactor 


defend by argument; continue in or with; 
to keep up. • „ 

„ „„ „„ (man'te-nans), n. the 

main te nance a ct of supporting, de¬ 
fending, etc.; means of support; defense; 
support; continuance; means of sustenance, 
mnt-n +rvr» (man'top"), n. a platform at the 
nicllIl-LUp top of the mainmast: main-top¬ 
mast. the mast above the mainmast: main- 
topgallant. the mast, sail, or yard above 
the main-topmast. 

(maz), n. Indian corn; field corn; 
III alAt- the plant producing the grain. 

(md-jes'tik), adj. having great 
Ilid-JCo-un dignity of person or appear¬ 
ance; stately; noble; sublime; regal.— 
Also, majestical.— adv. majestically. 

^ c (maj'es-ti), n. [pi. majesties 
IllctJ-tlb-Ij (-tiz)], sovereignty; grandeur; 
nobihty; sublimity; Majesty, a title given 
to a sovereign ruler; as. Your Majesty. 

*1 : (md-jol'I-kd; ma-yol'i-ka), n. 

ma-joi-l-ca a fine soft-enameled kind of 
pottery, decorated in colors. 

■mo irk-r (ma'jer), adj. greater in number, 
Illd-JUI extent, dignity, or quality; as, 
the major part of a man’s day must be used 
for work; Isaiah was one of the major 
prophets; in music, a half tone higher than 
the minor: n. a military officer next in rank 
above a captain. _ 

mo m*- rlrv m (ma"jer=do'mo), n. tho 
ma-jor-ao-mo steward of a great 

household. _ . w 

mo ml- nr^-n or a 1 (ma'jer jen'er-al), a 
IHa-JOr ^GH-6r-ai military officer next 

In rank below a lieutenant general, 
mo ioi- : +rr (md-jor'I-tl), n. [pi. rnajori- 
ma-jor-l-iy ties (-tiz)], the state of being 
greater; the greater of two numbers looked 
upon as parts of a whole; the difference be¬ 
tween this greater number and the smaller; 
more than half of a total; the full legal apre 
of twenty-one years; as, he has reached his 
majority; rank, etc., of a major. 
mo i.. (mak), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. made, p.pr. 
IIldKc making], to create; fashion; com¬ 
pose; frame: produce or bring about, prepare 
for use; obtain for oneself, as friends; to 
form, as plans; to compute to be; as, I 
make tho amount fifty dollars; to amount 
to; as, three feet make a yard; to get; 
as. to make a fortune; raise to rank or 
dignity; as, his venture will make or break 
him; score; as, we made ten points m the 
game; arrive at, near, or in sight of; as, to 
make port; become; as, a good son makes 
a good husband; cause to be or become; as, 
to make him president; to cause to act in a 
certain manner; as, to make a child obey: 
vi to tend or move; as, he made toward tbe 
goal; have effect; as, the power that jnakes 
for righteousness: to put something into a 
specified condition; as, to make ready for a 
journey; to act in a specified manner; as, to 
make merry: n. shape; construction; build. 
^ _1_ i ^ i- T£ . (mak'be-lev"), n. a pre- 
make-be-lieve tense; a child’s game of 
pretending that something fancied is real. adj. 
pretended; fictitious; false. 

■mr.1i- rn* (mak'er), n. one that fashions, 
jUttK-er composes, or produces; one who 
signs a promissory note: Maker, the Creator. 

(mak'shlft"), n. that which 
maKe-Smil can be used for a time m 
want of something better: adj. capable of 
being used for a time; serving as a temporaly 
tool, convenience, etc. 

nn (mak'up"), n. the way m 
maKe-Up which the parts of anything 


are put together: dress, paint, powder, etc.„ 
for a part on the stage; artificial preparation; 
arrangement of type, articles, headlines, 
etc., in newspapers or printed matter. 

Tv/r_i o (mal'd-ki), n. the name of a 

iviai-a-cm book of the Old Testament, 
believed to have been written by the Hebrew 
prophet Malachi. 

-mol o rUi+p (mal'd-kit), n. green car- 
Hldl-d-ldllie bonate of copper: a form 

of copper ore. x 

mal-ad-minis-terS. &1 ' t “'Se er i 

conduct badly.— n. maladministration. 

j 4 - (mal"a-droit'), adj. unskil- 
mal-a-aroit f u i; awkward; clumsy.— 

adv. maladrcitly.— n. maladroitness. 

■mol o dw (mal'd-dl), n. [pi. maladies 
ilid.l-d.-tlj/ (_diz)], a disease, especially a. 
deep-seated or lingering disorder, mental or 
physical. 

T\/fo1 o fro (mal'a-gd), n. a variety of wine; 
lVJ.cU.-d.-gd. a sweet, white, firm-fleshed 

grape. 

l\/To1 o rro c w (mal"d-gas'I), n. sing, and 
IVJLdl-d-gdo-j/ pi. a native of Madagascar; 

the language of Madagascar, 
mo loico (ma'laz'; mal'az), n. a vague- 
Hid.-Idiot: feeling of uneasiness, often com¬ 
ing before an attack of illness. [Fr.] 
mol o norf (mal'd-pert) , adj. pert; saucy; 
lilcuL-ci-pGlt bold; impudent; n. a bold. 

saucy person. 

mol o nren icm (mal'd-prop-izm), n. a 
mai-a-prop-lbm ridiculous misuse of 

fine words: from Mrs. Malaprop, in Sheridan’s 
The Rivals. 

mol o m-rn nnc (mal-ap'ro-po') , adj. out 

mal-a-pro-pos of place; coming at the 
wrong time; not appropriate: adv. inappro¬ 
priately. 

mo 1 oi- (ma'ldr), adj. pertaining to the 
Illd-Id.1 cheek or cheek bone, 
mo 1 o -ri o (md-la'ri-d), n. harmful vapors 
ma-ia-n-d. from marshy land, supnosed 
to produce fevers, etc.; disease produced by 
the bite of certain mosquitoes which carry 
the germs; chills and fever; ague, 
mo 1o -ri ol (md-la'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
md-Id-Il-dl to, producing, or having, 
chills and fever; as, swamps are malarial 
regions. Also, malarious. 

TVTo law (ma-la/; ma'la), n. one of the 
lVld-ldy race of brown men dominant m 
southeastern Asia and the islands off that 
coast; the language of these people: adj. of or 
pertaining to the brown race or their region. 

■R/To low o-n (md-la'an), adj. of or per- 
lVld.-id.y-d.ll tabling to the Malay peoples, 
their region, or their language. Also, Malay¬ 
sian- „ w .... 

mol /.Ati -fckii-f (mal'kon-tent") , adj. dis- 
llldl-l/UIl- tell L contented, especially with 
established authority: n. one who is discon¬ 
tented with the established order of things, 
mol** (mal), adj. pertaining to the sex that 
Illdlc f a thers young; not female; mascu¬ 
line; in machinery, fitting into a correspond¬ 
ing hollow piece: n. a human being of the 
sex that fathers young; an animal or plant 
of such sex. , „ „ 

mol ^ +; rvn (mal'S-dlk'shfin). n. a. 

mal-e-aic-tion proclaiming of evil 
against anyone; curse; act of speaking 
evil; state of being slandered. 

Syn. anathema, imprecation. 

Ant. (see benediction). „ „ 

a-, r. 4-Af (mal"e-fak'ter), n. an 
mai-e-iac-tui evildoer; a criminal.— n. 
malefaction. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











malevolence 


374 


man 


rn1 pv n Iptii'P (md-16 v'fi-lSns), n. 
aua-iev-o-ience spitefulness; ill will; in¬ 
tent to do injury to others. 

Tt 151 1 pv n latif (md-lev'S-lent), adj. ma¬ 
ma-1 eV-0-16111 Ucious; spiteful; wish¬ 
ing evil; disposed to injure others, 
m£il ■fpo Cfltiro (mal-fe'zans), n . an ille- 

mai-iea-sance RaI act . an evil deed . 

wrongdoing by a public official. 

Trial forma firm (mal'for-ma'shtin), n. 

lllcu-ior-ma-uon faulty or abnormal 

■structure of any body or part of the body; as, 
a clubfoot is a, malformation. 

lYi o 1 iVo (mal'is), n. evil intention to 
xxxax-xiyc injure others; deliberate mis¬ 
chief; spite; in law, state of mind shown by 
intention to perform an unlawful act or deed. 

Syn. rancor, ill-feeling, grudge, animosity, 
if.ll will. 

Ant. (see benignity). 

ma K rimtci (ma-llsh'fls), adj. bearing 
ma-U-ClOUS ih will or spite; influenced 
by hatred or spite; indulging in deliberate 
mischief; as, a malicious person; arising 
from ill-will; as. a malicious act.— adv. mali¬ 
ciously.— n. maliciousness. 

'ITIfl licrn ( m d-lin'), v.t. to speak evil of 
J.XJ.O. iigAA w ith spite or ill will; slander; 
-as, to malign the character of another; adj. 
hurtful; tending to injure; baleful; evil; 
as, malign influences.— adv. malignly. 

ma lip- nan rv (md-lig'nSn-sI), n. the 
ma-lig-ildll-Ly state of being disp osed 

to do harm; in medicine, the virulence of a 
disease which threatens to produce death, 
rn o It O' Tl flirt ( m d-llg'nant), adj. mali- 
cious; having extreme, ac¬ 
tive enmity toward any one; intending or 
bringing about evil; of disease, tending 
to produce death; virulent.— adv. malignantly. 

ma Kern pr (md-lln'er), n. one who speaks 
lUa-ligU-ci evil of another. 

ma-liv ni tv (“a-hg'nl-tl), n. [pi. malig- 
7 A . AA p" lli '' L J mties (-tlz)j, the state of 
being disposed to do evil to others; malice; 
deadly quality; as, the malignity of cancer. 

ryj a Kn crpr (md-lm/ger), v.i. to pretend 
Jixxa-AAAA p CA illness in order to escape 
duty, especially military duty.—-n. malingerer, 
•mal i errn (mal'I-zn; malT-sn), n. a curse; 
AAAcAA-A- ® ~ AA a malediction. 

-m all (mol), n • a large heavy wooden 
.ixiaiA mallet; a public walk shaded by 
trees. 

msl 1»yd (rnal'drd), n. the male of the 
xxxai-xax u. common wild duck; any wild 
duck. 

mal-le-a-bil i tv (par'e-d-bn'i-tp, n. 

aiioi ic a-UIl-l-iy the capability of be- 
Sng extended by hammering or rolling. 

1T!£?1 Ip « H1p (mal'e-d-bl), adj. capable 
ai-ic-a-uic G f being extended by 
hammering or rolling; as, gold is the most 
malleable 'of all metals. 

Trial Ipt ( ma l'et), n. a short-handled ham- 
xxxax-xct mer used for driving a tool; the 
long-handled implement, hammer- ■=— 
like at one end, used to drive the L „ , 
balls in the game of croquet ; the K© 
stick used in polo. 

TTial Ip (mal'e-fis), n. one of 
iiai-lc-Ub the three smau bones 

sn the ear: called also the hammer. 
Tnal.lnw ( mal '°)- n. a plant hav- 
W inf? pillk ’ Purple, white, 
or yellow cup-shaped flowers. 

malm sev ( mam ' z I). n. a rich , 

-ixicuill s>cy vanety of grape; a Mallet 

strong, full-flavored sweet wine: called also 
malvotste. 



Trial Till tri firm (mal'nii-trlsh'un), n. 
iiica-nu-iri-iion. faulty use of food ln 

the body; insufficient nourishment, either on 
account of actual lack of food or faulty 
digestive processes. 

trial n Hnr one (mal o'der-us), adj. ill- 
iliai-O-UUr-OUS smelling; having a dis¬ 
agreeable smell; objectionable.— adv. mal* 
odorously. 

m o 1 iirnp ’tlr*p (mal-prak'tls), n. the 
AiAdi-pxctL-LlLc; treatment of a case by 
a surgeon or physician in a manner contrary 
to accepted rules and with harmful results to 
the patient; the conduct of any profession 
in an illegal or wrong way. 
malt (molt), n. barley or other grain soaked 
axacixc j n water, fermented, and dried for 
brewing: v.i. to ferment, or change into malt: 
said of grain: v.t. to make into or with malt, 
or fermented grain: adj. made with such 
fermented grain; as, beer and ale are malt 
liquors.— adj. malty. 

TVral fpep (mol-tez'; mol-tes'), adj. relat- 
lucu-icoc ing to Malta, an island in the 
Mediterranean, or to its inhabitants: Mal ese 
cat, a kind of tame cat with soft gray fur: 
Mal ese cross, a cross with four arms of equal 
length, widening at the ends: n. sing, and pi. 
a native of Malta; the people of Malta or 
their language. 

mol frpnf (mal-tret'), v.t. to treat ill or 
AAACAA_LA roughly; to treat unkindly.— 
n. maltreatment. 

m fi m m ct (ma-ma'; ma'md), n. a familiar 
xiidiii-xiict name f or mother. Also, mama. 

mam mfl (mam'a), n. [pi. manunse (-e)], a 
jLAAM.AXA-jLi.xti. gi andu i ar organ secreting milk, 

found m all animals that suckle their young. 

m^m ma 1 (naam'&l), n. one of the highest 
xixaiii-ixittl el ass of animals, which feed 

their young with milk from the breast. 

Mam mn li n CmS-ma'lI-a), n.pl. the 
IVxdlll-lIlct-n-a highest class of animars. 

which feed their young with milk from the 
breast. 

mam-ma li «-n (ma : ma'l:-an). adj. be¬ 
am ma-ll-an longmg to the Mam¬ 
malia, or those animals which feed their 
young with milk from the breast; pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, such animals. 

mam mfl TV (mam'd-rl), adj. of or per- 
mam-ma-iy taming to the breasts, or 
mammae. 

mam-mon 

(mam'fin), n. 
wealth; worldly 
ga'n; greed for 
riches: from 
Mammon, the 
Syrian god of 
riches. 

mam-moth 

(mam'5th), n. a kind of huge elephant no 
longer m existence: adj. gigantic; immense. 

mam rnv ( ma p ,5[ )> . n - a Child’s name for 
lixaiii AAA J / mother; in the South, a negro 
woman who cares for children. 

mail ( m . an b n - IP*- men (men)], a human 
axamxx being; an adult male of the human 
species; mankind; with a, any one, in an 
indefinite sense; male servant; one possessed 
rn manly qualities in a high degree; a hus¬ 
band: used only in man and wife; one of the 
pieces m chess, checkers, or similar games- 
a. ship: used only in composition; as, man- 
of-war: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. manned, p.pr. 
manning], to furnish with men; guard- to a 
man, none being excepted. 



Mammoth 


1o a C J 1, fa * r ’ parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menil; 












manacle 


375 


manifest 


mcm a rip (maud-kl), 

man-d-Uie a fetter: 


n. a handcuff; 
- a fetter: usually used in 

f dural: v.t. to place handcuffs upon; put 
nto chains. 

mart acre* (man'aj), v.t. to conduct or 
indll-dgc; carry on; govern; make obe¬ 
dient or controllable; keep in a desired 
mood; to bring about by ingenious devices; 
contrive: v.i. to conduct or direct affairs; to 
make use of means in a thrifty fashion. 

Syti. contrive, control, direct. 

mom acre* a hip (man'aj-d-bl) odj. easy 
man-age-d.~Die to be conducted or 

controlled; obedient; controllable; subject 
to guidance.— adv. manageably.— n. manage¬ 
ableness. 

^(man'aj-ment), ft. the 

man-age-ment ac t C r art of conduct¬ 
ing or controlling; administration; control; 
skill in direction; those collectively who are 
responsible for the direction of an enterprise 
or business; the act of carrying on. 

Syn. superintendence, conduct, care, charge. 

„ rrot- (man'd-jer), n. one who 
md.n-d.-gei directs or conducts any¬ 
thing; a person who conducts business or 
household affairs with skill and economy.— 

adj. managerial. _ 

IV/Tom okm (man-choo'), n. one of the 
IVXdll-eilU. natives of Manchuria, in 
China; the language of the Manchus: adj. 
pertaining to Manchuria or its inhabitants. 
Also, Manchurian. 

A a tmio (man-da'mus), n. a writ- 
mdn-Ud-UlU& £ e n paper given out by a 
superior court directing the person or inferior 
court to whom it is addressed to perform 
some public duty or act. . 

, (man'dd-rfn), n. in China, 
mdn-Ud-IUl an Official of one of nine 
classes, which are distinguished by a par¬ 
ticular kind of button worn on the cap; a 
variety of orange: Mandarin, the Chinese 
dialect in use by the official classes; loosely, 
the chief Chinese dialect. 

j (man'dat), n. an order; com- 

mdll-Lld It mand; an official charge or 

injunction. . „ 

r ^ T (man'da-to-rl) , adj. con- 
mdll-U.d-LU-lj taining or pertaining to 
an official command; expressing a command; 
carrying obligation: n. an attorney or agent 
who acts for another; a nation or state chosen 
to govern or administer a colony, or certain 
territory. Also, manda ary. 

j; "Ulo (man'di-bl), n. the under 
mdli-Ul-UiC j aw; jn birds, either jaw;. 

_ j i* (man'do-lln), n. a musical 
IH3.I1-CIO-1111 instrument which has a 
pear-shaped sound-box, a neck with frets, 
and a set of metal strings arranged hke those 

J-oIro (man'drak), n. a plant of 
m3H-Gr3Ke the nightshade family with 
a very large forked root and a white or purple 
flower; tlje May apple. 

(man'drel), n. the part of a 
lH3H-01t?l i a the on which the work to be 
turned is placed; the revolving axle of a 
circular saw. Also, mandril. 

(man'dril), n. the blue-faced 
m3H-Qllll baboon of Africa. 

(man), n. the long hair on the 
Iudne upper side or about the neck of cer¬ 
tain animals, as the horse and the lion; a line 
of stubble left by mowers.— adj. maned. 

(ma^nezh'), n. a riding academy; 
ma-nege a school where horsemanship 
Is taught; the art of training, riding, or 
driving horses. Also, manege. 


■mo (ma'nez), n.pl. among the ancient. 

lIlct-liGb Romans, the spirits of the dead 
and the gods of the lower regions, 
mo mcm TTrt»* (ma-noo'ver; ma-nu'ver). 
IH3-HG11-V01 n swift and skilful man¬ 
agement or operation in military or navaL 
affairs; an artful device or proceeding; a. 
stratagem; skilful management: v.i. to- 
perform certain movements with troops or 
war vessels; manage with art and skill: 
v.t. to cause to make certain movements, as- 
troops or vessels; to handle skilfully; to* 
manage with dexterity; to make, move, or 
put into certain positions, by skilful manage¬ 
ment. Also, manoeuvre. 

mcm -fill (man'fool), adj. courageous;. 
Illctll-i til bravely determined.— adv. man¬ 
fully.— n. manfulness. 

__ „ (mart"gd-nes'; man"g«- 

IH3H-g3-H6SG nez'), n. a hard, brittle,, 
metallic substance, of a grayish color slightly 
tinged with red: used in alloy in gun making,, 
etc 

motirro (manj), n. a contagious skim 
UXallgC disease of dogs, cattle, etc. 
mom n-or (man'jer), ft. a feeding trough. 
Illcui-gcl f or horses or cattle, 
mo-n o-l» (man'gl), n. a machine for 
Illdll-giC smoothing cloth, especially damp- 
linen, by the pressure of revolving rollers: 
v.t. to smooth (cloth) by the use of such a. 
machine; to cut to pieces; to mutilate by 
cutting; to hack; to spoil in the doing; to¬ 
rn jure in the performing; to make a botch of. 
mom rtr\ (man'go), n. [pi. mangoes (-goz)L 
Illa-Il-J'U a well-known tropical fruit of 
oblong shape, yellowish color, thick rind, and 
juicy pulp; the tree bearing the fru t. 
mom rrrnvp (mah'grov), n. an East and 
lH3H-grOVG West Indian tree yielding 
a bark used in tanning, and having branches-, 
which take root and cause the tree to spread 
in a thick mass. 

mom criT (man'ji), adj. suffering or afflicted 
IlldJI-gy with a contagious skin disease, as 
dogs and cattle.— to. manginess, 
mom Vmlck (man'hol"), n. an opening by 
lIid.ll-J.iUit; w bich a workman may enter a 

tank, sewer, etc. 

mom Vim/vrl (man'hdod), to. courage; man- 
man-IiOOU liness; the state of being a 
man; man’s estate; men collectively; as,, 
the manhood of the United States will rise- 
against oppression; the manly qualities, 
taken collectively. 

mo ml o (naa'nl-d), n. violent insanity; 
IIld.-111-ct intense excitement; excessive or- 
unreasonable desire or enthusiasm; as, some'- 
people have a mania for collecting. 

Syn. madness, lunacy. 

rno mi or* (ma/nl-ak), adj. affected with, 
IHd-IlI-dt/ insanity; raving; frantic: n~ 
a madman. Also, adj. maniacal.— adv. 
maniacally. . m 

-mnm i (man'I-kur), n. the care of 

IH3H-1-UU.I G the hands, nails, etc.; one- 
whose business it is to care for the hands and 
nails: v.t. and v.i. to care for (the hands and 
nails); to care for the hands and nails of. 
— n. manicurist. . , , 

mom i fool (man'i-fest), adj. clear: plain: 
XH3H-1-IGSX apparent to the sight or~ 
understanding: v.t. to make clear; place 
beyond doubt of understanding; to prove; 
to show the list of, as a cargo: n. the list of 
a cargo to be shown to the customhouse* 
officials; an invoice.— adv. manifestly. 

Syn., adj. evident, open, visible, unmistak¬ 
able, overt, obvious, patent. 

Ant. (see hidden). __ 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw -wh as in when;; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn.. 












manifestation 


376 


mantua 


irmn i fa tinn ( ffl ^ n,, W6s-ta'shun), 

llld.II-1-ICb-lcl-llOIl n . a public display, 
either for showing feeling or gaining atten¬ 
tion; a revealing or a disclosure; the act of 
making plain. 

man i fa c +r\ (man"I-fes'to), n. [pi. mani- 

man-i-ies-xo f es toes (-toz)j, a public 

declaration on the part of an official concern¬ 
ing political measures or intentions. 
mart i fnlrl (naan'I-fold), adj. various in 
kind or quality; numerous; 
comprehensive: v.t. make many copies of by 
means of a duplicating machine: n. a copy 
made by a duplicating machine.— adv. 
manifoldly.— n. manifoldness. 

Syn., adj. several, sundry, divers. 

man i Irin (man'I-kin), to. a dwarf; a 
iiiaii-i-JXili little man; a model of the 

human body for study of the organs. Also, 

mannikin, manakin. 

ma nil a (ma-Ml'a), to. a kind of cigar 
CA ~ AAAA ~ <CL manufactured at Manila in the 
Philippine Islands; a hemp used for ropes, 
paper, etc., made from the fibers of a Philip¬ 
pine tree related to the banana. Also, 
manilla. 

man i nr (m8,n'I-8k; ma'ni-ok), to. a trop- 
uittii-i-oe i ca l plant from the roots of which 
tapioca and starch are made. 

ma nin 11 latp (md-nip'u-lat), v.t. to 
llia tC operate or work skilfully 

by means of the hands; to; treat; to influence 
artfully; control the action of, by skilful man¬ 
agement; to falsify, as books, in bookkeeping: 
v.i. to use the hands, especially in scientific 
operations or mechanical processes. 

ma-nip-u-la-tion 

of operating or working skilfully with the 
hands; falsification, of accounts, etc.; skil¬ 
ful management.— to. manipulator. 

ma-nip-u-la-tive o”-. < pS£!Si?to, v of 

performed by, skilful use of the hands; 
managing skilfully. 

TnqTI i fnil (man'I-too), to. the Great 
ij-ictii 1-lUU Spirit of the North American 
Indians. Also, manito, manitu. 

rnaii IritTH (man"kind'), to. the human 
j-iiaii-tviiitl race; (man'kind"), men, dis¬ 
tinguished from women. 

THflTl lik-fa (man'lik"), adj. like, or suitable 
iixc4.ii.-i.irvc to, a man; manly. 

rnsri It_G pqc (man'll-nes), to. the state 
JJ.C&S or q Ua iity 0 f being manly; 
courage; the upstanding, courageous qualities 
of a true man. 

mfln.1v (man'll), adj. having the qualities 
^ J of a man; manlike; courageous; 
noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like a man. 

Syn., adj. masculine, vigorous, frank, brave, 
heroic. 

Ant. (see effeminate). 

TYlfln.nfl (man'a), to. a name given by the 
AACAli , Acl Israelites to the food miraculously 
supplied m the wilderness.—Ex. xvi. 15; 
spiritual nourishment; the sweet juice from 
certain lands of ash of southern Europe. 

TTlfln TIPI" (man'er), to. method; mode of 
man iici action; habit; a way of acting; 

custom; sort; kind; species; aspect; style; 
fashion: pi. morals; behavior; rules of 
conduct; social observances; politeness. 

Syn. way, air, look, appearance. 

man ripr tern .(man'er-Izm), to. a pecu- 
llld.ll ner-lbm ] ian ty of style, action. 

or bearing, especially if strained or affected. 

man ripf Ipco (man'er-les), adj. without 
lllclll-llcU-lcbb politeness; lacking in 
respect; impolite. _ 


re- 

re- 


man tipr lir (man'er-11), adj. polite; 
Illctll-ner-iy spectful: adv. politely; 

spectfully.— to. mannerliness. 

man -m lrin (man'I-ldn), n. a little man; 
lUail-iii-Alll a dwarf; a model of the 

human body for study of the organs. Also, 
manikin, manakin. 

man nidhi (man'Ish), adj. masculine; 

characteristic of a man. — adv. 
mannishly.— to. mannishness, 
ma nmii vr» (ma-ndo'ver; ma-nu'vSr), 
A ^ to. swift and skilful man¬ 
agement; artful device; stratagem: v.t. to 
handle skilfully; to manage with dexterity: 
v.i. manage with art and skill; scheme. 
Also, maneuver. 

man-of-war 

war; an armed vessel belonging to a nav^ 
of recognized status. 

man nr (man'er), n. the district over 
.... which a lord of the Middle Ages 
held authority; the land belonging to a lord, 
or so much as he formerly reserved for his 
own use; a tract of land occupied by tenants 
who pay rent to the owner: manor house, the 
dwelling house of the owner of the manor, 
mfl no ri al (nia-no'rl-al), adj. belonging 
md.-nO- r l-ai to a manor, or district over 
which a lord exercised authority. 
man-Sard rnnf (man'sard roof), a roof 

11UX11 aaiu I GUI W hich has on all side* 

two slopes, the 

lower being steeper _; 

than the upper. 

manse 

home of a Presby¬ 
terian minister in 
Scotland; a par¬ 
sonage. Mansard Roof. A, tie- 

beam; B, collar beam; C.C, 

man-serv-ant rafters. 

(man'sfir"vant), to. a male servant, 
man cinn (man'shun), TO. a large dwell- 
ing house; a stately residence. 

man cdaitcrh far (nian'slo"ter), to. the 
lIl<Ul-bld.U^n-ier un i aw ful killing of a 

human being, but without malice or fore¬ 
thought. 

mars fpan (man'to; man"to'), to. [pi. 
iju^aii-LGctu manteaus (-toz), manteaux 

(-to')], a cloak or mantle worn by women. 
Also, mantua. 

man fpl (man'tl), TO. a narrow orna- 
mental shelf above a fireplace. 
Also, mantelpiece. 

man +p1 p+ (man'tl-et), to. a bullet-proof 
idXA-tci-ct shelter, formerly movable, to 
protect besiegers, gunners, etc.; a short cloak 
or cape. 

man til Ifl (pan-tll'a), to. a lady’s light 
ui-ift cloak or hood, worn in Me\ico 



Spain, etc. 

man-tis 


(man'tis), to. f pi. mantes (-tez)]. 
an insect allied to the grass¬ 
hopper, noted for taking a position with its 
front legs folded as if praying. 

Tnatl t1» (man'tl), to. a loose cloak or cape; 
ldlcUl-ue tll e outside fold of the skin of 
the body of the clam amd other shellfish; 
a conelike network of material that will not 
burn, but which fits like a cap over a flame 
and gives light by glowing at high tempera¬ 
ture: v.t. to cover with, or as -with, a cloak- 
conceal: v.i. to become covered; to become 
suffused with blood; to froth. 

Tnan til a Cman'ttl-d), TO. a woman’s loose 
A cl gown or cloak, especially one 

having an open front. Also, manteau. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus, menu; 














mantuamaker 


377 


marine 


man fii a tnalr pi* , 

IIld.Il- lU-cl-IIlcUV-tJi n . one whose trade 

is the making of women’s garments, 
man 11 al (naan'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
lliaii-u-dl or done by, the hands: n. a 
small book; a handbook; in military usage, 
an exercise in the handling of a weapon, done 
to a prescribed way; the keyboard of an 
organ or harmonium: manual of arms, 
an exercise in the systematic use of a weapon, 
done in a prescribed way.— adv. manually. 

man 11 for tn i*v ( n i^ n "fi"^k , t 6 -rl), 
jn<m-U-ld.L-LO-ry n> [ pL manufactories 

(-rlz)], a place where goods are made from 
raw materials; a factory.^ 

man 11 ‘far* tiirp (man"ti-fak , tlir; man 1 ’- 
mdll-U-ldU-lUIe u-fak'choor), v.t. to 

make from raw materials; produce artificially: 
v.i. to be occupied in the making of goods from 
raw materials: n. the changing of raw materi¬ 
als into articles for use; the thing made from 
the raw material.—n. manufacturer. 

man n mici cinn (man'tl-mlsh , un), n. 
Illall-U-IIlib-blUIl the act of freeing from 

slavery. 

man n mit (man'fl-mlt), v.t. [p.t. and 
llldll-U.-A11I L jj p manumitted, p.pr. manu¬ 
mitting], to set free from slavery, 
ma niirp (ma-nur'), n. any fertilizing 
AJJ - C *-“ AAUA c substance used for enriching 
the soil; v.t. to enrich with fertilizing sub- 

St*3iIlC0S 

mem 11 op-rifif (man'if-skrlpt), adj. writ- 
m.cUl-ll-SCripX ten by hand: n. [abbrevi¬ 
ated MS., pi. MSS.], a book or paper written 
by hand; especially, an author’s copy of his 
work, in handwriting or in typewriting; 
writing, as opposed to printing. 

TVTarvv (mahks), adj. relating to the Isle 
lVJ. dll A 0 f Man, to its people, or to the old 
language of the island: n. sing, and pi. the 
Manx language; the Manx people: Manx¬ 
man, a native of the Isle of Man. 
mo-| -tr (men'I), adj. [comp, more, superl. 
IUclIl-y most], numerous; consisting of a 
great number: n. a great number; multitude; 
people. 

"IVTo (ma'S-ri; mou'rl), adj. relating 

- a ”- AcA- 1-'~ a a to the Maoris, or natives of New 
Zealand, or to then- language: n. the natives 
of New Zealand, or their language. 

■mar* ( ma p), n - a representation on a flat 
lilciJJ sur face of the earth or some portion 
of it; a chart of the heavens: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. mapped, p.pr. mapping], to picture or 
lay down in a chart; describe clearly; sketch 
or plan. 

mr- (ma'pl), n. a well-known tree of 

many varieties, valued as a shade 


cate alcoholic cordial dis- 


a 


mc» raiiH (ma-rod'), v.i. to plunder; to 
AAiCA-A rove in search of plunder; as, 
wild beasts maraud at night.— n. marauder. 

Kick (mar'bl), n. a hard limestone of 
liiai.-UlC various colors capable of taking 
a fine polish; anything like such stone; a 
single piece of such stone; a small stone or 
glass ball used as a child’s plaything: pi. the 
game played with these balls; a collection of 
sculpture in marble: adj. made of, or like, 
marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: v.t. to stain 
or vein like marble. 

march ( marc h), n. a regular measured 
J.iid .1 '■' AA step or walk, especially of soldiers; 
the distance passed over in walking in such 
a manner from one place to another; steady 
onward movement; as, the march of the 
years; a musical composition to be played 
as troops inarch; frontier; borderland: 
v.t. to cause to move in a regular measured 
walk, as troops: v.i. to move with regular 
steps, or in military form.—March, the third 
month of the year. 

Syn., v. tramp, tread, walk, step. 

mor rliirvn pcc (mar'shun-es), n. the 
IIld-l-LIllUIl-cbb w ife or widow of 

marquis; a lady of the rank of a marquis. 

•mar cch tii err a tn (niar-ko'nl-gram), n. 

Uld.r-LO-111-grd.m a message sent or 

received by Marconi’s system of wireless 
telegraphy. 

mar-co-ni-graph Si 

send a message in Marconi wireless telegraphy. 
TV/Tor Hi err a c (mar'di gra), Shrove Tues- 
±Vld.I-t.ll & A day; the Tuesday before 
Ash Wednesday; the last day before Lent, 
celebrated in some cities, as Rome, Paris, 
New Orleans, with great merriment, 
mar#* ( m &r), n. the female of the horse, 
. 1110.1 C anc i similar animals. 

rnarp’c-n (m&rz'nest"), n. some dis- 

JUlcil C o“UCo L covery which at first seems 

to be wonderful but which proves to be. a 
cheat. 

mar era rino (mar'ga-ren; mar'gd-rln). 
* aA<aa n. artificial butter; oleo¬ 
margarine, a butter substitute made from 
animal or vegetable fats. 

mar oiti (mar'jin), n. border; the un- 
llictl-glil printed edge of a page; a limit; 
reserved amount, as of money, time, or space; 
as, he allowed a margin of an hour to catch the 
train; money, stock certificates, etc., given 
to a broker to secure him from loss in advanc¬ 
ing funds for an investment; as, to buy on a 
margin: v.t. to furnish with an edge or border; 
enter upon the edge of a page. 

Syn., n. edge, rim, brink, verge, 


tree, for its wood, and, in some species, for vnar crirs al (mar'jln-al), adj. pertaining to. 
its sap which is used for making sugar and ihfti-gm-cu or placed on, the edge or 
syrup. 

rY , 01 . (mar), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. marred, p.pr. 

Illcll marring], to disfigure; injure; damage. 

Syn. spoil, ruin. 

Ant. (see improve). _ 

mat* a "hrm-s (mar'd-boo), n. a stork of an 
illclI-cl-UUU. African species whose soft 
wing or tail feathers are used for dress 

trimming and for apparel. Also, marabout, rmp rtfP 

mar a sclii no (mar "® _s - ke - ]no ^ n - adeli - aAa<u_ & uc-aaic n. 

tilled from cherries. 

ma roc mmc (md-raz'mus), n. a gradual 
Illd-I db-Illtlb -wasting away of the body: 

usually, a disease of small children. 

Mar a flintl (mar'd-thfin), n. a long- 
iVLdi-a.-Lli.UAl distance foot race: so 

•called from the runner who carried to Athens 
the news of the victory of Marathon.__ 


border. 

mar err a vi afp Cmnn—gx’a^'vT—at:), n. the 
ilia.I-gia-Vl-altJ district presided over 

by a margrave, or German marquis. 

mar crraxrp (mar'grav), n. [fern, mar- 
HlaX-gi a V c gra vine], English form of 
markgraf, a German title of nobility equiv¬ 
alent to marquis. 

(mar'ge-ret; mar"ge-ret'). 
the oxeye daisy; the 


a plant of 
with showy 


garden daisy. 

wi ar i (ml d (mar'I-gold), n. 
JII 0 X-I- 5 OIU the aster family 

yellow flowers; also, the flower. 
m a fin p (md-ren'), adj. pertaining to, liv- 
Illa-IliltJ jng in, or formed by, the sea; 
as, marine plants and animals; naval; relating 
to commerce at sea; near the sea; used at 
sea: n. a soldier who serves on a warship; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wk as in when; 
zk = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


es 






mariner 


378 


marshal 


the navy of a nation; naval affairs; coliective 
shipping of a country; a picture of a sea scene. 

ner 1-ner), n. a saiior or sea- 

mar i n npffp (mar'I-o-net), n. an image 
liiai-i-u-ucuc ^ human form moved by 

strings or by the hand, as in a puppet show. 

mar i fal (mar'i-tal), adj. of or pertaining 
1110.1 -A-1di i 0 marriage. 

mar i fim(mar'i-tim; m&r'I-tlm), adj. 

pertaining to, connected with, 
or bordering upon, the sea; relating to sea 
trade; as, the maritime power of England, 
mar in ram (mar'jo-ram), n. a fragrant 
KJ ~ X £llu mint used to flavor cookery, 
marlr ( mark )> n - a trait; a sign by which 
ino.ixv anything is known; a symptom; 
an indication; impression, as a line, stain, 
scratch, written word, etc.; a proof; target; 
a character made by one who cannot write 
his name; a proper bound or limit; as, ho 
brought his business up to the mark; dis¬ 
tinction; as, a man of mark; a German coin 
worth 243^ cents; v.t. to make a line, scratch, 
character, etc. on; notify by, or as by, a sign; 
point out from others; to notice; to single 
out, as by a sign; to indicate by a sign; to 
observe: v.i. to pay careful attention; take 
note.—Mark, the second book of the New 
Testament, containing the Gospel according 
to Mark, the Evangelist, who worked with 
the apostle Paul in spreading the gospel. 
marlrari (markt), adj. distinct; notice- 
able; conspic 

edly. 

marlr pr (mar'ker), n. one who, or that 
which, keeps record, or serves 
as a sign; a counter in card playing; one 
who keeps the score in a game, as in billiards; 
something that keeps a place in a book. 
mar trp-f - (mar'ket), n. a public or private 
A -xv^ x place for the sale or purchase of 
provisions; a region or country where any¬ 
thing can be sold; as, American manufac¬ 
tures find a ready market; state of trade as 
shown by rate or price; as, a dull market: 
v.i. to deal in a public place where provisions 
are exposed for sale; buy or sell goods or 
provisions: v.t. to offer for sale, or to sell, in a 
public place; to find a purchaser for.— n. 
markete •. 

mar lrpf a (mar'ket-a-bl), adj. fit 
mdl-Kei-a-Die or suitable to be offered 

for sale; in demand; current in markets; 
as, marketable prices. 

rY'ioflro tnart (marks'inan), n. [pi. marks- 
mdXKb-man men ( . m g n)]) one skilled in 
shooting.— -n. marksmanship, 
rnoi*| (marl), n. earth containing calcium 
“ a * mingled with clay and carbonate of 
lime, used as a manure: v.t. to fertilize with 
lime; to wind with marlines, or small cords. 
mar litlp (mar'lln), n. a two-stranded 
-aaxxc cor d used for winding around 
ropes, etc. 

mar-line-snikp (mar'lln-splk'), n. a 

xxxax nnc-&piJAt: pointed piece of iron 
used for opening the strands of a rone in 
splicing, or uniting two ropes by interweaving 
the strands. Also, marlin spiko. 

mar-ma la dp (mar'md-lad), n. a pre- 

, 1 1AACl i-CUAC serve made of oraneres nr 

other fruit. 


mar mifp lH iar met), n. m the World 
xxxcix -ini i lc war a huge tin in which food 

was carried to the soldiers in the trenches: 
adj. pertaining to such a tin. 

mar-mo rp al (raar-mo'rS-al), adj. per- 
liiai -111U-I e-cii taining to. like, or made 

or. marble. Also, marmorean. 


mar rrm cpf (mar'mb-zet"), n. a small 
AAAclA -•‘no-oci South American monkey. 

m o r rnnt (mar'mot), n. a small, coarse- 
iiictl-lilUL furred animal akin to the rat, 
squirrel, etc. 

ma rr\r\r\ (md-roon'), n. formerly, a run- 
Uld-lUUll away slave in the West Indies; 
a dark brown color with a deep reddish tinge; 
one who is left alone or abandoned on an 
island or lonely coast: v.t. to place and leave 
alone on a desert island: adj. of a brownish- 
crimson color. 

mar (miir'plot'), n. one who spoils 

AAAClA ~P A b» ** some plan by officious inter¬ 
ference. 

mqrmiP ( mark ). n. a license granted by a 
iiitxi 14 uc state to a private vessel to 
attack and capture the ships of another 
nation: no longer used except in the expres¬ 
sion letters of marque , the official papers 
giving authority to private owners to make 
seizures. 

mar nupp (mar-ke'), n. a large field tent 
iiia.i-yju.ee such as is used by an officer 
of high rank, commonly used for outdoor 
entertainments. 

mar rir (mar'ket-rl), n. inlaid work, 

AiAcAA_ 4 . UCL ~ A J as in furniture. 
mar (mar'kwls), n. [ fern, mar- 

AAAa - A “ v l u - AO chioness, marquise], a noble¬ 
man ranking next below a duke. Also, 
marquess. 

mar riperp (mar'Ij), n. the act of legally 
-A Afcl o c uniting a man and woman in 
wedlock; the wedding ceremony; the state of 
being wedded; the relation existing between 
husband and wife.— adj. marriageable. 

Syn. wedding, nuptials, matrimony, wed¬ 
lock. 

mar riprl (mar'Id), p.adj. united in wed- 
iiiai-iicu lock; wedded; pertaining to 
matrimony. 

mar rnw (mSr'o), n. the oily tissue which 
uidi-iuw flu s the open canals of bones; 
the real meaning or significance of anything: 
vegetable marrow, a kind of squash.— adj. 
marrowy. 

mar l*nw Virvnek (mar'd-bon"), n. a bone 
IIld.r-rOW-D0ne containing an edible 

substance, especially in sufficient quantity 
to be used in cookery. 

mar-row-fat ( mar 'o-fat"), n. a late, 
nidi 1 u w lat i ar g e variety of pea. 

mar rv (mar'K), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. married. 
1110.1 -a y p pj.' marrying], to unite as hus¬ 
band and wife; to dispose of in wedlock; 
to bring together in close union; wed: v.i. 
to enter into the state of wedlock: interj. an 
exclamation of surprise or affirmation. 

TV/Tofc (marz), n. the Roman god of war; 

, 0 one of the planets, notable for the 

redness of its light. 

Mar «?P illaiQP (mar'se-laz'; roar*s 6 '- 
ir * „■ maise yaz'), adj. pertaining to 
Marseilles, a city in France, or to its people: 
n. national anthem of the Republic of France - 
composed by Rouget de l’lsle, 1792. Also 
Marseillais. 

mar Qpillpc: (mar-salz'), n. a double cot- 
xiiai ocilicb ton f abric sometimes ribbed 
or striped. 

mar«?h (™ ars h)» n. a swampy tract of land; 

1110.1011 a fen . a morass. 

mar-shal ( mar 'sh§,l), n. an official of high 
1110.1 oiio - 1 r a n i c who superintends and 
regulates ceremonies; an official of lower 
rank than a herald, but having similar duties • 
in the French army, the highest military 
officer: called also field marshal; one who ar- 
ranges a nd regulates order, rank, etc.. In a 


ate senate, rare, cat, locll, far, ask, parade; scene, Svent, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 













marshmallow 


379 


masquerade 



Marten 


public coremony; as, she was marshal of her 

class at commencement; one who has certain 

police duties; a sheriff: v.t. to arrange or 

dispose in order; to guide; usher. 

marcli tti a 1 1 nw (marsh'mal"o), n. an 
marsn-niai-iovv herb of the ma i low 

family; a confection made from the root 
of this herb. 

mar oh V ( m iir'shl), adj. swampy; grow- 
xiuxi. j n g ^ swamps or fens; like a 

swamp or fen.—n. marshiness. 

-mar cn al (mar-su'pl-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Marsupialia, a 
class of animals that carry their young in a 
marsupium, or pouch: n. one of the Mar¬ 
supialia, as the opossum and kangaroo. 
mar* (mart), n. a place of public purchase 
mall and sale; a 
market: v.t. and v.i. 
to market. 

mar-ten 


a small animal of the 
weasel family; also, 
the fur of the animal: 
called also sable. 

Mar-tha r ’ n : 

in the Bible, the sister 
of Lazarus and Mary, and friend of Jesus.— 
Luke x; John xi. 

mar +ia 1 (mar'shal), adj. pertaining to, or 
llldl-llal suited to, war or warriors; mili¬ 
tary; as, martial music stirs the blood.— adv. 

martially. 

Syn. warlike, soldierly. 

mar 4-ial law (mar'shal 16), a set of 

mar-Liai law i aW s enforced by the 

military power and used in governing citizens 
in time of war, insurrection, etc.; as, a 
conquered city or country is usually put 
under martial law until a permanent govern¬ 
ment can be established. 

IVT a r fiati (mar'shdn), n. an inhabitant 
lVla.I-Lld.Il of Mars: adj. of or pertaining 
to the planet Mars, or to Mars, the god of war. 
mar 4-in (mar'tin), n. a kind of small 
llla.I-li.Il swallow. Also, martlet, 
mar +i nof (mar"ti-net'; mar'tl-net"), n. 
IIld-l-Ll-IlCL one who requires strict obe¬ 
dience in all details and enforces such require¬ 
ments sternly; an unusually strict discipli¬ 
narian: used, ordinarily, in an unfavorable 
sense. 

mar -fin rrola (mar'tln-gal; mar'tin-gal), 
liicli - 111 I -g, die n% a broad strap passing 
from the noseband to the girth of a horse, 
between its fore legs, to keep its head down; 
a rope or chain used to hold certain sails in 
place. 

mar +Trr (mar'ter), n. one who dies for a 
lllal -ly I faith, cause, or principle; one 
who suffers keenly, especially for a cause 
or principle: v.t. to put to death for loyalty 
to some belief, especially Christianity; per¬ 
secute; torture; destroy. 

mar -f-rrr A rwm (mar'ter-dum), n. death 

mar-iyr-aom or sufferings for the sake 
of a faith, cause, or principle; as, the martyr¬ 
dom of the early Christians. 

~ „ T , (mar'ter-oro-jl), n. a 

mar-tyr-Ol-O-gy register or history of 
martyrs, or those who have suffered and 
died for a faith or a cause, 
mar (mar'vel), n. a wonder; that 

lildi-Vcl w hich causes wonder; some¬ 
thing extraordinary and astonishing: v.i. to 
be struck with astonishment; to wonder. 

-rr /^1 min (mar'vel-ffs), adj. causing 
mar-Vel-OUS wonder; scarcely to be 


beheved; incredible. Also, marvellous.— adv „ 
marvelously.— n. marvelousness. 

Syn. wonderful, amazing, miraculous,, 
strange. 

TVTa rv ( m ^ ,r 9 > n - m the Bible, the mother of 
j Jesus: called also the Virgin Mary: 
Mary of Bethany, the sister of Lazarus and 
Martha, and a friend of Jesus.—Luke x; 
John xi; JVlary of Magdala, or Mary Mag¬ 
dalene, healed by Jesus of seven devils.— 
Luke viii. 2; John xx. 

mac rnt (mas'kot), n. a person or thing 
maa-V/Ui that is supposed to bring good 
luck; as, a little yellow dog was the mascot 
of the baseball team. 

mac ni 1 tna (mas'ku-lln), adj. pertaln- 
iiraD-C/ ing to, having the qualities 

of, or suitable for, a man; manly; powerful; 
virile; coarse; mannish: said of a woman; 
in grammar, designating the gender of words 
that denote males, and of other words classed 
with them. 

Syn. male, manful. 

Ant. (see feminine, female).^ 

mac pii Iiti i (mas-ku-lin'I-tl), n. the 
mas-cu-im-l-xy quaUty or state of be¬ 
ing manlike. 

tnach ( m &sh), n. a soft or pulpy mass; a 
liiaoil warm mixture of bran and water 
for horses or other animals; bruised malt, 
or meal, soaked in hot water for making beer, 
etc.: v.t. to mix with hot water (as malt) in 
brewing; change into a soft pulpy state; to 
crush.— 7i. masher. 

mac"h ip (mash'l), n. an iron golf club 
iiiaon-i-C similar in shape and use to the 
niblick. 

m a cTr ( m &sk), n. a full or partial cover for 
lAiabiY the face in order to disguise or 
protect it; as, a gas -mask; that which dis¬ 
guises or conceals; a pretense; as, under the 
7nask of friendliness he hid his evil plans; an 
old form of play, in which the actors wore 
masks, or face coverings; the composition for 
such a play; a masquerade: v.t. to conceal 
with, or as with, a mask; cover or hold in 
check, as troops about to launch a surprise 
attack: v.i. to take part in a masquerade; be 
disguised. Also, masque. 

maclrpH (maskt), adj. wearing or using 
AlictoxVCu a cover over the face; con¬ 
cealed; disguised; hidden, 
m a clr or (mas'ker), n. one who wears a 
liictbiv-ci disguise, or cover over the face, 
as at a masquerade. 

ma cnn (ma'sn), n. a builder in stone or 
liict-oUll br ick.—Mason, a member of the 
society of Freemasons. r 

Ma-son and Dix-on’s Line, 

(ma'sn and dik'sunz lin), the southern bound¬ 
ary of Pennsylvania: so called from two Eng¬ 
lish surveyors who ran it. 

TVTa cnn tr (ma-son'Ik), adj. relating to 
i.VAa-DUIl-iL Freemasons or to their society; 
pertaining to their craft or mysteries, 
ma cnn rvr (ma'sn-rl), n. the art or occu- 
lila-oUll-iy pation of a builder in stone; 
materials used by builders in stone.—Masonry, 
Freemasonry: the institutions and practices 
of an ancient and secret association or 
fraternity. 

macniio (m&sk), n. a masquerade; a 
lllctbqut; short play, originally acted as 
entertainment at a great castle, etc. Also, 

mask. 

mac Pin pi* a A p (mas lcer-ad ), n. a ball 
IIla.b-i 4 u.cl -aUC orfestivegatheringwhere 

masks are worn; an acting or living under 
false pretenses; a disguise: v.t. to cover with 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







Mass 


380 


matchmaking 


a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part in a 
ball where the persons present are disguised; 
to take the part or character of another for 
amusement or deceit; to show falsely. 

7VTacc (mas), n. the celebration of the 
xuaos Holy Communion in the Roman 
Catholic Church; a musical setting for certain 
parrs of such a celebration: mass, the measure 
of the quantity of matter in a body; a large 
quantity; lump; body of things collectively: 
pi. common people: with the: v.t. and v.i. to 
collect into a lump or body. 

TYlflQ co pr/i (mas'd-ker), to. the killing 
xuo.o-oa.-vx c 0 f many people with violence 
and cruelty; wholesale slaughter or minder 
of people who cannot offer resistance: v.t. to 
slaughter in such a manner. 

< 3 aorp (ma-sazh'), to. a method of 
inao-oagc medical treatment by rubbing 
or kneading the body: v.t. to treat by rubbing 
and kneading. 

fTlflQ cpnr (ma^shrO, to. [fem. masseuse], 
uiao-ocui one who performs the operation 
of massage, a method of treating the body, for 
purposes of health, by rubbing and kneading 
with the hands. [Fr.J 

TTUJQ qi rnf (masl-k5t), to. yellow com- 
luaD-oi-co io pound of oxygen and lead used 
as a paint, etc. 

mac oif (ma/'sif'), n. high ground; a 
mao—ou plateau; a group of hills; the 
high ground around a higher central point; as, 
the massif of Mont Blanc. [Fr.] 
mac; QiVp (mas'iv), adj. weighty; heavy; 
xxxcio-oxw bulky; of large size; imperfectly 
and irregularly formed: used in speaking of 
minerals.— adv. massively.— n. massiveness. 

Sun. ponderous, solid, substantial. 

Ant. (see flimsy). 

triage rnopf incr ( mas met'Ing), a brain 
llicloo AliceL-lilg general assembly of 

people for the discussion of some question of 
public interest. 

tnflcc v (mas'I), adj. weighty; heavy; 
maoo-j bulky; ponderous. 

truiQf ( mast ) t n. a long roimd piece of 
timber or iron tube, raised upright 
on the keel, through the decks, of a vessel to 
support the sails; any upright pole; the 
fruit of the oak, beech, etc., especially when 
used as food for swine. 

TTlflQ fpt* ( m a- s 'ter), to. one who rules or 
mao-ici commands people or things; 
director; employer; owner; head of a house¬ 
hold, college, school, etc.; an expert; winner 
In a contest; a great artist; a skilled work¬ 
man; commander of a merchant vessel: 
adj. exercising control; chief; skilled: v.t. 
to subdue or overcome; conquer; as, to 
master a task; to excel in: Master, a person 
holding an advanced university degree; a title 
used before the names of boys; a legal title. 

1 TI q c fpi* fill (mas'ter-fool), adj. showing 
muo-igi-uu power or control; inclined 
to be domineering.— adv. masterfully. 

mac fpt* It-pv ( ma s'ter ke), a key that 
liiaa-Lci ivey will open several locks 
differing from each other. 


mac for v (mas'ter-I), n. dominion; su- 
iiiao-cci -y periority or triumph in war 
or competition; display of skill. 

Syn. rule, sway, ascendancy, supremacy, 
mocf floor! (mast'hed"), to. the top of a 
AllOol-iiCaU mast: v.t. to send to the 


to 

mast top as a punishment on shipboard. 

moc fi rofo (mas'tl-kat), v.t. to grind 
Iliab- ll-Ua.lt? with the teeth; chew.—n. 
masticator. 

moc fi ro fion (mas'tl-ka'shiin), to. the 
liia.b -11-v cl-11UI 1 aC f 0 f grinding with the 

teeth; a chewing; as, mastication of food, 
mac fiff (mas'tif), to. a breed of large, 
Aiia.o -1111 powerful dogs, valued chiefly as 
watchdogs. 

mac fn r? on (mas't 6 -don), to. a variety 
liiOb-LU-UUll 0 f i ar g e animal, somewhat 

like the ele¬ 



phant, but no 
longer in exist¬ 
ence. 

mas-toid 

(mas'toid), adj. 
breastlike; in 
animal bodies, 
denoting a pro- 
jection of the 
bone of the 
skull behind the 
ear: to. themas- 
toid bone, a 

fch^skulVbehinrf t Upper: mastadon restored. 

b6llirid L° we r: left, tooth; right, skull. 

Gai** 

maQ tni Hi fie (mas"toi-di'tTs), to. a dis- 
iuao-ioi-ui-uo ease caused by an abscess 

formed inside the mastoid bone and next the 


nriflc fpi* (mas'ter- 11 ), adj. characteristic 

iiioo-lux-iy 0 f a C bi e f or expert: adv. in 

the manner of, or with the skill of, a chief or 
expert.— to. masterliness. 

TTlflc; for nippp (mas'ter-pes"), to. a thing 
iudb-ier-piece which surpasses in excel¬ 
lence everything else done by the maker; 
anything made with wonderful skill; an 
extraordinary production. 

mas ter.sflin (mas'ter-shlp), TO. dignity 
Xllob LCi bllljj of a chief; control; domin- 

lon; mastery; expert skill. 


mof n - a flat piece of coarse woven 

iiia .1 fabric, made of straw, grass, etc., and 
used for a floor covering, for wiping mud 
from the feet, etc.; an ornamental article on 
which to place things at table; anything 
thickly overgrown or entangled, as weeds; a 
dull finish on a gilded or painted surface; 
the tool used to produce this effect; a border 
or edge serving as a margin for a picture: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. matted, p.pr. matting], to 
mass, knot, or twist together; to produce a 
dull surface upon: v.i. to become knotted or 
tangled. 

maffl Hnr (mat'd-dor; mat'd-dor), to. the 
iiia.t-a.-uui man chosen to kill the bull in a 
bullfight; one of the three principal cards* 
in the games of omber and quadrille. Also 
matadore. 

matrkl ( mach ). n. anything that is easily 
, , set on fire, especially a shonj 

slender piece of wood or other material 
tipped with a mixture by means of which 
Are is procured; anything which agrees with, 
or is exactly like, another thing; an equal; 
game or contest; marriage; one to be gained 
in marriage: v.t. to equal successfully; to set 
against; as, he matched his ability against 
mine; to get a counterpart of, or the equal of: 
v.i. to agree with, or be like, each other. 
-rno-fpVi Iacq (mach'les), adj. not capable of 
uiau/ii-iooo bemg equaled; unequaled: 
peerless. 

matrh Inrk (mach'lok"), n. an old kind 
Alia.lUll-lUUJ\ 0 f musket. 

match-mak PI* (mach'mak'er), to. one 
“■. J-lla-Av-ei who seeks to arrange 
marnages for others; one who makes matches 
for burning. 

matrVl mak incr (mach'mak'Ing),n.the 

iiiaiin-md-K-ing P i annit)g of m | rriages L 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
/lgnt, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare^ unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, menu;. 












match play 


381 


mature 


the scheming to bring them about: adj. 
busy trying to bring marriages about. 
•Y»o+pV» r\\et\r (mach pla), in golf, a 
uiaicii pi ay competition in which the 
score is counted by the number of holes won. 
mofp (mat), n. a companion or associate; 
luaic an equal; the male or female of a 
pair of animals for breeding; a ship’s officer 
ranking below the captain; v.t. to match; 
to equal; marry; of animals, to pair; v.i. 
to be coupled or united. 

met fa (ma'ta), n. a tea made of the dried 
uia -lg leaves of Brazilian holly; much 
used in South America. [Span.] 
m«j far ( m a'ter), n. one of the two mem- 
iiia-LGi branes ( dura mater, pia mater) 
covering the brain. [Lat.] 

-m a fa ri ;it (md-te'rl-al), adj. consisting 
AAJ,£l “ l ' c; “ J -i" cu of matter or substance; nob 
spiritual; pertaining to bodily wants; as, 
the material needs of the poor; important; 
as, it is not material to me what you do; 
of consequence: n. the substance of which 
anything is made.—n. materiality. 

Syn., adj. bodily, physical, temporal, 
momentous, significant. 

Ant. (see spiritual). 

met fa ri et\ icm (md-teTT-Sl-Izm), n. 
ma-ie-Il-ai-lbm t he doctrine that all 

the facts of life are the result of the action, 
etc., of substance or matter; the tendency to 
give too much importance to body or matter, 
and too little to spiritual and intellectual life, 
mn t-i ct\ iof (ma-te'rl-al-Ist), n. one 
ma-lC-Il-Ol-lol who holds the doctrine 
that the universe consists of substance with¬ 
out spirit; one who is absorbed in bodily 
things to the exclusion of spiritual interests. 
— adj. materialistic. 

met fa ri ol 170 (md-te'rf-51-iz), v.t. to 
ma-ie-ll-ai-ize make capable of being 

seen, heard, or felt; to express through out¬ 
ward objects; as, to materialize ambition; to 
give bodily form to: v.i. to become a fact; to 
come into actual being.— n. materialization. 

met fa ri et 1 lir (md-te'rl-Sl-I), adv. with 
Ilia- Lc-x x-ai-lj respect to body or sub¬ 
stance; importantly; actually; to a great 
degree; as, our ideas of education materially 
change as time goes on. 

ma-te-ri-a med-i-ca Sdi^^name 

for the various substances used in medicine; 
the science of remedies. [Lat.] 
met -for rial (md-tur'nal), adj. motherly; 
ma-LCi-nai. derived from a mother; pecul¬ 
iar to motherhood; coming through the rela¬ 
tionship of one’s mother.— adv. maternally. 
■met +G 1 * -ni fir (md-tur'ni-tl), n. the char- 
Ilia-lCi-Ili-iy acter or relationship of a 
mother; the state of being a mother. 

math-e-mat-i-cal ( a “|%taTn1ng't k o S1 or 

performed by, mathematics, or the science of 
quantities; exact; precise; accurate.— adv. 

mathematically. _ ^ 

math-e-ma-ti-cian SffonfSs 

skilled in mathematics, or the science of 
quantities. 

■tmo+Vi mof ir-c (math'S-matlks), n. 
mam-e-mai-lCS the science that treats 
of quantities and magnitudes, by the use of 
symbols, and the measuring, relations, and 
properties of such quantities and magnitudes. 
Tv-iof in (matin), adj. pertaining to the 
mai-lll morning or to morning prayer: 
n.pl. morning prayer. 

•mo-f { rta.ck (mat'I-na'), n. a reception or 
Hiai-l-Ilcc musicale held in the daytime; 


especially, a dramatic performance held In 
the afternoon. 

msif ino- (mat-Ing), n. a matching; a 
liiai-lllg pairing; adj. suitable for pair¬ 
ing; as, the mating time. 
mg+ ri rirla (mat'rl-sld; ma'trl-sid), n .the 
Ilia L-l l-UUC murder of a mother by her son 
or daughter; one who murders June’s mother. 

met frif* 1 o+a (ma-trlk’u-lat), v.t. to 
Ilia-111G- U-ia 1C admit to the member¬ 
ship of a college or university by entering 
one’s name in a register: v.i. to be admitted 
as a member or student of a college, etc. 

met fri p ii la f | Ap (md-trik fl-lashOn), 
Ilia- li IL-ll-la- UUll the act of register¬ 
ing and being admitted as a student in a 
college, etc. 

tti 51 1 1*1 m a ni 51 1 (mat"rl-mo'ni-al), adj. 
Ilia L-l 1-IIlU-Ill-Ol pertaining to marriage; 

nuptial.— adv. matrimonially. 

TT 151 + ri rrm nv (mat'rl-m 6 -nl), n. mar- 
IIia L-II-lllU-Iiy riage; wedlock; the mar¬ 
riage relation or state. 

mo -firi'v (ma/trlks), n. [pi. matrices (m&fc'- 
llia-LllA rl-sez)], the womb; that which 
gives form, origin, or foundation to ft 
anything inclosed or embedded in it; 
a die or mold, as for the face of type, U Y 
for linotype, or for a monotype type- [ I 
setting machine; the rock in which a t ■ 
fossil or mineral is embedded; the five 
colors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) f 
from which all others are formed in 
dyeing. _. . 

m et f r nti (ma'tr&n), n. a married Linotype 
ma-tron woman, especially one Matrlx 
who has borne children; a wife or a widow; 
the woman who superintends a hospital or 
other institution.— adj. matronal. 

Uriel fron 1 v (ma'trun-ll), adj. like a mar¬ 
ina- Ll Ull-iy ried woman; elderly; sedate; 
as, elderly women wear matronly clothes 
adv. like a married woman; sedately. 

y'yi a + r a n um i r* (mat rd—nim ik), ti. & 
mat-ro-nym-ic man’s or woman’s name 
taken from that of a mother: adj. pertaining 
to a name so obtained. 

met f fori (mat'ed), adj. covered with a 
liiai-LCU mat or mats; closely tangled 
together, as hair. 

m 5 if far (raat'Sr), n. that which occupies 
iliai-lCl space, and can be perceived by 
the senses; body; substance; as, the subject 
matter of a book; a thing of importance; 
business; as, the matter needs prompt at¬ 
tention; event; indefinite amount; ground; 
cause of difficulty; as, what is the matterr 
pus; set-up type for a printer: v.i. be of 
importance; as, it does matter; signify; to 
form pus. 

met* far-af-fsirf (mat'er=Sv=fakt), adj. 
Ilial-1cl Ul laut sticking to real things; 

literal; not imaginative nor dreamy; com¬ 
monplace. 

1 \/To+ fViow (math'u), n. the first book of 
IViai-LIlcW £he New Testament, contain¬ 
ing the gospel as said to be written by Mat¬ 
thew, one of the twelve apostles. 
m 5 i+ +incr (mating), n. a kind of carpeting 
Ilia l-llllg made of woven straw, etc. 

■mct+ (mat'uk), n. a pickax having 

Iliai-lUl/lk one 0 f it s ends flat. 

merfr frpcc (mat'res), n. a quilted halr- 
lliai-licoo or straw-stuffed bed; a spring 

bed; a mat made of trees or shrubs. 
met fur a (ma-tur'), v.i. to become ripe: 
Ilia-line v j' to bring or hasten to full 
growth: adj. [comp, maturer, superl. maturestl, 
ripe; full-grown; completely developed; 
perfected; ready for use.— adv. maturely. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 












maturity 


382 


mealy-mouthed 


4 -« fi r (md-tu'rl-tl), n. the state 
ma-tu-ll-iy or quality of being full- 
grown; ripeness; full-development; as, the 
higher animals reach maturity much more 
slowly than the lower animals; a coming 
due: said of a note. 

mo fn +J rial (md-tu'tf-nal;mat'u-tl'n&l), 
ma-lU-ll-liai a dj' pertaining to the morn- 
| n g; early. 

mon A lin (mod'lln), adj. easily moved to 
Ilia.Uli-lill tears; weakly and foolishly 
sentimental; drunkenly silly. 

•man crar (mo'ger), prep, in spite of; as, 
iiiau-gci rnauger all my pride. Also, 
maugre. 

maul (mol), n - a large wooden hammer: 
Ilia 111 V d. to wound or bruise in a rough 
manner. Also, n. mall. 

maul c+irlr (mol'stlk"), n. a stick used by 
liiaui-oliUJA. painters as a rest for the 
hand while painting. Also, mahlstick. 
maun rlpt* (mfln'der; man'der), v.t. to 
Uiauil-UCl utter without meaning or 
connection: v.i. to talk foolishly; to speak 
indistinctly; murmur or grumble. 

Maun-dy Thurs-day kf m ’Se h< day 

before Good Friday; Thursday before Easter, 
man car (mou'zer), n. a repeating rifle, 
Hldtl-ocl a shot from which carries a 
long distance. 

cn 1 a urn (mo^so-le'uni), n, a 
Hla.U-0U-lC-U.lll stately tomb or monu¬ 
ment: named from that of Mausolus, King 
of Caria, erected bv his widow Artemesia; as, 
Grant’s tomb is a handsome mausoleum. 

(mov), n. a soft lilac or purple 
Ilia. U.VC color. 

ma -.Jr, (ma'vls), n. the European song 
md.-Vlb thrush. 

maw ( m °)> n - stomach, or the mouth 
lllaw an( i throat, of an animal; in birds, 
the craw; that which swallows up something 
greedily. 

maivlr toVi (mok'Ish), adj. apt to cause 
Uiaw lk-1011 loathing; maudlin; foolishly 
sentimental; as, mawkish love stories, 
mav il Ij, (mak-sil'a), n. [pi. maxillce (-e)], 
maA.-11-ia the upper jawbone; one of the 
mouth parts of insects, shellfish, etc. 
ma-r il la tv (niak'si-lsl-rl), adj. pertain- 
llUA-li-ld-i y i n g to, or situated near, the 
jaw, or one of the jawbones, 
mav im (mak'slm), n. an established 
llidA-llll principle or truth; a proverb; 
a well-known saying; as, the old maxim, 
“Waste not, want not," is full of truth. 

Syn. adage, saying, byword, saw. 

TV/Tov im rrii-n (mak'sim gun), a machine 
IVIOA-UU &uil g U n named after its in¬ 
ventor, Hiram S. Maxim. 

mav im ita (mak'slm-it), n. a high 
ma.A.- 1111 -iexplosive, used as a bursting 
charge for armor-piercing projectiles: named 
for its inventor, Hudson Maxim, 
mav i mum (mak'si-mum), n. the great- 
miU-l-mum e st number, quantity, or 
degree possible; as, a maximum of good 
result: opposite to minimum: adj. greatest 
In quantity or highest in degree that can be 
or has been reached or attained; highest 
allowed by law; as, the maximum price for 
wheat. 

(ma), v. aux. [p.t. might (mit)], to be 
may able; be allowed; to express earnest 
desire; as, may you never repent this act; 
to be, under the circumstances, possible; 
as, the illness may cause his death; to chance, 
or happen by chance.—May, the fifth month 
of the year. 


Mav an pIp ( ma a P'})* a “ -American 
IViay ap-pie p] a nt of the barberry family 

or its edible fruit: called also mandrake. 
mav Ko (ma'be), ado. it may happen 
IIiay-UU that; perhaps. 

Mov Flov (ma da), the first day of 
IViay XJa.y May: often celebrated by 
outdoor festivities. 

Mov -fait* (ma'far"), n. the section of 
1VJ. ay-1 ail London where the aristocracy 
lives; hence, the best London society. 

Mav flew or (ma'flou'er), n. in the 
iviay-now-er United States, the trail¬ 
ing arbutus; in England, any of several 
plants flowering in May. 

mav kom (ma'hem), n. the offense of 
may -Ilclll disabling a person by injuring 
any of his members. Also, maim, 
mav i-no- (ma'Ing), n. the celebration of 
may-lllg May Day by gathering flowers 
or by festivities. 

mav en naica (ma'S-naz' ; ma'yfl'- 
Hiay-Ull-Iiaioc naz'), n. a sauce or salad 

dressing of the raw yolk of eggs and olive 
oil. [Fr.] 

mav r»r ( ma 'e r : m&r), n. [fern, mayoress], 
IIiay-Ui the chief magistrate of a city or 
borough. 

mav at* al (m& er-al-tl), 71 . the office, 
may-or-ai-xy or term of office, of a 
mayor, or chief magistrate of a city; as, a 
candidate for the mayoralty. 

M'av r»n1a (ma'pol'’’), n. a pole decorated 
J-VAay -puxe with flowers and ribbons 
around which May Day celebrations are held. 
M'av -firJa (ma'tid"), n. the month of 
IViay-IIUU May. Also, Maytime. 

mav waarl (ma/wed"), n. a pungent 
Iudy-WccU. plant of the aster family 

with white and yellow daisylike flowers, 
ma^a ( maz )> n - bewilderment; perplexity; 
male confusion of mind; a confusing 
tangle; a network, as of passages._ 

ma 711 r Ira (ma-zur'ka; ma-zoor'ka), n. 
iiia-iUi-Jaa a lively Polish dance; music 
set to such a dance. Also, mazourka. 
ma 7V ( ma ' zI ). a dj- hard to unravel or to 
ma-iy trace out; bewildering; winding. 
— ads. mazily.— n. maziness. 

^ ^ (me), pron. the objective case of I, the 
j pronoun of the first person. 
mpaH ( m ed), n - a fermented liquor of 
incaix honey, water, and spices; in poetry, 
a meadow. 

tnon.4 /v., 7 - (med'o), n. a tract of rich 
lllcau-UW pasture land; land from which 
hay is obtained; low grass land by the banks 
of streams.— adj. meadowy._ 

rnaaH larlr (med'5 lark), an Ameri- 

Iliuau-uw lain can hird with a yellow 

breast marked with black, 
mpa cpr (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; bar- 
nica-gci ren; Jean; gaunt. Also, meagre. 
— adv. meagerly.— n. meagerness. 

Syn. poor, lank, dry, uninteresting. 

Ant. (see rich). 

mpal duel), n • ^rain coarsely ground; the 
liicai portion of food taken at one time 
to satisfy the appetite; food prepared for use 
upon the table at one time; the act or time 
of eating. 

meal-time ?'££3; n - the hour taed 

mpal V (r* 1 ^'!). o-dj. consisting of, sprinkled 
Aii.caj.-jf with, or like, coarsely ground 
grain; dry and soft; as, mealy potatoes. 

meal-y-mouthed “ 1 ^ 

words; unwilling to tell the truth in plain 
words. _ 


fite, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, biirn, cut, focus, menii; 









mean 


383 


medallion 


mpofi (men), n. the middle point, quantity, 
IAlCdll value, or degree; average; mod¬ 
eration: pi. secondary agency; instrument; 
as, he used every lawful means to find out; 
pi. resources; property; as, a man of large 
means: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. meant, p.pr. mean¬ 
ing], to have in the mind or intention; to 
purpose; as, I mean to go; signify; as, the 
French word poilu means hairy; denote; as, 
the word poilu meant a French soldier: v.i. 
to have an intention: adj. [comp, meaner, 
superl. meanest], wanting in dignity or honor; 
vulgar; ordinary; inferior; without impor¬ 
tance; humble; stingy; middle; average; not 
too much or too little. 

Syn., adj. niggardly, abject, vile, ignoble, 
degraded, contemptible, despicable: v. design, 
intend, contemplate, indicate. 

o n (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or 

llic-aj.l-u.ci flow round: v.i. to have a 
winding course, as a river; wander listlessly 
or without purpose: n. a winding, as of a 
stream: usually in plural, 
rnckon in <r (men'Ing), p.adj. intending; full 
llicau-iiig 0 f significance; as, a meaning 
glance: n. object; aim; intention; sense.— adj. 
meaningless.— adv. meaningly. 

Syn. n. signification, import, acceptation, 
purport. 

moan lir (men'll), adv. ignobly; con- 
llicail-iy temptibly; poorly; shabbily. 

moan tioco (men'nes), n. littleness or 
llicail-iicoo baseness of character; a 

base or contemptible deed; the state of 
being without qualities that gain respect. 
mooTvf (ment), past tense and past par- 
lllCdJ.ll ticiple of the verb mean. 

-moan +ime» (men'tim"), adv. in the time 
mCdJl-lllilC between; at the same time. 
Also, meanwhile._ 

moa doc (me'zlz), n. [pi. in form, but 
llica-oico used as sing.], an easily spread 
disease, especially of children, marked by 
fever and small red spots on the skin; a 
disease of swine and cattle.— adj. measly. 

•mocic 11 r d "hlo (mezh'ftr-d-bl), adj. ca- 
IIlCao-U.1 -a-uic pable of being estimated 

or computed; limited; moderate, 
mode m* d "hlv (mezh'ur-a-bll), adv. in 
UlCab-UJ -A-Ulj a limited degree; moder¬ 
ately; appreciably. 

mode iiro (mezh'ur), n. the standard by 
IilCab-Ul C which the volume or extent of 
anything is compared; as, the light given 
by a candle is the measure by which the 
power of other light is calculated; size or 
quantity, determined by the rule or standard; 
hence, standard of judgment, criticism, etc.; 
extent, or length, breadth, and thickness of 
a thing; proportion; a divisor leaving no 
remainder; as, five is a common measure 
of ten and fifteen; an instrument or vessel 
for finding length, quantity, etc.; as, a 
yard or a quart measure; a system of fixing 
quantities; as, dry measure, etc.; musical 
time; meter in poetry; a law or a legislative 
bill; method or step; as, to take measures 
to accomplish a purpose: pi. layers of rock 
or soil or deposits of minerals: v.t. to find 
out the extent, size, or volume of; mark out; 
confine within a limit; give out by a rule; 
as, to measure out rations; estimate; deter¬ 
mine by rule or standard; regulate; as, to 
measure one’s words or conduct: v.i. to take 
dimensions; extend or be of a given length; 



soldiers march with measured tread; steady; 
resulting from thought; a s, measured words. 



uipoc 111*0 1 acc (mezh'fir-les), adj. un- 
mcao-ui c-icbb limited; vast; immense; 

of a size too large to be found out. 
moac iiro monf (mezh'flr-ment),n. the 

meab-ure-ineni act of flnding the 

size, quantity, amount, etc., by some stand¬ 
ard; size or quantity determined by such 
standard; size; area. 

me* of (met), n. ani- 

lllcdl ma l flesh 

used as food; food in 
general; victuals: 
meat chopper, a 
kitchen utensil for 
rapidly cutting meat 
and vegetables into 
small pieces, 
moijf "it (met-!), 

medi-y a <t/.fuiiof 

substance; resem¬ 
bling meat; nourish- 
ing; hence, pithy. MeatChopper 

mp rlijin if* (me-kS.n Ik), n. a skilled 
ixic-uiiaii-i^ workman, especially one 

who understands the construction and use 
of machinery; one who works as if he were 
a machine: pi. used as sing, the science of the 
laws of matter and motion, especially the 
science of machinery: adj. of or pertaining to 
a workman, especially one with knowledge of 
machinery; involving skill with the hands; 
pertaining to machinery. 

•mo rVicm i 1 (mS-kan'I-k&l), adj. per- 
me-in<Ul-l-L<U taining to the laws of 

matter and motion; pertaining to, or produced 
by, machines or machinery; as, mechanical 
toys; done without thought, as from force 
of habit; as, a mechanical smile or gesture. — 
adv. mechanically.— n. mechanicalness. 

me-chan-i-cal pow-ers 

instruments which convert a smaller force 
acting through a greater space into a 
greater force acting through a lesser space, as 
the lever, inclined plane, wheel and axle, 
screw, pulley, and wedge. 

mor' - h a -ni plcm (mek"d-n!sh'5n), n.one 
mecn-cl-lll-cidjl skilled in the laws of 

matter and motion, or in the construction of 
machinery; a machinist. 

me-chan-ic’s lien i ( “4] k5 c n ia£ lg upo2 

property for labor or material. 
m^Vi o niem (mek'd-nlzm), n. the re- 
mecn-a-Illbm lation of the working 
parts of an engine, etc.; construction of the 
works; as, the mechanism of a watch Is 
most delicate; operation of the parts. 

TVTorVi lin (mek'lln), n. a beautiful and 
JVJcl/11-1111 V ery delicate kind cf lace, 
made at Mechlin, Belgium. 
m/=kf1 ill ( m ed'al), n. a coin-shaped piece 
lilCU-ai 0 f metal marked with a design 
or with words to commemorate some event, 
distinguished person, etc.; such a metal 
disk given as a reward. 

med-al-ist 

who designs or makes 
medals; the winner of a 
medal. Also, medallist. 

me-dal-lion 

a large antique medal; a 
round or oval tablet with 
figures formed so as to 
stand out from a flat background; a design 
(round, square, etc.) on the title-page or 
cover of a book; a lace ornament sewed into 
a g arment. ____ 



Medallion 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh--=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages ax to xxii. 






















medal play 


384 


meet 


mp/| rtl «1gTr (mSd'Sl pl&). in golf, a 
UlcU>(U pidjr competition in which the 
score is counted by the total number of 
strokes made. 

mp/1 Hie* (med'l), v.i. to interfere with 
111CU.-U.1C what does not concern one.— 
n. meddler. 

m^H HI p enmp (mM'l-sflm), ad). apt 
mea-Qie-SOme to interfere in the 

affairs of others.— adv. meddlesomely.— 
n. meddlesomeness. 

Sun. officious, interfering. 

Ant. (see unobtrusive). 

mp Hi ?p val (me'dl-e'v&l; mgd'I-e'- 
Ulc-Ui-cc-Vcti v&l), adj. of, pertaining to, 

or characteristic of, the Middle Ages (eighth 
to fifteenth centuries A. D.). Also, medieval, 
mia Hi cil (me'dl-&l), adj. pertaining to the 
UlC-Ul-cU middle; average; ordinary, 
mo Hi an (me'dl-an), adj. pertaining to, 
U1C-U1-CU.1 or connected with, the middle 
of anything; as, the median vein of a leaf, 
•mo Hi a to (me'dl-at), v.i. to interpose as 
UlC-Ul-aLC a mutual friend between those 
who are openly disagreeing, so as to bring 
about friendly relations; to act as the means 
by which a settlement is brought about: 
v.t. to bring about by interposing between 
enemies or opponents; as, to mediate a peace: 
adj. (me'dl-at), not direct; acting by or 
through an agency. 

mo Hi a firm (me'dl-a'shun), n. the act 
UlC-Ul-d- 11U11 0 f trying to bring about 

friendly relations; reconciliation; intercession. 

mo Hi a for (me'di-a"ter), n. one who 
AiAC-u.i-o.-tUA tries to bring about friendly 
relations between those (persons, nations, 
etc.), who are openly disagreeing; as, the 
mediator between Japan and Russia. 

mo Hi a fn rv (me'dl-a-tS-rl), adj. per- 
Aiic-ui-ci- iu-j. y taining to, or having the 

nature of, a peacemaker or peacemaking. 
Also, mediatorial. 

moH i r*a hip (med'I-kd-bl), adj. curable; 
AiAcu-i-ta-UAO in a condition to be helped 
by medicine. 

moH i ra 1 (mSd'I-kJLl), adj. having a 
AIACU.-A-C 01 curative effect; pertaining to, 
or connected with, the science or art of 
medicine, or the treatment of disease: medical 
corps, the branch of an army which is in charge 
of the sick and wounded.— adv. medically. 

mo Hir a monf (mS-dlk'a-ment), n. 
Illc-Ulc-d-lllclil anything used for heal¬ 
ing diseases or wounds; anything that heals. 
moH i r*?ifo (med'I-kat), v.t. to treat with 
liiCU-1-Ua.CC an y curative or healing sub¬ 
stance; to saturate or fill with any such 
substance; as, to medicate cotton; to cure. 
—n. medication. 

mo Hir i na 1 (mS-dIs'I-n5,l), adj. having 
liic-uiu-l-iicu. the properties of, or used 

in, any curative substance; healing; as, me¬ 
dicinal springs.— adv. medicinally. 
moH i r*i«o (med'l-sln), n. the science 
lllcu-l-eiilG which relates to the pre¬ 
vention, treatment, and cure of disease; a 
substance or preparation for the cure of 
disease: medicine chest, a box or cabinet 
filled with the most necessary remedies, and 
a few of the most useful instruments. 

tnoH 1 fiup (med'l-sln man), 

lilCU-l-ulAlC illdll among certain tribes, 

as the North American Indians, one who 

E r of esses to drive away evil spirits or disease 
y magical arts. 

mo Hi o va 1 (me'dl-e'vSl; mM*T-e'v§,l), 
adj. pertaining to, or char¬ 
acteristic of, the Middle Ages (eighth to 
fifteenth centuries A. D.). Also, mediaeval. 


me-di-o-cre 


(me'dl-o'ker), adj. of medi¬ 
um excellence; ordinary; 
of a medium quality. 

mo Hi or ri tv (me'di-Sk'd-tl), n. tho 
llAC-Ul-UG-il-ty quality of being ordinary 

or commonplace. 

J fofci (m§d'I-tat), v.i. to muse or 
IIlcU-1-Uilc think deeply; think: v.t. to 
think upon; design; purpose; plan. 

tyipH i ta firm (med'I-ta'shOn), n. the 
meU-1-lci-UUIl ac t of thinking long and 

deeply; close, deep, and long - continued 
thought. 

moH i fa fivo (med I-t5-tIv), ad), de- 
IIieU-1-Ld.-LlVc voted to, or disposed to. 

long and deep thought.— adv. meditatively. 
— n. meditativeness. 

mo Hi iim (me'dl-flm), n. [pi. media, 
me-ui-um (-d), mediums (-fimz)], the 
mean; that which comes between or in tho 
middle; agency; as, the newspaper is a 
great advertising medium ; space or sub¬ 
stance in which bodies exist or move; as, 
water is the only medium in which fish can 
live; a size of paper twenty-four by nineteen 
inches; a person through whom messages 
from the spirit world are delivered to earth; 
the liquid with which dry paints are mixed in 
preparing them for use; anything used to 
produce a picture, as charcoal, etc.: adj. 
having a middle position; halfway between 
two things, states, etc. 

Syn., n. organ, channel, instrument, means. 
moH lar (med'ldr), n. a small European 
AiACvA-Acti tree of the apple family, with an 
eatable fruit; also, the fruit, 
tn pH 1 pv (med'll), n. mixture or confused 
aaagia-agj mass; in music, a composition 
made up of passages selected from different 
songs or pieces, arranged as a continuous 
whole. 

Syn. variety, diversity. 

mp Hill la (me-dul'd), n. the marrow of 
nic-uui-la bones; pith of plants: medulla 
oblongata, the lowest part of the brain, where 
the spinal cord joins it. 

yyipH iit ta Y\T (m&Tfi-la-rl ; mS-dul'd-rl), 
incu-UA-Aa — a dj pertaining to, or con¬ 
sisting of, marrow, or medulla, 
rnfl Hii Co (me-du'sa), n. the sea nettle 
or jellyfish.—Medusa, in clas¬ 
sical mythology, one of the three Gorgons, 
whose fine hair was changed into snakes, and 
whose glance changed into stone all who 
looked on her. 

yri ppH ( m ed), n. reward; recompense; that 
AiAccu- w hich is given in consideration of 
merit or on account of desert, 
mpplr ( m ®k), adj. [comp, meeker, superl. 
mccn. meekestl, gentle; yielding; mild 
of temper; humble; patient.— adv. meekly. 
—n. meekness. 

Syn. unassuming, forbearing. 

Ant. (see proud). 

mppr drtiatim (mer'shbm; mer'shfim), 
lllCCi-oCllctlAlIl n a claylike substance 

from which pipe bowls are made; a pipe of 
this material. 

mppf (met), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. met, p.pr. 

meeting], to come up to from a 
different direction; to come face to face with; 
to come into collision with; to be introduced 
to; to fight with; fall in with; undergo; as, 
the ship met disaster; to be perceived by; 
as, a sad sight met their gaze; satisfy; 
as, to meet a demand; come upon: v.i. to 
come together in one place; to come into 
touch with each other, as in introduction, 
opposition, etc.; to gather together; be 
united: n. a gathering of huntsmen, athletes. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








meeting 


385 


memory 


etc.; the place of coming together: adj. fit; 
suitable; appropriate; as, food meet for a 
king.— adv. meetly. 

tnppf incr (met'ing), n. a coming together 
incci-uig 0 f persons or things; an 
assembly; a gathering for a religious service; 
junction. 

meg-a-lo-ma-ni-a 

for greatness. 

rnpcr 51 TiViotlp (meg'd-fon), n. a con- 
AAAC o c, ' - .ir AA '" ,AAC trivance, usually a very 
large funnel, enabling the voice to be carried 
for a long distance. 

•mpnr 5 ? thp ri lim ( m eg"d-the'ri-um), 

meg-ct-Liie-ii-uni n a very large ani _ 

mal living ages ago, the bones of which have 
been discovered in South America. 
rtlP arim (hie'grlm), n. a .nervous head- 
AAAC “& 1 - JJLAA ache: pi. depression or low 
spirits. 

mpl an pTm IS a ( m oi' , an-ko'ii-d), n. 

mei-d.Il-LHO-11-d. a form of insanity 

marked by great depression of spirits; a case 
of this disease. 

mpl on pViol if* ( m © 1 w an-ko 1'ik), adj. 
lllcI-ctll-CIlUl-lC affected with depression 

of spirits; downcast; sad; dejected.— adv. 

melancholically. 

mpl cin pTinl (*n®l /a n-k6l-3(), n. 

■ AJ - AC ' 1 “ CAAA “ “ j despondence; dejection; 

depression of spirits; adj. depressed in spirits; 
dejected; mournful. 

Syn., adj. dispirited, dreamy, sad. 

Ant. (see jolly). 

mp 1 cmcrp (ma'lohzh'), n. a confused 
uic-idiigc mixture; medley. [Fr.] 

me l ^ nite • n ‘ a black variety 

mp Ipp (ma"la'), n. a hand-to-hand con- 
llic-icc flict; scuffle; a rough fight in 
which many take part. [Fr.] 

-mpl i ni+p (mel'I-nlt), n. a powerful 
i.IltJl- 1 -lli.l^ explosive. 

mpl in rj atp (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to improve 
mci-iu-iaic or make better; to make 
more bearable: v.i. to grow better; improve. 

m,o 1 in ra firm (meUyo-ra'shun), n. im- 
AAA '‘'i _ -*U-I **•- tiUII provement; act of mak¬ 
ing better; state of being made_better. 
mol 1 if In pnpp (me-llf'loo-ens), n. the 
HI el -111 -ili-CIlt/ 1 ? quality of being smooth, 

sweet, and honeylike. 

mpl 1 if In nnc* (me-llf'loo-us), adj. flow- 
mei -11I-1U-UU& ing with, or as with, 

honey; smooth and sweet; honeyed. Also, 
mellifluent.—adr.mellifluously. 
mol Imir (mel'o), adj. fully ripe; not 
mtJl-IUW hard, harsh, or stiff; delicate; 
colloquially, half tipsy; made sweet or gentle 
by age or maturity: v.i. to become ripe, 
gentle, etc.: v.t. to make ripe, gentle, etc.; 
— n. mellowness. 

Syn., adj. ripe, mature, soft. 

Ant. (see immature). 

mp In <t!p nn (me-lo'd^-un), n. a small 
reed organ worked by 

treadles. 

mp In rli nnc (mg-15'dl-fis), adj. full of, 
iaac-au-iai-v/iao or produced by, a sweet 

succession of sounds; musical.— adv. melo¬ 
diously.— n. melodiousness. 

Syn. tuneful, dulcet, sweet. 

Ant. (see discordant). 

mpl n fiicf (mel' 6 -dlst). n. a composer or 
lllU.l-iJ-U.ia t singer of tuneful music. 

mpl n rlrsj ma (mSl" 6 -dra / md; mel'o- 
a * a ^I-~™-' aA a.-Hlet dra'ma), n. a play in 

which are highly sensational or romantic 
Incidents, with a happy conclusion. 


mpi n dffl ITIJlf IP (m81*6-drd-m8,t'Ik), 
HlCl-U-UId.-md.l-lU adj. pertaining to, or 

of the nature of, romantic or sensational plays; 
highly sensational.— adv. melodramatically, 
mpl n Htr (mel' 6 -di), n. [pi. melodies 
(-dlz)], the arrangement of 
different musical sounds for a single voice 
or part; time or air; an agreeable succession 
of single tones, making a pleasing musical 
composition.— adj. melodic. — v. melodize. 


mel 


nr » (mel'fin), n. a plant of the cu- 
■uii cumber family, with its eatable 
fruit; muskmelon; watermelon, 
m pit ( m ©lt). v.t. and v.i. to change from a 
mcAl solid to a liquid state; dissolve; 
blend; soften to love and tenderness. 

m pm Tipi* (niem'ber), n. a limb or organ; 
aaa i caaa-»jci a necessary part of anything; 
one of an association or community; a part 
of a whole. 

mpm V»pr cfiin (mem'ber-ship), n. the 
UlClll-U cl -ollip state of being one of an 

association or community; a collective body 
of persons belonging to an organization; as, 
the membership of the United States Senate, 
mpm krcrno (mem'bran), n. a thin fold 
AAACAAA_ or layer of animal or 

vegetable tissue, forming the covering o t 
some part or organ. 

TTlPm fim nnilC (mem/bra-nus), ad). 
lIlClll-UId.-llUU.o pertaining to, consist¬ 
ing of, or like, a membrane, or layer of tissue 
covering some part or organ. 

mp mpn tn (mi-men'tS), n. [pi. memen- 
liic-uic**-vU toes (-toz)], a souvenir; me¬ 
morial. 

mpm nir (mem'wor), n. the written ac- 
iiiciii-uia count of a person’s life; a record 
of what has been found out about a subject: pi. 
a history written from personal experience and 
knowledge; transactions or journal of a learned 
or scientific society. 

mPtYl <1 1*3 Till 1 51 (mem^i-rd-blUI-d), 

mem-0-1 a-Dll-l-a n . p i . things worthy 

of remembrance or record; the record of such 
things. [Lat.] 

mpm n I* 5 i TYIp ( mem' 6 -rd-bl), ad). 
inciu-u-ia-inc worthy of remembrance; 

remarkable; notable.— adv. memorably. 

Syn. signal, marked. 

mem-o-ran-dum 

(-da)], a note to assist one to remember; 
brief record of something to be remembered; 
a brief outline to helg to_ remember. 

mp mn ri 5 i 1 (me-mo'ri-al), adj. in ro- 
aaa<o-aaava-a i-cii membrance; commemora¬ 
tive; sacred to the memory of a deceased 
person, or of some event: n. an informal 
diplomatic paper; a written statement of 
facts addressed |to a government, a public 
body, etc.; a thing intended to keep in mind 
an event, a place, or a person, as a monument: 
Memorial Day, in the United States, the 
thirtieth of May, appointed by law for observ¬ 
ing the memory of those who died for the 
Union in the Civil War. 

Syn., n. monument, memento. 

mp mn ri pT iyp (me-mo'rl-al-Tz), v.t. 
illc-lD.U-I1-a.l-lZ/C to request something 

from (the government, etc.), by sending a 
written statement of facts; to commemorate, 
mpm n riyp (mem'o-riz), v.t. to keep in 

iiiciii-u-Aiz,^ remembrance; to learn by 

heart. 

vvt (mem'S-rl), n. [pi. memories 
mem-O-ry (-rTz)j, that faculty of the 
mind by which it keeps the knowledge of 
occurrences, facts, thoughts, etc., which are a 
part of the past, and recalls them; a particular 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick ;hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






menace 


386 


merely 


experience remembered; as, he was lost in 
memories of his youth; the range of time 
within which past happenings are remem¬ 
bered; as, within the memory of the oldest 
Inhabitant; the subject of remembrance; as, 
his youthful ideals were but memories to him. 

Syn. remembrance, recollection. 
mp>n npp (men'as), n. a threat; something 
lAAClA-clLc; w hich threatens: v.t. to express 
the intention of inflicting evil upon; to 
threaten: v.i. to act in a threatening fashion 
or manner.— ado._ menacingly. 
me* nop-p (ma"nozh'). n. a household; 
AAAC-AAcl^t? household management. [Fn.j 

mo -no cr p rip (me-naj'er-i; me-nazh'- 
me-nd-g-e-ne gr-I), n. a place where 

wild animals are kept; a collection of wild 
animals for exhibition. 

mpnH ( m ^ u d). v.t. to repair (that which is 
lliCiiu broken or worn); make good or 
better; reform; increase: v.i. to grow better; 
improve.— n. mendar. 

Syti. amend, correct, better, ameliorate, 
rectify. 

man Ha pinna (men-da'shus), adj. given 
men-aa-C10Ub to falsehood: lying; false. 

Har i (men-das'f-tl), n. [pi. men- 
men-ad.C-1-iy Qacities (-tlz)j, falsehood; 
habitual lying; the state of being given to 
falsehood. 

mAn Hi rati rv (men'df-kan-sl), n. the 
lIlCAlLlI-bclii-L j state of being a beggar; 

the act of begging; as, a person is liable to 
arrest for mendicancy. Also, mendicity. 

man Hi rant (men'df-kant), n. a beggar; 
IIIcii-U.l-L-cn.ll a begging friar: adj. 

practicing begging; as, the mendicant friars 
of the Middle Ages were monks who begged 
for themselves and for the church; reduced 
to beggary. 

tries ni al Cme'ni-al; men'yal), n. a domes- 
lllC-Iil-ctl tic servant; one wdio performs 
servile or slavelike work: adj. pertaining to 
servants in a household; suitable for servants; 
mean; slavish.— adv. menially. 

men-i-lite gS n ' I ' ut) ’ n - a variety of 

man in tri tic (men'in-jl'tts), n. a disease 
AAACAA-AAA-gi-cAO j n which the membranes 

inclosing the brain and the spinal cord 
become inflamed. 

TVTpn etna vi l ri (men'she-ve"ke), n.pl. 
iyiCIl-bllC-Vl-Kl [ s i n g, Menshevik], a 

Russian political party representing the 
moderate wing of the Socialists: opposite 
to the Bolsheviki, or radical wing. 

men-su-ra-ble ad) ' 

mpn C11 ra fii-v-n (men"shoo-ra'shun), n. 
IllCIl-bu-icl-IIOII the act or process of 

taking the measure or dimensions of any¬ 
thing; that branch of mathematics concerned 
with finding the length of lines, areas of sur¬ 
faces, and volumes of solids, 
mp-n tfit (men'tal), adj. pertaining to the 
aaacaa-uxa min d; intellectual.— adv. men¬ 
tally. 

tti pri 4'q 1 t , f"w (men-tal'I-tf), n. Quality 
aaacaa- tcti.-A-Lj or amount of mental power; 

Intellectual ability. 

m pn fhol (men'thol; men'thSl), n. a sub- 
AiACAA- tiAUA stance with a mintlike, pun¬ 
gent odor: called also mint camphor: used to 
dull pain, especially in neuralgia, etc. 
m prs firm (men'shfin), n. a brief notice; 
AAACii -lauaa light or chance remark; hint: 
v.t. to speak briefly of; notice lightly or by 
chance; name; refer to. 

Syn. v. tell, communicate, Impart, divulge, 
reveal, disclose. 


man firm a hi** (men'shun-d-bl), adj. 
IHGIl-tlOIl-a.-D16 flt to be spoken of. 

mo-n +nr (men'tor), n. a wise and faithful 
IiIc-11-lUI adviser: from Mentor, the friend 
and tutor of Ulysses. 

mio mi ( m en'ii), n. a bill of fare; a list of 
llAC-IIU the dishes served at a meal; also, 
the dishes served. ]Fr.] 

M eph-is-to -phe -li-an i mlrfs- 

tS-fel'yan), adj. pertaining to, or like, Mephis- 
topheles, the devil; hence, scoffing; relent¬ 
less; possessed of devilish qualities. 

mor ran til** (mur'kan-til; mur'k5n-til). 
■*-AAC-a -caAA- tAic a yj having to do with, or 

engaged in, trade; pertaining to, or character¬ 
istic of, merchants. 

tyi pv ra na tv (mfir se-n<l-rl), n. [pi. mer- 
AAicA-vc-AAci-Aj cenaries (-rlz)], a soldier 

hired into foreign service; one who serves for 
pay: adj. serving for pay or reward; eager 
to gain money; caring only for self-interest; 
desirous only of gains. 

mar ppr (mur'ser), n. a dealer in woven 
IliCi-LCi fabrics of silk, wool, etc. 

men* rar i* 7 P (mfir'ser-iz), v.t. to treat 
aaaca-V/CA-az,c (cotton fiber or other mate¬ 
rial) in such a 'way as to strengthen, and to 
make more receptive of dyes; also, some¬ 
times, to give a silken sheen to. 

tr)pt ehotj Hicp (mur'chan-diz), n. 
aaav^a -t/AAciAA-u.Aoc goods, wares, or articles, 

bought and sold. 

m pr rViant (mftr'chant), n. one who 
aaaca-v^aacaaa c carries on trade on a large 

scale, especially with foreign countries; a 
shopkeeper: adj. pertaining to, or employed 
in, trade; mercantile.— adj. merchantable. 

mer-chant-man 

(-men)], a trading vessel. 

mer-chant ma-rine ifX'aSt 

of the shipping of a coimtry that is engaged 
in trade. 

mpr ri fill (mfir'sl-fool), adj. full of. or 
uici-CA-AUA exercising, leniency or com¬ 
passion; tender-hearted; full of pity.— adv. 
mercifully.— n. mercifulness. 

Syn. lenient, clement, tender, gracious, 
kind. 

Ant. (see cruel). 

i*n pi* ri 1 pco (mQrisI-les), ad), without 
j.utA-ci-ACoa pity; unfeeling; cruel.— 

ado. mercilessly. —n. mercilessness. 

Syn. hard-hearted, pitiless, remorseless, 

unrelenting. 

Ant. (see kind). 

mpr rii ri at (mSr-ku'rI-81), adj. active; 
mer-LU-ll-dJ, fickle; light-hearted; as, 
mercurial youth; pertaining to, made of, or 
caused by, mercury, or quicksilver. 

mpr ni rvr (mfir'kti-rl), n. quicksilver; a 
xuci-ui-A y heavy, liquid, metallic sub¬ 
stance, used in thermometers and for other 
scientific purposes: mercury arc, an electric arc 
sent through mercury vapor in a vacuum tube. 
—Mercury, the planet nearest to the sun: in 
Roman mythology, the god of gain and the 
messenger of the gods: the same as Hermes in 
the Greek mythology. 

thpr hnfir'sl), n. [pi. mercies (-slz)j, 
.willingness to forgive, spare, or 
pity; forbearance; pity; kindness; mildness, 
mprp ( mer )> a dj- [superl. merest], such 
aaav'Xc and no more; simple; as, the mere 
mention of such a thing frightened him: n. 
formerly, a lake or pool. 

mprp 1v (mer'll), adv. simply; purely; 
i^-A-J only; not otherwise than. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer] 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






meretricious 


387 


metabolism 


adj. 

false 


mer-e-tri-cious ffiaiun? h 'by' 

show; tawdry; deceitfully alluring, 
mprcrp (mfirj), v.t. to absorb or swallow 
nicxgc up; V 'i' to be swallowed up or 
lost in something else. 

m pro 1 pr (mfir'jer), n. the legal' combina- 
xiicig-ci tion of two estates; the placing 
of two or more business corporations under 
the control of a single body. 

-mo riH i or* (mS-rld'i-an), adj. pertain- 
.Llie-i xu.-1-a.U j n g to midday: n. highest 
point reached by a heavenly body; highest 
point, as of success, prosperity, and the like; 
an imaginary circle around the earth in a 
north and south direction, passing through 
the poles.— adj. meridional. 

mo rincrnp (me-r&ng'), n. an icing made 
Aii.c-xxi.xguc; 0 f eggs, sugar, and cream, 

and used on puddings, pies, etc., or baked 
into small cakes v [Fin] 

-mo ri rin (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos 
Xlic-ll-liu (_noz)], a breed of sheep with 
fine wool; the wool of such sheep; cloth or 
yarn made from this wool: adj. pertaining to, 
or made of, the wool of the merino sheep, 
mpr it (mer'It), n. excellence; worth; the 
xilci-xL quality or state of deserving; as, 
treat him according to his merit; deserved 
reward: pi. essential circumstances; as, it 
was hard to discover the real merits of the 
case: v.t. to earn; be entitled to; be deserv¬ 
ing of. 

mpr i tn ri 011c (mSr^I-to'rl-us), adj. 
juci-iHu-ij-uwo having worth or excel¬ 
lence; deserving of reward or praise. 
rr . „..i (murl), n. the European blackbird, 
lllcii Also, merle. > 

n. one of the solid 
intervals between two openings 
in a battlement. 

-rYioisi (mur'mad), n. a creature, said 
mer-IIlcUU. i n fable and fairy tale to live 
in the sea, having the body of a woman and 
the tail of a fish. 

mo-/* mo-n (mftr'man), n. the male of the 

lUCi-lilall mermaid. 

ot* n m pnt (mer I-ment), n. mirth, 
mer-ri-inexil fun; frolic; gaiety. 

Syn. joviality, hilarity. 

Ant. (see sorrow). 

rnar , r ,, (mer'I), adj. [comp, merrier, superl. 
IllUI-iy merriest], full of mirth and good 
humor; gay; jolly; pleasant.— adv. merrily. 
— n. mernness. 

Syn. cheerful, mirthful, joyous, sprightly, 
jovial, blithe, sportive. 

Ant. (see sad). 

mpr rv-ari rjrpw (m6r*I=an'droo), n. 
lllfc-l-I y d.Il-UXt;W one -whose business 

is to make sport for others; a clown. 

mer-ry-go-round ^^n^JmusemeSt 

consisting of a revolving circular frame fitted 
with wooden horses or seats, on which per¬ 
sons ride. 

e r yrr m o b tino" (-mer l-niak ing)» n. 
mer-ry -maK-ing festivity: adj. festive; 


Also, merle. 

rrt p r 1 pTi (mur I6n), 
IXlCx-iUll intervals 


gay.— n. merrymaker. 

p«. ... rrhf (mer l-thot ), n* the 

mer-ry-mougni wishbone of a fowl. 

mas ocs ( m a'sa) t n. a table-land or plateau 
IllC-od. with steep or sloping sides. [Span.] 

mp col lip-nrp (ma'zaUyans'), n. a mar¬ 
ine-om-lics-AA^c nage with one of lower 

social position. Also, misalliance. [Fr.] 
moo r?Q-mpc (ma'dam'), n.pl. of madam 
HlcS-ud.IIlcb and madame. [Fr.] 

mo ooomo (mS-semz'), v. impersonal , it 
lHC-oCCliAs appears to me. [Poet.] _ 


n. a 
south¬ 
having 


mooli (mesh), n. one of the openings of a 
Ail coil net; as, a veil of coarse or fine 
mesh; network; in machinery, the engage¬ 
ment of gear teeth: v.t. and v.i. to catch or 
entangle in, or as in, the openings of a net; 
in machinery, to engage: said of gear teeth, 
mpc mpr ir (mez-mer'Ik), adj. pertain- 
aaaco-aaaca- i<o i n g to, or produced by, the 

control that one person may exercise over 
the entire nervous system of another; hence, 
strongly attractive; fascinating. 

mpc mpr icm (mez'mer-lzm), n. the 
aiic;o-aai^;i -xdxix ar f of causing in another 

an unnatural state of the nervous system 
resembling sleep, in which the thoughts and 
acti ms of the patient are controlled by the 
will of the operator; personal magnetism; 
hypnotism. 

mpc mpr ic+ (mez'mgr-Ist), n. one who 
Aiii/O-Aixci-lot practices the art of con¬ 
trolling the thoughts, acts, will, etc., of others 
by causing in them an unnatural state of the 
nervous system. Also, mesmerizer. 
mpc -mpr i- 7 P (mez'mer-Tz), v.t. to cause 
luco-uicx-iic an unnatural nervous con¬ 
dition in, that puts the will of (the patient) 
under the complete control of another; hence, 
to influence strongly; to charm; to hypnotize. 

mpc o c-nprm (mes'o-spurm), n. the 
xxxco-u-oj^cxxxx second membrane or skin 

of tl SC C t j 

"IVTpc n 7 a tV (mes' , 6-zo , ik), adj. pertain- 
x.vaco-u-pU-a'o i n g to the Secondary Age 

in the history of the development of the 
earth, or the era of reptiles, 
m pc m-n+p (mes-ket'; mgs'ket), 
mes-qullt; shrub found in the 
western United States and Mexico, 
fragrant flowers and sugary pods. [Span.] 
mpcc (mes), n. a number of persons who 
AilCJbb sit down to table together, especially 
soldiers or sailors; the army and navy name 
for any meal; colloquially, enough of some 
kind of food for one meal; as, he caught a mess 
of fish; a state of dirt or confusion; a muddle; 
a botch: v.i. to eat together; to putter; to 
make a muddle: v.t. to furnish with food; to 
soil; colloquially, to muddle; as, he messed 
the job: mess kit, in the World War, a soldier’s 
canvas bag containing simple cooking utensils 
for use in the trenches: mess orderly a soldier 
appointed to carry the army meals from the 
cookhouse: mess tin, a tin cooking pot for 
use by the soldiers in the trenches. 

■mpc co(mes'aj), n. a communication, 
mcb-bcige written or sent by word of 
mouth, from one person to another. 

-mpc con o-pr (mes'eri-jer), n. one who 
liico-ocix-g<uA carries word from one 
person or place to another; an office worker 
who does errands or carries communications; 
a herald or bringer of news. 

TVTpc ci ah (me-si'd), n. Christ, the 
X¥Ac&-ox-dii Anointed One; the expected 
Icing and deliverer of the Hebrews. Also, 
Messias.— adj. Messianic. 

mpc cJpnrc (mes'yerz; ma^syfi'), n.pl. 
xuco-oicuio 0 f monsieur; Sirs; some¬ 
times pi. of Mister: abbreviated Messrs. [Fr.] 
mpcc msj+P (mes'maU), n. a person, 
xxicoo-ixiatc especially a fellow soldier 

or sailor, with whom one is associated at 
meals; hence, a friend or companion, 
mpcc 17 (mSs'I), adj. disorderly; soiled; 
Illcbb-y botched.— n. messiness. 

„ „x (met), past tense and past participle 
Ilic L 0 f the verb meet. 

mp -faTv r\ liorn (m8-tS,b'6-Uzm), n. the 

me-iao-o-iism process by which living 

cells or tissues are continually worn out 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






metal 


088 


meticulous 


-adj. meta- 


use and built up again by food 
boiic. 

mpf ol (met'5,1), n. a heavy, lustrous sub- 
aaa^a-caa stance, capable of being drawn 
into a fine thread and beaten or hammered 
into thin plates, of being melted by heat, and 
of carrying electricity; material; substance; 
hence, spirit; temper; molten glass: pi. 
colloquially, the rails of a railroad: v.t. to 
cover with metal, such as gold, silver, iron, 
copper, etc. 

m 4-pl 1tr» (me-tal'lk), adj. pertaining to, 
mc-icu-ub consisting of, or like, gold, 
silver, iron, copper, etc. 

m p to | 1ir» cjy in p (me-tal'lk ok'sid), 

me-iai-lic OX-iae a compound of m< cal 
with oxygen. 

met al-lif er (mgt"al-if'er-us), adj. 

XiXCl-cU. HX-ci -UUb yielding metal or 

metallic ores, such as gold, silver, iron, copper, 
lead, etc. 

TTiet S1 lilt* cri c ( m et"3,l-fir'jlk), adj. per- 
xxxci-cll-lUi-gU, taming to the science 

of metals, such as gold, silver, iron, copper, 
lead, etc. Also, metallurgical. 

met f\\ llll* pidf ( r * 1 ®^ S'l'Ur"jist), n. one 
lXici-cti-iUI-glbl w h 0 1S skilled in the 

science of metals, as gold, silver, iron, copper, 
lead, etc. 

TTiet 1 lilt* c txt (met'al-ur"jl), n. the art 
or sc i ence G f preparing 
metals, such as gold, silver, iron, copper, 
lead, etc., for use by separating them from 
the materials in which they are found in the 
mines. 

met-a-mor-phism n mS the'SS^£“ ) y 

which any kind of rocks under pressure, heat, 
chemical action, etc., have changed from their 
original constitution, as limestone to marble. 
— adj. metamorphic. 

met £1 tnnr TYhnQA (met ,! ’d-m6r'f5z ; 
1I1CL dL-XXXUX -pilObe met'd-mor'fos) , v.t. 

to change into a different form. 

met-a-mor-pho-sis 

form, shape, or structure; transformation, as 
of a chrysalis into a butterfly. 

met-a-nhor C^t'a-for), n. a figure of 
AA1CI <x pxxux speech by which one thing 

Is spoken of as something else to which it has 
some likeness; as, the ship plows the sea; 
we rake our brains. 

met-a-phor-i-cal dt 

taining, a figure of speech in which one thing 
Is spoken of as if it were something else; 
figurative; as, metaphorical expressions. Also, 

metaphoric.— adv. metaphorically. 

met-a-phys-i-cal a H 

cording to the rules of, abstract philosophy 
abstruse; beyond the material world.— adv. 

metaphysically. 

met-a-phy-si-cian i m8t „M n 'i , ho 5 °i ) ; 

skilled in abstruse knowledge or philosophical 
mysteries. 

rnpf a-TlTlVd lCd (met / ’’d-flz'Iks), n. that 
J* *7 branch of knowledge 

which deals with, the nature, character, and 
causes of being, the existence of God, etc.- 
the study of those things which relate to the 
mental as distinguished from the physical- 
philosophy. 

trifi'fia (met), v.t. to give out by measure: 
A1AG ic allot. 

me-temp-sy-cho-sis 

sage of the soul after death Into the bodv of 


another man or lower animal: believed in 
by the ancient Egyptians and other Eastern 
peoples; transmigrati m of souls. 
rn<=> fp nr (me'tS-or), n. a falling or shoot- 
xixc-ic-gx ing star; hence, anything that 
dazzles or excites wonder for the moment, 
mo ir (me"te-6r'Ik), adj. pertaining 

xiic-lc-Ui-1G f 0i formed of, or like, a 
falling or shooting star; flashing; rousing a 
passing wonder. 

mck in nr i+o (me'te-Sr-it"), n. a stone or 
xxxc-lC-Ul lie metallic body which has 
fallen upon the earth from outer space. 

me-te-or-o-log-i-cal 

taining to the science of the atmosphere and 
its v arious changes of temperature, moisture,, 
etc. Also, meteorolcgic. 

rnp -fp nr ol n {riQ't (me"te-6r-ol'o-jlst) „ 
me-le-ux -ui-u-gib 1 n one who is ski n e d 

in the science cf the atmosphere. 

me fP OT* ol O P~V (* a c"t£-or-ol'o-jl), n. 
xiiG 1C UX Ui-U-gy th e science of the 

atmosphere and its various changes of heat, 
moisture, etc., its winds, storms, etc. 

-mp fpr (me'ter), n. an instrument for 
aiac loi measuring and recording the 
quantity measured; as, a gas meter , etc.; 
the unit of length in the metric system, equal, 
to 39.37 inches; a regular arrangement of syl¬ 
lables in verse; rhythm; poetical measure; 
in music, that part of musical structure 
which depends on the time values: common, 
meter, four lines forming a stanza of a hy mn , 
of which the first and third each have four 
iambic feet or eight syllables, the second and 
fourth, three iambic feet or six syllables: long 
me er, in a hymn, lines of four iambic feet 
or eight syllables, four lines usually forming a 
stanza: short meter, four lines forming a 
stanza of a hymn, of which the first, second 
and fourth each have three iambic feet or 
six syllables, the third four iambic feet or 
eight syllables: sometimes doubled to make 
eight lines. Also, me re. 

TTIP tllPP" lin (me-theg'lln), n. an old- 
xixc-liieg-XXll fashioned fermented drink, 

made of honey and water. 

mP til in lrc: (me-thinks'), v. impersonal 
lllC lliXliXib [p,;, methought], it appears 
or seems to me. _ [Poet.] 

mpfh nd (meth'ud), n. regular arrange- 
llieUi-GU. ment of things; system; order; 
classification; way; plan or scheme. 

Syn. manner, mode, process, order, rule. 

mp "Hind i cal (me-th6d'i-k§,l), adj. ar- 
me inoa-l-cai ranged with regard to* 
order; devoted to order; systematic. Also 
methodic.— adv. methodically. 

Meth-od-ism ( m c t 'h , dd-Izm), n. the 

111 doctrines and worship of 
^ e odists, a religious denomination 

founded by John Wesley in 1729., 

Meth-od-ist ( m 8 th /jM-Ist), n. one of 
JLYA.CIXX uu Xbl a religious denomination 

founded by John Wesley: adj . pertaining to¬ 
tals sect. 

meth-od-izp (“^th'fid-Iz), v.t. to set in 
cnx UU 1 AC order; to make systematic. 

iVxP-tnil QP IflVl (pi§-thu'se-ld), n. in the 
L1 ^' be-ian Bible, the longest lived 
of the patriarchs, 969 years old.—Genesis v. 27. 
mpfh vl (racth'Il), n. a compound of 
mein ju hydrogen and carbon, which 
forms the important part of methyl alcohol 
or wood spirit. 

me-tir-11 InilQ (m§-tlk'fl-liis), adj. too- 
xxxc IXG-U-IOUS careful of sirall ^ etails 

very particular.— adv. meticulously.— n me- 
tic-l-iusness. 


ate s e na te , rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, efimpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cit, focus, menu* 










metonymy 


389 


■fTIP-toTI-V TTIV (ui$-t6n'l-ml), n. a figure 
Ilie-lUU-y-my of speech in which a word 

Is used in place of another which it suggests 
by association; as, the name of a part for 
that of the whole; as, he employs two hundred 
hands; the container for the thing contained; 
as, the kettle boils, etc. 

rn p f rp , n. a regular arrangement 

Hie;-w.o of syllables in verse; rhythm; 
poetical measure; unit of length in the 
metric system equivalent to 39.37 inches; 
In music, that part of musical structure 
which depends upon time values. Also, 
meter. 

mpf rir (mSt'rlk), adj. pertaining to meas- 
urement, measure, or rhythm, or 
to the metric system: metric system, the 
French system of weights and measures, by 
which things are measured or counted by 
tens or fractions of tens. Also, metrical.— 
adv. metrically. 

m pt m 0 "T£}T>ll (met'ro-graf), n. an appa- 
met-ro-grapn ratus for measuring and 

recording the distance run by a locomotive, 
and the number and time 
of stoppages at stations, etc. 

met-ro-nome 

an instrument which <n 
beats musical time by 
means of a short pen¬ 
dulum. 

me-trop-o-lis 

(me-trop'6-lis), n. the 
chief city or capital of a 
kingdom, country, or 
state; as. New York City 
is the metropolis of the 





Metronome 


United States; a principal center; as, London 
is the metropolis of the world. 

met-ro-pol-i-tan 

chief city or capital of a kingdom, country, 
or state: n. the presiding bishop of a country 
or province; an archbishop. 

-tv, of ft A (met'l), n. ardor or spirit, espe- 
4.11 c- 1 -lie cially as regards honor, etc.; 
disposition; courage. 

Trtfi'f tl p corn p (mct'l-sum), adj. high- 
IllCl-liC-oUluo spirited; fiery. Also, 

mettled. 

m ow (uiu) * n - the cry of a cat or an imita- 
J.11CW tion of it: spelled also miaow; a sea¬ 
gull; a cage for hawks; a hiding place: pi. 
the royal stables in London; a range of stables 
about an open place; v.t. to inclose or confine, 
as in a cage: v.i. to cry like a cat; miaow. 
lyJVv i ran (mek'sl-kan), adj. pertaining 
j.YACA- 1 -L/CiiX to Mexico or its people: n. 
a native of Mexico; the language of Mexico, 
m at va r&inp (mez'd-nin; mgz'd-nen), n. 

a low story m a building 
between two higher ones, 
m cs'r yA (med'zo), adj. in music, middle, 
111 CZ.-Z.U middling; not extreme. [It.] 

mez-zo-so-pra-noi,i5f d „f S aToFce a o'f 

rich quality between soprano and contralto; 
a person with such a voice. 

mPT 70 ft rut (med'zo-tlnt; mez'6-tint), n. 
iiicz,-z,u-U-LU, a variety of copper engrav¬ 
ing. Also, mezzotinto. 

v,,: (me), n. in music, the third tone cf the 
ill! diatonic scale, or E in the scale of C. 
mi arwxr (ml-ou'). n. the cry of a cat: 
IiU-ctU W V 'i' ^ cr y iit e a ca t. Also, 

meow. 

TJli oc ma (mi az'md), n. infectious germs 
iill-do-llld or disease-producing matter in 


microscopist 

the air; air made poisonous by germs or 
material liable to cause disease; malaria.— 
adj. miasmal, miasmatic, 
mi ra (nil'kd), n. a mineral easily sepa- 
xxxx-oa. rated into thin, transparent plates 
which are used in lanterns, stove doors, 
etc., and popularly called isinglass.— adj. mi¬ 
caceous. 

Mi rah (nil'kd), n. a book of the Old 
A-v ix Testament, containing the prophe¬ 
cies of Micah, a Hebrew prophet who lived 
about 757-700 B. C. 

rnIrp (nils), n.pl. [sing, mouse], small 
xxxanimals with teeth formed for gnaw¬ 
ing, that infest houses, granaries, etc. 

mi PfoIlP (mi'krob), n. an organism so 
mi-viouc as to be seen only under 
the microscope: found in the blood of 
animals, especially those suffering from 
disease; a germ, usually of disease.— adj. 
microbie, microbial. 

mi f*Tn rActn (nn'kro-kozm), n. a little 
Illl-uro-cosm world; a world in minia¬ 
ture; hence, man, as opposed to the greats 
universe about him: opposite to macrocosm. — 
adj. microcosmic. 

mi-CTO PTPirVh (ml'kro-graf), n. an In- 
■‘■lil '-'o 1 ^-pxl strument for producing 
very tiny engraving or writing. 

mi rrnm P fpt* (ml-krom'e-ter), n. an 
1111-01 UIII-C-lci instrument for measur¬ 
ing very small distances or the apparent diam¬ 
eters of objects far away, as the stars: used 
in connection 
with a micro¬ 
scope or tele- 
scope: mi- 
crometer cal¬ 
iper, a gauge, 
or caliper, hav¬ 
ing a microm¬ 
eter screw, for 
making accurate measurements. 

mi-cro-or-gan-ismS)^ 1 *-^'^; 

tiny organism; a term for microbe. 

mi-cro-phone ifn* r n“ 

an instrument for making’ fcc> 
ble sounds louder, as the trans¬ 
mitter of a telephone. 

mi-cro-pho-tog- 

Ta TiblV ( mb'kro - io - 
rd-pny tog'rd-n), n. 

the art of making an ex¬ 
ceedingly small photo¬ 
graph of an object, etc. 

mi-cro-scope ifi': 

skop), n. an optical 
instrument for making 
very tiny objects appear 
larger, so that they may 
be seen and studied; a 
magnifying glass. 

mi-cro-scop-ic Pofif 

(miTcro-skop'ik), adj. —* . ! 
pertaining to, seen, or Microscope. D. 
discovered by, a mag- dr aw-tube; T, body- 
nifying glass; very tube; R, rack; PH, 
small. Also, micro- i? 1 ] - 

T^\7- adV - miCr °" Se arm? rl: 
scopicaiiy. volving nosepiece; O . 



ments 




kro -sko" pist), n. one tion joint; M, mirror; 
skilled in the use of a B. base. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
~h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






































microscopy 


390 


military 


microscope, or the study of objects through 
the microscope. 

-mt (mi-krds'ko-pl), n. the 

mi-cros-co-py use of the microscope; 

study by means of a microscope. 

mi A (mid), adj. middle; as, flying in mid 

1111 U- air: prep, amid; among. 

mi A /Iott (mld'da*), n. the middle hours 

Ullu-Uaj/ G f the day; noon. 

-.JJ J1 D (mld'l), n. the point equally 
miU-Uie distant from two given points or 
extremes; central part: adj. equally distant 
from the extremes; halfway between two given 
points; mean; medial. 

TVTi/1 r51 o A(r po (mld'l aj'gz), the period 
lVllQ-aie Ag-es between the fifth and 

fifteenth centuries A. D. 

Ala a era A (mld'l sajd"), adj. neither 
miCl-aie-agea young nor old: said of a 
person from about thirty to about sixty years 

old. 

Ain. -mn-rt (mld'1-man), n. [pi. mid- 

mia-aie-man fiiemen (-m3n)], one who 

acts as agent between two people or groups 
of people; a broker; one who buys at whole¬ 
sale and sells at retail. 

mirl Hlino- (mld'llng), adj. of moderate 
HllU-tXiAii|£ rank, size, or quality: neither 
good nor bad; mediocre: n.pl. a mixture of 
coarse wheat flour and fine bran. 

•miH Hxr (mid'!), n. [pi. middies (-Iz)], a 
AillLi-u. j midshipman, or naval cadet. 
[COLLOQ.] 

rl rra (mlj), n. a very small fly; a very 
Ullage tiny gnat. 

•t-rti/lrr (mlj'et), n. a small dwarf; a 
UllU-g-cL little and active child. 
miH lanH (mld'land), adj. inland; in the 
IIllU.-la.llU. central part of a country: n.pl. 
the interior of a country. 

-..•j „Io-t, 4 - (mid'nit"), n. the middle of 
miU-IllgllL the night; twelve o’clock at 
night. 

miH riff (mid'rlf), n. the muscular parti- 
1111U-1 111 tion separating the cavity of the 
chest from the abdomen. 

miH chin man (mld'shlp'mSn), n. [pi. 
miU-blllp lIid.Il midshipmen (-men)], a 

naval cadet, or youth in training for a naval 
officer’s commission; one whose rank is next 
below that of ensign; a petty officer in the 
British navy. 

(midst), n. the middle; the central 


miHcf (midst), n. 
nUUbt place; the 


situation of being beset. 

miH cum mor (mld'sum"er; mld"sum'- 
imu-suill-llier e r )_ n _ the period before 

and after June 21, or the longest day of sum¬ 
mer: adj. in the middle of summer. 

•miA wow (mtd'wa"; mld"wa'), adj. and 
IlllU-Wcty a( i v halfway between: n. (mld'- 
wa"), the amusement section of an exposition 
or fair. 

miH xxrif** (mld'wif"), n. [pi. midwives 
jj.iiu.-w (-wxvz)], a woman who assists 
at childbirth. 

miH wifp TV (mld'wif'ri; mld'wirrl), n. 
llllU-Wilc-iy act, a rt, or practice, of 

assisting at childbirth. 

miH win (mld'wln'ter; mld"wln'ter), 

II11U-Will-lei n the period before and 

after December 21, or the shortest day of 
winter: adj. in the middle of the winter, 
mipti (men), n. outward appearance; air; 
1111 Cli look; manner; aspect. 

(mlf), v.t. to cause to be vexed: n. a 
slight vexation. [Colloq.] 
mirrVif (mit) , p.t. of may: n. power; force; 
ailgUl strength 

(mTt'I), adj. [comp, mightier, 
superl. mightiest], powerful; 


miff 


might-y 


strong; having influence; important; won¬ 
derful; huge: adv. colloquially, very or 
exceedingly.— adv. mightily.—n. mightiness. 
mi (mln"yfin-6t'), n. a fra- 

llll-gllUIl-cLLC grant garden plant with 
greenish-white flowers. 

mi rrrant (ml'grant), adj. moving from 
Illl-glctliL place to place; migratory. 

-mi rvro+a (ml'grat), v.i. to move from one 
IIll-glaLC country to another for perma¬ 
nent residence; to go regularly from one 
climate or region to another at certain tunes 
of year, as many birds. 

mi err a +irvr» (mi-gra'shfin), n. a moving 
XIll-gla.-U.Ull from one place to another; 
a change of residence from one country to 
another. 

-mt err a tn rv (ml'grd-to-rl), adj. remov- 
IllI-glct-LU-iy in g or passmg from one 

place to another; especially, moving con¬ 
stantly from one climate or region to another; 
as, migratory birds; roving. 

Syn. strolling, wandering, journeying, 
vagrant. 

Ant. (see settled). 

mi Ira Hr* (ml-ka'do), n. the popular title 
Illl-ixa-UU 0 f the Emperor of Japan. 
milrVi ( mI lch), adj. yielding milk; giving 
XI111C11 m iik; as, a milch cow. 
milH (mild), adj. [comp, milder, superl. 
I1111U. mildest], gentle in temper and dispo¬ 
sition; kind; soft; calm; moderate; not 
sharp, sour, severe, or bitter.— adv. mildly.—• 
n. mildness. 

mil How (mll'du), n. a very tiny, colorless 
11111-U.c W growth, of the nature of a fungus, 
found on plants or other substances, by which 
it is nourished; a disease of plants produced 
by this growth; spots of mold on cloth, etc., 
caused by damp: v.t. to affect with mildew: 
v.i. to be affected with mildew, 
milo (mil), n. a measure of length varying 
lililU in different countries; as, tho English 
mile, in use in the United States, contains 
1,760 yards; the geographical or nautical 
mile, l-60th of a degree of latitude, or 2,029 
yards. A 

mil** o(rp (rrul'aj), n. an allowance for 
iliilc-agt/ traveling expenses of so much 
per mile; length in miles; on railroads, a 
charge per mile: mileage book, a book of 
coupons bought for a certain sum and allow¬ 
ing the possessor to' travel a given number of 
miles. 

(mil'post"), n. a signboard. 


mile-post 


usually at a crossroads, stat¬ 
ing the distance in miles to certain points, 
mil** c+nnf* (mll'ston'), n. a stone, usu- 
muc-oiunc a lly set at intervals of a mile 
along a railroad track, to tell the distance in 
miles to a given point. 

•*■**« il i ]■ q eir (mil i-tan-sl), n. warfare; 
liiii-A- to-ii-i 'y warlike or fighting spirit or 
policy. 

mil i fqnf (mfl'I-tUnt), adj. warlike; flght- 
Aiiii-i-taiit i ng; serving as a soldier: n. 
one who fights; one who uses warlike 
methods in aid of a cause, as woman’s suffrage. 
♦Y^il i -fa riem (mll'I-ta—rizm), n. warlike 
ta-i loin or fighting spirit or policy; 
a government depending on the power of its 
armies for its strength; as, militarism in a 
country is liable to lead to war. 
tvi 1 1 | +/j r iof (mll'l-t$r-rist), n. one who 
nui-i-ia-iioi believes in war and warlike 
policy; one who holds that a powerful army 
Is the best source of power for a government. 
adj. militaristic. 

TTli1 i fa (mll'i-t§,-rl), adj. pertaining to 

soldiers or to arms; warlike: 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scSne, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









militate 


mimicry 


391 


n .soldiers collectively; army; troops: military 
police, a branch, of the army, whose duty it 
is to preserve order, protect the inhabitants 
of an occupied or invaded district, care for 
prisoners of war, and arrest soldiers guilty of 
misconduct. 

mil i tafp ( ma 'I-tat), v.i. to be, or stand, 

AXAiA-x-tctLc opposed; operate: with against: 
to contend. 

mi li tin (mi-lTsh'd), n. a body of citizens 
xixx-n-i-ia. enrolled and trained for the 
defense of a state, or nation, 
tnillr (milk), n. a white fluid produced by 
the mammary glands of females 
among the higher animals for the nourishment 
of their young; especially, the milk of the 
cow: largely used as food; the white juice 
of certain plants: v.t. to draw milk from; 
supply with milk.— n. milker. 

millr con (milk'sop"), n. an effeminate, 

ixilllk-oup weak man._ 

tnillr tnnttl (milk tooth), one of the first 
liiiiiv IUU III set of teeth in the young of 

the higher animals. 

millr v/PPrl (milk'wed"), n. a wild plant 
vv ecu. w hose juice is white like milk. 

millr V (mh'ki), adj. containing, or like, 
xnAAxv y milk; giving milk; very mild.— 

n. milkiness. 

TWillr 1 7 "Wav (mll'kl wa), a broad band 
lVAU.tt.-y W ay of pale light across the 
heavens, visible at night, and consisting of 
countless stars. 

mill n ‘ a machine for grinding grain 

XAXXXX or other substances; a manufactory; 
one-tenth of a cent: v.t. to grind very fine 
in a machine; groove or stamp, as the edges 
of coins; full (cloth): roll into bars, as metal. 

mill-board n ' a of tWck 

mil-le-na-ri-an P££Sf' r t £ & S>- c “«: 

sisting of, a thousand; pertaining to the 
millennium, or thousand years of peace, or to 
believers in it: n. a believer in the millennium. 

mil If* -n a rv (m!l'e-nS,-rI), n. a thousand 
-ii Ui.~i.c-AiC4.-i y years: adj. pertaining to a 
thousand. 

mil Ipti T*i 25 1 (mi-len'I-al) , adj. of or 
A1AA '*-" AV - /AA-Aj, - A "' C *' A pertaining to a period of a 
thousand years. 

mil-len-ni-um a ?S2! 

the thousand years during which Satan will 
be bound and Christ will reign on earth—kev. 
xx. 1-4; a period of great joy, prosperity, and 
righteousness. 

mil 1 pr (mil'er), n. one who keeps or works 
lull ici a flour mill; a kind of moth whose 
wings look as if powdered with flour, 
mil lf*f (mll'et), n. a grain-bearing grass, 
mii-iti cultivated in Europe and Asia as 
a food for man and birds, and in the United 
States for hay; the seed of this grass, 
mil li orrl (mfl'I-ard; mil'yard), n. one 
jAiAA- -*- A ~ £AA '“*■ thousand millions. [Fn.j 
mil li cu-r (me"ya/), n. a metric ton, equal to 
ulll-llci 1,000,000 grams, 1,000 kilograms, 
or 2,204.6 pounds, avoirdupois, 
mil li crrnm (mil'i-gram), n. the thou- 
AAAAA-AA- & A £ ~ AAA sandth part of a gram, equal 
to .01543 grain. Also, milligramme. 

mil li li tf*r (mil'i-le"ter), n. the thou- 
liiii-ii-ii-tci sandth part of a liter, or one 

cubic centimeter, equal to .06102 cubic inch, 
or .0338 fluid ounce. Also, millilitre, 
mil li mo + Ar (mll'l-me"ter), n. in the 
••■**** "•* A ~ AAA '' _ ‘-ti I metric system, the thou¬ 
sandth part of a meter, equal to .03937 or 
nearly 1-25 inch. Also, millimetre. 



Milling Machine Cutting ft 
Spiral Channel in a Drill 

the number of ten 


TTlll f| r»f*r (mll'I-ner), n. one who makes 
or trims women’s bonnets, 
hats, headdresses, etc. 

mil li rmr v (mll'I-ner-!), n. such articles 
iiiu-u-nci -y as women’s hats, bonnets, 

i headdresses, 

1 etc.; the business 
or work of mak¬ 
ing, trimming, 
and selling hats. 

mi 11-in g 

(mll'Ing), n. the 
act of grinding 
in or passing 
through a mill; 
the process 
of making a 
notched edge 
on a coin: mill¬ 
ing machine, an 
apparatus for 
notching the 
edges of coins, 
cutting screw- 
heads, etc. 

mil linn (mll'yun), n. the nu _ 

nui-nuii hundred thousand; an indefi¬ 
nitely large number. 

mil linn aim (mll'yAn-fir'), n. a person 
AAAAA-AAUAA " <AA1 c who is worth ten hundred 
thousand, or a million, dollars; a very rich 
person. Also, millionnaire. 
mil 1 inn fVi (mll'yfinth), n. one of a million 
AAAAA-AA ' JAA *' AA parts; the milhonth unit or 
thing: adj. being one out of ten hundred 
thousand, or a million; coming last in a 
series of a million. 

mill nnnrl (mil p5nd), a small body of 
-aaaaaa water that supplies water for 

driving a mill. 

mill ram (mil ras), a stream or canal 
xixxxx a ai c 0 f wa ter with a current that 
drives a mill. 

mill cinno (mfl'ston"), n. one of two flat 
aaaaaa-o ojns circular stones for grinding 
grain. 

mill wVippI (mil tiwel), a large wheel, 
aa-l-laa vyucci moved by a current of water, 

which drives a mill. 

milt (milt), n - the spleen; the reproductive 
AAAAA *' organ of a male fish: v.t. to make fertile 
(the egg, or roe, of a female fish). 

mirriP (mim), n - a kind of drama among 
mimic the Greeks and Eomans, in which 
real persons and events were represented in a 
laughable manner; an actor in such a drama. 

mim P o err a nh (mlm'S-6-graf"), n. an 
Illim-e-O-grapn apparatus for making 

copies of written, or typewritten, matter by 
means of stencils and an ink roller: v.t. to 
copy by such an apparatus, 
mi mp+ iV (ml-met'Ik), adj. inclined to 
im-inei-lt imitate; gifted as a mimic; 
pertaining to imitation. 

mim ic (mlrn'Ik), n. one who imitates, 
xi.iiii -10 especially to make fun of the per¬ 
son or thing imitated: v.t. to imitate, or ridi¬ 
cule by imitation; to make an imitation of; 
as, clouds mimic the land: cdj. inclined to 
imitate; imitative; copying, usually in smaller 
form. Also, n., mimicker. 

Syn., v. ape, mock. 

mim ir rv (mlm'ik-rl), n. the practice of 
AAAAA.AA-XC/-AJ 1 one w fl 0 imitates; ridiculous 
imitation for sport or for the purpose of mak¬ 
ing fun of another; close outward likeness; as, 
certain insects are saved from destruction by 
their mimicry of the twigs or leaves on which 
they rest. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 












mimosa 


minor 


392 



Minaret 


round heads of pink or white flowers 

•min a rot (min'a-ret), n. a 
IflUl-a-iCl tall, slender tower 
attached to a Mohammedan place 
of worship, surrounded with several 
balconies from which the call to 
prayer is cried by an officer called 
the muezzin. 

(min'd-to-ri), adj. 

mm-a-to-ry threatening. 

■m i n n a, (mins), v.t. to cut or chop 
niUllb i n to very small pieces; 
to weaken; tell in part or by de¬ 
grees; make less in importance; as, 
don’t mince matters; to pronounce 
or speak with assumed elegance or 
daintiness; v.i. to talk with as¬ 
sumed elegance; walk with short 
steps or in a prim manner. 

me. of (mlns'met"), n. 
mince-meat meat chopped 
very fine, and mixed with suet, 
raisins, lemon peel, etc. 

:„o- (mlns'Ing), p.adj. with assumed 
milll-Ulg elegance; affected; walkmg 
primly.— adv. mincingly. 

•„ j (mind), n. the mental or reasoning 
millU power in man; the understanding or 
intellect; soul; memory; intention; opinion: 
v.t. to attend to; as, to mind one’s business; 
heed; obey; object to; as, I don’t mind 
going: v.i. to obey; as, a child must learn to 
mind; to be troubled; as, never mind if you 
do fail. . , 

• j (min'ded), p.adj. having a mind; 

millU-GU disposed or inclined; having the 
wish or purpose to. 

j .£,,1 (mlnd'fdbl), adj. keeping in one s 
miliU-iUI thought; attentive; regardful.— 
adv. mindfully.—n. mindfulness. 

Syn. heedful, thoughtful. 

Ant. (see heedless). 

• 0 (min), pron. and adj. pertaining to 
Iillllt; me: n. an opening made in the 
earth, from which minerals, precious stones, 
etc., are taken; crude iron-stone; an abun¬ 
dant store; a rich source of wealth; a tunnel 
under an enemy’s works to blow them up; 
a receptacle filled with explosives, moored 
beneath, or on, the water, the firing of 
which destroys or hinders an enemy: v.i. to 
carry on the work of digging for metals, etc.; 
to dig a mine; to burrow; practice secret 
methods; to lay explosives (in a harbor): 
v.t. to undermine or sap, as an enemy’s works; 
to destroy slowly; to dig in for ore or metals; 
to make or get by digging underground; as, 
to mine a tunnel, or to mine coal. 

• (min'er), n. one engaged in digging 
imil-cl f or metals; a soldier who digs a 
way beneath the enemy’s works to blow them 
up. 

• 0 l (mln'er-al), n. any substance 
mm-ei-cu not animal or vegetable; any 
chemical compound resulting naturally from 
inorganic processes; ore: adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or mingled with, a substance 
not animal or vegetable. 

or ol n met (mln'er-al'o-jlst), n. 

mm-er-ai-O-glST one skilled in the 

knowledge of minerals, or substances neither 
animal nor vegetable. 

min pr al O (mln'er-al'6-jl), n. tho 
IU-lIl-tiscience of minerals, or 

substances neither animal nor vegetable. 
TV/TJ-n nr tto (mln-er'vd), n. the Roman 
IViUl-cl-Vd goddess of wisdom: identified 
with the Greek Athena. 


mi-mo-sa 'T'^e n wit£ mine sweep-er 


dragging a body of water for submarine or 
floating min es and removing or exploding 

them. , . , . 

_ • _ (min'gl), v.t. to combine by mix- 

min-gie ing; to associate; to blend: v.i. 
to be mixed or blended. 

•rv.ii-. i a +iit-o (m!u'l-d-tfir), n. a very 
small painting, especially 

a portrait on ivory, etc.: adj. done on a very 
small scale: very tiny; minute. 

TV/r* i A Violl (mln'I-a; popularly, mln'r 
JYLlIl-1-6 ba.ll bol), a conical rifle bullet, 
with a holloa base, and a plug driven in by 
the explosion, to expand the lead into tho 
grooves of the rifle barrel. 

. (mln'Im), n. the smallest liquid 

mill-lffl measure; a single drop; in music, 

a half note. _ v A 

» (mln'I-nnz), v.t. to reduce to 
mm-l-mue the smallest degree, part, or 
proportion: used often in a depreciatory 
or slighting sense; as, do not minimize the 
importance of being on time. 
rrsin i mum (min'I-mum), n. [pi. minima 

min-l-mum (_ m d)], the least quantity; 
trifle: opposite to maximum, the lowest point 
reached or recorded, as of temperature; the 
least quantity allowable or admissible: ad]. 
lowest; least possible or allowable. 

T-n 1 * 1-1 inry (mining), p.adj. pertaining to 
Ililli-lIIg openings in the earth where 
metals, ores, etc., are dug; bmrowdng in 
the earth: n. the act of making or working 
mines for digging metals, etc., or of laying 
military mines. 

+ (mln'Is-ter), n. one intrusted 
nilli-lb-tcl hy the head of a government 
with the direction of affairs of state; an 
ambassador sent to a foreign government; a 
clergyman or pastor of a church, authorized 
to preach and administer the sacraments: v.i. 
to serve; to act as an attendant or servant; 
to give aid by doing helpful things; to serve 
as pastor of a church. 

-rrM-n ic ri ol (mln"is-te'rl-al). adj. oer- 
mm-is-xe-ri-cu tabling to a high state 

official or ambassador, to a clergyman, or to 
the work of either; attendant.— adv. minis¬ 
terially. 

iv.ii-. ie -ri csl ic+ (mln'Is-te'ri-Sl-Ist). 

xnin-is-te-ri-ai-isx a supporter of 

the officials in charge of a government, and 
hence of the party in power. 

__ ■ • „„ (min"Is-tra'shiln), n. 

mm-iS-tra-txOn the act of serving (as 
a pastor, etc.); service. 

vni-n ic +rx 7 (min'is-trl), n. [pi. ministries 
lillll-io-ll y (-trlz)], the service of one who 
preaches a religion; the office or duties of an 
officer of state; clergy or officers of state 
collectively; term of service of an officer of 
state or of a clergyman. 

iv.ii-. i it or (mln'I-ver), n. any soft white 
111111-1-V cl fuj.; an ermine in its white 

winter fur. Also, minever. 

minlr (mink), n. an animal somewhat like 

IIII11K the weasel^ its valuable fur. 

•tv. in «aw (mln'o), n. a small fresh-water 
IIllll-llUW flsh 0 f the carp family; any of 
several small fishes. 

mi new (mi'ner), n. one of either sex who 
II11-11UI i s under the age of twenty-one; 
a chord containing a minor third, in which the 
tones are a step and a half apart, etc.: adj. 
smaller; less; unimportant; as, a minor 
injury; in music, less by half a step than the 
corresponding major interval: indicating 
scales in which such intervals occur. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 










minority 


393 


misconception 


mi nnr i fir (ml-nor'I-tl), n. [pi. minori- 
1111-llUi -A- ty ties (-tlz), the smaller of 
two numbers: opposite to majority; the state 
of being under age. 

min etpr (mln'ster), n. the church of a 
ixxxxx-oici monastery; any church. 

min c+r<a1 (mln'strel), n. originally, in the 
HAiiA-iS lx Ci Middle Ages, a musical enter¬ 
tainer in the house of a lord; a poet; now, 
one of a company of performers who black 
their faces, and sing negro songs, crack jokes, 
etc. 

min c1i-a1 ctt (mln'strel-sx), n. the art or 
mm-birei-by occupation of these who 
play or sing ballads, songs, etc.; such per¬ 
formers collectively; ballads or lyrics col¬ 
lectively. 

YYnnt (mint), n. the place where money is 
A1J ~ UAL coined by government authority; 
source of unlimited supply; a fragrant plant 
yielding an oil of aromatic taste and odor: 
v.t. to coin or stamp (money); invent, 
mint nrrs* (min'taj), n. coinage; the cost 
of coining gold or silver; the 
stamp impressed upon a coin, 
min 11 <c\r *A (min'u-end), n. that number 
iixxxx-u-^xji.u. from which another number 
Is to be subtracted. 

min it (min"fl-6t'; mln'ft-et), n. a slow 
xxxxxi-u-c L graceful square dance; the music 
for such a dance. 

mi n 11<2 (mi'nus), n. the sign [—] indicating 
■ Uj - A " JJLl * c> subtraction: adj. less; lacking; de¬ 
creased by. 

min lit#* (mln'It), n. the sixtieth part of 
xxxxxx-ULC a n hour or a degree; a moment; 
an official note; a memorandum: pi. the 
official record made of the proceedings of a 
meeting, etc. 

mi mifp (mi-nut'; mi-nut'), adj. very 
small; precise; trifling; exact. 
— adv. minutely.— n. minuteness. 

Ant. (see ample, huge). 

min 11 1A hand hand), the long 

111111-U.lc IlJUldS- hand of a timopioco 

which goes around the dial once an hour and 
marks the minutes. 

min lift* m<?n (nffn'it-man), n. [pi min- 
mm-Uie-man utemen (-men)], in the 
American Revolution, a citizen ready to take 
arms at a minute’s notice, 
mi -nil ii (ml-nu'shl-e), n.pl. smaller 

axxx-xxlx- lx-cc or less important details or 
particulars. 

tvMnv (minks), n. a pert girl: used play- 

II1U1X fully. 

(mer), n. the village commune or civil 
liXll community of the Russian peasants, 
mir a (mir'a-kl), n. an act or happen- 

Xllil -d-L/lc jug iu the material or physical 
sphere that apparently departs from the laws 
of nature or goes beyond what is known con¬ 
cerning these laws; a wonder; a marvel. 

■mi-rac-u-lous 

site to the laws of nature; able to perform, or 
performing, great wonders, or the super¬ 
natural.— adv. miraculously.—n. miracu- 
lousucss# 

mi ro non (mg-razh'), n. a misleading 
xxxi-i ctgc effect presented to the eye cn 
oceans, deserts, or plains, by which the 
inverted images of distant objects are seen, 
the objects so reflected being frequently quite 
out of sight. 

(mir), n. deep mud; wet earth; 
unit? slush; dirt: v.t. and v.i. to soil 
with mud; to sink in mud.—n. miriness, 
mir rr»r (mlr'er), n. a looking-glass; any 
XXXJ.X-1 Ui substance that reflects images; 


that which gives a true likeness; hence, eu 
pattern: v.t. to reflect, as in a mirror. 

Tvii f* rnr c r on o (mlr'er-skop), n. a kind. 
Hill-lOl-bCOpe 0 f projector. 

mirth (mflrth), n. noisy gaiety; social 
xxxxx cix merriment; jollity. 

mirth fill (murth'fool), adj. merry; fes- 
xxxix lll-Jlixi tive; jolly.— adv. mirthfully.— 
n. mirthfulness. 

mirth 1 exec (mflrth'les), adj. without glee; 
xxxxx m-xcoo without gladness or gaiety. 
— adv. mirthlessly. 

■nmir XT adj. covered with deep mud; 

x-k^xx-j resembling mud; boggy; dirty. 

■mir 70 (mer'za), n. a Persian title mean- 
Min -xd jug prince. 

fYtic C™ 15 -), a prefix meaning wrong, wrongly, 
axjuo- iii; as> misbehave, miscall. 

mis-ad-ven-ture 

misfortune. 

miq rl H (mis'a-li'ans), n. an 1 m- 

Xa 1 X&-<*I- 11 -cL. 1 LC proper or undesirable 
union by marriage, especially with one of 



misanthropist. 

mis-an-throp-xc fi8SS£8S>tfg; 

misanthropical. 

mis-an-thro-py 

mis-ap-pre-hend S I lo ii flu to h undw- 

stand.— n. misapprehension. 

mis-ap-pro-pri-ate ffiotppf/tok 

wrong use or purpose, as money, etc.— n. mis¬ 
appropriation. 

tnic Kp howA (mis*bS-hav') t v.i. to act 
miS-De-nave a wrong or improper 

fashion.— n. misbehavior, misbehaviour# 

mic pa 1 rii lata (mis-kal'ku-lat), v.t. to 
llllb-Ldl-CU-lclie make a mistake in; 

misjudge: v.i. to make an error in judgment 
or foresight.— n. miscalculation. 

tyii'e f* 55 i* t'JflO'A (mis-kar'ij), n. failure; 
xxjlio-Cv£s,a -iiagc mismanagement; a pre¬ 
mature birth. 

tri•}c por t-tt (mls-kar'i), v.i. [p.t . and p.p. 
xxxxo-v/cix-ij^ miscarried, p.pr. miscan-y- 
ing], to go wrong; be unsuccessful. 

mis-cel-la-ne-ous^'j^Stg*^ 

several kinds mixed together; having many 
sides; consisting of various qualities. 

HTjig f pi 1 ci tin (mls'e^la-ni), n. [pi. mis- 
Ililb-Cei-ld-IXy cellames (-riz) j, a mixture 
of various kinds; a book containing a variety 
of literary compositions. 

mis-chance n * misfortune: 

■mic phi^f (mis'chlf),* n. harm; injury; 
mis-cmei hurt; damage; misfortune- 
vexation; tendency to vex or annoy; as. 
full of mischief. 

Syn. evil, ill, annoyance. 

Ant. (see benefit). 

mis-chie-votis d^'chl-viis), adj. pro- 

xiiio vU_c vuud duemg injury or dam¬ 
age; hurtful; full cf pranks; causing annoy¬ 
ance to others.— adv. mischievously.— n. mis¬ 
chievousness. 

mic pats ppjirfl (mls^kSn-sevO, v.t. and 
miS-LOn-Ceive p.f. judge wrongly; mis¬ 
take; misunderstand. 

mis-con-cep-tion 

understanding. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


27 






misconduct 


394 


mistake 


mic PAti Hiirf (mls-k6n'dukt). n. im- 
imo-tuii-u U.K ,t proper or wrong behavior: 

v.t. (mIs' l ’kSn-dukt'), to manage badly; to 
lead wrong. 

mic rnn c+niP (mIs-k8n'stroo; mls'- 
mis-con-sxrue kon-stroo'), v.t. to get 

the wrong meaning from; to misinterpret.— n. 
misconstruction. 

mic rrp jjtff" (mls'kr@-ant) 

Iillb-Lrtl-d.ilL vi j e wretch: 

pulous. 

Syn., n. caitiff, ruffian. 

mic r\ nod (mls-ded'), n. a wrong act; 
Illla-UCCU. prime: trai 


n. a villain; 
adj. unscru- 


crime; transgression. 

),v 

improperly; 


mis-de-mean fa^r^-meno, v - u and tKi 


to behave 

conduct (oneself) badly, 
mic mnnn nr (mls ff de-men'er), 

mis-ue-mean-or n m conduct; a 

crime of only moderate seriousness. 

mic Hniihf (mls-dout'), v.t. and v.i. to 
.una-uuuui. suspect: n. suspicion. 

mi cpv (mlz'er), n. a man who is interested 
llll-o Cl j n nothing except heaping up 
money; a covetous person. 

mic nr ck (miz'er-a-bl), adj: wretched; 

iiiio-ci-ci-Uic very unhappy: worthless; 

very mean or poor. — adv. miserably. 

Syn. distressed, afflicted. 

Ant. (see happy). 

mi cor 1 v ( ml'zer-ll), adj. of the disposi- 

lill-ocl-lj tion of, or like, one who hoards 

money; stingy; grasping; as, a miserly money 

lender; avaricious; saving. 

mic pr V (mlz'er-l), n. extreme pain, dis- 

llllo-ci-j tress, or misfortune; great 

unhappiness. 

Syn. wretchedness, destitution, privation, 
beggary. 

Ant. (see happiness). 

mic fit (mls-flt'), n. clothing which does 
liiio-llL no t fit; sometimes, a person in a 
position for which he is unfitted. 

■mic for -fiinp (mls-for'tfln), n. adver- 
llllo-iOi-lullt? sity; bad luck; a mishap; 

mischance. 

mic <rivp> (mls-glv') v.t. to cause to fail in 
iiiio-givc confidence, courage, etc.; make 
fearful; as, my heart misgives me. 

mic o-iv in cr (mls-glv'Ing), n. a feeling of 
Ullo-glV-UIg doubt; a lack of confidence; 
as, I have many misgivings concerning his 
course of action. 

mic cm id (mls-gi'dgd), p.adj. in error; 

iino-^uiu-cu. under a wrong influence; 

wrong in opinion or act. 

mic "hern (mls-hap'), n. ill fortune; an 
inio-nap unlucky accident. 

■mic in form (mis'In-form'), v.t. to tell 
iiiib-ni-iuini news or facts wrongly to.— 

n. misinformation. 

mic in fpr rirpf (mIs"Tn-tor'pr § t), v.t. 
llllb-iii-lci-|JlCL to misunderstand; to 

give a wrong explanation of.— n. misinter¬ 
pretation. 

mic illerf* (mls-juj'), v.t. to form a 
imo-juugc wrong or unjust opinion of: 
®.t. to be mistaken^ in opinion, 
mic 1 ot 7 (mls-la'), v.t. to lose temporarily; 
xnib-idj to put in the wrong place. 


mis-lead 


(mls-led') v.t. to deceive; delude; 
misguide; to conduct in the 
wrong way.— p.adj. misleading. 

mic mcm o cm (mis-man'clj), v.t. and v.i. 
mib-mcm-<Ige to direct badly.—n. mis¬ 
management. 

mic nn tn nr (mls-no'mer), n. a wrong 
lixio-iivi-xiici naming or name. 

mi-sog-y-nist SMS"’- 


n. a wo¬ 


rn i cotr \7 nir (ml-sdj'I-nl), n. hatred of 
im-oug-jf women. 

mic nlacp (mls-plas'), v.t. to put in a 
niib-pia.V/C wrong place; confer on an 
improper or undeserving object; as, to mis¬ 
place one’s affections. 

mic -nrinf (mls-prlnt'), v.t. to print 
nil b -pinit wrongly: n. a mistake in type. 

mic -nri cirm (mls-prlzh'un), n. in law, 
liilb-pii-oiuii a grave offense, not so 

serious as to be punishable by death, but 
bordering upon it; high misdemeanor. 

mis-pri-sion of fel-o-ny^6?fS^'- 

nl), the hiding of a crime by one who knows 
of it but has had nothing to do with it, directly 
or indirectly r . 

mic rxrn nmincp (mls'pro-nouns'), v.t. 

mis-pro-nounce a nd r .j. to speak with 

a wrong sound or accent.—n. mispronuncia¬ 
tion. 

mic rpfi rp CPtlf (mls-rep're-z6nt'), v.t. 
Ullb-I fcjp-I C—belli and v.t. to report 

incorrectly, either wilfully, or through care¬ 
lessness.—n. misrepresentation, 
mic rviln (mls-rool'), v.t. to govern badly: 
Ililb-i UlC n% bad government; tumult. 

(mis), v.t. to fail to hit, etc.; omit or 
ililbb p ass by; do without; feel the want 
of: v.i. to fly wide of the mark: n. a young 
unmarried woman; failure to hit, reach, see, 
or obtain: Miss, a title used before the name 
of an unmarried woman. 

Syn. v. omit, lose, fail, miscarry, 
mic cal (mls'al), n - the book containing 
llllb-ba.1 the order of service for the Roman 
Catholic Mass; hence, loosely, a book of 
devotions. 

mic cil^ (mis'll), n. a weapon or thing 
liiib-blic thrown, or made to be thrown, 
to injure another; a projectile. 

mice i-ncr (mls'Ing), p.adj. lost; wanting; 
iiiioo-iiig, absent. 

mic cirvn (mlsh'un), n. the act of sending, 
llilb-blUii or state of being sent, with cer¬ 
tain powers, to do some special service; a 
business or duty on which one is sent; a 
calling, especially to preach and spread a 
religion; a series of special religious services; 
an organization for doing religious and 
charitable work, especially one dependent on 
one or more churches; as, a rescue mission; 
a body of people sent to perform a special 
work, as envoys or delegates; a body of 
persons engaged in spreading a religion in a 
foreign land; also their organization and resi¬ 
dence; pi. the organized work of spreading 
religion. 

•mic cion fl T*V (pffiffi'fin-S-rl), n. [pi. mis- 
llllb-blUAI-£l-l y sxonanes (-rlz)], a person 

who is sent to spread the knowledge of religion 
and convert people to it, especially in foreign 
lands: adj. pertaining to organizations for 
doing religious work, or to those who do it; 
as, missionary services. 

mic civo (mls'Iv), n. a letter or message; 
llllb-bl V C a yj S ent specially. 

mict ( mTst ) ’ n • visible watery vapor in the 
111131 atmosphere, at or near the earth’s sur¬ 
face; fog; anything that dims the sight: v.i. 
to rain in very' fine drops. 

TTiic 'tolir C 5 Vd p (mls-tak'n-bl), adj. liable 
Ulib- Ld.Ii.-a- Ult; to be misunderstood. 

YYiic ■f’cilrp (mls-tak'), v.t. [p.t. mistook, p.p. 
Aiiio-Lcuxc mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to 
misunderstand; to put wrongly in place of 
another person or thing; as, he mistook her 
for her sister: v.i. to err in judgment or 
opinion: n. an error in judgment; fault; 
misunderstanding. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right* sin; ©old, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 







mistaken 


395 


model 


mi<5 fair pn (mls-tak'n), p.adj. incor- 
reC t; wrong; as, a mistaken 
Idea; wrong in judgment; as, he is mistaken; 
misunderstood; as, a mistaken meaning. 

TVTlQ fpr CmIS't6r), n- [pi- Messrs.], a title 
xuia-ici used before a man’s name: abbre¬ 
viated, Mr. 

rM Iq a p (mls'1-to; niTzM-to), n. an 
inio- Lie- tec evergreen plant which grows 
and feeds on apple trees, oak trees, etc. 

(mls'tres), n. a woman who 
uus-ucoo has authority or who governs; 
the female head of a family, school, etc.; a 
woman well skilled in anything; a woman 
courted and beloved; sweetheart: Mistress, 
a title used before the name of a married 
woman: abbreviated, Mrs. 
mic; fri (nffs-trl'al), n. a court trial 

liiio-ti l-a.A which i s worth nothing because 
of some error in the course of it. 
mic t>* ,, q]■ (mls-trust'), n. lack of confl— 
liiio-Liuot dence: v.t. and v.i. to doubt; 
suspect. — adj. mistrustful, 
mict V ( m3fs ' t3 0. ddj. [comp, mistier, superl. 
llilo l-y mistiest], characterized by, or 
hidden by, watery vapor; dim; obscure; 
clouded.— adv. mistily. — n. mistiness. 

mis-un-der-stand < ^ s Si1x' s to take 

in a wrong sense; to get the wrong idea of; as, 
to be great is to be misunderstood. 

mis-un-der-stand-ing 

disagreement; a quarrel; a mistake as to mean¬ 
ing or motive. 

mic ii cp (mfe-usO, n. wrong use; abuse: 
ilJUo-UoC v j' (mis-uz'). to use wrongly. 
yy.ii„ (mit), n. a very tiny insect; a small 
1 1lllc coin used in former times; collo¬ 
quially, a very small object or quantity, 
yyyt i y. (mi'ter), u. a kind of cro to, in two 
llil-Lcl sections worn by archbishops, 


T*T 





Miter Square 
(moldings. 


sections, 
bishops, and 
sometimes by 
abbots, on 
special occa¬ 
sions; the dignity or office of 
a bishop; a slanting junction 
at corners of moldings, laces, 
etc.: v.t. to place a bishop’s 
crown on; hence, to raise to 
the office of a bishop; to 
adorn with such a crown; join 
laces, etc.) on a slanting line at a corner: 
miter square an instrument having two blades, 
one at an angle (usually 45 degrees), with the 
other. Also, mitre.-— adj. mitral. 
mi'+ i rrcs+o (mlt'I-gat), v.t. to render less 
till.t-l-ga.16 gevere, hard, or painful; 
soften.— adj. mitigative. 

Syn. relieve, diminish, abate. 

Ant. (see aggravate). 

1 rra -firm (mitM-ga'shfin), n. the 
1111 L-l-gcl-HUH act of making less severe, 

hard, or painful. 

mi-f i rro (mlt'I-ga'ter), n. one who, or 

lIUl-l-^d-LUi that which, relieves, softens, 
or makes mo r e bearable. 

ill on co (me"tra"yfiz'), n. a ma- 
mi-tra-liieuse Chine gun. [Fr.] 

(mit), n. kind of glove, often of lace or 
HULL net> without fingers or -with half fingers. 

+on (mft'en), n. a -winter glove cover- 
1111 L-tell j n g the four fingers^ together and 
the thumb separately. Also, mitt. 

.—.lx x* (mlt'I-mus), n. a warrant 

11111- U-IliUb which commits to prison. 

(miles), v.t. to unite or blend into one 
mass or compound; join:. v.i. to 
become united in a compound: mingle: n. 


a confused mass of several elements; col¬ 
loquially, a muddle. 

ml y tnrp (nilks'tur), n. the state of being 
liilA-ttuc blended or mingled; a com¬ 
pound or mass formed by putting two or 
more things together. 

ml 7 7 pri (mlz'n), n. the hindmost of the- 
llllz.-z.Cll sails which rim the length of a. 
three-masted vessel: mizzenmast, the hind¬ 
most of the masts of a three-masted vessel, 
mi 7 t j \P • v.t. to rain in very tiny- 

1111Z.-Z.1C drops: n. fine rain. 

mnp mnn ir (ne-mon'Ik), adj. assisting- 
iinic-iiiuii-ic the memory: n.pl. the art 

or science of assisting the memory; a system 
of rules, etc. ± intended to aid the memory, 
m nan ( mon ). v.i. to utter a low sound 
liiUa.il from, or as from, pain or sorrow: 
v.t. to utter in a low wail: n. a low,' prolonged 
sound expressing sorrow or pain. 
m n nf (mot), n. a deep ditch around a fort- 
lHUd.1 ress, etc., usually containing water: 
v.t. to surround with a moat. 
m/-kK (mob), n. the common people; a rude. 
111UU disorderly crowd; rabble: v.t. to* 
attack in a disorderly crowd; crowd about 
and annoy. 

mn Kilp (roo'bfl; mo'bel), adj. easily moved; 
11IU-UI1C easily changed in expression under 
the influence of the feelings. 

-rv»/-k 1~.il i i (md-bill-ti), n. moveableness;: 
niO-011-1-iy ease of motion. 

mn Till I Td f icn ( mo / bl-li-za'shtin 
mO-Dll-1-Zd.-XlOII mob"i-li-za'shun), n. 

the act of calling (troops) into active service, 
mn "hil up (mo'bl-liz; mob'i-lTz), v.t. to. 
111U-U11-1Z.C call (troops) into active serv¬ 
ice: v.i. to gather, as troops, and prepare for 
active service. 

mmr* pa cfn (mok'd-sln), n. a deerskin 
lliuc-ca-oin sandal or shoo worn by the 
North American Indians; a poisonous American 
snake; a kind of wild orchid. 

]yr n r\\d ( mo 'ka), n. a kind of coflee from 
IVXU-Clla. Mocha, a seaport of Arabia, 
m Aplr (mok), v.t. to ridicule; imitate in 
liluUiv sport or contempt; to make fun of; 
disappoint the hopes of; tantalize: n. ridicules 
a scornful jest; an object of ridicule: adj. falser 
counterfeit.— n. mocker. 

m/volr or xr (mok'er-i), n. the act of making- 
JLIlUU±i.-ci-y fun of (a person or thing);: 
ridicule; impertinent imitation; derision; an 
empty sham. 

mnrlr i-ncr (mok'ing), p.adj. scornful; 

mimicking.— adv. mockingly. 

rrmrtr iticr Vdrn (mok'ing bfird), an 
IllUt/ii-lllg f ill LI American thrush noted 

for imitating exactly the calls of other birds, 
mnrf ol (mbd'al), adj. pertaining to a. 
uiuu-ai manner or form; in grammar, 
pertaining to the manner in which a verb 
expresses action: that is, whether it expresses* 
fact, possibility, command, etc. 
mAflp ( m 6d), n. form; custom; fashion; 
muuc maimer; in grammar, a change in 
the form of a verb to denote the manner of" 
its action or beinj?: called also mood. 
mrnrl pi (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- 
IilUU-Ci thing to be made, copied, or 
imitated; standard copy; a small-sized repre¬ 
sentation of something to be made, as an 
engine, building, etc.; a person who poses; 
for a painter or sculptor; a woman who- 
tries on costumes so that customers may see* 
their effect: v.t. to form, after a pattern, 
especially in clay, etc.: v.i. to practice shap¬ 
ing objects out of clay; to make designs: adL 
serving as a pattern; worthy of being imitated.. 
Syn., n. design, mold, standard. 


boot, foot; found; boil ; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh a s in when ‘ 
zh = z as in azure: kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










modeling 


396 


molecule 


,mrkH cA in cr (m 8 d'$l-Ing), n. the act or 
XUOvl-ci-lIlg ar t of making a pattern, 
•especially of a work of art in clay or similar 
material. 

mrtfl pr «+p (mbd'er-at), v.t. to keep 
aaauu-ca-o.au within bounds; lessen; to 
make less violent, intense, or extreme; as, to 
moderate rage, heat, etc.: v.i. to become less 
violent or intense: adj. (mod'er-St), kept 
within bounds; not extreme nor excessive; 
/restrained; frugal; calm; reasonable; mild. 
-—adv. moderately.— n. moderateness. 

Syn., adj. temperate, abstemious, sober. 

Ant. (see immoderate). 

Tnnr! ar a finn (mod'er-a'shfin), n. the 
UlOU-ci -a.-tlull ac t G f keeping within 

bounds; freedom from excess; calmness of 
mind, speech, or feeling. 

•mnH or a fnr (mod'er-a"ter), n. one who, 
11IUU.-GI -<X- tUI or that which, regulates 

or restrains; the presiding officer in a Pres¬ 
byterian church meeting. 

vrmri ( m od'ern), adj. pertaining to the 

AiiUU.-c.iH present time; recent: n. a per¬ 
son of recent and present times: usually in 
plural.— n. modernist. 

-mnH icm (mod'er-nlzm), n. a thing 

liiUU-ci Ji-ibiii Q f recent date, especially 

a usage, a method, or a characteristic of 
present times: Modernism, a school of theology 
based on modem scholarship. 

rrmrii orn 170 (mod'er-niz), v.t. to make 
j.iiuu.-cxAi-AA.c lite present usage, taste, 

or speech. 

-rrmH pcf (mod'est), adj. held back by a 
iiiUU-coi sense of what is fit and proper; 
retiring, rather than pushing oneself forward; 
not excessive or extreme; chaste.— adv. 

modestly. 

Sy?i. virtuous, bashful, reserved. 

Ant. (see immodest). 

morl pc fv (mod'es-tl), n. regard for 
iliUU-co- vy what is proper in behavior 
or manner; purity in word and act; proper 
reserve concerning one’s own powers, etc.; 
freedom from what is extreme; as, modesty 
in dress; moderation. 

•rwrkrl \ cum (mod'I-kum), n. a little; a 
moa-l-uuixi small quantity. 

mod-i-fi-ca-tion i m SfrSu s Si?n'; 

slight change in form. 

tnnrl 1 fv (mod'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
aiauu-a-aj modified, p.pr. modifying], to 
change slightly in form; vary; limit; reduce. 

rrmrl icVi (codfish), atfj. fashionable; ac- 
AAlUU.-J.oli cording to the latest manner; 
full of style.— adv. modishly.— n. modishness. 

(moMest'), n. a fashionable 
UlO-UlSie dressmaker. [Pr.] 

■rrsrkrl it lo+p (mdd'fi-lat), v.t. to vary the 
AiAUU.-U.-lUtc sound of; to tone down; in 
music, to change the key of: v.i. to pass from 
one musical key to another.— n. modulator. 

mnH 11 la tinn (mod'u-la'shun), n. the 
inOU-U-ld-LlOIl act of changing the 

sound of; the state of being changed in sound; 
a toning down. 

mn crill (mo-gul'), n. a great personage: 
Aiiu-glAi Mogul, a person of the Mongolian 
race; especially, one of the Mongols who 
conquered India in the 16th century; the 
ruler of their empire, called the Great Mogul; 
any imposing personage: adj. pertaining to 
the Mongolians. 

win "hoit* (mo'h&r*), n. a woven material 
made from the hair of the 
Angora goat; an imitation of such a material. 

11/T r\ Itom mpd cj u (m6-ham'6d-S,n), n. 

lV10-J.ld.m-IIieU-d.il a believer in Mo¬ 


ri. 

a 


hammedanism, a religion which teaches that 
Mohammed was the only prophet of God: adj, 
pertaining to Mohammed, or to Mohammedan' 
ism. Also, Mahometan, Mahomedan. 

"IV/Fn Vi o vp (mo-ha've), n. one of a tribe 
AVAU-iia-V C 0 f American Indians formerly 

living in the region around the mouth of the 
Colorado River. 

TVTfi "hnwlr (mo'hok), n. one of a tribe of 
1YJ.U-Ii.clW av American Indians; one of cer¬ 
tain ruffians who, during the 17th and 18th cen¬ 
turies, annoyed persons walking in the streets 
of London, especially at night. Also, Mohoek. 

TVTn rc in (mo-he'k5n), n. one of a 

AVJ.u-Aii-va.AA tribe of American Indians 

formerly living in Connecticut and New York, 
win] q +tt (moi'e-tl), n. a half; a small 
IllUI-e-ly portion. 

rnr .:t (moil), n. drudgery; a spot or deflle- 
AiiUii ment: v.i. to toil; drudge; to labor, 
mni'rp (mwar; mor), n. a watered silk or 
lllUll C mohair fabric. Also, moire, 
mni rp (mwafra'; mo'ra), adj. watered; 
iiiui-ic having a clouded finish, as silk: 
v.t. to give a watered appearance to. [Fr.] 
•mnief (moist), adj. containing water or 
AAiUlot other liquid; damp.— n. moistness. 
Syn. wet, dank, liquid. 

mnic ipii (mois'n), v.t. and v.i. to make, 
muio-tcii or become, damp or slightly wet. 

mnic fiira (mois'ttir), n. a moderate 
aiauio-i.ua c degree of dampness; slight 

wetness. 

mn 1 c\r ( m °ddr), n. a double tooth or 
mu-leu. grinder: adj. used for, and capable 
of, grinding. 

mo Iqc epe (mo-las'Sz), n. the dark— 
liiu-iao-oco colored, sticky syrup left in 

sugar making. 

mnlH ( m °ld). h. a fine, soft soil, rich in 
liiuiu- decayed matter; the substance of 
which anything is composed; a discoloration 
or tiny growth produced on damp or decaying 
animal or vegetable matter; the cavity or 
vessel in which anything is cast or shaped; 
nature; shape: v.t. to cover with a musty 
growth; cause to become spoiled by a musty 
growth; fashion in, or as in, a mold or form; 
to form into a particular shape or according 
to a particular pattern: v.i. to become 
spoiled by a musty growth. Also, mould, 
mnlfl (mol'der), v.t. to cause to crumble 

AiiuivA-ui away: v.i. to crumble to dust by 
natural decay; waste away by aegrcoo; 
one who shapes something, or makes a form 
in which something is to be shaped. Also, 
moulder. 

m ni rl in cr (mol'ding), n. the act of shap- 
Aiiuiu.-Aiig i ng a f orm; anything made 

in or by a mold or form; an ornamental strip 
used on a wall, picture frame, etc. Also, 
moulding. 

mold V (mol'dl), adj. covered with, or con- 
aaauava-j taining, a musty growth; musty. 
Also, mouldy.— n. moldiness, mouldiness, 
molp (mol), n. a dark-colored mark or 
aiiuac small lump on the skin; a small, 
soft-furred, burrowing animal with minute 
eyes, often covered with skin; a mound or 
heavy work formed of large stones, etc., laid 
in the sea before a port to defend it from the 
force of the waves. 

mn Ipr 11 Icir (m6-10k'ft-ldr),oty.pertain- 
mo-iec-u-iar ing to, consisting of, pro¬ 
duced by, or existing between, molecules.— 
n. molecularity. 

mnl p /'nip (mSl'S-kul; mo'16-kiil), n. the 
IliOI-e-v.wjxe smallest quantity of any 

substance which can exist separately; a group 
of atoms acting as a physical unit ._ __ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 









molehill 


397 


monkey 


mrklp> "hill (mol'hlF), n. a little mound 
m ade by the burrowing of a 
mole; a small hindrance or difficulty. 

r.1 (mol skin ), n. a cloth with a 

IliLUC-oxviii so ft surface like a mole’s fur; 
the fur of the mole, a small burrowing animal, 
mrk 1#^c+ (mS-lest'), v.t. to interfere with; 
.LUU-lCoL trouble; disturb maliciously. 

mn Ipc fp finn (mo"les-ta'shun; mol"- 
m0-ieS-Xd.-L10H es-ta'shun), n. the act 

of annoying, interfering with, or troubling; 
hostile interference. 

mnl li fir (mol'I-fi) v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
fliUi-ll-lj molhfled, p.pr. mollifying], to 
calm; soften; to make less severe, violent, 

or hard.— n. mollifler, mollification. 

mr»1 liiclr (mcl'usk), n. one of the Mol- 
lIlUI-lu.a±v ffisca, or animals with soft, 
fleshy bodies, covered usually with shells 
containing lime, as the oyster, snail, etc. 
TVTn InrVi (mo'lok), n. the fire god of the 
XVJ.U-1UWJ. ancient Phoenicians and Ammo¬ 
nites, to whom human sacrifices were offered. 
Also, Molech. 

(molt), v.i. to cast the feathers, hair, 
ulUll skin, etc.: v.t. to shed, as the hair. 
Also, moult. 

fvirtl (moPtn), adj. melted; made of 

mOl-XCIl melted metal. 

i tt k A -mii-m (mo-lib'de-num; 
m.O-ly D-Cle-nUin m 5i»jb_de'nurn), n. 
a leadlike metallic element of the chromium 
group. 

TYio-nf (mo'ment), n. the smallest 
UlU-lIlGllL possible portion of time; the 
present time; an instant; importance; as, 
affairs of great moment; the measure of a 
force by its effect in causing motion around 
a central point, as in a wheel; ^momentum. 

fir (mo'mcn-ta-ri), adj. last- 

mo-men-ta-ry ^ on i y for , or done 

in, an instant; transitory.— adv. momentarily. 
—n. momentariness. 

mrk irtpri tnim (mo-men'tils), adj. very 
lllU-iiJCiJ-tu u.o important; as, a momen¬ 
tous decision or occasion. 


sistance, because of motion; the quantity of 
motion in a moving body; as, a body gathers 
momentum as it moves; the product of the 
mass and velocity of a moving body. 

ckA (mon'ad; mo'nad), n. a unit of 
IliUli-d-U. matter, etc.; a simple being; 
one of the smallest and simplest of living 
creatures, supporting life in the water; a 
simple organism or cell. 

0 fr*Pk (mon'ark), n. a supreme ruler; 
IliOIi-ctld.1 sovereign; the chief of its 
Class or kind: adj. supreme.— adj. monarchal, 
m/'w M-nV (mo-nar'klk), adj. pertain- 

lilU-licU. -CiliV jng to a king or emperor 
or the government of a king or emperor. 
Also, monarchical. 

ic-nn (mon'or-klzm), n. the 
mOIi-dli/ll-lalli principles underlying 
government by a king, emperor, etc.; prefer¬ 
ence for such government. 

oirr*V» iof (mon'ar-klst), n. one who 
mOXl-o.rt/11-IbL believes in, or supports, a 
government "whose power is possessed by a 
king, emperor, etc. , , 

mrm cirrli \T (m5n'ar-kl), n. [pi. monar- 
mon-arcn-y C hies (-klz)], government m 

which the supreme power is possessed by a 
king or emperor; kingdom; empire. 

-rv-isM'i oc* ior ir (mon'as-ter-i), n. [pi. 
UlUIl-d.o-ItJI-j monasteries (-Iz)], a home 

to which men retire under vows to devote 
their lives to religion._ _ , _ _ 


mon-e-ta-ry ^ to 5 tS ‘ rI; 


mn rsnc fir (md-nas'tlk), adj. pertaining 
tic rehgious houses called 
monasteries, to monks, their rules, etc. Also, 
monastical.— adv. monastically. 

mo Ticic 4] plnm (mo-nas'ti-sizm),n.the 

IllU-lldo-ll-Clblll life, system, rules, or 

conditions of monasteries, or rehgious houses 
for men; as, monasticism was an important 
feature of the fife of the Middle Ages. 

TV/T/v-n rloTr (mun'da), n. the second day 
lvion-aay ofthe week.. 

mun'S-ta-rl), 
or pertaining to 

money. 

mrm o (mon'e-tiz), v.t. to convert. 

into money; to give a 
standard value to as money: as, to monetize 
silver.— n. monetization. 

mrvn pv (muni), n. [pi. moneys (-Iz)], 
mou-oj coin; gold, silver, or other 
metal stamped by legal authority, and used 
as a means of exchange; anything, as bank 
notes, checks, drafts, etc., used as a mean® 
of exchange; wealth: money order, an order, 
usually sold by a post office, requesting the 
payment of money to the holder. 

Syn. coin, currency, bullion. 

mrvn oaroH (mun'Id), adj. possessed of 
moil-eyeu. money; wealthy. 

mrvn cmr (muh'ger), n. a dealer; a traderr 
used in combinations; as, a 
fishmonger; scandalmonger. 

Mnti rrnl (mdn'gol), adj. pertaining to 
xviuii-gui Mongolia, in Asia, or to its 
people, or to the yellow race: n. a member 
of the yellow race. Also, Mongolian. 

TVTrvn ern 1i an (moh-gS'll-an), adj. de- 
IVXOIl-gO-il-dll noting one of the five 

great races of mankind, the yellow race of 
Asia, including the Chinese, Tatars, etc. 
pertaining to Mongolia or its natives: n„ 
one of the yellow race. 

mrvn annep (mon'goos), n. [pi. mon- 
gooses (-ez)J, a mammal of 
India, of about the size of a ferret, which kill® 
poisonous snakes. 

•rvirw -mon +nm (mo-men'turn), n. the crr^l (mun'grel; mon'grel), adj. of a 

UiU-lAlCIi.- lULlii power of overcoming re- ci mixed breed or kind: n. any¬ 


thing of mixed breed or kind. 

mo-ni-tion <,” t tcS sh ' ani - ”• warniDg - 

mnn i tor (mon'I-ter), n. one who warns- 
IA1U11-1-IUI or advises; a senior pupil 

selected to instruct or oversee the younger 
ones; an ironclad warship, having low sides- 
and one or more turrets mounted with guns; 
a kind of large lizard. 

mnn i ri al (monT-to'rl-al), adj. per- 
aixv/xx-a- to-x 1 -a.L taining to, or performed: 

by, an adviser or guide.-— adv. monitorially. 
mnn i fn t -tt (mon / i-tb-rI), adj. giving, 
lu-a y warning or advice, 
mnn i (mon'I-tres), n. a female 

j.AAUAi-1-u.caa adviser or guide. Also,, 
monitrix. 

mrmlr (munk), n. a man who devote® 
luUUIl himself to a rehgious life and fives 
with others bound as he is by vows of purity,, 
obedience, and poverty. 

mnnlr V (muhk'er-I), n. fife, practices, 
llXUlliV-cI -y vows, and customs of those 
who have bound themselves by vows to a 
religious fife: used usually as a reproach, 
mnn trmr (mun'kp.n. [pi. monkeys (-klz)]. 
niou-jR.cj' i n the broadest sense, any on© 
of the highest order of animals below man; 
in the narrower sense, one of the smaller,, 
long-tailed forms differing from the larger, 
nearly tailless forms, called apes; a name 
for various mechanical contrivances; a name 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






monkey jacket 

•of pretended ridicule, especially for one wno is 
mischievous. 

mon-key jack-et atimS 

thick coat worn by sailors. 

mon-key wrench 

able jaw for turning a nut, bolt, etc. 
mr.ri V icfh (mun'klsh), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, one who has bound 
himself by vows to a religious life; monastic. 
•mrenVo 'h<n 1 r*rJ (munks'hSSd"), n. a plant. 
mOllKS-ilCOa so called from the shape 

of its flower; wolfsbane. 

tvi on a mAtm a (mon'o-kxom), n. & 
mon-o-^*ironie painting m one color 

or in different shades of the same cclcr. 

r\ (mon'o-kl), n. an eyeglass for 

IllUH-U-tic ono eye. 

mn tinr 11 lor (mo-nok'tl-ldr; mon-ok'- 
m0-I10C--U-la.r ff-ior) t adj. fitted for use 
in one eye; one-eyed. 

mnrs a /hr (mon'o-dl), n. a mournful 
poem or song for one voice. 

-fWA inrtfy 3 WflAinict (m5-n6g'd-mus), adj. 
mo-nog-a-mous having only one wife; 

pairing with a single mate, as the dove or 
eagle. Also, monogamy.—n. monogamist. 

mo-nog-a-my ^S'S’eVS-e 

the habit of pairing with^a single mate. 

/•,« (m6n'o-gram), tt. a char— 

H10Jl-0-gra_J. ac ter formed hy the inter¬ 
weaving of two or more letters. 

mnn n vrnr <h (mon'o-graf), n. a paper 
illUu-U-giapil written on one particular 

subject or some branch of it. 
mrm a Tith (saon'5-lltk), n. a pillar cr 
iii.Uii-v.f-ii column formed of a sing !3 
stone; a building material which is both fire¬ 
proof and waterproof, and is used especially 
for floors. — adj. monolithic. 

mmi a 1 no* (mon'6-log), n. a dramatic 
iiAUXA-u-AUje, scene in which only one person 
speaks; a lengthy speech by one person. Also, 
monologue. 

mnn n yn3 nl 3 (inon"o-ma , nl-a), 71 . 
iiItJII-u-lAld.-111-ct insanity in regard to 

one subject only; a craze. 

in An n mn n 1 op (m8n"o-ma , nI-ak), n. 
IllUIl-O-lUcl-m-aU one affected with in¬ 
sanity on one subject: adj. insane on one sub¬ 
ject only; pertaining to such insanity. 

mon-o -met-al-lism gg n ;° S s £e“f 

-one metal only as the standard of value of 
money. 

mn nn mi 55 I (mS-no'mY-il), adj. in alge- 
-lllU-IlU-lAAl-di, bra, consisting of a single 

term: n. an expression containing one term. 

mnn n nlsviA (m8n'S-plan), n. a flying 
AAiuiA-w-jJAdiAc machine whose main sup¬ 
porting surface is a single wing on each side 
of the body. 


398 


monster 



Two-seated Monoplane. 1, propeller; 2, guy 
post; 3. pilot’s seat; 4, passenger seat; 5, wings; 
<6, warping stays; 7, revolving engine; 8, landing 
gear: 9, guy post; 10, fuselage; 11, tail skid; 12, 
■elevator; 13, rudder. 


mo tion o liot (mo-n6p8-lLst), n. one 
AiAU-Alup-U-lAO L -who, alone, or m connec¬ 
tion with others, takes complete possession 
or control of any interest, or any branch of 
trade, commerce, transportation, or produc- 
tion. 

ITT'l r\ ini/ritv A h *7A (mo-nSpU-llz), V.t. to 
AllU-llup-U-ilx>c gain possession of so as 

to be the only producer cr trader; to take the 
whole cf; as, to monopolize the attention of 
another. — n. monopolization. 

mo nrm 0 1v (mS-nop'o-lI), n. a control 
mo-nop-o-iy of any industry; as, an oil 
company has a monopoly of the oil trade in the 
United States; a company that possesses such 
control; the sole possession of anything, 
mAn a mil (mon'o-ral"), n. in a railway 
Ailuil-U-A dJJL system, a single rail on which 
cars are run: used also for a hanging car. 

mon-o-syl-lal)-ici 1 ot I1 SSi 1 ld. ,Ik ^ a ‘ , a 

word, in pronouncing; composed of one- 
syllabled words, or those that are not divided 
into parts in pronouncing. 

mon-o-syl-ia-ble^5/* f -Set'liabio a 

or a word which is not divided into parts in 
pronouncing it. 

mA-n A ftiA km (mon'6-the-izm), n. the 
mOH-O-liie-ISm doctrine of, or belief in, 

the existence of one God.— n. monotheist. 

mrnri A fAtlA (mon'S-tcn), n. recitation 
mon-o-ioue cn a single note or key; 
lack of variety in the style cf a written compo¬ 
sition: v.t. to recite (as prayers) on a single 
note; intone. 

tMA tint A n All C (mo-not' 6 -nus) , adj. con- 
AllU-IlUl-U-IlUUbtinucd in the same tone; 
wearisome; tedious; without variety. 

■rrriA THiAf - A htt 7 (^^^^t'G-ni),n.dullsame- 
IHO-nOI-O-ny ness of tone; unvarying or 

tiresome sameness. 

mon-o-type mS 

single letters, instead of words and lines. 

Mon-roe Doc-trine ffiYwtodJSte 

announced by Presiueut iviomoe oy wnich tae 
United states insisted that Europeans sho ild 
not intervene in American affairs or increase 
their holdings on the American Continent. 

mon-sei-gneur 

nyuir')], formerly, a title in France given to 
persons of high birth or rank, especially to the 
heir to the throne; equivalent to My lord; 
a title of French bishops, [Fn ] 

mA-n qifMir (^"syu'; m’syG'), n. [pi. 
ij.iuu-Dioui messieurs (rr,a"syu')],aFrench 

title of courtesy, equivalent to Sir or Mr.; 
formerly, the title of the eldest brother of the 
King of France: capitalized when used with 
a proper name. [FrJ 

mon.qi-fmnr ^ptt-se'nySr; It. m6n's8- 
AliUll ol gllUA nyor'), n. f pi. monsignori 

(-re)], a title conferred by the Pope on priests 
of the papal household: equivalent to Lord. 
[It.] 

m on cAAn (mSn-soon'), n. a wind in the 
liiUH-bUou Indian Ocean blowing from 
the southwest from April to October, and from 
the northeast during the other part of the 
year; the rainy season that accompanies the 
former. 

Irion (mon'ster), n. any animal or 

AAAUxi-o toi thing out of the usual course of 
nature; something very huge or remarkably 
deformed or hideous; a person remarkable for 
extreme wickedness, cruelty, etc.: adj. of 
unusual size. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 














monstrance 


399 


morale 


wiriri e+**o(mOn'strSns ). n. one of 
mou-birctlice the altar vessels in tfie 
Roman Catholic Church. 

mnn citfAQ i tv (mon-strds'I-tl), n. [pi. 
niU-Li-bLIUb-l-iy monstrosities ^-tlz)], the 

state or quality of being deformed or hideous 
or extremely unusual; anything unnaturally 
huge, hideous, or deformed. 

(mon'strfis), adj. out of the 
common course of nature; 
enormous; huge; horrible; hideous; causing 
disgust.— adv. monstrously. 

•Syn. shocking, dreadful, hateful, immense. 
TTlflTl.tg (mon'tS,; mon'ta), n. a Spanish 

cards. 


mon-strous 


(mon'tS,; 

gambling game played with dice or 


Mon-tes-so-ri meth-od i™SSvh r - 

ud), a system of training and instruction 
for small children, in which emphasis is placed 
upon freedom for physical activity, individual 
instruction, and the early development of 
various activities, as that of writing: devel¬ 
oped by Doctor Maria Montessori. 
mrvrrKh (munth), n. one of the twelve parts 
Hi until i n t 0 which the year is divided, 
each containing about four weeks, or 28 to 
81 days. 

mnn+Vi 1v (munth'll), adj. continued for 
iiiuiitii-iy a month; as, the monthly 
course of the moon around the earth; per¬ 
formed, happening, or published once a 
month; as, a monthly bill; a monthly magazine: 
adv. once each month; as, the magazine is 
issued monthly: n. a magazine or periodical 
published each month. 

mnn 11 mnnf (mon'ft-ment), n. anything 
UlUIl-U-Iuclll that keeps alive the mem¬ 
ory of a person or event, as a pillar, a statue, 
an arch, a tomb, etc. 

Syn. memorial, record, remembrancer, 
cenotaph. 

mnn 11 mnn ta 1 (mon*’ii-men , tS.l), adj. 
moil-u-men-ld.1 serving, or fitted, to 

keep alive the memory of a person or event; 
Of lasting greatness; as, Milton’s Paradise 
Lost is a monumental work.— adv. monu¬ 
mentally. 

mnn (mo3), n • the lowing of a cow: V.i. to 
lllUls makethe noise of a cow; low. 
mnnH (mood), n. manner; temper of mind; 
111UUU change in the form of a verb to ex¬ 
press the manner of action or being. Also, mode. 

Syn. humor, disposition, vein, 
mnnrl xr (mobd'I), adj. [comp, moodier, 
Ill.UUU.-y superl. moodiest], absent-minded 
and thoughtful; out of temper; sad; gloomy; 
given to changes in the state of mind or 
iemper.— adv. moodily.— n. moodiness, 
mnn-n (moon), n. the heavenly body that 
lllUUli revolves round the earth; the 
heavenly body that revolves about any planet; 
a month; as, it is many moons since he went 
away: v.i. to wander and look about in an 
absent-minded and listless manner.— adj. 
moony. 

rnnnri ”h^am (moon'bem'), n. a ray of 
mo on-D earn light from the moon. 

mnrvn licrVlt (moon'lit"), n. the light 
lilUUll-Ugllt given by the moon: adj. 

lighted by the moon; occurring by moonlight; 
as, a moonlight flitting. 

mrwvn coil (moon'sal*), n. a light sail 
iiiUUli-oa.il carried above the skysail: 

called also moonraker. 

ihaati rtk.fi a, (m bon 'shin ), n. moonlight, 

moon-snme empty show; colloquially, 
liquor smuggled or made against the law. 
iyi«oi q«* (moon shin er), ti. one 

moon-snm-er who makes whisky with¬ 


covered with heath and 


Moose 


out a government license; a smuggler of 
whisky. [Colloq.J 

mnrvn c+rmo (mfibn'ston"), n. a stone of 
illUUll-o lUllU yellowish or yellow-whit©' 

color, showing beautiful pearly reflections. 

mnrvn o+viiolr (moon'struk"), adj. men- 
mOOn-StrUCK tally deranged through 
the supposediufluence of the moon, 
mnnr (moor), n. in England, a broad tract 
muui 0 f waste land covered with heather or 
certain kinds of shrubs, bushes, etc., some¬ 
times marshy or peaty; a moorland: v.t. to 
fasten (a ship) in a particular place by a cable 
and anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable and 
anchor.—Moor, n. a native of Morocco, in 
North Africa; in the Middle Ages, one of the 
Saracens who invaded and settled in Spain. 

mnnr aero (moor'Sj), n. a place for 
xmau-ago anchoring or fastening a vessel- 

mnnr rnrtr (moor kok), the male of 
aaauua tuoii the red grouse or partridge. 
Also, moor fowl. _ 

mnnr in<y (mooring), n. the act of fas- 
aaauua-iaAc* tening a vessel to a particular 
place; the cables, anchors, etc. laid at the 
bottom of a harbor, to which a vessel 1® 
fastened: pi. the place where a vessel Is 
anchored. 

mnnr icti (mobr'Ish), adj. resembling, or 
ilium -AoAi growing on, a waste land or 

heath; marshy; as, moorish soil.—Moorish, 
pertaining to, or in the fashion of, the Moors 
of North Africa or, formerly, of Spain. 

tti aai" lon/i (mdor'ISnd), n. waste land 

fiiUUi -lallU cnTOrP/l wi 

shrubs. 

moose 

North American 
deer resembling the 
European elk. 

mnnt (mdbt), v.t. 

AAAuue to propose 

for discussion; to dis¬ 
cuss: v.i. to argue: n. 
discussion of a mock 
law-case for practice: 
adj. open to discussion 
or debate; as, a moot 
question. 

mrm ( m °P)< «• an 
aaau]a implement for 

washing floors, decks, 
etc., consisting of a 
bundle of cloth, rags, etc., fastened to the 
end of a long handle; a similar loose tangled 
bunch; as, a mop of hair: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
mopped, p.pr. mopping], to rub or dry with 
a mop. 

•mrvnp. (mop), n. one who is dull or out of 
iiiupc spirits: v.i. to be silent, dull, or 
out of spirits. 

niia-f-fr/i (mft-ket'), n. a carpet with 
mu-queue long, velvety fibers. 

mn rain a (mS-ran'), n. a line of rocks 
HAU-i. cUiie ail d gravel at the edges and 
base of glaciers. 

mnr al (mor'al), n. the lesson taught by, 
AiAUI -<XL or the inner meaning of, a fable, 
event, etc.; pi. moral conduct or teachings; 
conduct of life; behavior: adj. pertaining to 
man’s natural sense of what is right and 
proper; according to what is right and just; 
as, a moral life; capable of being governed by 
a sense of right and wrong; as, a lower 
animal is not a moral creature; virtuous; 
supported by reason; as, a moral certainty; 
serving to teach a lesson.— adv. morally. 

■mn rain (mb-ral'), n. moral condition; 
iliU-A diU that mental state which makes 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when ; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









morality 


400 


mortal 


men capable of endurance and of showing 
courage in the presence of danger; as, the 
morale of an army. 

-rv»/\ rol i -Hr (m&-ral'l-tl), n. [pi. moralities 
IllO-I ctl-I- ly (_tiz)], the teaching or practice 
of the duties of life; virtue; formerly, a kind 
■of play intended to teach a lesson, and repre¬ 
senting such characters as Faith, Love, etc. 
mni* £» 1 17 a (mor'al-Iz), v.t. to apply or 
LUUi-cu-iiC explain in a way that teaches 
a lesson; as, to moralize a story; make 
virtuous: v.i. to talk at length about right 
and wrong, duty, goodness, etc.—n. moral- 
izer, moralization. 

mor - al phi - los - o - phy I'Kfig; 

the science and study of right and wrong, 
m ro cc (nio-ras'), n. a swamp; a tract of 
iiiU-i wet ground. 

•m At* "Ta ri lim (m6r-d-to'r^-um , ), n. a 
IllUI-ct- LU-I1- Lilli period established by 

law, during which a debtor may suspend 
payment of his obligations. 

TV/Ta vo iri o-r» (mo-ra'vl-an), n. a native 
iYlU-Id.-Vi-d.II 0 f Moravia; a member of 

the sect of United Brethren: adj. pertaining 
to Moravia, in Austro-Hungary, or to its 
people: pertaining to a religious sect, the 
Moravians, or United Brethren. 
mAt* Iviri (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to, 
HiUi-UiU. or caused by, disease; sickly; 
unhealthy; mentally gloomy or unwholesome. 
— adv. morbidly.— n. morbidness. 

Syn. ailing, diseased, corrupt. 

Ant. (see normal, sound). 

mAt* Kiri i tv (mor-bid'I-ti), n. a sickly 
mor-DlU-l-ty or unhealthy state of 

mind or body. 

mAt* Hunt (mor'dant), n. a substance 
J.11UX-li.cu.il that serves to fix certain 
colors in dyeing; a substance to make gold 
leaf stick; a substance that eats into a surface: 
ad), havingpowor to fix colors; sarcastic; biting, 
mArp (mor), ody. [superl. most], comp, of 
liiUl c many and much; greater in number, 
quality, extent, etc.; additional; longer: 
adv. to a greater degree, etc.; again; besides: 
n. a greater quantity, number, etc.; some¬ 
thing further or additional. 

rriA rPAtl (mo-ren'), n. a stout woolen 
iiiU-iUUli material, usually watered or 

figured. 

~m ai*a a 17 or (mor-o'ver), adv. besides; 
mort-o-ver further; also. 

TV/Ta rpcmip (mo-resk'), n. Moorishdeco- 
iYi.U-iCOi|U.C ration or architecture: adj. 
decorated in the style of the Moors or Arabs; 
Moorish. 

mnr aa nat ir (mor'gd-n&t'Ik), adj. re- 
mUr-gd.-Ilct.l-iL lating to the marriage 

of a man of royal or other high rank with a 
woman of lower degree, whose children can¬ 
not inherit their father’s rank. 
mAt* cm a (morg), n. a place where the 
.liiUlguU bodies of unknown persons found 
dead are left until recognized and claimed by 
friends or relatives. 

m av i 1*41111 ri (mor'I-bund), adj. in a 
mOr-l-DUnu dying condition. 

-rvirw t*i nn (mo'ri-on), n. an open helmet 
IllU-Ii-Uii somewhat like a hat. 

TV/Ta ric a a (mo-Us'ko), n. a Moor, usually 
■TYXU-l i«-iv a Christianized Moor, living 
in Spain after the Moorish power there was 
overthrown; the language of the Moriscos. 
TVTrki- m Ati (mor'mun), n. a member of 
lYlUi-lIIUIl sect, called also Latter 
Day Saints, founded in 1S30 by Joseph 
Smith, who declared that he had found in 
th9 United States the Book of Mormon, 


which, it is claimed, is a sacred history of 
the ancient inhabitants of America: adj. 
of or pertaining to this sect. 

TV/T ai- i crn (mor'mun-Izm), n. the 

J-VIOI -IllOIi-loill. doctrines and practices 

of the Mormons. 

-rriAi-n I’tKr (mfir'nlng), n. the early part 
IilUlIi-lIlg 0 f the day; any early part; 

as, the morning of life: adj. pertaining to, 
occurring, or performed in, the early part 
of the day, or before noon. 

m Aim incr-crln rv (mfir'nlngsglo'ri), n. 
mom-ing-glO-ry a twining plant with 

heart-shaped leaves and funnel-shaped flowers, 
blue, pink, or white in colon 

iyiai*h ]n or (mor nlng wocjh), 

mom-ing Wd.TLIl wa tch on shipboard 

from four a. m. to eight a. m. 

TV/Ta i*a (nio'ro), n. [pi. Moros (-roz)], a 
■tvxu-iu native Mohammedan inhabitant of 
the southern Philippines; the language of the 
Moros. 

rrtA rr\n rn (mo-rok'o), n. a fine ldnd of 
liiU-iUL-LU grained leather cf goatskin: so 
called because first prepared in Morocco, Africa. 
■mA iYvn (mo'ron), n. a person whose 
IllU-TUli mental development has been 
arrested at the point reached by the normal 
child of about twelve years. 

-mA rAtiA (mo-ron'), n. a dark crimson 
iliU-iUliC color. Also, maroon. 

mA taqa (mo-ros'), adj. sullen; haughty; 
mu-iusc gloomy; as, a morose temper.— 
adv. morosely.—n. moroseness. _ 

Syn. surly, fretful, crabbed. 2 

Ant. (see joyous). 

mAr rdiirt A ( m 6r'fln; mor'fen), n. a sub- 
iiujx- p'J.iiAic stance found in opium which 

has the power to deaden feeling and produce 
sleep. Also, morphin, morphia. 

mAr r»V»in icm (mfir'fin-lzm), n. a dis- 
IllUr-JJIllIl-lolii eased state caused by the 

use of morphine, a drug obtained from opium. 

mor-pho-log-i-cal^'pSSi;!^ 41 ^ 

the science that treats of the form and 
structure of plants and animals. Also, 
morphologic.— adv. morphologically. 

m Af tiTi a1 A w ( m or-f51'6-jI), n. that 
■* AA ^*'branch of science which 
deals with the form and structure of plants 
and animals. 

mAr riQ (mbr'Is), n. a Moorish dance with 
liiui-iio tambourines, bells, etc., common 
in Old English parades and revels; an old 
game played with men and counters on 
squares. Also, morrice. 

mAr rnw (mor'o), n. the next day after 
mm-iuw any day specially mentioned; 
to-morrow; formerly, morning; as, good 
morroiv, friend. 

mAr<5A ( m( ~ >rs )• n - a clasp for fastening a 
AAA, - ,A ° c long circular garment worn on 
special occasions by a priest. 
mAr caI ( m or'sel), n. a bite; a mouthful; 
A1AVAA ‘ ac i a small amount of anything; as, a 
morsel of bread; a morsel of comfort, 
mort ( m ort), n. a note or notes sounded on 
iiiui i a hunting horn to announce that the 
game has been killed. 

mAr fal (mor'tal), n. a human being; 
mui-uu man, as subject to death: adj. 
subject to death; as, mortal man; causing 
death; as, a mortal wound or illness; punish¬ 
able with death; as, a mortal sin; filled with 
desire to kill; as, a mortal enemy; violent; 
extreme; as, mortal fear; pertaining to human 
beings.— adv. mortally. 

Syn., adj. deadly, fatal, human. 

_ Ant, (see immortal). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
Tight, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







mortality 


401 


motherless 


Y*y"i nr +o 1 1 (mbr-tal'i-tl), n. the condi- 
•'j tion of being subject to 
death; human nature; frequency or number 
of deaths in proportion to population. 
mr»r tilt* ( m br'ter), n. a vessel in which 
substances are pounded with an 
implement called a pestle, chiefly used in 
making medicines; a short cannon 
used for 
throwing 
s h ells 
high up¬ 
ward, so 
as to drop 
from a- 
bove on- 
t o the 
object 
aimed at; 
a build¬ 
ing co¬ 
rn e n t , 

of lime, Siege Mortar 

sand, and water: v.t. to plaster or secure with 
such building cement. 

mor tar hnarH (mbr'ter bord), a flat. 

UUdlU. square board supported 
by a handle, for holding mortar; a scholar’s 
flat-topped cap. 

mort cracrp (mOr'gaj), n. a giving over of 
property, as security for the 
payment of a debt, to become void when the 
debt is paid; as, a mortgage on a house; the 
legal paper making such a pledge of property: 
v.t. to make over property, etc., as security 
to one to whom a debt is owed; to pledge, 
ri-rf crct app (mor"ga-je'), n. the person 
to whom property is given 

as security. 

mnrf tra crnr (mor'ga-jor'), n. the person 
t-gci-gux -who gives property 



gives __ 

Also, mortgageor, mortgager. 


_ _ _ as 

security. 

m or fj -fi r* o +1011 (pior^tl-fl-ka'shun), n. 

mor-ll-il-Cd-LlOn the act of humbling 

or depressing; the death of one part of an 
animal body while the rest continues to live; 
a condition called gangrene; the subduing 
of the passions and appetites by self-denial; 
humiliation, or its cause; vexation, 
mnr fi fir (mor'tl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
inux-n-xjr mortified, p.pr. mortifying], to 
subdue by self-denial, etc.; as, to mortify the 
appetites; humble; humiliate; depress; 
cause (a part of the body) to decay, or 
undergo gangrene: v.i. to lose all living 
functions, as an injured part of the body; 
to be affected with gangrene. 

•Yi+ic£* (mor'tls), n. a hole made in 
UlUl-llbC wood through which some cor¬ 
responding part fits: v.t. to join, as timbers, 
by putting a projecting part into a hole made 
to fit. Also, mortice. 



Mortises. 1, mortise and tenon; 2, bevel mor¬ 
tise; 3, right-angled mortise; 4, dovetail mortise. 

mrk-rf main (mort'man'), n. possession 
lllUl l-IlictJlI of lands or tenements by any 

organized body of persons, 
tvi/vr* -fn o T-T T (mor'tu-Sr-rl), n. [pi. mortu- 
mor-IU-a-ry a ries (-riz)], a building for 
the dead awaiting burial: adj. pertaining to 
the burial of the dead. 


mn c<i ip (m6 -za'ik), n. a design, or 
form of artistic work, made by 
the union of very tiny pieces of glass, stone, 
etc., of various colors, inlaid in a ground of 
stucco or metal: adj. pertaining to, or con¬ 
sisting of, such work.—Mosaic, pertaining to 
Moses, to the laws, institutions, etc., given 
through him, or to his writings. 

TVTn ooll« (mo-zel'), n. a mild white wine 
iviU-DCllc made in the valley of the 
Moselle. 

Mo cpc (mS'zez), n. the great prophet 
xtxo-ocd an( i lawgiver of the Israelites 
who led them out of Egypt; hence, any great 
leader; a meek man. 

TVTnc lom (moz'lem; mos'lem), n. [pi. 
iviuo-lclli Moslems (-lemz)], a follower 
of the religion founded by Mohammed; a 
Mohammedan: adj. pertaining to Moham¬ 
medans, or a people who believe that Moham¬ 
med was the true prophet of God. Also. 
Mussulman. 

t-n ocmi o (mosk), n. a Mohammedan tem- 
IllUbCjUe pi e> Also, mosk. 

mnc mii fn (mos-ke'to), n. [pi. mosqui- 
IilUo-lJU.1-LU toes (-toz)], an insect the 

females of which puncture the skin of men 
and animals, at times depositing disease 
germs. 

mpcc (mos), n. a natural order of soft 
xiJLuoo plants growing on the ground, rocks, 
trees, etc., and having simple narrow leaves; 
a lichen; a soft peaty swamp. 

♦prtoc (mos'i), adj. covered with, or 
muoa-j like, moss, a tiny soft plant.— n. 
mossiness. 

mnQf ( m bst), adj. superlative of more; great- 
est in number, quantity, or degree: n. 
the greatest number, part, quality, or value. 

tnnf ( m °)> n. a witty saying; a bon mot; 
xulul a bugle note. [Fr.] 

m ntP (mot), n. formerly, in England, an 
xuuio assembly for the discussion and man¬ 
agement of public affairs; a very small par¬ 
ticle; as, motes of dust in a sunbeam; a black 
spot in wool. 

m nfh (mbth), n. an insect which feeds upon 
cloth, fur, etc.; a four-winged insect 
somewhat like the butterfly, but flying chiefly 
at night. 

mnfh(mflth'et'en), p.adj. dam- 
03.1-611 a g e d by moths; having 
holes made by moths, as cloth. 

■m nth pr {rnuth'er), n. a female parent, 
xxiu iii-ci especially one of the human 
race; one who has given birth to anything; 
origin or source; as, necessity is the mother 
of invention; the female superior of a religious 
house; a thick, slimy substance or film in 
liquids: v.t. to act as a mother to, or to adopt, 
as a son or daughter: Mother’s Day, a day 
appointed for the honoring of motherhood: 
instituted by Miss Anna Jarvis, of Philadel¬ 
phia, who appointed the second Sunday in 
May, or for schools the second Friday, as the 
day, and designated the white carnation as 
the emblem: adj. native; as, one’s mother 
tongue; producing others. 

Moth or CtOO<!P (muffc'Sr go75s), the 
J.VJ.UU1 Cl VJUUoc p en name of the com¬ 
piler of a collection of well-known, simple 
nursery rimes. 

mefji pr heq/l (muift'er-h66d), n. the 
IIlUlIl-Cx-IlUUU. state of being a mother; 
maternity. 

mnfh nr-in-lflw (mufh'erdn=16' r ), n. the 
I11Ulil-CI-m-ld.W mother of a husband 

or wife. 

mnfh pr loco (niulft’Sr-ISs), adj. without 
UlUin-er-iebb a mother living. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





























motherly 


402 


mounting 


full of moths, or 
feed on cloth, fur, etc.; 


m/vfh or Itt (mfitfi'gr-11), adj. tender and 
moin-er-iy kind like a mother. 

mnfh pr-rvf_r»parl (muf/i"er=6v*pQrr), 
moLn-er-oi-ped.il n . the hard S ii ve ry 

Inner layer of various kinds of shells. 

tnrvBi pr nrit (muift'er wit), natural good 
iiiUlil-ci WH sense; quick common sense 

or humor. 

moth xr ( ffl6tM )' ad J 

1I1U LIl- y insects that fe 

moth-eaten, 
mn fif (ui^tef'), n. the central and con- 
mu-ill trolling idea of a work of art or 
literature. Also, motive. [Fr.J 
mm firm (mo'shun), n. the act, process, or 
mu-nun state of changing place; the 
Changing of position; a gesture; action, as 
opposed to rest; impulse or desire; a formal 
proposal made in a meeting of a society, etc.; 
as, a motion to adjourn is in order: v.i. to 
make a movement or gesture full of meaning; 
as, to motion to someone to come forward: 
v.t. to guide or invite by a gesture; as, to 
motion someone to come forward.— adj. 
motionless. 

Syn., n. proposition, proposal, movement. 

mft firm rnr +11 rp (mo'shunpik' tfir). 
mu- IIUU piu-lUXc a S (j,- 1C s of pictures 

of persons and things in action, taken by a 
special machine and thrown on a screen in 
such rapid succession as to form a continuous 
picture in which the action is reproduced. 
Also, moving picture. 

mn fixrp (mo'tlv), n. that which urges to 
mu-Live action; inducement; as, love of 
country is the motive that sends many men 
to war; reason; in art, a leading idea; in 
music, a passage which is repeated again and 
again in a composition: adj. causing action; 
as, steam is the motive power in the locomo¬ 
tive; able to change place or position. 

mn fi xraf p (mo'tl-vat), v.t. to act as an 
iu.u-Li-Via.LG impulse or_ incentive for. 

rr.n fiirp naw pr pou'er), any 

IliU-Ilve puw-er natural agent, as wind, 

water, steam, electricity, used to produce 
action in a machine. 

mot 1 ipv ( m ot'll), adj. consisting of differ- 
iiiu L-ICj ent colors; wearing party- colored 
clothing; as, “A motley fool”; composed of 
different kinds; as, a motley crew or crowd. 

mo-tor iffr 

n. that which pro¬ 
duces action or 
power; espe¬ 
cially, a machine 
or engine which 
causes action; as, 
an electric motor; 
an automobile: 
adj. imparting 
action; as, motor 
nerves: v.i. to 
travel by auto¬ 
mobile. 



Electric Motor 


+/%*• (rao'Ler bot), a boat moved 

mo-iur UUdl by a gasoline or other 
small engine. 

mr» tor Vmc (mo'ter bus), an automobile 
mu-LUl uuo passenger car. Also, motor- 
bus. 

mo tor car ( m ^'ter kar), a vehicle with 
rnu-LUl Lai a small engine driven by 
means of oil, electricity,_etc. Also, motor-car. 

mo tor nf olo (moher si , kl), a bicycle 
mu-iui Gj-L/iG moved by a small engine. 
Also, motor-cycle. _ 

mo tor 170 (mo'ter-iz), v.t. to put motor- 
iUU-LUi-iaC driven vehicles in, in place of 


horses and horse-drawn vehicles, as in a city 
fire department.—n. motorization. 

mo tor tor rv (mo , ter 16rl; lurl), ® 
111U-LU1 lUA-ij long, low, motor-dnven 

truck with a roomy platform somewhat over¬ 
hanging the four wheels. Also, motor lorrie. 

mo tor mart (mo'ter-mS,n), n. one who 
mu-LUl -liictlj. drives a motor, especially 

an electric car on a street railway. 

m a tor trnrlr (mo ter truk), a heavy, 
iiiu-im la uliv motor-driven van for car¬ 
rying bulky loads or freight, 
m ot tl p ( m ot'l), v.t. to mark with spots of 
1IIU L-lie various colors. 

mot to (mot'5), n. [pi. mottoes (-oz)], a 
lllUl-lU brief sentence suggesting some 
guiding principle; as, ‘‘to be rather than to 
seem” is a suitable motto for a class in school. 
mr\n iilr (mob-jlk'), n. a Russian peasant. 
mOU-JlK Also, muzhik. [Russ ] 

mnnlH w. a fine, soft, rich soil; 

IliU Lilli a discoloration or growth caused 
by dampness; a cavity or vessel in which 
anything is shaped: v.t. to cover with a damp 
growth; to fashion or form into a particular 
shape: v.i. to become covered with a tiny 
growth caused by dampness. Also, mold. 
mrmlH pr (mol'der), v.i. to crumble into 
muuiU-Ci dust gradually: v.t. to cause to 
crumble away: n. one who shapes something, 
or makes a form for shaping something. 
Also, molder. 

mnnlt (mbit), v.i. to shed or cast off the 
muuH hair, feathers, or outer layer of skin: 
v.t. to shed and renew, as feathers: n. the act 
or season of shedding feathers, etc. Also, 
molt. 

m mvn H ( mou nd), n. an artificial bank of 
mu umi earth or stone, originally for 
defensive purposes; a small hill; a small 
jeweled globe topped by a cross, which is a 
sign of empire: v.t. to furnish, or fortify, with 
a bank of earth, etc.; to heap up into a ridge 
or hillock. 

mnivnf ( mount ). n. a hill or mountain; a 
mu uni rocky mass or elevation rising 
above the level of the surrounding land; a 
horse suitable for riding; cardboard on 
which a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on high; 
climb; go up; bestride, as a horse; furnish 
with horses; prepare for use by fixing on, or 
in, something else; as, to mount a photograph 
on a card: v.i. to rise or increase; to tower; 
get on horseback; go up, as on a platform. 

Syn., v. arise, soar, climb, scale, 
mnuri fa i« (moun'tln), w. a large mass of 
mu uu- Lctlil r ock or earth rising above the 
level of the surrounding country, usually 
over two thousand feet; anything very large. 

-mnnn fain par (moun'tl-ner'), n. one 
moim-iam-eer who dwe n a among, or 

climbs, mountains, or great elevations of 
land; as, the Swiss mountaineers: v.i. to 
climb mountains. 

mrmn fain nnc (moun'tl-nfis), adj. full 
moun-iam-ous ofi or i ike> great eleva¬ 
tions of land. 

mnnn fp hanlr (moun'tS-bafik), n. one 
lUUUII-lc-UdJlxi. wd o stands on a bench 

or stage in a market or other public place, 
and sells remedies which pretend to cure 
diseases; a boastful pretender. 

mnnnf pH (moun'ted), p.adj. seated or 
mu uu L-cu serving on horseback; as. 
mounted police; raised on a suitable support. 

mnnnf intr (moun'tlng), n. the act of 
mumu-mg rising or climbing or of 
getting on horseback; the act of placing on 
cardboard, decorating, or preparing for use; 
the preparation of specimens to be looked 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








mourn 


403 


mud 


at under the microscope; the cardboard or 
other means by which anything is prepared 
for exhibition or use; the ornaments on 
harness, etc. 

moiirti (morn), v.i. to grieve or be sorrow- 
UlUUUi ful: v.t. to grieve for; to lament, 
iSyn. bemoan, bewail, sorrow, deplore. 

Ant. (see rejoice). 

m/ mi rn or (morn'er), n. one who grieves; 
lUUUUi-ci one who attends a funeral. 

mnnm fill (mom'fool), adj. causing, or 
muiuu-iui expressing, sorrow; doleful. 

— adv. mournfully.— n. mournfulness. 

Syn. sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, grievous, 
heavy. 

Ant. (see happy). 

mnnm incr (mom'Ing), n. expression of 
xixuixxgx-ief; lamentation; a special 
garb, such as black clothes, worn as a sign 
of grief for one who has died. 

•mmico (mous), n • \.Vl- mice (mis)], a small 
lUUUoc animal with teeth formed for 
gnawing, that infests houses, granaries, etc.: 
v.i. (mouz), to watch for or catch mice; 
watch for something in a sly manner; pry 
curiously: v.t. to tear, as a cat tears a mouse. 
—n. mouser. 

mousse-line de laine iS ? )?S g ve?| 

light woolen dress material. [Fr.]_ 

mousse-line de soie ^affT^ve?? 

thin silk fabric, similar to chiffon. [Fr.] 
mnnc td/'Vto (mus-tash'), n. the hah* 
growing on the upper lip. 

Also, mustache. 

mniifh (mouth), n. the opening in the 
lliU U. til bead of an animal through which 
it receives food and utters sounds; an open¬ 
ing through which to go in or out; as, the 
month of a cave; an opening for putting 
anything in or out; as, the mouth of a bottle; 
instrument of speaking; grimace: v.t. (mouth) 
to utter with a swelling or pompous voice; 
to seize in the mouth; as, a dog mouths a 
bone: v.i. to make faces.— n. mouther, 
m rviitbt fill (mouth'fbol), n. [pi. mouthfuls 
UiU U lll-i. UA (-foolz) 1, as much as can be put 
into the mouth at one time; small quantity. 

m/Mi+ti TM'or/x (mouth'pes"), n. that part 
muuili-jjieue of an instrument which is 
held in, or applied to, the mouth; as, the 
mouthpiece of a comet; one who speaks for 
others. 

■m/vir <a Vile* (moov'a-bl), adj. capable of 
IIIU V -d- Uit being changed or carried from 
one place or position to another; changing 
from one time to another; as, Easter is a 
movable feast: n.pl. goods, wares, or furniture 
that can be carried from place to place. Also, 
moveable.— adv. movably. _ 

mov-a-ble feasts certain church" fes¬ 
tivals, the dates of which are determined by 
Sister 

(mbov), v.t. to cause to change place 
I11UVc 0 r position in any way; set in action; 
rouse to action; influence; to stir the feelings 
of; propose formally, as in a meeting, etc.: 
v.i. to change place or position; go from 
place to place; change posture slightly; to 
begin to act; take action; change the place 
where one lives; in chess or checkers, to 
change the place of a piece: n. the act of 
changing place or position; change of posi¬ 
tion; in chess or checkers, the right or turn 
to change the place of a piece; an act m 
carrying out a plan: scheme. 

Syn., v. actuate, induce, prompt, instigate, 
persuade, propel, push 


move-ment 


n. the act 
of changing place; any 
change of place or position; a series of acts 
and events which progress toward a desired 
end or aim; as, the temperance movement; 
the delicate wheel works of a watch or clock; 
any single part in a musical composition; 
the act of throwing wastes from the body 
through the bowels. 

mrw i/a (moov'I), n. popular name for a 
muv-ic motion picture or a motion picture 
theater: usuallyJn plural. [Colloq.] 

mriv in cr (moov'Ing), p.adj. changing place 
xxxu v -xxxg or position; as, a moving shadow; 
causing action; stirring the feelings or affec¬ 
tions; pathetic: n. movement; the act of 
changing one’s residence. 

mov-ing pic-ture ' m< Z£, 8 STSfc 

tures of persons and things in action, taken 
by a special machine and thrown on a screen 
in such rapid succession as to form a continu¬ 
ous picture in which the action is reproduced. 
Also, motion picture. 

mrret- ( m o), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. mowed, 
llxUW mown, p.pr. mowing], to cut down 
with, or as with, a scythe or a machine: ».*. 
to cut grass, etc., with a scythe or a machine. 
— n. mower. 

mmxr ( mou ), n. a heap of hay, etc., stowed 
11IUW in a barn; the compartment in a 
bam where hay, etc., are stowed: v.t. to stow 
in a special place in a barn, 
mnw incr ( m o'Ing), n. the act of cutting 
iiiu w-iiig grass with a scythe or a ma¬ 
chine; meadow land. 

mrruin toon), p.adj. cut down, as with a 
iUUWll scythe or machine; as, new mown 
hay. 

T\yT-. (mls'ter), the abbreviated form of the 
l.V±I • title Mister. 

TVTvo (mis'iz), the abbreviated form of 
ml &• the title Mistress, 
mil rli (much), adj. [comp, more, superl. 
lilUlAi most], great in quantity or amount., 
as, much wealth; long in duration; as, 
much time: adv. to a great degree or extent; 
as, to be much obliged; nearly: n. a great 
quantity; something considerable or unusual. 

mil /m l a cm (mu'si-l&j), n. a gummy fluid 
lixU.-v/1-ictgc used to stick things together; 
a gum of certain plants. 

rmi ri Icier i rmtlQ (mu'sl-laj'l-nfis), adj. 
IIlu-Cl-A&g-x-IlUuo pertaining to, re¬ 
sembling, or producing, a gummy fluid; sticky, 
mii/'lr (muk), n. moist manure; anything 
IIlllLM. fflthy or vile: v.t. to manure; to 
soil with filth.— adj. mucky, 
mii/'lr retire* (muk'rak"), v.i. to seek for 
anc a nd expose wrongdoing on 
the part of public men.— n. muckraker. 

mii/'lr warm (muk'wflrm"), n. a grub 
lJJ.U.Uxk-wuxxxx or worm bred in manure; 

a miser. 

mu rniic (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, 
lllU-bUUn resembling, or producing, mucus, 
a sticky fluid given off by the moist lining 
of the cavities and canals of the human body; 
sticky or slimy. 

mti-cous mem-braneb^n) sm the 

moist lining of the ca~ ities and canals commu¬ 
nicating with the exterior of the human body, 
mu /'no (mu'kus), n. the ropy, sticky 
IilU-tUb fluid given off by the moist 
lining of the cavities and canals of the human 
body; a gummy or slimy substance found In 
certain plants. 

A (mud), n. soft, wet earth; mire: c.t. 
II111 U. to fio ;] with soft. w r et earth. 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kli = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









muddle 


404 


mumble 


milH HI** (mud'l), n. a confused state; 
AAAAA '" A- '- AAC mental dulness or confusion; 
v.t. to make a mess of; to confuse, cloud, or 
stupefy; make partially drunk; spend reck¬ 
lessly: v.i. to act in a confused or stupid way. 
TnilH Hv (raud'K), adj. full of, or covered 
with, soft, wet earth; as, a muddy 
stream; muddy roads; clouded; confused; 
as, muddy ideas: v.t. to make dirty, befoul.— 
adv. muddily.—n. muddiness. 
miiH cill (mud'sir), n. the foundation 
luiui-olll timber of a building placed 
on the ground. 

■mu p? n ( m u-ez'in), n. a Mohammedan 
AAAU ’~ CA,_A ' AAA public crier who, from the 
tower of a mosque, calls the people to prayer. 

(miif), n. a warm soft cover of fur, etc., 
xuuu. to keep the hands warm in cold 
weather; a stupid, spiritless fellow; in base¬ 
ball, failure to hold a ball when catching it: 
v.t. to handle awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball) 
when catching. 

miif fin ( m uf'In), n. a soft, light, spongy 
AAA m —mi round cake, usually eaten hot 
with butter. 

miif flp (muf'l), v.t. to wrap up closely 
iimi-iic and warmly; to keep from seeing, 
hearing, or speaking by wrapping up the head; 
cover up so as to deaden the sound of: v.i. to 
speak indistinctly: n. anything used as a wrap 
or covering to deaden sound. 

miif flpr ( m uf'ler), n. a scarf for the 
inui-HCi throat, or for wrapping around 
the head, throat, and ears; a device to render 
noiseless the escape of gases or vapors, 
m 11 f f 1 ( m uf'tl), n. in wartime, the dress of a 
in 111-ll civilian; ordinarily, civilian dress 
worn by a soldier. [Colloq.] 
rnil! _. (mug), n. an earthenware or metallic 
AiAa o drinking vessel with a handle; the 
quantity that it will contain. 
yviiiop nri tipcg (mug I-nes), n. the state 
mw oo 1 ' ucao of being warm, damp, and 
close: used especially of the atmosphere, 
mil O’ (TV (mug'l). adj. warm, damp, and 
AAALA &“toJ close; as, a muggy day; moldy, 
as hay. 

Itlllff-WlltUT) (™ug'wump 1 ’), n. a voter 
AAACA & ” IAAAA P who belongs to one party, 
but who claims the right to vote with another. 
If he prefers the candidate of the latter. 

ttiii Isif in (mu-lat'o), n. [pi. mulattoes 
11111-la. I- IU (-oz)], the child of a negro and 
a white person; a person of mixed white and 
negro blood. 

until hpr rv (mul'ber-I), n. [pi. mulber- 
jr r i es (-iz)], a tree bearing a 
dark, sweet berry; the fruit of such a tree; a 
dark purple color. 

milrlt (mulch; mulsh), n. half-rotten 
-uuiwi straw, etc., used to protect the 
roots of trees and plants: v.t. to cover, or pro¬ 
tect, with half-rotten straw. 

(mulkt), v.t. to punish with a fine: 
AiUitw.vti n° a (Lne, especially for some misdeed. 

(mul), n. the offspring of a male ass 
JLtJ.O./'Cs' and a mare; a machine for spinning 
cotton; etc.; colloquially, a very stubborn 
person; v.i. to whine; to whimper. 

-•vj.ui la foot* (mu'lS-terO , n. a driver of a 
ijtiu-ie-xeer mu i e or mu ies. 

(mul'Ish), adj. like a mule; stub 

mul¬ 
ishness. 

TY| . 1 |'S (mul), n. a snuffbox made of the end 
of a horn; a very thin, soft kind of 
muslin; a muddle or failure: v.t. to warm, 
spice, and sweeten (wine, ale, etc.): v.i. col¬ 
loquially, to reflect or ponder: usually with 
over. 


(mul'ish. 

born.— adv. mulishly.— n. 


n. among the 
a scholar and 


mill 1 ciVi (mool'a; mill'd), 
aaAaaA-A<AAa Mohammedans, 
teacher of their religion. 

mill l<ain (mul'In), n. a coarse plant hav- 
lUUi-lCiU ing large leaves, and flowers In 
close spikes. Also, mullen. 
mull e±r (mhl'er), n. a flat-bottomed vessel 
lllUII-cl usec i f or grinding paints or drugs. 

mill (mul'St), n. a fish found in both 
AAAAAA_ACA fresh and salt water, and ' much 

valued for the table. 

mill linn (mtil'yfin), n. an upright bar or 
liiUl-llUll division between the panes of 
a window, screen, etc.: v.t. to furnish with, or 
divide by, upright bars. 

mill ti fa ri nnc (mul-tl-fa'ri-ffs), ad). 
mui-u-ld.-n - OUS having much variety 

and diversity.— adv. multifariously. —n. mul¬ 
tifariousness. 

mill ti form (mul'tl-fSrm) , adj. having 
mui-ti-i vim many different shapes. 

mill ti crranh (mul'tl-graf), n. a machine 
II1U.I-11-grd.pil that both sets type and 

prints; a rotary typesetting and printing 
machine. 

mill ti rd a r»P (mul'tl-plan), n. an air- 
Ii.lUl-Ll-pia.Iic pi an e with three or more 

planes. 

mill ti -nip (mul'tl-pl), n. a number 
liiui-Ll-piC or quantity which contains 

another an exact number of times without a 
remainder; as, 12 is a multiple of 4: adj. con¬ 
sisting of many parts; repeated many times. 

mill ti tiIpy Cnml'ti-pleks). adj. made up 
niui-Li-piCA 0 f many parts; repeated 

many tunes. 

mill ti nli ranH (mui'ti-pii-kand';mai'- 
IIlUl-ll-pil-lcUlU. tl-pll-kand"), n. the 

number or quantity to be increased a given 
number of times. 

mill ti -nli rata (mul'tl-pll-kat), adj. con- 
IilUi-Ll-pil-Ld.ee sisting of many. 

mul ti nli ca tinn (mui''ti-pii-ka'shfln). 
AAALAA Ll-pil-Ccl-LlUil n f^g a ct or process 

of increasing a given number of times ; rule or 
operation by which any given number or quan¬ 
tity is increased a given number of times. 

mul-ti-plic-i-ty l 

multiplicity of duties fill up a housekeeper's day. 

mill ti nli Pi* ( m ul'tl-pli"er), n. one who, 
lllUl-ll-pil-cl or [that which, increases; 

the number or quantity which shows how 
many times another is to be repeated or 
increased. 

mill ti nlv ( m ul'tl-pll), V.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
mui-ii-piy multiplied, p.pr. multiplying], 
to cause to increase in number; make more 
by natural production, or addition; repeat 
(any given number or quantity) a given num¬ 
ber of times: v.i. to increase in number or 
extent; as, rabbits multiply very fast. 

mill ti-tilH p (^^ktl-tud), a great 
A1AlAA_l ' A-l ' lAAAC ' number; crowd; assembly; 
people in general: with the. 

Syn. throng, host, mob, swarm. 

mill ti til Hi nniiQ ( m ui*ti-tu'di-niis), 
mui- 11- LU-Ul-llOUS a <y. pertaining to. or 

consisting of, a great number; very numerous. 
— adv. multitudinously.— n. multitudinous - 

ness. 

mul-tum in par-vo Sf' tfl a m 

meaning much in a little space.* [Lat.J 
miim ( miQ m), adj. silent: interj. be silent! 
mum n> a kind 0 f strong ale: v.i. to wear a 
mask for sport. 

miim hip (mum'bl), v.t. and v.i. to mutter 
inLiiii-uic or speak indistinctly; chew 
gently with closed lips: n. a mutter. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cdrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 








mumbo jumbo 


405 


musical 


trmm hr* iiim hn toum'bo jum'bS), a 
mum-00 JUm-DO West African idol, 

or object of superstitious worship or dread; 
a vulgar bugbear. 

miimm ( m um), v.i. to mask or disguise 
Xiiu.iiii.li oneself for sport. Also, mum. 

miim mpr (mum'er), n. one who makes 
niuiii-iiici sport in disguise; a masker; 
actor. 

mum mpr v (mum'er-I), n. masquer- 
AAALAAAA " AAACA- y ading; a frolic in disguise; 
ceremonies or performances regarded as ridicu¬ 
lous or insincere; as, the mummery of heathen 
religions. 

miim mi fv ( m um'I-fi), v.t. to preserve (a 
aiau.au- xxxi-i y corpse) by a drying process. 

miim rnv n ■ [pZ. mummies (-lz)]. 

iiiuiu-iujf a dead body embalmed by a 

drying process, after the manner of the 
ancient Egyptians; a rich brown color, 
miirrm ( m ump), v.i. to move the lips with 
lilllliip the mouth nearly closed; to 
mutter; whine or sulk; play the beggar; 
cheat: v.t. to work, as food, with the mouth; 
utter indistinctly; impose upon, 
miim-nc (mumps), n. a contagious disease 
ill Ullip b marked by the swelling of the 
glands of the neck. 

miinrli (munch). v.t. and v.i. to chew with 
lllUlll/il a crunching noise. 

mini Han A (mun'dan), adj. pertaining to 
muii-uciiic; the world; as, this mundane 

sphere; worldly; as, mundane pleasures.— 
add. mundanely. 

■*tlii nif* i no 1 (mil-nls I-pal), adj. pertain- 
ing to a city or town, or to 
its local self-government; as, municipal build¬ 
ings; municipal courts.— adv. municipally. 

mn nir i not i Hr (mfi-nls"l-pal'l-tl), n. 

mu-mc-l-pai-l-iy [ p i . municipalities 

(-tiz)J, a town or city having powers of local 
self-government. 

mil nif i rpnco (mu-nlf'T-sens), n. the 
li-iu-lili-i-uclluc quality or state of being 

bountiful; liberality. 

mn nif i rcmf (mh-nlf'I-sent), adj. 
iuu-iui- 1 -vcxn marked by great liberal¬ 
ity in giving; boimtiful; as, a munificent 
gift.— adv. munificently. 

mu-ni-tion-mentS, m *Se h supply 11 of 

military stores possessed by an army, 
mn ni -finnc (mh-nlsh'uns), n.p/.military 
Iliu-lll-LlUlio stores or material. 

mn rol (mu'r&l), adj. pertaining to, being 
otlt or resembling, a wall; as, 
mural paintings. 

mm* t\c±T (mdr'der), n. the offense of 
AAA l* A -U-CI unlawfully killing a human being 
with definite purpose formed beforehand: v.t. 
to kill with deliberate malice; destroy; spoil. 

Syn., v. kill, assassinate, slay, massacre, dis¬ 
patch. 

mm- 4 di* or (mur'der-er), n. [fern, mur- 
lllUi-UCl-Ci deress], one who is guilty of 
killing another unlawfully. 

mm- He»r rmc (mflr'der-fls), adj. per- 
mur-uer-oub taining to, guilty of, or 

causing, the unlawful killing of another; 
brutal; bloodthirsty.— adv. murderously, 
mu -ri at (mu'rl-at'Ik), adj. the popular 
AAA U.-Il-cil-lL name for hydrochloric: mu¬ 
riatic acid, hydrochloric acid, a colorless, 
corrosive compound of equal parts of hydro¬ 
gen and chlorine, dissolved in water, 
mm-lr (murk), n. darkness; gloom; 
lllUixV. obscurity. 

mm*lr i noco (mfir'kl-nes), n. the state 
murK-l-nebS of being dark and 


obscurity. 


gloomy; 


mnrlr xr (mflr'kl), adj. dark; gloomy; 
iiiUlxV-j obscure.— adv. murkily. 

TVTm- man (mQr'mSn), adj. pertaining to 
1Y1.UI-lild.11 the Arctic coast of Russian 
Lapland: the only ice-free coast of northern 
Russia. 

mnr mm- (mur'mur), n. a low, indistinct 
ill U1-111U1 sound, as of a running stream; 
a complaint in a low. muttering tone; a 
grumble: v.i. to make a low, continued noise 
like the hum of bees; speak in a low voice; 
mutter in discontent; grumble: v.t. to utter 
complainingly or in a low voice; to grumble, 
milt* rain (mur'In), n. an infectious and 
mill-l dill fatal disease among cattle. 

miic rnf (mus'kat), n. one of several 
lllUb-l/OL kinds of musk-flavored European 
grapes; the wine made from them, 
miio rct (mus"ka-ter; mus'ka-tel"), n. 
liillo-LO-lci a variety of rich wine; the 
grapes which produce it; a sweet, fragrant 
pear. Also, museadel, muscadine. 

triiio rlo* (mus'l), n. an organ of fiberlike 
lllllb-LIC tissue which is capable of being 
contracted and expanded, thus producing 
movement in an animal body; colloquially, 
the strength of such organs. 

TVTtic? nr\ TT-i+o, (mus'ko-vlt), n. a Russian: 
lYlUb-LU-vlLc fidj. Russian: from Mus¬ 
covy, or Moscow, in Central Russia. 

miic m lar (mus'kfl-lar), adj. pertaining 
liillo-i/ 11-10.1 to, consisting of, or per¬ 
formed by, muscles; strong; vigorous. 

miic pii lar i ’txr (mus ,, kil-lar l-tl), n. the 
mUb-LU-ld.r-1-iy quality or state of 

having strong, vigorous muscles; vigor or 
strength of muscular tissues; brawn, 
tnnopw (muz), v.i. to study in silence; think 
lllllbt; deeply; be absent-minded: v.t. 
think deeply about: n. the inspiring power 
of poetry: Muse, any one of the nine Greek 
and Roman goddesses, each of whom presided 
over one of the arts and sciences, as poetry, 
music, dancing, history, etc. 

Syn., v. contemplate, reflect, think, ponder, 
mu op iim (mu-ze'um), n. a collection of 
AAA i A_;:>c “ LAAAA natural, scientific, or literary 
curiosities, or of works of art; the building 
containing such a collection. 

.miicli (mush), n - boiled Indian com meal; 
lilUbll an y mixture, softjand thick, like it. 

miicli i-AAm (mush'room), n. an eatable 
IirUbll-I UUlil fungus, or plant without 

stem, root, leaves, or 
flowers, shaped some¬ 
what like an umbrella, 
and growing very 
quickly in a moist, dark 
place; anything like 
this fungus in quickness 
of growth; an upstart: 
adj. made from mush¬ 
rooms; like them in 
quickness of growth; 
upstart. 

-much ir (mush'I), 
mUSIi-y adj. mush¬ 
like; soft and yielding; Mushrooms 

weakly sentimental. 

rr , 1i c ; n (mu'sik), n. the art or science of 
IIIU-blL the pleasing or harmonious expres¬ 
sion of combinations of sound tones; harmony 
or melody; a musical composition; such a 
composition written or printed, 
mil ci rol (mu'zl-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
lllU-bl-vdl producing, or full of, harmony 
or melody; melodious; as, the musical 
quality of a voice.— adv. musically.—n. 
musicalness. 

Syn. tuneful, dulcet, sweet. _ 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







muslcale 


406 


mustard 


mil ci po 1/a (mu'zi-kal'). n. a private 
liiU-oi-V/aiC social entertainment of sing¬ 
ing and instrumental music. 

mu-si-cal in-stru-ment 


miio trof (mus'ket-ri), n. the fire of 
IIlUo-licL-iy handguns, or the art of 
firing handguns; muskets collectively. 

-miiclr mol rm (musk'mgl'fin), n. the 
mUSK-mei-OU gourdlike juicy fruit of 


ment), a mechanical apparatus for producing 
musical sounds. 

mil ci ricm (mu-zish'an), n. one skilled 
LllU.-ol-l/ldll j n the science of music; one 
who sings or who plays on a musical instru¬ 
ment, especially as a profession. 

• (muz'fng), n. deep thought: 
adj. engaged in deep thought; 
dreamful; meditative.— adv. musingly. 


musing 


a trailing vine. 

mnclr (musk 5ks), an Arctic, hoofed 
lJ.luo.tt. UA animal with curving horns. 

mnclr rjif (musk'rat"), n. a valuable fur- 
lllUo.tt.-ldl bearing animal of North Amer¬ 
ica, having teeth formed for gnawing, and 
living in the water, through which it swims by 
means of its flat scaly tail and webbed hind 
feet: so called because of its musky odor. 



Musical Instruments. 1, helicon (horn); 2, clarinet; 3, accordeon; 4, tuning fork; 5, cornet; 6, violin; 
7, organ; 8, grand piano; 9, snare drum; 10, tambourine; 11, kettle drum; 12, mandolin; 13, bass drum. 


tniiclr (miisk), 

inUon. stiinre 


n. a strong-scented sub¬ 
stance obtained from the male 
musk deer: used in many per¬ 
fumes; the odor of this sub¬ 
stance.— adj . 
musky. 

musk deer 

(musk der), a 
small hornless 
deer of Central 
Asia, which 
yields a soented 
substance 
called musk. 

mus-kel- 
lunge 

(mus'ke-lun j; 

Deer 

the pike variety found in the Great Lakes, and 
valued as food. Also, muskallonge. 

(mus'ket), n. a handgun for- 
by infantry, or 

foot soldiers. 

trine Ir aI" q av ( mus^^et-er^ ), n. a foot 
liiuo-xv^ t-cci soldier armed with a 

musket, or handgun. Also, musaucteer. 



mile lrpf (mus'ket), n. 
uiuo-nci merly carried 


miic li-n (muz'lin), n. a cotton cloth, 
A11U.O-11IA either fine and thin or stout and 
heavy in quality: adj. made of such cotton 
cloth. 

(mus), n. confusion; disorder; mess; 
iialioo t’.f. to disorder, as clothing; to 
wrinkle. [Colloq.] 

•miic col (jmus'l ), n. an eatable shellfish 
hUlo-oc* that hves in the sea. 

Ml IQ Qiil irurn (mus'ul-mSn), n. [pi. 
1YJ.llb-bUl-Illdll Mussulmans (-manz)], a 

Mohammedan, or believer in Mohamme¬ 
danism, the religion which teaches that Mo¬ 
hammed, its founder, was the true prophet 
of God. Also, Moslem. 

miicc w (mus'I), adj. disordered; disar- 
iiiU-oo-j ranged; soiled. [Colloq.] 

miicf (must), ?i. unfermented grape juice: 
ixiuot and v.i. to make or become moldy 
and sour: v.i. to be obliged or compelled. 

miic tarlick (mus-tash'), n. hair worn on 
lliuo-ldCllC a man’s upper lip. Also, 

moustache. 

miic f'Jtirr (mus't&ng), n. the small, 
lllUO-ldllg hardy, half-wild horse of the 

prairies of America. 

milQ f qrrJ (mus'tard), n. a plant, and Its 
Aiiiao-vo. seed, from which a seasoning is 
made; the powdered seasoning made from 
the seed. —mustard gas, a deadly gas used 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cCld, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 



























































































muster 


407 


mythology 


In shells in the World War, producing severe 
burns when in contact with the body, and 
painful to the eyes: it is an organic compound 
containing chlorine and sulphur, 
miic for (mus'ter), n. an assembly of 
IHUb-lCl troops for review or active 
service; list of troops assembled; assemblage; 
collection: v.t. to assemble, especially troops 
for review or active service; to collect and 
show; as, to mu*>ler one’s courage: v.i. to 
meet in one place. 

miic fir (mfis'tJ), adj. [comp, mustier, 
Hl.Uo-iy superl. mustiest], spoiled with 
damp; moldy; spoiled by age; stale or 
sour.— adv. mustily.— n. mustiness, 
mu fa Vkil i fir (mu'ta-bll'I-tl), n. the 
Dli-l-iy quality of being subject 
to change; as, the mutability of human life, 
mil fa (mu'ta-bl), adj. easily and 

1 IAU.-Ia.-Ult; frequently changed; fickle; 
unstable.— adv. mutably. 

mu fa firm (mfi-ta'shfin), n. alteration; 
*1111-Let- 11U11 change; variation. 

miifoi (naut), n. one who cannot speak 
Ill lilt? or who remains silent; a consonant 
which is not pronounced; a contrivance to 
deaden or soften the sound of a musical 
instrument: adj. silent; dumb; speechless; 
not pronounced or sounded.— adv. mutely.— 
n. muteness. 

mu fi Info (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a 
U1U-ll-lcl lc limb or necessary part of; 
render incomplete or imperfect; maim. 

Syn. cripple, disfigure. 

mm fi la fir^n (mu"tl-la'shun), n. the 
Hlll-Ll-lcl-LlUll ac t of depriving of any 

necessary part; as, the mutilation of a statue; 
disfigurement. 

mii fi noor (mu-tl-ngr'), n. one who is 
Hill - ll-licci guilty of rebellion against 
authority: v.i. to rebel against authority, 
mu fi nAitc (mu'ti-nus), adj. disposed to, 
II1U.-II-11U lio or guilty of, active rebellion 
against authority.— adv. mutinously.— n. mu¬ 
tinousness. 

Syn., adj. insurgent, tumultuous, turbulent, 
riotous. 

Ant. (see obedient). 

mii fi mr (mu'tl-nl), n. rebellion against, 
IllU-U-lljr or forcible resistance to, 
thority, especially of soldiers or s 
against their officers: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
mutinied, p.pr. mutinying], to rise against 
established authority. 

mi if for (mut'er), n. indistinct utterance; 
Illlll-iei a murmur; a grumble: v.i. to 
utter words in a low voice with lips almost 
closed; murmur; to sound with low, rum¬ 
bling noises, as thunder: v.t. to utter low and 
’ndistinctly. _ , 

i'll tif f rxn (mut'n), n. the flesh of sheep 
mUL-lOH use d as food. 

mu fn at (mu'tu-al), adj. interchanged; 
IIlU-lU-o.1 given and received; joint; com¬ 
mon; as, mutual affection; mutual interests.— 
adv. mutually. 

Syn., correlative. 

Ant. (see solitary). 


mil til al i fv (mu"tfi-alff-tl), n. inter¬ 
im!- lU-o.l-1-iy change; interdependence. 

mil 'rT-iilr (moo-zhlk'; moo'zhik), n. a 
UlU-ZlllJX Russian peasant. Also, moujik. 

[Russ.] 

mu^ via (muz'l), n. the projecting mouth, 
lIlU/.-Zlt; ijp Si a nd nose of an animal; 
snout; the mouth of a gun, etc.; a fasten¬ 
ing or cover for the mouth of a dog, etc., 
to prevent biting: v.t. to secure the mouth 
of wdth a fastening or cover; to prevent 
from talking. 


(mi), poss. pron. and adj. of or belong- 
fliy ing to me. 

TY/Tim \yaar (min-her'; mm-hari), n. Sir; 
IViyn-neer Mister; a Dutchman. (Dutch] 

mi 7 n -m a (mi-o'pl-d), n. nearsightedness. 
Iliy-U-pi-d Also, myopy.— adj. myopic, 
mi’-t* i a A (mlr'I-ad), n. the number of 
myr-1-d.U ten thousand; a very large 
number; as, the sky at night is covered 
with a myriad of stars: adj. innumerable, 
miri- mi Hnn (mur'mi-don), n. a brutal 
Illy r-lUl-UUll or unprincipled subordinate 
officer who carries out all the orders of a 
superior without protest or pity: so called 
from the Myrmidons, warriors who unques- 
tioningly followed Achilles in the Trojan 
War and carried out his orders, 
mirrrh ( m ^ ir ). n. a yellowish-brown gummy 
Illy 1111 substance with a spicy fragrance, 
and a bitter taste, obtained from a shrub 
growing in Arabia and Abyssinia, 
m-vrr f la (mfir'tl), n. a fragrant evergreen 
Illy I -lie s hrub; also, the periwinkle, 
mtr coif (mi-self'), pron. [pi. ourselves 
Illy-bell (our-selvz')], I or me in person: 
an emphatic form. 

mwo to i*i mic (mls-te'ri-us), adj. not 
mys-ie-n-oub clear to the understand- 
ing; obscure; unexplained.— adv. mysteri¬ 
ously. — n. mysteriousness. 

Syn. dark, hidden, secret, dim, mystic. 

Ant. (see open). 

■mire to rir (mis'ter-I), n. [pi. mysteries 
my o- IC-I y (_iz) ] t something secret, hidden,, 
or unexplained; that which is beyond human 
understanding. — mystery play, a Biblical 
drama, or miracle play, of the Middle Ages: pi. 
among the ancients, sacred rites and ceremonies 
to which only certain persons were admitted, 
mwe fir* (mis'tik), n. a believer in direct 
Iliyb-liU communion with God: adj. 
beyond human understanding; involving 
some secret meaning; hidden; secret.— adj. 
mystical— adv. mystically. 

mire fi rtctn (mis'tl-slzm), n. the doc- 
liiy b-li-wiaiiA trine that man may have 

a more direct communion with God through 
the inward understanding of the mind than 
is gained by revelation; mysteriousness of 
thought or teaching. 

sailors fi fi fi n y| (mis"tI-«-ka'shiln), n. 

myS-11-Il-Gd-XlOH the act of perplexing 
or puzzling; the state of being perplexed or 
puzzled. 

mxro fi frr (mls'tl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. mys- 
Iliyb-ll-iy tified, p.pr. mystifying], to in¬ 
volve in secrecy; to obscure; bewilder; puzzle. 
Syn. confuse, perplex. 

Ant. (see clear). 

mxrfh (Efffth). n • a legend: a traditional 
Illy 111 story, often founded on some fact 
of nature, or on an event in the early existence 
of a people, and embodying some religious 
belief, idea of the world, of nature, or of the 
gods, etc., of that people; an imaginary per¬ 
son, thing, or event. 

(mlth'I-kal), adj. pertaining 
Illy lll-1-Gcli to, or described in, a myth; 
imaginary; fictitious; false. Also, mythic. 
— adv. mythically. 

•mirfh n Incri pal (mlthoMoj'I-kSl), adj. 
myin-O-lOg-I-tcU pertaining to the tales 

and legends in which are embodied the 
beliefs of a people as to their origin, gods, etc. 

(mi-thol'6-ji), n. [pi. my- 


my-thol-o-gy tbologies (-jlz)J, the col¬ 
lected body of the legends of a people, in which 
are recorded their beliefs concerning their 
origin, gods, heroes, etc.; the science of such 
legends; a book about them. _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








nab 


408 


narrow-minded 


N 


nab <nSb) - 


[p.t. and p.p. nabbed, p.pr. 
nabbing], to catch or seize unex¬ 
pectedly. [Colloq.] 

« A KnK (na'bob), n. a native governor of a 
ua-uuu province in India; any very rich 
man. 

«A pfillp* (nA'sel'), n. a boat-shaped body 
xia-i/Ciic 0 f an airplane; the car of a 
balloon or dirigible. [Fr.] 
rta pro (na'ker), n. mother-of-pearl. Also, 
lla-bl C nacker. 

(na'der), n. that part of the heavens 
ltd -kail directly beneath the place where one 
stands, or directly opposite to the zenith; the 
lowest point. 

Tlflfy ( na &b n - a small saddle horse: v.t. 
iLa ’frs [p.t. and p.p. nagged, p.pr. nagging], to 
scold or find fault with continually; to keep 
constantly urging to something: v.i. to find 
fault constantly. 

norr crxr (nag'I), adj. disposed to scold or 
licig-gy find fault; touchy. 

"bjo (na'hum), n. a book of the Old 

a. 5 ? a .-a a lull Testament containing the mes¬ 
sage of the prophet Nahum. 

Tjo ioH (na'yad; ni'ad), n. a water nymph, 
na-iau one of the imaginary beautiful 
maidens supposed to live in, and give life to, 
fountains, rivers, lakes, etc. 
nail ( na b, n - the horny substance at the 
LLO.LL ends of the human fingers and toes; 
the claws of a bird or animal; a measure 
two and one-fourth inches long; a pointed 
piece of metal, furnished with a head, and 
used for driving into woodwork, etc.: v.t. to 
fasten with such a piece of metal; to secure 
or make certain; to hold down tightly; as, to 
nail an argument;_ to expose; as, to nail a lie. 
riain cn/VLr (nan'sook; nan'sook), n. a 
iiam-auun firm muslin, plain or striped. 

tIA Yvp (na-ev'), adj. artless; frank; simple; 
AACl_Avc as, naive manners; a naive person, 
etc.— adv. naively. 

na Yvp f p. (na"ev"ta'), n. natural, unaffect- 
ua-iyc-ic ed frankness or simplicity in 
speech or action. [Fr.] 

HA ItpH (na'ked), adj. unclothed; bare; 
ua-Acu unarmed; defenseless; exposed to 
view; plain; without addition or ornament; 
without glasses; as, to see with the naked eye. 
— adv. nakedly. — n. nakedness. 

Syn. nude, uncovered, rude, rough, simple. 
Ant. (see covering). 

flAtn A T-klp (nam'd-bl), adj. able to be 
called by a special term or 
title; worthy of mention. Also, nameable. 

nam-by-pam-by 

sentimental, or affectedly pretty or nice: adj. 
weakly sentimental in writing or talk; affect¬ 
edly nice. 

TtAITlP ( nam ), n. the term or title by which 
a person or thing is called or known; 
designation; character; reputation; fame; 
ownership; as, to hold property in one’s 
own name: v.t. to give a special term or title 
to; nominate; specify; mention by a special 
term or title. 

Syn., n. credit, repute: v. call, christen, 
nrnc |pcc (nam'les), adj. without a 
ucun.c-*csa special term or title; unknown; 
not fit to be mentioned.— n. namelessness. 
TIAm A Iv ( nam 'h). fld®. that is to say; to 
wit; to state more particularly. 


11 Am A qaIta (nam'sak'), n. one having 
the same name as another; 
one called after another. 

■n All A An (nan-ken'), n. a brownish- 
AAo.ii-ja.ccn yellow cotton cloth, formerly 
brought from China. Also, nankin. 

«Ap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; the 
AACl Jr woolly substance on the surface of 
cloth; pile; downy covering of plants; col¬ 
loquially, a card game, napoleon, or six¬ 
handed euchre: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. napped, 
p.pr. napping], to doze. 

tiA-nA (nap), n. the upper part of the back 
of the ne Ck . 

tia tiai- -xt (na'per-I), n. table linen; any 
Ild.-per-y household linen. 

n A Tib ffl A (naf'tha), n. aclear, easily evap- 
ua|m-uAa orating, inflammable liquid otn 
tained from petroleum, and classed between 
gasoline and benzine; rock oil. 

nAn Irin (nap'kln), n. a small cloth, usu- 
Aiajj-ja.iAi ally of linen, used at table for 
wiping the fingers, etc.; a small towel. 

TIA Tin 1 a rvn (na-po'18-Sn), n. a gold coin 
iid-pu-lC-UIl formerly used in France, of 

the value of twenty francs, or S3.86; a card 
game, six-handed euchre: often called nap. 
nAn npr (nap'er), n. in English and World 
AA<A r'"Jrt' A War slang, the head. 

hAf Pic: Ciic (nar-sls'us), n. a kind of 
AAciA-CAo-dUo ornamental plant of the 

daffodil family, with handsome fragrant 
flowers. 

TiAl* mt ip (nar-kot'Ik) ,• n. a medicine 
^ w hich relieves pain and pro¬ 

duces sleep, and sometimes, in excessive 
doses, causes death: adj. producing stupor or 
sleep. 

TIAtH (niird), n. a plant formerly used in 
. v * medicine; spikenard, or a fragrant 
ointment prepared from it. 

HA rP<? (na'res), n. openings from the 
nasal or_no.se passages; the nostrils. 
riAT* TAfA ( n a-rat'), v.t. to tell; recite; give 
V; T an acc ount of; write, as a story. 

Syn. relate, detafl, recount, describe, 
rehearse. 

tiar.ra tion ( n ,a 7 r a'shfin), n. the act of 
AAaA Act-LAUAA tellmg of events in the order 
of their happening; an account or story, 
written or oral. 

T1AT TA tivA ( n ar'a-tlv), n. the art of 
AidA-Ad-Live story-telling; recital of a 

story or event; a story or tale: adj . pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, story-telling. 

nar-ra-tor £^? ,t§r) ' n ‘ one who tells ft 

of little breadth or 
as, a narrow lane; a 
narrow space; limited; straitened; as, narrow 
circumstances; lacking breadth or broadness 
of view; as, a narrow mind; narrow opinions; 
close; near; as, a narrow escape; a narrow 
majority: v.t. to lessen the breadth or extent 
of; confine or contract; restrict: v.i. to 
become less broad; n.pl. a strait, or narrow 
passage between two^seas.— n. narrowness. 
flaf-fOW Iv ( nar 'b-il), adv. by a slight 
~ U A «y margin, barely; with close 
scrutiny; carefully; with little breadth of 
view. 

nar-row-min(4 Pfl (n&r'fisminMSd), 
Alai 1U W ilimu-ea ae y. without breadth 

ol view or opimon; intolerant; prejudiced. 


nar-row adj ' 


ate, s e na te , rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu* 








narwhal 


409 


nauseate 


^al hwfll) t w. a kind of wbale 


corn. 


with a large tusk; the sea uui- 
Also, narwal, narwhale, narval. 



- n o col (na/zal), adj. pertaining to, affected 
na-odl by, or pronounced through, the 
nose: n. a letter pronounced through the 
nose, as m, n, ng. — n. nasality, 
noc ppnf (nas'ent), adj. beginning to 
uao-ucm exist or to grow. 

riflQ tirr finm (nas-tur'shiim), n. a com- 
Aiao-tlAl-liUlll m on garden plant having 

red and yellow flowers. 

n oc +v Iha-s'tl), adj. [comp, nastier, superl. 
lido-Lj nastiest], dirty; filthy; disgusting 
to taste or smell; as, nasty medicine; stormy; 
as, nasty weather; troublesome; as, a nasty 
cut.— adv. nastily.— n. nastiness. 

Syn. unclean, indecent, impure, gross, vile, 
nn fol (na'tal), adj. pertaining to one’s 
110 .- 10.1 birth or birthday; as, one’s natal 
day; native. 

r«p fp-nt (na'tant), adj. swimming or 
llO-toill floating on the surface: said of 
leaves of water plants^ 

no to fn ri ol (na'td-to'rI-8.1), adj. per- 
taining to swimming, or 
adapted for swimming; as, natatorial skill. 
Also, natatory.— n. natatorium. 
no firm (na'shun), n. the people of one 
lid.-11U11 country united under the same 
government; a race of people having the 
same religion, language, history, etc. 

Syn. people, realm, state, 
no firm ol (nash'un-al), adj. pertaining to, 
lia-LlUll-O.1 or peculiar to, a united people 
or country; as, national government; national 
characteristics; public; general: National 
Army, in the World War, that part of the 
American army secured by conscription: 
national bank, an institution, in the United 
States, for lending and caring for money, or¬ 
ganized under a special act of Congress: 
National Guard, the organized militia of 
the several states of the United States.— adv. 
nationally. 

nn firm ol icm (nash'un-al-Izm), n. the 
lid.- llUll-0.1-1 bill state of being united as 

a people and country; devotion to the inter¬ 
ests of one’s country; an idiom or phrase 
peculiar to the language of the united people 
of a country; a trait or peculiarity of the 



ing to, a united people or country; character 
or traits of the united people of a country; 
birth in a country; patriotism; a united 
people and country. 

■no firm i-m (nash'un-al-iz), v.t. to 
Ilo-llUxI-cil-lZc make to belong to a 

united people and country; to make a 
united country of; to put under the control of 
the government of a country.—n. nationali¬ 
zation. 

no +i tt/% (na'tlv), adj. pertaining to one’s 
Ua-liVc birth or to the place of one’s birth; 
as, one-’s native land; bom or produced in, or 
belonging to, a country; as, the native popu- 
lation; native plants; peculiar to those born 


in a country; as, native customs; produced 
by nature; not artificial; as, native copper; 
inborn; not acquired; natural; as, native charm 
or grace of manner: n. one born in a certain 
country or place.— adv. natively. 

■no fiiT- ietm (na'tlv-Izm), n. the practice 
110.-11 V -loll! G f favoring the people born 
in the country rather than those who have 
come from foreign countries; the doctrine 
that the mind receives impressions from an 
internal rather than an external source, 
no fixr i fir (nd-tlv'I-ti), n. time, place, 
HO.-11 v -l-ljr and manner of birth: Nativity, 
the birth of Christ. 

nof (nat'i), adj. tidy; neat; smart; trim, 
lid. L- ly —adr. nattily.— n. nattiness. 

11 at 11 ml (nafc'yoo-ral; nach'oo-ral), ad). 
iioi-u-ioi pertaining to, produced by, or 
in the course of, nature; inborn; not artificial; 
as, natural ease; occurring in the ordinary 
course of things; as, a natural result; time 
to life; as, a natural likeness; unassumed 
according to human nature; not spiritual; in 
music, according to the usual scale of C: 
n. in music, a sign used to correct the 
power of a preceding sharp or flat; the tone 
or note so affected.— adv. naturally. —n. 
naturalness. 

Syn., adj. original, regular, normal. 

Ant. (see unnatural). 

nat-u-ral his-to-ry tS’rT'S 51 Jgfc 

of plants, minerals, and natural objects in 
general, especially, now, animals; account 
and classification of these jflants, etc. 

nof ii ml icm (nat'yoo-ral-Izm), n. an 
AAClL-u-A dl-Aoin uncivilized condition; in 
literature and art, a careful following or 
representation of things as they really are. 

■naf ii ml icf (nat'yoo-ral-ist), n. one who 
lid t-u-i ctl-io L has made a special study of 

natural objects, as plants, minerals, and. 
especially, animals. 

nat-u-ral-is-tic adl ' 

nat-u-ral-i-za-tion<g|ij yo "; rS tht z art 

of legally granting a foreigner the rights and 
privileges of a citizen bom in the country; 
a growing accustomed to new conditions, 
■naf ii ml i 70 (nat'y oo-ral-Iz), v.t. to make 
Ala. t- U-l O.I-1Z. C familiar by custom; accus¬ 
tom; grant to (a foreigner) the privileges of 
a citizen or subject bom in the country. 

nat-u-ral se-lec-tion 

process of nature by which the strongest, 
best, or fittest plants and animals survive, 
thus improving their species.^ 
na fnrp (nat'yoor; na'choor),n. that which 
AA£A-l, ‘- AA c is the source or essence of life; 
the forces that create; as, the laws of nature; 
the universe; original or essential qualities; 
kind; as, everything of this nature; usual 
or necessary order of things; constitution; 
personal character or disposition, as, a 
generous nature; normal affection; lack of 
culture; wildness; as, a state of nature. 
naiicrhf n • nothing; a cipher; the 

llclU&lll character [0]: adj. of no account; 
worthless. 

naiicrh fir (n6'tl), adj. [comp, naughtier, 
lidug,ii- lj superl. naughtiest], bad; way¬ 
ward; mischievous or disobedient.— adv. 
naughtily.—n. naughtiness, 
nan cp a (no'sh6-d; no'sS-a), n. a strong 
liau-oc-a feeling of sickness, with a desire 
to vomit; seasickness; loathing or disgust, 
nan cp ofp (no'sh^-at), v.t. to affect 
UdU-ac-dU/ with a feeling of sicknesa 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 















nauseous 


410 


necromancy 


by; 


or with strong disgust; be sickened 
loathe: v.i. to be inclined to vomit. 

nan cpniic (no'shhs; no'sh§-fis), adj. 
Ha.U-oCUUo causing sickness of the stom¬ 
ach; loathsome; abhorrent.— adv. nauseously. 
—n. nauseousness. 

nan ft rat (nb'tl-kal), adj. pertaining to 
lla U-UL-t/cn ships, sailors, or navigation; 
maritime. Also, nautic.— adv. nautically. 

Syn. marine, naval, oceanic, 
nan fi lne (no'tl-lus), n. [pi. nautili (-11)1, 
HaU-Il-iUS a kind of shellfish of the 
South Pacific and Indian oceans; a kind of 
diving bell. 

"Watr a lin (nav'a-ho), n. [pi. Navahos; 
Xld v-d-liu Navahoes (-hoz)], one of a tribe 
Of American Indians, originally inhabiting 
what is now New Mexico. Also, Navajo, 
na val ( na ' va b. a dj. pertaining to war- 
iia-vcU, ships, or to the entire sea war 
force of a country; consisting of warships. 
tiaVA ( nav )- n • the middle or body of a 
uavC church, extending from the chancel 
to the main entrance; the center or hub of a 
wheel, in which the spokes are inserted, 
na vaI (na'vl), n. the depression in 
ua-VCl center of the lower part of 
abdomen or belly, 
finrr i CfQ kil 5 4~tt (navfi-gd-bll'I-tl), 71. 

naV-1-gd.-DU-l-iy capability of being 
traveled over by a boat or ship; as, the navi¬ 
gability of a river. 

naw i era V»1 a (nav'I-gd-bl), adj. capable 
Ud.V-I-gd.-Uie G f being traveled over by 


the 

the 


a boat or ship.— n. navigableness, 
navi crafp (nav'I-gat), v.i. to travel on 
xxa.v-i-ga lx; the water by ship or boat; 
to sail or direct a ship: v.t. to pass over in a 
ship or boat; steer or manage in sailing. 

tiav \ era finti (navfi-ga'shun), n. the 
lidV-l-gd- UUli ac t 0 f traveling on the 

water in ships; the science of managing 
ships. 

nav 1 era for (nav'f-ga ff ter), n. one who 
AJ.CI v -i-ga- tvji. t ra vels in ships; one skilled 
in the science of the management of ships, 
nav w ( nav/I ). n. [pi. navvies (-tz)], a 
na. v - v j laborer employed upon railways, 
canals, etc. _ 

na vv n • the warships of a nation; 

ild-vy the sea war force of a nation, includ¬ 
ing ships^ shipyards, shops, officers, men, etc. 
nav ( na ). adv - DO < not only so, but: n. a 
uo-j refusal or denial; a negative vote or 
voter. 

7 Q v-zarjck (naz"d-ren'), n. a native of 
iiat--a-icuc Nazareth: applied to Jesus 
Christ, his followers, and the early Christians 
as a term of contempt; in the Early Church, 
one of a sect of Jews. 

1\Jo 7 o ri+A (naz'a-rit), n. a Jew devoted 
iidz,-a-iiic by a religious vow to a life of 
purity.—Numbers vi. 

npan ( n ®P)> a( tf- low: applied to the tides 
which occur in the beginning of the 
second and fourth quarters of the moon: 
n. the lowest tide. 

noanArl (nept), adj. left aground by the 
IlvdpCU. tide: said of a ship. 

TVa a nnl i fa-n (ne'd-pdl'I-tan), n. one 
l^e-d-pui-1-tdH W ho is native to, or 
lives in, Naples, in Italy: adj. pertaining to 
Naples or to its people. 

npar ( n er), adj. [comp, nearer, superl. near- 
llCdi es t], not far distant in time, place, or 
degree; close, intimate; dear; as, near to my 
heart; familiar; narrow: in riding or driving, 
on the left; as, the near horse; direct or 
quick; as, to go by the near way; mean or 
Stingy: adv. at a little distance; almost: 


closely: prep, close to: v.t. to approach; 
come close to.— adv. nearly. —n. nearness. 
Syn., adj. nigh, neighboring, adjacent. 

Ant. (see distant). 

npor oicrTvl' Ari (ner / sit*ed), adj. seeing 
llcal-olglll-CU well at a short distance 

only; shortsighted.— n. nearsightedness. 
nAaf (net), adj. tidy; trim and clean; as, a 
licet l nea i home; simple and elegant; 
clever; as, a neat reply: n. cattle, as oxen 
and cows.— adv. neatly.— n. neatness. 

■nAa^c fnnf (nets'foot), n. the foot of an 
llCct l o"lUUl ox or cow, from which neat’s- 

foot oil is made. 

•mckVi (neb), n. the beak of a bird, etc.; a 
IlCU bill; a snout. 

V, aK 11 1o (neb'il-ld), n. [pi. nebulae (-le)J, 
tic u-u-ta a gaseous matter that looks 
like a faint, misty patch of light in the 
heavens, produced by groups of stars too 
distant to be seen clearly, or by masses of 
cloudlike matter. 

rwaK -II lor (neb'u-ldr), adj. pertaining to 
llCU-U-lctl the faint, cloudliko matter or 
vapor near the stars;, cloudy; hazy: nebular 
hypothesis, the theory that the planets of the 
solar system, and all the heavenly bodies, 
existed originally as cloudlike, gaseous masses, 
which formed into globes as they whirled in 
space. 

tiaK ii 1 aii g (neb'u-liis), adj. pertaining to, 
IlcU-U.-J.UUb or bke, the faint, cloudlike 
haze or vapor near the stars; cloudy; hazy; 
perplexed.—n. nebulosity.^ 

«pp pr* nn 4*vr (nes / e—sa—rT), adj. that can— 
j.icV/-co-&a.-iy no t be otherwise; not to 
be done without; essential; indispensable; 
as, food is necessary to life; not to be avoided; 
as, the necessary result of an act: n. [pi. 
necessaries (-riz)], a thing which cannot be 
done without.— adv. necessarily. 

Syn., adj. needful, expedient, requisite, 
inevitable. 

Ant. (see useless). 

via ppo ci +o+a (ne-ses'I-tat), v.t. to 
uc-vca-oi-uuc make unavoidable; com¬ 
pel: oblige. 

Syn. force, require, constrain. 

tia r ac ci d-niie (nS-ses'i-tus), adv. very 
lic-tca-ol-iuub poor; destitute; needy. 

« p pac ci 4"tt (ne-ses'I-t-Y), ti. the state or 
lXC-V/Co-oi-ty quality of being absolutely 
needed or indispensable; that which is un¬ 
avoidable or which cannot be done without; 
compulsion; extreme poverty: pi. things 
which are needed for human life. 

Syn. need, occasion, emergency, urgency. 
■nArlr ( ngk )> n • fkat part of the body be- 
nct/iy tween the head and trunk; a long 
narrow stretch of land or water, as an 
isthmus or a strait; the long slender part 
of an object, especially if near one end; as, 
the neck of a bottle. 

ii apIt At" rVii A"f (nek'er-chif), n. a ker- 
lieLK-Ur-CIllUi ctl ief or cloth for the 

neck. 

tlArlr larA (nSk'las), n. a chain of gold 
-ncexv-icrv/C or other metal, or a string of 

beads, jewels, etc., worn around the neck. 
TlArlr fiA (nek'ti*), n. a narrow scarf or 
band worn round the neck and 
tied under the chin. 

hap rnl a o*v (nSk-r51'6-jI), n. a list of 
lUJE-ruI-O-gy the dead; an obituary. 

T1PC TO man rpr (nek'ro-man"ser), n. 
llct/ lU-llldll-t/tl one w r ho claims to be 

able to foretell the future by communicating 
with the spirits of the dead; a conjurer. 

HAP rn man rv (nek'rft-m&n'sl), n. the 
llCt/-l U-lllcUl-iy pretended art of pre- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






necropolis 


411 


neighborly 


dieting future events by communication 
with the dead; hence, magic. 

•.no twn A lie (nek-rop'6-lls), n. a ceme- 
AACO-i up-u-iio tery or graveyard. 

„„„ 0 : 0 (nek-ro'sis), n. mortification, or 

UcO-iU-olo decay and death of part of the 
body, especially of a bone; a disease in plants, 
marked by small black spots that show decay. 

+oi* (nfik'tdr), n. in classic mythology, 
IJ.61/-ICU. the wine of the gods; any delicious 
beverage; the honey of plants. 

■non -fo-s- ifto (nek'tar-in; nek"tar-en'), n. 
1160 -Id! -liic a hind of peach with a 

smooth skin. 

-no a (na), p.adj. born: often placed before 
11Cv the maiden name of a married woman; 
as, Mrs. Smith, nee Brown. [Fr.] 

•noorl (ned), n. lack of anything desired or 
11CCL3- useful; necessity; urgent want; pov¬ 
erty; distress: v.t. to be in want of; to require; 
to have use for: v.i. to be in poverty or want. 
- 00 J f.,1 (ned'fool), adj. necessary; needy; 
llccU-UU required.— adv. needfully. — n. 
needfulness. 

-noo /Mo (ne'dl), n. a small, sharp-pointed 
1166-U.16 steel instrument furnished with 
an eye to hold thread; a thin, straight rod used 
in knitting or, when hooked at the end, for 
crocheting; any tiling sharply pointed like a 
needle; the magnetic needle. 

dlo fill (ne'dl-fool), n. the length of 
1166-1116-1 U1 thread that can be used in a 
needle at one time. 

-oo /no rrii-n ( ne ' dl gun), a breech-load- 
H66-Q16 gUll jng small firearm, the car¬ 
tridge of which is exploded by a blow from a 
spring-needle. 

Ictco (ned'les), adj. unnecessary; use- 

Hccll-iCbo less.— adv. needlessly.— n. need¬ 
le! a wnm in (ne'dl-w55m"dn), 
H66-Ol6--WOHl-3.Il n. [pi. needlewomen 

(-wlm"en)], a seamstress; a woman who does 
sewing. 

Timrlr (ne'dl-wurk"), n. hand 
n66-Q16-W0rK sewing; embroidery done 

by hand; the occupation of sewing. 

_ „ _ j „ (nedz), n.pl. necessities: adv. neces- 
neeub sarily; of necessity; as, he needs must 

come. 

* 10 , 0*3 tt (ned'I), adj. very poor; poverty- 
I1CCU.-J stricken.— n. neediness. 

(nar; nar), adv. contraction of never: 
lie 6 a used chiefly in poetry. 

„ „ (nS-fa'rl-fis), adj. extremely 

ne-ia-Il-OUb wicked; vile; infamous; as, 
nefarious conduct.— adv. nefariously. —n. ne¬ 
fariousness. , „ , . , 

*in era fi'nn (nS-ga'shfin), n. denial: op- 
ne-ga-llUll posite to affirmation; absence 

of positive qualities. 

-non- c» Ivp (neg'd-tlv), n. a refusal or 
H6g-3-XlV6 denial; the side of a question 
which denies what the opposite side affirms; 
as, to support the negative in a debate; a 
word expressing denial; as, to reply with a 
negative; right of veto; a picture m which 
right and left and light and shade are the 
reverse of those in the original: used to 
print a positive picture; in mathematics, a 
quantity less than zero or the. symbol denot¬ 
ing such a quantity; in electricity, the plate 
in the cell which is not positive: v.t. to deny 
the truth of; to refuse assent to; dismiss or 
reject by vote: adj. implying refusal or 
denial; refusing assent; not positive; hav¬ 
ing the power of veto; in mathematics, 
noting a quantity to be subtracted; m pho¬ 
tography, showing left and right, and dark 
and light reversed.— adv. negatively ._ 


„ l Q /.+ (ngg-iekt'), n. omission to do 
■U6g-166l that which should be done; 
habitual lack of attention; disregard; care¬ 
lessness: v.t. to omit to do, by carelessness 
or design; as, to neglect a duty; to slight; 
disregard. 

twair lort fill (neg-lekt'fool), adj. indicat- 
BCg-lCtl-lUi ing or showing disregard; 

careless; negligent.— adv. neglectfully. 

(neg'li-zha; neg'H-zha"). n. a 
-“C'grAA-gjCC loosely fitting dress or gown; 
easy and unceremonious dress in general: 
adj. carelessly attired. 

■nAcr o-AtirA (neg'U-jeus), n. the habit 
H6g-li-g6IlL6 of not doing that which 

should be done; carelessness; neglect; as, 
the accident was due to negligence; disre¬ 
gard of appearance, manner, or style. 

-norr t* cromf (neg'U-jent), adv. inclined to 
H6g-il-g611l leave undone what should 
be done; careless; heedless; showing lack of 
attention.— adv. negligently. 

1J rri Vwl c, (neg'li-ji-bl), adj. that may 
I16g-ll-gl-Dl6 disregarded; of little 
account or value; a*-, the loss was negligible. 

o-a fi q ‘hi a (ne-go'shl-d-bl), adj. ca- 
H6-g0-Xl-3-D16 pable of being trans¬ 
ferred or exchanged; as, a negotiable note: 
negotiable paper, notes, bills, and drafts 
which may be transferred by indorsement or 
assignment.— n. negotiability. 

■no o-n fi of<a (n6-go'shI-at), v.t. to sell, 
AIC-gvf-tA-ci tc as commercial papa' or 
securities; to conclude by treaty, bargain, 
or agreement; as, to negotiate peace: v.i. to 
treat with others in political or business 
affairs.— n. negotiator. 

no rrn fi i firm (n&-go'sM-a'shun), n. 
nS gO-Il-3-XlOn the act of transacting 

business, or of arranging some agreement; 
the discussion of a treaty.— adj. negotiatory. 
no crrocc (ne'gres), n. a female of the 
AAC-gi Coo black or Negro race. 

TVTo rr-rt f rt (ne-gre'to), n. one of a very 
XX 6-gli-lU small black, or negrolike, race of 
Africa and the Pacific Islands. 

T\To rrt-n (ne'gro), n. [pi. Negroes (-groz)], 
lilc-glU the African black race: adj. black 
or African: used of one of the great race 
divisions of mankind: negro, n. a black man 
adj. pertaining to, or like, the black race or a 
member of it. 

(ne'groid), adj. resembling the 
or black, race. 


no o-rniH (ne'groi 

ne-groia Negro, 

no mic (ne'gus), n. a beverage or drink 
116 -gU.O m ade of hot water and wine. 


sweetened and spiced. 

TVTo "ho -mi ifi (ne'-hS-mi'a), n. a book 
lx e-ne-mi-<m of the Old Testament; a 

Jewish leader. 

n oi nrlh ( n &). n - til 0 cry °f a horse; a whinny: 
IlclglA v.i. to utter the cry, or whinny, of a 

horse. 

n oio-li her (na'ber), n. one who dwells 
II61^11-UUl near to another; one who is 
near by chance: v.t. to adjoin; to live or be 
near to: v.i. to be friendly. Alsqjneighbour. 

neighborhood 

the state of being or of living near; all the 
people living near one another; a district 
with regard to its characteristics; as, a 
fashionable neighborhood. Also, neighbour¬ 
hood. 



ing; adjacent. Also.jneighbouring. 

•rmirrVi Via** 1*r (na'ber-lt), adj. like, or 
neign-por-iy appropriate to. those who 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











neither 


412 


neuropathy 


live near each other; social; civil; friendly; 
adv. in a friendly, civil, or social man¬ 
ner. Also, neighbourly.— n. neighborliness, 
neighbourliness. 

-pj iKh P>r ( ne 'ther; nl'ther), pron. not the 
UCl-lilCI one nor the other; as, I want 
neither of the books: adj. not either; as, 
neither book will do: con), not either; not 
one or the other: often with nor; as, neither 
the book nor the paper. 

T\r<am cic (nem'e-sls), n. in Greek 
j .1 ciii-c-oio mythology, the goddess of 
revenge: nemesis, the justice, especially the 
just punishment, that every man receives 
according to his deeds. 

•no Ufh ip (ne"o-llth'Ik), adj. pertaining 
llC-U-li Lli-AC to, or like, the late stone age, 
when polished stone implements were used. 

no nl n cricm (ne-bl'6-jlzm), n. a new 
AAC-ux-u-gAOxiA word or phrase introduced 

into a language; the use of such a word or 
phrase. Also, neology. 

no nl n rricit (ne-dl'6-jlst), n. one who 
xic-ui-u-gio l introduces new words or 

phrases into a language. Also, neologian. 

non niivtp (ne'S-fit), n. a novice; a 
xxc-u-piij ic beginner; one recently bap¬ 
tized; a convert: adj. just beginning to learn. 

non nlcacm (ne'S-plazm), n. a new 
lxc-u-pidoxiA growth of diseased tissue in 
the body, as a tumor. 

'Vo n 7n in (ne"6-zo'fk), adj. pertaining to 
C-U-xU-lt the entire geologic period from 
the end of the Mesozoic to the present time. 
—. „ n (nep), n. catmint, a strong-scented herb 
liked by cats. 

no non +ho (ne-pen'the), n. a drug sup- 
xxc-pcxx- laic posed by the ancient Greeks 

to cause forgetfulness of pain and sorrow. 
■nonVi our (nSf'u; nev'u), n. the son of a 
IlcpIl-cW brother or of a sister. 

non n ficm (nep'6-tlzm), n. favoritism or 
Xlcp-U-llOlii partiality to nephews and 
other relatives; patronage or preference, 
especially in the case of those holding office, 
shown because of relationship. 

TVon fnno (nSp'tun), n. in Roman myth- 
J-i cp-iuxic ology, the god of the sea, son 
of Saturn (Cronus) and Ops (Rhea); the 
planet of the solar system that is farthest 
from the sun. 

no ro irl (ne're-Id), n. a sea nymph, or 
C-1U- imaginary maiden dwelling in 
the sea. 

norvo ( nGrv )* n - one °f the gray cord- 
liC1 v c like fibers which serve as a means of 
communication between the brain and all parts 
of the body; bodily or mental strength 
or control; coolness; the strong vein of a 
leaf: v.t. to fill with vigor, strength, or courage. 

•norvo locc (nurv'les), adj. having no 
uci v c-xcoo strength or vigor; without 
force or courage; without nerves.— adv. 

nervelessly. 

norv ino (nur'ven; nfir'vin), n. any tonic 
cx v-ixic f or the nerves: adj. affecting or 
quieting the nerves. 

norv nnc (nur'vus), adj. pertaining to, or 
AACA v made of, nerves; having weak 

nerves; easily excited; timid; as, she is 
nervous in the dark; forceful; vigorous; as, 
a nervous literary style; restless or uneasy; 
as, the suspense made her nervous. — adv. 
nervously.— n. nervousness. 

Syn . timorous, shaky. 

noc ri onro (nesh'I-ens; nesh'ens), n. 
iico-ci-cxicc ignorance; the state of not 
knowing. 

■noct > n - the bed or dwelling made or 

xxco L chosen by a bird for the hatching of 


its eggs and the rearing of its young; a hatch¬ 
ing place for insects, turtles, etc.; as, a 
hornets’ nest; a cozy retreat or residence; 
the haunt of anything bad, or those who 
gather there; as, a nest of thieves; a number 
of boxes, one fitting inside another: v.i. to 
build and occupy a nest: v.t. to place in a 
nest. 

ppcf cko-cr ( ng st eg), an egg left in a 
c 6& nest to keep the hen from leav¬ 
ing it, and to cause her to lay more eggs in 
the same place; money laid by with intention 
of adding to it; as, the nest egg of a fortune. 
npQ ftp (nes'l), v.i. to make and use a 
lx Co-lie n est; to lie close and snug; as, a 
child nestles in its mother's arms; to cuddle: 
v.t. to cherish or cuddle; to shelter. 

■niocf lino- (nest'llng; nfe'lTng), n. a young 
xxcoi-xxxxg bird recently hatched and not 
yet able to fly: adj. recently hatched. 

■n (net), n. a fabric made of twine knotted 
liel into meshes or holes: used for catching 
birds, fish, etc.; any openwork fabric 
intended to confine something or pro¬ 
tect from something; as, a net for the 
hair; a mosquito-net; any scheme to 
entrap; as, a net spread to capture 
a criminal; a snare: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. netted, p.pr. netting], to 
make into a net or network; catch 
in a net; to snare; produce as 
clear profit: v.i. to make nets or 
network: adj. clear of all charges 
and deductions; as, net gain: 
opposite to gross; as, vet weight: 
drag net, a net intended to be drawn 
along the bottom of the water.— n. 
netting. 

rjfvfh pr (ne^t'er) , adj. situated far 
xictn-ci below; lying beneath; 
lower; as, the nether regions: op¬ 
posite to upper. _ D y. t 

npfii fif* TTlGCS't' (ne^'er-most), 
lie lll-cl-lilUol acy. lowest; as, the neth¬ 
ermost depths of ocean. 

•npf tip (nSt'l), n. any of various plants 
xxci-txc having prickles or stinging hairs: 
v.t. to provoke or irritate. 

rip-f tip i*octi (net 1 rash), an eruption 
ax ct-tie icioii on the skin resembling the 

effects of a nettle sting. 

T? pt vu'nvlf" (nctwurk*), ti. meshwork; an 
xxcL-w vxxx openwork fabric made by inter¬ 
lacing threads of any material; any system of 
crossed or interlaced lines; as, a network of 
railroad tracks; w the process of making any 
sort of meshwork. 

TlPIt ml (nu'rSI), a dj. pertaining to the 
axcla-acla nerves or the nervous system. 

T1P11 TPll Vi ft (ntl-rSI'jl-d), n. acute pain 
11V/ along the course of a nerve. 

TIP11 TPil crip Cnu-ral'jlk), adj. pertaining 
lie 11-1 dl glG to, or affected by, neuralgia, 

or severe pain in a nerve. 

neu-rasthe-ni-a 

nerve exhaustion or prostration.— adj. neu¬ 
rasthenic. 

TlPfl vi "fid (nu-rl'tis), n. inflammation of a 
iieu-ix-ixo nerve or nerves. — adj. neuritic. 

Tjpn -ml A erv (nu-rbl'6-jl), n. the science 
iieu-roi-o-gy of the nervous system. 

npli rAn (nu'ron), n. a nerve cell with 
licu-i UIl a n its extensions. 

npit TA (nurd-path), n. one who 

liell-l J-pctu.1 bases the treatment of 

diseaso entirely on the nervous system. 

T1P11 TOT) Zi +1w (ntJ-rdp'd-thl), n. any 
■“ , u disease or derangement 

of the nervous system.— adj. neuropath ic. 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refers 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cdt, focus, menu; 









neurosis 


413 


nickel 


neu-tral-ize 


T1P11 fA di <2 (ntl-ro sis), n. a nervous 
iivu-iv-Qw disease, such as neuralgia and 
epilepsy. 

T1P11 rnt if* ( n u- r dt'?k), adj. pertaining to, 
AlCU-lUl-lL or affecting, the nerves; as, a 

neurotic disease or remedy; nervous: n. a 
drug affecting the nerves; a person whose 
nerves are disordered. 

npit fpr (su'ter), adj. in grammar, neither 
ucu-ici masculine nor feminine gender; 
neither active nor passive; intransitive; as, a 
neuter verb; in biology, having no sex; as, 
neuter bees: n._a plant or insect without sex. 
•n pit fro 1 (nu'tral), adj. unbiased; indif- 
ngu-uai ferent; taking no part on either 
side in a contest; as, a neutral nation; per¬ 
taining to a nation not taking sides; as, 
neutral ships; neither very good nor very 
bad; of no decided color; as, a neutral gray; 
a neutral tint; neither acid nor alkaline: said 
of chemical salts: n. one who, or that which, 
does not take sides in a dispute or conflict.— 
adv. neutrally. 

T1P11 frfl 1 1 Hr (nu-tral'I-tl), n. the state 
lieU-ll ctf-I-Ly C) f no t taking sides; the 

state of being neither good nor bad; indiffer¬ 
ence. 

(nu'tral-iz), v.t. to make of 
no effect or to counteract; 
as, to neutralize the effects of a poison; 
render inactive; to declare by treaty to be 
free from taking sides; as, to neutralize small 
nations, such as Belgium. 

T1PV Pf (nev'er), a dv- not ever; not at any 
• AACV_C ' A time; in no degree or way, under 
any condition: used for emphasis; as, never 
fear. 

•npv Pf m nrp (nev"er-mor'), adv. not ever 
AAC v-ci-inui L again; at no future time. 

■npiT nfk /\ 1/jnri (nev"er-Ike-les / ), adv. 
IieV-er-me-ieaS and con j_ notwith¬ 
standing; in spite of that; yet; however; still. 
11 PW (nu), adj. recent in origin; modern; 
new novel; lately made, produced, in¬ 
vented, or discovered; as, new wine; a 
new novel; a new motor; a new country; 
recently entered upon or commenced; as, 
new methods; not previously used; as, a 
new suit; beginning afresh; as, a new start 
in life; fresh. — adv. newly.— n. newness, 
npw r*nm pr (nu'kum"er), n. one who 

new-Lom-er has lately arr i ved . 

TIPW pi (nu'el), n. in a winding staircase, 
lie w-ci the central upright pillar around 
which the steps turn; hence, the post at 
the foot of a stairway. 

TIPW f an rrlprl (nu'fan'gld; nu'fan"gld), 
llcW-ictll-glcU. adj. new-fashioned; re¬ 
cently made; novel: usually said in disfavor 
of a thing; as, newfangled ideas or notions. 

Ylp'\x 7 _ , fpell intipfl (nu"fash'und; nu , ~ 
Iiew-ldbu-ioneu fash"und), adj. of a 

recent style; up to date in fashion. 

New-found-land 

large, black, shaggy breed of dog, originally 
from Newfoundland. 

n PWC (nuz), n - recent tidings; fresh ta¬ 
il cwc> formation: plural in form, but used 
In singular. 

Syn. intelligence. 

tipwc Vww (nuz'boi"), n. a boy'who de- 
nc w o-uujf livers or sells newspapers. 

Tipurc: m ah o"Pf (nuz'muh^ger), n. one 
ucwa-iuun-gCi, who spreads news or 

gossip; a gossip. 

T1PWC Tkii r»pr (nuz'pa'per), n. a paper 
uc w o-pa-pci published periodically, usu¬ 
ally daily or weekly, containing the most 
recent news. 


TIPW q+v1p ( nu stii), the Gregorian or 
lie w otjic present style of reckoning the 
calendar: opposed to the former or Julian 
method, which made March the first month 
instead of January. 

npwf ( nut )* n - a kind of water lizard; a 

11V W L oo 1 TTI S* Tl f! PT* 

New Tes-ta-ment SfJKSrtfffi! 

two great divisions of the Bible, containing 
the Gospels and writings based upon them. 

Npw Thniicrli+ ( nu th6t ), a system 
licW i.llUUglil 0 f religious philosophy 

which affirms the creative power of spirit and 
the control of conditions by mental causes, 
n pvf (nekst), adj. [superl. of nigh], nearest 
HCA.L time, place, degree, or rank; as, 
the next day; the next street; the next quality; 
next in order: adv. immediately succeeding; in 
the nearest time, place, or order; as, you go 
next: next of kin, nearest relative. 

Npt Per re* ( na " Per'sa'), one of a 
jl ci-tc tribe of American Indians, 
originally inhabiting Idaho, Oregon, and Wash¬ 
ington. 

jV, (nib), n. a bird’s beak or bill; the point 
mu Q f an ything, especially of a pen. 

•nil* (nib'l), n. a small bite; a seizing 

lllU-Ult> to bite: v.t. and v.i. to bite a little 
at a time; continue to bite at gently and 
quickly; as, a fish nibbles bait, or nibbles 
at bait. 

•nil* lirlr (nlb'llk), n. in golf, a small, 
xi.iw-j.iV/Jn. narrow-headed, heavy iron club, 
used when the ball lies in bad places. Also, 
niblic. 

nirp (nls), adj. precise; acute; as, nice 
Ai.It/t/ judgment; fine; delicate; as, a nice 
discrimination; fastidious; overparticular; 
delicate; refined; as, to be nice in one’s 
habits or dress; socially agreeable; pleasant; 
as, nice manners; nice people; pleasing to 
the taste; very exact; as, a nice piece of 
work.— adv. nicely.—n. niceness. 

Syn. accurate, good, neat. 

Ant. (see careless). 


Ni 


(nl'sen; ni-sen'), adj. pertaining 
-LCllC to Nicsea, where was held the 
first great church council in the fourth 
century A. D.; denoting the creed adopted 
by that council. 

tm rp iv (ni'se-tl), n. a very small dis- 
111-LC-iy tinction, detail, or point; as. 
the niceties of a debate; delicate manage¬ 
ment; fastidious delicacy; subtlety; precision; 
as, nicety of decision; minute accuracy; as, 
nicety of measurement; 
a table delicacy.- 

■mVhp ( n3fc h), n ■ a re~ 
ini/ii c; cess or hollow in 

a wall, as for a statue; a 
condition or position in 
life suitable to a person 
or thing: v.t. to put in a 
recess in a wall. 

■niplr (nlk), n. a notch; 

IIILxv slit; a broken 
place in any edge or sur¬ 
face; as, a nick in the 
table; exact or critical 
point of time; as, he 
arrived in the nick of 
time; in old folic tales, an 
evil water sprite: v.t. to 
cut notches in; hit or 



Niche 


grasp at the lucky moment.—Nick, the devil; 
usually. Old Nick. 

•-I- _.t (nlk'l), n. a grayish-white metallic 
Il.lLlv.-cl element or metal; a flve-cent coin, 
made of nickel and copper. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 

















































nickelodeon 


414 


niter 


_• i- A i « (n I k "1 -5 'd e - u n), n. 

niCK-el-O-ae-On a flve-cent moving-pic¬ 
ture show. 

• _ 1 _ _i *i Tr __. (nlk'l sil'ver), an alloy 
mck-el Sll-ver of nickel, copper, and 
zinc, similar to German silver. 

•_i_ tiaclr (nlk'nak"), n. a toy or bauble; 

a trinket. Also, kniekknack. 

nir'lr ticimA (nik'nam"), n. a name given 
in sport or familiarity: v.t. 
to give a nickname to; call by a contemptuous 
name. , , 

■nir* n tino (nlk'o-tln; nlk'o-ten), n. 
111 V/-U-UJ. 1 C a poison contained in tobacco. 
Also, nicotin. 

t-jp-p (nes), n. the daughter of one’s 
Ulctc brother or sister. 
f+irr (nig), v.t. to cut off the edges of, as coin; 
JU& to dress (stone) with a pointed hammer, 
•nirr crarri (nlg'ard), n. a stingy and covet- 
Ulg-gcUU. ous person; a miser: adj. miserly; 
stingy.— adr. niggardly. 

nicr era rfl 1 i 71 pcc (nlg'drd-ll-nes), n. 
AAA & u. -aa- iu.00 mean covetousness; 

stinginess: miserliness. 

filer c rarri 1v (Alg'ard-ll), adj. stingy; mi- 
AAA &~& a - i v - i_A J serly; as, a niggardly person; 
scanty; as, a niggardly meal, 
nic ctat* (nig'er), n. a vulgar or contemptu- 
AiA &"fo cl ous term for a negro. [Colloq.] 
nicrh (nl), adj. [comp, nigher, superl. nighest 
lllgll or next], oeing near in time or place; 
as, the hour of his triumph is nigh; adja¬ 
cent; closely related by blood or friend¬ 
ship; as, nigh relatives; on the left; as, 
the nigh horse: adv. near in time or place; as, 
they came nigh to us; close by; as, they live 
nigh here; almost; as, he was nigh starved: 
prep, near to; not remote or distant from; as, 
the well was nigh the house.— n. nighness. 
niaVit ( n it), n. the time from sunset to 
lligill SU nrise; period of darkness; the 
close of the day; figuratively, death; mental 
or moral darkness. 

•nierht ran (nlt'cap"), n. a head covering 
iii^iit-V/cXjo W orn in bed; colloquially, a 

drink before going to bed. 

nirrh-f- rl rooc (nit'dres"), n. a garment 

mgn.i-u.rebb TOrn in bed. 

nierht fall (Ait'fol"), n - the coming of 
Align L-A 0 . 1 A darkness at evening. 


AAA 6 AAI ' o'-' waa ment worn in bed, especially 
by women and children. 

-nirrVit Uny %T \r (nit'hok"), n. a bird akin to 
Illgil l-llct W xv the whippoonvill; a person 
who keeps late hours. _ 

T 71 rrht iti onlA (nit in-gal), n. a small 
nigm-m-gaiL Old World bird which 
sings with a sweet note at night, 
nierht 1 a 4 far (nit let'er), a telegram sent 
AAA & AAI ' at night, at reduced rates, 

to be delivered in the morning, 
nierht hr (nit'll), adj. pertaining to, or 
AAA & AAL-A J occurring at, night or every 
night: adv. night by night; every night. 

nierht mnre (nit mar"), n. a distressing 
AAA fo AA v-aaacia v? dream accompanied with 
oppression in the chest and a feeling of 
helplessness; formerly, an evil spirit sup¬ 
posed to oppress people in their sleep; hence, 
any haunting or disturbing influence, 
nierht chci/tp (nit/shad"), n. a weedlike 
plant -with white flowers, 
considered poisonous, but used in medicine, 
ni oht chirt (Alt'shurt"), n. a man’s or 
AAA & AAt_OAAAA t boy’s garment worn in bed. 

nierht wra 1 pr (nit'w 6 k"er), n. a person 

mglTC-WcllK-er who is abroad at night 


for an evil purpose. 


•ni hil tom (ni'hl-llzm), n. the doctrine 
111-Illl-lblll that nothing can really be 
known, because nothing exists; nothingness: 
Nihilism, a socialist movement in Russia 
to destroy existing institutions and found a 
new order of things, with equal rights of land 
and property; violent revolutionism; anarch¬ 
ism. 

ni hil ict (ni'hi-llst), n. a supporter of 
AAA “ AA J-J'“ Ato social and political revolution in 
Russia; an anarchist.— adj. nihilistic. 

—.il (nil), n. nothing; a thing of no account, 
mi Also, nihil. 

nim hi a (nlm'bl), adj. quick and active; 
IlUiA-UAC alert; as. a nimble mind; lively; 
brisk; swift; as, nimble feet.— adv. nimbly. 
— n. nimbleness. 

Syn. agile, prompt, smart. 

Ant. (see awkward). 

nim hiic (nlm'bus), n. in art, the halo 
Aiuii-uus or cloud of light surrounding 

the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns; 
a rain cloud. 

ninA ( n In), n - eight and one; one less than. 
1111 lc ten; a symbol representing nine units, 
as 9 or Lx. 

niriA fnlH (nln'fold"), adj. nine times as 
AllAlc-iUlU. many or as great: adv. so as 

to be nine times as many or as great. 

rsfnA nine: (nin'plnz"), n.pl. a game in 
AAAAAVz-jAAAAO which nine pins or pegs of 

wood are stood up to be upset with wooden 
bowls or balls tba 1 : are rolled up a wooden alley. 

ninA 4 a An (Ain-ten'), n. eighteen and 
AJLiAit/-teen one; ten and nine; one less 

than twenty; a symbol representing nineteen 
units, as 19 or xix. 

ninA tAAnth (nin-tenth'), n. one of nine- 
a*aaac-lcc;iilai teen equal parts; the quo¬ 
tient of a unit divided by nineteen: adj. ninth 
in order after the tenth; the ordinal of nine¬ 
teen. 

ninA ti pth (nln'tl-eth), n. one of ninety 
^aaaac-la-claa equal parts; the quotient of 

a unit divided by ninety: adj. tenth in order 
after the eightieth; the ordinal of ninety. 
ninA tv (Ain't!), n. nine times ten; eighty- 
~AAAAv-Ly n j ne an q one; a symbol repre¬ 
senting ninety units, as 90 or xc. 
nir» nv ( nIn 'I), n. [pi. ninnies (-Iz)], a fool- 
aaaaa-aaj i s fi person; a simpleton; a dunce. 

ninth ( n mth), n. one of nine equal parts; 
aaaaaha ff ie q UO ti e nt of a unit divided by 
nine: adj. next in order after the eighth; 
the ordinal of nine.— adv. ninthly, 
nin (nip), n. a pinch, as with the nails or 
AAi F teeth; a blast or blight, as by cold; 
as. a nip of frost; a small drink of spirits; 
a small piece or bit: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. nipped. 
p.pr. nipping], to pinch; cut ofi the end of; 
check the growth or vigor of, especially by 
frost; blast or destroy. 

Tlin TiAr ( n IP'® r ). n. OAe who, or that which. 

AAAp-jJCA pinches or cuts off. pi a tool. 

such as pincers or tongs; the foreteeth of a 
horse; the large claws of a crab or lobster. 

"ni A (Aip'l). n. that part of a female 
AAAjj-pxc animal’s breast through which 
milk is drawn; a teat; the mouthpiece of a 
nursing bottle. 

TVTir -nci (nfcr-v&'n a; ngr-va'na), n. in 
a.’i 11 -Vct-Ild. Buddhism, the highest re¬ 
ligious state, when all desire of existence 
and worldly good is destroyed, and the soul 
becomes one with its creator. 

nit (nit), n. the egg of any small insect, 
aaai, S uch a c a louse. 

tli fpr (Al'ter), n. nitrate of potash, or 
AAi-wtA gaJtpeter; a drug; as, sweet spirits 
of niter. Also, nitre. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn. cut, focus, menu; 







nitrate 


415 


nominative 


Til fp (ni'trat), n. a salt of nitric acid: 

*AA- vx d 1C nitrate of silver, a white crystalline 
salt, made by dissolving silver in nitric acid, 
and used in photography and for cauterizing, 
or burning the flesh; lunar caustic. 

Tli trip (ul'trlk) „ adj. pertaining to, or con- 
r ", , taming, nitrogen: nitric acid, a pow¬ 

erful acid which contains nitrogen, hydrogen, 
and oxygen, and winch, is used in chemistry, the 
arts, and medicine. 

ni fritp (ni'trit), n. a salt of nitrous acid, 
AAA- t,AA AC containing less oxygen than a 
nitrate. 

tii.trft 7Pnft (nT'trft-bgn'zen; nr- 

,, lA '-' , * ut ' AA ~^“ AA ® tr6-ben-zen'), n. a 
yellow, oily liquid formed by the action of 
nitric acid on benzene. 

ni trn crft-n (to'trd-jSn), n. a colorless, 
aaa-la 0-501A odorless, tasteless gas which 
forms four-fifths of the volume of the atmos¬ 
phere, and is the basis of nitric acid. 

ni-trftp- P TinilQ (ni-troj '$-nus), adj. per- 
1X1 uug C-llUUb taming to, or containing, 

nitrogen, a gas which forms four-fifths of the 
atmosphere, 

ni trn orlvr nr ttl (nFtr<$-ghs , er-in), n. 

Ill-LrO-giyC- er - m a mgmy explosive, 

oily liquid, prepared by the action of nitric 
and sulphuric acids upon glycerin. Also, 

nitroglycerine, nitroleum. 

ni frmic (nl'trfts), adj. resembling, ob- 
JAA-liUUb tained from, or soaked with, 
niter, or saltpeter: nitrous acid, the chemical 
base from which nitrites are formed: nitrous 
oxide, an anesthetic; laughing gas. 
n t y ( n Ik s )> n - if cm. nixie], in Teutonic my- 
■ AAAA thology, a water elf or fairs’-, similar to 
the kelpie in Scotch folklore, 
tin tod), adv - nay: not so; as, no, I cannot 
* Avr go; opposite to yes; not any; not at 
all; as, he is no better, no worse: adj. not 
any; not one; as, he has no reason: n. a 
reply of denial or refusal; as, his answer 
was a decided no; he voted no. 

T^Tft ah w- to the Bible, the Hebrew 

•iiu-dii patriarch who built the ark.— 
Genesis v. 28 -x. 

tlftK toob), n. the head; a person of distinc- 
aivu tion; a nobleman. [Slang.] 

rm "hit i -ftr too-bll'I-tl), n. the state or 
llU-Uil-I-iy q aa iity of being lofty, excel¬ 
lent, worthy; high birth or rank as denoted 
by a title; dignity of character; greatness; 
the body of persons of rank and title above 
the common people; as, the nobility of 
Europe. 

Syn. aristocracy, grandeur, peerage. 

Tift V» 1 ft (no'bl), adj. high m excellence or 
uu-uic worth; as, a noble ambition; 
possessing dignity or greatness of mind; 
illustrious; as, a noble character; famous; 
.great; as, noble deeds; high in rank; of 
ancient lineage or descent; as, noble birth; 
stately in appearance; grand; as, noble 
architecture: n. a peer or person of high 
rank and title: formerly, an English gold 
coin.— adv. nobly.— n. nobleness. 

Syn., adj. elevated, lofty, magnanimous. 

rift "hift mart (no'bl-man), n. [fern, noble- 
Aiu-uiu-iiAdi.L woman], a man of rank 

above that of a commoner; a peer. 

lift "hftH xr (no'bdd-i), n. no one; a person 

ii.U-UUU.-jf 0 f no importance or influence. 

nftft film (nok'tiim), n. a Roman Catholic 
ilUL-lUlii Church service held at day¬ 
break. 

nnr fiir rial (nok-tflr'nal), adj. pertain- 
uuo-iui-lldl i n g to, done, or happening 

at, night; as, a nocturnal visit: opposite to 


as, nocturnal insects or birds.— adv. noo« 

turnally. 

nftr film ft (uok'tfirn; n6k-tflrn'), n. a 
AioL-iuiuc picture of a night scene; a 
dreamy, sentimental, musical composition 
appropriate to the night; a serenade, 
tlftli tood), n. a quick inclination of the 
bead; a command: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
nodded, p.pr. nodding], to signify by a quick 
inclination of the head; incline or bend with 
a quick movement: v.i. to incline or bend 
the top with a quick, forward motion; as, 
flowers nod in the breeze; to bend the head 
in token of assent or as a salute; to be 
drowsy. 

•noH HI ft tood'l), n. the head: used in 
llUU-UAU contempt. [Colloq.1 

nnHft tood), n. a knot; knob or swelling; 
77 . a hard swelling on a tendon or bone; 

the points of the stem of a plant from which 
a leaf springs; one of the two points at 
which the orbit of a planet intersects the 
ecliptic.— adj. nodose.— n. nodosity. 

nnH ill ft (uod'ul), n. a little knot, or 
aaula- uac irregular, rounded lump. 

Wft ftl (uo'el), n. Christmas day; a Christ- 
A,U ' C1 mas carol. [Fr.] 
tlftfy pin topg'to), n. a small cup or mug; 
J1AV 5'b iAA a liquid measure equal to one gill, 
riftvl ( n °il), n. short-staple wool combed 
aauaa from the long-staple and used for mak¬ 
ing yarn. 

HftiQft (noiz), n. sound, especially when 
confused or disagreeable; clamor; 
outcry; loud discussion: v.t. to spread by 
rumor; as, they noise their private affairs 
abroad. 

Syn., n. cry, din, uproar, tumult. 

Ant. (see silence). 

nftiQft Iftcc (noiz'les), adj. silent; making 
nuioc-icoa no sound.— adv. noiselessly.— 
«. noiselessness. * 

Tlftl QftTTlft tooi'sflm), adj. injurious to 
iiui-ouAU'v health; as, a noisome pesti¬ 
lence; harmful; as, noisome vapors; offen¬ 
sive; disgusting. — adv. noisomely.— n. noi¬ 
someness. 

lift IQ XT (uoiz'f), a dj. full of loud, confused, 
aavao-jt disagreeable sounds; as, a noisy 
city; making or given to making an outcry 
or uproar; clamorous; as, a noisy crowd.— 
adv. noisily.—w. noisiness. 

nrim a(\ (uom'ad; nb'mad). n. one of an 
ii.uuii.-ciu. unsettled tribe of people who 
wander about in search of game, pasture, 
etc.: adj. wandering; roving.— adj. nomadic. 

No Man’s Land 

name given to the ground lying between 
the front line defenses of the_opposing armies. 

no-men-cla-ture & 

words and terms, or the language, used In 
any art or science; as, the nomenclature of 
botany or chemistry. 

rsom i rial ( n om'I-n§,l), adj. pertaining 
liuill l-lldl to, or consisting of, a name or 

names; as, nominal differences; existing In 
name only; as, nominal authority or power. 
— adv. nominally. 

rmrn i Tiafft (uom'I-nat), v.t. to propose 
iiuiii-i-iidie or name for an offlce . aa . 

to nominate a candidate for election. 

n0m-i-na-tion toSmT-na/shfin), n. the 
uum 1 lid llUll act of naming for offlce; 

the state of being named for office. 

nom-i-na-tive to° m 'f-na-tlv). adj. nam- 
iiuni 1 lid live ing or bemg, m grammar, 

the case of the subject of a finite verb: n. the 


-~ f ^ v . vv V* V*AU OUUJOLS Ui CL 11 111VCJ 

4 iurnal, seeking food or ac tiv e at nigh t; 1 case of the subject of a finite verb. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in lock. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











nominator 


416 


normal 


i fnr (n8m'I-na"ter), n. one who 
HuIIi-l-lia- IUI names another for some 


(nom*I-ne'), «. one 
named or proposed 


who is 
for an 


office. 

nom-i-nee 

office or duty. 

-nrvn ( n on-), a prefix meaning not: used 
11U11- before many words, which are self- 
explaining. 

■n rm o cr a (non'aj), n. minority, or the peri- 
•“Ull-aj^U od of life before one is legally old 
enough to look after one’s own property. 

•nnn a crp tifi ri an (n6n"d-je-na'rl-an), 

non-a-ge-na-ri-d.il n> a per son of from 

ninety to one hundred years old: adj. between 
the ages of ninety and one hundred years. 

■nrm n crnn (non'a-gon), n. a plane figure 
uoii-a-gon with nine sides and nine 

angles. 

non PA (nons), n. the present occasion or 
llUllUC time; as, this will do for the nonce. 

•nrvn rhc i 1 on pa (non'sha-lans), n. lack 
lion - UI id. - lano e of interest; careless¬ 
ness; indifference. [Fr] 

■nnn rha lotit (non'sha-lant), adj. being 
nuil-una-ld.il t without interest or en¬ 
thusiasm; cool; indifferent; careless; as, a 
nonchalant manner.— n. nonchalantly. [Fr.] 

non-com-bat-ant ^““conn^ted 

with an army or navy whose duties do not 
include fighting, as a surgeon, or nurse; one 
not in the army or navy. 

non-com-mis-sioned S,' k iS”not 

having a warrant or certificate to engage in 
a service: noncommissioned officer, an 
enlisted man who has risen to the rank of a 
sergeant or corporal; one who has not a 
certificate from a military academy. 

non-com-mit-tal 

opinion or purpose; as, his answer was wholly 
noncommittal. — adv. noncommittally. 

HOn POn Hup tciY ( n 8n''kon-duk'ter), n. 
liUll-UUll-tluu-lUi any substance through 

which heat, light, electricity, etc., will not 
pass readily. 

non-con-form-i-tyi n5 gS.”'o® r 'r , SS 

to make one’s conduct or opinion fit those 
prevailing generally: used especially of lack 
of agreement with established church beliefs 
or forms.— n. nonconformist. 

«rm Ha cprim-f (non'de-skript), n. a per- 
C-oUiipi son or thing that cannot 
be easily described or classed; as, a nondescript 
mineral: adj. not easily described; odd; of no 
particular character. 

taonA ( nail )> pron. not any; not one; no 
nunc one; as, none of them came: adv. 
in no respect; not at all; to no extent, 
n pp t? •fw (non-en'tl-tf), n. [pi. non- 
entities (-tiz), a thing not 
existing; a person of no importance or influ¬ 
ence. 

tl nrt ac (nonz), n.pl. in the Soman calendar, 
uouuo the ninth day before the ides 
(counting the ides, or the fifteenth day of 
March, May, July, and October, and the 
thirteenth of other months). 

not! PQ CAT 1 t in 1 (n 5 n"e-sen'shal), adj. 
IIUlI-U^-bUIl-Lldl not necessary to life; 

as, nonessential industries: n. a thing not needed 
for life. 

non rAll (non^pd-rel’), adj. without 

uoii-pa-icxi. an e q Ua i ; peerless: n. a 

person or thing of unequaled excellence; one of 
several kinds of birds, especially the finch; a 
small size of type. ___ 


•nnn nine (nbn'plus), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
AiUi.l-jJ.lUo nonplussed, p.pr. nonplussing], 

to throw into complete perplexity: to puzzle: 
n. inability to say or do more. 

nnn roc i rlortf (nfin-rgz'I-dSnt), n. one 
uuu-i co-i-ucui who does not live in a 

particular place: adj. not living in a par¬ 
ticular place; always absent from one’s 
office, estate, etc.— n. nonresidence. 

nnn v o clef onf (non re-zlstant), adj. 
IiUJLl-I U-olol-aill no t opposing attack; 

submissive: n. one who does not believe in 
using force to defend himself from attack.— 
n. nonresistance. 

•non cotiCA (non'sens), n. language with- 
llUll-oClioC out meaning; any thing absurd 

or trifling: interj. absurd! 

u c pfi ct r*o 1 (non-sen si-kal), adj. ab- 
mm-ocu-Di-oai surd; unmeaning.-— adv. 

nonsensically.—n. nonsensicalness. 

-nrm ciiif (non'sut"), n. the withdrawal 
liUII-oUll of a suit during trial, either 
voluntarily, or by judgment of the court, on 
discovery of error or defect in the case: v.t. 
to dismiss a case, usually for lack of sufficient 
cause or evidence. 

■nrm iiu inn (non-un'yun), adj. not be- 
aiuai- un-ion longing to a trade-union; 
as, to employ nonunion labor; not favoring 
trade-unions; as, a nonunion factory.—n. 
nonunionist. 

nrm HI A ( n o°'dl), n. a simpleton; a strip 
lU/U-UiCj,)' dried dough, served in soup, 
n rmlr ( no °F), n. a small recess or secluded 
IlUUJa. retreat; as, a shady nook; a corner, 
nnrm (noon), n. the middle of the day: 
J. 1 UU 1 I twelve o’clock; height or time of 
greatest brilliancy or power; as, the noon 
of life: adj. pertaining to midday; as, the 
noon hour. _ 

nnrm HflV (noon'da"), n. the middle of the 
llUUli-uaj day; noon: adj. pertaining to 
midday; as ^jioonday heat. Also, noontide, 
n nncA ( noos )> n - a slipknot which binds the 
HUUoU closer the more tightly it is drawn; 
a snare: v.t. to catch or tie in a slipknot, as 
wild horses; 
ensnare. 

n ^-. (nor), 
conj. 
and not; a 
negative con¬ 
nective used 
after the neg¬ 
atives neither 
and not to 
continue or 
c omplete 
their mean¬ 
ing: called a 
correlative of 
neither or not. 

no-ri-a 

(no'rl-ri), n. a 
device for 
raising water, 
used in Spain 
and other 
cou nt ries 
bordering on 
the Mediter¬ 
ranean. 



Noria 


n nrm (norm), n. a rule or standard; model; 

llUlIll p a ttern; type. 

nor mal (nfir'mal), adj. according to rule; 
uui-mai perpendicular; regular; natural; 
as, a normal heartbeat; serving as a standard 
or model.— adv. normally.—n. normality. 

Spn. usual, ordinary. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus/menu; 
































normal school 


417 


noted 


TlOr TTlfl1 QrVinnl (ndr'mal skool), a 
HUI-lllcU bLIlOOI school whose methods 

serve as a model; a school for the training of 
teachers for elementary schools. 

"I\TfVr man (nbr'man), n. a native or 
v/i -xxxcxxx inhabitant of Normandy, in 

France; originally, a Northman, or Scandi¬ 
navian: adj. pertaining to Normandy, the 
Normans, or to a style of architecture intro¬ 
duced into England by the Normans, and 
marked by the rounded arch and massive 
square towers. 

T\Tnr<5P (nors), adj. pertaining to ancient 
u ^ Scandinavia, its language, and its 
people. 


[pi. Norse- 
a Northman; 


man (nors'mSn), n. 

an ancient Scandinavian. 

north n. one of the four points 

v ixi G f the compass; the point opposite 
to the south, or to the left of a person facing 
the sunrise; a section of country lying north 
of another; as, the north of Europe: North, 
that part of the United States lying north 
of the southern boundary line of Pennsyl¬ 
vania: adj. pertaining to, situated in, or 
coming from, the north; as, a north wind: 
adv. to the north; as, walk north one block: 
North Star, the star toward which the northern 
end of the earth’s axis points. 

•n nftk pn of (north ^esU), n. the point of 
ui-cao l the compass halfway between 
north and east; country lying in the direction 
of that point: adj. pertaining to, situated in, 
or coming from, the northeast: adv. toward 
the northeast.— adj. and adv. northeasterly. 
— adj. northeastern. — adv. northeastward, 
n r> fa n-f (north' / es'ter), n. a strong 

J.1U1 ui-cao t-ci wind or a storm from the 
northeast. 

■north pr ( n or'ther), n. a strong cold wind 
alui ui-cj. from the north, especially such 
a wind in Texas and the Gulf of Mexico, 
north or 1v (nor'jfter-ll), adj. pertaining 
Ui - C1 ~ L J to, or situated in, or coming 
from, the north: adv. toward the north, 
north om (nor'fiiern), adj. in, from, or 
.uui in-ciii towards, the north; as, a 
northern course: Northern, pertaining to the 
United States north of the southern boundary 
of Pennsylvania. 

north prn or (nor'iTier-ner), n. a person 
uui ui-cm-ci living in, or coming from, 

the north: Northerner, a person living in, or 
coming from, the northern part of the United 
States. 

north om liVhtc: (nbr'tfiern llts), the 
norcn-em llgnts aurora borealis, or 

streams of light seen in the region of the 
north pole at night. 

north Ismrl (north'land), n. the northern 
J.XUI Ul-xailU p ar t 0 f a country or continent. 

TVTrkrth man (north'man), n. [pi. nofth- 
J-i Ul Lll-IIld.ll men (-men)], an ancient 

Scandinavian; a Norseman. 

•tirkf+h xira-rA (north'werd), adj. in, from, 
XLU 1 111 -Wdltl or towards, the north: adv. 

towards the north. Also, northwardly. — adv. 
northwards. 

north ixroct (north ,/ west / ), n. the point 
llUl Lll-WCoL 0 f the compass halfway 

between north and west; country lying in 
the direction of that point: adj. pertaining 
to, situated in, or coming from, the north¬ 
west: adv. toward the northwest.— adj. and 

adv. northwesterly.— adj. northwestern. — adv. 
northwestward. 

nnrfh wpc! or (north''wes'ter), n. a 
iiuim-wcoi-ci strong wind or storm 

from the northwest. _ 


Wnr WP crism ( n or-we'j 3 ,n; nor-we'j!-£n), 
vvc-gxa-U. n. a native, or the language, 
of Norway: adj. pertaining to Norway, its lan¬ 
guage, or people. 

pAQfl (noz), n. the organ of smell; scent; 
Jiuoc a snout; nozzle; a spout; anything 
like a nose: v.t. to smell or scent; to rub or 
push with the nose; as, horses nose each 
9ther; the boat nosed its way through the 
jam: v.i. to smell orescent; to pry curiously. 

nocp-ran (noz'kap"), n. a metal cap on 
llUoC a s h e h or gunstock. 

TirkCPk Hivo ( noz div), an airplane ma- 
xxuoc uivo neuver, in which the pilot 

points his machine downward and dive3 
rapidly. 

nnQP o-ov (noz'ga"), n. a bouquet or 
HUoC-gdy bunch of flowers. 

pnq fol ryi a (nos-tal'jl-d), n. homesick- 
nup-icu-gi-a ness; especially the longing 
for home which causes intense mental depres¬ 
sion. 

Tine frit (nos'tri'l), n. one of the two 
xxv^o-xxxx external openings in the nose. 

Tine; fvt -jtTI Coos'trum), n. a quack medl- 
uvo-uiun cine; a pet scheme or remedy 
for some evil condition. 

Tint ( n ot)> adv. a word expressive of denial 
xxcc l or refusal. 

no fa hil i tv (no"td-bfi'i-tI), n. [pi. no- 
IlU-ldrUH-i-iy tabilities (-tlz)], a person of 

distinction or importance; the quality of 
being important or out of the ordinary. 

net fa "hin (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of atten- 
uu-ia-i/ic tion; memorable; as, a notable 
event; notorious: as, a notable thief; remark¬ 
able; as, a notable achievement; industrious; 
thrifty: n. a person or thing of distinction.— 
adv. notably. —n. notableness. 

Syn., adj. plain, evident, rare, signal, 
striking. 

Ant. (see obscure). 

Tin fa ri a\ ( n o-ta/riC-al), adv. pertaining 
uo-ia-ii-cu to, or done by, a notary, or 
an official who has power to administer oaths, 
etc. 

Tin fa TV (Ho'ta-rl), n. [pi. notaries (-rlz)], 
xxyj ~ Jr an official permitted by law to 
attest or certify deeds and contracts, admin¬ 
ister oaths, etc. Also, notary public. 

Tin fa firm (nfr-ta'shun), n. the act or 
xxv-xcx-xxvxxx practice of recording by 

marks or symbols; a system of signs or 
symbols used in place of language, for brevity 
or clearness; especially, the system of num¬ 
bers, letters, and signs used in arithmetic 
and algebra, and the signs used in writing 
or printing music. 

nn+rlr ( n ° c h)t r }- a small nick or Y-shaped 
xxvlvxx cu ^ as j n a s rtck; a narrow pass 
through mountains: v.t. to nick or cut into 
small hollows; to tally or record by nicks, 
nnfp (pot), n. a memorandum; reputa- 
xxyte tion; fame; as, a man of vote; a 
brief explanation; as, the notes at the foot 
of the page make the text clear; short letter; 
a diplomatic communication; in music, a 
mark or sign representing a sound; the sound 
itself; a tone; as, a sad note in a voice; a 
call or cry; as, the note of a bird; a paper 
acknowledging a debt and promising pay¬ 
ment; as, a promissory note; a bank note, or 
paper money issued by a bank: pi. a summary 
of a speech: v.t. to make a memorandum of; 
to mark; to observe; show respect or attention 
to; as, note what I say. 

Syn., n. token, symbol, sign, indication, 
remark, comment. 

Tint Pid ( n ot'ed), p.adj. well known; cele- 
ixm-cu brated; as. a noted musician; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function;chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







noteworthy 


418 


nucleus 


remarkaole; 

notedly .—n 


as, a noted achievement.— ado. 

notedness. 

nrvf-o wr»r ihir (nbt'wfir ”thl), adj. worthy 
I1UIU- WUI-Lliy of notice; distinguished; 

remarkable. 

nn+Vi i-ncr (nuth'Ing), n. not anything; as, 
VlUlil-mg j have nothing to say; a thing 
of no value, use, or importance; as, the story 
Is a mere nothing; a cipher; a nobody: ado. 
)n no degree. 

•nntVi i-ncr nocc (nuth'Ing-nes), n. non- 
hwtii-inig-iiCoC' existence; worthlessness; 

lnsignificance L 

nn tirp (no'tls). n. a taking heed; atten- 
UU-lh/C tion; observation; as, to take 
notice of what passes before one; information; 
warning; as, he received notice to vacate the 
building; a printed announcement or sign; 
as. a notice of a death in a newspaper; the 
notice of sale on a building; press criticism: 
v.t. to see or observe; regard; attend to; 
make remarks upon. 

Syn., n. notification, intelligence, informa¬ 
tion: v. observe, heed. 

nr» tirp a KIp (no'tls-d-bl), adj. worthy of 
U.V-til/C-a-uic observation or attention; 
likely to attract attention.—<zdr.noticeably. 

nn ft fi r;) tinn (n6 ff tl-fl-ka'shiin),n. the 

flU-Ll-ii-vd-llUll ac t of giving warning 

or information; the warning or information 
given; the written or printed document by 
which information is sent, as an advertise¬ 
ment. 

nn d f xr (no'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. noti- 
ilU-11-Ay fled, p.pr. notifying], to give 
warning or information to; to make known; 
to publish. 

Syn. acquaint, inform, declare. 
tin fintl (no'shun), n. an idea or theory; 
1AU-IAUAA opinion; belief; inclination; as, 
jo have a notion to do something; a clever 
contrivance: pi. small useful articles, such 
as pins, thread, etc. 

Syn. sentiment, whim, caprice. 

tm +ipn nl (nb'shun-al), adj. pertaining 
liU-ciU-U-cu. f 0f or conveying, an idea or 

fancy; ideal; imaginary; visionary; given 
to whims or fancies. 

Syn. fanciful, whimsical. 

tin +n ri p +v (no'tS-ri'S-tl), n. the state 
iiu-LU-i A-C/-L_y of being well known, espe¬ 
cially in an undesirable sense. 

ri * nmc (nd-to'ri-us), adj. publicly 
UU-lU-ll-UUo known: usually in a bad 
sense; as, a notorious criminal.— adv. notori¬ 
ously.— n. notoriousness. 

Syn. conspicuous, ill-famed. 

not-with-stand-ing &Y. w “«P t&n in 

spite of: conj. yet; although: ado. never¬ 
theless; however. 

nrni (noo'ga; noo'ga/), n. a candy or 

uuu-gai sweetmeat of almonds, pistachio 
nuts, sugar, and flour 


tirvim ( noun )> n ■ the name of any person, 
liUUiJ. place, thing, or quality. 

nniir fcV» (nur'Ish), v.t. to feed or bring 
uuui ion up; as> nourish a child; 
to supply with material for growth; as, food 
should nourish the tissues; support; main¬ 
tain; foster; as, to nourish hatred or insur¬ 
rection; educate: v.i. to promote growth; 
as, good food nourishes. 

Syn. nurture, cherish. 

Ant. (see starve). 

fiAttt* IcTi mont (nur'Ish-mSnt), n. that 
AAUlil -loll ~li.it; Ail which sustains or gives 

strength to the body, as food; that which 


assists growth of anything; the act of sus¬ 
taining, or state of being sustained. 

Syn. diet, sustenance. _ 

nnti irpon rirliP (noo'vo' resh'). [pi. 
nOU-V0a.il I1CI10 nouveaux riches (ndo- 

vo' resh')], a person who has lately become 
wealthy: aaj. newly rich. [Fr.] 

_1 (nov'el), adj. of recent origin or 
HOV-01 introduction; as, a novel plan; new, 
strange, or unusual; as, a novel machine: n. a 
long, fictitious story, in which the scenes, chan 
acters, and events are such as would be met 
with in real life. 

Syn., adj. modern, fresh, unused, rare. 

Ant. (see old). 

■nmr p 1 pffp (n5 v "§l-8t'), n. a short 
liUV-Ci-CLic fictitious story about people 
and events, which is true to everyday life; 
a short novel. 

n/vir ol icf (nov'el-Ist), n. a writer of 
HUV -vA-Ibl long stories, in which the 
scenes, people, and events are true to every¬ 
day life. 

•nmr «a1 fir (nov'el-tl), n. freshness; new- 
I1UV-Cl-ty ness; as, the novelty of an idea 
an experience; something new, or fresh. 


n. 

of 


the 

the 


in any 
calling; 


or 

as an article of dress or of any kind. 

Wn vpm Kpr (no-vem'ber), 
lNO-VGIIl-Uer eleventh month 

year, containing thirty days. 

««,, (nov'Is), n. a beginner 
iiuv-mu business, profession, or 
in the Roman Catholic Church, one who has 
entered a religious house, but has not yet 
taken the vow. 

•nn vri ti flip (nb-vish'l-at), n. the state 
IIU-Vi.-U-a.lC 0 f being a beginner; the 
time during which fitness for any position 
is being tested. Also, noviciate, 
nnw ( nou )> a( ^ v - the Present time; as, 
u W the danger is now over; quite recently; 
as, he left just now; in the immediate future; 
at once; as, I am going now; under the cir¬ 
cumstances; as, noto, what will you do? 
conj. since; seeing that; now that; as. T 
need not stay, now you are here: n. the 
present time; as, now is the time to do it. 

011T o (nou d-daz ), adv. at the 

Iiuw-a-uoyb present time, or in the 
present age. 

tip vxrov (no'wa*), adv, 
nu-way degree; not 

Also, noways. 

no-where XX""' 

TIP W1QP (no'wiz'), adv. not in any 
hU-wioc ner or degree; noways. 

r*PY 1P11Q (nok'shus), adj. harmful; in- 
UUA-IUU0 jurious; (leadiy; as, noxious 
gases.— ado. noxiously. — n. noxiousness. 

Syn. hurtful, poisonous. 

Ant. (see beneficial). 

■nn'7 vIp ( n <5z'l), n. a projecting mouth- 
11UL.-ALKS piece or spout; as, the nozzle of a 


, m no 
at all; 


manner or 
nowise.— 


adv. not in any 


man- 


nniltrhf ( Q St), n. nothing; zero; naught; hose. 

AAUUgiAi as, he gained nought and lost all. •nii'h Tvi-n (nub'In), n. a small or imperfect 

liUU-Uill ear 0 f corn. 


nit ptja ofp (nu'klS-S,t), adj. having a 
nu-uc-aic center about, which matter 
gathers: v.t. and v.i. (nu'klS-at), to gather 
into or around a center. 

mi rip p liic (nu-kle'6-lus), n. a minute 
nu-uc-u-iuo body inside a nucleus, or 

starting point. 

nn rip 11 a (nu'klS-fis), n. the kernel; 
uu-tic-uo the central part about which 
matter collects; the central, bright part of a 
comet’s head; the small, central mass of life- 
containing substance, called protoplasm, from 
which plants and animals grow. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








nude 


419 


nymph 


miHp (nud). ddj. bare; naked; in law, 
xiuvic; without consideration; void: n. 
in art, the undraped human form; with the. 
— adv. nudely. — n. nudeness. 

Tillflcyp v - t - to touch or push gently, 

as with the elbow: n. a gentle 
touch or poke, as with the elbow. 

•nit Hi -Hr (nu'dl-tl), n. nakedness: pi. 
nu-lil-iy naked parts. 

nu-ga-to-ry SSS' t6_ri) ’ adj ' trifllng: 

mi O' typt (uug'et), n. a lump or mass, 
AAU &“& C ' 1 ' especially of gold or other pre¬ 
cious metal. 


nui-sance 


(nu'sans), n. anything offen¬ 


sive, injurious, vexatious, or 

annoying. 

-,..11 (nul), adj. of no legal force; invalid; 

as, the law was null and void; of no 
value; having no existence. 

Tllll H fl f*fl tioil (uul"i-fi-ka / shun), n. 
llUl-ll-ll-ta-UUll the act of rendering 

invalid or void. 

mil li fir (nul'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
iUU-ii-xy nullified, p.pr. nullifying], to de¬ 
prive of legal force; to annul, or render void; 
as, to nullify a law; to make ineffective. 

Syn. invalidate, repeal, quash, cancel. 

mil li tv (uul'I-tl), n. want of existence 
llUl-ii-ty or force; insignificance; that 
which does not exist or which has no force 


to deprive of sensation; to benumb, as by 
cold.— adv. numbly.— n. numbness, 
mitn (uum'ber), n. a unit; one, or 

liuiii-uci more than one; a total of units; 
multitude; one of a series; in grammar, 
quality of a word by which it refers to one 
(singular number), or to more than one 
(plural number ); poetry, meter, or verse: 
usually in plural; as, he wrote in numbers: 
pi. the science of arithmetic: v.t. to count; mark 
with a number; amount to: Numbers, the 
fourth book of the Old Testament, recording 
the counting of the Hebrew tribes. 

■nnm Kpr Ipcc (num'bcr-les), adj. hav- 
iiuiii-uux-icoo ing no number; countless. 

mi mpr csl (nu'mer-al), adj. pertaining 
JlU-liiCA-rtl to, consisting of, or denoting, 
number: n. a sign or word expressing a 
number, as X for ten; 5 for five.— adv. numeri¬ 
cally. 

•nn -mor (nu'mer-at), v.t. to count 

llu-llicl-dLC or cumber, as the census; 
to point off and read (several figures) as one 
number. 

mi mpr a tinn (nuTner-a'shun), n. the 

AIU-IIIcl-cl-L 1 U 1 I ac t of counting or 

numbering; the act or art of reading or 
naming numbers. 

mi mpr a for (nu'mer-a"ter), n. one 
uu-mci -a-lUi that counts or numbers; 

in fractions, the number above the line, which 
shows how many parts of a unit are taken. 

mi mpr i (nu-mer'f-kal), adj. per- 

iiu-mci-x-tai taining to numbers; ex¬ 
pressed in numbers.— adv. numerically. 

mi mpr mic (nu'mer-us), adj. consist- 
liu-mci-uua ing of a great number; 
many.— adv. numerously.—n. numerousness. 

mi mic mof ir (nuTnlz-mat'Ik; nu'- 
nu-ims-niai-ic mTs-mat'Ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, coins or medals: 
n.pl. the science and study of coins and 
medals, with especial reference to their his¬ 
toric interest.— n. numismatology. 

mi mic mn fief (nu-mfz'md-tlst; nii- 

liU.-lillb-J.Ilct-ll&l mis'ma-tlst), n. one 

who collects and studies coins and medals. 


nnm clnill (num'skul*), n. a blockhead; 
nuin-oxv U1A a Ounce; a stupid fellow. 

min ( n un), n - a woman living in a convent 
iiuii an ,i devoted to a religious life under 
a vow of poverty and obedience to a superior; 
a variety of pigeon; the blue titmouse, 
min ri (nhn'shl-o), n. an ambassador 
ixuu-ui-u or agent of the Pope, especially 
at a foreign court; a messenger. 

T11in ripr V ( n un'er-I), n. [pi. nunneries 
HU 11 -UV 71 -y (-Iz)], a convent or religious 
house for women. 

mm f ini (nup'shfd), adj. of or pertaining 
uup-uai to marriage: n.pl. a marriage; 
marriage ceremony. 

mirep ( nars )- n ■ a woman who has the 
UUiOC care of the children of another 
person; one who tends the sick or infirm; 
one who, or that which, protects or fosters: 
v.t. to tend or suckle, as an infant; brintr 
up; tend in sickness; promote growth oi 
vigor in; encourage: v.i. to suckle; of an 
infant, to suck. 

T111TC pr Tr (nur'ser-I), n. [pi. nurseries 
nuio-ci-jf (-Iz)], an apartment for young 
children; a place or garden for raising young 
plants; a trough in which young fish are 
reared. 


mire Pt* V mnTl (nflr'ser-I-mS.n), n. [pi. 
11 U 1 b-tJl -y-llldJl nurserymen (-men)],one 

whose business is the starting and raising of 
nil m n ( n ^ ra ) • a ^j. deprived of sensation young plants. 

lluiiiU or motion; torpid; dulled: v.t. -nurc liner (nfirs'Hng), n. an infant; a 

xiuio-liiig child; anything that is ten¬ 
derly fostered. 

11111* fllTP p^^^tfir), w. that which nour— 
iiu .1 -lux v? ishes; the act oi process of 
feeding or promoting growth; food; educa¬ 
tion; training; v.t. to bring up: educate; 
nourish. 

(nut), n. the fruit of certain trees, 
n ul consisting of a kernel inclosed in a 
hardshell; the kernel; a piece of metal with 
a threaded hole for screwing on to the end 
of a bolt; slang, a foolish person. 

mil" rr q r \r pi* (mitficrak^er), n. an Jm— 
iiui-i/f. avri.-c;i plement for cracking nuts; 

a bird that feeds on nuts, seeds, etc. 

rnptr (nut'mgg), n. the kernel of the 
iltll-liiCg fruit of an East Indian tree; 
also, the tree. 

mi fid ptit (nu'tn-ent), n. anything, as 
Xi U- 11 X-Cxl l an a rticle of food, that 

nourishes or promotes growth: adj. nutritious 
or promoting growth. 

mi f rt mptif (^u^trl—ment), n. that which 
nu-ui-nicni jarovides nourishment; food. 

mi fri firm (ntl-trlsh'un), 71. the proc- 
11 U-U 1 -U.U 11 ess es by which the body takes 
in and uses food, or is nourished and repaired; 
that which nourishes; food. 

mi fri firm <2 (nu-trish'us), adj. promot- 
nu.-u.i-tiuu.i3 ing growth and repair of 

the body; nourishing.— adv. nutritiously. 

nil fri tivP ( n u'trl-tiv),adj.havingquall- 
l-u-tii-tivc ii es that nourish and repair; 
nourishing; pertaining to the process of 
growth and repair in the body.— adv. nu¬ 
tritively. 

nri-i- -Hr (nut/i), adj. abounding in, or tasting 
like, nuts. 

tvsi-v Trnin inn (nuks vom'I-kd), the seed 
litlX VUIIl-l-ud. G f an East Indian tree, 

which yields the deadly poison strychnine; 
also, the tree; the medicine made from this 
seed. 

nvtrmTi n ■ in classic mythology, a 

iiyxupxi i esser goddess of nature living in 
the mountains, woods, streams, etc.; 
attractive, handsome young woman. 


an 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








o 


420 


objectionable 


o 


0 (0), inter), an exclamation of wonder, 
pain, etc.; a term for calling or addressing 
a person. 

1_ (ok), n. a tree of many species, found 
in all parts of the world, and noted for 
Its peculiar fruit, the acorn; the wood of this 
tree; any of several plants resembling the oak 
in foliage. 

r\alr ark rd (° k &p'l), a spongy growth 
UaJkL dp-pic on the leaves or young 

branches of the oak. 

(ok'n ),ad). made of, or consisting 
OdJl-Cll Q f t oa k ; as> an oaken bucket. 

Inirw (o'kfim), n. loose hemp-fiber ob- 
Oa-HUlil tained by untwisting old ropes: 
used for stopping leaks in boats, etc. 

fk <%f (or),_ 

S ■■ ■■" ■ 

with a Spoon Oar 

broad, flat. . , 

or spoon-shaped blade at one end, used for 
rowing a boat; one who rows a boat: v.t. 
to row. _ , , . 

l^lr (or'ldk"), n. a U-shaped ring in 
Oal -JLUOJa. w hich the oar rests in rowing a 
boat. Also, rowlock. 

. _ _ (or z'man), n. [pi. oarsmen 

oars-man (-men)], one who is skilled in 
rowing a boat. 

(6-a'sIs; o'a-sls), n. [pi. oases (-sez)], 
O-a-Slb a fertile, verdant place in a barren 

sandy desert. , 

noe i (ost), n. a kiln for drying hops or 

Oabl barley. 

no*. (5t), n. a certain plant, or its grain, 
UaX which is used as food: usually in plural; 
a musical instrument made of an oat stem. 

(ot'n), adi. made of oats, of oat- 
oax-en meal, or of the oat stem. 

--it. (oth), n. a solemn declaration that 
OaXIl one speaks the truth, with an appeal 
to God as witness; a profane use of the 
name of God or of any sacred thing. 

-_i. (ot'mel*), n. meal made from 

Ua.l-iiiCd.1. oats; porridge or pudding made 
from the meal. 

O V, 0 (o"bd-di'd). n. a book of the 

-Dcl-U.i-a.Xl old Testament; the Hebrew 
prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the book. 

Kli rroi fa (Ob'bll-ga'to), n. in music. 
UU-im-ga-iu an accompaniment which 
is important in itself, and is played by a 
single instrument. [Tt.1 

A k Aw fa (Ob'dfl-rd-sl), n. extreme 
OD-UU-ra-fcy hardness of heart; ob¬ 
stinacy. 

rkh rlii (Sb'du-rat). ad), not to be 

U 3 J-U 5 J-A cnic moved by appeals to the 
feelings; hardened In heart or feelings, 
especially against moral Influence; obstinate. 
— adv. obdurately. 

Syn. hard, callous, unfeeling. Insensible. 
Ant. (see yielding). 

n Vio rll oncp (ft-be'dl-ens), n. act or 
U-DtJ-UJ.-Ci.il/fc; state of yielding willingly 

to the control of others; submission to 
authority; dutifulness. 

n Vkf> rli ia-n+ 16'be'dT-Rnt), odi. willing to 
u-uc-u-JL-ciii do as one is bidden; submis¬ 
sive to authority; dutifully yielding.— adv. 

obediently. 

Syn. compliant, respectful. 

Ant, (see obstinate). 


o Vv/ai catir*o (6-basSns), n. a l 
O-Del-Sance bend of the knee 


bow, or 
as an 

expression of obedience or respect; as, a 
subject makes obeisance to his king; an act of 
courtesy or reverence. 

ob-e-lisk 

n. a lofty, four-sided 
stone pillar shaped at 
the top like a pyramid; 
a reference mark [t] - 
called also a daager. 

a Iiiq (Ob'S-Ws), 

OD-e-IUS a mark 

[— or - 4 - or f] used in 
old manuscripts to indi¬ 
cate a doubtful read¬ 
ing; in modern writing, 
a break [—]. 

rk hoc** (6-bes ’).adj. 

U-Dcoc very fat; 

corpulent; fleshy.—n. 
obeseness. 



Obelisk 


boe i fir (6-bgs'I-tI), n. excessive corpu- 
U-Uca-l-lj lence or fatness, especially of 
an unhealthy kind. 

fkav (u-ba'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. obeyed, 
U-Ucy p.pr. obeying], to submit to the rule 
or authority of; as, to obey the command¬ 
ments; comply with the orders or instructions 
of; as, to obey parents; to respond to direction 
or control of; as, a horse obeys the rein: v.i. to 
yield; do as bidden. 

Syn. conform, mind. 

rkK fiic (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to bewilder; 

UJJ-i Ub-l/dlC perplex; confuse the mind of. 

rk "hi (o'bl), n. formerly, among 
G-UI the negroes of Africa, and 
later, among the West Indian 
natives, a system of secret sorcery 
or magical rites; a charm; a 
kind of sash worn by Japanese 
women. 

n hit it a rv (&-bIt'ti-&-r!>. 
O-DlX-U-a-ry [ pL obitu¬ 
aries (-rlz)], a notice of a death; 
a brief account of the life of a 
person just deceased: ad), per¬ 
taining to the death of a person, 
or recording deaths. 
iVh (bb'jekt), n. anything 

uu-jcii that can be seen or 
touched; anything that can be 
known or understood by the „. 
mind; motive; end; aim; in UD1 
grammar, a word, phrase, or clause that re¬ 
ceives the action of the verb and completes the 
predicate: opposite to subject: v.t. (6b-jekt'). 
to urge as a reason against: v.i. to make op¬ 
position: usually with to; to disapprove.—n. 
objector. 

Syn., n. purpose, design: v. oppose. 

Ant. (see assent). 

rk"h iprt crlacc (Cb'jgkt glas), the lens 
uu-jcii giaoa D f a microscope or tele¬ 
scope nearest to the object to be observed 
and forming the image. 

nVk ievr firm (Sb-jek'shfin). n. the act of 
uu-jciz-tiuii opposing or of finding fault; 

reason against anything; opposition. 

ipe flrkTl a T\1 a (^b-jek'shQn-d-bl), 
OD-jtJO-XlUn-a-Die ad j_ liableor open to 

opposition; calling lor disapproval; offensive. 
— adv. objectionably.— n. objectionableness. 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 
















objective 


421 


fib ipr tlVP ( 6 b-j 6 k tlv), n. the point or 
uu JCV/-UVC purpose toward which any 
action is directed; an aim; in grammar, the 
case of a word governed by a transitive active 
verb or a preposition, or the word so gov¬ 
erned; the lens of a microscope or telescope 
nearest to the object to be observed and form¬ 
ing the image: adj. belonging to a material 
thing; being outside of the mind: opposite to 
subjective, or existing only in the mind- in 
grammar, noting the case which follows, and is 
governed by, a transitive active verb or a prep¬ 
osition.— adv. objectively.—n. objeetiveness. 

ob-iec-tiv i tv (° b "jek-tIv'I-tI), n. the 

VU JCt, llv 1 -iy state or quality of being 
outside of the mind: opposite to subjectivity 
or state of existing .only inthe min d, 

Oh ilir crdtp (^b-jur'gat; ob'jur-gat). v.t. 
uw JW A -S aic to chide, reprove, or rebuke. 

— n. objurgation. 

ob-iur-ea-to-rv ( 5 b- i a ^o-t 6 T ri) adj. 

expressing or implying 

reproof or rebuke. 

4lh IfltP (bb'lat; ob-lat'), adj. depressed or 
ou-taic flattened at the poles, as the earth- 
orange-shaped; in the Roman Catholic 
Church, consecrated to sacred purposes. 

oh If! ft on (Sb-la'shun), n. the act of 
uu-ia-uon making an offering or sacrifice 
to God or to the gods; anything presented 
as a religious sacriflce._ 

oh li {rp-lp (bb ll-gat), v.t. to bind legally 
uu-u-gaio or morally by promise or 
treaty, or by a sense of duty. 

oh li Pr 5 tiOH (6b"li-ga'shfln), n. the bind¬ 

er w-xi-go.-n 1 L/ii ing power of a vow, 

promise, contract, or sense of duty; any 
duty imposed by law, by propriety, etc.; 
the state of being bound to return a favor; a 
written deed or bond by which one binds him¬ 
self under penalty to do a thing, 
oh li P '3 fn yrr (ob'h-gd-tb-rl; fib-llg'd- 

oD-ii-ga-to-ry t5 . rI)> adj moral i y % r 

legally binding; imposed by law, duty, etc.: 
often followed by on or upon. 

O hlitro (b-bllj'), v.t. to compel by force, 
o ® morally, legally, or physically; 
bind by some favor or kindness shown; 
render a favor to; gratify.—n. obhgsr. 

O hhV incr (o-bllj'Ing), p.adj. willing to do 
•w‘‘ J ' AA S" x - lA S favors; civil or courteous; 
kindly; accommodating; as, an obliging 
neighbor.— adv. obligingly. — n. obligingness. 

chJinil o (3b-lek'; 6 b-lTk'), adj. not hori- 
■v/w-xieju-c zontal nor perpendicular; not up¬ 
right nor level; slanting; not direct or straight¬ 
forward.— adv. obliquely.—n. obliqueness. 

ob-lique an-gle iS 

than a right angle. 

nh limip rqcp (ob-lek' kas), in gram- 
UU-U 4 UC m ar, any case except the 

nominative or the case indicating the person 
addressed 

eh 1 (’a -J-JI (ob-llk'wl-tl), n. [pi. ohliqui- 

ju-nq-m-xy ties ( _ tlz)]> the qua]ity pos _ 

sessed by lines which are neither parallel nor 
at right angles; moral error. 

nh lit Ar «t» (ob-ht'er-at), v.t. to erase 
vu-nt-ci -die or blot ou ^. aSi to obliterate 

a mark; destroy by the effects of time or 
other means; remove all traces of. 

nh lit or a tirvn (Sb-Ut'er-a'shfln),n.the 
UU-IlL-er-d-LlOn act of blotting out; 

effacement. 

nh liv i nti (Sb-llv'l-fin), n. the state of 
v being blotted out from mem 

ory; forgetfulness. 

nh liv i mto (Sb-llv'l-fls). zdj. lost in 
OD-llV-l-OUS thought; forgetful. ’ 


observation 


Oboe 

an ancient Greek 


Ob lonp- &dj. longer than broad; 

„ . p an oblong box: n. a geometric 

figure with sides longer in one direction than 
in the other, and usually with right angles. 
Oh In filiv (bb'16-kwl), n. abusive or con- 
" W “V1 U -J temptuous language spoken to 
or about a person; state of being in disgrace; 
reproach; censure; slander; disgrace. 

ob-nox ioil<5 (Sb-nok'shfls), adj. hateful; 

* J A offensive; unpopular.— adv. 

obnoxiously.— -n. obnoxiousness. 

Syn. annoying, unpleasant, odious, repug¬ 
nant. 0 

Ant. (see avreeable). 

O hoo (b'boi; o'b6-a), n. a musical wind 
instrument with a high, rich tone; 
an organ 
stop. Also,. 

hautboy. 

ob-o-lus 

(ob'o-lus), n. an ancient Greek coin worth 
about four cents; a weight of ancient Athena 
equal to one-sixth of a drachma; a small 
European coin of varying weight. 

oh O vdf-o adj. having the 

vv-v-vaic broad end upward or toward 
the apex; as, obovate_ leaves, 
oh crpnA (6b-sen'), adj. offensive to 
c modesty; impure in language 
or action; indecent; filthy.— adv. obscenely. — 
n. obsceneness. 

oh Qf p-n i -tv (6b-s6n'I-tl), n. quality of 
UU-oi/Cll-l-iy being Indecent; indecency 
in action or expression. 

oh crur fi-nf (Sb-skiir'ant). n. one who. 

I-dill or that which, hinders the 
development of knowledge and education.— 

n. obscurantism, obscurantist. 

oh CPIiro (Sb-skur'), adj. without clear- 
ou-ocuio ness or distinctness; as, an 
Gbscure view; obscure objects; shadowy; 
dim; dark; as, an obscure room; not easily 
understood; as, an obscure meaning; illegible; 
as, faint or obscure writing; remote; un¬ 
known; as, he lived in an obscure little vil¬ 
lage; secluded; humble; as, he occupied an 
obscure position: v.t. to darken or hide from 
view; as, clouds obscure the sun; to disguise 
or render less intelligible; as, to obscure 
one’s meaning. — adv. obscurely. — n. ob¬ 
scureness. 

oh cm ri tv (6b-sku'rl-tl), n. dimness or 
v w-o’ou.-i.i-iv indistinctness of a place or 
object; lack of clearness of thought or expres¬ 
sion; state or fact of being unknown. 

oh cp ntiiiQC (5b's6-kwfz), n.pl. funeral 
up-oo-i|uico rites or ceremonies. 

oh QP nili Olic (Sb-se'kwT-Qs) ,adj. mean- 
UU-&C-lj.m-UUo ly submissive to the will 
of another; servile; fawning; as. an obse¬ 
quious servant; humble to excess.— adv. 
obsequiously.— n. obsequiousness. 

oh qprv a hip (Ob-zfir'va-bl). adj. rapa- 
UD bGl V-d-UiC ble of being seen or 

noticed; worthy of, or attracting, attention; 
remarkable; noticeable; customary.— adv. ob¬ 
servably. 

oh corv orseo (ob-zfir'vans), n. the act 
UfJ-OCI V-ailEe of beeping, or of paying 

attention to, laws or customs; as, the observ¬ 
ance of the Sabbath; an act performed In 
token of worship or respect; occasionally, 
attention; heed. 

oh oprv ont (5b-zfir'vant), adj. quick to 
yu-'sex V-dJIL notice; attentive; watch¬ 
ful; mindful of duties or authority. 

oh cor xra -firm (6b"zer-va'shfin), n. the 
uu-&Cl-Vd-LlUIl act power, or habit of 

taking notice;that which is noticed or 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure: lm = ch as in loch. -See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 














observational 


422 


Occidental 


(ob-sld'l-an), n. lava of 
appearance from 


learned; fact of being seen; as, he did not 
escape observation; a remark: observation 
bai oon, a captive balloon, behind the mili¬ 
tary line, used as a vantage point from which 
to watch the enemy: observation post, a po¬ 
sition, usually near, or in advance of, the 
front line, where an artillery officer watches 
the result of gunfire. 

ob-serwa-tion-al 

containing, knowledge or results obtained by 
noticing carefully. 

o t-TT (ob-zfir'vd-to-rl), n. [pi. 
OD-SerV-a-XO-ry observatories (-rlz)], a 
building fitted up with telescopes, etc., for 
studying the heavens; a tower or other high 
place built to give an extensive view. 

. .___ (6b-zfirv'), v.t. to take notice of; 
UU-ocI V c to W atch closely; to keep or 
celebrate; to remark: v.i. to take notice; to 
comment.—n. observer. 

conrino- (ob-zurv'ing), p.adj. giving 
OD-SerV-mg particular attention to; 

sharp-sighted. 

0<acc (6b-ses'), v.t. to beset or rule; 
UU-ocoo as, ho is obsessed by one idea. 

rvK eoe cirvn (ob-sesh'un), n. the fact or 
Ub-oCa-oiun state of being ruled by one 
Idea; a fixed idea not to be driven from one’s 
mind. 

ob-sid-i-an 

volcano. 

caIdc (ob"so-les'ent), adj. pass- 

UU-bU-lco-l-CiU ing out of use; as. an 

obsolescent word.—n. obsolescence. 

cr* (ob'si-let), adj. gone out of 

Ulf-ob-icic use; as, obsolete firearms; no 
longer practiced or accepted; as, an obsolete 
custom; old.— n. obsoleteness. 

t_ „ (bb'std-kl), n. that which 

UU-oLd-CiC hinders or stands in the way; 
an obstruction; an impediment: a hindrance. 

nln +ri rion (ob"ste-tr!sh'an), n. a 
OD-SLc-111-L.ldJl physician skilled in the 

knowledge of how to conduct childbirth. 

/Vh chrd rir <2 (ob-stet'riks), n. that branch 
G f medicine which has to do 
with the art of conducting childbirth. 

o+i no r*tr (ob'stl-nd-sl), n. the state 
or quality of being un¬ 
yielding or difficult to control; as, the 
obstinacy of a fever; stubborn and unreason¬ 
able determination to have one’s own way; 
stubbornness. 

oti (ob'stl-nat), adj. not yield- 

uu-cu-naLO ing to argument, persuasion, 
or entreaty; headstrong; as, an obstinate 
person; adhering to one’s opinion or purpose; 
stubborn; not yielding to treatment, as a 
disease.— adv. obstinately. 

Syn. obdurate, unyielding, unbending, 
Inflexible. 

Ant. (see yielding). 

ob-strep-er-ous “2: 

an obstreperous person; turbulent.— adv. ob¬ 
streperously.—n. obstreperousness. 

cfnirf (ob-strfikt'), v.t. to block up 
UU-ollutk or close so as to prevent pas¬ 
sage; as, a great pile of stones obstructs the 
road; to impede, or prevent from progress; 
as, to obstruct work; to obstruct travel; to 
be in the way of, or to cut off from sight; 
as. to obstruct the light; to obstruct the view. 
—n. obstructer, obstructor. 

rt k d-nir firm (Sb-struk'shiin), n. any- 
OU-olllH/-LlUIl thing that stops, closes, 

or bars the way; that which prevents progress 
or hinders; an obstacle or barrier. 


ob-struc-tion-ist' 0 k o ^'^£ h 0 d n !feV s 

progress; especially, a member of a legislative 
or lawmaking body who makes use of its 
rules to hinder the progress of public business. 

r»k ofintr' +iVn (ob-struk'tiv), adj. serv- 
OD-Siruc-Iive jug to stop or to hinder 

progress. 

nk fairt (ob-tan'), v.t. to get possession of; 
ULf-Lillli gain; acquire; as, to obtain 
knowledge; win; procure: v.i. to be estab¬ 
lished in practice or uso; to prevail or be In 
fashion; as, widely different customs obtain 
in different countries.— adj. obtainable. 

nk fain mnnt (5b-tan'ment), n. the act 
VLf-tcuu.JL-xj.iL^Ai. 1 , 0 f gaining, acquiring, or 

procuring. 

nk friirln (ob-troodO, v.t. to thrust into a 
UU-UUUC place boldly or inconsiderately; 
urge or offer with unreasonable persistence: 
v.i. to force oneself upon the notice of others; 
to intrude.—n. obtruder. 

01 /vn (ob-troo'zhun), n. the act 
bb-U U-olUli 0 f intruding, or of pushing 

into undue prominence._ 

nk firti ciup (ob-troo'slv), adj. inclined 
uu-u u-mvc or a pt to push oneself into 
undue prominence; intrusive.— adv. obtru¬ 
sively.— n. obtrusiveness. 

nk tiiQn (bb-tus'), adj. 

ULf-lUbU no t pointed or , 

acute; as, an obtuse angle; Obtuse Angle 
greater than a right angle; blunt; dull; 
stupid; as, an obtuse person.— adv. obtusely.— 
n. obtuseness. 

nk vprea (ob'vurs), n. the front surface 
UU-V CJi. oc 0 f anything; the side of a coin 
or medal having the principal design upon it: 
opposite to reverse: adj. (ob-vurs'), facing the 
observer; narrower at the base than at the 
top: said of a leaf.— adv. cbversely. 
nk TrJ o fp (ob'vi-at), v.t. to remove, or 
clear away beforehand, as 
difficulties or objections.— n. obviation. 
nk T 7 i nuc (ob'vi-us), adj. evident; plain; 
uu-vi-uus as, tbo effect is obvious. 
n ret (b'kii), n. a South American plant with 
a root like the potato. 

no o ri m (ok"d-re'nd), n. a small mu- 
s ical instrument, giving soft 
pleasing sounds: usually 
made of terra-cotta, with 
a mouthpiece and finger 
holes.—[lx.] 

oc-ca-sion JaniS: 

lar event or celebration; as, 
it was an unusual occasion; 
occurrence; as, on the occasion of her last 
visit; state or position of affairs leading to 
unexpected results; incidental cause; as. his 
carelessness was the occasion of the whole 
trouble; need; as, having occasion to buy 
food; chance or opportunity; as, he seized 
the occasion to speak his mind: v.t. to cause 
or influence directly or indirectly: give rise to. 

ot/vn a 1 (6-ka'zhun-al), adj. inci- 
OC-Cd.-SlQXl-ai dental or casual; as, 
occasional remarks; happening now and then, 
but not regularly; as, an occasional visit; 
referring to some especial happening; as, 
an occasional poem.— adv. occasionally. 

nr ri Hont (bk'sl-dent), n. the west: 

'-i-u.c.Aii, opposite to orient, or east: 
Occident, the west, or the countries west of 
Asia and the Turkish dominions. 

Or ri Hnn (ok'sl-den'tai), adj. of or 
vt-u-uen- Let! pertaining to the Occident 
or the countries west of Asia: n. a native of 
the Occident or West: opposite to Oriental. 



Ocarina 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 







occipital 


423 


odds 


r\(* r»tTl i fa 1 (ok-sip'I-tal), adj. pertaining 

uu-uip-i-tcu. to the occiput, or lower back 
part of the head: n. the bone of the lower 
back part of the head. 

aa A4 rkii-f (ok si-put), n. the back part 
UC-ol-pill G f thejdaxll or head. 

nr rliirlp (6k-klood'), v. t. to absorb, as gas 
uiaWUUC by a metal; to close, as pores. 

— n. occlusion. 

n/. pi-jit (o-kult'), adj. hidden; secret; 
uo-oun invisible; hence, supernatural, or 
full of mystery.— adv. occultly. 
aa Aid fn ti (ok"ul-ta'shun) , n. a con- 
Ul- let- tiuil cealment, especially a hid¬ 
ing from view of one heavenly body by another, 
as an eclipse of a planet or star by the moon. 

nr rtllf IQTTl (o-kuftizm), n. an inquir¬ 
er u~uu.il-ioai.l ing into the mysterious or 

supernatural; a religious belief called theoso¬ 
phy, which claims to know through spiritual 
sight all that is hidden from material eyes. 
a r* aii a ou at/ (ok'd-pan-sl), ti. the act 
UU-UU.-jJdI.L-Uy 0 f dwelling in, or of taking 
and holding in possession, as a house, 
np pit no ti f (ok h-pant) , n. one who 
oe-eu-paiii. dwells in, has possession, 
or holds in use. 

nr fll tin-n (ok'd-pa'shun), n. the 
UU-uu-jJd-LiUlI ac t; or state of holding in 

possession or dwelling in; regular business, 
employment, or calling; state of being busy. 

nr m ni nr (6k'u-pT"er), n. one who has 
uo-uu-^i-ci possession; an occupant. 

nr rn mr (ok'u-pi), v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. 

occupied, p.pr. occupying], to 
take possession of; have in possession or 
use; dwell in; as, to occupy a room; t* fill 
or cover time or space; as, household duties 
occupy her day; the building occupies an 
entire block; to employ; to busy; as, to 
occupy oneself with work. 

nr nir v.i. [p.t. and p.p. occurred, 

uu-uui p.pr. occurring], to happen or take 
place; as, the same mistake must not occur 
again; come to the mind; as, did it occur 
to you to go? 

nr nir mr»ro (o-kur'ens), n. a happen- 
uiz-uu-icnoc ing; event; incident. 

n rMri (°' sii an), n. the vast body of 
U-Lcan salt water covering more than 
three-fifths of the globe; any one of its 
five chief divisions; as, the Atlantic ocean; 
an immense expanse or amount; as, the ocean 
of time. v ^ 

o-ce-an-ic v 

(o"sh&-an'Ik), - 

adj. pertaining 
to, occurring in, 
or produced by, 
the ocean. 

o-ce-lot 

(o'se-lot), n. a leopardlike cat, yellowish- or 
reddish-gray with markings of black, found in 
both North and South America, 
n r"hnt* (°'ker), n. a fine yellow- or brown- 
U-UlICl colored clay: used as a pigment, 
or color for painting. Also, ochre. 

(o-klok'), contraction 
U UIUU14. f or 0 f th e clock, or 
according to the clock. 

fa (ok'ta-) , a prefix mean- 
UO- Let- i n g eight. Also, oct-, 
oeti-, octo-. 

nr fa orvn (ok'ta-gSn), n.- a 
OU-Cd.-gOXI plane figure of 

eight sides and eight angles. 

nr facr n nal (ok-tag'6-nal), adj. having 
UU-Lct^-U-llctl eight sides and eight angles. 



Ocelot 



Octagon 



Octahedron 
being included: 


OC-ta-he (iron 5, ok ta -he dr on), n. a solid 
lcL AAC UA UAA figure having eight plane 
faces.— adj. octahedral. 

oc-tan-gu-lar gfzgft: 

adj. having eight angles. 

nr tjivp (ok'tav), n. in 
uu-uxvu music, an inter¬ 
val of twelve semitones or 
the eighth note in a scale; 
the eighth day after a church 
festival, the festival itself 
adj. consisting of eight, 
nr fa xrn (ok-ta'vo; 5k-ta'vo), n. a book 
UL-la-VU in which the sheets of printing 
paper have been folded into eight leaves or 
sixteen pages: adj. having eight leaves or 
sixteen pages to the sheet. Also. 8vo. 
aa fp>+ (ok-tet'), n. a musical composition 
uu-LCL -with eight parts for voices or instru¬ 
ments; the eight performers of such a com¬ 
position. 

nr til linn (ok-tfl'yun), n. in French and 
uo-uj.-li.UiA American numeration, the 
number represented by one followed by 
twenty-seven ciphers; in English numeration, 
one followed by forty-eight ciphers. 

Or tn T>nr (ok-to'ber), n. the tenth 
ut-iu-uci month of the year, having 
thirty-one days. 

oc-to-ge-na-ri-an ^^who'b^bi 

tween eighty and ninety years old: adj. 
between eighty and ninety years old. Also, 
octogenary. 

oc-to-pus 

ok-to'pus), n. [pi. 
octopuses (-ez)], an 
eight-armed cuttle¬ 
fish ; hence, any 
powerful organization 
with many branches, 
reaching out to do in¬ 
jury. 

o c-to-roon Octopus 

(ok"t6-rdon'), n. a person having seven-eighths 
white blood and one-eighth negro blood; the 
child of a white person and a quadroon, or 
person having one-fourth negro blood, 
nr 11 lor (Ok'il-ldr), adj. pertaining to the 
UU-U-ioJ. eye or t 0 eyesight; depending on, 
or seen by, the eye; known from actual sight; 
as, ocular evidence. 

nr 11 lief (ok'u-Ust), n. one who Is skilled 
UU-U-AAot tn the treatment of eye diseases. 

n (\a Kcnun (o'da-llsk), n. a beautiful 
u-u.d-iiotjiuc -woman who is a slave in a 
Also, odalkk. 

not paired or matched with 



Turkish harem. 

nrlfl (6d)> ad i- 

another; as, an odd glove; not even; 

not exactly divisible by two; as, seven is an 
odd number; left over after equal division; 
extra; as, you may have the odd one; addi¬ 
tional to an amount that is complete; as, if 
you have any odd dollars, give them to this 
cause; unusual; as, an odd occurrence; 
peculiar; eccentric; as, an odd person; 
occasional; as, he does odd jobs around the 
place.— adv. oddly.— n. oddness. 
n AA 1 fv (od'i-tl), n. a person, a thing, 
UU.U.-1- ly or a quality, that is peculiar; 
strangeness; singularity; eccentricity. 
aJJa (odz), n.pl. inequality; advantage; 
UUUo superiority; excess in favor of one 
as compared with another; as, the odds are 
in her favor; probability; a more than 
even wager; as, the odds are cn a certain 
race horse; disagreement; quarrel; as, to 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 

















ode 


424 


offset 


odds and 


be at odds with another person 
ends, remnants. 

(od), n. a short song or poem expres- 
UU.C s i n g noble sentiments in a dignified style. 

O j: n (o'dln), n. in Norse mythology, 
-U111 the chief of the gods: identified 
with the German Woden. 

Hi nnc (o'dl-us), adj. deserving of, or 
U-Ul-UUo calhng forth, hatred or abhor¬ 
rence; offensive; unpopular; as, his conduct 
was odious. — -ado. odiously.— n. odiousness. 

Hi urn (o'dl-um), n. hatred; state of 
U-UI-UIil being hated; abhorrence; the 
discredit or blame belonging to what is ab¬ 
horrent or hateful. 

to Hntn to itor (o-dom'6-ter), n. an instru- 
U-UUin-C-tCJ. rnent for measuring the 

distance traveled by avehicle. 

to A tort a crv (6"ddn-tdl'6-jl), n. the 
O-U-Uil- lOi-O-gy science or study of the 

teeth. 

to H c\r (6'der) n. a scent; fragrance; smell. 
U-UUi whether pleasant or offensive; esti¬ 
mation or repute. 

to Hnr if tor nnc (o'dSr-If'er-fis), adj. 
U-UtU-U-Ci-UUo diffusing or giving out 

fragrance; as, odoriferous spices. 
to Hnr Ipcc (o'der-lgs), adj. without smell, 
U-UUi-lcoo whether pleasant or offensive; 
scentless. 

O H nr nnc (6'der-fts), adj. giving out an 
-LMJX-l/U-O nrfnr nr scent- fragrant.— add. 


odor or scent; 

odorously.— n. odorousness. 


Od-ys-sey 


(od'i-sl), n. a Greek epic 
poem, by Homer, describing 
the ten years’ wanderings of Odysseus 
(Ulysses) from Troy to Ithaca. 
n (or), prep, and adv. over: used chiefly 

U in poetry. 

fto q nnli o nriic (S-sof'd-gus). n. the tube 
Cc-&UpH-d.-guS that leads from the 
pharynx to the stomach; the gullet. Also, 
esophagus. 

(ov), prep, from; as, to cure of a fever; 
rid of a nuisance; born of a fine of kings; 
out of; as, he did it of necessity; about; 
concerning; as, talk of success; news of a 
thing; in; as, quick of speech; belonging to 
or connected with; as, the palace of the king; 
proceeding from; by; as, the plays of Shake¬ 
speare; showing kind, material, quality, 
measure, etc., as, a glass of milk; a woman 
of brains; a weight o/ten pounds, etc. 

(of), adj. most distant: on the opposite 
'- ,AA or farther side; as, the off horse of a 
team; noting the act of removing or separat¬ 
ing; away; as, I must be off: adv. away; 
as, take off your hat; he stood afar off: prep. 
not on; away from; as, take the bowl off the 
shelf; not in condition; distant from; as, a 
mile off shore: interj. begone! 
ni fol (6f'3.1), n. refuse or garbage; waste 
ui-iai meat; as, the offal of a butchered 
animal; anything thrown away as worthless, 
nff po of (of'kast"), p.adj. thrown aside; 
'- ,AA_V/<AO cast off: n. one who is thrown 
aside or cast off. 

Ar (6f'kol"er), adj. not of a natural 
UAA_ '-' UA-UA or satisfactory color; as, the 
jewel is off-color; colloquially, slightly im¬ 
proper or indecent; as, an off-color remark. 

fnrirn (6-fens'), «. sin; wrong; crime; 
oi-icutc misdemeanor; that which in¬ 
jures, affronts, or angers; assault or attack. 
Also, offense. 

nf foriH (6-fend'), v.t. to displease or make 
ui-icuu angry; vex or annoy; pain or 
shock: v.i. to transgress; to sin; as, to 
offend against the law; do anything dis¬ 
pleasing; as, in what way have I offended? 


nf forte to (6-fens'), n. any cause of anger 
Ul-lcllbc or displeasure; insult; injury; 
assault; any sin, wrong, or crime. Also, 
offence.— adj. offenseless, offenceless. 

Syn. affront, misdeed, transgression, trespass, 
identified (6-fen'slv), adj. causing dis- 

Ui-iCU*oxvc pleasure; as, offensive ac¬ 
tions; annoying; disagreeable; disgusting; 
as, an offensive odor; used in attack; as, 
offensive weapons: n. aggressive method or 
attitude.— adv. offensively.— n. offensiveness. 
Syn., adj. insolent, abusive, obnoxious. 

Ant. (see inoffensive). 

.c„ r (of'er), n. a proposal made; price 
Ui-lci bid; first advance; proffer: v.t. to 
present for acceptance or refusal; as, to 
offer money; proffer; as. to offer help or 
advice; propose; as, to offer a plan; present 
in worship or sacrifice; as, to offer a prayer; 
bid as a price or reward; as, how much am I 
offered? attempt to make or give; as, to offer 
resistance: v.i. to present itself or to appear; 
as, a favorable opportunity soon offered; 
express a willingness. 

jy (of'er-Ing), n. the act of making 
Gi-lci-Uig a proffer or proposal; that 
which is proffered or given; a gift or contribu¬ 
tion; a sacrifice. 

nf ftoY in t\t (6f'er-to-rI), n. that part of 
UJ.- 1 CJ j/ the Mass or church service 

at which the money offering is made; an 
anthem sung during the collection of alms; 
act of offering, or thing offered; hence, a col¬ 
lection of money taken at a religious service. 


nff ’harsH (offhand"; of "hand'), 

WU-UCUiU without, nrenn.rntinn • 


adj. done 

without preparation; as, an off¬ 
hand speech.’, informal; unceremonious; as, an 
offhand manner: adv. without preparation, 
nf fir A (6f'Is), n. position of trust or au- 
UA-iiL-c thority for a public purpose; as, 
the office of President; function; as, the 
office of the ears is to hear; a religious ceremony 
or rite; as, the office of marriage; a duty or 
service; as, an office of kindness; an apartment 
for the transaction of professional or clerical 
business; as, a doctor’s office; an express 
office: pi. [Eng.] the outlying buildings of a 
mansion; the apartments of a house in which 
domestics discharge their duties, 
nf fi rnr (of'I-ser), n. a person authorized 
' AA ” AA- ^ ,CA to perform a certain public duty: 
v.t. to furnish with authorized leaders; to 
command as an authorized leader, 
nf fi rial (6-fIsh'Sl), n. one who holds & 
' JA-AA_A/ACAA public position or perform* 
duties of a public nature: ad), pertaining to an 
office or public duty; derived from the proper 
authority; authorized.— adv. officially, 
nf fi rial iern (6-fIsh'S.l-Izm), n. govern- 
' aA_aa_ ^' ac * a ~ a ^ aaa ment by established sys¬ 
tem ; close observance of routine, 
nf fi ri ctfto (6-flsh'I-at), v.i. to perform 
UA-AA-A/A ~ CA, ' C the duties of a divine service; 
to act in a public service or duty. 

nf fi riniic (6-fish'fis), adj. too bold or 
ui-u-uuuo insistent in offering services;, 
meddling— adv. officiously.— n. officiousness. 
nff in O’ (of'Ing), n. the open visible sea 
UAA_AAA & that is remote from shore, beyond 
the anchoring ground. 

nff icVi (6f'Ish), adj. reserved; inclined to 
UU.-i.bil. bold oneself aloof. 

nff crniir imr (of'skour'Tng), n. refuse 
Uli-bUUUI-lIlg or cast-off filth. 

nff ent (of'set"), n. a young shoot or branch 
ull ‘ ocl that takes root; a spur or branch 
from a chain of mountains; a thing, as a pipe, 
whose course is swerved to avoid an obstacle; 
anything set off as an equivalent or compen¬ 
sation for something else; in surveying, a per- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, exit, focus, menu; 







offshoot 


425 


oligarchy 


on Well 


pendicular let fall from the main line to an 
outlying point; in printing, a smut, or ink stain, 
transferred from a freshly printed surface to 
another sheet: v.t. (Offset'; of'set'), to balance; 
to compensate for. 

chftfvf (of'shoSt'), n. something branch- 
Uii-oAAUU t ing off as a side issue; a branch 
of a family, race, stem, etc. 

-ff stveCntr (Offspring"), n. that which 
UU-apnilg comes from, or grows out of, 
something; a child or children; a descendant 
or descendants; issue. 

(of'n), add. many times; frequently. 
OI-Xcll Also [Poet.], cflt. 

titnAC (offn tlmz"), add. often. 
Oi*lcIl*UlIlCo Also [Poet.], efttimes. 

/% rrlo (o'gl). v.t. to look at with admiring 
0 -£jivi or overfamiliar glances; n. an ad¬ 
miring or overfamiliar look; a side glance. 

erm (o'ger), n. [fan. egress], an imaginary 
O-glv man-eating monster or giant; hence, 
a cruel or hideous person.— adj. ogieish. 

(o), interj. an exclamation of wonder, 

pain, or anxiety: n. one such exclama¬ 
tion; as, full of oh's. Also, O. 

/■Oh-s-rt (om), n. a unit of measurement In 
UAAAA1 electrical science, used in calculating 
the resistance of a circuit. 

•■* (oil), n. an inflammable fatty liquid, in- 
Oll soluble in water, 
but soluble in ether, 
obtained from various 
animal and vegetable 
substances; a green¬ 
ish-brown liquid 
found in rock or other 
mineral substance, 
and very inflam¬ 
mable: called also 
petroleum: v.t. to lu¬ 
bricate with oil: cil 
well, a well or boring 
for petroleum.—.oil¬ 
er, oiliness. 

oilcake 

stance that remains 
after the oil] has been 
extracted or taken 
out from a vegetable 3 
substance, as from 
flaxseed. 

_-i.xt. (oil'kloth'), n. cloth coated with 
Oii-UU III oil paint and used for garments, 
floor coverings, etc. 

~:i nr- (oh kul'or), a paint or pigment 

UU CU 1 -UI use( i by a n artist and mixed in 
cil; a picture painted with such pigments: 
distinguished from water color. 

•1 --a^* (oil'skin"),n. cloth made waterproof 
OU-oKlll by having been treated with oil: pi. 
a waterproof suit. 

(oil'I), adj. con- 
GAA-y tanung, or like, 
oil; greasy; smooth in 
speech or manner; 
smooth-tongued; fawn¬ 
ing; as, oily remarks or 
an oily tongue.— adv. 
oilily.—tt. oiiiness. 

ointment SiSt)’ 

n. a fatty preparation 
of about the consistency 
of butter, containing 
medicinal qualities, 
and applied to wounds, 

or injured parts. . v*..*_ 

Ira ( 6 -ka'pS), 71. a giraffelike, cud- 
G-Akct-jJA chewing animal of Central Africa, 



Okapi 



n hrra (o'kra; ok'ra), n. a West Indian 
va-jyacj. plant, the potis of which are used 
in soups, etc.; gumbo. 

nlfl (°ld), ad 3- l comp, older, superl. oldest], 
WAU - having existed or lived many years; 
aged; as, an old oak; an old man; having 
an appearance of age; as, an old face; having 
reached a certain age; as, twenty-one years 
old; decayed by time; as, an old ruin; 
ancient; out of date; as, old customs; old 
coins; long used; sot new; as, old shoes; Jong 
practiced; as, old habits; belonging to the 
past; as, one’s old home; colloquially, familiar 
and dear; as, Old Glory; long experienced; 
as, he is an old hand at that work: n. former 
times; as, in days of old. — n. oldness. 

Syn., adj. ancient, antique, antiquated^ 
old-fashioned. 

Ant. (see young). 

ftfrl g±Y\ (ol'dn), adj. ancient; bygone; as. 
GAU.-CH in olden times. 

TTncr IIoh ( 61d hi'glxsh), the lan- 
V>1U. XVlAg>-lioAi guage spoken hi England 

until the 12th century, by the Anglo-Saxons. 

old-fash-ioned gMJi 

to old ideas or customs; as, an old-fashioned 
person; having the feelings cr tastes of an 
older person; as, an old-fashioned child; out 
of style; as, an old-fashioned coat, 
rvi A nir. ~yT (old glo'ri), a familiar term 
'JaQ. VTlO-ry applied to the flag of the 
United States. 

n ]J rnalA (ol d mad), a middle-aged or 
U1U. lAldAU. elderly unmarried woman; & 
crotchety person; a game of cards. 

J (old'ster), n. in the British navy, 

UlU-DlCl a midshipman who has served 
four years: distinguished frem youngster. 

1 J e+rrlft (old stfl), the old mode of 
U1U- oLVAtJ reckoning time according to 
the Julian calendar of a foijner style. 

Old Tes4a-ment 

main divisions of the Bible. 

rxi J Ti/’r.-.l/l (old wurld), the Eastern 

U1Q. W OriU. Hemisphere of the earth; 

Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

aIa otfi none* (o-le-aj'i-nus), adj. hav- 

U-lG-clg-A-AAUU-O mg greasy qualities; oily; 

sleek or smooth in appearance, voice, or 

maimer; fawning.—-w. oleaginousness. 

n In art A nr (o'le-an'der). n. an ever- 

U-AC-caaa-u-ca green shrub of a poisonous 

nature with handsome fragrant red or white 

flowers. 

l fln « •f'Ar (o'le-Ss'ter), n. the wild ol- 
U-lv-ab-tci ive; a shrub of southern 
Europe bearing yellow flowers and a bitter 
fruit resembling the_ olive. 

/\ 1o ft err art Ti (o'le-o-graf), n. a print in 
O-ie-O-grapn oil colors in imitation of 


(o"le-o-mar'gd-ren; 


an oil painting. 

o-le-o-mar-ga-rin £Vo-mar-gd- r in ; 

often mispronounced o"le-o-mar'jer-en), «. 
imitation butter made from animal fats. Ab¬ 
breviated, oleo. Also, oleo margerine. 

d foft fft r\T (dl-fak'to-rl), adj. pertaining 
-AdG-tU-Ay to, or used in, smelling; as, 
an olfactory nerve: n. organ or sense of smellr 
usually in plural. 

ftl I cram Ti (ol'I-gark), n. one of the rulers 
OJL-l-gdl t/AA j[ n a government that Is con¬ 
trolled by a few persons, 
ftl I cro r rTiv (ol'l-gar'kl), n. [pi. oligar- 
Oi-l-gar-CIiy chies (-Iz)], government in 
which the supreme power is in the hands of a 
few; a state so governed; the few who rule. 
— adi. oligarchic, oligarchical. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; tke n, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











olive 


426 


onward 


iiro (61'Iv), n. an evergreen tree culti- 
'Ui-lv C vated for its oily fruit; the fruit of 
the tree; a dull brownish-or yellowish-green 
color: adj. pertaining to, or like, the olive; 
of a dull brownish- or yellowish-green color; 
tawny. 

ive. KrsmnVi (ol'iv branch), a branch 
Oi-lve UldJlLIl of the olive tree. con . 

sidered as the emblem of peace. 

O lvrn -ni o/4 (8-lhn'pI-ad), n. in ancient 
Greece, the period of four 
years between two celebrations of the games 
held at Olympia in honor of the god Zeus: 
a standard used in reckoning time from the 
first Olympiad, which began 776 B. C.; a 
modern revival of the athletic games of 
ancient Greece, first held in 1906. 

O lvm -nir (6-ltm'prk), adj. pertaining to 
-iym-piU Olympia in Elis, Greece, 
where games were celebrated every four 
years in honor of Zeus; in Greek mythology, 
pertaining to Mount Olympus, in Thessaly, 
the home of the gods: Olympic games, the 
athletic games and races of ancient Greece, 
celebrated every four years in honor of the 
god Zeus. Also, Olympian. 

O mp Vio (o'ma-hfi"), n. one of a tribe of 
-ixid-iLo. American Indians living in 
Nebraska. 

O mp (ro (S-me'ga; o'me-ga; 6-meg'a), n. 

the last letter of the Greek 
alphabet; hence, the last; end. 

n 1 pf (om'e-let; om'let), n. eggs and 
'lm.u.-g-j.v; c milk, with sometimes other in¬ 
gredients, beaten together and fried. 

O m on (o'men), n. a sign of some future 
event: v.t. to foreshow or foretell 
by signs; predict. 

(O mpn tl 1 m (6-men'tilm), n. a free fold of 
u-iiicu- iuj-u. the peritoneum, or membrane 
that lines the abdominal cavity. 


OtTl 1 tlnilQ (om'i-nus), adj. 
l)lil-l-IlUUb or foreshowing 


foreboding 
evil.— adv. 


neglect or 
something 


ominously. —n. ominousness. 

O trite cinn (6-mIsh'un), n. 
-imS-SlOIl failure to do 

required; something left out. 

mit (S-mxt'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. omitted, 
\s-xiixi. omitting], to leave out; as, 

to omit the address; to leave undone; neglect; 
as, to omit a task; fail to mention. 

nm ni hue (Om'nI-bils), n. a public four- 
uiii-iii-jjuo wheeled carriage for passenger 
traffic: adj. including many different objects 
■or cases; as, in lawmaking, an omnibus bill. 

■OTH til PTatlh ) > n \ the trade 

ill gictpii name of an instrument 

■designed for 

teaching teleg- *-« Omnigraph 

-raphy. K *“ 

om-nip-o- 
tence 

t§ns), n. un¬ 
limited power: 

Omnipotence, God, the all-powerful. 

Om-nrD-O fpnt ( 6m - n lP'^t8nt), adj.hav- 
oxxi liip U tellt mg unlimited power; as, 

"the omnipotent God: the Omnipotent? n. 
God.— adv. omnipotently. 

Om-Tli-Tirps pnrp (6m"nl-pr8z'ens), n. 
Olll 111-pi universal presence, or 

the quality of bemg present everywhere at once. 

Om-lli DTP 5 ? prif (<5m-nl-pr§z'6nt), adj. 
0X11 Ill-pi Cb-CIl l present everywhere at 

the same time. 

tf>m niq ripnrp (Sm-nlsh'8ns), n. un- 
A oience limited knowledge: Om¬ 
niscience, God, the all-knowing. 



nm nic riont (6m-nlsh'8nt), adj. know- 
om-ms-cieni lng all things; infinitely 

wise; as, the omniscient God. 

nm niv n rmte (6m-nlv'6-rfls), adj. feed- 
om-mv-o-rous nig upon both animal 

and vegetable food; as, omnivorous animals; 
all devouring; as, an omnivorous reader.— adv. 
omnivorously. — n. omnivorousness. 

(on), prep, upon; as, to sit on a chair; 
GJ-l in contact wjth the upper surface; as, 
we live on the earth; along or by; as, Paris 
is on the Seine; in the act or state of; as, on 
a journey; toward; as, he looked on her as 
his guide; in connection with; as, to go on 
business; showing the relation of following 
after; as, they are on his trail; in the direc¬ 
tion of; as, the door opens on a lawn; about; 
as, an address on war; indicating time; as, 
on July first; resting against; as, a picture 
on the wall; supported by; as, on my honor: 
adv. forward; onward; along; as, to go on; 
so as to cover or be supported by; as, put 
on your coat; jump on before the train 
starts; in or into action or use; as, to turn 
on the gas; in progress; as, the fight is on. 
rmr** (wuns), adv. at one time; formerly; 
UliOC aS( 0 nce upon a time; this was once 
my home; one time only; as, read it over 
once; at any time; ever; as, if once they 
lose heart, their cause will be lost: n. one 
time: at once, together; immediately; as. 
do not all speak at once; do it at once. 

(wun), n. [pi. ones (wunz)], the first 
U11C number used in counting by units; 
the sign representing it, as 1 or I; a single 
person or thing: pren. a certain person or 
thing considered indefinitely; anybody; as, 
one must take care: adj. single in number; 
united; as, they answered with one voice; 
individual; a certain; as, one Ilenry; the same. 

O n*M rln (fr-m'dd), n. one of a tribe of 
-iiCA-ua American Indians, originally 
inhabiting what is now Central New York. 
rvnp» tiPCC (wun'nes), n. singleness; unity; 
uuc-iicoo the quality of being unique. 

rvn or niic (on'er-fis), adj. burdensome; 
un-^i-uuB weighty; as, an onerous duty. 
— adv. onerously.— n. onerousness, 
rmp coif (’wim'sein, pron. an emphatic 
UlAC-OCii and reflexive form of the pronoun 
one; one’s self. 

nnp-Qfpn (wun'step"), n. a modern dance 
of quick movement, in two- 

four time. 

ntl irvn (un'yun), n. a plant of the lily 
vxn-iuii family having a strong-smelling 
eatable bulb; the bulb of the plant.— onion 
shell, a flaming, explosive shell, especially used 
against airplanes: so called from the odor it 
gives after exploding. 

nn ac lj- sole; single; as, the 

\jiL-iy on iy man there; one and no more: 
adv. singly; merely: conj. except. 

on-o-mat-o-pos-ia 

n. the formation of words in imitation of 
natural sounds, as rumble, hiss, buzz, splash; 
the use of words so formed; such a word Itself. 

nn riic"h (cn'rush"), n. an onset; a rushing 
uii-i uou on . an assault. 

nn cot (fin'set*), n. an assault; attack: 
U11 ‘ aci as, the onset was furious. 

nn claiicrTvf- (on'slfit"), n. a furious attack 
GIl-bid.Ufc.Ill or assault. 

f» nnc (°' n us), n. a burden; duty; obliga- 
tion; responsibility. 

nn WATf! (on'werd), adj. advancing; for- 
uu-umu ward; as, the onward march of 
troops: adv. in advance; toward the desired end; 
forward; as, to move onward. Also, onwards. 


ate, senate, rare,^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge,, novel, refer; 
light, sJn; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 






onyx 


427 


opinionated 


o-pen-work getai work, 


rm VY (dnfiks; o'n!ks),n. a kind of quartz 
vii-j a. consisting of layers of various colors, 
such as brown, black, red, white. 
nr» Inner (dB'ldng), n. a Chinese black tea, 
with a flavor like green tea. 
nnm (° oz )> n • soft mud or slime; gentle 
uuz-c flow, as 0 f blood from a wound; a 
liquid used in tanning leather: v.i. to flow 
gently; leak out: v.t. to discharge or give 
out slowly; as.^to ooze moisture.— adj. oozy. 

O r*op i fv (S-pas'I-tT), n. Quality of not 
-jj&c-i-ty a n 0 wing light to pass through; 
cloudiness; darkness; lack of transparency. 

0 r*o| (o'pal), n. a precious stone, opaque 
"r 411 and lustrous, showing a play of 
various colors. 

O nfll pc ppnrp (o"pal-es'ens), v. the 
-paJ.-t;b-bt;IiLt> quality of showing a 

play of various colors. 

o-pal-es-cent sbow ' 

colors, like an opal. 

O rjol i-nn (o'pal-in; 5'pal-in), adj. having 
a pi a y 0 f delicate colors; bluish- 
white, as the^wings of certain insects. 

O nnniiP (o-pak'), adj. not allowing light 
to pass through; shady; dark; 
not transparent; having no luster or bright¬ 
ness: said of some colors: n. that which will 
not admit light through.— adv. opaquely.— n. 
opaqueness. 

nT>P (°P)« v - an d adj. a poetical form of 
u r c open; as, he could not ope his mouth. 

0 npr) (o'pn), adj. not shut; not obstructed; 

-pen as> an open path; unfastened; clear 
of trees; as, open country; unfolded or 
spread out; as, an open flower; ready to 
hear or receive; as, an open mind; ready to 
be affected by; as, open to suggestion, temp¬ 
tation, etc.; uncovered or exposed; as, an open 
secret; unsealed; as, the letter was open; not 
frozen nor frosty; as, an open winter; clear, 
unreserved; as, open criticism; public; as, an 
open meeting; generous; as, to give with open 
hand; frank; as , open confession; free for use, 
entrance, etc.; as, the competition is still open; 
uttered with the mouth and vocal organs 
comparatively unclosed: said of a vowel: v.t. 
to unclose, as a window; to spread out, as a 
fan; to begin; as, to open the discussion; 
to break the seal of or untie, as an envelope 
or package; to remove obstructions from; 
as, to open a road; to put in operation; as, 
to open a store: v.i. to unclose itself; com¬ 
mence; to lead into; as, the door opens into 
the hall: n. any wide space uninclosed and 
not covered with trees, rocks, etc.: with the. 

— adv. openly.—n. openness, opener. 

Syn., adj. candid, unreserved, clear. 

Ant. (see hidden). 

n nprt op mnnf (o'pn a-kount'), a run- 
O-ptJIi ctb-LU till L xnng or unsettled ac¬ 
count. 

n r*pr>_pvpfl (d'pu=id"), adj. m quick to 
U-pcii cy cu observe; clear-sighted; in¬ 
telligent; astonished. 

r* rwwn h and pd (o'pn=han"dgd), adj. 

O-pen-nana-ea generous; liberal. 

n npn h Porf pd (o'pn = har " ted), adj. 

U-pcIl-XlcdlL-cU. frank; smeere; out¬ 
spoken. 

n npn ivs rr (o'pn-Ing), n. an aperture, or 
U-pcii-lHg a bole; as, an opening in a 
fence; a space in a woods where there are 
few trees and little undergrowth; the first 
steps; beginning; as, the opening of a trial; 
opportunity or chance: adj. first in order. _ 

(o'pmmoutfid"), adj. one’s ideas or beliefs. 
0-peH“IX10Utnea g a ping; greedy; Syn. conceited, stubborn. 


amazed. 


O r**vn r*r Hat (o'pn or'der), in tactics, an 
-jJi/li Ul-UtJI interval of about three 
yards between each rank; a formation in 
which ships are stationed 2,880 feet (4 cable 
lengths) apart. 

n r*pn qpc o -top <b'P n ses'a-mS), an 
u-puil bc.b-d.-me unfailing means of 

entrance or access: from the magic words 
which opened the robbers’ cave in the story 
of Ali Baba. 

'pn-wfirk"), n. carving, 
3tal work, embroidery, 
etc., so made that it shows open spaces in it® 
pattern. 

nn pr o (op'er-a), n. a musical drama, 
up-Cl-d with scenery, acting, and the- 
accompaniment of an orchestra. 

un nr o (ylcjoc (op'er-d glas), a small' 
pp-Ci-a glctbb telescope made for both 
eyes and used in the_ theater, etc. 
delicate pt* o (op'er-at), v.i. to work; pro- 
'-'jr' - '-'! -cl LG! duce a certain effect; perform 
a surgical action upon the body: v.t. to cause, 
to perform certain work; as, to operate a 
machine. 

r\n pi* a -f iV (op"er-at'ik), adj. pertaining 
UjJ-CA-d.L-1^ to, or suitable for, musical 3 
drama. 

rm pr o firm (dp"er-a'shun), n. working 
-a.- or wajr of working; regular 

action; as, the machine is in operation; 
agency; surgical action upon the body; & 
series of movements of an army or fleet; 
as. a naval operation. 

Syn. action, force, execution. 

Ant. (see inaction). 

rm pr o fivp (dp'er-a-tiv), adj. having 
up-ci-tt-uvc the power of acting; hav¬ 
ing effect; as, an operative law; vigorous: n. 
an artisan or skilled workman; as, an opera¬ 
tive in a spinning mill. 

r*-r* ot- o -fn-r (op'er-a "ter), n. one who, or 
Up-el -d.-lOI that which, works or acts; 
one who is employed in a telephone exchange? 
to make connections between lines; one who 
runs a machine in a factory, etc.; a broker, or 
one who acts for others; as, a coal operator. 
or* pr pf fo (6p"er-et'd), n. a short, light, 
usually humorous, musical 

drama. 

otVh fhol rot o (of-thal'mi-d), n. inflam- 

Opil-LIld.I-1111-d mation of the eye or 

eyeball. Also, ophthalmitis. 

oph-thal-mic pmato ' 

oph-thal-mol-o-gy 

medical science which treats of the functions, 
structure, and diseases of the eye. 

oph-thal-mo-scope £ f 

for examining the inside of the eye. 
o r*t ofp (o'pl-at), n. a medicine containing 
U-pl-ctlC or made from opium, that causes 
sleep, as laudanum; anything that soothes;' 
adj. soothing; inducing sleep or quiet, 
r* i-*irtP (d-pin'), v.t. to think; suppose; 
U-pilie as> i opine that this is the case, 
o ni-n ton (o-pln'yun), n. belief; as, that 
U-piAl-lUll i s my opinion; what one thinks 
about any subject; judgment; the statement 
of the law bearing upon a case; as, an opinion: 
handed down by a judge; estimation; as, 
I have a favorable opinion of the man. 

Syn. notion, view, belief, sentiment. 

n win inn of pd (o-p!n'yfin-at"ed), adj. 
O-pm-lOn-ci i-ctl fi rm or obstinate in 


A nt, (see modest). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 








opium 


428 


oracular 



- -.2 urn (o'pl-fim), n. a powerful sleep- 
U-pl-UIil producing drug obtained from 
a Certain species of the poppy, 
rk nnc cum (o-Pos'um), n. a small Ameri- 
'U-jJUo-oU-iii can animal which, when 
caught or threatened with 
danger, pretends to be 
dead; hence, the expression 
"to play ’possum.” 

op-po-nent 

n. one who takes or sup¬ 
ports the opposite side in 
argument or debate; an 
antagonist: adj. acting 

against each other; oppos- „__ 

ing; opposite. Opossum 

An -r. nr hino (op ff or-tun'), adj. well-timed; 

Ui -1 UlIC seasonable; convenient; suit¬ 
able; as, an opportune moment.— adv. oppor¬ 
tunely.— n. opportuneness. 

tiAt* ic?m (op or—tu nizm), n 

Op-pOl-lU-niSIIl quickness to grasp fa¬ 
vorable chances; a taking advantage of cir¬ 
cumstances to gain one’s ends regardless of 
consequences or principles, especially in pol¬ 
itics. 

niof (6p"6r-tu'nlst), n. one 
Op-pOr-TU-niSt w bo takes advantage of 
circumstances to promote or push forward 
his own interest or the political interests 
<of his party; one who waits for a suitable 
time before trying to force his beliefs upon 
others. 

hi hi hi (op'or-tu ni—tl), n. con— 
Op~pOr-XU-m-ty ve nient time or occa¬ 
sion; chance. 

<rvn nnc o Kl (o-poz'a-bl), adj. that may 
’Up-pUb-cl-UItJ be resisted; capable of 
toeing placed in front of, or over against, some¬ 
thing else. 

tvn riACP (o-poz'). v.t. to speak or act 
t/p-puac against; to contend or dispute 
with; resist; to set up as an obstacle; check; 
as, to oppose the enemy’s progress. 

Syn. withstand, thwart. 


Ant. (see give way). 


or 
over 


inn nn ci+o (op'o-zlt), adj. placed 
standing in front of or 
against; as, the opposite side of the street; 
the houses were opposite to each other; con¬ 
trary; as, in an opposite direction; antago¬ 
nistic; very different; as, opposite opinions: 
7i. that which is contrary or in marked con¬ 
trast.— adv. oppositely.—n. oppositeness. 

<nn nn ci firm (op^o-zTsh/un), n. the act 
<up-pU-ol-llUIl 0 f resisting or checking; 

the state of being resisted or checked; re¬ 
sistance; contradiction; the relation of two 
heavenly bodies to each other when their 
longitudes differ by 180°; the political party 
that does not support the party in power: 

| with the. 

op-po-si-tion-ist the 

political party that does not support an 
’administration or government. 

,a« rirpQQ (o-pres'), v.t. to burden; crush 
uy-pcoa by hardships or severity; as, to 
oppress the poor; weigh heavily upon; as, 
to be oppressed with anxiety; tyrannize over. 

rm=kQ oinn (o-presh'un), n. the act of 
up-pi co-oiuii. burdening; state of being 
burdened; hardship; injustice; tyranny; dul- 
ness of spirits. 

<fin nf *£»<2 ctiroi (O-preshv), adj. unreason- 
Vr lr cto-fclVC ably burdensome; as, op¬ 
pressive laws; tin justly severe; tyrannical; 
as, an oppressive ruler; overpowering; as, 
tjfae ovpressive air of a closed room: heavy: 


as, oppressive heat.— adv. oppressively.— n. 
oppressiveness. 

nn nroc cnr (5-pres'er), n . one who bur- 
up-pACo-oui dens or subjects others to 
cruelty or unjust hardship. 

An nrn b.ri nttQ (^-Pro'bri-fis). adj. ex- 
up-pA u-un-vuo pressing disrespectful re¬ 
proach or contemptuous abuse; as, opprobrious 
language; disgraceful; as, opprobrious con¬ 
duct.— adv. opprobriously.— n. opprobrious* 
ness* 

Syn. insulting, abusive, offensive, vulgar, 
vile. 

rm nrn hri iim (o-pro'brl-um), n. abu- 
Op-prO-Dn-um sive or insulting lan¬ 
guage; disgrace; shame. 

e\r\ +i*tto (op'td-tlv), adj. expressing wish 
Op-La.-LiVt? or desire. 

4-ip (op'tlk), adj. pertaining to, or con- 
Up-Lie nected with, the eye or vision; as. 
the optic nerve: n. the eye: pi. the science that 
treats of light and vision. 

cq 1 (op'tl-kal), adj. pertaining to the 
up-LI-GcH science of light and vision; as, 
optical instruments; pertaining to the eye¬ 
sight; as, an optical illusion.— adv. optically. 
nn 4-2 Atari (op-tish'an), n. one who makes 
Up-11-OlaJ.i or sells eyeglasses and instru¬ 
ments used in the study of light, vision, and 
sight. 

n-n +i mi cm (op'tl-mlzm), n. the cheer- 
Up-Ll-IIUblll fui belief that everything in 
nature and history happens for the best; th8 
inclination to look on the best side of things: 
opposite to pessimism. 

r\r\ mief (op'ti-mist), n. a person of 
Up-Ll-XiiloL hopeful disposition; one who 
looks on the bright side of things: opposite to 

pessimist. 

n-n ti mic iir (op"tI-mfs , tik). adj. hope- 
op-xi-mis-xic fui; inclined always to look 
upon the best side of things; as, an optimistic 
person.— adv. optimistically, 
nn firm (op'shun), n. the right or power of 
uy-iiuu choosing; as, you have the option 
of taking it or leaving it; act of choosing; 
choice; a right secured on property (generally 
securities, land, or staple commodities), giving 
one the privilege of buying it, at a specified 
price, within a specified time. 

Afi "tinn 511 (oP'shun-81), adj. left to one’s 
vp-tiuii-a .1 wish or choice: n. a study which 
may be taken or not, as one chooses; an elec¬ 
tive.— adv. optionally. _ 

nn +nm n trv (op-tom'-e-trl), n. the art 
Op-lUXIl-U-li y of measurement of the 
powers of vision.—n. optometrist. 

nn 11 Iptirp (op'u-lens), n. great riches; 
up-u.-iCAii..c wealth; abundance. Also, 
opulency. 

nn it Inni (Qp'u-lent), adj. wealthy; rich; 

as an opulent merchant; abun¬ 
dant: luxuriant. 

a*- (or), cor.j. otherwise; either; else; as, you 
may take this book or that one. 
nr o rlo (or'a-kl), n. among the ancients, 
the reply of a deity or god, 
through an inspired priest, to some inquiry; 
the deity who gave the answer; the place 
where a deity might be consulted; the holy 
of holies in the Jewish temple; instruction 
given by God through his prophets; as, the 
divine oracle; a prophet or person of great 
wisdom. 

n rfir ii tor (S-rak'6-ldr), adj. of the 
nature of a propheev; hav¬ 
ing the'quality of authority or solemnity; 
uttering wise sayings or pronhecies; ambig 
uous, or having two possible meanings.— 
adv. oracularly.— n. oracularness. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far,'ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; finit, unite, barn, cut, focus, menu; 






oral 


429 


organ 


o-ral 


(o'r&l), adj. uttered by the mouth; 
spoken; as, an oral statement; per¬ 
taining to, or situated near, the mouth; as, the 
oral cavity.— adv. orally. 

prjcro (or'enj), n. an evergreen tree 
Ul-cxiigG fragrant white flowers and 

a deep golden-colored and juicy fruit; the 
fruit itself; the golden- or reddish-yellow 
color of such fruit; adj. pertaining to such 
fruit; of a deep golden- or reddish-yellow. 


nr Haiti ( &r - dan ') > to appoint or set 
ui-uam apart for some special work; 
as, to ordain a minister or priest; decree; es¬ 
tablish; as, fate ordains our destiny; God 
ordains what we shall or shall not do. 
nr Ana t (or'dS-al; or'del), n. an ancient 
Ui -UC-ai method of trial by fire, water, 
combat, etc., to determine the guilt or 
innocence of an accused person; hence, 
a severe trial or test. 


nr An CP aHp (6r*enj-ad'), n. a’ drink A (or'der), n. method or state of regu- 
Ui*uUgv;-auo made from orange juice. UX-IACX j ar arrangement ; as, to observe 

Or ancp man (or'enj-man), n. \pl. 
ur-dnge-man Orangemen (-men)], a 

member of a secret society of Irish Protestants, 
named from William III, Prince of Orange 
and King of England, whose cause the Irish 
Protestants supported in 1688. 

nr aVicp TV (or'enj-rl), n. a sheltered 
OX -exilic-J. y place for growing oranges. 

a ramr.il fan (6-rang'oo-tan"jf, n. a large 
O-Xdllg Ll-La.il manlike ape of Borneo and 
Sumatra. Also, ourang-outang. 

r!i +: nr| (6-ra'shun), n. a formal and 
O-i LIUIX dignified public speech delivered 
on an occasion of special importance; as, a 
funeral oration. > 

nr a tnr (or'd-ter), n. one who makes an 
Ul-d-lUi eloquent and dignified speech 
upon an occasion of special importance; a 
public speaker noted for skill and power. 

nr a fnr i ra 1 (or"d-tor'i-kal), adj. per- 
<Ui -a-tux -i-oax taining to, or suitable to, a 
skilful public speaker or to eloquent and 
dignified public speaking; as, oratorical 
gestures.— adv. oratorically. 
nr a +n ri n (or"d-tS'ri-5), n. a dramatic 
-d-LU-ll-U dialog in music, usually on 
a sacred theme, sung with an orchestra, but 
without action, scenery, or costume, 
nr a +n r\T (or'a-to-rl), n. the art of 
UI-o-LU-iy speaking well in public; elo¬ 
quence or skill in public speaking: [pi. 
oratories], a small chapel, especially one for 
private devotion. 

nrVk (orb), n. a globe; sphere; the eye or 
Ui U eyeball; that which is circular; as, 
the orb of the moon: r.t. to form into a circle; 
encircle; to shape into a globelike body. 

j (orbd), adj. round; as, the orbed 
UIUcU moon; encircled; as, orbed with 
light; having eyes: used in compounds; 
as, a bright -orbed maiden. 

nr ki’t (or'blt), n. the bony cavity which 
Ux-Ull contains the eye; the circular or 
nearly circular course followed by a heavenly 
body; as, the orbit of a planet, 
nr rharA (or'cherd), n. a garden of fruit 
Oi-LXloIU. trees; also, the trees collec¬ 
tively. 

iro (or kes-tra), n. in the ancient 
Or-LIIGb-li cl Greek theater, the place 
where the chorus danced; in a modern 
theater, etc., the place occupied by the 
instrumental musicians; the body of musi¬ 
cians; the collection of instruments, prin¬ 
cipally of the viol class, on which they play; 
the forward part or all of the main floor of a 
theater. 

nr /-Vi oc +ra1 (or-kes'tral; or'kes-tr5.1), 

UI-UIXUo-Licll adj. pertaining to, suited to, 

or performed by, a body of instrumental n rn a A ’ 71 

musicians: pertaining to certain instruments w-j. t/-ov* mythology, 
on which they play. 

nr r'Vino frA firm (6r"kes-tra'shun), n. 

Ux-LIIcb-LI ct-LiUXX the arrangement of a 

musical score so that it can be played by a 
number of instruments. 

nr r*ViiH (or'kld), n. a handsome showy 
UI-UIIIU. flower, often oddly shaped. 


order in one’s work; settled way of doing 
something; as, an order of worship; right work¬ 
ing condition; as, the machine is in good 
order; rule; regulation; command; as, to 
issue or obey an order; class; as, an order of 
plants; rank; degree; as, the order of nobility 
or of the common people; pi. the clerical 
office; a religious fraternity; as, an order of 
mo nks ; a group of persons set apart in some 
way, as by membership in a society, by honor 
conferred, or some other bond; public quiet 
or observance of law; as, order in the streets; 
a commission for something; as, an order for 
groceries: holy orders, the three orders (bishop, 
priest, deacon), of the Christian ministry: 
v.t. to regulate or manage; command; con¬ 
duct; direct; to give a command for; v.i. to 
give a command or order, 
nr A nr 1v (or'der-li), adj. regular; as, an 
Ui-tXCX-Xj orderly arrangement; methodi¬ 
cal; systematic; as, an orderly worker; well 
conducted or regulated; as, an orderly meet¬ 
ing; performed carefully and methodically; 
as. the task was done in an orderly manner; 
peaceable; as, an orderly crowd; quiet; 
obedient; as, an orderly class; charged, 
on military duty, with the carrying of com¬ 
mands; as, an orderly officer: adv. properly; 
n. a soldier who attends upon an officer to 
carry his orders; as, the colonel’s orderly; a. 
man who acts as general attendant in a hos¬ 
pital: orderly sergeant, orderly corporal, non¬ 
commissioned officers who carry commands. 
— n. orderliness. 

A\ (Qr'dI-nal), n. a number show- 

OI-tlX-XIoJ. i n g succession in a series; as. 
first, second, third are ordinals; a book con¬ 
taining certain church forms and services: 
adj. noting succession in a series; as, the* 
ordinal numbers are first, second, etc.; 
belonging to a class, as of plants, animals, 
etc. 

Ai nonro (or'dl-nans), n. an estab- 
Or-ai-XldJlCe fished rule, rite, or law; 
as, a city ordinance. 

nr Hi nA rxr (or'di-na-rl), adj. according 
Ui -vxx-xxci-x y to established custom or rule; 
usual; customary; commonplace; plain.— adv . 

ordinarily. 

nr Hi n a firm (or'di-na'shun), n. the act; 
01-U.l-Ilcl- IXUXl 0 f admitting to the Chris¬ 
tian ministry; as, the ordination of a 
minister; the state of being so appointed. 
nr A tifliirp (ord'nans), n. the general 
ui vI-IlolivC name for all kinds of weapons 
used in war; more strictly, the heavy guns; 
artillery; military supplies. 
nm (° r )> n - a mineral substance containing 
file one or more metais. 

(o're-ad), n. in Greek and Roman: 

a mountain nymph 

or fairy. 

nr crart (or'gan), n. a part of an animal 
UX-gtUx or vegetable, fitted to do some 
special duty; as, the organ of sight; a 
means of making known the opinions or 
official acts of a person or party, as a news- 
paper; a means by which an action is per- 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
£h = z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










organdi 


8 


430 


ornithologist 


formed; as, courts are the organs of justice; 
« large musical wind instrument with pipes, 
sounded by compressed air from bellows, and 
played upon by keys; asmallerinstrumentofthe 
same class, operated by pedals or a turning crank. 

cran Hip (or'gan-dl), n. a very fine 
UA -gau-uic mushn dress goods, often with 
delicately «olored patterns. Also, organdy. 

cron if (br-gan'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
-L»i -gdli-lO G f the nature of, or affecting, 
some organ of the body; as, an organic disease; 
pertaining to, or derived from, anything that 
has life in itself; as, fossils are remains of 
organic bodies; constitutional; inherent; as, 
an organic fault; containing carbon as an es¬ 
sential ingredient; as, an organic compound; 
systematized: organic chemistry, the chem¬ 
istry of carbon compounds. Also, organical. 
— adv. organically. 

cron icm (6r'gan-fzm), n. a member 
ul G f the animal or vegetable 

kingdom; anything that has life in itself; a 
foody composed of parts. performing special 
•duties that are dependent on each other; any¬ 
thing resembling such a body; as, the social 
organism. 

cr iTh ict (or'gan-fst), n. a player on the 
-gaiA-io t musical wind instrument called 
an organ. 

or-gan-i-za-tion a"n 

-animal or a plant, regarded as a whole, acting 
or working together; as. the organization of a 
fish; any body consisting of parts each of 
which performs a special duty; as, the edu¬ 
cational organization of the country; a body 
of persons united for some end or work; as, 
a church organization; the act of forming a 
union to work together for a common end; as, 
the organization of a club. 

<nr gflTl i7P (or'gan-Iz), v.t. to give life 
' 4 -' A- & CAAA ~ Aj2 ' t ' or being to; as, to organize 
a rebellion; to cause to unite and work to¬ 
gether in orderly fashion; as, to organize 
forces for a campaign; to arrange for a given 
purpose; as, to organize a club. 

<nr crv n - I vl- orgies (-jlz)J, a wild, 

VA "oJ drunken revel: usually in plural, 
irk ri (o'ri-el), n. a largo 
'u-ai-ca bay window which 
rests on a bracket. 

5Ti ri on f (o'ri-ent), n. the 
o-ii-ciH east: opposite to 

Occident , or west: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or coming from, 
the East; like sunrise; 
bright; precious; as, orient 
pearls: v.t. to set facing the 
east; to find the position of, 
in relation to the east; to 
find the bearings of, as in 
surveying; to set right in 
relation to some fixed rule 
or principle: Orient, n. the 
East; the countries of Asia, or the Far East- 
the countries bordering the eastern Mediter¬ 
ranean, or the Near East. 

O ri PT1 tfll (o"rI-en'tS,l), adj. pertaining 
^ A-i-Cll-lcU to, or situated in, the East; 
proceeding from Asia or the East: n. a 
native of Asia or the East: oriental, adj. 
gorgeous or magnificent; of bright colors. 
Juke those seen in the East.— adv. orientally. 

O-ri-en tal-ism (°* rif_ &\'t§,i-izm), n. an 

' , A LaA AcmA expression or custom 
peculiar to the East; knowledge of Eastern 
languages and literature. 

O-ri-en tal i^t (°' ,r I-en'tal-ist), n. one 

,T/ A , UtA_Abl Who knows well the 
lustory, language, and literature of the East. 



Oriel Window 


o-ri-en-tate 


(o'rl-en-tat"; o"ri-en'tat) .v.t. 
to place so as to face the 
east; to determine the position of, with ref¬ 
erence to the points of the compass: v.i. to 
face the east in worship. 

o-ri-en-ta-tion n ' «£? 

point so as to get one's bearings; eastward 
position; the placing of a church so that the 
altar shall be toward the east; the facing 
toward the east in worship; faculty or ability 
possessed by certain birds of finding their 
way home from distant places; ability to 
find and hold the right mental attitude 
toward a subject. 

r\r i (or'I-fls), n. a mouth or opening 

'- }A d-iitc into a cavity^ 

fit* i omm p (or'I-flam), n. the ancient 

'■' A -A_AAcAAAAAAA C royal standard of France, 
a red flag split at one end and forming flame¬ 
shaped streamers; any symbol of glory. 
Also, oriflamfo, auriflamme. 
nr i crin (or'i-jin), n. the beginning of 
VA “ A- & AAA anything; as, the origin of life; 
birth; parentage; source; cause; as, the origin 
of the trouble; derivation; as, the word is of 
Latin origin. 

Syn. beginning, occasion, root, rise. 

Ant. (see end, effect). 

n ricr i rial (6-rIj'I-nal), adj. of or pertain- 
V> “ A A t>~ A " AACAA ing to the beginning, or first 
state; as, original _ sin; an original edition 
of a book; not copied; as, an original paint¬ 
ing; able to create or invent that which is 
new; as, an original writer; having new 
ideas: n. that from which anything is copied; 
the language in which a translated work was 
written; an unusual person.— adv. originally. 
Syn. primitive, creative, novel. 

o-rip- i-nal i tv ^rp^-nai f-ti), n. the 

u Ai o 1 licu.-1-iy abjijty to create or 
make something new; as, the originality of 
an inventor; the quality of being new or 
novel; as, the originality of an idea; oddity. 
a -ri cr i p o fn (o-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring into 
v - AA &- A_AACAl ''c existence; invent; create: 
v.i. to begin to exist; to rise or spring from a 
source.— n. originator.^ 

O-riff-i-na-tion "Lna'shun), n. a 

UA1 o 1 aACI lauaa beginning; creation; in¬ 
vention; the_ causing to begin. 

n ri nip (o'rl-dl), n. any of various black 
y-L i-uic anc i yellow birds which build 
hanging nests, especially the golden thrush or 
golden oriole of Europe; any of certain Ameri¬ 
can birds which are colored black and orange, 
and which build hanging nests, 
nr i Qfin (or'1-zun), n. a praj r er of deep, 
u " A - U1A earnest devotion, regularly offered, 
nr mn 111 (^r'mo-loo), n. brass so finished 
-Aiiu-iu as to appear like gold. 

Or TM mprit (or'nd-ment), n. anything 
UJ. Iid.-II18I1L that adorns or beautifies: 
v.t. to adorn; bedeck; decorate. 

or-na-men-tal ( 6r '. n «- m ^n'tai), adj. 

ornamentally. 


serving to adorn.— adv. 


or-na-mpn fa firm (or'nd-men’ta'- 
Ui lict-liieii-ld.-L10n shun), n. decora¬ 
tion ; adornment. 

or-nafp (p r -nat'; or'nat), adj. much 
. i' . adorned or decorated; very ele¬ 
gant or finished; as, an ornate style in writing. 
— adv. ornately.—n. ornateness. 

or-ni-tho-log-i-cal • 

the stud* of birds. pertamm * » 

m . /a n w , « wt .X ... 

n. 
a 


rr-nitb o* -o-?ist (or^ni-thors-jist), 

>1111 iuy.U-ybl one wh o makes 


spec.al st udy of birds. 


rfcht E< ;^- e ’jM e ’ A b 4t ’ 1 °- C4 . 1 ’ ?- r ’ 4s . k ’ pflrade; sc6ne > Svent - 6d 8°- nora, refer; 
1 gAlt > sm > °bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 
















ornithology 


431 


orthographer 


a crxr ^ m-thbl o-jl), n. the 
or-m-moi-o-gy scientific study of birds, 
their form, structure, habits, etc. 

rncr rex nVi\r (&-r 6 g'rd-f!), n. the sci- 
O-IUg-ld - pity ence that treats of moun¬ 
tains, mountain systems, their height, etc. 

Also, orology. — adj. orographic, orographical. 

a rn litnrl (o'r 6 -tund; or'S-tund), adj. 
v-IU-lUxiU. having a full, clear, smooth 


quality; open, mellow, rich, and musical: 
said of the voice or maimer of utterance. 


A r -nil 011 c (or'fus; or'fe-us), n. m my- 
-pilCUo thology, a Thracian poet and 
musician, who, with his lyre, could draw to> 
himself beasts, rocks, and trees, 
nr ric (Or'Is), n • the iris, a plant, the dried 
UI -1 lb roots of which are usyd as a perfume or 
sachet powder, called orris root. Also, orrice. 
nr fhn Hny (or'tho-doks), adj. holding 
til - tlltl-tiUA. w hat is regarded as the cor® 
rect opinion, especially in regard to religion % 
approved; accepted: opposite to heterodox. 



5, bluebird 


: 3, scarlet tanager; 4, Baltimore oriole 
7, red-winged blackbird; 8, bobolink. 


Ornithology. 1, flicker; 2, blue jay: 

L 6, brown thrasher; 


or-phan 


(or'fan), n. a child who has lost 

— -one or, more commonly, both 

parents by death: adj. being without parents, 
because of their death: v.t. to deprive of a 
parent or parents. 

orro ( 6 r'fan-aj), n. the state 
Ol-pncUl-dge of being without parents; 
an institution for children whose parents are 
dead. _ ,, . 

Or phe an L 6r ‘? g,an)> per^ming to 


enchanting. 


Orpheus; hence, 
Also, Orphic. 


melodious, 


~ Arw it ( 6 r'tho-dok"si), n. a hold* 
or-tno-aox-y xng to, or a following of, 
the accepted or common belief or opinion of &> 
church; soundness of belief or doctrine. 

_ _ 4 .U „ *r — TT (br'tho- 6 -pi; or-tho'S-pI), fi, 
or-inu-e-py the art of correct pronunci¬ 
ation.— n. orthoepist. — adj. orthoepic, or- 
thoepical. 

._ At,-. — -o nUnr (dr-thog'ra-fer), n. one 

or-tnog-ra-pner W h 0 knows thoroughly 

the principles of spelling; one who spell? 
correctly. Also, orthographist. 


w - - —— -- 

boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw = wh as in when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn 















orthographic 


432 


otter 


or-tho-graph-ic ££2Ki;f rS £' k k 



adj. 

pertaining to correct 
spelling; correctly spelled; pertaining to right 
lines and angles. Also, orthographical. 

or - thog- ra-phy 

(6r-th6g'rd-fi), n. the art of 
spelling words correctly; the 
way of grouping letters to 
form words. 

or-tho-pe-dic 

<6r"th6-ped'ik), adj. having 
to do with the curing or pre¬ 
senting of deformities, espe¬ 
cially in children; as, an or¬ 
thopedic hospital.— n. ortho¬ 
pedics. Ortolan 

(Of to 1 fin (or tS-lan), n. 

'Ua-lu-xcux a member of the bunting family 
of birds, much prized for its flesh; in the 
United States, the bobolink. 

<0 rvY (o'riks; or'Jlcs), n. an African oxlike 
U ‘ X ) A animal of the antelope family. 

O cfl crp (o-saj'; o'saj), n. one of a tribe of 
v ’ oa b c American Indians, originally in¬ 
habiting the region of the Arkansas 
Osage rivers. 

oc ril Info (bs'I-lat), v.i. to swing back- 
oo-cu-iaio wards and forwards, as the 
pendulum of a clock; vibrate: v.t. to cause 
to swing back and forth. _ 

(OC ril la firvn (bs"I-la'shun), n. a swing- 
<Ub-LLL-ld.-LlOn ing backwards and for¬ 
wards, as a pendulum; vibration; a waver¬ 
ing, as of opinion. 

<nc ril la tor (Ss'I-la'tSr), n. one who, or 
Oo-t/Il-id- lUI that which, moves back¬ 
ward and forward like a pendulum; a device 
for producing electric waves of definite lengths 
from electric currents of definite frequency; 
a device for producing electric vibrations in a 
wireless telegraph system. 
q oil 1o fr, ■**•*t (Ss'I-la-to-rl), adj. swing- 

ob-Lii-id-io-ry ^ back and forth . vl _ 

forating. 

oo ppi 1 ofp (Ss'kft-lat), v.t. to kiss: v.i. 
Vo-lrU.-xo.lc; to kiss one another. 

(fjq pii 1 o finn (os^kfi-la'shun), n. the act 
VO tU-ia tlUII 0 f kissing; a kiss. 

<nq PU If! th fv ,d>s'kfl-ld-t&-rl), n. a tab- 
VO U-xo-LU-iy j e t or board on which the 
picture of Christ or the Virgin Mary is painted 
for worshipers to kiss; adj. pertaining to 
kissing. 

(rt qi<ar (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs of 
v-oxcx which are used In basket making; 
a similar plant 
<of another fam- 
ily, as the 
. American dog- 
wood: adj. 
made of, or 
consisting of, 
willow twigs. 

os-prey 

(ds'pra), n. a 
large hawk that 
feeds on fish; 
the fish hawk. 

Also, ossifrage. 

OS-Se-OUS (Ss'8-fis), 

consisting of, or like, bone. 

,r»q qi po ft on (os"I-fl-ka'shun), n. the 
bX-Xi-C/Ct-LXUli rhano'ino' nf cnft- animal 

tissue into bofie 
(HQ qi fv (osi-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. ossified, 
vo-oi-ijf p.pr. ossifying], to convert or 



change into bone or into a bonelike sub¬ 
stance; harden: v.i. to become bone. 

r»q fpn ci KIa (os-ten'si-bl), adj. 6eem- 
oo-ion-ax-uxc ing; professed; pretended; 

apparent; as, an ostensible reason or purpose. 
— adv. ostensibly. 

f^r, fo finn (5s't§n-ta'shftn), n. un- 
t,cAA- ia- li vii necessary show or parade; 

ambitious or vain display. 

Syn. boast, pomp, flourish. 

Ant. (see modesty). 

os-ten-ta-tious 

tended for vain display; showy; gaudy; as. 
ostentatious jewelry.—adr.^ostentatiously. 

nc ffi a] a nri of (bs^te-ol'S-jlst), n. one 
Ob-ie-OI-O-glSI who is skilled in the * 

study of the bones of vertebrate animals, or 
those that have a backbone. 
r»c -to r\ cnr (6s"te-ol'o-ji), n. the sclen- 
Ob-LC-UI-U-gy tiflc study of the bones 
of vertebrate animals, or those that have a 
backbone. 

nc f#a n ■nofh (bs'tg-6-path), n. one who 
uo-LC-sj-jJdlXX treats disease by manipu¬ 
lating the bones, muscles, and nerves, 
and a o fp a noiVi ip ( os^tS- 6 -pS.th Ik), adj. 
uo-ic-u-^am-lb pertaining to the system 
of treating disease by manipulating the bones, 
muscles, and nerves. 

ft<5 fp ftft A ffliqf (Ss'tS-Sp'd-thTst), n. 
Vb - 1C - up -O. - Ullb L one who is skilled In 

or who practices the treatment of disease by 
manipulating the bones, muscles, and nerves. 

/vq fp ftft fi fhv (Ss^tS-bp'd-thl), n. a 
Ub-LC-up-d-lliy S y S tem of treating dis 

ease by manipulating the bones, muscles, and 

nerves. 

nqf Ipt (osfier), n. a man who attends to 
uot-AOA horses at an inn; a stableman. 
Also, hostler. 

ac fro riom (bs'trd-slzm), n. banishment, 
vo-LA<x-V/Aoiii or a driving out by popular 
vote: the ancient custom in Athens of banish¬ 
ing a citizen who was unpopular; exclusion 
from favor by general consent; as, his 
ostracism by society was the result of his 
own conduct. 

nq fra (os'trd-siz), v.t. to banish or 

uo-ua-uxc drive out by popular vote; 
to put out of public or private favor; as, he 
was ostr adzed from 
good society. 

oq frirh (os'trich), 

Ub-lIIl/Il n a V ery 

large and swift-footed 
African bird, the 
largest bird known, 
valued for its feathers. 

ftfVl pr (uth'er), adj. 
uua-oa not the same; 
different; as, I have 
other matters to attend 
to; additional; more; 
as, I have other sisters; 
opposite; as, the other 


Osprey 

adj. pertaining to, 

--'shun), n. the 

changing of soft animal 



Ostrich 


side of the street; second; as, every other line* 
adv. otherwise; as, she could not do other 
than help him: pron. the opposite one of 
two; as, one or the other of you; a different 
person or thing: conj. or; either. 

ftth-pr wiqp ('J^'er-wiz"), adv. in a 
VLiX Ci Wi&C different way; differently; 

as, he could not do otherwise; in different 
conditions or respects; as, I know him pro¬ 
fessionally, but not otherwise: conj. else* 
adj. different^ 

ftf fpr n. a fish-eating animal of 

vl lca tho wAacoi family living in the 


water, and valued for Its fur. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, pdrade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bixrn, cut, focus, menu* 








Ottoman 


433 


outlook 


Ot tn mtari (6t'6-m5n), adj. pertaining to, 

wi-io-man or like the Turks or their 

J government: n. a Turk: ottoman, a cush- 
oned seat, somewhat like those used in Turkey; 
a movable cushioned foot rest. 
ah nttn (oo'bl&-et'), n. in ancient 

uu - un -cue castles, a dungeon, commonly 
with an entrance only through the ceiling. 

[Fr.J 

niicrht v. to be under obligation; 

be fit, necessary, or proper: used 
chiefly as a helping verb: n. and adv. any¬ 
thing; aught. 

nutim (ouns), n. a weight of one-sixteenth etc. 

of a pound avoirdupois; one- 
twelfth of a pound troy; an Asiatic animal 
like the leopard. 

(our), poss. pron. and adj. of or pertain- 
vux ing to us; as, our school: when not 
followed by a 
noun, ours; as, 

this dear coun- fcM A) *. v ,„ Miy 
try of ours. 

ou-r e-b i 

(Oo'rfe-be). n. a 
South African 
antelope having 
lateral hoofs 
and tufts on the 

knees; it is yel- ~ . . 

lowish with Ourebi 

white below, and has straight, ringed horns. 

A.. r cJttoc (our-selvz'), pron. pi. we or 

OUi-oClVCo us, not others: 
or reflexive form. 







an emphatic 


OUSt (° ust ^’ v ' t ' to e J ec * or turn out; as, to 


oust a person from a position. 
rk11 x (out), adv. without; not within or at 
t-'Ul home; as, to live out at service; abroad; 
forth; as, to let the secret out; not in office, 
possession, or action; as, three players on our 
Bide are out; not in existence or continuance; 
as, put the light out; in error; as, your figures 
are out; without restraint or fully; loudly; 
as, to speak out: inter j. begone I n. one who 
Is not in office: out-, a prefix to many self- 
explaining compounds, in the sense of more 
than or beyond; as, ouf-balance. 

, 1 + «nr1_rnif (out*&nd=out'), adj. thor- 
UU.L-cU.iU UUL OU gh; complete: aav. com¬ 
pletely; thoroughly. 

iMit Vu-nalr (out'brak'). n. a bursting 
UUl-Uicah. forth; as, an outbreak of 

fever. 

f KulM in cr (out'bll'dlng), n. a struc- 
OUl- DUllU-mg ture apart from, but be¬ 
longing to and used by, the main house, as 
a barn, shed, etc. 

■an* Kurct (out'bfirst'), n. a breaking 
-SUI-DUrSL forth; an outbreak. 
ni1 i (out'kast'), n. one who is turned 

UUL-LdbL or driven forth; one who is 
despised socially; a vagabond; exile: ad). 
driven forth; rejected; forlorn; degraded. 
mi+ place (out-klas'), v.t. to surpass or 
UUl-Llaoo excel in quality, skill, etc. 

(out'kum'), n. the result or 
UUL-UUiiiC consequence of an act. 

A11 i n-re\r\ (out'krop'), n. the coming out 
UUl-UIUp of strata or layers of rock, etc., 
to the surface of the ground: v.i. to come 
out to the surface of the ground, 
nnf mr (out'kri'), n. clamor; uproar; 
UUl-Lljf confused noise. i 

plio torinn (out-dls'tSns). v.t. to out- 
Uul-Ulb-LallUC strip; to go faster than; 

excel in speed. 


out-do 


(out-d<55'), v.t. to surpass; excel; 
as, he tried to outdo his opponents, 
rmf rlnni- (out'dor"), adj. not inside the 
UUl-UUUi walls of a building; in the open 
air.— adv. and n. outdoors. 

nut nr (° ut 'er), adj. being on the outside: 
uut-ci opposite to inner. 

Aiii* a■*- Yyi Aci (out er—most), adv. farthest 
UUl-er-niObl on the outside. 

nut focp (out-fas'), v.t. to stare (one) 
uui-iatc ou t of countenance; to defy. 

nut fall (out'fol'), n. the mouth, or place 
uui-ian 0 f discharge, of a river, culvert, 

nut fiplfl (out'feld'), 

UUL-llClU hn.sp.ball i 


n. the part of a 
baseball ground beyond the 
diamond; the players outside the diamond. 
— n. outfielder. 

out-fit *2’ 


n. all the articles neces¬ 
sary for any under taking; as, the 
outfit for a journey or expedition; a bride’s 
outfit: v.t. and v.i. to furnish with every¬ 
thing necessary for an undertaking.—n. 
outfitter. 

nut flautr- (out-flank'), v.t. to go or pass 
u u L-llaJAn. around the sides of; to get 
the better of (an enemy) by passing or 
extending troops around the extreme right 
and left positions of his army. 

nut trnu pr ol (out-jen'er-cLl),r.I. to excel 
uui-gcn-ci-ai in management; to sur¬ 
pass in military skill. 

nut ern (out'go"), n. that which goes out; 
uut-gu that which is paid out; outlay; 
as, the outgo was greater than the in¬ 
come: v.t. (out'go'), to go beyond; surpass; 


nu cnl (63'zl). n - the European blackbird, excel. 

UU-bCi Also, ouzel. nil f vr . (out'go'Ing), adj. leaving; de- 

uut-gu-mg parting; as, outgoing baggage: 
n. departure: pi. expenses. 


nut crrnwth (out'groth'), n. anything 
OUl-grOWlil that grows out of, or pro¬ 
ceeds from, anything else; a result. 
ni1 f TJpk-r nH (out=her'fid), v.t. to exceed 
Uul“XiCi-UU the cruelty or violence of 
(Herod, the Great); hence, to exceed in any 
evil. 

nut fn<x (out'Ing), n. a short excursion or 
UUl-lilg pleasure trip; an airing. 

nut 1 onicti (out-lan ' dish), adj. strange ; 
UU.L-IaIlU.-lbH unfamiliar; uncouth; as, 
outlandish conduct or dress; far away.— adv. 
outlandishly.—n. outlandishness, 
nut law (out'ld'), n. one who is deprived 
UUL-iaw 0 f legal rights and protection; 
a disorderly person; one who flees from 
justice: v.t. to deprive of legal benefits and 
protection; to remove from legal control; 
as, to outlaw a claim.— n. outlawry, 
nut 1 atr (out'la'), n. that which is spent, 
UUl-iay either money or effort, in any 
undertaking. 

nut Int (out'let), n. a means of passing 
UUk-lCl OU f ; exit; vent. 

nut linn (°ut'lin'), n. the mark that 
UUL-Illic shows the outer limits or shape 
of a figure; in drawing, a sketch which shows 
the shape of figures without light and shacle; 
in writing or speaking, a first draft or sketch 
in words; as, an outline of a lecture: v.t. to 
draw the limiting mark or edge of; to state 
the plan of in words. 

nut livn (out-llv'), v.t. to be in existence 
UUL-i.lv C longer than; to survive. 

nut Innlr (out'look"), n. a view, as seen 
UUl-lUUxv by one who looks from a window 
or other opening; present state or future 
prospect of things; as, a favorable outlook; 
foresight; a place where watch is kept; a 
watchtower; a lookout; a sentinel. _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






^outlying 


434 


overcharge 


r»,lt 1 v j-no- (out'li'Ing), adj. being distant 
uul *V -A1A & from the center, or main body; 
remote; detached. 

«rkii+ m (out'most), adv. farthest out- 
OUX-mOSt side; outermost. 

nuf rmm hpr (out-num'bgr), v.t. to be 
<UUl-lium-Uer more than, in number. 

Ant riort (out'pSrt"), n. a port or harbor at 
L S ome distance from the chief port. 
•Out pocf (out'post"), n. a body of troops 
UlU-yual stationed at a distance from the 
main army to guard against surprise: the posi¬ 
tion occupied by them. 

nilt mit (out'poot"). n. quantity produced, 
uiu-pui as from a mine or mill; the yield. 

nilt rc\ crn (out'raj), n. gross insult or 
uui-iagc injury; a cruel or violent act: 
v.t. to treat with violence and abuse; to 
injure by rough treatment; to rape. 

out ra crpmic (out-ra/jus), adj. violent; 
vuwa-gcuuo atrocious; excessive; with- 


shocking; as, his 

adv. outrageously. 


out regard for decency 
•conduct was outrageous 
—n. outrageousness. 
r»ii Iro (oo"tra'), adj. extremely odd; exag- 
UU-lIc gerated. [Fn.l 

-nilt rid (out'rId"er), n. a servant on 
u 1-1 iu-ci horseback who rides in advance 
of a carriage. 

•nilt ricr crpr (out'rfg"er), n. on a ship, a 
uuwl b"b Ci projecting spar or beam for 

• extending sails or ropes; a boat with attach¬ 
ments at the sides to keep it from upsetting. 

nilt ric/ht (out'rit*; out"r.t'), adv. com- 
u l-a AgAA l pietely; openly; at once; imme¬ 
diately: adj. (out'rit"), downright; straight¬ 
forward. 

nilt opt (out'sSt*), n. a start; the begin- 
uui-oci ning of a business, journey, etc. 

cViiriP (out-shin'), v.t. to be brighter 
uui-oimic or more splendid than: v.i. to 
shine forth. " *, 

• mit ciHp (out'sid'; out'sTd'), n. the part 
uui-siuc 0 f anything that is on the sur¬ 
face or that is seen; as, the outside of a house; 
the farthest limit; as, I shall return in a 
week, at the outside: adj. pertaining to, or 
situated upon, the surface or outside; external 
or exterior; reaching the limit; having no 
part in: adv. beyond the border; without: 
prep, beyond the limit of; out of; without. 

nilt ciH pr (out"sTd'er), n. one that does 
\aiaa-oaaa-ca n ot belong to a given party, 
company, etc. 

oiif clrirto (eut'skfirts"), n. pi. the edges, 
uuL-ojaiito as of a town; parts far from 
the center. 

out qnn Irp-n (out'spo'kn; out'spo'kn), 
UUl ojJU-ivcIl a dj m candid; free or bold 

of speech; frank; as, he was very outspoken. 
— adv. outspokenly. —n. outspokenness. 

nilt cjtfind in o’ (out-stand'Ing), adj. un- 
Uul-old.liU.-lIlg collected; unpaid; as, 

outstanding debts. 

Ollt cjtrin (put-strlpO. v.t. to go faster 
UUL-oiiiJj than; to 1 eave behind; to excel. 

Ollt Wfll*H (out'werd), adj. pertaining to 
uui-waiu the exterior of an object; 
exterior; outside; external; outer; visible; 

■ as, outward appearance; moving out from 
within; as, the outward course of a ship: 
adv. away from an inner place; on the sur¬ 
face; externally; apparently. Also, adv. 
outwards, outwardly. 

out-ward hound (°.yt'w?rd bound), 

vul Wctltl UUU11U sailing from a home 
port to foreign parts; as, outward bound 
vessels. 

v.t. 

one 


out-wear 


to last longer 
pair of these 


shoes will outwear two pairs of those; to 
outlive; outgrow. 

-iirtf (out-wit'), v.t. to defeat, or get thi 
uui-wil better of, by superior skill or 
cunning; as, to outwit an enemy. 
r\ii+ \xTf\-rh- (out'werk"), n. a defense or 
UUl-WUlA protection built beyond the 
main body of a fort, etc. 
n va n.pl. of ovum: egg cells, or 

s U-vct e gg Si i n the widest sense. [Lat.J 
n val (o'val), adj. shaped like an egg: n. 
'-'“ vaA anything egg-shaped. 

O va rv (o'va-rl), n. [pi. ovaries (-rlz)J, the 
” v CA_A j organ in a female animal in which 
the ova, or first germs of future life, are 
formed; the hollow seed-case of a plant.— adj. 
ovarian. 

O vafp (o'vat), adj. shaped like the length- 
\j-va tc wise section of an egg: used in 
botany, of a flat surface, 
ova ft on (^-va'shun), n. applause and ad- 
v <*■-*’*'-*11 miration for a hero or favorite; 
a noisy demonstration of public esteem; as, 
Mr. Roosevelt received a tremendous ovation. 
OV pn (uv'n), n ' a place for baking, heat- 
V v -gaa ing, or drying, usually connected 
with a stove or range. 

O VP1* (c'ver), prep, in higher position, 
u ’ VCi authority, dignity, excellence, or 
value than; above; as, the roof over one’s 
head; upon; as, to carry a shawl over one’s 
arm; across; as, to jump over a ditch; cover¬ 
ing; as, to wear a cape over the shoulders; 
more than; as, he spent over ten dollars; 
throughout; as, to stay over the week-end; 
to travel over the plains: adv. from beginning 
to end; as, to talk the matter over; from 
one to another; as, to make over property; 
from one side to the other; as, to go over to 
the enemy; in excess; as, all that is left over; 
so as to bring the opposite side up; as, to 
turn a coin over; so as to be upright no 
longer; as, to topple over; from end to end; 
throughout; as, a landscape dotted over with 
trees; once again; as, I will do it over; 
across the brim; as, the kettle boiled over; 
at an end; as, it is all over: adj. higher; 
superior; as, an over-lord: n. in cricket, the 
time during which balls are delivered by one 
bowler: over-, a prefix to many self-explaining 
words, in the sense of too much. Loo great, too 
long, etc., as to over -act, etc. 

O VP1* sillc (o'ver-olz"), n.pl. loose trousers 
v-vvi-auo WO m over other trousers to 
protect them from soil, dirt, etc. 

O vpr hpar (©"ver-bar'), v.t. to bear down, 
v-»ci-uga a as by greater weight or force; 
overcome; to domineer over: v.i. to produce 
young or fruit too freely. 

o. ver-bear-ing ad Jn 

overbearing disposition or manner. 

O Vpr hoard (p^ver-bord"), a.dv. over the 
V VC1 uuctiu S1 de Of a ship; from a ship 

into the water. 

O-Ver-hur rlpn (o"ver-bfir'dn), v.t. to 
u vci uui tlcll load with too heavy a 

weight; to oppress with work, anxiety, etc. 

o-ver-cap-i-tal-ize 

the capital value_ of as greater than it is. 
n vpr rpot (o^ver-kast'), v.t. to cover 
°ver; to cloud; darken- 
(o ver-kast"), sew over and over; take long 
loose stitches over (the raw edges of a seam> 
to prevent raveling. 

O-Ver.charp-p (6"ver-charj'), v.t. to fill or 

V V , , load too heavily, as a gun; 

to ask too high a price from or for: n. (5'ver- 
charj*), too heavy a load: too high a price. 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, peradej scene, event, edge, novel, refer - 

right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare j dnit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menuj 






u^ercoat 


435 


overtake 


r\ vAr mat (o'ver-cot"), n. an outside 
U*VCl-tU(U coat worn over the other 
garments. 

vpr mm a (d"ver-kum'), v.t. to get the 
u-vci-tuiuo better of; conquer; hence, 
to make helpless: v.i. to be victorious. 
n upr (o"ver-do30, v.t. to go too far in 
U-VCi-UU doing; exaggerate; to weary by 
overwork: v.i. to go beyond one’s strength; to 
exert oneself too much. 

n tt Ar Hraw (o'ver-dro'), v.t. to exag- 
U-vci-uiaw gerate; in banking, to make 
drafts or checks in greater amounts than the 
money one has in bank. 

n vpr Hr acc (d"ver-dres'), v.t. to bedeck 
U-VCl-uiCoa or array to excess; to put too 
many adornments on. 

e\ VAr Hii A (o'ver-du*; o"ver-du'). adj. un- 
U-vci-uuc paid or not present at the 
proper time for payment or arrival. 
a vAr flow (o'ver-flo"), n. the spreading 
O-VCr-llUW of water or other liquid 
beyond its proper limits; that which goes 
beyond its proper limits; space allowed for 
something to spread or pour into: v.t. (o"ver- 
flo'), to flood; to cover with liquid: v.i. to 
pass the limi ts; to be more than full. 
n ’,TAr crrmim (o'ver-gron"; o"ver-gron'), 
o-ver-giuwil adj. covered with too much 
herbage, etc.; as, a field overgrown with weeds; 
grown too large; too big for one’s age, etc. 

a TTAt* han H (o'ver-hand"). adj. down 
U- v ci -iiaJ-iu. from above; as, an overhand 

blow; grasping with the palm down, or in 
toward the body: adv. (5'ver-hand"; over¬ 
hand'), so that the palm is down, or turned 
in toward the body; as, to catch a ball overhand. 
a trAt- herncr (o"ver-hang'), v.t. and v.i. to 
U-vci-uaug project beyond and above: 
n. (5'ver-hang), a projection or jutting out; 
the distance over which something projects. 
a TTor Viciitl (oVer-hol'), v.t. to examine 
O-VcI-IIdUl thoroughly for the purpose of 

on 
adj. 

(o'ver-hgd"), situated*above; passing through 
the air; pertaining to what is above or aloft: 
overhead charges, that part of the expense of 
a business which is not included in the actual 
purchase of materials, cost of production, etc., 
as rent, insurance, heating, advertising, etc. 
a TTAt- ViAor (o"ver-her'), v.t. to hear 
U- Vcl -llcdl (something) not said to one 
or intended for one to hear; to hear (some 
one) whose remarks are not spoken to one 
or intended for one to hear. 

„ “tn ft A (o'ver-land"), adj. and adv. 
O-VGrrlclIiU across the land rather than 
the sea; as, adj., an overland journey. 

^ xror 1 an (o"ver-lap'), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and 
J-V ci -ldjJ jp.'p. overlapped, p.pr. overlap¬ 
ping], to extend over the edge of something: 
n. (o'ver-lap"), the extension, and amount 
of extension, of one thing over the edge of 
another. _ , 

a TTAt* 1 q tt (o"ver- la'), v.t. to spread above 
O-VcI-ldy or across, as a cover or layer: n. 
a thin sheet of paper, used in printing, to make 
the impression heavier. 

a TTAt- IaaV (o"ver-look'), v.t. to look down 
U-VCI-IOUxi. on from above; to inspect; 
to watch over; to fail to notice; to pass over 
without punishing, etc. 

a -km a 4-aV* (o" ver-mach'), v.t. to be 

o-ver-maten more than egual to; to 

defeat; vanquish. 

a vAr mnrVi (ov'er-much" 1 ,, adj. too great: 
u-ver-mucil n , too large an amount: 

adv. (5"ver-much')~ too greatly 



o vpr nierht (oVer-nit'), adj. and adv. 
'■'-VCI i n the evening previous; 

for the time from evening till morning. 
a VAr nine (o'ver-plus), n. excess; sur- 
U-v Ci-piUo plus; what remains. 

A VAr A A XIT A r (o"ver-pou'er), v.t. to bear 
Gl-pUW-t?r down or crush by superior 
force; vanquish or conquer; as, to overpower 
sm enemy; to affect greatly.— p.adj. over¬ 
powering. 

o-ver-pro-duc4ion < h 6 4 Sr n - p f r - a 1S g 

or making of more than is needed;, supply in 
excess of demand; as, an overproduction of 
grain. 

n T7 -„ r (o'ver-rat') , v.t. to set too 

"- VCA_A dtC high a value upon. 
n raarh (6"ver-rech'), v.t. to reach 

U-vci-xcaPU above or beyond; to miss 
or overshoot by attempting too much; to de 
feat (oneself) by doing too much; to get the, 
better of by trickery; cheat. 
n ,, pr rirlA (°"ver-rkl'), v.t. to trample 
U- V Ci -i 1UC down ; to set aside tyrannically; 
as, to override a decision; to disregard the 
right or wishes of. 

a VAr rill A (d"ver-rool'), v.t. to decide 
U-VCi-iUlC against; as, to overrule an 
objection; to cause to change an intention, 
decision, etc.: v.i. to control others by influ¬ 
ence, character, etc. 

a vAr riin (o"ver-run'), v.t. to grow or 
U-VCi-um spread over in great quantity 
or numbers; invade; infest; in baseball,, 
to go beyond, as a base; in printing, to carry 
over, as type, to another line; to change the* 
arrangement of by a change of lines: v.i. to 
spread, flow, or extend over something or 
beyond the limits of something. 
a vAr cAflC (o"ver-sez'), adj. and adv. 
U-Vcl-scaa across the ocean. Also„ 

oversea. 

A vAr cap (o"ver-se'), v.t. to inspect; 
U-VC1-&CC superintend. 

a vAr oAAr (o"ver-se'er; o'ver-se"er), n. 
U-VCi-oCCi the superintendent of some- 
department of a business; one who looks over 
or inspects the work of laborers. 

a VAr chflH aw (o"ver-shad'o), v.t. to 
0-Vv/I-olld.tl-OW throw a shade over; 

darken; to be more important than. 
a vAr oil a A (o'ver-shoo"), n. a waterproof 
vi-VCl-OIlvc shoe, worn over another. 

o-ver-shot wheel 

(o'ver-shot hwel), a water 
wheel which is driven by 
water flowing over its top. 

o-ver-sight 

watchful care; manage¬ 
ment; failure to see or 
observe; something not 
seen or observed. 

0-Ver-state stitT,; e .< r to put into too strong- 
terms; to exaggerate; to express too forcefully. 

a VAr ctAn (o"ver-step'l, v.i. and v.t. to go 
o-ver-sicp too far; to go beyond one 
right in speaking, acting, etc.; to transgress. 
. (o"ver-sub-skr b) v.t. 

O-Ver-SUb-SCriDe to promise to buy 
a larger amount (cf stock or bonds) than is 
offered for sale; as, the people oversubscribed. 
the Liberty Loan. _ 

_ Tror x (o'vert), adj. open to new; publicly 
O-VCIl seen or known; as, an overt act.— 
adv. overtly. 

a VAr fair A (d'ver-tak'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
U-Vcl-lahc overtook, v.vr. overtaking!. 



Overshot Wheel 


ooot,toot; found; boil; junction;chase;good; joy; then, thick,hw — \vhasin w en^ 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn- 









over the top 

to catch up with; as, to overtake a runaway 
horse; take by surprise; as, to be overtaken 
by a storm. 

O wpf ftip ton (o'ver the tSp), in the 
tile lOp World War, the order 
to charge from the trenches: also applied to 
a successful effort to raise a sum of money 
or accomplish a desired end._ 

O TTrtv tlimw (c ver-thro'), v.t. to turn 
U pside down; defeat; de¬ 
stroy: n. (5'ver-thro"), ruin; defeat. 

v7Pt* timp (o'vgr-tlm'), n. hours of 
'U-vgi-u.j.j.j.c W ork beyond the regular 
hours: adj. and adv. after the regular hours, 
n vat* frmp (o'ver-ton"), n. a harmonic, 
U-vci-iuuc or partial tone heard with 
and above its fundamental, or lower, tone. 

n vpt* turp (o'ver-tur), n. an offer or 
u-vci-iuic proposal; opening; a piece 
of music played before the commencement 
of an opera, etc. 

O TT Pr furn (oWer-tfim'), v.t. to conquer 
-VGi-LUi.zi to cause to upset; to throw 
from a firm position: v.i. to upset: n. (o'ver- 
tfirn), act of overthrowing or upsetting; 
state of being overthrown or upset. 

fi UpT wann inp’ (o*ver-wen'Ing), adj. 
©-ver-weeil-lllg conceited; too self- 

confident. 

O ver tt/U (o"ver-hwglm'), v.t. to flow 

~ * Cl -WlieilU over completely; swallow 
up, as by a flood; to crush utterly; oppress 
beyond bearing; as, overwhelmed by grief.— 
adj. overwhelming. — adv. overwhelmingly. 
Syn. defeat, vanquish. 

xjrArlr ( o i cr-wflrk ), v.t. to impose 
* cr-WUllv too much labor upon; de¬ 
mand results beyond one’s capacity; as, to 
•overwork a servant: v.i. to labor too hard or 
beyond one’s strength: n. exertion beyond 
one’s strength. 

o-ver-wrought 

■wrought nerves; done to excess; too elaborate, 
as embroidery. 

vniH (° v oId), n. an egg-shaped body: 
■u-vuiu erfj. egg-shaped. Also, adj. ovoidal. 

O ttiiI a (o'vul), n. a little egg; an egg in an 
- v uic early stage of growth. 

n Vlim (o'vum), n. [pi. ova (o'vd)], an egg; 
■u-vu.j .11 a seed; in architecture, an egg- 
shaped ornament; an egg in an early stage of 
growth; an ovule. 

nwp v t - to be obliged to pay; as, to owe 
uvvc an apology; be obliged or indebted for: 
v.i. to be in debt: often with to. 

in cr (o'Ing), p.pr. and adj. due as a 
vw-uig, debt; ascribable to as a result: 
with to; as, his success was 
owing to his honesty. 

nwl (° u b. n • a bird that 
VVV1 flies at night, known 
for its large head and eyes 
and for its hoot.— adj. owlish, 
mirl of (oul'et), n. a young 
VWl-cl ow ] ; a certain 
small owl of Europe. 

.nwn (on), adj. belonging to 
■VlWIi oneself or itself; 
peculiar or proper to: v.t. to 
possess or hold by right; 
admit or acknowledge, as a 
fault: v.i. to confess: fol¬ 
lowed by to. 

mxm pr (on'er), n. one 
wxa-gx who has or pos¬ 
sesses; a proprietor. 

Own Pr.dhin (° n er-shlp), n. sole right 
vYYu-gi-omp of possession; proprietor¬ 
ship; as, the ownership of land. _ 


436 


ozone 



(6ks), n. [pi. oxen (dk'sn)], a domestic 
bovine, or animal of the cow family, 
used as a beast of burden. 

nv cal ir or iH (Sk-s&l'Ik Ss'Id), a pol- 
ua-cu-iv O.G- 1 U sonous compound ob¬ 
tained from many vegetable substances, and 
used in bleaching, removing stains, etc. 

OY PVP (&ks'0. n - any of various plants of 
UA-cjfC the aster family; as, the oxeye 
daisy; a name given to a number of birds, 
including the black-bellied plover. 

fnrrl (oks'ferd), n. a low, laced shoe, 
wa-iuiu tying over the instep. 

n Y i rlo firm (ok'si-da'shfin), n. the oper- 
w_a.-j.-u. a.- uun ation of converting or 
changing into an oxide, or mixture of oxygen 

and another element. 

fiY iflp (nk'sld; ok'std), n. a mixture of 
oa-iuc oxygen and another element. Also, 
oxld. 

av i Hi7P (ok'sl-dlz), v.t. to convert into 
VJA_1_ '- AAZyc an oxide, or a compound of 
oxygen with another element; to give a dull 
finish to, as metal; as, oxidized silver: v.i. to 
be converted into an oxide. Also, oxidate.— 
n. oxidizer. 

Ay 1j n (bks'llp), n. a variety of primroSe. 
'“'■ A ■“ AA r , much like the cowslip. 

OY V crpn (ok'sT-jen), n. a colorless, odor- 
UA 7 ~&^' AA less, tasteless gas, which forms 
one-flfth by volume of the atmosphere, and 
which when mixed with hydrogen forms water. 



Apparatus for the preparation of Oxygen 
from Chlorate of Potassium. A, retort 
containing the chlorate: B, safety tube; 

C, test tube in which the gas is collected. 

flY V CPtl ilfp (bk'sl-jen-at), v.t. to oxi- 
UA -j'-& cli - <llc dize; to treat with oxygen. 
— n. oxygenation. 

ox-y-hy-dro-gen SSStSSW 

ture of oxygen and hydrogen: n. oxyhydrogen 
gas: oxyhydrogen blowpipe,an instrument by 
which an intense heat is produced by burning 
hydrogen in oxygen. 

OY V toriP (ok'sl-tdn), n. an acute sound: 
oA-jf-imio a dj . having a sharp sound; 
hating the last syllable accented. 

O vpr (°'yer; oi'yer), n. a hearing or trla 1 

CA of legal cases. 

o-yer and ter-min-er Jg r 7 1 ® I r _ n 8 £ ) d 

a higher criminal court. 

O vpc (o'yes*), interj. the introductory 
u-jyco cry of an oflicial or pubhc crier 
demanding silence in a courtroom: usually 
repeated three times. Also, oyez. 
one fpt* (ois fer), n. an edible shellfish 
wjo-lga with a shell having two halves, 
found in salt water; the small piece of dark 
meat, found in the back of a fowl. 

OVS ter lYlant (° AS,t,gr plant), a plant 
\jy& LCi plant whose root when cooked 

has the flavor of oysters; salsify, 
n 70 pp (o'zon), n. a colorless gas regarded 
, uc as a form of oxygen, and found a* 
an element in air. 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






















pabulum 


437 


page 


11 (p&b'ti-ltim), n. food; nourish- 

paD-U-mm me nt; that which feeds or 
nourishes anything; as, mental pabulum. 

(pas), n. a step; the space covered by 
paCc a s tep in walking; as, he went twenty 
paces; a measure of length, varying from 
thirty to sixty inches; gait, or manner of 
moving, such as a trot, gallop, etc.; a certain 
swaying gait of a horse; rate of speed; as, 
to keep up the pace: v.t. to measure by steps; 
to walk over with long, even steps; to train to 
go at a certain gait: v.i. to walk with long, reg¬ 
ular steps; to go at a swaying gait, as a horse. 

__ o-r (pas'er), n. one who moves with 
pdC-Cl measured steps; a horse with a 
swaying gait called a pace, in which the legs 
on each side move together. 

(pa-sha'; pash'a), n. the title used 
pd-CIld m Turkey for officers of high rank. 
Also, pasha. 

__ _1_ tt /lawM (pak'i-durm), n. formerly, 

pacn-y-aerm one of a group of thick- 

skinned animals such as the elephant, rhi¬ 
noceros, etc.; humorously, a person lacking 
sensitiveness. 

na (pd-slf'lk), adj. peacemaking; 

pd.-Cli.-lC peaceable; mild; as, pacific 
words; peaceful; tranquil: Pacific Ocean, 
the ocean west of America and east of Asia 
and Australia : so called because of the calm¬ 
ness of its surface. Also, paciflcal.— adv. 
pacifically. 

i -fi /%« +J/vr» (pas"l-fi-ka'shun;pd- 

pac-l-n-ca-tion s ff"i-ka'shun), n. the 
act of calming or of making peaceful; the 
state of being calmed. 


two or more ports at regular periods, and 
carrying passengers, mails, and merchandise. 

nnrlr itltr (pak'ffig), p.pr. of pack: n the 
pdClk-lllg ac t of one who packs; straw. 

paper, or other material used in stowing 
goods for carrying. 

_ 0/ ,l r oor l ^11^ (pak'sad"l), n. a saddle so- 
paCK-Saa-aie constructed as to hold a 
load on a pack animal. 

n;irlr (Pak'thred"), n, strong 

pdCJV-llll CaU twme used in tying pack¬ 
ages. 

(pakt), n. an agreement or contract: 
pdLl usually not to be enforced by law. 

_ 0< J (pad), n. a soft cushion; a cushionlik© 
pdU- p ar t; of anything, especially the under 
part of the toes of some animals; a block of 
sheets of paper; the floating leaf of some 
water plants; a slow-paced horse: v.i. [p.t.^ 
and p.p. padded, p.pr. padding], to walk 
heavily and slowly: v.t. to stuff, or line thickly, 
as a coat; to fill with useless words; as, to 
pad a story. . 

Al-rtrr (pad'ing), n. a material used 
pdU.-UJ.Hg for stuffing; useless or unnec¬ 
essary matter used for filling space, as in a 
newspaper or magazine article. 

■net A riloi (pad'l), v.i. to move a canoe or 
pdU-UiC rowboat by means of a short oar 
without a rowlock; to row slowly; play or 
wade in the water: v.t. to propel or move 
with a short oar without a rowlock; to spank: 
n. a short oar with a broad blade at one or 
both ends, used without a rowlock; an oar 
one of the broad boards of a water 


blade; one of the broad boards ot a - 

„ wheel or of the paddle wheel of a steamship. 

^^T^o-^i^Pas'I-flzm), n. the belief that w Vipp1 h ^ el)> a . vheel 

pac-l-nsm ^r is wrong; the system of pad-Oie WnetJl 


^ ..._o, _system of 

thought which seeks for peace between the 
nations. 

(pas'l-fTst), n. one who opposes 
pd.o-1-llo l wa r; one who believes in, and 
works for, peace between the nations; a peace¬ 
maker; an opponent of militarism. 

rtar i fir (pas'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p paci- 
pdC-l-iy fled, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or 

appease; as, to pacify an angry man; t<? free 
from war or violence; to restore to quiet.— 

n. pacifier. 

norlr (P» k ). n. a large bundle tied up for 
JJdUn. carrying, especially on the back; 
load; burden; a great number or quantity of 
things of the same kind; as, a pack of worries; 
a full set of things; as, a pack of playing 
cards; a number of dogs kept together for 
hunting, or a number of wild animals that 
keep together; as, a pack of wolves; gang; 
as, a pack of thieves; weight of wool equal to 
240 pounds; a number of floating cakes of 
Ice driven close together: v.t. to stow away, 
or to press into a bundle, as goods for carrying; 
to fill closely; as, to pack a trunk; to pack 
a car with people; to crowd together; as, to 
pack people in a room; to press into a hard 
mass; as, to pack earth; dismiss or discharge; 
as, to pack off a servant: v.i. to press into a 
hard mass; as, ice packs together; to stow 
things for safety or carrying; to admit of 
being stowed; as, these articles pack well; 
depart or remove in haste.— n. packer. 
Ttctnvr (pak'aj), n. a bundle or bale of 

paciA-clgC goods; a parcel. 
narh- of (pak'et), n. a small bundle or 
pdliv-cl parcel; a vessel sailing between 


for moving a steam¬ 
boat, having broad boards arranged like 
spokes around its rim. 

A Artrlr (pad'uk), n. a small field for 
pdU.-UHCiA. pasture, or an inclosure where 
horses are exercised, lying near to a stable; 
formerly, a large toad or frog. 

■net A (pad'l), n. rice in the husk; a 

pdU-Uy North American duck. 


Irishman: 
Patrick 


from the common 


Paddy, an 

Irish name 


lock 
to pass 
v.t. to fasten with 


j Innlr (pad'ldk"), n. a portable 
pad-lOCK witfl a jointed link 
through a staple or eye: v.t. to fa 
such, a lock 

(pa'dra), n. the Spanish and Italians 
pd-UXc title for a priest or monk. .[Span. 
and It.] 

net Am -rtct (pa-drd'nal, n. a person, usu- 
pd-tilU-iit, ally an Italian, who owns 
barrel organs, and lets them out for hire; 
in Italy, a master; a proprietor; a contrac¬ 
tor for labor. [It.] 

nea. et-n (pe'an), n. a loud and joyous 
pec - dll S ong of praise or triumph. Also. 

pean. 

net crettt (pa'gan), n. a heathen; an idolater. 
P«.-g<XH or worshiper of idols or false gods: 
adj. heathen; idolatrous. 

„ .'.-..rvj (pa'gan-izm), n. heathenism; 

pa-gail-ism idolatry, or the worship of 
idols, or false gods. 

(paj), n. formerly, a boy attending on 
P«.gc a person of distinction; a serving 
boy in livery or uniform; a male attendant on 
a legislative, or lawmaking, body; one side 
of the leaf of a book; a record or writing; as. 


m. - -- — , ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ . ——- 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











pageant 


438 


paleontologist 


the page of history: v.t. to mark or number in 
pages. 

Tj nry po-rjf (paj'ent: pa'jent), n. a brilliant 
jiag-com or stately display or procession: 
a series of scenes acted in costume, dramatic 
but without plot structure; anything merely 
showy. 

nr pof) 1 f- -f*Tr (paj'ent-rl; pa'jent-rl), n. 
pag-eant-ry splendid display; 
show; parade. 

pa-go-da 

Buddhist temple built 
like a tower with many 
stories; a Hindu idol 
temple of similar 
structure. 

nfliH (P ad )> P- L ar, d 
pcuu. p.p. of pay: 

p.adj. hired; as, a 
paid, assistant; dis¬ 
charged; as, a paid 
bill; cashed; as, a 
paid check, 
y.oil (pal), n. an 
pcu-j. open vessel of 
wood or metal with 
a handle: used for 
•carrying water, etc. 


pomp; 


Pagoda 



a 

some 


mattress of 
other cheap 


■nQil Iqcqp (pal"yas ) , n 
jjjciAA-iciooc; straw or sm 

material. _ [Fit.] 

TIPitl (Pan) , n. distress of body or mind; 
jjau.1 penalty; as, on pain of death: pi. 
diligent effort; as, he took great pains with 
his work: v.t. to cause bodily suffering to; 
to hurt; to make uneasy; to grieve. 

Syn., n. suffering, pang, agony, anguish. 
Ant. (see pleasure). 

TIP in fill (pan'fool), adj. full of or causing 
UA distress of body or mind; dis¬ 
tressing; as, a painful illness; a painful duty; 
difficult: as, a painful task.— adv. painfully. 

— n. painfulness. 

riflin' (pan'les), adj. free from dis- 

pccso tress or hurt; as, a painless 
operation.— adv. painlessly.—n. painlessness. 

DP in <3 fair incr (panz'tak'ffng), adj. using 
ptUIIb-lcUl-mg g rea t effort; taking much 

trouble; careful; laborious. 

Tlflint (P ant )> v - t - to portray in colors; as, 
•remit to paint a portrait; to describe in 
words; as, to paint the joys of heaven; 
coat or cover with color; as, to paint a house: 
v.i. to practice the art of making pictures with 
color; to use artificial color on the face: n. a 
coloring substance or pigment; rouge. 

T>f)in+ pr (pan'ter), n. one whose occupation 
|/ami-ci j s to cover surfaces with color; as, 
a house painter ; one who makes pictures in 
color; a rope for fastening a boat; locally, in 
United States, the puma, or American panther. 

inf pr^c ml ir (p&n'terz kol'Ik), a 
jlaliU-ul o UU1-1U disease caused by 

poisoning resulting from the lead used in 
paint. 

nainf iticr (pant'Ing), n. the act, art, or 
pcini i-iiioccupation, of laying on colors 
with a brush; the art of showing objects on a 
surface by. means of colors; a picture in 
colors; vivid, clear description in words, 
•nair (P ar )> n - two things of a kind, similar in 
r aii form and used together; as, a pair 
of shoes; a single thing composed of two 
like parts; as, a pair of spectacles; a married 
couple; a couple or brace; as, a pair of 
•ducks: v.t. to join in couples; to mate: v.i. 
to come together in couples: as, to pair off in 
a dance; to match; suit or be adapted to 
•each other. 


no io mac (pd-ja'mdz), n.pl. loose trou- 
pa-ja-llldo sers 0 f silk, etc., worn in Ori¬ 
ental countries; a garment consisting of a 
loose coat and trousers of silk, cotton, etc., 
for wear in the dressing room and during sleep. 
Also, pyjamas. [Hindu.] 

nol (P&l), n. an intimate friend; chum; 
P mate. [Slang.] 

T-vot opp (pal'as), n. the official residence of 
pai-auc a king or other ruler, or of an 
archbishop or bishop; a magnificent house c - 
building. 

nal a din (pal'a-dln), n. a knight, espe- 
pai-a-U.111 cially one of the knights of 
Charlemagne; hence, a_ notable champion. 

np Ifp n ItfVi if* (pa'le-o-llth'lk), adj. per- 
pa-icC-U-Il ill It taining to the Stone Age, 

or earliest period of human development. 

pa-lae-on -tol -o -gist £& 

is skilled in the science that treats of fossil re¬ 
mains. Also, paleontologist. 

Tip 1 PF 1 fitl tnl ff crv ( pa'fie-on-tol'o-jl), 
pa-IcC-UIl-LUI-U-gy n% that branch of 

geology which treats of fossil or stonelike 
remains of animals and plants. Also, 
paleontology. 

"Do IfP r» 70 ir (pa*18-6-z5'Ik), adj. in 
a a-xcc-u-A-u-ic geology, pertaining to the 

earliest ages during which it is known that 
life existed, including the ages of fishes and 
of invertebrates: n. the geological division 
just before the Mesozoic, or age of reptiles. 
Also, Paleozoic. 

BP Ifpc frp (pd-l&s'tra), n. in ancient 
pa-icco - tJ. a. Greece, a place for ■wrestling 
or gymnastic exercises.^ Also, palestra. 

Tipi or) miin (pal"5.n-ken') t n. in India 
pcU-cUl-qUlIl and china, a covered car¬ 
riage for one passenger, carried on the 
shoulders of men. Also, palankeen. 

nal at a "hit* (pal'at-a-bl), adj. agreeable 
pai-ai a-UiC to the taste; savory; accept¬ 
able; pleasing.— adv. palatably, 
nal pfp (pal'St), n. the roof of the mouth; 
pm-ciix? sense pf taste; relish.— adj. palatal. 

DP Ip tipi (PQ-la'sh&l), adj. pertaining to, 
pa-ld-lldl or suitable to, a palace; stately; 
magnificent.— adv. palatially. 

TIP Ipt i TlPtp (pa-lat'I-rfit), n. a province 
pa itu i-iiaic ruled over by an earl. 

count, etc., having certain royal privileges. 
Tipi P tinp (pal'a-tin; pal'a-tin), adj. 
pai-a-tme clothed with or given certain 
royal privileges or rights; as, an elector 
palatine .* n. a count, earl, etc. who is g’ven 
such privileges. 

Da-la -ver (P^^a'ver; pa-lav'er), n. In 
5 -Zc i ,, Africa, a parley with natives; 
deceitful or idle talk; chatter; v.i. to talk 
in a deceitful way; to talk idly; to chatter. 

DP Ip ( pa ^» a Qi- wan; wanting in color; of 
pciji.^ a f amt luster or brightness: n. a nar¬ 
row board used in fencing; a pointed stake; 
space inclosed by rails; limit; district or 
territory; restricted locality; v.i. to turn 
white or to lose color: v.t. to inclose with, or 
as with, pales or narrow upright boards.— adv. 
palely.—n. paleness^ 

DpIP-fPTP (pahfas"), n. a white person: 
pa , , . the American Indian’s name 

for the white man. 

Del-I d O Ill’ll IP (pa"l§-6-llth'Ik), adj. per- 
pa ic u-mil-lb taining to the Stone Age, 

or earliest period of human development. 
Also, palaiolithie. 

DP-le OD tnl n uict (pa'lS-Sn-tSl'6-jTst), 
pa ic Ull-lUl-O-glSl n one who is skilled 

in paleontology, or the science that deals with 
fossil rem ains. Also, palaeontologist. _ 


1( ^ C j 1, f 5' parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
xight, sm, c6ld, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 













paleontology 


439 


palmjr 



Palet e 


__ i_ „„ +-.1 ^ o-,,. (paTS-on-tol'fi-jl), n. 

pa-le-on-tol-o-gy that branch of geol¬ 
ogy which treats of life in past geological 
periods, as shown by fossil or stonelike remains 
of animals and plants L Also, palaeontology. 

Do 1o o 70 if (pa"le-o-zo'ik), adj. in ge- 
Jrd-lc;-U-z,u-iV/ ology, pertaining to the 

earliest ages during which it is known that 
life existed, including the ages of inverte¬ 
brates and fishes: n. the geological division 
just before the Mesozoic, or age of reptiles. 
Also, Palaeozic. 

1^0 +fo (po-les'trd), n. m ancient 
pd-ICo-Llct Greece, a place for wrestling 
or gymnastic exercises; any school foi youth. 

Also, palaestra.^ 

pal ette n ! 

a thin, oval wood 
or porcelain plate 
with a hole for tb 3 
thumb, used by artists 
for mixing and hording 
colors. _. „ v 

pal-frey i. : 

a saddle horse, espe¬ 
cially a small one for 
a lady’s use; as, she ro^3 a snowy palfrey. 

i-mrw (pal'Imp-sfet), n. a parch- 

pai-lIIip-bCbL ment manuscript which, 
after the writing upon it has been partially 
erased, is Used again, the former writing being 
more or less visible. 

__i in re (paling), n. a fence made of nar- 
pUl-lllg row upright boards, usually 
pointed at the top; strips of wood for malting 

o f60C6 

(pal'd-sado, n. a fence or fort 
pal-l-SdUe formed of stakes driven into 
the ground and pointed at the top: pt■ a long 
line of cliffs, usually along a river: v.t. to 
inclose or fortify with stakes. 

(pol), n. a black covermg for a coffin, 
pail hearse, or tomb; hence, that which 
causes gloom or great sorrow: v.i. to become 
wearisome; lose strength: v.t. to become dis¬ 
(pa-la'dl-um), n. any 
Jr al-la-01-lim statue of Pallas Athena, 
especially the statue at Troy, said to have 
fallen from heaven, and believed to be neces¬ 
sary to the safety of the city: palladium, any 
safeguard of a liberty or privilege; a rare 
grayish metal similar to platinum, 
loll knor or (Pol'bar"er) , n. one of the 
pail-Dear-er persons who carry or attend 

a coffin at a funeral. 


-rkoll -moll (pePmel'), n. a game formerly 
pdll-illdU played with a ball which was 
driven through an iron ring by a mallet.— 
Pall Mall, a street in London famous for its- 
clubs. 

■nol lor (pal'or), n. lack of color, as m the 
P«-1-1UI face; paleness, 
rvolm (Pam), n. the hollow inner part of the 
pd.iJ.Il hand; a measure of length varying 
from three to four inches; a tropical tree of 
various species; a branch of the tree used as 
an emblem of victory or rejoicing: v.t. to 
conceal in the closed hand, as in the perform¬ 
ance of a sleight-of-hand trick; impose by 
fraud: with off; as, to palm off inferior goods - 
on a purchaser. 



Palms. 


1, Wax; 2, Kentia; 3, Chinese hemp. 

(pSI'mat), adj. like a hand with. 


pal-mate fingers spread; as, a palmate 


---UAlg,Ci.O opi vurvt , -- - 

leaf; having the toes united by a web; web¬ 
footed.— adv. palmately. . 

(para), n. a tongue or boltJha.t pato-er iKly'Sn d n who aVto 

branch as a token or sign of his pilgrimage. 

(pal-m6t'5), n. a kind of palm, 
pai-mex-to tree with fan-shaped leaves, 
growing in the TVest Indies and the southern, 
part of the United States; the cabbage : palm. 
1 - - one who claims to 


pallet regulates the movement of a 
ratchet wheel; a small, rough ♦bed, as of 
straw; a wooden tool used in making pottery, 

pf n 

’t i; n+fl (pal'i-at), v.t. to excuse or cause 
pal-U-ate to appear less wrong; as, to 
palliate a fault; lessen or abate the severity 

0r |^vSf „ S6 ' „ , from the linefTinside the band. 

i ij „ a* (palT-a'shun), n. the act of 
pai-Il-a-tlOIl excusing or easing. 

i: o (pal'I-a-tlv), adj. tending to 

pal-ll-a-nve excuse or coyer over; as, 
palliative circumstances; serving to relieve 
or remedy without curing: n. that which 
serves to excuse guilt or to lessen disease or 

rval lirl (pal'Id), adj. pale; wan; lacking 
pai-lia in color; as, a pallid face. 

pallidly.— n. pallidness. 

Ant, (see florid - ). 


i.— adv. 


palm-ist ieU^ortunes or read character- 

from the lines inside the hand. „ 

4 -^t (pam'Is-trl; pal mis-trl), n. 
paim-lS-try the pretended art of reading 
character or foretelling the future by the lines 
and marks on the inside of a person s hand. 

w _(pam sun'da), the Sun- 

Palm Sun-day day next before Easter: 

so called in commemoration of Christ’s entry 
into Jerusalem when branches of palm were- 

strewn before him. . _. 

1 „ (pam'i), adj. abounding in palm, 

paim-y trees; as, a. palmy land; flounsh- 
ing; prosperous; as. palmy days. 


SITU,, IStre ilium;. _____—--—--— , , . t n 

boot, foot; found; boiljfuAction; chase; good; joy; 

zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn- 

































palpability 

Tlfll Tbll 1 tv n. the 

pcu-pcl-uu-l-iy state or quality of being 

easily known by touch or feeling; as, the 
; palpability of solid matter; obviousness. 

-nal -net (pal'pa-bl), adj. capable of 

jjai-pa-UiC being touched or felt; as, a 
palpable substance; easily seen; noticeable; 
plain; as, a palpable Wrong.— adv. palpably. — 
n. palpableness. 

■nol ui ■tii'f'O (pal'pi-tat), v.i. to beat or 
yaj.-yx -LetLC throb rapidly, as the heart; 
to flutter. 

rial rd to firm (paFpl-ta/shun), n. too 
yax-yx- la.- livU rapid beating or throbbing 

of the heart; a fluttering movement; a quiv¬ 
ering. 

rkiil (Pol'zld), p.adj. paralyzed; shaky; 

|;ai-oicu tottering. 

-no I oir (pol'zi), n. paralysis, or loss of 
motion or of feeling in any part of 
the body; loss of power to act: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to paralyze; to 
deprive of energy or of the power to act, as 
through fear. 

pd.1 tGr (Pb^tSr), v.i. to act deceitfully; to 

n. palterer. 


440 


pant 


play false; to use trickery; trifle.— 
(pol'trl), a dj. worthless; contempt- 


pal try ibi e ; pitiful; small; as, a paltry 
gift to charity.—adr. paltrily.- — n. paltriness. 

Tkam tiq c (pam'paz), n.pl. in South Amer- 
^am-pao ica, vast treeless plains covered 
with heavy pasture. 

Tlflm nor (Pam'per), v.t. to feed daintilv 
paiu-pci so as to gratify the taste; as, to 
pamper the appetite; to treat with too much 
indulgence; as, to pamper a child. 

TlfttYl Til'll of (pam'flet), n. a small unbound 
l book, of one or more sheets, 
usually with a paper cover. 

narn tYhlpf PPt* (P&u^flet-er'), n. a 
JJcUIl-pilitJl-Ger writer of brief articles 

that are printed in unbound sheets or leaflets: 
often said in contempt: v.i. to write brief 
articles that are printed on unbound sheets. pdll-O-pilcQ 
T)py» (pan), n. a broad shallow vessel used 
ycxxx } n cooking, etc.; a vessel used for 
washing out gold, tin, etc., in mining: v.t. 

[p.t. and p.p. panned, p.pr. panning], to cook 
or wash in a shallow vessel; as, to pan ovsters; 
to pan gravel for gold: v.i. colloquially, to 
yield a result; as, the trip did not pan out as 
expected; the gravel panned out an ounce of 
gold. , 

T\HYi a ro o (pan"d-se'd), n. a remedy or 

ytm-cl-KsKs-a. medicine for all ills. 

Tinti a ma (pan"d-ma/), n. a hat of excel- 
yaxx-a.-xixa. lent quality made in South and 
Central America of the hand-plaited # young 
leaves of the palm tree. Also, Panama hat. 

Pan-A-mer-i-can 

both North and South America or to all 
Americans.— n. Pan-Americanism. 

Ticin pfllro (pan'kak"), n. a thin cake made 
of batter and baked on a 

griddle. 

nan pi*(P aci (P^n'kre-as; pan'kre-as), n. 

JpaiJ.-UI a i ar g e fleshy gland (the 

sweetbread) under and behind the stomach, 
producing a juice that helps digestion. 

D911 -Cre at IP (pan"kre-at'ik), adj. per- 
yasx Cd C dl-lL tammg to the pancreas, or 

large gland irnder and behind the stomach; 
as, pancreatic juice aids digestion. 

Pail He an (P an ~de'an), adj. pertaining 
JrcUI-Ue-clIl to Pan the god of flocks an | 

pastures and of the wild life of the forests: 

Pandean pipes, n.pl. a simple musical wind 
i nstrument made of hollow reeds. _ 


Pan-de-mo-ni-um ™ bode’^f 

demons or the council chamber of the infernal 
regions: pandemonium, a place or abode of 
general disorder; wild uproar, 
rjp-n r\f±r (Pan'der), v.i. to contribute to 
pall-U Cl the satisfying of the unworthy 
desires or prejudices of others: n. one who 
so contributes. 

qjjqp (pan), n. a square or oblong section 
pane or panel of a wall, door, etc., especially 
of glass in a window.^ 

Tiofi p cr\jv if* (P&n*6-jlr'lk), n. praise 
paii-c-gjfi-m formally written or spoken 
in honor of some person or event; any high 
praise.— adj. panegyrical.—n. panegyrist, 
mri pi (pan'el), n. a division or section of 
poii-ci a wall or ceiling; a piece of board, 
the edges of which are put in a frame; 
as, the panel of a door; a thin board on which 
a picture is painted; the picture itself; a 
strip of material of different kind or color 
put lengthwise in a skirt; a list of persons 
summoned to serve as jurors; the whole jury; 
the segment of an airplane wing: v.t. to form, 
fit, or decorate with strips or sections of 
different kind, color, or design, 
nflncr (pang), n. a violent sudden pain, 
either mental or physical. 

Tko-n ip (pan'Ik), n. extreme and sudden 
fright, especially when without 
good cause; a kind of grass: adj .* suddenly 
and violently alarming.— adj. panicky. 

pan-ic-strick-en 

whelming fear.—Also, panic-struck. 

Dan nipr (P a , n 'ye r ; pan'I-er), n. a bread 
poxi-iiici basket; one of two baskets sus- 


— -- - - » v* v ” ^ k/uiuuv VO OUO- 

pended across th.6 back of a horse for carrying 
market produce; a kind of framework to 
enlarge a woman’s skirts at the hips; formerly, 
a basket work shield to protect an archer dur- 
ing battle. 

(pan'6-plld), adj. furnished 
with a complete set of armor. 

Dan-o-nlv n ■ U?*- p an °pues 

poxi u piy (.pbz)]^ a complete suit of 
armor; anything covering completely and 
splendidly; as, the trees were covered with a 
panoply of blossoms. 

Dan.O ra ma (p a n' 1 ’6-ra/niG), n. a picture 
r . u xcx-xxxa. givmg a view in every 

direction seen from a central standpoint- 
a picture seen part at a time in several 
scenes unrolled and made to pass before the 
spectator; an entire, or complete, view of a 
region; as, the panorama viewed from a 
mountain top; a scene that moves constantly 
before one, as from the window of a moving 
tram; a mental picture of events. 

Dan-O-ram ip (P a p."(>- ra ni'ik), adj. pre- 
1 • 1 . sentm S a complete and 
extended view in all directions; passing 
before the eyes in a series of pictures. Also 
panoramical. — adv. panoramically. 

Pan-Slav ip (pan"slav'ik; pan"slavik), 
x-ail &iav It. a6l pertaining to all the 
Slavic races or to their union. 

Pan-slav-ism (P&n /,, slav'Izm; pan^slav'- 
f ,. A . Izm), n. a Russian move¬ 

ment for the political union of all the Slavic 

races. 

Dan.SV (?a n 'zl) n. a kind of cultivated 
r aa violet; heartsease. 

(Pant; pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly: 
poxit as, to pant like a dog; gasp; desire 
earnestly or ardently: with for or after: v.t. 
to utter with a gasp; as, he panted forth the 
message he had brought: n. a short, rapid 
breath; a puff; pi. colloquially, trousers. 


ate senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 











pantalettes 


441 


#-W;. 


r\art fa (P&n"td-lets'), n.pl. long, 

pdll-ld.-ieueb frilled dr awers formerly 

worn by women and children. 

nan fa Inrm (pan"td-loon'), n. a buffoon 
Jr ta-lUUlX or foolish character in a 
pantomime: pi. a pair of trousers. 

-f-ko-fi fha Jcrn (pau'the-Izm), n. the doc- 
trine that God and nature 
are one.— adj. pantheistic.— %. pantheist. 

T\a n td'ia nn (Pan-the'on; pan'the-on), n. 
paxx-xxxc-uxx a temple dedicated to all the 
gods; a building where rest the famous dead 
of a nation: 

Pantheon, a 
building in 
ancient Rome 
•dedicated to 
Mars and Jupi¬ 
ter. 

pan-ther 

(pan'ther), n. 

(fern. panther- 
ess] , one of sev¬ 
eral wild, fierce 
species of the cat family; as, the leopard, the 
American puma, and the jaguar, 
non +J1a (pan'til"), n. a curved roofing 
poF*- - *-*--l“ tile; a gutter tile. 

non fr\ oTonVi (P a n'tft-graf), n. an in- 
pdJ.i-lU-gId.pil strument for copying 

drawings, designs, etc., on an enlarged or 
reduced scale. Also, pantagraph. 

fign to mimP (pan'tS-mim), n. a series 
LU-lllliil C 0 f actions that express 
meaning without spoken words; as, he 
replied in pantomime; a play in which there is 
no talking.— adj. pantomimic, pantomimical. 


paraffin 



P anther 


■non +t*V (pan'trl), n. a closet or room for 
poxx-txy bread and other food; a small 
room from which food is served for the table, 
non (pap), n. soft food for infants; a nip- 
pap pie; pulp of fruits. 

no no (pa-pa'; pa/pd), n. a child’s word 
pa-pa for father. 

no no rxr (pa'pd-sl), n. the office, dignity, 
Fa-pa-Uy or authority, of the Pope; the 
popes collectively; Roman Catholic system 
of church government. 

no nol (pa'pal), adj. of or pertaining to the 
pa-pax pope, or to the Roman Catholic 
Chinch; as, papal authority; papal rites, 
no now (pa-po'; po'po"), n. a tree of cen- 
pa-paw tral and southern United States; 
the sweet, yellowish, pulpy fruit of the tree; 
the papaya. Also, pawpaw, 
no no vo (pa-pa'ya), n. the edible fruit of 
pa-pa-j a a certain tropical American tree, 
no npr (pa'per), n. a thin, easily bent or 
pa-pci folded substance made of various 
materials, as, linen, straw, wood, rags, etc., 
used for writing or printing upon, or for 
■wrapping; a piece or sheet of the substance; 
a packet wrapped in the substance; as, a 
paper of needles; a newspaper; an essay or 
other writing; a legal document; bank notes 
or bills of exchange; a covering for walls: 
adj. made of, or like, paper; thin: v.t. to cover 
with, or wrap in, paper. 

■na ntpr.ma r h£ (paj’pya'ma'sha'; 
pa-pier HLa-Cxlti pa"pya»ma'sha), in. a 

hard, strong material made of paper pulp 
mixed with glue, rosin, etc., and molded 
into various shapes, as buckets, etc. [Fr.] 
r\a -nil la (pd-pll'd), n. [pi. papillae C-e)], a 
pa-pix-xa very small projection like a 
nipple, especially those on the tongue. 

■nan J1 la nr (pap'I-la-rl; pd-pfi'd-ri), adj. 
pap-xx-xa-x y pertaining to, or like, a nip- 
plelike projection, as on the tongue. 



Papyrus 


na nicf (pa'plst), n. a term, often used 
pa-plot scornfully, for one of the Roman 
Catholic faith. 

na nnncp (pa-poos'), n. a 
pa-puUbU young child of 

North American Indian parents. 

nan nnc (Pap'us), n. [pi. pap- 
pd.p-pUb pi (_i) i, a downy tuft 
or appendage crowning the fruit 
in certain seed plants, as in 
thistles. 

na nri Ira (pa'prS-ka; pa- 
pa-pi I- Ka pre'ka), n. the 

dried ripe fruit of various kinds 
of peppers; the red, pungent 
relish made from it. 

Tig nv fii Q (pd-pi'rus), n. [pi. 

pa-py-rus p a p yri ( _ ri)]> a 

kind of Egyptian reed or plant 
from which the ancients made 
paper; a manuscript or writing 
on papyrus. 

■pjof (par), n. full or normal 
pai value; as, the stock is be¬ 
low par; equality; as, the man 
is not on a par with his associates; in golf, 
the proper score estimated for each hole, 
nar a "hi a (par'a-bl), n. a short story to 
pax-a-uxc illustrate and enforce moral 
or religious truth. 

na rah n la (pa-rab'6-M); n. one of the 
pa-x au-U-xa conic sections formed by the 
intersection of the cone with a plane parallel 
to a line drawn from its apex to the circum¬ 
ference of its base. 

nar a "hnl Jr (par'd-bol'Ik), adj. pertain- 
par-a-UUl-lC ing to , or formed like, a 
parabola; allegorical, or of the nature of a 
short story that illustrates a moral or religious 
truth. Also, parabolical. 

nar a rlviit** (par'd-shoot), n. 

par-a-cnuie an umbrella-* 

shaped apparatus used in descend¬ 
ing from a balloon; a device to 
decrease the speed of a descent 
through the air. 

na raHp (pd-rad'), n. pompous 
pa-iauo display or show; as, 
a parade of wealth; a military dis¬ 
play, or review of troops; place Parachute 
of assembly for exercising and m- 
specting troops; a formal march or procession; 
as, a circus parade: v.t. to assemble and form in 
military order as for review; to march over 
or through; as, to parade the city; make a 
display of: v.i. to exhibit or walk about to 
show oneself; to take part in a formal march. 

nar a HJcrm (par'a-dim; par'a-dim), «. 
pax-a.-ixigj.ix an example or model; an 

example of the declension or conjugation of a 
word to show all of its forms. 

“Pat* a HJca (par'a-dls), n. the garden of 
ir ax-a-Ul&C Eden: paradise, any place of 
happiness; a state of bliss.— adj. paradisic, 
paradisiacal, paradisical. 

nar a rlnc (par'a-dos), n. a parapet built 
pax-a-u.ua behind a battery of guns to 
protect it from rear fire; in the World War, 
the rear wall of a trench, 
nar a rJr»Y (par'a-doks), n. something 
pal -a-UUA which seems absurd or unbe¬ 
lievable, yet may be true; a statement that 
appears contradictory. 

uor a d cy J r*a1 (par'd-dok'sI-k31), ad]. 
pd.I -d.-UUX-1-LcU seemingly absurd or 

contradictory, but possibly true.— adv. para¬ 
doxically.— n. paradoxicalness. 

nar af fin (Par'a-fin), n. a white, waxy, 
pax -ai-xxxx inflammable substance obtained 
from wood, coal, etc. Also, paraffine. 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


20 
















paragon 


442 


parent 


r»ar a anti (par'a-g6n), n. something of 
pcu -a-guii extraordinary excellence; model 
or pattern of perfection; as, a par agon of virtue. 

•nar a (rranh (par'a-graf), n. a small, 
pal -a-gl ayiL definite section of a piece 
of writing; a short passage; a reference 
mark MI]; an item in a newspaper, magazine, 
etc.; v.t. to arrange or divide into definite 
sections or passages of writing; to write a 
brief passage about. 

•nar al lav (P&r'a-laks), n. the apparent 
pai-ai-lOA shifting of an object caused by 
change in the position of the observer, espe¬ 
cially the difference between the apparent 
position of a heavenly body and its true 
place; in mathematics, the angle at any 
point subtended by any given line. 

nar al IpI (par'a-lel), adj. lying side by 
pax-ax-icx R1(: ie; extended in the same 
direction and equally distant from each other 
at all points; as, parallel lines; having the 
same course; similar; corresponding: n. a 
line equally distant at all points from another 
line; resemblance or likeness: pi. trenches 
dug by besiegers before, and parallel to, the 
defenses of a fort, etc.: v.t. to place or lay 
in the same direction, equally distant at all 
points; correspond to; equal. 

nar al IpI p ni txpH (par"a-lel"6-pl'ped; 
poX-al-Ici-c-pi-pGU. par"a-lel"£-plp , £d; 

par"a-lel"ep'i-ped), n. a regular solid figure 
pounded by six parallelograms of which the 
opposite pairs are equal and parallel. Also, 

parallelepipedon. 

nj , r «1 1^1 io-m (par'a-lel-fzm), n. the 
pOI -ai-lcl-lolll state or quality of being 
alike or equal; correspondence. 

ngr a 1 1 ol r\ err a m (par^a-lSl 7 6-gram), 

par-ai-iei-o-gram n a plane four¬ 
sided figure whose opposite sides extend in 
the same direction and are equal in length. 

no ml xr cic (pa-ral'I-sfe), n. loss of the 
pa-l ai-j -olo powers of feeling or motion 
in one or more parts of the body: palsy. 
nar a 1xr+ Ip (par"d-lIt , Tk), adj. pertaining 
pOT-a-iy L-lt/ to, affected by, or inclined to, 
paralysis, or the loss of feeling or motion in 
any part of the body: n. one who is affected 
with loss of motion or feeling in any part of 
the body. 

nor a 1ttvp (par'd-liz), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
yax-tx-xy paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], 
to strike or affect with loss of feeling or 
motion in any part of the body; unnerve; 
render useless or ineffective. 

nar a mrmrit (par'a-mount), adj. above 
pdr-d-mouni all Others; as, of para¬ 
mount importance; highest or chief. 

nar a mnnr (par'd-mobr), n. one who 
par-a-IIlUUI unlawfully takes the place 

of a husband or wife. 

nar o -rim P (p&r"d-noi'd), n. a form of 
pai-a-iiui-a insanity or mental unsound¬ 
ness marked by fixed delusions, or false 

ssL-— jmm 

par-a-pet 

jsr- c** — 5^ 

Bridge Parapets 


(p8,r'd-p6t), n. 
a wall breast- 
high at theedge 
of a roof, plat- 
form, etc.; a 
wall to protect 
enemy; a 



troops from the fire of an 
rampart of earth, sandbags, etc., 
built along the top of the front wall of a 
trench. 

par-a-pher-na-li-a 


longings; ornaments of dress generally; 
articles of equipment; as, the paraphernalia 
of a show or circus. 

nor o fillrjicp (par d-fraz), n. a free 
pai-a-puiaac translation or explanation 

of a text, etc., giving the meaning in another 
form; a hymn based on some Scriptural 
passage: v.t. to make a free translation of; 
explain in one’s own words: v.i. to make a 
free translation* to put something into one’s 
own words. 

n9r ja ci+A (par'd-sit), n. a hanger-on, 
pai-a-olLC or one who lives at another’s 
expense; as, tramps and vagabonds are 
social parasites; a useless person, doing no 
work, but living in comfort at the expense of 
others; an animal or plant fed by another to 
which it attaches itself. 

nar o ci+ir (par'd-slt'lk ), adj. of the 
pai-a-oll-xu nature of a hanger-on; liv¬ 
ing at the expense of another animal or 
plant. Also, parasitical. 

n ar o cr»1 (par'd-sol"; par"d-s61'), n. a 
pal-d-DUl lady’s sunshade: adj. like a 
parasol: parasol monoplane or biplane, a 
flying machine in which the entire fuselage, 
motor, and propeller are suspended about 
two feet below the wings._ 
nar n TTflnp (par'd-van*), n. a device, in- 
pai-a.-vauc tended to protect vessels 
from floating mines, and to destroy the mines. 
nar Hml (Par'boil"), v.t. to cock partially 
pai-UUU by pouring boiling water upon 
and allowing to stand. 

nar 1 (par'sel), n. a small bundle or 
yell -Ucl package; a small part; as, a parcel 
of land: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. parceled, p.pr. par¬ 
celing], to divide into parts. 

nar ppI r»nQt (par'sel post), a government 
pcu-LCi jpuoi system of carrying pack¬ 
ages by mail at postal rates. 
narrh (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn slightly; 
jjaiun as to parch corn; to dry with heat; 
as, the sun parches the grass: v.i. to become 
dry and hot; as, the tongue parches for want 
of water. 

mnnf (parch ment), n. the skin of 
yell tai-iiidi t a sheep, goat, etc., dressed 
and prepared for writing upon; a deed or 
document on such a prepared skin: adj. made 
of, or like, the dressed skin called parchment, 
tl ar(\ (Pard), n. a leopard; any spotted 
paxu. beast: used only in poetry. 

nar firm (par'dfin; par'dn), v.t. to free 
pa.i-u.uii from penalty; as, to pardon an 
offender; to forgive; as, to pardon an offense; 
overlook; excuse; as, pardon my mistake: 
n. forgiveness; release from punishment; an 
official act setting one free from penalty.—n 
pardoner. 

Syn., n. mercy, acquittal. 

Ant. (see penalty). 

nor Hon o bl p (par'dfin-d-bl), adj. that 
par-UUIl-a-Uie may be s h own mercy; 

forgivable: excusable. 

nflr p (par), v.t. to cut or shave off the out- 
r <uc side or ends of; as, to pare an apple; 
to cut away little by little; as, to pare a 
corn; reduce or lessen; as, to pare one’s 
profits. 

nar p ernr ir» (par"$-gor'fk), n. a medicine 
pai-c-gui-ib obtained from opium and 

used to ease pain. 

pa-ren-chy-ma " P £? 

substance of glandular and other organs, as 
the pith in plants or the pulp of fruits. 
nar put (P&r'ent), n. a father or mother; 
Jr a ~ l “'■' AA1 the source of anything; that 

which causes: occasion. 


ate, senate, rare, c&t, locHl, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer*, 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, barn, cut. focus, menu; 













parentage 


443 


parsimony 


par-ent-age 


( f par'en-taj), n. fatherhood 
or motherhood; birth or 
descent; origin; state or fact of being the 
author or producer of. 

fio rpfi +o 1 (pa-ren'tal), (idj. of, pertain- 
pa-lCll-tai i n g to, or like, a father or 
mother; as, parental care or affection.— adv. 

parentally. 

f-»o rpti +V fx etc (pd-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. 
pa-ren-ine-blb parentheses (-sez)], an 

explanatory word or clause put in a sentence 
which is grammatically complete without it; 
indicated by the marks ( ). 

fior 4-ti ir* (par"en-thet'fk), adj. in- 
pai-Cll-lliei-lL troduced, or thrown in, 

by way of explanation; filled with, or given 
to, inserted explanations. Also, parenthetical. 
— adv. parenthetically. 

■nar o cid (par'e-sis; pa-re'sls), n. soften- 
pai-c-oio ing of the brain; partial paraly¬ 
sis, affecting only motion. 

no t~ py pal 1 pnp ci (par ek^sefiansO, be- 
F aA OA-V/Oi-iciU/C yond comparison; su¬ 
perior. [Fr.] 

•nor Vid nn (par-he'li-on), n. a mock 
P 44 * -HtJ-H-UIl sun, or bright light, often 
seen near the sun and sometimes opposite to it. 
■no ri o"h (Pa'rl-a; par'I-d; pd-ri'd), n. 
yct-xi-CLii. one G f the lowest class of Hindus; 
hence, an outcast or one despised by society, 
nor rncr (P&r'Ing), n. a cutting off of the 
paJ.-H.ig surface or edge; the part cut 
off; as, potato parings. 

nor Jell (Parish), n. an ecclesiastical or 
pal-loll church district under the particu¬ 
lar charge of a priest, clergyman, or minister; 
in England, a civil district looking after its 
own poor, etc.; a congregation: adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or maintained by, a church, congrega¬ 
tion, or district; as, a parish school. 

no ricTi inn nr (pa-rlsh'un-er), n. one 
loll-lUii-Cl who belongs to a church 

district in charge of a certain priest or minis¬ 
ter; a member of a congregation. 

Po r ; cion (pd-rlzhAn; pd-rlz'l-5,n), adj. 
sr a-ll-Oian G f or pertaining to Paris, in 
France: n. a native or inhabitant of Paris, 
nor i -Hr (par'I-tl), n. like state or degree; 

equality; likeness; equal value. 
f\n r \r (park), n. a large tract of ground 
F 44 - 1 used as a public place for recreation 
or pleasure; the train of artillery belonging 
to an army; an artillery encampment: v.t. 
to inclose in a ground for recreation or 
pleasure; to collect in a body; to station in 
orderly arrangement; as, to park automobiles. 
r»of lanen (par'Ians), n. conversation; 
pai-lcuice talk; language. 

■nor "Iqtt (par'll), n. a conference, or a talk 
F ai about a subject, especially with 

an enemy: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. parleyed, p.pr. 
parleying], to hold a conference, especially 
with an enemy with a view to peace; as, to 
parley with temptation. 

«or lio motif (par'H-mSnt), n. a general 
P 4 *-!-lld-IIldil council: Parliament, the 
supreme legislative assembly, or lawmaking 
body, of Great Britain and Ireland, consist¬ 
ing of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and 
the House of Commons; a similar assembly 
existing in certain other countries. 

par-lia-men-ta-ri-an tfl'nT^one 

who is versed in the laws and usages of 
supreme lawmaking bodies, such as the 
British Parliament. 

par-lia-men-ta-ry ^/ r 'acSrding‘ rt to 

the rules and customs of public assemblies; 
as, parliamentary order. __ 


rtfir 1 nr (par'ler), n. a room for conversa- 
pai-iui tion, reception of guests, etc.; 
family sitting room. Also, parlour. 

Par nac ci on (par-nas'1-S.n), adj. of or 
cl -*- -1100-01-011 pertaining to Mt. Par¬ 
nassus, in Greece, the imaginary home of the 
Muses; hence, of or pertaining to poetry, art, 
music, etc., especially to a certain school of 
French poets. 

nn rr\ pHi Q1 (pd-ro'kl-al). adj. of or per- 
pa-l U-Llll-ai taining to a parish, or 
church district; narrow; local.—n. parochial¬ 
ism. 

r»dr n (par'6-dlst), n. the writer of 

pai-u-uiol a ridiculous imitation. 
n of n Hv (Par'6-di), n. [pi. parodies (-dlz)I, 
pai-u-uy an imitation of a serious writ¬ 
ing, as a poem or song, written in a ridiculous 
manner; a burlesque imitation: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. parodied, p.pr. parodying], to write a 
ridiculous imitation of; to burlesque. 

Hd rnlp- (pa-rol'), n. a word of honor; 
pa-i uic especially, a promise given by a 
prisoner that in return for conditional free¬ 
dom he will not try to escape, or will return to 
prison on a certain day; a promise made by 
an officer, with no surety for the keeping of 
it but his sense of honor; a special password 
used by officers in a camp or garrison: v.t. 
to release (a prisoner) on his word of honor 
to observe certain conditions. 

•no -rr\+ i A (pa-rot'id), n. a salivary gland 
|fa-lUL-iu below and in front of the ear: 
adj. pertaining to, or situated near, this sal¬ 
ivary gland. 

■p,o ri v T7cm (par ok—sizrn), n. a spasm, 
pai-L/A-y oni or flt of acute pain recurring 
at intervals; sudden outburst of emotion; 
a fit of any kind; as, a paroxysm of rage. 

pjiipf (par-ka ; par-ket'), n. wooden 
pd.I LJ.UCL inlay for flooring; the floor 
space of a theater between the orchestra rail 
and the rail under the gallery line: called 
also the orchestra: parquet circle, the part of 
the lower floor of a theater that lies under the 
balcony. Also, parauette. 

■nar mipf rv (par'ket-rf), n. wooden inlay 
pai-xju-ct-ijr or mosaic work.for floors. 
Also, parquet. 

p.nvf (par), n. a young salmon that has not 
pail y e t l e ft fresh water for the sea. 
vkof fa Vo of (par'd-ket), n . a small par- 
r ot, usually with a long, 
pointed tail. Also, parakeet. 

ndr ri rtHp* (par'i-sid), n. the murder of a 
F 41 - 1 “11 ~^ilxc close relative, especially a 
father or mother; one who murders a father 
or mother, or other close relative.— adj. 

parricidal. 

not* rot (par'fit), n. a tropical bird with a 
P 444 -I U l booked bill and brilliant feathers, 
able to imitate the human voice. 

•nor rv (Par'I), V.t. f p.t. and p.p. parried, 
pax-ij p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a 
blow; to evade; as, to parry a question: v.i. 
to ward off or turn something aside; as, to 
thrust and parry with the sword: n. a warding 
off of a blow; evasion. 

•n fir CP (Pars), v -t- to analyze, as a sentence, 
poioc by the rules of grammar; to state 
the grammatical relations of, as a word. 

Do r ci (par'se; par-se'), n. a descendant 
iroi-oi 0 f the old Persians, now living in 
India. Also, Parsee. 

nar ci tnnt aitc (par* sl-mo'nl-fls), 
pd.r-Sl-mO-ni-OUS ad j m close; stingy- 

miserly. 

«gr oi tntiv (par'sl-m6-nl), n. stingi* 

poi -Ol-liiu-liy ness; extreme and urn 

necessary economy; closeness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kli = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 







parsley 


444 


party-colored 


■narc Ipv (pars'll), n. a garden plant, the 
|jctl o-lcy leaves of which are used to 
flavor soups, etc. 

narc (pars'nlp), n. a plant with an 

yja.1 o-ilip edible carrotlike root. 

nnr cnn (par'sn), n. a clergyman of a 
pai-ouxx parish; a minister or preacher. 

■nar con aero (par'sn-Sj), n. the residence 
-oun-age 0 f a clergyman in charge 
of a parish. 

nnrf (Part), n. something less than the 
pal L whole; as, part of an apple; piece or 
portion; share; as, to do one’s pari; member 
or organ; as, parts of the body; side or party; 
as, they took his part; concern or interest; 
as, he had no part in the business; any one of 
the characters of a play; as, the leading part; 
one of the melodies in a harmony; as, the 
soprano part; quarter; region; as, they live 
in these parts; ability or talent; as, a man of 
fine parts: v.t. to divide into two or more 
pieces or portions; distribute; disunite; 
separate: v.i. to be separated or divided; to 
go away; take leave; separate. 

Syn., n. division, portion, share, fraction: 
v. divide, share, sunder. 

Ant. (see whole). 

nnr \n\ ra. (par-tak'), v.i. [p.t. partook, p.p. 
pai-icuYC partaken, p.pr. partaking], to 
have or receive a portion or share in common 
with others; as, to partake of food: v.t. to 
receive a share in.— n. partaker. 

Tint* (par-tar'), n. a series of flower 

^al-LCiiC beds arranged ornamentally, 
•with spaces of gravel or turf between; a 
level space; part of the theater floor under 
the gallery. 

’Dor n/vn (par'th£-non), n. the tem- 

xcll- lllc-IlUIi pj e 0 f Athene (Minerva) 

at Athens. 

f.n r fiol (par'shal), adj. inclined to favor 
pal-tiai one sjde or party; colloquially, 
having a liking (for); as, she is partial to 
candy; not entire; incomplete; as, a partial 
success.— adv. partially. 

nnr +i ol i +tt (par'shl-al'I-ti), n. the state 
pal-ll-ai-l-iy or quality of being biased 
or unfair; a strong liking; favoritism. 

|igt> +ip -J potif (par-tls'i-pant), adj. shar- 
pai-uc-i-pam ing: n. one who shares or 
takes part; as, he was a participant in the 
game. 

nnr t nn fa (par-tls'I-pat), v.i. to 
have a share in common 
with others; to take part: v.t. to have a 
share of; take part in.— n. participator. 
nnr fif* t Tiii nti (par-tls'l-pa'shiin), n. 

par-nc-i-pa-iion the act of sharing 

something with others; a taking part. 

po 1 * +i piyi i cil (P&r^tt-sIp'I-Sl), adj. hav 
pax-ll-UiJJ-l-ai ing the nature of both i 
verb and an adjective. 

■nnr ti ri tVI** (par'ti-sl-pl), n. a part of a 
pa tx-t/i-pic verb which can also do the 
work of an adjective. 

tint* +1 rla (par'tl-kl), n. a very small 
r ,clA “ l,A "piece; a bit; as, a particle of 
dust; the smallest possible amount of any¬ 
thing; as, not a particle of courage: in gram¬ 
mar, a word not used alone, as a conjunction 
or a preposition. 

Syn. atom, grain, mite, scrap. 

Ant. (see mass). 

par-ti-col-ored having kfir§rd) ’ - adi ' 


a 


party-colored, party-coloured.— n. parti 
color, party-color, parti-colour, party-colour. 

nn r fir lor (par-tlk'tl-ldr), adj. distinct 
from others: as. a par- 


ticular person or thing; individual; peculiar 
or special; as, of particular importance; 
exact; as, particular in speech; minute. — adv. 
particularly. 

Syn. singular, odd, strange. 

Ant. (see general). 

v»or ii Inr i tir (par-tlk^tl-lar'I-tl), n. 

par-llL-U-ldr-l-iy strict attention; ex¬ 
actness; individuality; peculiarity, 
not* ■4‘ip ii lot* t 7 p (par-tlk'ti-ldr-Iz), v.t. 

par-xic-u-iar-ize to give the details of: 

v.i. be attentive to single things or details. 
n „ r f fno- (par'tlng), p.adj. separating; 
pax L-xixg dividing; as, a parting cloud; 
taking leave; henoe, dying; as, a parting 
soul; given when taking leave; as, a parting 
gift: n. division; separation; a taking leave; 
as, the parting of friends. 

nnr ti can (par'tl-z&n), n. formerly, a 
pax-ti-oaix long-handled weapon with a 
steel point; a pike or halberd; a devoted 
follower, especially of a political cause or 
faction: adj. pertaining to, or strongly In 
favor of, a person, cause, or faction, especially 
a political party or faction. Also, partizau. 
— n. partisanship. 

•not* ti tirm (par-tlsh'un), n. the act of 
pai-ll-lXUXX dividing or state of being 
divided; separation; distribution; a dividing 
wall; a section or division: v.t. to divide into 
shares; as, to partition an estate or a country; 
divide by walls. 

nnr ti tivp (Par'tl-tlv), adj. serving to 
pai ti -lx v c divide into parts; in grammar, 

denoting a part: n. a word that denotes a 
part or expresses partition or division. 

■nart lir (part'll), adv. in part, not wholly; 
pax l-xy to some extent. 

nnri tlpr (P&rt'ner), n. one who is asso- 
pax L-xxcx ciated with another, especially 
in a business, etc.; as, capital ana labor 
should be partners; an associate; one who 
dances with another; a husband or wife. 

r» nrt ripr chin (part'ner-ship), n. the 
yAL l-XXCi -bliip state of being associated 

for a common purpose; joint interest or own¬ 
ership ; relation between two or more persons 
who are in business together; union of two or 
more persons in the same business or profession. 
nnr +nnh- (par-took'), past tense of the 
pai-lUUK verb partake. 

nnr frirlcra (par'trlj), n. a well-known 
poi-uiu^c g ame bird; in the United 
States, the ruffed grouse; the bobwhite. 

nnr trirlcrp TlPt* TV (Par'trlj ber'I), an 
pax-II luge uer-ry American trailing 

evergreen plant which bears a bright red berry. 

nor fn ri P-nf (par-tu'rl-ent), adj. bring- 
pax-tu-ix-cxiL i n g forth young; pertain¬ 
ing to childbirth. 

nnr "Hi vi ■firm (par^tfi-rlsh'un), n. the 
par-lU-ri-IlOIl act of bringing forth 

young; childbirth. 

nnr tv (par'tl), n - parties (-tiz)], a 

pciA - cy number of persons united for a 
particular purpose; as, a. political party; 
faction; one of the sections into which any 
social group divides in opinion on a public 
question; one concerned in an affair, cause, 
or side; as, a party to a suit; a small body of 
troops sent to perform some special service; 
as, a scouting party; a social gathering 
assembled by invitation; a select company; 
as, a dinner party. 

i ~ many colors; n nr +tt ml nrarl (par'tl=kul"erd), adj. 

as, & party-colored flower. Also, parti-coloured, pai-iy-LOl-OreU. having many colors; 


as, a party-colored flower. Also, parti-col¬ 
ored, party - coloured, parti - coloured.— n. 
party-color, parti-color, party-colour, parti- 
colour. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









party wall 


445 


pastern 


a common 
separating two houses 


Tiai" fv 'wall wol), 

pdX-iy Wd.il wall S eparatix 

or properties. 

nar VP mi (Par'vS-nu*), n. one who has 
P* 11 “ VC-iiU recently risen, because of his 
wealth, to a position above that in which he 
was bom; an upstart. 

nfJQ (pa), n. a step or movement in a dance: 

occurring in names of dances. [Fr.] 
■no a r*V» ol (pas'kal), adj. of or pertaining 
pab-l/ilal to the feast of the Passover or 
Easter. 

r\a olio (pa-sha/; pash'a), n. a Turkish 
I'd-olid title given to high officials 

pacha. 


Also, 


moved to anger; excitable; as, a passionate 
nature; ardent; as, a passionate desire.— adv. 

•nac nnin cu\c* (pas "k win-ad'), n. a passionately. 

^aa-i[uui-auc sarcastic political squib 


posted in a public place. 
n occ (PM, v.i. to go or move from one 
pabb place, state, or condition to another; 
to move along; as, the parade passes down the 
street; to be exchanged; as, money passed 
between them; to elapse or go by; as, the 
night passed; to make one’s way; as, to pass 
through a crowd; to go unnoticed; as, his 
action passed without rebuke; to go from 
person to person; circulate; as, American 
money passes in Canada; to be enacted; as, 
the law finally passed; depart; die; as, he 
passed away: v.t. to go by, through, beyond, 
etc.; as, to pass the house; to pass an exami¬ 
nation; to pass the age of twenty-one; to 
cause or allow to go; to hand; as, to pass the 
butter; to spend; as, to pass the day; to 
exceed; as, it passes belief; to give as a judg¬ 
ment; as, to pass sentence; utter or pro¬ 
nounce; as, to pass an opinion: n. a narrow 
passage, avenue, or entrance; defile; as, a 
pass in the mountains; license or permission; 
as, a railway pass; state of extremity; as, 
matters have come to a dreadful pass; a 
thrust, as in fencing. 

ngcc o K1 p (pas'd-bl), adj. that may be 
p<lso-a-utc traveled or navigated; as, a 
passable road; not open to great objection; 
fairly good; as, a book in a passable condition; 
admissible; that may be circulated; as, 
American money is passable in Canada.— adv. 

P3iSs^l)ly« 

■noo co era (pas'aj), n. the act of going 
pab-bagc f r om one place or condition to 
another; course or progress; as, the passage 
of time; a journey; a hall or corridor; an 
entrance or exit; right to go; as, to have 
free passage; legal enactment; as, passage 
of a law; a single clause or portion of a book; 
migratory habits; as, birds ofpassage. 

*\p c CflO-p Wfiv (p^ s . aj-Wa ) > a bab ’ 

paS-bagc-Wciy corridor, or alley. 

nflQCi hnnk . b66 k>., v. a customer’s 

pabb UUUxV book in which a storekeeper 

enters the list of goods bought on credit; 
a bank book held by the depositor and con¬ 
taining the record of his deposits. 

_(pa"sa/), adj. [fem. passee], past; 
pa.b-bc worn out or faded. [Fr.] 

passe-men-terie Sesl"“fmmings, as 

of braid, beads, jet, heavy lace, or silk 
embroidery. „ v 

-nac can crpr (P as 'en-Jer), n. one who 
pab-bcll-gci travels m or on a con¬ 
veyance, as a boat, train, etc.; formerly, a 
traveler or wayfarer. _ 

^ (pas' 7 par"too'), a flat 

passe par-tOllt surface of cardboard, 
wood, etc., with a space cut out in its center 
so as to make a frame for a picture. [Fr.] 

■* (pas'er=bi), n. [pi. passers- 


nj acc in tr (P as * n g). P-adj. going by. be- 
paoo-uig yond, or through; as, a passing 
car; departing; as, the passing hour; casual; 
as, a passing comment: n. the act of going by; 
departure; as, the passing of summer. 

(pash'un), n. a fit of violent 
pab-blUll anger; as, he flew into a passion; 
intense feeling or excitement; love; ardor; 
intense desire; as, a passion for music.— 
Passion, the sufferings of Christ in his last 
agonies. 

nnc* oinn q 1 cfc (pash'un-at), adj. capable 
pa.o-oiUi.i-a.lG Q f intense feeling; easily 
excitable; 


•njao cj aii f] Aur pi* (Pash'un fiou er), a 
pd.o-olOIl now-er plant so named be¬ 
cause its flower suggests the instruments or 
manner of Christ’s death. 

oirm nlnv (pash'un pla), a play 
x da-blull piety showing scenes of the 

suffering and death of Christ, and given 
every ten years at Oberammergau, Bavaria. 
Tvac ciwp (P as, ) v )» adj- suffering without 
pctO-OlVC resisting; not acting but acted 
upon; as, a passive disposition; submissive; 
in grammar, indicating that form of the 
transitive verb which asserts that tbe subject 
is acted upon; not acting of itself; as, a 
passive balloon or airplane: passive flight, 
gliding or soaring without the use of motive 
power.—n. passiveness, passivity. 

■nacc IrPir (Pas'ke"), n. a master key, 
paOD-ncy which will open all of a certain 
set of locks whose regular keys are not 
interchangeable; a key for opening more than 
one lock; a private key. 

"Pace irpr (pas'o"ver), n. a Jewish feast 
i ftbo-U-Vvi commemorating the passing 
of the destroying angel over the houses of 
the Israelites when he slew the flrst-bom 
of the Egyptians.—Exodus xii. 

•nacc nnrl (pas'port), n. an official paper 
pdob—pUi l giving one permission to travel 
in a foreign country. 

•nacc vxrnrH (pas'wfird*), n. a word by 
paao-wuiu means of which friends are 
known from strangers or enemies and per¬ 
mitted to enter or pass; as, the password of a 
lodge; a watchword. 

nacf (P ast )> P-adj- having formerly been; 
pa.hl as> the past generation; gone by; 
last; as, the past hour; completed; in gram¬ 
mar, referring to time gone by; as, the past 
tense: n. the time gone by; as, memories of 
the past; previous life or history; as, we 
knew nothing of his past: adv. by; beyond; 
as, he just walked past: prep, beyond in time; 
after; as, it is past his time; he is past cure, 
nac+o (past), n. a mixture of flour, etc., 
pablc with water, used for joining or 
sticking things together; dough prepared for 
pies, etc.; a composition or mixture used for 
making artificial gems: v.t. to fasten with 
a sticky mixture; as, to paste together sheets 
of paper. 

-r»ac+o (paste'bord"), n. thick, stiff 

pa.blC-UUa.IU. material made by sticking 
together sheets of paper. 

•noc (pas'tel; pas-tel'), n. a kind of 
pah-lei crayon made by mixing ground 
paints with gum water; the mixture from 
which the crayon is made; a picture drawn 
with such crayon. 

-no of o-r (pas'ter), n. a strip of gummed 
pabl-ci paper, often with printed matter 
on it, to be pasted over something. 

(pas'tern), n. that part of a 


■L _ (nas'er=bD n. \vl. passers- ««« (pas tern), n. mar part oi a 

pass-er-by by if one who goes past. 1 P^S-tCm horse’s foot between the fetlock 

boot, fd6t; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








Pasteurize 


446 


patriarch 


and coffin bone, or foot bone; a hobble for a 
horse’s foot. 

"Doc tail r iva (Pas'ter-Iz; pas-tfir'iz), v.t. 
x db- LcUI -IZc to kill the germs in (a 

liquid) by applying heat; to sterilize, or make 
free from germs, by heating, as milk , 
noc fil (pas'tll), n. a small mass of aro- 
pao lxi matic, or sweet-smelling, substances, 
burnt slowly to fumigate sick-rooms, etc 
Also, pastille. 

timp (pas'tlm"), n. diversion; sport; 
pa.o-tu.iic amusement; occupation that 
fills time agreeably. 

noc +nr (pas'ter), n. a clergyman having 
paa-iui charge of a church and congre¬ 
gation. 

tvac tat* al (pas'ter-3.1), adj. pertaining to 
pao- LUi-al the care of a church; as, 
pastoral duties; pertaining to shepherds or to 
rural life or scenes: n. a poem showing 
happenings in country life; a picture showing 
rural life or scenes.-— adv. pastorally. 

yyo q fnr of a (pas'ter-at), n. the office or 

pa. o-id-a.LC parish of a clergyman who 
holds a charge; the time during which a 
clergyman holds one charge; a body of 
pastors, or ministers. 

non ff-rr (pas tri), n. articles of food, as 
pab-Ll.y pies, etc., made of light, puffy 

dough. 

non +»ir a o'a (P&s'tur-aj), ti. feed for 
pdo-lUl dgc cattle, as grass; land used 
for feeding cattle; pasture. 
r»ac fnrp (pas'tur), n. land or grass on 
pao- lux c w hich cattle feed: v.t. to supply 
with grass or pasture: v.i. to graze or eat 
grass. 

nn c+ v (Pas^I). adj. like, or covered with, 
paot-j paste, a mixture of flour, water, 
etc.: n. a pie, usually of meat, put in a crust 
and sometimes baked without a dish. 
naf (Pat), n. a light, quick blow with the 
hand; a small lump of butter shaped 
up; a light sound or tap: adj. apt; fitting: 

adv. aptly; readily: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. patted, 
p.pr. patting], to strike gently and quickly, 
as with the fingers or hand. 
nn+rVl (pach), n. a piece of material, as 
paLvxx cloth or metal, put on to cover a 
hole or rent or to strengthen; a small plot of 
ground; a small piece of black silk or court- 
plaster stuck on the face to increase its 
beauty: v.t. to mend or strengthen by putting 
on an extra piece of material; mend clumsily; 
piece together.— n. patcher. 

fifltffl (Pach/wurk"), n. a fabric __ 

pauui-wuiiv made of pieces of cloth „„ tianra (pa'shSns)'.” n. the quality of 
sewed together, especially pieces of various pa-TieilCe suffering without complaint; 


~ ’''O---» VL V ai lUUb 

colors; hence, a jumble; work carelessly done. 
n nfp (pat), ti . the head; crown of the head; 
as. a boy with an empty pate. 

+o1 to (pd'tSl'a), n. the kneecap, or 
pa-LCi-ia kneepan; the flat, movable bone 
forming the top of the knee joint. 

p« (pat'en), n. the plate used for the 
paL-cn bread in the_ Communion service. 
Tlfit ant (pat'ent; pa'tent), adj. apparent; 
pai-cm evident; plain; as, the truth was 
patent to all; open to public view: said espe¬ 
cially of an official paper which grants a 
privilege; as, letters patent; secured by 
government protection; as, a patent lock: 
n. a right or privilege granted by the govern¬ 
ment; as, the sole right to make, use, or sell 
an invention for a certain number of years; 
the official paper granting this right; the 
thing that is so protected: v.t. to grant or 
securo the sole right to.—adj. patentable. 

Tint pnt aa (pSt'en-te'; pa"ten-te'), n. „ 
pat-cm-cc person or inventor who has 


secured from the government the sole right 
to an invention. 

nnt pnt Ipflfh pr (pat'ent IZth'er), a 
pai-CIll led-lll-er varnished leather with 

a smooth, glossy, usually black surface. 

no tpi* fa mil 1 oq ( pa"t§r-fa-mll'l-8,s ), 
pd-xer-ia-imi-l-as n . the father of a 

family. [Lat.] 

■no far nal (pd-tfir'nS.1), adj. of, pertaln- 
pa-ici-liai j n g to, or like, a father; 
received from a father; related through the 
father; as, a paternal uncle.— adv. paternally. 

no tpi* nal Iqtti (pd-tur'nal-Izm), n. a 
pa-Lcl-IIal-lblll p r j nc ip] e C f govern¬ 
ment whereby the relationship between the 
government and the governed is like that 
between a father and his children. 

no tar ni txr (pd-tur'ni-tl), n. fatherhood; 
pa-LCl -Xll-iy relation to a father; as, the 

paternity of a child; authorship. 

no far tine tpr (pa'ter-nos'ter; pat'gr- 
pd-xer-nob-ier nos"ter), n. the Lord’s 

prayer; any formula used as a prayer; a 
rosary; every eleventh bead in a rosary, 
showing that the Lord’s prayer must be 
said. [Lat.] 

natli (Path), 7i. a road; footway; track; 
paLix course of conduct or action. 

no tTipt ir (pa-thgt'Tk), adj. arousing sor- 
pa-iuci-iL row an( j pity . as< a vat fi e ti C 

condition or appearance: touching; as, her 
grief .was pathetic. Also, pathetical.— adv. 
pathetically. 

nofh q r\ pr (path'fin"der), n. an ex- 

plorer in an unknown coun¬ 
try; a pioneer. 

natfl 1 pcc (path'les), adj. without a 
jjaui-icoo beaten way; untrodden; track¬ 
less; as, the pathless forest. 

path-o-log-i-cal fJ: 

ence of diseases; due to disease; as, her de¬ 
pression is pathological. Also, • pathologic.— 
adv. pathologically. 

qo tTlftl a of of (pn-thol '6-jIst), n. one 
pd-mOl-O-glSt sldlled in the science of 

diseases. 


T»a thftl ft erv (Pfl-thol'6-jI), n. the 
pa LllUl-U-gy euce tL a k treats of 


eases. 


sci- 

dts- 


na fVtrkc (P a thos), n. expression of deep 
pa-lllUb feeling; that which excites sym¬ 
pathy and pity. 

•r\o+V* -ttto tt (path'wa"), n. a narrow foot- 
j^aiu-yvajf way; any course or road; as. 

one s pathway through life. 


meekness; endurance and perseverance* 
forbearance; the power to wait calmly. 

Tia ti an t (pa'shent), adj. suffering pain, 
pa-uent hardship, affliction, insult, etc., 
with meekness or calmness; forbearing; 
untiring in labor; persevering; as, a patient 
worker; waiting with calmness: n. one 
under the care of a doctor.— adv. patiently. 
Tlfi tift (pat'yo), n. an open courtyard, 
F a ‘ uu around which a house is * " 
used in Spanish countries. [Span.] 


built: 


Tlpt TIpqq (pat'nes), n. fitness; approprl- 
paL-xxcoo ateness; as, the paUiess of a 

reply. 

■nfl fftio (pa"twa'; pat'wa), n. language of 
fia-Luxo uneducated people, used in a given 
locality; a dialect; as, the patois of the 
French Canadians is like neither French nor 
English. [Fr.] 

na -tri arch (pa'tri-ark), n. the founder or 
pa lll-arcix head of a f am fi y or tribe; 

an aged and venerable man ; in the Greek 


pat 

ate senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








patrician 


447 


pawn 


d). 


Church, a bishop of the highest rank, 
patriarchal. 

,-o rsinyt (pd-trlsh'5.n), n. one of the 
pa.-u.l-Lla.ll senators or lawmakers of 
ancient Rome; a person of noble or high 
birth: adj. senatorial; noble; aristocratic. 
r»cif ri rid a (pat'rt-sid), n. the killing of a 
pdl-t'iuc father; one who murders a 
father. 

f\ct + infi tl 1 oT (pat"rI-mo'nl-3I), adj. 
pa.l-ri-IllU-111-aJ. inherited from ances¬ 
tors; as, a patrimonial estate.— adv. patri- 
monially. 

-ri mn mr (pat'rl-mft-nl), n. an estate 
pa. l-l 1 -lllU-lly or property inherited from 
a father or other ancestor; property or 
estate settled on a church, etc., for its sup¬ 
port. 

x • (pa'trl-ot; pat'rl-5t), n. one who 
P d -”*' iA- DL loves and supports his native 
country. 

r\ck +ri ir (pa'trf-Qt'Ik), adj. character- 
i ze d or influenced by love of 
one’s country.— adv. patriotically. 

rko +ri a4- tom (pa/trl-St-Izm), n. love of 
pd-lIl-Ul-RMIl one’s country. 

■no frnl (pd-trol'), n. a guard; a policeman; 
pa.- 11 U 1 the act of going the rounds of a 
district in order to protect it; a small body 
of soldiers on guard duty; in the World War, 
a group of soldiers sent out at night to ap¬ 
proach the enemy’s trenches for information: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. patrolled, p.pr. patrolling], 
to go or walk round in order to protect; as, 
a policeman patrols his beat; to act as guard 
to (a camp or entrenchment): v.i. to go round 
a district in order to protect it. 

man (pa-trol'man), n. a police- 
P<*“ tl Ul-iiiail man whose duty is to go 
round a certain beat in order to protect it. 
na +rnti (pa'trun), n. [fem. patronessl, a 
P«—LlUil guardian or protector; a defender 
or supporter; as, a patron of music; in busi¬ 
ness, a regular customer: adj. giving aid or 
acting as guardian; as, a patronsaint. 

««+ rrm co-c. (pat'run-aj; pa'trun-&j), n. 
po-t-i un-age special support; guardian¬ 
ship or protection; the act of buying goods 
regularly at one store. 

no tfAii pec (pa'trfln-es; pat'run-es), n. 
P«--L1 Ull-cso a woman who guarantees 
the disposal of tickets for an entertainment 
for charity. 

_„x (pat'run-iz; pa'trun-iz), v.t. 

pat -1 Ull-ixc to act as guardian or bene¬ 
factor towards; support or protect; to 
treat with condescension; favor; frequent 
as a customer; as, to patronize a store.— 
adj. patronizing. — adv. patronizingly. — n. pat- 
ronizer. 

_ Q + m rvrrm (pat'rO-nlm'Ik). adj. 
pat-ro-nym-ic formed from the name 
of an ancestor: n. a name coming from an 
ancestor; the family_name. 

__ (pd-troon'), n. one who re- 

pa-irUUIi ceived a large tract of land 

under the old Dutch government of New 

York. „ ... 

_ x x__ (pat'en), n. a wooden shoe with a 
pal- tell thick sole, or one with an iron 
ring under the sole to raise the foot from the 
ground, formerly worn by women as a protec¬ 
tion against damp; a clog; the base of a 
column. 

_„i (pat'er), v.t. to strike with a quick 

pdX-Xei succession of light sounds; as, 
the rain patters on the window; to move with 
light, quick steps; tojfmumble or mutter some¬ 
thing over and over, especially the Lord’s 
prayer: v.t. to mumble indistinctly: as, to 


patter one’s prayers: n. a quick succession of 
slight sounds; colloquially, ignorant, idlf 
talk or gossip. 

naf torn (pat'em), n. a model, sample, or 
pd.l-lClll specimen; anything cut out ot 
formed into a shape to be copied; a design 
or figure; as, the pattern of a carpet; a 
piece of material sufficient for a garment; 
as, a dress pattern; v.t. to make in imita¬ 
tion of; to copy: with after, from, or by; 
as, to pattern a dress after a model: v.i. to 
form one thing like another; as, you would 
do well to pattern by him. 

P<it ty n : a sma U case made of pas- 

patty. 


try, holding meat, etc.; as, a chicken 


■nan ri Hr (pS'sl-tl), n. smallness of num- 
pd.U-LJ.-ly ber or quantity; scarcity. 

•paiil (pol), n. a Jew of Tarsus who became 
Jr alll an apostle of Christ and whose 
epistles, or letters, to the Gentiles are con¬ 
tained in several books of the New Testa¬ 
ment:’ originally known as Saul. 

"Paul t’tio (pol'in; pol'in), adj. pertain- 
xr aui-uic ing to the apostle Paul, or to 
his letters or teachings. 

notineli (panch; pdnch), n. the abdomen; 
paUilLU the belly and, sometimes, its 
contents. 

nan r»ar (P^'per), n. a very poor person; 
pau-pci on e who is supported by the 
public. 

nan nor icm (po'per-Izm), n. the state 
pall-pcl-lolll 0 f being in need of charity. 

or of being supported by the public, 
nan r*ar i?o (po'per-Iz), v.t. to reduce to 
pau-pci-ixo extreme poverty; to accus¬ 
tom to receive support from the public; as. 
too easy charity tends to pauperize the poor, 
nano a (P Sz ) - n - a temporary stop or rest; 
petUoc a brief ceasing of action; interrup¬ 
tion; Hesitation; a break in speaking; a break 
in writing indicated by a punctuation mark: 
a mark in music over or under a note or 
rest to show that it is to be prolonged: v.i. to 
make a shortstop; wait; hesitate: often with 
on or upon. 

naira (pav), v.t. to cover or lay with stones. 
P«-VO bricks, etc.; as, to pave a street; to 
make smooth or easy; as, to pave the way for 
another. 

naira manf (pav'ment), n. a roadway or 
JJaVC-liidiL floor covered or laid with 
stone, brick, tile, etc.; a sidewalk; material 
used in covering a road, footway, or floor, 
no iril inn (pa-vll'yttn), n. an ornamental 
pa-V 11-JUJ.i dome-shaped building; as, a 
garden pavilion; a large tent; a temporary 
open building for shelter, entertainment, etc.; 
a part of a large building extending out from 
the main part, or rising above it. 
naixr (P°)» n. the foot of a four-footed 
P«-W animal with claws: v.t. and v.i. to 
scrape with the forefoot; as, a horse paws 
the. ground; a dog paws at his meat; to 
touch or caress with the forefoot; as, a dog 
paws his master’s knee; colloquially, to han¬ 
dle awkwardly or fondly; as, to paw things 
over. 

•naurl (p61), n - a short bar or bolt on a 
pd.Wi machine made to fall into notches 
in another part, as a wheel, of the machine, 
in order to prevent the movement from 
turning back. 

noum (pon), n. something given or de- 
pa. W11 posited as security for the payment 
of a debt or return of a loan; state of being 
so pledged; a common piece at chess: v.t. 
to give as security for a loan; as, to pawn a 
ring. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 







pawnbroker 


448 


peck 


pawn-bro-ker „ 

lend money on goods 1< 

Paw-nee (p6_ne,) ’ 


(p9n'br5"ker), n. one 
whose business is to 
left with him. 

-,, n. one of a tribe of 

American Indians, originally in¬ 
habiting what is now the region of the Arkan¬ 
sas River in Nebraska and Kansas. 

otrrti cVn"kTi (pon'shop"), 7i. a shop where 
yja. wii-Diiup money is lent, on goods de¬ 
posited. 

■pio tit w (po po ), 71 . a tree of the 
paw-paw custard-apple family, common 
in the southwestern United States. Also, 

papaw. 

•no v (P^s), n. a small metal plate engraved 
with a crucifix or other sacred subject: 
formerly kissed by priest and worshipers, 
ngv (P^). v-t- [P-t■ and p.p. paid, p.pr. pay- 
ing], to satisfy the claims of; reward; 
recompense: as, to pay workmen; discharge, 
as a debt, by giving what is required; as, to 
pay taxes: to be profitable to; as, it will 
pay you to study; give without any sense of 
obligation; as, to pay a compliment: v.i. to 
make recompense; to discharge a debt; as, 
he always pays promptly; to make suitable 
return; be worth while; as, the business 
pays well; honesty always pays: n. money 
given for service done, for goods, etc. 

ncnr a Kl a (pa'a-bl), adj. that may, can, 
jpa.jr-a.-UAC or should be, paid; justly due; 
as, a note payable on demand. 

•nav a a (pa-eO. n. one to whom money is, 
Jldy-ce or j s paid. 

no tt m o c •fat* (P8>hnas ,, ter), n. one who 
-A.na.o-LCA gives out money for wages; 
especially, an officer in the army or navy 
whose duty is to pay the officers and men. 
Y*pT 7 tn Ptvf (P^'ment), n. the act of giving 
r^J -AxicAAt money for wages, a debt, etc.; 
that which is given in discharge of a debt, 
duty, etc.; recompense. 

T»av nim (pa'nlm), adj. formerly, heathen; 
pay-iimi pagan: n. one of a false faith: 
an idol worshiper. 

npo (pe), n. [pi. peas, or pease (pez)], a 
pod-bearing vine of the bean family; 
its eatable seed. 

TlParP (pes). 7 i. a state of rest or calm; 
r cav,c freedom from war or disturbance; 
friendly relations; as, peace between nations. 

Syn. quiet, tranquillity. 

HPar*P o kl/a (pes'a-bl), adj. not quarrel- 
C T a ' UiC some; calm; quiet; tranquil; 
still.— adv. peaceably — n. peaceableness. 

TlParp fill (pes'fool), adj. free from war 
pcauc-iUl or commotion; mild; calm; 
undisturbed; quiet; as, a peaceful evening.— 
adv. peacefully. — n. peacefulness. 

peace mak Gr (1*®®^^*®)’ ®ne who 

restores friendly 
feeling between 
two unfriendly 
parties. 

peach 

(pech), n. a 
well-known or¬ 
chard tree; its 
fleshy, juicy 
fruit. 

pea-cock 

(pe'kok"), n. 

[ fem. peahen], 
the male bird of 
the peafowl, noted for its long, handsome tail 
coverts, commonly called tail-feathers, marked 
With eyelike spots. _ 



Peacocks 


a loose 

_ coat of 

sailors in bad 


rwao frairl (Pe'foul*), n. a large domestic 
pca-iUWl fowl, with vivid greenish-blue 
plumage. 

npo _ici pf (pe'jak'et), n. 
pea. jaLxv-cL double-breasted 
thick woolen cloth worn by sai 
weather. 

rjaolr (Pek), 7i. the sharp-pointed summit 
pca.iv G f a mountain or hill; a mountain 
standing alone; a pointed end of anything; 
as, the peak of a roof; the extended front of a 
cap; the upper outer corner of an extended 
sail; the narrow part, fore or aft, of a vessel’s 
hull: v.i. to grow pale and wan. 

npalrnrl (pekt; pek'ed), adj. pointed; 
pcaxvcvi ridged; as, a peaked roof; col¬ 
loquially, thin or sickly in appearance, 
nan 1 (pel), 71. a loud, long sound, as of 
peax thunder, bells, etc.; a set of bells, or 
the changes rung by them: v.i. to give forth 
loud sounds: v.t. to cause to sound loudly; 
as, to peal a bell. 

tip an (P e '^n), w. a loud and joyous song 
pc-an of praise or triumph. Also, paean, 
■npa nut (pe'nut), n. tho fruit of a trailing 
plant of the bean family: called 
also groundnut, because it ripens under 
ground. 

nPfir (Pa r ) > n - an orchard tree related to the 
pcai apple; its juicy, fleshy, eatable fruit. 
TlPfirl (Purl), n. a small round mass of 
pcan i us trous substance, grayish-white or 
creamy in color, growing in the mother-of- 
pearl coating which lines the shell of the oys¬ 
ter, and used as a gem; anything like such a 
gem in form or value; a pale grayish-white 
color; a white speck in the eye; a small size of 
type: adj. consisting or made of pearl: v.t. to 
set or adorn with pearls. 

npai*1 aQ^i (phrhS.sh*'), n. crude potash 
pcaii aoii W ith the impurities taken out. 

nPfirl V (Pur' 11 ) - adj. having a soft grayish- 
pca.ii -y white color or luster; round and 
lustrous; as, pearly tears.—n. pearliness, 
rjpprt (pert), adj. in good spirits; sprightly: 
pcai l hvely. _ [Colloq.] 

npac: ant (P^z'ant), 7i. in Europe, a 
r countryman, especially one who 
tills the soil and is of lowest rank: adj. rude; 
rustic; as, peasant manners. 

TlPflQ ant 1*V (pSz'ant-rl), n. the whole 
pcao-ain-iy class of rustics, or country¬ 
men, of lowest rank. 

naacp (pez), n.pl. peas In quantity or 
pease collectively. 

npof (pet), 7i. a substance formed of 
pcai decayed vegetable matter, like moss 
or turf: used as fuel, especially in Ireland, 
rtpa VPV (pe'vl), n. a lever, pointed with 
pca-vcj ironi with a movable iron hook 
near the end: used in lumbering. Also, 
peavy. 

npK trip (P®h'l), 7i. a small roundish stone; 
pcy-uic transparent or clear rock crystal 
used for spectacles, etc.: v.t. to grain (leather) 
so as to produce an uneven surface. 

rjpH hlv (Pub'll), adj. full of pebbles or 
pcu-uijf small roundish stones; as, a 
pebbly shore. 

TIP pan (pS-kan'; p9-kan'), n. a kind of 
pc-caii hickory tree of the southern United 
States; its thin-shelled nut. 

tlPC Hil In (pek'd-dll'S), n. [pi. pec- 
f T 1 ™. cadillos, or -loes (-dz)]. a 

trifling fault or slight offense. 

npr ra i*V (Pek'a-rl), n. [pi. peccaries 
peu ca-ry (_rlz)], a South American animal 
similar to the hog. 

(p&k), n. one-quarter of a bushel; 
eight quarts in dry measure: a quick. 


peck 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, srn; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menii; 













pecker 


449 


sharp stroke, as with the beak or with some- 
thing pointed: v.t. to strike with the beak, 
as a bird; as, to peck the bark of a tree; to 
strike with a pointed instrument, as a pick- 
to make by striking with a pointed object’ 
as, the chick pecks a hole in the shell; pick 
up with the beak; as, the hen pecks corn- 
eat daintily; as, she pecks her food: v.i to 
make strokes with the beak, or with a sharp 
instrument; to pick up food with the beak, 
neck et* (Peyer). n. one that pecks, or 
V™ Picks; especially, a bird that 
picks boles m trees, such as the woodpecker- 
a pick, pickax, or other^ tool for making holes! 
Bec-to-ral (pcb'tb-ran, adj. pertaining to, 
Jc good for, or worn on, the chest; 

as, a pectoral muscle; a pectoral remedy; a 
pectoral ornament: n. an ornament worn on 
the breast, as the breastplate formerly worn 
by the Jewish high priest; a medicine for 
chest complaints. 

■nPC 11 1 (pck'u-lat), v.i. to take and 
f , 77 aLC use for oneself, money en¬ 
trusted to ones care; to steal; to em¬ 
bezzle.—n. peculator. 

Dec-U-Ia tinn (Pck"u-la'shun), n. the 
f c “ U-Icl-UUIl act of stealing, or of tak¬ 
ing for ones own use, money intrusted to 
one s care; theft; embezzlement, as of a 
bank s funds. 

■np pul iftr (pe-kul'yar), adj. one’s own; 

as > my peculiar property; not 
like anything else; not owned in common; as, 
an idiom is an expression peculiar to one 
language; distinct; individual; as, her style of 
dress is peculiar to her; strange; queer; as, a 
person of peculiar appearance.— adv. pecul¬ 
iarly. 

DG-Cll ll AT 1 tv (P6 _ ku , ’'li-§,r , I-tI), n. [pi. 
LU ll-cU-l-ly peculiarities (-tlz)j. 

something which marks a person or thing as 
being different; the state or quality of being 
very different; an unusual or odd trait; 
queerness. 

TIP P11 ili A TV /Pe-ku'nl-a-rl), adj. relat- 
pe-L-U-lll-ct-iy ing to , or consisting of, 

money; as, pecuniary difficulties.— adv. pecu¬ 
niarily. 

TlPfl A omo" (ped'a-gog), n. a teacher 
pcu-a-gug 0 f children; a schoolmaster, 
especially if conceited and narrow-minded 

Also, pedagogue. 

TlPf! A trnff ip (ped"a-g6j , Ik), adj. of or 
ycu-a-gug-it pertaining to a teacher or 
to the art of teaching; n.pl. the art or science 
of teaching. Also, adj. pedagogical. 

ned a pv (ped'a-go'ji; ped'd-goj'p, 

r cu - a oj n. the science or art of 

teaching; instruction and training, 
flpd a 1 (P&l'al; pe'dal), adj. pertaining to 
a foot or feet, or to a treadle, such 
as that of a bicycle; as, pedal digits, or 
toes; a pedal note in organ music: n. (ped'5,1), 
a lever attached to a musical instrument and 
moved by the foot, to lessen or swell the tone; 
a treadle. 

TlPff cm t (ped'ant), n. one who makes a 
pou-am needless display of his learning 
or who overvalues mere knowledge. 

TIP Hem tip (pe-dan'tik), adj. pertaining 
pu-ucui-uu t 0 or marked by, a conceited 
and needless display of learning. Also, 

pedantical. — adv. pedantically.. 

npd ant rv (ped'ant-ri), n. conceited and 
|iou-aiii-ij/ needless display of learning; 
the habit of mind that overvalues, and is 
vain of possessing, trifling details of learning. 
Tkprf Hip (Ped'l), v.i. to travel about selling 
■rCU.-u.AC small wares; to do a small 
business; be busy about trifles, v.t. to sell 


peeress 


in small quantities from house to house; to 
hawk; to deal out little by little. 

TlPfl HIpt (Ped'ler), n. one who travels 
pcu-uici about selling small articles; a 
hawker. Also, pedlar, pedler. 

■npH pq ta 1 (Ped'es-tal), n. 
peU-eb-CcU the base of a 

column, statue, vase, etc. = 

pe-des-tri-an i p „ 6 )', d 

going on foot; walking: n. one 
who journeys on foot; a profes¬ 
sional walker. 

pe-des-tri-an-ism 

(p£-des'tri-an-Izm), n. the art or 


practice of walking; the business 
ot one who makes walking or rim- R 

mng a specialty. base C cor¬ 

ned 1 Cel (Ped'I-sel), n. any nice; D, dado. 
r tu a-cca slender supporting 

stalk; a stock supporting various special 
organs; in seed plants, a flower stalk bearing 
one flower. 

npH i rrtm (ped'I-kur), n. the care of 
c the feet; a chiropodist, or 
one who doctors the feet. 



ped 

pedigi 

ped- 



1 OTPP (ped'I-gre), n. ancestry or 
- - 1 -& 1 CC line G f descent; as, the 

pedigree of a horse; a family history. 

-- 1 i rnpnt (Ped'*-ro§nt), n. originally, 

*- an ornamented triangular 
space, or low gable, over the front of a build¬ 
ing; hence, any like decoration over a door, 
window, etc. 

npr f Ip*- (ped'ler), n. one who travels from 
ptu-ACi place to place selling small 
articles; a hawker. Also, peddler, pedlar. 

pe-dom-e-ter 

watch-shaped instrument for 
measuring the distance cov¬ 
ered in walking. 

pe-dun-cle gft t™'- 

flower stalk. — adj. pedun¬ 
cular, pedunculate. 

ppplr (p^k), v.i. to look 
jjccrv slyly through a 
crevice or crack; to peep: 
n. a peep; a glance, 
npp] (pel), v.t. to strip 
r CCi the outer covering 
from, as bark, rind, husk, 
etc.; as, to peel an orange; Pedometer 
to strip off; as, to peel the bark from a tree: 
v.i. to come off or strip; as, the bark of the 
tree peels easily: n. skin or rind; a baker’s 
long, flat, wooden shovel; a contrivance for 
hanging up printed sheets to dry. 
upon (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry, as young 
r i buds; to look through a crack or from 
a hiding place; look slyly; begin to appear; 
as, the sun peeps over the horizon: n. the 
cry of a young chick, bird, etc.; a cheep; a 
sly look; a glimpse; first appearance; as. 
at peep of day^ 

pppn P r (Pe'per), n. one that peeps; espe- 
pccp-CA C i a iiy, a young frog that makes a 
cheeping noise.’ 

npp r (per), n. one of the same rank; an 
equal; a nobleman; a member of the 
British House of Lords: v.i. to look narrowly 
or closely; as, to peer through the trees, 
nppr o cxA (P er 'Sj)- n • the rank or dignity 
pooi-agc 0 f a nobleman; the whole body 
of noblemen; a book containing infoz-mation 
about the nobility. 

nppf pqc (per'es), n. the wife of a nobie- 
pccA-coo man; a lady of noble rank 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh—z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 

















peerless 


450 


penetration 


1 occ (per'les), adj. without an equal; 
pcci-icao matchless; as, a peerless dia¬ 
mond; peerless courage.— adv. peerlessly.— 
n. peerlessness. 

«\cko TrioV* (pe'vlsh), adj. childishly fretful; 
pCC-VloH difficult to please; as, a peevish 
disposition; ill-tempered.— adv. peevishly.— n. 
peevishness. 

(peg), n. a small pointed wooden pin; 
peg as, a shoe-peg; a piece of wood serving 
as a nail; as, to hang one’s coat on a peg: 
v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. pegged, p.pr. pegging], to 
fasten with small wooden pins; as, to peg 
shoes; to mark by driving in small stakes of 
wood; as. to 'peg out a mining claim: v.i. to 
work steadily; as, to peg away at one’s 
lessons. 

_ _ (peg'md-trb), n. a coarse- 

peg-ma-tlte grained granite, often con- 



adj. pertaining to, 

k w __ a in, the ocean far from 

land; as, pelagic fish. 

Ck-r 1 -no (pSl'er-In; pel'er-en'), n. a 
pci-el -me woman’s cape, often of fur, 
longer in the back than in the front. 

if (pelf), n. stolen property; money; 
pell wealth: used in a bad sense, 
not i r-a-rt (pel'I-kan), n. a large water bird 
pcl-l-tall with a huge bill, and a large 
pouch on the throat for storing food 
(fish); a dentist’s instrument for 
drawing teeth. 

no llQQG (pe-les ), 
pe-iiooe n. a wom¬ 
an’s long cloak, _* 
originally of 
fin*, or fur-lined, 
now often of 



silk 

pel-lag-ra 

(pe-lag'ra; p6- 
la'grd),n. a skin 
disease, caused 
by a germ, 
which seriously 

disturbs the di- Pelicans 

gestive and 
nervous systems and frequently results in 
Insanity and death. 

nol 1 (pgl'et), n. a little ball, often of 
pei-iei food or medicine, as a pill, etc. 

pel-1 j-cle iff' kl) ’ "■ a very tWn skln or 

noli moll (pei"mel'), adv. in a disorderly 
ptiil-lllCll manner; in furious haste; as, 
they rushed pell-mell from the room. Also, 

pellmelL 

n n1 1 1t (pe-lu'sld), adj. perfectly clear; 

pd-1 U-vlU transparent; as, a pellucid 

stream of water; pellucid thought, 
noil* (Pelf). n ~ a raw hide; the skin of a fur 
PCJLA bearing animal; a blow from some¬ 
thing thrown: v.t. to strike by throwing 
something; as, to pelt a dog with stones: v.i. 
to fall heavily, as rain or hail. 

■nol* -nr (P&'trl), n. [pi. peltries (-trlz)], 
ptJll-Ij sldns or furs collectively: pi. kinds 
of skins or furs. 

■nol wir (pel'vlk), adj. pertaining to the 
pd-Vlt/ pelvis, or bony cavity supporting 
the lower part of the body, 
nol vric (pel'vis), n. the bony cavity sup 
pcl-vlo porting the lower part of the 
abdomen, or body, 
no-m -mi ra n (Pem'I-kan), n. a foodstuff 
pem-IIU-V/Oll made of lean meat, with 

fat and, sometimes, fruit, dried, pounded, and 
pressed into cakes. 


non (p8n), n. a small inclosure; as, a pigpen; 

ptill a coop; an instrument for writing with 
ink, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. penned, p.pr. pen¬ 
ning], to shut up or confine in a small inclosure; 
write, as to pen a letter. 

no nol (pe'nal), appertaining to, or liable 
pC-Ildl to, punishment; as, the penal laws; 
a penal offense. . 

no nal iVo (Pe'nSl-Sz), v.t. to inflict pun- 
pt5-IlcU.-l.Z-c ishment upon; to make sub¬ 
ject to punishment. 

non ol -Hr (pen'al-tl), n. legal punishment 
pcIl-«-l-tj either on the person or by a 
fine; fine or forfeit; suffering or punishment 
as the result of any wrongdoing, 
non onro (Pen'&ns), n. self-imposed suf- 
P cIl-cUJLC C fering; an act showing sorrow 
for wrongdoing; in the Roman Catholic 
Church, the sacrament by which sins are par¬ 
doned after confession and reparation. 

+oc (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- 
pc-Uci-lcb fi 0 id gods of the ancient Ro¬ 
mans. Also, di penates. 

(pens), n. plural of penny, expressing 
pcIlCc total amount of money: distinct 
from pennies, which indicates separate_coins. 

oV»cm + (pah"shah'; pen'chSnt), n. a 
peii-CUctliL strong leaning or taste; as, 
she has a penchant for music. [Fr.] 

„ *1 (pen'sll), n. a small fine brush used 

peil-CU by artists; a pointed instrument 
of black lead, colored chalk, etc., often 
inclosed in wood, and used for writing, draw¬ 
ing. etc.: v.t. to write, sketch, paint, or mark 
with, or as with, a pencil. 

„ cilorl (pen'slld), p.adj. written, drawn, 
peil-CUeu. or painted, with, or as with, a 
pencil; marked with fine lines. 

OT ,+ (pen'd&nt), n. anything hanging 
peiIU-cU.il f Gr ornamentation; an earring 
or locket. 

-no-id on+ (pen'dSnt), adj. hanging; sus- 
peilU-Ciil pended; jutting over; as, a 
pendent rock; swinging; undetermined. 
ncn A (pend'Ing), adj. not yet finished 

peilU-iAig or decided; as, a pending trial: 
prep, during the continuance of; awaiting, 
non #4ii Innc (pen'du-lus), adj. hanging 
pcii-uu-iuuo so as to swing; swaying.— 

adv. pendulously. — n. pendulousness. 

non dii'liim (PSn'dfi-lfLm) , n. [pi. pen- 
pen-UU-lum dulums (-lumz)l. a body 
suspended from a fixed point so that it may 
vibrate, or swing backwards and forwards; 
as, the pendulum of a clock. 

non p +i*q hil i -fir (pen e-tra-bll i-tT),ri. 
pen-e-lici-uii-l-xy capability of being 

entered or pierced by another body; as, the 
penetrability of steel by a bullet. 

non o +ra Tito (pen'g-trd-bl), adj. that 
pcii-G-iia.-uic; may be entered or pierced 

by another body; capable of receiving an 
idea or impression. 

non o +•»*'?+o (Pen'fc-trat), v.t. to pierce; 
pcu-c-uaic enter; as, light penetrates 
darkness; make a hole through or perforate; 
as, a bullet penetrates wood; make a way 
into; as, the idea at last penetrated his intel¬ 
ligence; affect deeply; reach the interior of; 
as, to penetrate a forest: v.i. to pass or pierce 
into something; to affect the feelings deeply; 
as, grief penetrates to the heart. 

■non O +ra + in cr (pen'S-trat'Ing), p.adj. 
peil-e-UcU-mg piercing; sharp; dis¬ 
cerning or knowing. Also, penetrative. 

non o fra +irm (P^n'e-tra'shun) , n. the 
pciI-c-lIcl-lIUU aC fc 0 f entering or pierc¬ 
ing; mental acuteness or keenness. 

Syn. sagacity, discernment. 

Ant, (see dulness). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; umt, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 







penguin 


451 


ripri fniTTl , pen Syfr 1 pen gwln), 
pcil gUlil i arge Antarctic sea fowl, 
to fly, but expert at 
swimming. 

pen - in - su 

(pen-In'su-ld), 
n. a piece of 
land extending 
from the main¬ 
land and almost 
surrounded by 
water. 


pen-in -su- 

Iqr (pen-In'sti- 
AClA lar), ad). 
o f, pertaining 
to, or shaped 
like, a peninsu¬ 
la, or body of 
land almost 
surrounded by 
water. 

pen-i-tence 


penurious 


n. a 
unable 



Penguins 

(pen'I-tens), n. sorrow for 
sin; state of being sorry. 

TIPTI i fpnt (P^n'I-tent), adj. sorry; repent- 
P^aa-a-i.'oaai, ant: n. one who is repentant, 
or sorry for sin; one who is under the direc¬ 
tion of a confessor.— adv. penitently. 

TIPTI 1 I'PTI "Hal (Pen'l-ten'shall, adj. per- 
ivu-uai taining to, or expressing, 
sorrow for sins; of the nature of penance or 
punishment. 

TIPTI t tpn ft o f"T7 (pen'l-ten'sha-ri), adj. 
pen-l-ien-tia-ry pertaining to penance 

or punishment for wrongdoing: n. a house of 
correction; a state prison in which convicted 
criminals are confined, usually at labor. 

lmi'fp txlf ), n. a small pocket- 
pcu-iuiuo knife, so called because used 
formerly for sharpening quill pens. 

rip-p TTifiTi (pen'man), n. a person con- 
pCi.l-J.iActi.1 sidered -with regard to his hand¬ 
writing: as, a good pe?iman; one who teaches 
handwriting. 

TIPTI Tnf3T1 cTlIfl (Pen'man-shlp), n. the 
pcil-IIlctll-bilip ar t or style of hand¬ 
writing; handwriting. 

(pen'ant), n. a long narrow 


as, a naval pennant; any 
various purposes; as, a 


without 


pen-nant jgg 

small flag used for 
college pennant. 

pen-nate adj ' having wings or 

TiPti nt Ipcc (PSn'i-les), adj. 
jjcxi-xix-icoo money; very poor. 

r\ y, "noti (pen/un), n. a small 
pcIi-ilUll swallow-tailed flag or 
streamer, formerly borne by a knight 
on his lance; any flag or banner. 

TIPTI nv <P 6n 'i), n - [P 1 ' Pennies 
pcAA-AAy (-iz), denoting number, 

pence (pens), denoting amount or 
value], an English bronze coin, equal 
to one-twelfth of a shilling, or to 
two cents of United States money; 
colloquially, in the United States, a PpTmnn 
cent. icimon 

tipti Ti XT Toxr q 1 (P0 nff I-roi'al), n. a fra- 
puil-ny-roy-cll grant herb of the mint 

family. 

TIPTI TVU - WPlVbt (pen'I-wat"), n. a weight 
pUIl-Iiy-WUlgllt equal to twenty-tour 

grains troy or to one-twentieth of an ounce. 

tipti nv.unco (pen'Uwiz"), adj. economi- 
pcil-liy WibtJ ca j j n sma n affairs; sav¬ 
ing small sums wliile losing larger ones; as, 
“ penny-wise and pound foolish.” Also, 

penny wise. 



n. the 
a penny 


pen-ny-worth 

will buy; a small amount. 

Tip nnl n crxr (pc- n dl'o-ji), n. the scien- 
pc-lAUl-U-gy title study of punishments 

management, etc.— adj. 


hanging loosely; 
nest; having a 


for crime, prison 

penological. 

TIPTI cilp (Pen'sll), adj. 
pcAi-pAAs? as, a pensile 

hanging nest. 

TIPTI cion (Pen'shun), n. a certain sum 
F t ' AA-OA '- ,AA paid regularly for past services; 
as, a pension paid by the government to 
ex-soldiers; a regular allowance paid to one 
through the good will of another; (Fn. pan"- 
syon'), a boarding house or boarding school; 
v.t. to grant a regular allowance of money to. 

rjprj cif>n Pi TV (Pen'shun-a-rl), adj. de- 
F CA1 aiuxi-d-iy pending for support upon 
an allowance made because of past services 
or through bounty: n. one who depends on 
such an allowance. 

Tipti cion PT (pen'shun-er), n. one who 
P^aa-oavaa-^a receives a regular allowance 
because of past services or through the 
bounty of another. 

Tipti civp (pen'siv), adj. sadly thoughtful; 
uoiA-oAvc musing; as, a pensive mood; 
expressing sad thoughtfulness; as, a pensive 
look.— adv. pensively.— n. pensiveness. 

rtpn cfnrlr (Pon'stSk"), n. a canal from a 
pCil-bLUCll mill race to the gate of a 

water wheel; a sluice or floodgate; a pump 
barrel; a penholder. 

Tipnt (P® n t)* P-adj. shut up; closely con- 
fined; as, his pent anger broke forth 

at last. 

Tipn tn cron (P^n'td-gon), n. 

peu-ld-gon a plane figure G f 

five sides and five angles.— adj. 

pentagonal. - 

pen-tam-e-ter 

verse consisting of five feet: adj. 
having five metrical feet. 

(pen'td-stil), n. 



Pentagon 

non +a c+w1p (pen'td-stil), n. a building 
P CJ - A - td-o Lylc w ith five columns in front. 

Don Fo foiicb (pen'td-tuk), n. the first 
r'eil-td-ieuun five books of the Old 

Testament. 

npn ffi+li Ion (pen-tath'lon), n. in the 
pcAA-ta.Lii-AUAi modern Olympic games. 

a composite contest of five athletic events. 
T>«n fa orket- (pen'te-kost), n. a Jewish 
Oil- IC-LUb l festival kept the fiftieth 
day after the second day of the Passover; 
the Christian feast of Whitsunday, celebrat¬ 
ing the descent of the Holy Ghost.— adj. 
Pentecostal. 

TiPTlf Tioiicp (Pentiums"), n. a shed with 
jpoAAi-nuuac a slanting roof projecting 

from a main wall or building; a small, slant¬ 
ing roof over a doorstep. 

tipti f roof (pent'roof"), n. a roof with a 
pciH-lUUI slant on one side only. 

tip -niilf (Pe'nult; pe-nult'), n. the last 
jJC-iiUAt syllable but one of a word. Also, 
penultima. 

pe-nul-ti-mate bft n o I !'"'”t t) k a p J m“ t 

timate syllable: n. the penult, or the next to 
the last syllable of a word. 

tip thitti hrct (pe-num'bra), n. a partial 
£A shadow on the outside of 
a complete shadow, as in an eclipse, or at the 
edge of a sun spot; in a picture, the space where 
shadow merges into light.— adj. penumbral. 

TIP Tilt ri 011c (Pe-nu'rl-us), adj. miserly; 
pc-llU-li-UUb not liberal; scanty.— adv. 
penuriously. —n. penuriousness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 












penury 


452 


perdition 


(pen'fi-rl), ft. want of the neces- 
pcil-U-ry sities of life: extreme poverty. 
__ rkn (pe'fin), ft. a Mexican laborer, 
pe-OIl especially one who is forced to work 
for a creditor to pay a debt; in India, a native 
soldier or constable. 

■no on o cro (pe'on-aj), ft. a system of con- 
pc-Uii-dgc tract labor, by which gangs 
of workmen are rented to employers: common 
in Mexico and in the southern United States, 
no r\ tin (pe'6-ni), ft. a plant of the crow- 
pc-U-Iiy foot family with handsome flow¬ 
ers; the flower of the plant. Also, pseony, 

non nlo (P e 'Ph. n - \P L P e °P ]e * peoples 
pcu-pic (_piz)], persons generally; as, many 

people on the streets; members of a com¬ 
munity; inhabitants; as, the people of 
America; race; as, the different peoples of 
the world; kindred or family; as, my own 
people; the public as a whole; as, government 
should exist for the‘good of the people; com¬ 
moners as distinct from nobles; as, Lloyd 
George was a man of the people: v.t. to fill 
with inhabitants; as, to people a country. 

Syn., ft. nation, persons, folks, 
non nor (pep'er), ft. a hot spice made of 
pep-pci the ground seeds of various East 
Indian plants: v.t. to season with the hot 
spice called pepper; to season with spicy 
remarks; as, to pepper a speech with sar¬ 
casms; to shower objects upon; as, to pepper 
with stones. 

non nor rnm (pSp'er-korn"), ft.the small 
pcp-pci-t/Uiii berry of the pepper plant; 

hence, anything small or trifling. 

non nor crrocc (pep'er-gras'), n. a kind 
pcp-pCA-gidoo 0 f pungent cress. 

non nor mint (pep'er-mint). n. a pun- 
pep-per-mini gent herb; the oil pre¬ 
pared from it; a lozenge flavored with this 
oil. 

non nor wnrt (pep'er-wurt"). ft. a cress; 
pep-per-wort a plant of the mustard 

family. 

non nor xr (pep'er-f), adj. fiery; pungent 
Jr or sharp; as, a peppery dish; 

a peppery temper. 

non cin (pep'sfn), n. a ferment formed in 
pcp-oill the stomach; a preparation of 
this substance, sometimes obtained from the 
stomach of a pig, used in medicine to aid 
digestion. Also, pepsine. 
non tir (pep'tlk), adj. pertaining to or 
pep-lit aiding digestion: pi. the science of 
digestion 

nor (P £ ~ r_ ) • a prefix meaning through: over 
PUI - the whole extent; by; very: prep. 
by; through; as, per diem, by the day. 
[Lat.] 

nor jarf won +liro (p?r’ad-ven'tur:pur'- 
per-d-U-V eil-LUre ad-ven'tur), ado. and 

conj. perhaps; it may be; supposing; if: 
n. doubt; question; as, I shall prove it to 
you beyond any peradventure. 

nor am Vm lerfo (per-am'bu-lat), v.t. to 
pci -dill-DU-ldle walk through or over, 

especially to inspect or oversee: v.i. to walk 
or stroll about. 

per-am-bu-la-tion 

of walking or traveling through or over; 
an inspection of boundary lines to see that 
they still exist or are unchanged. 

nor n tti Ivit la "for (p5r-am'bu-la"ter), 
per-d.m-DU-ld.-XOr „ a baby carriage; 

an instrument for measuring distances trav¬ 
eled over. 

nor ealp (per-kal': per"kal'), n. a cotton 
pci -eaie fabric with a linen finish, often 
printed. 


nor roiv a V>lo tp3r-sey'd-bl). adj. ca¬ 
pex -L CIV -cl-U1C pableof being discerned* 

or known, by the senses or by the mind. 

•nor ronro (per-sev'), v.t. to obtain knowl- 
pci - tCiVC edge of by the senses; to see; 
hear, feel, taste, or smell; understand; as 
to perceive the point of an argument; discern. 

Syn. note, observe, distinguish, 
nor rotif (per s6nt )- by tbe hundred; 
pt5i X/Clil in the hundred; as, five per 
cent of the people means five people in every 
hundred: abbreviation of per centum. [Lat.] 

nor rent ocro (per-sen't&j), ft. a certain 
pci -ocii.L-a.gc part, amount or number 

of each hundred parts; the duty, interest, 
etc., on a hundred; that part of arithmetic 
which deals with computing interest, etc. 
nor rent (pur'sept), ft. an object as it 
pcI-LCpi appears to the senses: opposite 
to concept, a mental impression of an object. 

xi i_ il * (per-sep^tl-bil'I-tl), n. 

per-cep-ti-bll-l-ty the state or quality 
of being known through the senses. 

n or pon +i hip (P"-sSp'tI-bl), adj. that 
pcI-Ccp-li-UlC may be known by the 

senses or may be understood; evident.— adv. 
perceptibly. 

nor ron +i/vn (per-sep'shfin), n. the act 
pci -tcp-liun or state of receiving, or 

ability to receive, knowledge of outside things 
by means of the senses; idea, or notion. 

nor rpn fiwP (per-sep'tlv), adj. having 
pci-t/Cp-iivc; the ability or power to 

receive knowledge through the senses.— adv. 
perceptively.—ft. perceptiveness, 
norrh (Purch), ft. a small, edible, fresh- 
pcILll water fish; a measure of length 
equal to five and one-half yards, or a surface 
measure equal to thirty and one-fourth square 
yards; anything, as a rod or pole, on which 
birds sit or roost; hence, any high seat: v.i. 
to sit on a high seat; to rocst: v.t. to place 
on a roost or on a high seat or support. 

rVi arson (per-chans'), adv. perhaps; 
pci -ciiaxicc by chance; maybe. 

n^r rln i prif (per-slp'l-ent), adj. having 
pci-t/ip-i-ciit the power to know through 
the senses, or to understand.—ft. percipience. 

n<pr rn latn (pur'ko-lat), v.i. to pass, 
pci -eu-KUC as a liquid, through very 
small spaces; as, water percolates through 
sand: v.t. to cause, as a liquid, to pass 
through very small spaces; to strain. 

nf»r rn la +irvn (Pur"ko-la'shun), n. the 
pci -cvj-id-Liuii ac t of oozing or passing 

through very small spaces; filtration or strain¬ 
ing. 

■npr rn la +nr (pur'ko-la'ter), ft. a fllter- 
pci-V/U-ia-iui big or straining machine 

or vessel; a machine for making coffee by 
causing boiling water to filter through the 
ground coffee berries. 

nAr c-iic oinn (per-kush'un), n. violent 
pci -tuo-oiuil collision, or meeting; shock 
produced by the violent meeting of bodies; 
the striking of the hammer of a gun upon the 
cap containing powder; impression of sound 
on the car; the medical examination of a 
part of the body by tapping it gently so as to 
determine its condition by the sound pro¬ 
duced.— adj. percussive. 

ppr riic cinr! fan (per-kush'unkap),in 
pci -LUo-blUII Ld.p a rifle or revolver, a 

small copper cup attached to the cartridge 
and containing powder which, when the ham¬ 
mer strikes the cap, explodes and discharges 
the gun. 

nAr A\ +ir»n (per-dfsh'fin),ft.totaldestruc- 
pci-ux-LlDH tion; ruin; utter loss of the 
soul or of hopes of heaven. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









peregrinate 


453 


periphrasis 


i"»ort*i ti ofp (per'S-gri-nat), v.t. and. 

».i. to journey; to travel. 

—n. peregrinator. 

not* p pTi nfl tint! (perte-gri-na'shun), 
pci-C-gll-Ilct-LlUIl n . the act of travel¬ 
ing about; a wandering from place to place. 

•nor orrm tn rw (per'emp-to-rl), adj. posi- 
pCI-CIIip-LU-ry tive; final; decisive; 

allowing no discussion; as, a peremptory 
command; stubborn; dictatorial.— adv. per¬ 
emptorily.— n. peremptoriness. 

cm tit al (per-en'I-al). adj. lasting 
per-en-m-ai through the year; as. a 
perennial spring of water; lasting more than 
two years; as, perennial plants; enduring; 
unceasing; as, perennial youth: n. a plant 
that lives from year to year.— adv. perennially. 
r»pr fort (pur'fekt), adj. complete; with- 
jlCi-lCt/l ou t defect or blemish; as, a 
perfect day; blameless; pure; possessing 
every moral excellence; as, a perfect life; 
fully skilled or accomplished; as, a perfect 
workman; in grammar, denoting a tense that 
expresses completed action: v.t. (pur'fekt; 
per-fekt'), to make so as to be without fault 
or lack; complete or finish; as, to perfect an 
invention.— adv. perfectly.—n. perfecter, per¬ 
fectness. 

Syn., adj. correct, entire, sinless, complete; 
v. correct, finish. 

«pi* t 1 t f(ner-fek"tl-bil'i-tl), n. 

L-l-UH-l-iy {he ability to become 
faultless or complete. 

forf $ Klo (per-fek'tl-bl), adj. capa- 
pci-ielkl-l-UiU 0 f becoming or of 

being made faultless._ 

T»ot- inr> +i/vn (per-fek'shun), n. the state 
pci-I CO-UUlI of being without fault or 
blemish, or of being complete; supreme 
excellence. 

Tkor i nilo (per-fld'T-us), adj. false to 
pci-I jlU.-1-UUo trust; treacherous; faith¬ 
less; disloyal; as, a perfidious friend.— adv. 

perfidiously. 

■rvcit- -fi H*r (pur'fi-di), n. treachery; breach 
pur-11-ay of faith; disloyalty. 

., pr rfl f p (pur'fo-rat) , v.t. to pierce or 
-lU-ldlC bore through; make a hole 
through; as. to perforate a wall with a bullet. 
— n. perforator. 

■nnr in ro firm (pur"fo-ra'shun), n. the 

ac t of piercing or boring 
through; a hole bored through, 
rwar fnrro (per-fors'), adv. by force; 
pcx-J.uiec violently; by necessity. 

-rtnr form (per-form'), v.t to do or carry 
P CA -J-Ul-.il. out; execute; achieve; as, to 
perform an operation; to discharge or fulfil; 
as, to perform a duty; to represent, render, or 
portray; as, to perform a part in a play: 
v.i. to act a part; as, to perform on the stage; 
to exhibit in public; as, to perform on the 
piano.— n. performer. 

n.ot- inrrrt aneo (P® r ’ - for'mans), ti. the 
pel -lUllll-clliec carrying out of some¬ 
thing; as, the performance of an undertaking; 
completion; a thing done; deed or feat; a 
public exhibition, especially on the stage, 
-nnr fum a (pSr-fum'), v.t. to fill with a 
pcr-IUIIlc pleasant odor; scent: n. (per'- 
fum), a pleasing scent or odor, as of flowers, 
incense, etc.; fragrance; a fragrant mixture 
prepared to give out a pleasing odor.— n. 
perfumer. 

■rwar film nr xr (per-fum'er-1), n. fragrant 
pci-1 U111-CX-y mixtures, or sweet odors 

in general. 

Y>cf* funr 1 a i*t 7 (per-funk to-rl), adj. 
per-iunc-xo-ry done in a half-hearted or 

careless manner: without interest; done 


-adv. 


merely to get rid of a duty; careless.- 

perfunctorily. — n. perfunctoriness. 

nor cm la (pur'gS-ld), n. a latticework 
pci-gu-ia covering a walk or veranda and 
used for climbing plants; an arbor. 

•nor "ha-no (Per-Mps'), adv. possibly; per- 
pcJ.-J.ia.po chance; maybe, 
no ri Cpe'ri), n. in Persian mythology, a 
A fairy or ell, descended from the dis¬ 
obedient angels, and barred out of Paradise. 

\ onfh (Per'I-anth) , n. the outside 
pci- 1 -a.iiLii envelope of a flower; all the 
flower leaves taken together. 

nor i par Hi fic - (Per"i-kar-di'tis), n. in- 
-vaj.-u.o flammation or soreness 
in the membrane that surrounds the heart. 

nor i car Hi urn (per"l-kar'dl-um), n. 
-1-Ua.l -cj.i-u.lU ^fi e membrane that 

surrounds the heart.— adj. pericardiac, peri¬ 
cardial. 

nor i rra ni nm (ner"i-kra'nl-um), n. 
Jr ^the tissue that covers 
the cranium, or skull._ 

nor i rroo (p8r'I-je), n. that point in the 
pci -i-feCC orbit, or path, of the moon 
nearest the earth: opposite to apogee. 

nor i ho li on (per"I-he'lI-on), n. [pi. 
pci -1-lIC-ii-Ull perihelia (-«)], that point 

in the orbit, or path, of a planet or comet 
nearest the sun: opposite to aphelion. 
npr il (per'Il), n. exposure to injury; 
pci -li danger; as, he was in great peril; 
risk: v.t. to expose to danger or risk. 

nor il miG (pSr'I-lfis), adj. full of danger; 
Jrc A- *i-uuo dangerous; involving risk.— 
adv. perilously.— n. perilousness. 

nor im o for (per-lm'§-ter), n. the outer 
-Jixi-c-LCi boundary of a plane sur¬ 
face, as the circumference of a circle, 
no ri oH (pe'ri-od), n. a definite portion 
Jr u-ii-uu. of time the beginning and end 
of which are fixed; as, the period of summer; 
any space of time, or series of years; as, the 
period of the war; conclusion or end; as, 
the period of his rule was soon reached; a 
dot [.] to mark the end of a sentence; in 
rhetoric, a complete sentence. 

no ri r»H ir (pe"ri-od'ik), adj. pertaining 
pc- 11 -uu.-ic £ 0 a definite round of time; 
happening again and again at definite in¬ 
tervals; occurring regularly, as day and 
night. 

■no ri nf\ i r*al (ps'rT-od'l-kal), adj. per- 
pc-u-uu-j*tcu tabling to a certain fixed 
length of time; occurring at regular intervals; 
as, periodical visits; published or appearing at 
regular stated times, but not daily; pertaining 
to such publications: n. a publication issued 
at stated times, but not daily, as a magazine. 
— adv. periodically. 

no ri n Hir i tv (pe"rf-6-dis'I-tfi, n. the 

pe-n-O-UlU-l-iy state or quality of 

occurring regularly. 

«pt* ■* /-I.Q fo iim (per l-Cs'tS-um), n. the 
-i-uo-ec-uiii membrane which covers 
the bones.— adj. periosteal. 

r,pv* i net fof if* (per l-pd-tet lk), adj. 
pci-l-pa-lCL-lt walking about: Peripa¬ 
tetic, pertaining to the philosophy of Aris¬ 
totle, who taught his disciples while he walked 
about the Lyceum: n. a disciple of Aristotle. 

no rinfi or v (pe-rlf'er-1), n. [pi. periph- 
pc-iipii-d-j eries (-iz)], the circumfer¬ 
ence of a circle, ellipse, or similar figure; the 
outside of a body; the surface.— adj. pe¬ 
ripheral. 

no rinfi ra cic (pe-rif'rd-sls), n. around- 
pU-l ipil-1 ct-oio about way of speaking; 

the habit of saying little in many words. 
Also, periphrase. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






periphrastic 


454 


persecute 


g r\f i tiVit’cici fip (per'Tt-fras tlk), a d j . 
Cl -l- pill flo- liv# roundabout; expressed 

more words than are necessary. Also, 
periphrastical.— adv. periphrastically. 

v\e*r i crnnp (per'f-skop), n. an instru- 
[»Cl-l"Otupc ment consisting of a revolv¬ 
ing prism capable of reflecting light from any 
quarter down an upright tube: used as an 
outlook over the water for guiding submarine 
boats when submerged; in the World War, a 
simi lar instrument projecting above the para¬ 
pet of a trench and used as an outlook. 

icVi (per'ish). v.i. to lose life or vitality; 
pci-lbll decay or die; be destroyed or 
come to nothing. 

r\ckf ioh o "hil i -Hr (per"Ish-d-bfl'I-tt), n. 

per-lSn-a-DU-l-iy the state of being 

liable to decay. 

■n»r ich a KIa (per'ish-d-bl), adj. liable 
pd -i©Ai-a.-uic to decay; as, perishable 

food.— adv. perishably.—n. perishableness. 

t obol f"!c* ^P^ i-stal tik), adj . per— 
pci -i-o ten-tiu taining to the peculiar 
wormlike movement of the intestines by 
which their contents are ferced onwards. 

: c-Ht-Ia (per'i-stfl), n. a row of col- 
pci-l-otjic umns surrounding a building 
or an open court and supporting a roof or 
cornice. 

riA-r i fntiP urn (Per"I-to-ne'um), n. a 
pt?i -1-tU-IlC-LllIl thin membrane which 

lines the abdomen and covers the organs 
contained in it.— adj. peritoneal. 

«Ar i -ni tic (per"I-t6-nT'tIs), n. inflam- 
pci -l- tc-m- no mation of the peritoneum, 
or membrane which lines the abdomen. 

i wicr (perl-wig), n. a headdress of 
pci-1-Wig false hair, formerly worn by 
men as ornament or as a sign of rank. 

«at* i win ItIa (Per'i-wlh"kl), n. a creep- 
P^ 1 _ i" ™ nr-rvAt; mg evergreen plant with 
blue, or sometimes white, flowers; a small 
shellfish. 

nAr iiirA (pu r 'jur), to cause to swear 
pel-J111C falsely, or to break a vow; to 
make guilty of false swearing; as, to perjure 
oneself.— n. perjurer. 

nAr iiir (pdr'ju-ri), n. the wilful break- 
P^l -J til -j ing of an oath or solemn 
promise; the wilful giving, under oath, of 
raise testimony. 

nArlr (P^rk). v.t. to make trim or neat: v.i. 
pci zv to hold up the head in a saucy man¬ 
ner; to become brisk or jaunty: followed by up. 
nArlr v (pur'kl), adj. jaunty; pert; smart; 
P cl -“-"J airy; lively. 

nAr m cx n pu ro (pur'md-nens), n. the 

pcl-llla-llclllc state or quality of 

being fixed or lasting. 

nAr TYia n An pv (pfir'ma - nen - si), n. 

per-IIld.-Iieil-Ly quality or state of 

being fixed or lasting; a thing that is lasting 

or that cannot be destroyed. 

nAr ma ncut (pGr'md-nentl.cd;.lasting; 

fixed; durable; as, a 
permanent building; continuing in the same 
state.— adv. permanently. 

nAr m a Vdl i ■fw (pfir^mS-d-biki-tr), n. 
per-me-d-uii-i-iy the state or qua ii ty 

of allowing the passage of fluids through or 
into; as, the permeability of sand to water, 
ytpty m a q kl 0 (pubm^j-d-bl) , adj. capa- 
pcr-IIlc-d.-DlC ble of allowing fluids to 
pass through or into; as, sand is permeable 
to water. 

nAr -mA o+a (pfir'me-at), v.t. to pass 
pci-iAic-a.cc through the pores or crevices 
of; as. water permeates sand; to spread 
through or mingle with; pervade; as, the 
p erfume of flowers permeates the air. _ 


_ ~ x• „ (pur'me-a'shun), n. tne 

per-mc-a-tion ac t of passing or spread¬ 
ing through; the state of being pervaded, 
or filled. 

"Ul/-, (per-mfs'f-bl), adj. that 
per-miS-Sl-Dle may bo allowed; allow¬ 
able.— adv. permissibly. 

nar rrtic cirvn (per-mlsh'un), n. the act 
pcl-IIIlb-blUll 0 f allowing; leave; as, 

he was given permission to speak; liberty or 
freedom given; consent. . 

nor mtc ciwA (per-misfiv), adj. giving 
pcl-IIUb-blVc consent; not forbidding; 

unopposed. 

nAr mit (per-mit'), t'.fi [p.t. and p.p. per- 
pci-Aiiil mitted, p.pr. permitting], to 
allow by not trying to prevent; to consent 
to; tolerate; as, to permit smoking: v.i. to 
give consent; to allow; as, if the weather 
permits , I shall go: n. (pur'mit), a written 
Avarrant, or leave, to do something. 

not- inn -firm (pur /1 'mu-ta'shun), n. 
per-mU-Tci-T10n the exchange of one 

thing for another; any one of the ways in 
which a number of objects, letters, numbers, 
etc., may be arranged or combined. 
nor -ni rtnne (per-nlsh'us), adj. highly 
pci-m-uuuo injmious or hurtful; de¬ 
structive; as, foul air is pernicious to health. 
— adv. perniciously.— n. perniciousness. 

nAr mVAt xr (per-nik'et-i), adj. trim; 
pt'i -i-Alv/iv-C L-y attentive to tnfles; over- 

nice; fussily particular. [Colloq.] 

nAt- a ra +mn (per "o-ra'shun), n. the 

pci-C-l o.-tiun ent i or conclusion of a 


the oxide, or 
oxygen with 


speech or oration. 

TiAt* (ay t it a (per-ok'sld), n. 
pcl-UA-lUc compound of 

another element, which contains a larger pro¬ 
portion of oxygen than another oxide of the 
same element. Also, peroxid. 
tiat* rt a ti dif* it lor (pfir j~en-dlk fl-ldr), 

per-pen-aiL-u-iar a£ y. at right angles 

to a given line or surface; perfectly upright: 
n. an upright line; a lino at right angles 
with another.— adv. perpendicularly. — n. per¬ 
pendicularity. 

« P r a fra+A (pur'p$-trat), v.t. to do or 
pci-pc-na.LC perform in a bad sense; 

as, to perpetrate a crime.— n. perpetrator. 

-nAr tia fra +irm (pflr"pe-tra'.shfin), 

pci-pc-Lid.-LI UII the act of doing some¬ 
thing unlawful, as a crime. 

r»Ar -nAt 11 (per-pet'fi-3,1), adj. never- 
pci-pct-u-aji. ceasing; continuous; end¬ 
less; everlasting; as, perpetual motion.— adv. 
perpetually. 

yi av pf 1 -j o+a (P e r- P e t ' A - a t ), v.t. to 
pci-pcL-u.-a.tc make everlasting; as, to 
perpetuate the memory of a famous person. 

r»AT r>Af 11 firm (per-pet'u-a'shfin), n. 
pci-pcL-U-d.-L10Il the a et of preserving 

forever; a causing to last always; continuation. 

npr r»A tn i tv (pflr'pg-tu'I-tl), n. the 
pci-pc-tU-l-Ly state of being everlasting; 

endless time; something that lasts forever, 
yjpy -nlpY (P® r_ Pl©ks') , v.t. to make difficult 
pci -pic a £ 0 be understood; make anxious; 
puzzle; distract; embarrass; confuse. — p.adj. 
perplexed. 

upv til ay i br (per-plek'sl-tl), n. state of 
pci -piCA-i-tjf being anxious, confused, 
doubtful, or puzzled; embarrassment; that 
which puzzles or confuses. 

Syn. confusion, bewilderment. 

hai* mu’ cJ+a (pur'kwl-zlt), n. a gain or 
pci-l^Ul-olLC profit in addition to regular 

wages or salary. 

ca m+A (pfir'sS-kut), r.t. to pursue 
oc cute ; n order to injure or afflict; 


per- 


dte, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, ciit, focus, menu: 










persecution 


to harass or ill-treat, especially because of 
religious opinions; to annoy; vex.— n. perse- 
cutor. 

npr cp /'ll fi/vn (pur"s§-ku'shun), n. the 
pel -bb-LU-Cion act of ill-treating or of 

inflicting unjust pain or punishment; the 
state of being ill-treated or made to suffer 
unjustly; repeated injury of any kind. 

per-se-ver-ance lg| lrV o® r 'ftTtk Zi 

persisting, or not giving up; steadfastness; 
constant effort. 

npr 9P vrprp (pdr"se-ver'), v.i. to persist 
in any enterprise or busi 
ness undertaken; continue steadfastly. 

Pp r cion (pur'shan; pur'zhan), adj. of or 
w-oioui pertaining to Persia, its people, 
or its language: n. a native of Persia; the 
language of Persia. 

cj fj o cp (per"se-flazh'; pflr'sf-flazh), 
pci -oi-iiag,o n a fiipp aR t or thoughtless 
style of talking or writing; banter. 

npr cfrn its fttl (per-sim'un), n. a tree 
per-bUIl-mon with a plunaJike fruit 

eatable only after frost; the fruit of the tree. 
TlPT ctcf (per-sist'), v.i. to continue steadily 
i n an y course commenced; perse¬ 
vere; to continue fixed; endure; as, certain 
features -persist in certain races. 

cicf" i-i*n ('o (per-sfs'tens), n. persever- 
ance; continuous effort; 
as, the inventor’s persistence was crowned 
with success; obstinacy; lasting quality; 
endurance. Also, persistency. 

TSPt" cicf" opt (pcr-sls'tent), adj. continu- 
pc;x-ox;3i,-<exxL ing; constant; persever 

ing; as, a persistent worker; not falling off; 
as, a persistent ram. — adv. persistently. 

TlPt* Cfyn ^Pdr'sfin; pfir'sn), n. a human 
pcx-cei/xi being; an individual; one’s actual 
self; the body of a human being; one’s shape 
and looks; as, she is very dainty in person; 
in grammar, a characteristic by which nouns 
and pronouns indicate, and verbs express the 
action of, the one speaking ( first person), 
spoken to ( second person), or spoken of (third 
person). 

■npr q mi rt "J-klpi (pur'sun-d-bl), adj. at- 
pcJ.-bUli-d-UIC tractive in form and 
figure; handsome; graceful. 

npr enn p p-p (pur'sun-aj), n. a man or 
pcx-ouu-agc woman, especially one of 
distinction. 

riPT* eon pi (pfir'sun-al), adj. relating or 
pci - ouu-ai peculiar to an individual and 
his private affairs; as, personal business; 
pertaining to the outward appearance or 
looks; as, personal beauty; done by oneself; 
as, a personal greeting; relating’ to one’s 
character or conduct; as, personal remarks; 
movable; as, personal property.— adv. per¬ 
sonally. 

TIPI* cnti p 1 i frr (pfir ,/ sun-3.1'f-tf), n. the 
pei-bUIl-dl-l-iy sum of one’s qualities of 

body, mind, and character; that which makes 
one human being different from another; in¬ 
dividuality; an offensive remark made about 
a person, his character, or condition. 

r»pr ?rm p 1 -Hr (ptir'sun-SJ-tl), n. property 
per-bUH-dl-iy other than land or build¬ 
ings; all kinds of movable property, as 
stocks, bonds, clothing, furniture, etc. 
npr erm afp (pur'sun-at), r.t. to act the 
pci.-oUil-a.LC part of; to imitate; repre¬ 
sent falsely.— n. personator. 

upr cn-n p on (pfir^sun-a’shfin), n. the 
UCl-oUll-a-LlUll assuming of the char¬ 
acter of another; as. an actor’s personation 
of a part; the pretending to be some one 
other than oneself. 


4 55 _ pert inacious 

per-son-i-fi-ca-tion &f a SY s » 

mg example of some special quality; as, she 
is the personification of neatness; the act of 
regarding as a person; a figure of speech 
that gives to things the qualities of human 
beings. 

npr enn i fv (per-son'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and 
Ir . 7 uxx-x-xj p,jj, personified, p.pr. per¬ 
sonifying], to treat or regard as a person; 
to give life to (things without life); to be a 
striking example of. 

T1PT con n pi (PC r *so'nSl'; pfir"s 6 -nel'), n. 
f ^ -ov/xx-xxt/x the persons, as distinguished 
from the arms, stores, etc., employed in any 
public service, especially the army apd navy. 

n pf o-npf* fitTP (per-spek'tlv), adj. per- 
pCi-bpcu-liVC taining to, or in accord¬ 
ance with, the art of showing, on a surface, 
objects as they actually appear to the eye: 
n. a vista or distant view; the art of repre¬ 
senting objects, on a plane surface, in three 
dimensions, as they appear to the eye; the 
effect of distance on the appearance of objects. 
— adv. perspeetively. 

npr sni rimic; (pdr"spi-ka'shiis), 
pci o|Jl-v/a-ClUU.b a flj' mentally acute 

or keen; mentally quick-sighted.— adv. per- 

spicaciously. 

Tipi* cni CAP 1 ■fir (pfir " spl - kas'l - tt), n. 
pcx-bpi-uau-i-Lj keenness or quickness 

of sight and brain; mental clear-sightedness. 

npr cfiI rii t fu (pfir-spi-ku':-tT), n. clear- 
jJCI-bpi-UU-l-iy ness of thought or ex¬ 
pression. 

TIPI* cnif* 11 0115 (per-spik'fi-fis), adj. 
pci -bpiU-u-Ulib clear to the understand¬ 
ing; plainly expressed; easily understood.— 
adv. perspicuously.— n. perspicuousness. 

npr cni pci firm (pdr^spl-ra'shun), n. 

pei-bpi-Ict-llUU sweat, or the fluid 

secreted by the sweat, glands of the skin, 
npy cn] (per-spIrO, v.t. and v.i to sweat; 
pex-bpn e to throw off or pass off, as a 
fluid, through the pores of the skin.— adj. 
perspiratory. 

TiPl* ciipHp (pSr-swadO, v.t. to influence 
pci-auauc fly argument, advice, en¬ 
treaty, etc.; as, to persuade a person to 
believe or to do something; induce; prevail 
upon; convince.—n. persuader. 

■npr cup ci "hia (per-swa'sl-bl). adj. ca- 
pcl -bUa-bl-Ulc pable of being influ¬ 
enced by advice or entreaty; open to con¬ 
viction. Also, persuadable. 

TIPT Cf! P ci hi! i "fv (P er-sw ^* s l~bT!'T-tI), 
per-bUd.-bl-Dll-1-iy rj . the capability of 

being induced or influenced by advice, argu¬ 
ment, or entreaty. 

t> y citp oi Ati (pfir-swa'zhfin), n. the act 
pci -bUa-blUIl or art of influencing, or 

the state of being influenced, by argument 
or entreaty. 

npr C11P civp (per-swa'siv), adj. having 
pt-x-ou-cx-oxv v; power to convince or 
influence; as, a persuasive argument; influ¬ 
encing the will or passion: n. that which 
influences; inducement.— adv. persuasively. 
— n. persuasiveness. 

nprf (purt), adj. saucy; forward; bold; as, 
pcx l a pert child.— adv. pertly. — n. pert- 
ness. 

npr fpitl (¥>Sr-tanO. v.i. to belong as a 
pci-Lam quality, duty, etc.; as, saltness 
pertains to the ocean; joy pertains to youth; 
to have relation to something; as, the tele¬ 
gram pertains to business. 

n pv +-J fip rimic (phr"tT-na'shfls), ■ adj. 
per-ll-Iid-ClOUb unyielding; obstinate; 
resolute; holding stubbornly to any opinion 


bobt, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = eh as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







pertinacity 


456 


petrel 


or design; as, a pertinacious solicitor.— adv. 

pertinaciously. — n. pertinaciousness. 

x? _ ; j... (pur"tT-nas'I-tI), n. the 
per-tl-nac-l-ty quality or state of hold¬ 
ing stubbornly to a purpose; unyielding 
perseverance. * „ , ,, 

per-ti-nence ne ss; fitness. Also, per¬ 
tinency. 

(pQr'tl-nent), ad), fitting or 
per-n-neni appropriate; to the pomt; 
belonging to; as, these remarks are pertinent 
to the subject.— adv. pertinently. 

+-. 1 * 4 * (pcr-tfirb'), v.t. to agitate; 
per-lUI U disturb greatly; disquiet. 

+iii- kn +; A n (pfir'^fir-ba'shto), n. 
per-tUr-Da-tlOn mental disorder; great 
disquiet of mind; irregular or violent varia¬ 
tion. „ . 

milro (pe-rookO. n. a wig, sometimes 
pc-I LUvC made to look like a natural head 
of hair; a periwig. Also, perruque. 
no .,..,.,0 0 1 (p4-rooz'al), n. the act of 
pc-I Ud-cU reading carefully; as, the 
perusal of a book. 

_ _ M i_„ (pe-rooz'), v.t. to read with care 
pc-ILloc a nd attention; as, to peruse a 
letter. _ 

m iri cm (pS-roo'vI-8n). ad 3- of or 

Jrc-IU.-Vl-<tU pertaining to Peru; as, 
the Peruvian Mountains: n. one of the 
natives of Peru: Peruvian bark, a bitter 
bark, from various South American trees, 
from which quinine is made. 

**£**• *ro 4 o (per-vad'). v.t. to pass or spread 
pci-vdlic through every part of; as, 
a perfume pervades the air; to spread all 
over; as, a feeling of content pervades the 
country. *• 

nor Tra cirvn (per-va/zMn), n. the act of 
pcl-vct-olUli going through or spreading 

all over. 

npr TT rx Qivpk (per-va'slv), ad), tending to 
pcl-Vd-olvc p ass through or fill every 
part of; as, a pervasive odor; a pervasive 
discontent.— adv. pervasively. —n. pervasive¬ 
ness. 

»r«*.e a (per-vfirs'), ad), wilfully wrong; 
pcl-vcloc set against doing right; obsti¬ 
nate; stubborn; wayward; as, a perverse 
child.— adv. perversely. — n. perverseness. 

Syn. contrary, fractious. 

Ant. (see compliant). 

«oi- Iren- cirm (per-vfir'shfln). n. a turn- 
pcl-vcI-olUll. mg from the true meaning 

or proper purpose; a using for wrong ends; 
a false form of something. 

irof ci +17 (per-vflr'sl-tl), n. the state 
pci-vcl-ol-ljr or quality of being set 
against doing right; disposition to be con¬ 
trary; stubbornness, 
no** 1701 * cii 70 (per-vur'slv), adj. tending 
pcl-vci-oivc to put to a wrong use; 

having a bad influence. 

■nor i 7 or+ (per-vurt'), v.t. to turn from the 
pcr-vcl t true end or proper purpose; 
misapply; mislead: purposely give a wrong 
meaning to: n. (pur'vert), one who has turned 
from truth to error.— p.adj. perverted. — ad). 
pervertible. 

■nor iri nnc (Pur'vl-us), ad), admitting 
pci-vl-uuo passage of another substance, 
as a fluid; as, a pervious soil; that may be 
pierced or seen through. 

■noc lrir (pes'ki), ad )- troublesome; annoy- 
pCb-iky i n g; as> a pesky fly. [Colloq.] 
no cn (pa'sb), n. the old Spanish dollar, or 
pc-bU piece of eight; the Mexican dollar, 
worth about fifty cents: a Philippine silver 
coin worth fifty cents. [Span.1 


ol imVin (pes'I-mlzm), n. belief that 
pes-si-mism the world is bad rather 
than good; a habit of looking on the dark 
side or of expecting failure: opposite to op - 

timism. 

'• _, • X (pes'f-mlst), n. one who looks 
peS-Sl-iniSt 0 n the worst side of things. 

(pesT-mis'tlk), adj. per- 
pes-si-mis-tic tabling to, or marked by, 
the belief that the world is bad rather than 
good; gloomy.— adv. pessimistically. 

x (pest), n. a contagious disease that is 
peSL widespread at any time, as smallpox; 
a plague; anything very mischievous, annoy¬ 
ing, or injurious. 

+^r (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy; bother; 
pcb-lci tease; irritate with little vexa¬ 
tions.—n. pesterer. „ _ 

n^c fif nnc (pes-tlf'er-us), adj. carry- 
pes-tu-er-uub ing disease; mischievous; 

injurious.— adv. pestiferously. 

r»PC ti Ipnrp (pSs'tl-lens), n. an infec- 
pcb-ll-ieilL/C tious or contagious dis¬ 
ease that is widespread and fatal, as the 
bubonic plague. 

nac +i (Pes'tl-lSnt), adj. poisonous; 

pCS-Il-ieilX deadly; bad for health, mor¬ 
als, or society; making mischief; vexa¬ 
tious.— adv. pestilently. 

nee +i Inn tipi (pes"tl-len'shal), adj. per- 
pcb-ll-ieil-tlcU. taming to, or causing, a 

contagious disease, like smallpox; wicked; 
destructive. 

hoc? +1n (pes'l), n. a tool for pounding sub- 
pcb-UC stances in a mortar, or druggist’s 
mixing bowl. 

_ ^x (pet), n. any person or animal that is 
ptJl fondled or caressed; a sudden fit of pee¬ 
vishness or ill-humor: adj. favorite; accus¬ 
tomed to fondling and indulgence: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. petted, p.pr. petting], to fondle or indulge. 
ho+ ol (pet'al), n. one of the leaves, usually 
pcl-ctl bright-colored, of a blossom.— 
adj. petaled, petalous. 

__ x_ r j (pe-tard'), n. formerly, a bell- 
pe-lcUU shaped explosive machine used 
for breaking through walls, bursting open 
gates, etc. 

-p_ (pe'ter), n. in the Bible, one of the 
Jr e-lCl Twelve Apostles: called also Simon 
and Simon Peter; either of two books of the 
New Testament, containing his epistles, or 
letters, to the believers in Christ.—peter, p.t. 
to thin out or fail, as a vein or seam of coal; 
to diminish or lessen: usually with out. 
ho+ i elo (pet'I-ol), n. the slender stem 
pei-l-Uie that bears the broad part of a 
leaf; a leafstalk; in zoology, a stalk, or 
slender part that joins two larger parts of a 
body, as in ants, wasps, etc.— adj. petiolar, 
petiolate. 

— 54. (pet'I), adj. small. Insignificant, or 

pc*,-lL inferior: used now only in law; as, 
petit larceny, or_theft. Also, petty. 
ha +i+A (pe-tet'), adj. having a small, trim 
]Jc-Lite figure: said of a woman or girl; 
little. [Fr.] 

+J fi nn (pe-tlsh'un), n. an earnest re- 
pc-ll-uun quest or prayer; a formal 
request from an inferior to a superior; a 
paper or document containing a written 
request: v.t. to solicit or ask for earnestly; 
entreat; pray.— adj. petitionary.— n. peti¬ 
tioner. 

•n<a+ if in ri7 (P gt '* joo'rl), in law, a trial 
pct-ii, ju.-j.jt jury as distinguished from 
a grand jury. Also, petty jury. 
ha+ tp* 1 vpSt'rel), n. a web-footed, strong- 
pci-l Ci winged sea bird which flies far 
from the land. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu: 







oetrifaction 


457 


ri far tinn (pSt'rl-fak'shfin), n. the 
f' CA-A A-ACAV/-l,A '“' AA process of changing ani¬ 
mal or vegetable substance into stone; an 
animal or vegetable body changed into stone; a 
fossil. Also, petrification. — adj. petrifactive. 
■nckf ri fv (pet'rl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. petri- 
fled, p.pr. petrifying], to change 
into stone; fix in silent amazement or fear; 
as, to be petrified at the approach of danger: 
v.i. to become stone or of a stony hardness, 
rwaf rnl (Pet'rol; pet'rbl), n. gasoline: so 
pcl-iUl called in Great Britain} a short 
term for petroleum. 

•no frr» 1o 11 m (pe-tro'16-um), n. an ta¬ 
pe -LIU-1 tJ-UlIl flammable dark yellowish- 

brown liquid issuing from certain rocks or 
pumped from the earthj mineral oil. 

'lof +i root (pet'i-kot), n. a loose under¬ 
let- 11-CUd.l skirt worn by women and 
iirls. 

nof fi fncr cror (Pet'I-fog"er), n. a lawyer 
pct-iwug-gci who practices in small or 
mean cases, often using dishonest methods, 
not ticVi (pet'Tsh), adj. fretful; petulant; 
pet-Lloli peevish.— adv. pettishly. —n. pet¬ 
tishness. 

j-.. (pet'I), adj. having little worth; 
pei-ly trifling; unimportant; as, a petty 
quarrel.— adv. pettily. —n. pettiness. 

not 11 lemro (Pet'fl-lans), n. impatience; 
pel-IX-ldiicc fretfulness; snappishness. 

Also, petulancy. 

not 11 lont (pet'il-lant), adj. fretful; pee- 
pcl-u.-ld.ixi vish; impatient; as, a petulant 
answer.— adv. petulantly, 
no tn ni a (pe-tu'nl-d), 

pe-xu-m-a n . a P i an t of 

the nightshade family, with 
beautiful funnel-shaped 
flowers. 

now (Pu). n- one of the 
pew long, fixed benches 
in a church. 

no woo (Pe'we), n. a 
P c-wcc small olive-green 
bird; the phoebe: so called from 
its singing note. 

■rkck wit (pe'wit; pu/it),n. the lap- 
pe-Wlt wing; the black-headed 
laughing gull; a phoebe, t or pewee: 
so called from its cry. 
now ton (pu'ter), n. a metal made 
peW-tei of tin and lead, or of tin Petunia 
and some other metal, as copper, 
antimony, etc.: dishes or utensils made of this 
metal: adj. made of pewter, 
nfo-n mirr (pfen'ig), n. a small copper coin 
plcrl-Ulg of Germany equal to one-fourth 
of a cent. 

nVio a, ton (fa'e-ton), n. a light open four- 
pild-c-lUll wheeled carriage. 
nVio Ionv (fa'lanks; fal'anks), n. [pi. pha- 
PIlo.-lcU.IA lamxes], among the ancient 
Greeks, a company of heavy-armed soldiers 
drawn up in close rank: hence, any compact 
body of persons, animals, or things: phalanges, 
(fd-lan'jez), pi. the small bones of the fingers 
and toes. 

nV»on to cm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or 
pilclll- Idolii specter; a ghost.— adj. phan¬ 
tasmal. 

phan-tas-ma-go-ri-a ( g l%l~df z n ma * 

fantastic magic lantern show; a changing 
group of figures seen as if in a dream, 
ntion to c-v (fan'td-sl), n. [pi. phantasies 
pndll-ia-by (-slz)], the power to create 
mental images; the mental image so created, 
nil on tnm (fan'tum), n. an apparition; 

pnan-xom spirit: illusion. 



ID Via rardi (fa'ro; fa'ra-o), n. a royal title 
x^id-ldUll i n ancient Egypt; in the Bible, 
the name of many of the kings of Egypt. 
"Dl-io-f -I qq ip (far'fi-sa'Ik), adj. pertaining 
xr lidi -i-sa-U/ to, or like, the Pharisees, a 
sect of the ancient Jews: Pharisaic, pretending 
to be religious -without really being so; self- 
righteous; hypocritical. Also, Pharisaical. 
PV, o r •« qq icm (far'i-sa-Izm), n. the doc- 
no.! -l-od-ioxii trines and practices of 
the Pharisees, a sect of the ancient Jews: 
Pharisaism, pretense of religion; self-right¬ 
eousness; hypocrisy. 

Phjat- i pqa (far'i-se), n. one of a religious 
j. ncii -i-occ sect am ong the ancient Jews 
who paid strict regard to outward forms: 
pharisee, one who observes the letter rather 
than the spirit of religion. 

phar-ma-ceu-ticsJgr'Se-S^'-p^ 

paring drugs.— adj. pharmaceutic, pharma¬ 
ceutical. 

n ** iyi q pi ct (far ma-sist) . n. one skilled 
piidi-lild-CAO l i n drugs or in preparing 
medicines. Also, pharmaceutist. 

phar-ma-co-poe-ia raTo'iBca 5 ^ 

of directions for the preparation of medicines; 
a stock of drugs. 

rtk o f m o pTr (far ma-si), n. the art of 
piiai preparing and mixing medi¬ 

cines ; a drug store. 

rvho i*piq (fa ros), n. a lighthouse; a 
P AACA “ A '- , ° beacon; a watch tower. 

n i* wii v (far'Inl'S) , n. a cavity or pas— 
pAidi-y aia S age behind the nose, mouth, 
and larynx, or upper part of the windpipe.— 
adj. pharyngeal. 

[pi. phases (fa'zes)], a 
aspect or appearance. 


Chinese 

Pheasant 



phase pStaitar 

as, a phase of 
the moon; 
any of the 
changing ap- 
pearances 
that an ob¬ 
ject or thing 
may take; 
one side or 
view of a sub¬ 
ject. Also, 
phasis. 

nlioao onf (fez'ant), n. a large gamebird 
pilcd.o-d.Ill with brilliant feathers, pre¬ 
served for sport. 

•n"ho nac p (fe-nac'e-tln), n. a com- 
piic-iide-c-Liii pound used in medicine 

as a remedy for fever. 

PVwa ni rian (fe-nlsh'an), adj. of or per- 
xr AAC-AAA-V/AO.AX taining to ancient Phenicia, 

or its people or language: n. one of the people 
of Phenicia or its colonies. Also, Phoenician. 
'PTna tliY (fe'nlks), n. an imaginary bird, 
Jr llc-lliA sa.id to live five hundred years in 
the Arabian desert, and, after death by fire, 
to rise again from its own ashes; hence, the 
emblem of immortality. Also, Phoenix. 

■nil A -mA! (fe'nol; fe'nol), n. carbolic acid, 
pilc-llUl a substance obtained from coal tar. 

nil c* -n nm n a 1 (fe-nom'e-nal), adj. per- 
pnc-nom-c-lld.1. taining to, or of the 

nature of, an outward appearance or happen¬ 
ing; remarkable.— adv . phenomenally. 

nil ^ n ntn o n nn (fe-nom'e-non), n. [pi. 
pne-nom-e-non phenomena (-nd)], any 

natural fact or event that can be seen; an 
appearance; something strange and uncom¬ 
mon; as, snow in summer. 

n. a small glass bottle or 

a. vial. 


phi-al iSPp 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


31 















philander 


458 


phosgene 


« • (H-lan'der), v.i. to make light 

pni-ian-oer i OV e; to flirt.— n. philanderer. 

phU-an-throp-icigmft phielbot^myl^^ 


nevolent; kind; liuinane; as, philanthropic 
efforts for peace. Also, philanthropical. 
adv. philanthropically. A . 

-i • i_xt, __ „ * 4 . (fl-lan'thro-plst), n. 

phl-lan-thro-pist one who loves and 

seeks to benefit mankind. 

+ 1 ,*.^. r,,, (fl-lan'thrb-pl), n. love 

phl-lan-thro-py of mankind; desire to 
do good to men; benevolence; a benevolent 

act or agency. ... .. 

I_x „ l.’ct (ff-lat'e-list), n. a collector 
pm-iat-e-ilbl of postage stamps. 

T)!,; l arnA r» (fl-le'mon), n. a book of the 
i^ni-ie-mon New Testament, contaimng 
the epistle, or letter, of Paul, the apostle, to 
Philemon, a convert to the Christian faith. 

1 »l 1 _• (ffl"har-m6n'lk), adj. 

phll-har-mon-ic loving harmony; fond 

of music. _ , , 

T>v,i i- • OT . c (fi-lip'I-anz), n. a book 
Fm-llp-pl-ans of the New Testament, 
containing the letter of Paul to the church at 
Philippi, in Macedonia. 

(fl-llp'Ik), n. an abusive or 
pni-Iip-piC angry speech: so called from 
the three speeches of Demosthenes against 
Philip of Macedon. . 

■nv.il i-r-. (fil'T-pin: fil'I-pen), ad), of 

Jrilll-ip-plIlG or pertaining to the Philip¬ 
pine Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. 

T>V.i lie +i«o Tl-lls'tln; ffl'is-tin), n. an 
JrJll-llS-Xin6 ancient inhabitant of the 
southwestern coast of Palestine; an uncul¬ 
tured person or one of narrow views; one 
who cares more for material than for intel¬ 
lectual interests: adj. pertaining to, or like, 
the Philistines; narrow-minded; uncultured. 
—n. Philistinism. 

^ Ir^o-i ri il (fW'o-loj'I-kS,]), adj. per- 
pmi-O-iOg-l-Cai taining to the scien¬ 
tific or historic study of language. 

TAl cv rriof- (fi-lol'o-jist),n. one skilled 
pHl-10I-0-glSt i n the scientific and his¬ 
toric study of language. Also, philologer. 

<r.V»; 1 A 1 r. mr (ff-lol'o-ji), n. the scientific 
pill- 101-0-gy and historic study of lan- 

^• 1 ' ^,£.1 ffU'o-mel), n. a poetic name 

pnn-0-mei f or the nightingale. 

WUil no -no (fiPo-pe'na), n. a social 
pnil-O pe-lia game in which the twin 
kernels of a nut are eaten; a forfeit, usually a 
gift, to be paid by one of the eaters on certain 
conditions; the gift made as a forfeit. 

phil-o-pr o-gen-i-tive-n ess 

(fll'^-pro-jenT-tlv-nes), n. love of offspring 
or children. 

~ (fl-lds'o-fer), n. a stu- 

pm-10S-0-pner d en t of the principles 
that explain or govern facts and events; one 
noted for calm judgment and practical wis¬ 
dom. 

rvl-iit n ennVi ip (fH^sSf'ik). adj. per- 
pilll-U-oDpil-lt/ taining to the principles 

that govern or explain facts and events; wise; 
calm; thoughtful. Also, philosophical. — adv. 
philosophically. 

^ TkVii’T’o (fi-16s'o-fiz), v.i. torea- 
pm-lOS-O-pmze son about, or seek the 

causes or nature of, facts and events.—n. 
philosophizer. ... 

*%V»i 1 r.o r\ Tklvvr (fi-los'o-fi), n. the knowl- 
plll-lOS-O-pny edge of the principles that 
cause, control, or explain facts and events; 
calmness of temper; practical wisdom. 


«V.;i (fll'ter), n. a charm or potion 

pnll-ier supposed to have the power to 

excite love. Also, philtre. 

n. the 
of open¬ 


ing a vein to let blood. 


thick, stringy- mucus 


phlegm discharged from the throat; 
heaviness of disposition; coldness; calmness. 
_t_t ~ ic (fieg-mat'Ik), adj. slug- 

pmeg-mat-lC gish; dull; not. easily 
excited; qpol; as, a phlegmatic temperament. 
Also, phlegmatical.— adv. phlegmatically. 

1,1 (floks), n. any of a variety of well- 
pilIOA. known bright-colored flowers. • 

(fe'be), n. a crested American fly- 
UIILC-Ue catcher; the pewee. 

DV. ^ V 111 o (fe'bfls), n. m Greek mythology, 
I'HOe-DUb Apollo: so called as the sun 
god, and often combined; as, Phoebus Apollo. 

(fe'nlks), n. an imaginary bird 
a IlUi-IILX. s a id to live five hundred years 
in the desert of Arabia, and, after being con¬ 
sumed by fire, to rise again, fresh and 
beautiful, from its own ashes; hence, an 
emblem of immortality. Also, Phenix. 
rvVi/vn c (f° n ) • n - and v. an abbreviation of 
pilUllc telephone. [Colloq .1 
t.V b/-v tr (f 6 -net'Ik) , adj. pertaining to 

piIU-llCl-lU ^ke voice or to speech sounds; 
representing the simple speech sounds : n.pl. 
used as sing, the science of sounds, especially of 
speech sounds, and of the symbols, or signs, 
that stand for them. Also, phonetical. — adr. 
phonetically. 

phon - ic 

(fon'Ik; fo'nik), 
adj. of the na¬ 
ture of sounds, 
usually speech 
sounds; pho¬ 
netic ; uttered 
with the voice: 
n.pl. used as 
sing, the sci¬ 
ence of sounds, 
usually of 

speech sounds; Phonocinematograph 
phonetics. .. 

pho-no-cin-e-mat-o-graph 

mat' 6 -graf), n. an instrument which com¬ 
bines sight and sound in motion pictures. 
Also, kinetophone. w . 

1 (fo'no-gram), n. the record 

pno-no-gram of sound produced by a 
phonograph; a written character represent¬ 
ing a certain sound. _ 

no rrea-nh (fo'no-graf), n. a letter 
pno-no-grapn or character indicating 
a distinct spoken soimd; an instrument to 
record or reproduce speech or^sounds. 

pho-no-graph-ic pertlffnlngSoVrep?^ 

senting sounds; pertaining to a phonograph 
or phonography. Also, phonographical. — 
adv. phonographically. 

pho-nog-ra-phy 

description of sounds 
uttered by the human voice; a system of 
shorthand, by which every sound is repre¬ 
sented by a separate character or mark.—n. 

phonographer. 

nnl a 0-17 (fft-nSl' 8 -jI), n. the science 
P-tlO-HOl-O-gy of speech sounds, together 
with their history and their changes.— adj. 
phonologic, phonological. —n. phonologist. 

-nVinc trptiP (fos'jgn), n. a compound of 
pil.U 0 -gCJ. 1 c; carbon monoxide and chlorine 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 














phosphate 


459 


physiognomy 


a deadly gas, used in the World War in gas 

shells. 

nlinc -nhciffi (fos'fat), n. a salt of phos- 
pilUo-puaiC phoric acid; any fertilizer 
valued for this acid. 

TvhrkC iYhit<a (fos'fit), n. a salt of phos- 
pilOb-piUie phorousacid. 

T^hnc -nil nr f fos'f6r), n. the morning star, 
rilUo-piiUi especially the planet Venus; 
Lucifer. 

t\Vinc nil nr perp vfbs ff for-es , ) > v.i. to give 
pnos-pnor-ebce light without heat, or 

to shine in the dark. 

phos-phor-es-cence n 6 i r ^nf»"&: 

given out without heat; the quality of shining 
in the dark; the act of giving out light without 
heat. 

phos-phor-es-cent ( a f d j s " f shd£i nt k 

the dark; giving out light without heat. 

•nVinc rVhnr in (fos-for'ik), adj. pertain- 
pnos-pnor-ic i n g to, like, or obtained 

from, phosphorus; as, phosphoric acid. Also, 

phosphorous. 

iVhnc -nVinr 11Q (fos'for-us; fos-fo'rus), n. 
pilOb-pnor-Ub a yellowish, waxlike, in¬ 
flammable substance which gives out light 
without heat. 

phos-phu-ret-ted SS(?' r with 1) ’ P hS: 

phorus. 

rvVsn filr (fo'tlk), adj. pertaining to light 
piiU- llxv ajid the production of light. 

■nVin +n n. and v. an abbreviation 

pilU-LU f or photograph. [Colloq.] 

ivlin t-nnli rn mvr (fo-tok'ro-mi; fo"to- 
pno-tocn-ro-lny kr 5 'm!), n. the art or 

process of photographing in natural colors. 

pho-to-en-grav-ing, ( n f °;* 6 4 s "' g proc- 

oss of making reproductions of engraved 
pictures by photography; a picture so 
reprinted. 

rdin +n erranh (fo'to-graf), n. a picture 
pno-io-grapil produced by exposing to 

the action of light a plate or film, sensitized, 
or coated with certain chemicals: v.t. to take 
a picture of, by exposing a sensitized plate or 
fi lm to the action of the light.— n. photog¬ 
rapher. 

■nlin tn erremh in (fo'td-graf'Ik), adj. 
pilO- lU-gl clpil-lb pertaining to, or made 

by, the exposure of a sensitized plate or film 
to the action of light; reproducing life or 
nature in all its details; as, a photographic 
style of painting.— adv. photographically. 

niirk +r»cr ret nhv (fS-tog'rd-fl), n. the art 
pnO-LOg-ra-pny or process of making 

pictures by the action of light on plates 
or films coated with certain chemicals. 

Trtl .v-£v (fo"t6-grd-vur'; fo"to- 
pno-to-gra-vure g r a'vur) : n. a process 
for printing pictures from an intaglio plate 
prepared photographically; a picture so 
printed. _ . A 

pho-to-he-li-o-graph h a“ 

strument for making pictures of the sun, as 
during an eclipse, etc. 

pho-to-lith-o-graph t. 1 I t print 

made from a design put upon stone by means 
of photography. 

pho-to-me-chan-i-cal ° k a fi, 

adj. pertaining to the mechanical printing 
of pictures from plates made photographically. 

+Am a 4-nr (fo-tom'e-ter), n. an 
pno-ioill-e-ier instrument by which the 


strength of light is measured.— n. photom¬ 
etry. — adj. photometric. 

■nlin fn nfintiP (fo'to-fon), n. an instru- 
pircr- cvi-piiorrc; ment for communicating: 

sounds by means of light. 

nVin tn nlav (fo'tb-pla'O, n. a moving- 
LU-piay picture play; a play for 
exhibition by moving pictures. 


nlin +n cmlinrn ( f o'to-sfer), n. the lumi- 
pirv- v; n ous, or shining, envelope 

of the sun. 

nlin fn tvnp (fo'to-tip), n. a block on 
puu-io-tjpc whose surface a photograph 
is reproduced in such a way that from it 
engravings, etc., can be printed; the process 
of preparing such a block. 

nhrflCn ( f raz), n • iu grammar, a group of 
piiictoc related words not containing a 
subject and a predicate; any brief pithy- 
expression; style or manner of speech: v.t. 
to put into words, especially into suitable 
words. 

nbrn cp pi p ccxt dra ze-ol o-ji), ti. style,. 
piixci-oc-UJL-u-g v manner, or peculiarity 
of expression. 

phren-o4og-i-caI^? t “-S!?j' i - k to 1), ih» 

theory that qualities of mind and character- 
are shown by the shape of the head.— adv. 

phrenologically. 

nil rp n el at ct (fre-nol o-jist), n. one 
pnre-noi-o-glbt who believes in the 

theory that the qualities of the mind and 
character are shown by the shape of the head; 
one who studies or practices the system of 
character reading based on this theory. 

-brp rml n w (fre-nol'S-ji), n. a system 
pill C/-liUi-u-gj 0 f character reading based, 
on the theory that the qualities of the mind 
and character are shown by the form of the> 
skull. 

rdiftiic iV (tlz'ik). n. a wasting of the 
piillllo-H-' tissues, usually by tuberculosis 
or consumption. Also, phthisis.— adj. phthisi¬ 
cal. 

—t-Ai-i (thi'sls), n. tuberculosis of ther 

pll llll-blb lungs; a wasting of tissues; con¬ 
sumption. Also, phthisic. 

-nliTT- lor* ifsr v dl-lak'ter-I), n. [pi. phy- 
P-Uy-lciC-TCr-y lacteries (-tz)J, a small 

square box containing a thin strip of parch¬ 
ment upon which certain texts from the law- 
are inscribed: worn, during prayer, by pious 
Jews upon the forehead and left wrist. 

Wkvrc ir* (flz'Ik). n - the science of medicine, 
pXlVb-lL or the art of healing; medicine** 
in general; a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
physicked, p.pr. physicking], to give medicine, 
especially a cathartic, to. 

I ool (fiz'i-kal), adj. relating to 
piiyb-l-^ctl nature or natural science; 
material as opposed to moral or spiritual 
pertaining to the body; as, physical weakness.. 
_t, TT • (fl-zish'an), n. one skilled 

pny-51-Lld.H jn the art of healing and 
legally qualified to prescribe remedies for 
diseases; a doctor of medicine. 

„i_ Trc , ; (fiz'I-sist), n. a student or 

piiyb-1-LlbL specialist in the science of’ 
matter and energy. 

i-.c, (fiz'iks). n. the science which 
pnyb-lLb treats of matter and energy, in¬ 
cluding mechanics, heat, light, electricity, etc. 

^ 1 ™,-i-og-no-mist 


phys- 


the study of character from the fac9. 

-rwViTTo i r\cr -nr* mvr (fiz"i-5g'no-mr), n. 

pnys-l-og-no-my the art of reading irs> 
the face the qualities of the mind; the face*„ 
outward appearance. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when;. 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xlx to xxu. 








physiography 


460 


picnic 


phys-i-og-ra-phy physical geography, 



the science that treats of the life of animals 
and plants, especially of the human body. 
Also, physiologic. — adv. physiologically. 

-rtVitro i n tricf (flz'l-ol'o-jist), n. one 
pnyS-l-Ol-O-glSI who is skilled m the 

study of the life of plants and animals. 

_t. TT _ ; (flz"l-61'6-jl), n. the sci- 

phyS-l-Ol-O-gy ence that treats of the 
life of plants and animals; the study of life 
processes, especially of the work of the organs 
and tissues in the human body. 
ttVitr cimiA (fl-zek'), n. formation of the 
pny-bique body; constitution; appear¬ 
ance; as, a man of powerful physique. 

• (pi; pe), n. the number (3.1416+) by which 
P* the diameter of a circle must be multiplied 
in order to find the circumference: indicated 
by the Greek letter ir. 

*• (pi), n. jumbled printing type: v.t. to 
P 1 jumble, as type. Also, pie. 
n j „ mo ma ' t§r ). a delicate 

pi-«- -llld-tci membrane co vering the brain 
and spinal cord. 

■rkt cj nic ci m A (pe'd-nis'I-mo; pya-nes'- 
pl-a-nis-bl-mo se-mo), adj. and adv. 

very soft: a musical direction, abbreviated pp. 

art ict (pi-an'Ist; pe'o-nlst), n. a per- 
pi-dll-lo l former on the piano. 

_• Qr| _ (pi-an'5), n. a musical instrument 
pi-dll-U whose tones come from steel 
wires struck by hammers operated from a 
keyboard; a pianoforte: adj. and adv. soft: 
a musical direction, abbreviated p_. 

•ni art n i nr -J-A (Pl-an"o-f5r'ta; pf-an"o- 
pi-dJl-U-lUl-LC fort'), n. a stringed musi¬ 
cal instrument, played by means of keys; a 
piano. 

• „ . i„ (pi-a-no'la), n. an apparatus 
pi - «-IlG-lct attached to a piano, which 
plays tunes mechanically. 

OCJ 4- or . (pl-as'ter), n. a coin current in 
Jll-db-LCl Turkey, Egypt, Spain, etc., worth 
about five cents. Also, piastre. 

■ni ai va (pVaz'a; It. pyat'sii), n. in Italy, 
jji- fli-za an open square surrounded by 
buildings or columns; a walk under a roof 
surrounded by pillars; in the 
United States, a veranda. 

ni Vi-rnrV» (Pe'brokh) , n. the 
pi-DlOCn wild, warlike 
music of the Scottish bagpipes; 
a bagpipe. 

ni ra (Pi'ka), n. a size of 
Jpi-Ld type (see type)._ 

nir o Hnr (Pik"a - dor'), n. 
jjj.v-m.-cmj a a horseman who, 

in a bullfight, incites the bull 
by pricking it with a lance. 

{Span.] 

■nir roQnuo (pik"d-resk'), adj. pertain- 
jjav-ca-a caique mg to rascals or vaga¬ 
bonds; having a rogue as hero: said of a kind 
of fiction. 

nir a rnnn (plk'd-roon'), n. a robber, pi- 
pib-d.-IUUIl ra te, or rogue. 

nir a trim a (plk'd-yoon'), n. a small 
piv-d-y U 1 IC silver coin equal to 6 + 

cents, formerly used in the United States; 
a trifle; a bit; as, it is not worth a picayune. 

iDir ro riil Itt- (plk'd-dll'I), n. a street in 
SrIG-L-ct-Ull-iy London famous for its 

^lubs and shops. 

<nir ra lil li (Plk'd-lfi"!), n. a pickle, or 
piG-Gd-iXi-ii. relish, made of finely chopped 

vegetables and hot spices. 



Pibroch 


nir rn In (P^k / ^^®)» n ' a 

pib-UJ-lu notes are an oc 


small flute whose 

octave higher than 

the ordinary flute. 

nirt (pik), n. a heavy pointed iron tool 
pibli. with a wooden handle; a pickax; a wire 
or other sharp-pointed instrument; a blow 
with a pointed instrument; act of choosing; 
choice or selection; as, take your pick; the 
best of anything; as, the pick of the lot: v.t. 
to strike with a sharp instrument, or with the 
beak; pierce or peck; as, to pick a hole; open 
by an instrument; as, to pick a lock; lift: used 
with up; as, to pick up something fallen; pluck 
or gather; as, to pick berries; separate with 
the fingers; as, to pick rags; bring about 
intentionally; as, to pick a quarrel; choose or 
select; as, pick the best one; clean or clear 
of something, as, to pick a chicken; rob; 
as, to pick a pocket; pull or twitch the 
strings of; as, to pick a banjo: v.i. to eat 
slowly and daintily; pilfer; as, to pick and 
steal; to choose carefully; as, to pick one’s 
way. 

a ‘hor*lr (pik'd-bak"), adv. on the 
shoulders like a pack; as, 
to carry a child pickaback. 

•nirlr a nin nv (Pik'd-nln'I) , n. [pi. pick- 
piLK-d-nill-ny aninnies (-lz)j, a negro 

baby or child. Also, piccaninny. 
n 1 ’p1r o y (Pik'aks"), n. a tool for digging. 
pibJv-clA. having a wooden handle and a 
heavy iron head pointed at the ends, or 
pointed at one end and broad at the other. 
Also, pickaxe. 

-nir'L'Ckr! (plkt), p.adj. chosen; carefully 
piCKcU selected; 


as, a company of picked 



men; caused 
purposely; as, 
a picked quar¬ 
rel. 

pick-er-el 

(plk'er-el), n. -o- , 

a n American Pickerel 

fish of the pike family, smaller than the pike; 
sometimes, the pike. 

TYipli" AT a 1 wao r] (pik'er-el wed), a 

^ ^ VVccU plant with spikes of 

blue flowers that grows in shallow water. 

■nir* a+ (Pik'et), n. an upright pointed 
piLxv-CL stake, used in making fences, for 
fastening a horse, etc.; a military guard, con¬ 
sisting of not more than half a company, 
stationed at a given place to prevent surprise 
by an enemy; one or more persons appointed 
by a trades-union to watch a factory, etc., 
where nonunion men are employed during 
a strike; hence, any person or persons ap¬ 
pointed by an organization to watch at a 
given place for any purpose; as, the woman’s 
suffrage pickets at the White House: v.t. to 
fence with pointed stakes; fasten to a stake; 
as, to picket a horse; to watch or guard; as, 
to picket a certain position; to place on guard; 
as, to picket men for duty: v.i. to serve as a 
picket. 

nirlr Ip (plk'l), n. brine, or a mixture of 
piuv-ic salt and water, used for preserving 
food; vinegar; vegetables, etc., preserved in 
brine or in vinegar; embarrassment or 
difficulty: v.t. to preserve in, or as in, brine, 
or strong salt water, or in vinegar. 

■nirlr nnrlr a+ (Plk'p5k"6t) , n. one who 
steals from the pocket of 

another. 

nir nir (Pfk'nlk), n. a short trip into the 
country, etc., by a pleasure party 
carrying its own food: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. pick- 
nicked, p.pr. picnicking], to go on, or hold, 
an outdoor pleasure party.—n. picnicker. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stdp, c6mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










461 


picric acid 


pike start 


rir* or* (Plk'rlk as'id), an intensely 
piL-HL dL-lU. bitter, yellow acid formed 
by the action of nitric acid on phenol, etc., 
and used as a dye and in explosives; car- 
bazotic acid. 

rktr fn crrorVh (Plk'to-graf ) , n. a drawing 
or crude figure which ex¬ 
presses an idea; a hieroglyphic; a specimen of 
the picture writing of certain ancient peoples, 
rkir ri ol (plk-to'rt-al), adj. pertaining 
to, of the nature of, shown 
by, or containing, pictures; as, a pictorial 
magazine; vividly described.— adv. picto- 
rially. 

nir tlirp> (pik'tur), n. a painting, drawing, 
jjil-lui c e tc., of a person, object, scene, 
or incident; a likeness or image; as, she is 
the picture of her mother; a mental image; 
as. to have in one’s mind a picture of future 
happiness; bodily representation; as, he 
was the picture of despair; vivid showing or 
description in words: v.t. to represent in a 
painting, drawing, etc.; to describe vividly in 
words; to form a mental image of. 

Syn., n. engraving, print, representation, 
illustration. 

r»ir +iir pcmiP (plk'tur-eskO, adj. giv- 
P A '-' “ iui -coijuc tug a vivid impression, as 

a picture does; suitable to be drawn or painted 
as a picture; as, a picturesque cottage; graph¬ 
ic; as, picturesque language; having wild, 
rugged, or irregular beauty; romantic; as, 
picturesque scenery: n. that which has wild, 
rugged, or irregular beauty.— adv. pic- 
turesauely.— n. picturesqueness. 

pidg-in Eng-lish 

lish used by the Chinese in their commercial 
dealings with foreigners. Also, pigeon Eng¬ 
lish. 

_• (pi), n. an article of food made of meat, 

pi® fruit, etc., baked between two pastry 
crusts or on one lower crust; the magpie; 
printer’s type confusedly mixed; a jumble 
or mess. 

_* Uolrl (pi'bold"), adj. having patches of 
pid-UcllU different colors, especially black 
and white or brown and white; as, a piebald 
horse; party-colored. 

rkiofo (P® s )< n - a P art of anything; a 
plcCC fragment; as, a piece of bread; a 
plot or division; as, a piece of land; a cer¬ 
tain quantity; as, a piece of cloth; a single 
object of a group; as, each piece in the set; 
literary or artistic composition; as, a piece 
of music; a separate performance; as, a 
bad piece of business; coin; as, a piece of 
money; gun; as, a field piece, or cannon: 
v.t. to enlarge or mend by adding a patch or 
portion; as, to piece a breadth in a skirt; 
to make by joining sections together; as, to 
piece a quilt; patchj v.i. to fit or join, 
niprp (pes'mel"), adj. made of 

picCc-lllCctl small portions or parts; 
fragmentary: adv. in portions or parts; by 
degrees; gradually. 

rkippp work (Pes/wW). n. work done 
piece-WU 1 JC by the piece or job: oppo¬ 
site to timework, or work paid for at so much 
per hour, day, etc. 

_• A (pid), adj. many-colored or spotted; 
Plea piebald. 

nio rklant (Pi'plant"), n. the garden rhu- 

pie piani ba rb. 

(per), n. a mass of masonry supporting 
piei an arc h, bridge, etc.; any other such 
support, as of iron or timbers, of a bridge or 
other building; a projecting part of a wall, 
such as a buttress; a mole, wharf, or dock 
for vessels; a landing place. 


rkiprrp (pers), v.t. to run into or through, 
picice especially with a pointed instru¬ 
ment ; affect deeply; as, to pierce the heart with 
sorrow; to force a way through; as, the bullet 
pierced his side; to pierce the lines of the 
enemy; to see through mentally; as, to 
pierce a mystery; dive into: v.i. to enter, 
■ntprr in cr (per'slng), adj. cutting; pene- 
trating; keen; as, a piercing 

look or cry. 

■nipr alflQCi (per glas), a’large high mir- 
gi-cioo ror> especially one between 
windows. 

a b‘cm (pi'e-tlzm), n. a kind of religious 
Pl-“ “ tlolll thought which holds that devo¬ 
tional ardor should be sought by Christians 
rather than intellectual grasp of creeds, doc¬ 
trines, etc.; affected religious devotion or 
goodness; a reform in the Lutheran Church 
in the latter part of the seventeenth century, 
ni P tv (Pi'c-ti). n ‘ the finality of being 
pi-C-ty very religious; reverence for and 
duty towards God; honor and obedience to 
parents; as, filial piety. 

•ntcr f Pigb n - a domestic animal of the hog 
F A & kind, fattened for its meat; a swine, 
especially a young one; colloquially, a greedy 
or selfish person; an oblong mass of unforged 
metal, as of iron, formed by running into 
molds when melted: v.i. to bring forth, or 
to act like, swine.— adj. piggish. —n. piggish¬ 
ness. 

ni O'Prm (PU'u n ). n - a well-known bird with 
P A ~&GUil a stout body, short legs, and 
long wings; a dove. 

ni o-prm "hnlp (P6'un-hol"), n. a small, 
P 1- b cull - llulc open, boxlike space in a 
desk, case, etc., for documents, letters, etc.: 
v.t. to place, as letters, in such a boxlike 
space; lay aside and forget; shelve. 

ni crprvn tnpH (pIj'un=tod"), adj. having 
the toes turned inwards. 

ni crpnn win cr (pfj'un-wing"), n. a danc- 
pi-geon-wmg ing step in which the 

dancer jumps, striking his heels together, 
nirr crpr v (Pfg'er-I), n. a place for keeping 
j JA &“& CA_ J or raising pigs. 

nitr Vi pari prl (pig'hed"ed), adj. stupidly 
P A & IltJ<ta-ca obstinate or stubborn. 

nicr mpnt (pTg'ment), n. a coloring mat- 
P A & _AAACAAl ' ter; any powder that mixed 
with a liquid makes paint; the coloring matter 
in animals and plants.— adj. pigmentary. 
TJio- vyi \r (Pi& ,mA )> n • i n classical antiquity, 
• t ^ A &- AAA J one of a race of dwarfs; one of a, 
race of very small Africans: pigmy, a dwarf; 
any extremely small person or animal; a person 
of very small intelligence: adj. dwarfish; very 
small. Also, Pygmy. 

nicr nut (pig'nut"), n. the sweetish-bitter 
pig-Il-UL nu t> of a species of hickory; the 
ground chestnut. 

nirr chin (plg'skin"), n. leather made from 
P A & - ® A '- AAA the hide of a pig; the hide itself. 

nicr c-Hr (pig'sti"), n. a pen for pigs; a 
pig-aty piggery. 

nicr +ni1 (pfe'tal' r ), n. hair twisted into the 
pig-ld-LL form of a long strand or plait, and 
hanging down from the back of the head; a 
long twist of tobacco. 

nilria (Pik), n. formerly, a weapon consisting 
piUG G f a long wooden shaft with a spear¬ 
head at one end; a spike, or sharp point, 
as in the center of a shield; a fresh-water 
fish with a narrow, long, pointed head; a 
road on which a charge is made for driving; 
a turnpike or toll road; any main road. 

_ c+off (pTk'staf"), n. a pole or shaft 
pixVC-fe Idli -with a spike at the end, carried 
by mountaineers, etc., to keep from slipping. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






pilaster 


462 


pine 


column 
in a 


ni Ijac f pr (pl-las'ter), n. a square cc 
pj.-la.o-LC1 or pillar, partly inserted 
wall. 

Pi lsjfA (Pi'l&t), n. the surname, or last 
1 1-io.lC name, of Pontius Pilate, the 
Homan governor under whom Christ was 
crucified. 

nil rViorr1 (pH'chard), n. a sea fish, resem- 
pil-G110.lU. hling the herring, found chiefly 
on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, Eng¬ 
land ; the sardine. 

Tiilp (pH), n. a large beam driven into the 
i'D.C ground to make a firm foundation; a 
mass or heap; as, a pile of sand; colloquially, 
a great quantity; a collection; a large build¬ 
ing; a series of metal plates arranged to pro¬ 
duce an electric current; nap of cloth; slang, a 
fortune: v.t. to throw into a heap; as, to pile 
stone; to collect and arrange; as, to pile bricks; 
accumulate or collect; as, to pile up wealth; 
build; drive beams into: v.i. to form a mass 
or heap; collect. 

nil fpr (PlFfer), v.t. and v.i. to steal in 
jjxi-aca small amounts.— n. pilferer. 

nil orim (Pfl'grlm), n. a traveler; one 
AAAA who travels from a distance to 
visit some sacred place or shrine: Pilgrims, 
the Puritans who settled in Massachusetts 
in 1620. 

-nil crrim acta (pH'gri-maj), n. a long 
jp Ai_ S A xxix-cxg,^ journey, especially to some 

sacred place; man’s life considered as a 
journey. 

—ill (pH), n. medicine prepared in the form 
phi 0 f a small ball; a pellet; something dis¬ 
agreeable that must be accepted, 
nit Ijicrp (pll'aj), n. the act of plundering, 
pil-iO-gc or robbing openly, especially in 
war; spoil: v.t. to plunder, or rob openly; to 
spoil; lay waste.— n. pillager, 
nil 1 jar (Ph'or), n. a column to support a 
pii-leli structure or to serve as a monu¬ 
ment; any firm, slender, upright support, 
nil! Kay (P* 1 boks), a small fort for defen¬ 
ds AAA WUa s iv e warfare, constructed of con¬ 
crete and steel, and containing small cannon 
and machine guns: first used by the Germans 
in the World War, and by them placed at 
irregular intervals between the first and sec¬ 
ond line trenches. 

nil linn (Ph'yun) , n. a pad put on the 
jJll-liuxi back of a horse behind a man’s 
saddle so that a second person may ride: 
formerly much used for women, 
nil In rv (pH'S-rl), n. [pi. pillories (-Iz)], a 
pii-iu-J- j wooden frame supported by an 
upright post, and having holes through 
which the head and hands of a person stand¬ 
ing exposed to public disgrace may be passed 
and secured: v.t. to punish by putting in 
such a framework; expose to public dis¬ 
grace or abuse._ 

nil low (pil'o), n. a case filled with feath- 
yii-xu ers etc ( to SU pport the head of a 
person lying down; any 
rest for the head: v.t. to 
place or lay on a head-rest. 

pil-low block [S}') 5 

a support for a shaft which 
drives machinery, 
ni Int (Pl'lut), n. one 
P A-A ' JL who steers a vessel; one licensed to 
conduct a vessel in or out of a port or in 
waters where sailing is difficult or dangerous; 
one qualified to fly a balloon, airship, or flying 
machine; the cowcatcher of a locomotive; a 
guide; a mechanical regulating device: v.t. to 
direct the course of, as a vessel or airship; to 
steer; to guide through difficulties. 



Pillow Block 


ni Int aero (pl'lut-aj), n. the act or busi- 
pj.-AUt-a.gc ness of conducting vessels in or 
out of a port or through dangerous waters; 
the fee paid for such service; the act of 
guiding or steering. 

pi-lot bal-loon 

manned ahead of a larger balloon, to show 
the direction 
and strength of 
the wind. 



pi-lot-fish 

(p I'lut=f fsh"), 
n. a fish w hich 
often accom- Pilot-fish 

panies sharks. 

ni Int li trht (Pl'lut lit), a small, fixed, con- 
pi-AUt AA fe AA t tinuously binning gas flame 

used to ignite a larger gas flame, 
ni mnn tn (Pl-men'to), n - allspice or the 
1 AA-AAA ' : ' AA- allspice tree; the Spanish sweet 
pepper. Also, pimiento. 

nim npr tiaI (Pim'per-nel), n. any one of 
pnu-pci-iici various plants of the prim¬ 
rose family, with white, purple, or scarlet 
flowers. 

nim nln (Phii'pl), n. a small swelling of 
P' AAAA- P AC the skin containing pus. 

nim nlnH (Phn'pld), adj. having, or full 
piiii-piCU. of, small swellings of the skin. 
Also, pimply. 

-pki-T* (pin), n. a short piece of wire with a 
P AAA sharp point at one end and a round 
head at the other, used for fastening together 
papers, clothing, etc.; a larger, pointed instru¬ 
ment of similar nature, used for holding the 
hair, the hat, etc.; as, a scarf pin; an orna¬ 
ment, badge, or jewel fitted with a pin and a 
clasp; as, a schoobpm; a bolt or peg; wooden 
roller; as, a rolling-pin; anything of small 
value: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. pinned, p.pr. pinning], 
to fasten with, or as with, a pin; inclose; 
seize and hold. 

o f nrp (pin a-for"), n. a loose sleeve- 
Paaa-cx-aua c i ess apron or covering to 
protect the clothing of a child or little girl. 
ninrp.nP7 (pans'na'), n. eyeglasses kept 
aicx. on the nose by a spring. 

[Fr.] 

r,tn mrQ (Pin'serz), n. an instrument with 
j^AXA-v/^A o t wo handles and two jaws work¬ 
ing on a pivot, used for gripping things; 
nippers. Also, pinchers. 

■ninrTl (P Incl; 0> to squeeze or nip 

pxxx^xx between two hard edges; as, to 
pinch a finger; to press on so as to hurt; 
as, the shoe pinches my toe; oppress or 
distress; make thin or wan; as, to be pinched 
with hunger: v.i. to press hard; as, my shoe 
pinches; be mean or miserly: n. a squeeze 
or nip, as with the fingers and thumb; painful 
pressure; as, the pinch of poverty; a sudden 
diificulty or necessity; as, to do it at a pinch; 
as much as can be held between the thumb 
and finger; as, a pinch of salt. 

Tvitlfli hprlr (ptnch'bek), n. a cheap im- 
pilIUIl-UCLK nation of gold made of cop¬ 
per. zinc, and tin: used in cheap jewelry; 
anything cheap or sham. 

ninrll At*Q (pln'cherz), n. an instrument 
piiiuii-CAO with two handles and two 
jaws, used for gripping things; nippers. Also, 
pincers. 

Tvi-n nisfil inti (Phi'kc)5sh*'fm), n. a small 
pill-UUOlI-lUIl cushion used for holding 

pins. 


cushion used for holding 

D1T1P (P* n ), n • a cone-bearing tree with 
r ^ needlelike leaves; timber of the 
tree: v.i. to grow thin and weak from distress. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 











pineapple 


463 


pique 


anxiety, etc.; as, to pine away and die; to 
long intensely; as, to pine for home, friends, 
etc. 

nine* onnlp (pin'fcp*!), n. a tropical 
pine-ap-pie plant bearing a fruit that 
looks somewhat like a pine cone; the eatable 
juicy fruit of this plant. 

■ni-n f&aih pr (Pin'f6^"er), n. a feather 
pi Ai_iCclLAJ - _Ci justjieginning to grow. 

rki-n fn/vt pH (pln'foot'ed), adj. having 
pm-lOOL-CU the toes or feet bordered 
by a very thin skin, or membrane, as those 
of a bird. 


•ni-n VipcjH (pln'hed"), n. the head of a pin; 
pui-llcdU. hence, anything very small and 



to pinion a bird; to bind or hold fast the 
arms of; confine or fetter. 

• 1 ., (pink), n. a very light-red color; a 

pilih garden flower with sharp-pointed 
leaves and a sweet, spicy fragrance: in its 
most highly developed form called the carna¬ 
tion; a narrow-sterned vessel; anything of 
supreme excellence; as, her manners are the 
pink of perfection: adj. of a very light-red 
color: v.t. to stab; pierce or punch with 
small round holes; work in eyelet holes; 
scallop the edge of, as cloth, by cutting with 
an iron tool called a pinking iron; prick, as 
with a sword. . . „ 

_• i_ (pink T), a contagious mfiam- 

pilllx cjc mation of the eye, marked by 
redness of the eyeball; acute conjunctivitis. 

■nt-nlr in a (Picking) , n. a method of 
pUlii.-li.Ig ornamenting dress materials or 
leather by scalloping or cutting the edges 
into wavy lines: pinking iron, a small tool 
with a curved sharp edge at one end, used for 
cutting scallops on the edge of fabrics. 

_* „„ (pin mun'I), money allowed 

pill mon-ey to a wife by her husband 
for her private expenses: originally, for buy¬ 
ing pins. , . 

•' „ „ (pln'as), n. a small, light, 
pm-Ild.ee schooner-rigged vessel with oars; 
an eight-oared man-of-war’s boat. 

_ • „ _ (pln'd-kl), n. a small tower 

pm-Ud-eie G r turret above the rest of a 
building; a high point like a spire; the 
highest point; as, the pinnacle of fame: 
1 1 to furnish with small towers or turrets. 
_• — 0 +^ (pln'at), adj. shaped like a 
pin nate feather: said of a leaf; divided 
into leaflets along a common stem. Also, 
pinnated. 

_• « AM a (pe'n5-kl; pln'o-kl), n. a 
pm-O-tme game of cards. Also, pinocle. 

• a (pint), n. one-eighth of a gallon or 
pull one-half a quart, dry measure 

4-0 i 1 (pin' tar), 
pm-tail pointed tail 
_• + 1 (pln'tl), n. a pin upon which any- 

pill-lie thing turns, as a hinge. 

_• (pln'td), adj. mottled; pied;, as, 

pin-iu a pinto horse: n. a mottled animal. 

• _ (pi"o-ner'), n. one who goes 
pi-O-ncel before to prepare the way for 
another, as a settler in a frontier country; a 
soldier in an engineer corps whose special 
work is road building and re pairing: v.i. to 


n. a duck with a 


prepare a way; to open up a road: v.t. to 
take the lead in 

r»ii c (pi'us), adj. showing reverence for 
p±-UU& God; religious; devout; as, pious 
people; done under pretense of religion; 
as, a pious fraud.— adv. piously. 

•nin (PiP) - n - the seed of certain fruit; as. 
pip an orange pip; a disease of chickens 
a spot on a playing card: v.i. [p.t. and p.p 
pipped, p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken 
or small bird. 

•ni-n a (Pip). n - any long hollow tube; as, 
P A P C iron pipe; a tube of clay, wood, etc., 
with a bowl at one end for smoking tobacco; 
as much tobacco as the bowl will hold; a 
wine measure equal to two hogsheads, or 105 
imperial gallons, or 126 wine-gallons; a 
high-pitched voice; as, the pipe of a child; 
the note or call of a tird or insect; a musical 
•wind instrument consisting of a hollow tube, 
as a flute: pi. the bagpipe: v.t. to play on a 
musical wind instrument; as, to pipe a tune, 
to utter in a high key ; as, to pipe a song; to 
furnish with pipes, or tubes, as to pipe a 
house for water; to carry through a tube; 
as, to pipe water into a city: v.i. to play on 
the musical instrument called a pipe; to utter 
a shrill sound; to whistle. 

•ni-n^ rlaw (PlP Ma) ’ grayish-white clay, 
P A P C KsLa.y US ed for making pipes and in 
various industrial processes, 
ni-n (PtP'er), n. one who 
pip-ci plays on a musical 
wind instrument; especially, a 
Scottish bagpiper. 

ni nfvH-A (Pi-Pet'), n. a 
pi-JJc: lie small tube of glass 

or metal, for removing small 
portions of fluid. 

nin in cr (piping ),p.adj. 
pip -Ulg, feeble, weak, shrill; 

playing upon a musical instru¬ 
ment called a pipe; hot, like 
boiling water; as, piping hot 
dishes; like the quiet music 
of wind instruments rather 
than the loud sounds of brass 
and drums; as, the piping 
times of peace: n. the music 
of a musical wind instrument 
called a pipe; the act of play- graduated, 
mg on it; a system of tubes 
for drainage, etc.; corded trimming for dresses, 
_• “x (plp'It), n. a small bird, similar to the 
pip-11 lark, which sings as it flies. 

„• i_* (pip'kin), n. a small earthen jar 

Pip-Kill or pot. 

_• (pip'In), n. any one of several 

pip-pill varieties of apple. 

(plp-sis'S-wd), n. an ever- 
pip-SlS-S6-Wa green plant the leaves of 
which are used as a tonic. 

• (pe'kan-sl), n. the state or 

pi-qudll-l/y quality of being sharp or 
pungent to the taste, or of arousing curiosity 
or interest. 

irki niio-rvf (pe'kant), adj. agreeably sharp 
pi-qildlll to the taste; exciting interest, 
because of smartness or cleverness; lively; 
as, a piquant glance or smile; sharp or cut¬ 
ting to the feelings; severe; as, piquant 
criticism.— adv. piquantly. 

(pek), n. slight anger or resent- 
pique ment; wounded pride: v.t. to- 
wound the pride of; irritate; displease; 
to pride or value (oneself); as, to pique 
oneself on doing something very well; to 
stir or prick; as, to pique the curiosity. 

Syn , n. offense, resentment, grudge. 

Ant, (see approval). 



Pipettes. 1, cy v 
lindrical, bent; 
2, t a p e r ; 3, 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase;good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 

























pique 


464 


pittance 


r»t niio (p&-ka'), n. a heavy ribbed or 
px-quc figured cotton cloth. 

fM nil (pS-ket'), n. a card game played 
by two persons. 

Til YR TV (Pi'ro-sl). n. robbery upon the sea; 
Jr A ~ A the using of another’s literary work 

without permission. 

Tli r«tp> (Pi'rat), n. a robber on the high 
Jr A_A a seas; one who uses another’s 
literary work without permission and claims 
it as his own product; one who joins an army 
engaged in war, without regular standing in 
the ranks or as an officer, and who fights only 
off and on, returning home in the intervals: 
v.t. and v.i. to rob at sea; to take and publish 
without permission or payment.— adj. piratic, 
piratical.— adv. piratically. 

Til mo’ll P (pl-rog'), n. a canoe formed of 
F A " xv o t *^ a dugoutjog; any canoe, 
tlir mi pf+P (pir"oo-et'), n. a whirling or 
Jr AA “ uu-cl,tc turning about on the toes; 
a turning of a horse on the same ground: 
v.i. to whirl or turn rapidly in one spot, 
flic ro fn t*Tr (pls'ka-to-rl), adj. pertaln- 
pio-ua-iu-iy xng to fishes or fishing; 
living by fishing. Also, piscatorial. 

Dio me (pfs'ez), n.pl. the twelfth sign of 
xxo-tco the zodiac, or the Fishes. 

tiic pi pul fiirp (pls'I-kuUtur), n. the 
piO-lri-UUl-lure artificial breeding and 
rearing of fishes.— adj. piccicultural. 

Tli eh (P* s h), inter j. an exclamation of con- 
P AOAA tempt or disgust: v.i. to express con¬ 
tempt. 

Til<2 phi n (pfs-ta'shf-o), n. a nut the 
pia-ia.-uiii-u greenish almond - flavored 
kernel of which is used for flavoring; a small 
tree of Asia and southern Europe that bears 
the nut. 

•ntc fil (pls'tfl), n. the seed-bearing organ 
r AO ' liA in the center of a flower.— adj. 
pistillate. — 

pistol 

(pis' tul), 

71. a small, 

short gun intended for 
use with one hand; a re¬ 
volver. 

nic tnlp (pls-tol'). n. for- 
JJlo- IU1C merly, a Spanish gold 
coin of varying value: usually 
about $3.60. 

r»?c f/vn (pls'tun), n. a small 
JJio-LUU solid cylinder of metal 



Automatic 

Pistol 


or wood, fitting exactly and mov¬ 
ing up and down in the barrel of 
a pump, or in the cylinder of an engine. 

nfo ton rorl (pls'tun rod), the rod which 
pio-iuu u. moves a sliding piece in a 
machine and connects it with the outside 
machinery; as, the piston rod of a locomotive. 

(pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; an 
i/*** abyss; the shaft of a mine; a hole 
used for trapping wild animals; in England, 
the cheap part of the ground floor of a 
theater; an inclosed space in which animals 
are set to fight each other; as, a cock pit; 
in the United States, that part of a commercial 
exchange set aside for some special business; 
as, the wheat pit; a hollow part of the body; 
as, the arm pit; a small hole left, as by small¬ 
pox; Hades: with the; in the United States, 
the kernel of certain fruits, as the cherry or 
plum: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. pitted, p.pr. pitting], 
to mark with small hollows or holes; to 
match or set to fight against another; as, to 
pit one’s strength against another; to pit 
one dog against another; place in a pit or 
hole. 


■nit nnt (plt'd-p&t*), adv. with quick 
pil-a-pai beating; flutteringly; as, my 
heart went pitapat: n. a succession of light, 
quick sounds or taps; as, the pitapat of the 
rain. 

nitrh (P Ic h), n ' the solid black sticky 
pi lull substance obtained from boiled tar; 
a plunging forward or down; as, a headlong 
pitch from a rock; tossing motion, as of a 
ship in a storm; degree or rate; as, the 
highest pitch of excitement; slope; as, the 
pitch of a roof; the degree of a musical note, 
or the tone of a voice; distance between the 
centers of two gear teeth; at cricket, the 
distance between the wickets; the act or 
manner of throwing or tossing; a cast: v.t. 
to smear with boiled tar; throw or fling; cast 
headlong; set to a keynote; to fit, or set in 
order; fix in or on the ground; as, to pitch a 
tent: v.i. to settle; fall headlong; as, to pitch 
forward; encamp; rise and fall, as a ship; 
fix the choice: with upon. 

nitrli h 1 pur]p (pich'blend"), n. a lus- 
pillriJ.-UlCJ.iUC trous black mineral, a chief 
source of radium, and used in coloring glass 
a pale sea-green. 

nitrti (Plch'er), n. one who throws or 
piiun-ui casts; a vessel for holding and 
pouring liquids, usually with a handle; in 
baseball, the player who throws the ball. 

nitrli f*Y Til out (plch'er plant), a plant 
piiuii-d piant whose leaves are formed 

in the shape of a pitcher. 

nitrVi fnrlr (pich'fork"), n. a pronged fork 
pj.tvrii-j.uj.xv f or tossing hay, straw, etc.: 
v.t. to lift or throw with, or as with, a pitch- 
fork. 

m* tell tii n p (plch pip), a small pipe, sound- 
pi lull pipe e d by the mouth, giving a 
standard musical note. 

Tlitfll xx/’li pi (Plch hwel), a toothed 

pi lull W 11C Cl wheel that works in an¬ 
other. 

niff'll V (pl c h'l). adj. like, or smeared with, 
pj.iuij.-jr a tar substance called pitch; 
dark; black; dismal; as, a pitchy night.— 
n. pitchiness. 

nit a /-mo (Plt'S-us), adj. exciting sorrow 
pjt-c-uuo or sympathy; mournful; sad. 
— adv. piteously.— n. piteousness. 

Syn. doleful, woeful, rueful. 

Anf. (see joyful). 

nit fall (pit'fol"), n. a hole lightly covered, 
pic-iau so that wild beasts may fall into 
it; a trap; a source of danger or temptation, 
nifh (Pfth), n. the soft spongy substance 
px in j n the center of the stem of some 
plants; marrow; energy or force; vigor; 
as, he lacks pith; substance; as, the pith of 
his speech. 

nifh v (Plfh'I), adj. of the nature of, or 
ii A ”*^. °f> .the soft spongy substance 

called pith; forcible; as, a pithy saying.— 
adv. pithily.—n. pithiness. \ 

nit i c\ TYIa (plt'I-d-bl), adj. deserving sym- 
-r Al,-A_<x “ UAC pathy; as, he was in a pitiable 
condition; contemptible.— adv. pitiably, 
nit i fill (Pit'I-fool), adj. miserable; sad; 
pii-i-iin as> a pitiful sight; insignificant 
or small; as, a pitiful amount; paltry; 
contemptible; as, a pitiful ambition.— adv. 
pitifully.—n. pitifulness. 

nif i Ipcc (plt'I-les), adj. without sym- 
pi-i-xcoo pathy or mercy; as, war Is 
pitiless ; merciless.— adv. pitilessly.— n. piti¬ 
lessness. 

nit cji w (Ph; so), a two-handled saw. 
pit DaW Also, pitsaw. 

nit tfmcA (pit'ans), n. a small allowance, 
pii-iq.i iu u especially of money. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novll, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 













pitted 


465 


fpH (Pit 8d), p.adj. marked with holes 
pu-tcu or small hollows; as, pitted with 
smallpox. 

nit V (Plt'I)., n. a feeling of sorrow for the 
F 1 L ~J suffering or distress of others; com¬ 
passion; mercy; a reason for regret or grief: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. pitied, p.pr. pitying], to 
sympathize with; to feel sorry for: v.i. to be 
merciful or filled with compassion, as for the 
poor. 

Syn., n. sympathy, commiseration. 

Ant. (see cruelty). 

niv i-kf (Plv'ut), n. a fixed pin or short 
r lv ' ul shaft on which anything turns: 
v.t. to place on, or supply with, such a fixed 
pin or shaft: v.i. to turn on, or as on, such 
a fixed pin. 

mly (plks), n. in the Roman Catholic Church, 
F 1A the box in which the Host, or conse¬ 
crated wafer, is kept. Also, pyx. 
niv XT (Plk'sl). n. [pi. pixies (-Iz)], in old 
F 1 -* - ^ folk tales, a fairy. Also, pixie. 

n 1n hil i tv (pla"kd-bin-ti), n. the 
pict-Cd-Ull-I-ty state of being calmed, 

pacified, or willing to forgive; the quality 
of being yielding. _ Also, placableness, 
nla ra (pla'ka-bl), adj. that may be 

jiia-ta-uio calmed or pacified; willing 
to forgive; yielding.— adv. placably. 
nlor or/1 (plak'ard; pla-kard'), n.^ a 
yiat aui printed bill or notice posted 
on a wall, etc., as an advertisement; a poster: 
v.t. (pla-kard'; plak'ard), to advertise by a 
bill posted on a wall, etc.; to post bills on. 
Tklo (pla'kat), v.t. to cause to change 

pia-tcUC from anger to patience or kind¬ 
ness; to pacify; appease; make friendly. 

(plas), n. a special spot or locality; 
pictV/C an open space or square in a city; 
a situation; as, a place as clerk; site; a 
building devoted to a special purpose; as, a 
place of business; a city, town, etc.; room; 
as, make place for him; duty; as, it is your 
place to do your best; passage in writing 
or in a book; as, I have lost my place; space 
belonging to a given body; as, to get out of 
place; a place in line; rank; social position; 
as, keep your place: v.t. to put in a particular 
spot or position; settle; establish; to put in 
office; put out at interest; In baseball, cricket, 
tennis, etc., to bat or strike (the ball) to a 
point where it cannot be readily reached by 
the opposing players. 

Syn., n. position, post, situation, station: 
v. post, station, dispose. 

rJar At* (pl& s 'e r ), n • a deposit of earth, 
pldf-cf sand, etc., containing gold dust, 
etc.; a locality where gold is obtained by 
washing. 

n 1 n{% i/1 (plas'Id), adj. calm; peaceful; 
piaL-lu mild; as, a placid disposition.— 
adv. placidly.— n. placidity, 
rdartr (plak'et), n. an opening or slit 
pictl/JV-Gl ^ the upper part of a skirt or 
petticoat to make it easy to put on. 

tri a ricm (pla'jl-d-rlzm; pla'jd- 
rlzm), n. the act of steal¬ 
ing and using another’s ideas, words, etc.; 
literary theft; the writing or other matter that 
is stolen and used. Also, plagiary. 


planer 


pla 


rri o -riof (pla'ji-ri-rlst; pla'ja-rfst), n. 

-gl-d-l lo L 0 ne who 


_ steals and uses 

another’s ideas, words, etc., as his own. Also, 
plagiary. 

r»1a rri a (pla'jl-d-riz; pla'ja-riz), v.t. 

pa-gi-a-iJ.Z.G steal and use another’s 

ideas, words, etc., as one’s own. 
nlamiA (plag), n. a deadly disease; any- 
plagUC thing very troublesome or causing 
misery: a nuisance: v.t. to afflict with disease 


or evil; as, plagued with starvation; trouble 
or annoy greatly.— adj. plaguy. 

Til a if! (Pl&d; plad), n. a cross-barred or 
F iaiU checkered woolen cloth; originally, 
a garment made of such material worn by 
the Highlanders of Scotland: adj. having a 
pattern of stripes crossing at right angles. 

Til a fn (Pl an ). ddj. level; fiat; even; smooth; 
F 1<uu clear; evident; as, in plain sight; 
easily understood; as, plain talk; unlearned: 
unpolished; simple in manners; as, a plain 
man; not luxurious; as, plain living; with¬ 
out ornament; as, plain furniture; without 
beauty; homely; as, a plain face: adv. 
clearly: n. level land; any flat expanse: pi. 
great tracts of level country without trees.—■ 
adv. plainly.— n. plainness. 

Tllflinc man (planz'mSn), n. [pi. plalns- 
pidUlo-IIld.Il m en], a dweller in wide, 

open, level country. 

•nlatn onmr (plan song), an ancient setting 
pidlli oUll^ C f the service of the church 
to a cnant in unison. 

til a inf (pl ant ). n - the utterance of grief 
pj.au .11 a i ou d; a complaint. 

■nlain fiff (plan'tlf), n. one who begins 
piaui-tui a su it i n a court of law. 

nlain fruA (pl an 'tlv), adj. expressing grief 
pam-uvc or sorrow; mournful; sad.— 
adv. plaintively.-— n. plaintiveness, 
nlaif (Pl at ; plet; plat), n. a part of material 
piait doubled over; a flat fold; a pleat; a 
braid, as of hair: v.t. to double over in narrow 
folds; braid or interweave, 
nlan (pl an )> n • a drawing on a flat sur- 
piou f ace; showing the parts of anything; 
as, the plan of a building, etc.; scheme or 
project: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. planned, p.pr. 
planning], to make a sketch of; form in design; 
outline; arrange beforehand: v.i. to scheme; 
to arrange beforehand.— n. planner. 
r»la« rViA+fA (plan-shet'; plan-chgt'), n. 

a heart-shaped board fitted 
with two wheels, and a pencil which traces 
marks as it moves over a paper when the 
hands of two persons rest lightly on the board, 
■nlan A (plan), adj. flat; level; even; with- 
piauc out elevations or depressions: n. a 
flat or even sur¬ 
face; a grade or 
level of life; as, a 
person’s social 
plane; a carpen- 
ter’s tool for 
smoothing wood; 
abbreviation for 
airplane, etc.: v.t. 



Common Type 
of Planer. A, 

bed; B, platen; C, platen driving 
gear; D, driving pulley; E, took 
head; F, cross-feed screw; G, re- 
turn pulley; H,H, reversing dogs. 

to make level; make smooth or even with a 
tool: v.i. to rise partly out of the water while 
in motion, in a way similar to the start of a 
hydroplane’s flight. 

■nl a n or (plan'er), n. a machine for smooth- 
^ ing the surface of wood or metal. 


■-;-f " ■ - - i — --—- ■ ■ - ------ 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 




































466 


plausibility 


^ 1 Q _ _x (pl&n'gt), n. a body * revolving 
Uld-ll-c t round the sun. 

* +o -Ulc (plan ta'bl), an instrument 

plane xa-Die by w hich distances are 
computed, especially the distance covered 
by a shot in target practice or range shooting. 

, _ „ . • (plan"e-ta rl-iiin), n. a 

plan-e-ta-n-um machine to show the 
planets, their motions round the sun, and 
their relative distances and size. 

a nr (pl&n'6t-4-rI), adj. pertam- 

pian-et-a-ry i n g to, consisting of, or 

produced by, planets; erratic or wandering. 

~;.4 (plan'8t-oid), n. any one of 
plan-et-OIQ the small planets revolving 
in the space between Mars and Venus; a 
minor planet. ... 

„i.„ Q ff/ack (plan tre), a large tree with 
piaim IICC broad-spreading leaves; in 
America, the species called buttonwood or 
sycamore. 

ck (pla-nlm'S-ter), n. an 
pia-mm-e-iei instrument by which the 
area of a plane surface, regular or irregular, 
may be measured. , 

• v, (planish), v.t. m metal working, 
piclIl-lSIl to polish or smooth by hammer¬ 
ing; in woodworking, to make smooth. 

(plank), n. a long, broad piece of 
pid.Ii.iv sawed timber thicker than a board; 
a support; an item in the platform of a 
political party: v.t. to cover with thick boards; 
colloquially, lay down as on a plank; hence, 
nay; as, to plank down money; to cook on a 
board; as, to plank shad. 

i i-nrr (planking), n. sawed timber 

piailK-mg suitable for floors, etc.; a bare, 
rough board floor or structure. 

1 „x (plant), n. any vegetable organism; 
pid.ill a sprout or sapling; the tools, machin¬ 
ery, fixtures, and sometimes buildings, of any 
trade or business; as, a manufacturing plant; 
the equipment of an institution, as a college 
or hospital: v.t. to put into the ground for 
growth: as, to plant seed; to provide or 
prepare with seeds, roots, etc.; as, to plant a 
garden; fix in the mind; establish. 

• (plan't&n; plan'tln), n. a tropi- 
piail-Ldlll broad-leaved tree yielding 
an eatable fruit like the banana; a common 
dooryard or roadside weed. 

Wlnt-i -fi n-n (plan-ta'shfin), n. a place 
pidll- Id- liUIl jvhere anything is sowed or 
set in the ground and cultivated; as, a 
plantation of trees; an oyster plantation; 
a large estate where cotton, sugar, etc., are 
cultivated; a new settlement or colony. 
n i Qt ,i. o- (plan'ter), n. a settler in a new 
pidllL-Cl colony; the owner or cultivator 
of a farm where cotton, sugar, etc., are raised. 

(plak), n. a flat, thin piece of metal 
pidLJllC or earthenware upon which a 
picture or design is enameled or painted: 
used chiefly as a wall ornament. 

Tklooli (plash), n. a puddle; the sound of 
pidoll falling or splashing water: v.t. and 
v.i. to splash or dash with water; bend down 
and interweave the branches or twigs of; 
as, to plash a hedge.— adj. plashy. 

_i oe (plaz'ma), n. the colorless watery 

pid.b-IIl<t part of the blood in which the red 
corpuscles float; a grass-green stone used in 
jewelry. Also, plasm. 

i Q _ (plaz'mon), n. a food product 

pidb-moil resembling flour, made from 
skim milk. 

tVlae fckt* (plas'ter), n. a mixture of lime, 
pidb-ICi sand, and water for coating walls; 
a cloth coated with a sticky medical substance 
and applied to some part of the body as a 


remedy; as a porous plaster: plaster of Paris, 
a paste made of gypsum and water which 
soon hardens: used for casts, moldings, etc.: 
adj. made of such a pasty substance: v.t. to 
overlay or cover with, or as with, a mixture of 
lime, sand, and water; as, to plaster the wall. 
—n. plasterer. , . - 

■rvloo +oi* J-ncr(plas'ter-Ing), n. act of 
pias-ter-mg putting on plaster or a 

plaster; a covering of lime, sand, and water 
for a wall, ceiling, etc.; sticky medicated 

cloth. (pias'tlk), adj. capable of being 

j._-111/ formed or molded; as, clay Is 

plastic; giving form to matter; as, plastic 
art; quick to receive impressions; as, a 
plastic mind.—adr.plastically.— n. plasticity. 

(plat), v.t. to braid; plait; to make a 
plot map of; to lay out in plots: n. a 
small piece of ground; a plot. 

■rk1o+<a (plat), n. a thin piece or sheet of 
picUtJ metal; as, armor plate; a shallow 
dish from which food is eaten; a piece of 
metal on which something is engraved; as, a 
door plate; a print made from an engraved 
metal surface; in photography, a thin sheet 
of glass treated with chemicals; household 
articles of gold or silver, as teapots, urns, etc.: 
v.t. to coat with metal; to cover with sheets 

of metal. . 

(pla-to'), n. [pi. plateaux (-toz)}. 
pia-T6aU a broad, elevated tract of flat 
land; table-land; on a military map, a flat 
surface on top of a hill; a large ornamented 
center-dish. ,, v „ „ . L 

„ rrloco (P lat g ]as ) • a flne kind or 

plate glass glass cast in thick plates: 
used for mirrors, etc. 

, (plat'en), n. the flat part of a 
A -eil printing press which presses the 
paper against the type; the cylinder, or roller, 
of a typewriter, around which the paper is 
placed, over against which the type strikes. 
-r»1o+ -f rvrm (plat'form"), n. a floor of 
pictL-lUIlll W ood, stone, etc., raised above 
the level of the ground or of the main floor; 
the place where guns are mounted on a fortress 
or battery; a political program or policy, of 
which each item is called a plank. 

i Q x (plating), n. the art of over- 

pjLdl-lllg laying or covering anything with 
a thin sheet or coating of metal: a coating 
of metal or of thin metal sheets. 

_1 0 x 5 -nii-m (pla tl-num) ,?r. a heavy, sllver- 
pid.l-1-llullI white precious metal, hard to 
melt or resolve, but capable of being ham¬ 
mered or pressed thin. Also, platina.— adj. 
platinous. 

tV1ci+ i (platl-tud), n. commonplace- 

pid.l-i-lU.LlC ness; dulness; flatness; a 
stupid and trite remark, especially one uttered 
as if it were novel or original. 

T>1o +/v*-» in (pla-tfin'ik), adj. pertaining to 
iria-XOIi-lC piato, the ancient Greek 
philosopher, or to his philosophy: platonic, 
purely mental and spiritual; as, platonic love, 
— n. Platonism. 

+nrm (Pla-toon'), n. a body of soldiers 
xr—- -L '-'Ull j[ n command of a lieutenant: 
usually consisting of four squads of eight 
men, equal to one-fourth of a company. 

x_ r (plat'er), n. a large flat dish for 
-ICi serving meat, etc. 

j. (plo'dlt), n. applause; praise 
-Ull given; the act of praising or 
applauding. 

«1oii ci k|1 1 +tt (plo"zi-bil'I-tp, n. the 
pid.U-bl-UU-1-iy state or quality of seem¬ 
ing to be true; anything that appears to bo 
true without necessarily being so.^ 


pla- 

usual 
men, , 

plat- 

plau- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 






plausible 


467 


plenteous 


rklan Ql 'hi** (plo'zl-bl), adj. seeming to be 
pxau-ox-uic true without necessarily be¬ 
ing so; having the appearance of truth; as, a 
plausible excuse; likely to win a confidence 
not wholly deserved; as, a plausible speaker.— 
adv. plausibly.— n. plausibleness. 

■nl-ntr (Pl a )- n • an y exercise or occupation for 
amusement; diversion; pastime; free¬ 
dom or room to act; as, to give one’s arm full 
play in throwing a ball; rapid and energetic 
action or motion; exercise of mental powers; 
as, a play of wit or fancy; a drama, as a 
tragedy, comedy, etc.; gambling; as, to lose 
money at play; one’s turn to move a piece, 
lay down a card, etc., in a game; fun; jest; 
as, she did it in play; manner of dealing; as, 
fair play: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. played, p.pr. 
playing], to engage in (some pastime) for 
amusement; as, to play ball; to make believe; 
as, to play school; perform; as, to play a 
waltz on a piano; to perform music on; as, 
to play the violin; to acl in the character of; 
as, to play Hamlet: v.i. to move back and 
forth; as, wind, fire, or lightning, play; to 
sport or frolic; to gamble; to perform on a 
musical instrument; to act on the stage. 

(pla'bil"), n. a sheet on which is 


play-bill printed the program of a drama, 

with the names of the actors, etc. ...-— 

(pla'da"), u. a day free fronl _i 0 i C m (plS-be'ySn-Izm; ple- 

a holiday. pi6-D6-laU-lS3Il be'Sn-Izm), n. the feel* 


play-day 

1 _ (pla'er), n. one who takes part in 

piay-er a game; as, a baseball player; a 


tion or enjoyment; as, we strive to please; 
like or choose; as, to do as you please. 
nlpflgpH (plezd), p.adj. satisfied; grati- 
picaacvA aSi a pleased smile. 

■nlpflQ imr (plez'Ing), p.adj. giving satis- 
pioao-urg faction; agreeable.— adv. pleas- 

ixi&ly • 

r a Kl<a (plezh'tlr-d-bl), adj. grat- 
piod.S-ur-d.-Uie ifying; delightful.— adv. 
pleasurably. 

rvlooc iirA (plSzh'tlr), n. delight; amuse- 
picao-uiu ment; enjoyment; as, a day oi 
pleasure; a delight; a joy; as, it is a pleasure 
to see you; choice; wish; as, what is your 
pleasure? 

Syn. charm, comfort, happiness. 

Ant. (see pain). 

iVl/aoi- (plet), n. a fold, as of cloth, etc.: 
piedL v.t. to fold, as cloth, etc. Also, 
plait. 

•nlfsho (pleb), n. a member of the lowest 
pit;DC c i ass in the military academy at 
West Point or the naval academy at Annapo¬ 
lis. [Colloq.] 

rvlo, : ari (plS-be'yan; pl$-be'5n), adj. 
pic-uc-iau pertaining to the common 
people: from plebs, the common people of 
ancient Rome; hence, common or vulgar: 
n. one of the common people. 


musical performer; actor; gambler; idler 
rdair lew (Pla'fel"o) , n. one who 
piety -1 Ci-lD w engages m sport or games 

with another; a plavmate. 

•rkloTT fi-il (pla'fbol), adj. sportive; lively; 
pidy-iUi aS( a playful kitten.— adv. play¬ 
fully.— n. playfulness. 

nloir crr\ or (pla'go'er), n. one who habitu- 
pia-y-§0-Gr a iiy goes to the theater. 

_i OTT kniico (pla'hous"), n. a theater; a 
pia.y-I10u.se srQ all building for children 

to play in. 

nlcsir m 5 lf^ (pla/mat"), n. one who sports, 
pid.y-liid.tC or takes part in a game, with 

another; a playfellow. 

nloir fViincr (pla'tMng*). n. a means of 
pidy amusement; a toy. 

play-wright 

dramas. 

_i_ 70 (pla'za), n. an open square or mar- 
pid-od ket place. 

_i- Q (pie), n. an exctise or apology; an 
pied entreaty; as, a plea for mercy; the 
defendant’s answer to the charges in a lawsuit. 

(pled), v.i. to argue or reason in 
piedtL support of a cause against another; 
argue before a court of law; as, to plead for 
an acquittal; supplicate or beg earnestly; 
as, to plead for mercy: v.t. discuss or defend 
by arguments; as, to plead a case; offer as an 
excuse; as, to plead poverty.— n. pleader. 

Syn. urge, beseech, beg, entreat, advocate. 

r» 1 a 5 irl iliac (pled'Ingz). n.pl. the written 
piedU-lligo statements of the two parties 

In a lawsuit. „ ,, „ , __ _ 

■nlt»5ic nnf (Plez'&nt), adj. grateful to the 
Jiedb-diil mind or senses; as, a pleasant 
smell; delightful; as, pleasant weather; 
agreeable; as, a pleasant fellow; cheerful; i t>q 

lively; as, a pleasant time. — adv. pleasantly. 

—n. pleasantness. 

(plez'3,nt-rl), n. merriment; 

pleas-ant-ry lively talk; gaiety; a 

laughable speech or joke; a jest, 
nlaaco (P ] ez), v.t. to gratify; give enjoy- 
pied.be ment to; gam approval from; as, 
to please one’s parents: v.i . to affo rd satisfac- 


ings and customs of the common people; 
vulgarity of conduct or manners. 

■nloVi i crJ+A (pleb'l-slt), n. a vote of all 
piCD-i-bDiic the people for or against 

a measure. 

•nlar' fnim (Plek'trbm), n. a small, flat, 
piCD - li uill usually oval, piece of horn, 
celluloid, etc., used by a player on certain 
stringed instruments, such as the mandolin, 
to strike the strings. 

•nloda#* (plej), n. anything placed as a 
security or guarantee; a pawn; 
a drinking of a health as an expression of 
good will or a promise; an agreement or 
promise to do or not to do something; a 
token of good will; as, a pledge of friendship: 
v.t. to give as security or guarantee; as, to 
pledge one’s honor; put in pawn; to bind by a 
promise; as, to pledge oneself to secrecy; to 
stake; drink to the health of. 

•nlorla of (plej'et), n. a flat piece of lint 
piCUg-CL or cotton placed over a wound. 

"Dio i'l rla- (ple'ya-dez; ple'a-dez; pli'- 
srd-dez), n.pl. the cluster of 
seven stars in the constellation Taurus: 
named from the seven daughters of Atlas, 


changed after death into stars. 

■Dloi rorip (plTS-sen), adj. in geology. 
rici-u-V/Cixc pertaining to the latest 
part of the Tertiary period, during which 
more than half of the modem species of life 
were developed: n. the geological period just 
before the Quaternary, or age of man. Also, 
Pliocene. 

"D.aic +n rpn a (plis'to-sen), adj. in geol- 
x^ lClb - lU-ecrrc 0 gy, pertaining to the 

early part of the Quaternary period, or glacial 
age: n. the glacial age. 

pie Iia ry (ple,na_r]E: V^n'd-rl), adj. full; 



I-p6-ten'shd-rl), adj. having full power; un¬ 
limited: n. an ambassador or government 
agent to a foreign court given full powers. 

plen-i-tude SS™ 11 ’ n ' ,ulBesS! 

n i ot , mg (plen'tb-us). adj. abundant; 
piGIl-ie-UUb amply sufficient: yielding m 


boot, fobt; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when;, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. f See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









plentiful 

abundance; fruitful.— adv. plenteously.—n. 
plenteousness. 

±.\ £-.1 (plen'tl-fool), adj. yielding 
picIl-ll-iUl abundance; as, a plentiful 
harvest; existing in great quantity.— adv. 

plentifully. 

Syn. abundant, ample, full, lavish, bounti¬ 
ful, rich, overflowing. 

Ant. (see scarce). 

plen ty n ' abundance; full sup- 

A -noctri (ple'6-nazm), n. the use of 
pic-U-lictoJ.il xnore words than are neces¬ 
sary in writing or speaking; any instance of 
the use of too many words. 

•rklo r\ -nac tie (ple"6-nas'tlk), adj. redun- 
pie-O-nab-UU dant; wordy. 

■•VlcvfVi ,, (pleth'6-rd) , n. state of being 
picLil-U-id overfull; overabundance; ex¬ 
cess; overfulness of blood. 

iV (ple-thor'ik; pleth'6-rlk), adj. 
pic-liiui-ic having excess of blood; over¬ 
full; hence, bloated; bombastic. 
n t 011 (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae (-re)], a 
picU--id delicate membrane covering the 
inside of the chest and the outside of each 
lung. 

rol (ploo'ral), adj. pertaining to the 
piCli-idl pleura, or membrane covering 
the lungs and the inside of the chest. 

„i „ c _. (ploo'rl-si), n. inflammation of 

piCU.-11-oj the pleura, or membrane of the 
chest and lungs. _ 

pleu-ro-pneu-mo-ni-a & l ?S^)" n nT 

inflammation of the pleura, or membrane of 

the chest and lungs, and of the lungs; pleurisy 

and pneumonia combined. 

vVlckY no (plek'sus), n. a network, as of 

picA-Uo veins, nerves, etc.; as, the solar 

plexus is a mass of nerve fibers benind the 

stomach. 

mli a V»il i Hr (pH'd-bil'I-ti), n. the quality 
pil-d- Uli-1- ty 0 f being easily bent. 

•Tilt o Kl<=* (pll'a-bl), adj. easily bent; flex- 
pil-d-UlC ible; easily influenced; as, a 
pliable nature.— adv. pliably. — n. pliableness, 
-i; nTi r ~ 7 (pll'an-si) , n. quality of being 
■hh-tj easily bent or influenced. 

1 ailt ^Pb'ant), adj. flexible; easily bent; 


468 


p!i 

pb-UAl L limber; as," a pliant twig; easily 
influenced; yielding. 

■nil rofp (pli'k&t), adj. plaited; folded in 
pu-edte the form of a fan. Also, plicated, 
•nili ore (pli'erz), n. a kind of small pinchers 
pii-CA o f or bending wire, etc., or for holding 
small objects. 

rklicrlrf (P®) > n - a dangerous or distressed 
pilgllt condition; predicament; pledge; 
promise: v.t. to promise earnestly; pledge, 
as one’s faith. 

•nlfnfVi (phnth), n. the lowest, square- 
pilll 111 shaped part of the base of a column, 
pedestal, etc.; the projecting face at the 
bottom of a wall. 

T>1i n rAriP (pli'6-sen), adj. in geology, 
x pertaining to the latest part 

of the Tertiary period: n. the geological period 
just before the Quaternary. Also, Pleiocene. 
■sVfnrl (p!od), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. plodded, 
piUU. p.pr. plodding], to walk slowly and 
heavily; as, to plod along; drudge or toil; 
•study laboriously: v.t. to walk over heavily 
and slowly; as, to plod one’s way.—n. plodder. 
•sYfnt (pl^t), n - a small area of ground; a 
1UUI g roU nd plan; a diagram; a plat; a 
scheme, conspiracy, or plan; the plan or 
main story in a play, novel, etc.: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. plotted, p.pr. plotting], to lay plans 
for; scheme: as. to vlot a crime; make a 



plumb line 

plan or map of; to locate or show on a map 
or chart: v.i. to scheme; form a plar; as, 
to plot against one’s enemy.— n. plotter. 

-nlrfw or (pluv'er), n. a shore bird of 
JJlUV-Cl various species. 

-.I-.,., (plou), n. a farming implement for 
piOW turning up the soil; any implement 
that works in 
a similar way; 
as, a snow 
plow: v.t. to 
turn up with 
a plow; to 
till: v.t. to 
break or turn 
up soil with, 
or as with, a 
plow; to move 

onward by Plow 

cutting a way G ““ g 

through; as, the ship plowed on. Also, plough. 
Wl/vtxr chorn (plou'shar"), n. the iron 

piOW-Snare part of a plow that cuts 

the soil. Also, ploughshare. 

-rklii/'lr (plhk), v.t. to pull off, out, or up; 
jllUClv as> to pluck weeds; pick or gather, 
as to pluck, grapes; to pull or twitch; as, 
to pluck the strings of a banjo; to strip 
completely, as of feathers; as, to pluck (' 
goose: v.t. to give a sudden pull; to tug; as. 
the child plucked at her mother’s skirt: n. 
a pull; a snatch; a tug; the heart, liver, 
and lungs of an animal; colloquially, spirit .or 
courage; as a man of pluck. 

-rtln olr xr (pluk'I), adj. [comp, pluckier. 
pmCK-y superl. pluckiest], full of spirit or 
courage.— adv. pluckily. [Colloq.] 

•filin' (plug). n • a piece of wood, etc., used 
JMUg to fill or stop a hole; a piece of con¬ 
ducting material inserted between conductors 
to make an electrical connection; a cake of 
pressed tobacco: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. plugged. 
p.pr. plugging], to stop or make tight with a 
piece of wood, cork. etc. 

■nliim (Plum), n. a tree somewhat like the 
pilUII peach and cherry, or its well-known 
fruit; a raisin when used in cooking; some¬ 
thing like the fruit in sweetness or shape; 
as, a sugarplum; the choice or best part of 
a thing. 

nliim atva (ploom'aj), n. all of a bird’s 
JJiulli-clgC feathers; bright costume. 

nliim Vi (plum), n. a weight, usually of 
JJiUiiiU lead, fastened to a cord and dropped 
to indicate a vertical line: used for determin¬ 
ing how nearly vertical is a piece of work 
done, as a wall, etc.; a similar weight used to 
find the depth of water: adj. perpendicular 
with the horizon; upright: adv. perpendicu¬ 
larly: v.t. to straighten; as, to plumb up a 
wall; make vertical or perpendicular; sound 
(the depth of water) by a plummet; test; 
get to the bottom of; as, to plumb a mystery, 
nliim \\a on (pluua-ba'gd), n. a mineral 
pi ua-gu 0 f carbon and iron, used 
for lead pencils; a form of carbon graphite. 

nliim"h or (Plum'er), n. one who works 
jJl.UiiJ.U-CJ. j n tin, lead, zinc, etc.; espe¬ 
cially one who supplies, repairs, or fits water- 
closets, water pipes, etc. 

nliim h mo* (pluni'Ing), n. the art or 
JJAUIIlU-llig occupation of putting Into 

buildings the pipes, traps, etc., for carrying 
water, gas, and sewage; pipes and other fit¬ 
tings used for carrying water, gas, and sewage, 
nliimVi line* (plum lin), a line attached 
piUlliU line t 0 a weight of lead to show 
whether something, as a wall, is straight up 
and down; a perpendicular line, or a line 
straight up and down. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 













pltime 


469 


poetaster 


n l lirno (ploom), n. a long and beautiful 
piUIiie feather or tuft of feathers; a feather 
worn as an ornament; crest; something like 
a feather in shape or lightness: v.t. to pick 
and adjust (the feathers); as, a bird plumes 
its feathers; adorn with feathers or with 
fin e clothes; boast; feel proud of: used 
reflexively; as, to plume, oneself on one’s 
skill.— adj. plumy. 

■nliim m#vf (plum'et), n . a leaden weight 
piUlll-mci attached to a string used for 
measuring depths, determining how nearly 
vertical is a wall, etc.; hence, a test. 

■nliirrm (Plump), adj. well filled or rounded 
pilUlip ou t;; fat; as, a plump person; 
blunt; direct; as, a plump contradiction: 
adv. with a sudden or heavy drop; as, he 
fell plump into the water; bluntly: fti. to 
fall or sink down heavily; as, to plump 
down into a chair; to grow round or full; 
as, her cheeks plumped out: v.t. to cause to 
fall heavily; to cause to fill out or become 
round.— n. plumpness. 

•nlii mill** (ploo'mul), n. the first bud of a 
piu-lllulc young plant above the seed- 

l63iV6S. 

nliin Aar (plun'der), n. booty; pillage; as, 
piuii-uci the plunder of thieves: v.t. to 
take from by open force; spoil; rob; as, to 
plunder a house; to seize or take by force; 
as, the enemy plundered all the food in the 
village: v.i. to commit robbery.— n. plunderer. 
tVtii-no-fk (phinj), v.t. to put suddenly into 
plUIlgCJ water or any other liquid: v.i. to 
sink, fall, or rush, as into water; dive; throw 
the body forward; enter suddenly and 
quickly; as, to plunge into the woods: n. 
the act of suddenly and quickly jumping, 
falling, entering, etc.; a sudden fall. 

Wllii-nrr or (plun'jer), n. one who takes 
piullg-Cl sudden action; a diver; the 
long solid cylinder or_piston of a pump. 

Win r\ar f (ploo'pur"fekt; ploo"pilr'- 
piu-per-ieui fekt), adj. in grammar, 
noting an event or action completed before 
some other event or action that is also 
completed: n. the tense_or verb form_denot- 
ing such action. 

Win fol (ploo'ral), adj. consisting of more 
PlU-Iai than ond: n. that form of a word 
expressing more than one.— adv. plurally. 

~ Q 1 : x,, (ploo-ral'I-tl), n. the ma- 
piu-rai-l-xy jority; the greatest of three 
or more numbers; in politics, the excess of 
votes over those for any other candidate 
for an office. . , , , , 

(plus), n. a quantity to be added; 
plus the sign [ + 1 used to denote addition: 
adj. more (by a certain amount): increased 
(by a certain addition); above zero; positive. 

- A until 



TY|,, +r\ (Ploo'to), : 

JrlU-lU the god of the underworld. 

-I*., 4-^r. (ploo-tok'ra-si), n. rule or 

plu-toc-ra-cy government by the rich; 
the wealthy class. 

nlii rraf (ploo't6-krat), n. one who 
exercises power or influence 
because of his wealth.— adj L nlutocratic. 

TYl.., -ni Q-n (ploo-td'ni-an), adj. per 

x lU-TO-Ill -aH taining to Pluto, the 
Greek god of the lower world, or to the lower 
regions of fire. Also, Plutonic. 

(ploo-ton'Ik roks), 

plu-ton-ic rOCKS rocks that have been 
formed by the action of fire. 

Win tt-J ot (ploo'vi-al), adj. in geology, 
pili-Vl-dl resulting from the action of ram; 

as, a pluvial deposit. 


Win vi rtm a tf»r (ploo"v)f-6m'6-ter), n. 
piU-Vl-OHl-e- Lei an instrument by which 

is ascertained the amount^ of rainfall in a 
given place and time. 

Wlv (pli). [P-f* and P-P- plied, p.pr. ply- 
P A J ing], to work at steadily; as, ,to ply a 
trade; use diligently or earnestly; as, to 
ply an oar; to urge insistently; as, to ply 
one with questions: v.i. to run regularly 
between two ports, as a boat; work or be 
busy steadily: n. a web, or layer, as in a 
carpet, etc. 

rm art matic (nd-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
pncu-niai-J.i/ ing f 0 , consisting of, con¬ 
taining, like, or moved by, air; as, pneumatic 
tires. Also, pneumatical.— adv. pneumati¬ 
cally. 

nn aii tn a t ■Jr* ttrA (nii-mat Ik tir), a 
pH6u.-IHa.X-lC UI6 follow rubber tub¬ 
ing filled with air, forming the cushionlike 
rim of a bicycle or automobile wheel: also 
used on carriage wheels. 

t%-npii rnat icc (nu-mat'Iks), n. the sci- 
pil6Xl-IIld.l-lCb ence that treats of the 

mechanical properties of air and other gases. 

■nn^ii mo fit (nu-mo'nl-d), n. inflam- 
pH6U-II10-Ill-d. ma tion of the lungs. 

Tk-noii mon ir* (nu-mon'Ik), adj. pertain- 
pneu-mon-ic ing to the lungs, or to 

pneumonia: pneumonic plague, an epidemic 
disease, known in its milder forms as influenza, 
from which pneumonia readily develops. 

(poch), v.t. to steal game from; 
pUctCIJL plunder by stealth; cook (eggs) 
by breaking (them) into boiling water: v.i. 
to shoot or steal game upon forbidden land. 
— n. poacher. 

-rt/vr*lr (pok), n. a slight swelling on the skin 
pUCli. filled with pus, as in smallpox; the 
spot left by such a swelling. 

-nn/'lr of- (pok'et), n. a small bag inserted 
pUCJx-61. i n a garment for carrying small 
articles; a small netted bag in a billiard table 
for catching the balls; a hole or opening in a 
mine; as, a gold pocket: v.t. to put in a 
pocket; as, to pocket money; to take unlaw¬ 
fully, as money; to receive (an insult), 
without showing any feeling. 

r&nrlr P+ hook (Pdk'et-book")., n. a small 
pUCxi.-CL-UUUJX case for carrying money. 

papers, etc. 

ai- Vnifcv (pok'et-nif"), n. a small 
pOCK-et-Kmie knife With bladas that 

close into the handle. 

^ _... (pok'et mun'I), an 

pOCK-6t H10H-ey a iiowance of a small 
sum for everyday ^personal expenses; spending 
money. 

Tk/vo'b- tnorlr (pok'mark"), n. a scar or 
pOCK-IH3.1 K small hole left by smallpox. 

- j (pod), n. the covering of the seed of 
pUU. certain plants, as the pea, etc.: v.i. 
[p.t. and p.p. podded, p.pr. podding], to swell 
or fill, as a pod; produce pods. 

__ TT (poj'i), adj. short and fat; dumpy; 

poag-y pudgy. .. . 

(po'em), n. a composition m verse, 
pO-6I.ll. marked by beauty of thought and 
language: a piece of poetry; any imaginative 
piece of writing in beautiful language; some¬ 
thing like such a composition; as,a poem in stone. 

0 (p5'e-sl), n. the art of writing 

pO-e-Sy verses that express beautiful 
thoughts in beautiful words. 

■rw-* (po'et), n. [fem. poetess], a writer 9f 
pO-61 verse that has merit; one gifted m 
writing such verse; one who has a strong 

imagination. „ _ w . 

oc* far (po'et-as"ter; po'et-as'tSr), 
pO-6l-d.b-l61 n- a writer of inferior verses. 


boot, foot; found; boil ; function ; chase; good; joy ; then, thick ; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











470 


poetic 

r»n nt ir (pft-St'Jk), adj. pertaining to, suit- 
pu-Cl-lL able to, or expressed in, beautiful 
verse: n.pl. the rules of the art of making 
verse. Also, a<.). poetical. — ativ. poetically. 

■nn nt t 7 ’pk (po'et-iz), v.i. to make verses: 
JJU-C l-JXC v to describe in verse. 

■oa pf Iqii tp fitp (po'et 16 re at), a 
pu-CL lau-ic-ftic court poet; one regu¬ 
larly appointed to write verses in celebration 
of great events or special occasions. 

■nn n-f- nr (po'et-rl), n. compositions in 
JJU-Cl-l j verse in which beautiful thought, 
feeling, or action is expressed in beautiful 
language; composition in verse as opposed to 
composition in prose. 

nn crrnm (P^-Erfim'), n. an organized riot, 
JJU-gl Ulll or local disturbance, usually 
directed against the Jews, and instigated by 
officials. [Russ.] 

nnirrn art rtr (poin'an-sl), n. the state or 
poign-an-cy quaUty of being keen; 

sharpness; bitterness. 

nnicrn an + (poin'ant; poin'yant), ad). 
puign-oiiv severe; very painful; sharp 
and piercing; bitter.— adv. poignantly, 
nni 111 (pwa*lii'), n. the name given to the 
pUi-IU French private soldier: used in the 
World War. [Fr.] 

nnin opt +| a (poin-sSt'I-d), n. a Mexican 
puui-oC L- ti-ct pi a nt with large, handsome, 
bright red leaves that resemble flowers, 
nnint n - the sharp end of a thing; 

pUilll as> the point of a pin; a tapering 
end of land; a cape; a specie or dot; a mark 
of punctuation; a particular spot; exact 
place; as, to reach a certain point on the 
road; a particular time or moment; as, the 
turning-pomZ of a battle; a particular detail 
or item; as, an important point in a lesson; a 
particular aim or purpose; as, you missed the 
point of the story; to gain one’s point; a step or 
stage; as, boiling point; one of the thirty-two 
divisions of a compass; lace made with the 
needle; a railway switch; a standard of meas¬ 
urement for printing typ3 equal to one 
seventy-second of an inch, measured up and 
down: v.t. to sharpen; as, to point a pencil; 
to give force to; as, to point a moral; to 
show the direction of; as, to point the way; 
direct or aim; as, to point a gun; to punc¬ 
tuate; fill the joints of (masonry) with mor¬ 
tar and smooth with a trowel: v.i. to call 
attention by extending the finger; show clearly. 

r»nir»+ hlnnlr (point'blahk'), adj. hori- 
pOilll uld.HK. Z ontal; straight to the 

mark; as, a point-blank shot; direct; as, a 
point-blank refusal: adv. directly, 
nninf or? (poin'ted). p.adj. sharpened; 
puiiil-cu. having a sharp end, as a needle; 
direct; telling; personal; as, pointed remarks. 
— adv. pointedly. — n. pointedness, 
nnint or (poin'ter), n. one who, or that 
pUlil l-Cl which, points, or shows the posi¬ 
tion of; the hand of a watch, etc.; a kind of 
dog trained to point, or to stop and show the 
place where game is hidden; colloquially, a 
timely hint: pi. two stars in the constellation 
of the Great Dipper, a line through which 
points to the North Star, 
nni-nf in cr (poin'tlng), n.. punctuation; 
puAAii-Aiig the act of showing the direction 
of; the act or operation of filling in the joints 
of masonry with mortar, or the finished woi’k. 
nnint locc (point'les), adj. blunt; dull; 
pumi-iCDO having no real meaning; wit¬ 
less. — adv. pointlessly. 

•nnicn (poiz), n. balance; the manner of 
jJUloU carrying the head and body; mental 
balance: v.t. to balance; weigh; to consider: 
v.i. to hang balanced or suspended. 


police 


pok- 

poke- 

fiower; 

pok- 


i (poi'zn), n. a substance which, if 

pUl-oUIl received into the body, destroys 
life or health; a destructive influence: v.t. to 
injure or kill by poison; to fill or taint with 
poison; as, to poison food; to corrupt; as, to 
poison one’s mind. 

r»ni con i w (P°i' zn I'vD, a sumac with 
pOl-SOIl l-Vy three-fingered leaves and 

white berries, poisonous to touch. 

„ • (poi'zn-us), adj. havingqual- 

P01-S0n-0US jties that injure or kill; 
deadly; injurious to health; morally cor¬ 
rupting.— adv. poisonously. 
nnlrn (pok), n - a thrust or push; a bag or 
pUKc sack; an American herb with white 
flowers and purple berries; a bonnet with a 
very broad brim: v.t. to thrust or push 
against, especially with something pointed; 
to prod: to thrust in or out; as, to poke one’s 
head out of the door: v.i. to thrust or push; 
as, to poke at the fire; go about idly; as. to 
poke over one’s work; move lazily; grope 01 
feel about in the dark; to pry.— p.adj. poking. 
_ r (pok'er) , n. a metal rod for stirring 
-cl fires; a gambling card game. 

(pok'wed"), n. a common 
WccU. American weed with white 
flowers and purple berries; poke. 

(pok'I), adj. [comp, pokier, superl. 
~j pokiest], lacking spirit or interest; 
slow; stupid. 

■nn 1 a r (Po'lar) > adj. pertaining to, or situat- 
pU-Icti e fi near, either end of the axis of the 
earth, especially the northern end, or North 
Pole; as, the polar regions; pertaining to 
either of the opposite points of greatest 
force in a magnet. 

nn lor i itr (pS-lar'I-tl), n. the quality, 
pu-Jcu.-J.-ij possessed by magnets, electro¬ 
magnets, etc., of having two opposite poles, 
or centers of attraction, each of which exerts 
a force opposite to the ether, one called 
positive, the other negative ; as, the polarity 
cf the earth; the property possessed by 
electrified or magnetized bodies, by which 
they exert directly opposite forces in opposite 
directions, the positive pole attracting and 
the negative pole repelling.— n. polarization, 
nn 1 or i* 7 P (po'lar-iz), v.t. to give the qual- 
pu-iai-Az,c ity 0 f having two opposite 
poles, or polarity, to. 

nnin (pol), n • a long staff; as, a flagpole; 
pUAC a measure equal to five and a half 
yards; a square measure equal to thirty and 
one-fourth square yards; a measuring instru¬ 
ment; one of the two ends of the axis of the 
earth; one of the two opposite points in a 
magnet; that on which anything revolves; 
the extreme opposite: v.t. to push with a 
long rod or staff; as, to pole a boat through 
the water.—Pole, a native of Poland, 
nnin paf (pol'kat'), «. a small catlike 
jJUic-ivd l animal akin to the weasel and 
ferret, which throws out a strong offensive 
odor; in the United States, a skunk. 

■nn Inm if* (po-lem'Ik), n. a paper written 
pu-iCAii-iu t 0 support or dispute an opin¬ 
ion or argument; one who writes to support an 
opinion against another: pi. the science of 
disputation: adj. supporting or disputing an 
opinion or argument.— adj. polemical. 

■nnin o+c»r (pol'star"), n. the North Star 
jJUfcJ-oUU (Polaris); a guide; an ideal for 
action. 

nn linn (Po-lSs') t n. in a city, town, or 
JLIU llUC district, that part of the govern- 
ment that enforces the laws and keeps order; 
an organized body of officers for keeping 
order: v.t. to protect and keep in order by 
regular officers. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite r burn, cut, focus, menu; 







policeman 


471 


polyhedral 


_ _ mnn (pft-les'm&n), n. a member 

pU -llUc-IllcU.1 0 f a regular force of officers 


whose duty_is to keep order and enforce the 
laws. 

nnl i rxr (pM'I-sI), n. [pi. policies (-slz)], 
pui-x-V/jr the art or method of government; 
management of public affairs; line of action 
in relation to some special issue; as, the 
policy of watchful waiting; course of con¬ 
duct; action based on worldly advantage 
rather than on a sense of right; as, honesty 
is the best policy; prudence; cunning; a 
document containing a contract of insurance; 
as, a life insurance policy. 
rwvl ic"h (pol'Ish), v.t. to make smooth or 
pui-loll glossy by rubbing; as, to polish 
silverware; make polite or refined:, v.i. to 
become smooth or glossy, or polite and 
refined: n. a smooth, glossy surface; as, the 
table has a high polish; a mixture for making 
a surface smooth and glossy; as, stove polish; 
elegance of manners.—n. polisher. 

Dr»l (pol'Ish), adj. of or pertaining to 

JrUl-lbll Poland, its language, or its people: 
r». the language of the Poles. 
r\r\ li-fck (po-lit'), adj. well-bred; refined in 
manner; courteous or obliging.— 
adv. politely. — n. politeness. 

Syn. gracious, polished, courtly. 

Ant. (see impolite). 

(pol'I-tlk), adj. prudent; shrewd; 
pOl-l-llV/ w ise, especially in carrying out a 
plan; political; sometimes, crafty; cunning. 

i;+ ; /»o1 CpS-IIt'I-kal) ,adj. pertaining to, 
pU-lll-l-CeU or treating of, the science of 
government; as, political writers; relating to, 
or having, a system of government; pertaining 
to, or connected with, a party advocating 
some special system or plan of government; 
as, a political club.— adv. politically. 

po-lit-i-cal e-con-o-my Sfen's-mo! 

the science that treats of wealth, its nature, 
production, distribution, and consumption, 
and the laws which regulate and govern these. 
_ J +J nict-n (pol'l-tlsh'an), n. one who 
P 01 - l-Il-Clall i s skilled in the art of gov¬ 
ernment; one who is occupied with the man¬ 
agement of a system of government, or of 
the affairs of a special political party; one 
who acts for the interests of a single party. 
«yv1 ; •fi/'c? (pdl'I-tlks), n. the art of govern- 
pOl-l-li^o ment, or the management of 
public affairs; one’s opinions as to govern 
ment and party; party management or con 

(pol'I-tl), n. the form or constitu- 
p 01 -l-ty tion of the government of a state, 
church, etc.; any community living under an 
organized system of government. 

_._1 1m (pol'ka), n. a dance of Bohemian 
pul-iva. origin, performed by two persons; 
music suitable for such a dance. 

_ All (pol), n. the head, especially the back 
poll part of it; a list of persons, especially 
those entitled to vote at elections; an elec- 
tion; number of votes recorded at an election; 
place where votes are cast: usually pi.: 
v.t. to lop, clip, or shear; as, to poll trees or 
sheep; to enroll, as for voting; to examine 
or record the votes of; as, to poll a jury; 
receive votes; as, he polled a large majority; 
to cast or drop in a ballot box; as, to poll 

one’s vote. ... „ , 

1 o n\r (pol'Sk), n. a kind of codfish. 

pOi-laCK A i S o, pollock. ^ 

_ (pol'ard), n. a tree cut off to the 

pol-lara trunk so that it may put out 
shoots; an animal that has lost its horns: 
v.t. to cut off the branches or the horns of. 


(p61'Sn>, n. a powder in the cells 
pui-lcll of the anthers of flowers necessary 
for producing more flowers. 

i; no (pori-na'shfin), n. the 

p0i-ll-na-T10n carrying of pollen, or dust¬ 
like powder, from the anther to the stigma of 
a flower, in order that seeds may be formed, 
■nrkt li (p61'I-w6g), n. the half devel- 

pOi-JLl-WOg oped young of the frog; a 

tadpole. 

taX taks), a tax on each per- 


poll 



Polo 


son, or head. 

Al (p 5 -lut'), v.t. to make unclean; 

p0l-IUt6 as , to pollute water with filth; 
taint with guilt; corrupt.—n. polluter. 

pol-lu-tion 

(p5-lu'shfin),n. 
the act of mak¬ 
ing unclean ; 
the state of 
being unclean; 
uncleanness; 
impurity. 

po-io K2i 

game similar 
to hockey, 
played on 

plr 

nn In (po' 16 -naz'; p61*6-naz'), n. 

a garment consisting of a 
waist and overskirt made in one and worn 
over another skirt; a Polish dance, or the 
music for it. 

„ (pol-troon'), n. a mean-spirited 

pUl-lIUUil coward.— n. poltroonery. 

■nrkt tt on r\rxr (pol'I-an'drl), n. the prac- 
poi-y-ail-uiy tice of having more than 

one husband at the same time: contrasted 
with polygamy. — adj. polyandrous. 

rwVl xr o-n iViiic (pol"I-an'thus), n. a plant 
poi-y-an-mus of the daffodil family 

with small white or yellow flowers. ^ 

pol-y-chro-mat-ic m?ny-S»iorSii 

showing a play of colors. 

rxn Ixrtr a rrii*Q+ (po-llg'd-mlst), n. one 
jJU-iy g-ct-lillo t w ho practices or upholds 

the custom of having more than one wife 
at the same time. 

Tin Ixro" mniiQ (pfi-llg d-nifis), adj. per- 
pO-iyg-a-IIIUUb taimngto, or practicing, 

the custom of having more than one wife at 
the same time.— adv. polygamously. 

nn Utct «j mxr (p6- 1T g'a- m3[ ). «• the Prac- 
po-iyg-a-lliy tice of having more than 

one wife at the same time. 

pOl y (p51 ' r ’ gl6t;> ’ ad i- containing or 

knowing many 
languages: n. 
a book, espe¬ 
cially an edition 
of the Bible, in 
several lan¬ 
guages; one 
who speaks or 
writes several 
languages. 

pol-y-gon 

(pol'i-gon), , n. 
a figure having Polygons. 1 , convex; 2 , con- 
three or more cave; 3 , regular; 4, curvllineal. 

hencef S three or more sides.—-adj. polygonal. 
^ ttIia A-ral (pfil'I-he'drS.l), adg. hav- 
poi-y-ne-arai j ng many sides or faces 

Also, polyhedrous, polyhedric. 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 















polyhedron 


472 


poop 


■nnl v Tip Hrnn (pfil'i-he'drSn), n. a solid 
pui-y-ne-uron having many sides, or 


faces. 

Pnl vriP cion (P51'l-ne / zh5n), adj. per- 
JrUl-y-Iie-bld.il taining to the Pacific 

Islands called Oceania, or to their [people: 
n. one of the people of Oceania; the language 
of Oceania. 

pol-y-no-mi-al SgSSfSiJwrSiiS 

of two or more terms: adj. containing many 
terms. 

T»o1 vr» (P^l'Ip), n. a class of small inverte- 
poi-y p brate sea animals having a central 
mouth surrounded by tentacles; as, the coral 
polyp. Also, polype. 

nnl V rmc (PSl'I-pfis), n. [pi. polypi (-pi)], 
pui-j-puo a kind of tumor of the mucous 
membrane, as in the nose. 

t\p 1 v Qvl 1?lh IP (Pol"l-sI-l&b'Ik), adj. 
pui-y-byi-ld-O-lO pertaining to or having 

more than one syllable. Also, polysyllabical. 

nnl V cjv! Ifi klip (pdl'I-sll"a-bl), n. a 
pui-y -by l-ld.-Ulc ■word of more than one 

syllable. 

nnl v tpr’h^mr (Ppl^-tSk'nlk), adj. per- 
pui-y-ietll I 11 C taming to, including, or 

giving instruction in, many arts and sciences: 
n. a school for imparting instruction in the 
arts and sciences, especially various branches 
of engineering. 

nnl V ‘Hi p iqtti (P^l 'I-the-Izm), ft. the 
pui-y - lllc-lblll doctrine that there are 

many gods, each taking a part in the govern¬ 
ment of the world. 

nol xt tli p ict (pQl'I-thS-Ist), ft. one who 
pui-y - III c-lb L holds the belief that the 

world is governed by many gods.— adj. 
polytheistic. 

nnm o r P (purn'as), n. crushed apples from 
|nnn-aec a cider mill; anything crushed 
to a pulp. 

E n tnarlck (P^-mad'; po-mad'), ft. a per- 
u-inauc fumed ointment used for the 
lir. Also,_ pomatum. 

nnm P (P° m )» n - the typical fruit of trees of 
pV'U.ns-' the apple family; an applelike fruit. 

TjfyrM/a otpti citp (pom-gran'at), n. a tree 
ir uniC-gldll die yielding an orangelike, 

eatable fruit with a thick rind and many seeds; 
the fruit of the tree. 

•nnm mpl (pum'el), n. the knob on a 
jlUlil-lilcl sword hilt; the high part of a 
saddlebow: v.t. to beat with anything thick 
or bulky; bruise. 

pom-mel-ing beawn| Wng) ’ n * a sound 

pp rn /^1 a crxT (pS -m ol'o-jl), n. the science 
pU-IIlOl-O-gy of cultivating fruit and 
fruit trees. 

nnmn (pomp), n. showy display; grandeur; 
r ulu r splendor; parade. 

■nnm nci rlmir (pom'pa-door; pbm'pd- 

pom-pa-aour d6r)> n a style of wear _ 

ing the hair brushed back from the forehead, 
often over a roll. 

nnm nnm (pom'pbm), n. a machine gun 

puiii-poiii 0 f i arg e s i Z e. 

nnm nnn (P§p'p 6 n), n. an ornamental 
pum-puu ball, as of feathers or ribbon, 
for women’s wear; the round tuft or ball 
on a sailor’s or soldier’s cap, etc.; a variety 
of chrysanthemum. 

•nnm tins; i tv (pom-pSs'l-ti), ft. the state 
pu -pub-l-ty of being self-important. 
Also, pompousness. 

nnm nnn <5 (poni'pus), adj. affectedly 
puiil-puub s t a tely or grand; self-impor¬ 
tant; as, a pompous individual.— adv. pom¬ 
pously.__ 


■nnn ^ (p8n'ch5), n. a blanket with a 
hole in the middle for the head: 
worn in Spanish America as a cloak. 

(p6nd), w. a small body of standing 
puiiu. wa ter. 

nnn riot* (pon'der), v.t. to consider care- 
pun-tlci f u iiy; think about: v.i. to reflect; 
to think deeply.— n. ponderer. 

nnn Hpr ci "hip (Pbn'der-a-bl), adj. capa- 
pon-Uer-d.-Die bIe of being weighed; 

having weight. 

nnn Hpr nnc (p8n'der-fis), adj. very 
pun uci-ULlb heavy; weighty; labored; 

dull; as, a ponderous style.-— adv. ponder¬ 
ously. —ft. ponderousness, ponderosity. 
t\Ano (pon), ft. bread made of corn meal, 
pone milk, etc. 

nnn app (p8n'je; pdn'je"), ft. a kind of 
undyed silk from China or 
India; also, a dyed silk fabric of like weave 
and texture. 

Pons As-in-o-rum a Ss ' f Lmou; 

proposition in Euclid, so called because hard 
for stupid boys to learn. 

nnn iarH (pon'yard), n. a Idnd of small 

pun-iaiu. dagger: v.t. to stab. 

nnn tiff (pon'tlf), n. a high priest; any 
Jr bishop; the Pope. Also, pontifex. 

nnn tif i ral (p6n-tIf'I-kS.l), adj. pertain- 
j n g to a bishop, high priest, 
or pope; papal: n. a book containing church 
forms and ceremonies; pi. the full dress worn 
by a priest or bishop.— adv. pontifically. 

■rjnri +if t f*a+n (pdn-tlf'I-kSt), n. the 
puii-lli-1-Cd.ie omce or dignity of a 

high priest or pope; the reign of a pope. 

Pon-ti us Pi latp pnat), 

jtuii Ll Ua Jr l-ld. Ic the Roman governor 

under whom Christ was crucified. 

nnn tnnn (p8n-toon'), n. a lighter or low 
x'U -LUUU g a t boat; a boat often can¬ 
vas-covered, or a hollow metal cylinder, used 
as one of the supports of a temporary or 
floating bridge; sometimes, the bridge so 
made: pontoon bridge, a temporary bridge, 
constructed for the use of an army, in which 
boats or floats are used as supports. Also, 
ponton. 

TIO-TIV /P° ,n i)» n. [pi- ponies (-nlz)], a small 
r u horse of certain kinds; as, a Shetland 
pony. 

Tinn Hip (poo'dl), n. one of a breed of in- 
puu-uic telligent, curly-haired dogs, of 
medium size, black or white, 
nnnh (P° 0: P°°b), interj. an exclamation of 
F scorn or contempt; pshaw! nonsense! 
nnn! (P°,°*)’ n • a small body of water; a 
yvux puddle; a kind of billiards; the 
money played for in certain gambling games 
or the place where it is kept; a common 
fund of money raised to speculate with, or the 
persons putting up the money: v.t. to put 
in ^ < a i a common fund in order to share the 
profits; as, to pool interests: v.i. to form a 
common 
fund. 

poop 

(poop), ft. 
the stern or 
rear end of 
a ship; the 
raised deck 
in the stern 
of a vessel: 
v.t. to strike 

the stern of; break heavily over the stern of: 
said of waves: poop deck, the stern of a 

vessel. 



Poop Deck 


iHe, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 
















poor 


473 


-nnnr (P°°. r )* ad J- having little or no means; 

lacking riches; lacking in good quali¬ 
ties; without strength or vigor; as, poor 
health; without beauty or dignity; dejected; 
spiritless; humble; as, a poor sort of creature; 
lean; as, a poor horse; inferior; as, poor 
cloth or poor work; without fertility; as, 
poor soil; scanty; as, a poor harvest; calling 
forth tenderness, compassion, or disdain; as, 
poor child!— adv. poorly. — n. poorness. 

-rinnr VinilCA (poor'hous"), n. a dwelling 

r uul --h.hu.oc f or paupers supported by 

the public; an_almshouse. 

nnnr Iv (P°or'lI), adj. somewhat ill; deli- 

y UUA ’ 1 J cate in health. — n. poorliness. 

{COLLOQ.] 

Tinn (P°P)> n - a Short, smart, quick sound; 
r u r a bubbling, nonintoxicant | drink: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. popped, p.pr. popping], to 
thrust suddenly; as, to pop one’s head 
out of a door; to cause to burst open by heat; 
as, to pop corn: v.i. to make a short, smart, 
quick sound; as, we could hear the guns 
pop; move quickly; dart; come suddenly 
into view; as, he popped right out before us; 
to burst open with a sound; as, corn pops 
over the fire: adv. suddenly. 

r»nn mm (P°P kom), any variety of 
F u Jr vuxxx Indian corn, or maize, having 
small ears and small, hard grains which 
pop and expand when exposed to the heat 
of a fire. 

nnno (pop), n. the bishop of Rome and 
pupc head c f fhe Roman Catholic Church; 
a title of priests of the Greek Church. 

■nrk-rwa r\nm (pop'dum), n. the office or 
pHpc-UHJ.i.1. dignity of the Pope; papacy. 

ncn pr v (pop'er-l), n. a scornful term for 
pnp-Ci -y the Roman Catholic system. 

•nnn trim (pop'gun'), n. a toy which 
j'op-guu shoots harmless bullets by the 
aid of air under pressure^ 

-nnn in iav (pop'in-ja), n. formerly, a 
pup-Axx-jay parrot; a fop or dude who 
chatters like a parrot. 

•nr\r\ ioli (pop'ish"). adj. pertaining to 
pop -loll the Roman Catholic Church; a 
scornful term. 

lor (pop'ldr), n. a tree of rapid growth, 
pup-Id. I "with a light, soft wood. 

■nnn tin (pop'lln), n. a ribbed fabric of 
pup-1111 siik and worsted, 
nnn nv (Pop'I), n • a plant having bright, 
P U P"PJ showy flowers, from one species of 
which opium is obtained. 

nnn n loro (pop'll-las), n. the common 
pup-u.-id.cc people. 

nnn 11 tor (pop'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, 
pup-u-ia .1 suitable for, or pleasing to, the 
common people; easily understood; familiar; 
as, popular music; held in favor by large 
numbers of people; as, a popular writer; a 
popular girl.— adv. popularly. 

nnn 11 1«r i tv (p6p"fi-larl-tl), n. the 
pup-U-ld.i-1-lj state or quality of being 

pleasing to many people; general esteem. 

nnn it lor iro (pop'fi-ldr-iz), v.t. to make 
pnp-u-xax-AAC pleasing to many people; 

to make familiar to, or to adapt to the use of, 
the common people; as, to popularize methods 
of education.— n. popularization, 
nnn 11 lfltn (pop'vL-lat), v.t. to furnish 
pup-u.-ia.LC witR inhabitants or people; 
as, to populate a country; to inhabit. 

nnn 11 In tinn (p6p"il-la'shun), n. the 
pOp-U-ld.-llUIl people of a country, 

place, town, etc.; the act of furnishing with 
inhabitants. 

T>nn 11 Hot (p5p'tL-lIst), n. a member of a 
x l)p-U-Ub L political party in the United 


pork 

pork- 


_ porte-cochere 

States known as the Populist or People’s party. 
— adj. Populistic. 

nnn 11 InilQ (Pbp'u-liis), adj. containing 
pHp-U-IHUO many inhabitants; full of 
people.— adv. populously. —n. populousness. 

nni* PP Inin (pc*r's§-lan; pors'lan), n. a 
pul-ue-ldUl flne white, thin kind of 

earthenware: adj. made of such earthenware, 
nnrrh (P° rc h), n. a covered entrance to a 
r Ui building, usually extending from the 
main wall, with a separate roof. 

nnr rinn (pSr'sln; pdr'sln), adj. pertain- 
r ui -cxxxc j n g swine, or hogs. 

nnr m ninn (por'kil-pin), n. an animal 
pui -cu-pmc a ki n t 0 the squirrel, rat, and 
beaver, covered with spines or sharp quills 
which it uses for defense. 

nnm (P° r )> n - a minute hole in the skin 
r UiC through which sweat passes to the 
surface: v.i. to look with close and steady 
attention; as, to pore over a book, 
nnr crv (por'gl), n. a salt-water fish much 
Jr"toj esteemed for food. 

(pork), u. the flesh of swine, or hogs, 
used for food. 

• (por'ker), n. a hog, especially 
.‘ Ci when fattened, 
nn rnc i tv (po-ros'I-tl), n. the state or 
pu-i Uo-I-Lj quahty of being full of tiny 
holes through which fluids may pass; a pore, 
nn mil <2 (po'rfls), adj. having tiny holes 
pu-iuuo through which a fluid may pass, 
as a sponge.— -n. porousness. 

nnr nhv nr (por'fi-rl), n. a many-colored 
pui -piljr-l y hard stone that takes a high 
polish: used in buildings for columns, decora¬ 
tion, etc. 

nnr nnicn (pdr'pus), n. a sea animal from 
pui-puioc five to eight feet long belonging 
to the class of the whale and dolphin; the 
sea hog. 

nnr riHcrp (por'ij), n. a food made of 
pui-iiugc oatmeal or other meal boiled 
slowly in water until it thickens; a broth or 
stew of vegetables, and sometimes meat. 

nnr rin ex nr (por'ln-jer), n. a small dish 
pui-rm-ger or bowl for broth. 

nnrt (P 5 r t)* n - a place where vessels arrive 
t and depart; a harbor; haven; as, the 
port of New York; the way in which one bears 
or carries himself; manner or bearing; the 
left side of a ship as one faces the bow; 
a round opening, or window, called a porthole, 
in the side of a ship; especially, such an open¬ 
ing used for a gun; a dark-colored sweet 
wine: v.t. to turn to the port, or left, side of 
a ship: as, to port the helm. 

nnvt" o h 11 i br (por"td-b!l'I-tI), ti. capa- 
pUll-d-Uli-l-iy bility of being carried. 
Also, portableness. 

■ q Kip (por'ta-bl), adj. that may be 
.-a-UAH easily carried, 
oern (por'taj), n. a break in a chain 
a b c of waterways over which goods, 
boats, etc., have to be carried; the carrying 
of goods overland from one waterway tp 
another; the cost of such carriage. 

■nnr tal (Por'tal), n. a gate, door, or en- 
pHi-tai trance, especially when large and 
stately. 

nnrt ml lie (port-kul'Ts), n. a strong 
pui i-vux xxo grating hung over the gate¬ 
way of a fortified place and capable of being 
let down to defend the gate. ► 

Pnrtn (P° r t) - 11 ■ the Turkish government 
xr Hi tc a nd cour fc; so called from the gate 
of the Sultan’s palace where justice was 
dispensed. 

nnrtp-rn rliArn (port'ko'shar'), n. a 
pUI lc LU-tllclc large gateway through 


port- 

port 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; fften, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


32 








portemonnaie 


474 


post 


which a carriage may drive into a court; 
loosely, an extension of a porch roof over a 
driveway, where carriages stop. [Fr.] 

■nnrf p YYinTi (p6rt hg 7 )* n. s 

pone-mon-naie sma n pU rse. [fr ] 

nnr fck-nH (pSr-tSnd'), v.t. to indicate in 
- IcAiu. advance what is to happen; as, 
to portend a storm; forebode. 

+c-n+ (pbr'tgnt), n. an omen or sign, 
por-xent especially of ill. 

+ niic (por-ten'tfis), ad}. fore- 
por-xen-xoub shadowing evil; dreadful. 
— ado. portentously.— n. portentousness, 
■nnr tor (por'ter), n. a doorkeeper or gate- 
pUI-LCi keeper; one who carries luggage, 
etc., for hire; a dark-colored malt beer. 
nnr For (por'ter-aj), n. the work or 

pui-ici-ago charge of one who carries 
burdens for hire. 

■nnrt fn li r» (port-fo'lt-o; pbrt-fol'yo), n. 
pui i-m-n-u a case f or loose papers, draw¬ 
ings, etc.; the office of a minister of state; as, 
he holds the portfolio of war. 

■nnrf (port'hoi"), n. a round opening, 

F U1 t-iAV-ic or window, in the side of a ship; 
an opening 
in the wall of 
a fort, block¬ 
house, etc.; es¬ 
pecially, a hole 
through which 
to shoot. 


por-ti-co: 



Portico 


(por'tl-ko), n. 

[pi. porticos 
(-k5z)], a walk 
covered by a 
roof supported on columns; a columned porch 
or covered entrance of a building, 
nrvr tiorp (porityar'), n. a door-curtain; 
pui-u.CA c a drapery in a doorway. [Fr.} 
fifyn (por'shun), n. a piece or part of 
pUA-u.VAA anything; a share, or a part 
given; part of an estate descending to an 
heir: v.t. to divide into shares; to give shares 
of; give part of an estate or fortune to. 

Syn., n. lot, parcel: v. share. 
twvH- It nooo (port'U-nes), n. the state of 
pUI l-AA-licoo being stout, or of being 

dignified in bearing. 

n /vf 4 | v (port'll), ad}, stately in appearance; 
jjua i-iy dignified in bearing; corpulent or 
stout. 

nnrt ttijiti tpfiii (p°ri-man'to), n. [pi. 
pUU-IIldli-iedU portmanteaux (-toz)l, a 

bag or trunk for carrying clothes or traveling 
necessities. 

nnr fra if (Por'trat), n. a picture or repre- 
F VAA “*' A clAl ' sentation of a person or face 
drawn from life; a likeness, especially one 
from life; a vivid or clear description of a 
person in words. 

4 "t*oi tufp, (por'tra-tfir), n. the art, 
x ,UA-tAa ‘ A “ tlAA ' :; act, or practice, of drawing 
or painting pictures of persons; vivid or clear 
description of persons. 

nnr frflV (por-tra'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. por- 
r ul “ tA a J trayed, p.pr. portraying], to paint 
or draw the likeness of; describe in words. 
*■»/"»•»* v ol (por-tra'al), n. the act of 
r Ui - tA “O' making a picture or repre¬ 

sentation by drawing, painting, or describing 
in words. 

Pnr til priipep (por'til-gez; por"tft-gez'; 
JrUA-LlA-giACbC por'tu-ges), adj. relating 

to Portugal or its people: n. a native, or na¬ 
tives, of Portugal; the language of Portugal, 
(poz), n. attitude or position; often, 
a manner put on for the sake of effect: 


pose 


v.i. to assume an attitude; to put on a cer« 
tain manner for effect; as, she poses as 
very charitable: v.t. to place in an attitude; 
to puzzle or perplex. 

rwic <=»r (poz'er), n. a puzzling question; 
pUo-CA that which puzzles; one who 
assumes an attitude or does things for 
effect. 

■nn oi firm (P^-zIsh'fin) , n. the state of 
pU-oA-lAUAA being set or placed; situation; 
as, the position of a house; office or employ¬ 
ment; as, to lose one’s position; posture; as, 
a graceful position; attitude toward any 
subject; as, to define one’s position; principle 
laid down; social standing. 

■nnc i tivp (p6z'i-tfv), ad}, clearly ex- 
puo-A-uvc pressed; leaving no doubt; 
actual; direct: as, positive proof; a positive 
promise; confident; as, I am positive that 
this is so; strongly or stubbornly assertive; 
as, a positive manner; not negative; as, a 
positive blessing; noting the simple form of 
an adjective; as, positive degree; in mathe¬ 
matics, reckoned as more than zero; as, a 
positive quantity; denoting that pole of a mag¬ 
net which attracts; denoting one kind of elec¬ 
tricity, or one end of an electric source: n. 
that which may be affirmed; reality; a word 
which affirms or asserts existence; a photo¬ 
graph with the natural lights and shades 
restored; in mathematics, electricity, etc., 
that which is opposite to a negative .— adv. 
positively.— n. positiveness. 

Syn., adj. absolute, certain. 

Ant. (see negative). 

cp, (pose), n. a body of men called 
by the sheriff to assist in making an 
arrest: called in full, posse comitatus. 

■nnc cpicc (p5-zes'), v.t. to be the owner of; 
puo-ocoo to have as a quality; hold in 
control; as, to possess one’s soul in patience; 
to control mentally; as, anger possessed him; 
be master of; occupy; seize; as, to possess a 
city during war.—n, possessor. 

Tine cpccpH (po-zest'), p. ad}, owned; 
puo-DCoocu mad; as, he I’aved as if pos¬ 
sessed. 

•nnc coc cioti (po-zesh'fin), n. ownership 
|JUo-oCo-oAUAA occupancy; the thins 


pos- 


occupancy; 
owned: pi. property or estate. 

pOS- coc civ<* (po-zes'fv). 


thing 

epo eivn vpu-z,t)5 iv;, ad}, noting 
-oco-oavc ownership or right; as, in 
grammar, the possessive case of nouns and 
pronouns: n. in grammar, the case of nouns 
and pronouns showing ownership. 

■nn<5 QP+ (pos'et), n. a drink made of hot 
puD-oci milk curdled with wine, and 
often spiced. 

nnc ci Viil i tv (pCs'l-Ml'l-tl). n. the fact 
pUo-ol-UU-l-iy or state of taking place 

or happening; that which may take place, 
or that which may be done; something likely; 
likelihood. 

Qi Hip (pOs'I-bl), adj. that may bo 
[/oo-iji-uic true or may become true; 
capable of happening or taking place.— adv. 
possibly. 

011 (pbs'um), n. a Southern collo- 
-OU.AAA q U ial expression for opossum. 
(p5st), n. a piece of timber, etc., set 
upright, usually to support something 
else; system of carrying and delivering letters; 
the mail; place, station, situation, or office; 
a size of paper double that of common note- 
paper; a military station: v.t. to fasten, 
as a notice, to a wall, etc.; to make known 
by means of notices fastened to a wall, etc.; 
to send by mail; in bookkeeping, to transfer 
an entry or item from journal or daybook 
to ledger; to inform fully: v.i. to travel with 


pos- 

post 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 












postage 


475 


potboy 


speed; as, to post o’er land and sea: adv. 
speedily: post card, a private card, as a pic¬ 
ture, which can be sent through the mail by 
the affixing of a postage stamp. 

■nnct n»A (pos'taj), n. the cost of sending 
puoi-o.gu letters by mail: postage stamp, 
an official stamp sold by the government to 
be pasted on mail matter as a sign that the 
postage has been paid. 

nnQt (pos't&l), adj. pertaining to the 
pusi-ai. post office, or mail service: postal 
card, a card with a postage stamp officially 
printed on it; a post card. 

Yl r\ of - /Iofp (post'dat'), v.t. to date after 
pubi-cio-Lc; the real time, or time of writ¬ 
ing, as a check. 

•nncf pr (pos'ter), «. a placard or bill put 
puot-ci U p a p U bfic place, as on a wall, 
to advertise something; one who places 
bills on walls, etc. 

•nnc +n rl nr (pos-te'rl-er), adj. later; hind- 
puo-tc-u-ui er: n.pl. the hinder parts 
of an animal .—r 

pos-ter-i-ty 


tlons; descend¬ 
ants. 

pos-tern 

(pSs'tern), n. 
formerly, a 
back door or 
gate; private 
entrance: adj. 
behind; pri¬ 
vate; rear. 

post ex- 
c h a ng e 

(post eks- 
chanj'), a gen¬ 
eral store at a 
military sta¬ 
tion, licensed 
by the govern¬ 
ment. 


n. posteriority. 

(pos-ter'I-tf), n. [pi. 
ties (-tlz)j, future 

Pit 


posteri- 

genera- 



A, Postern. 1, postern: 2, draw¬ 
bridge; 3, passage to the outer 
works; 4, moat; 5, bridge; 6, 
drawbridge; 7, entrance. 

(post-grad'll-at), adj. 


pOSt-grad-U-ate pertaining to studies 


pursued after having received a diploma from 
a school or college: n. one pursuing such 
studies. 

•nnct Viac+A (post"hast'), adj. instant: 
puai-uaotu ady. quickly; with great 

speed. 

■nnc fhii mnitc (pos'tu-mils; pdst'hfi- 
pOS-11111-111.0Ub muS ) j a dj. born after 

the death of the father; published after the 
death of an author; happening or continuing 
after one’s death.— adv. posthumously, 
nnc +il in-n (pos-til'yun), n. one who rides 
pUb-Lll-lUll the near, or left-hand horse in 
the team of a carriage; a guide. Also, 


postillion. 

post-lude 

in church. 

post-man 

is tc carry 

post-mark 


(post'lud), 
played at the 


n. organ music 
end of a service 


(post'man), n. [pi. postmen 
(-men)], one whose business it 
letters; a letter carrier. 

(post'mark"), n. a mark 
stamped upon mail by post- 
office officials, showing the place and date of 
mailing or of receipt: v.t. to stamp, as mail, 
with such a mark. 

nnof mac tor ( post'mas'ter), n. [fern. 
pUbL-lllcto-LCi postmistress], the superin¬ 
tendent of a mail office. 

post-mas-ter-gen-er-al 


&1), n. the chief officer of the mail service 
department of a country. 

nncf rnp 1*ld i 5 in (P^^^-dd'I-Sn), 
pu&L-llie-llU-l-d.ll adj, coming after the 

time when the sun is highest; of the after¬ 
noon: abbreviated P. M. or p. m. 

nn<!+-mr»r fptn (post"m6r , t§m), ad). 
pUbl lllUl-ieiii a ft er death; made after 

death: referring especially to examination oi 
organs of the dead body: n. an examination 
made of a body after death. [Lat.] 

•n/vcf -no +a1 (post-na'tal), adj. happening 
pUbt-lld-Ldl atter bir th. 

Tirscf nf f? rpi (post of'is), the department 
pubt ui-iit/C 0 f a government which 

receives and forwards mail; one of the offices 
under this department, where mail is received 
and distributed. 

■nncf nrvnn (post-pan'), v.t. to delay; de- 
pUbL-puiic f er ; p U t off to another time. 

nncf r»nnp rnpnt (post^pon'ment), 

pubL-pullc-llldlL the act of putting 

off to a future time; brief delay. 

pncf nfa vi n t p ] (post-pran'di-81), adj. 
pubt-pidll-ui-dl after-dinner; as, a post¬ 
prandial speaker. 

or*rir*+ (post'skrlpt), n. a paragraph 
pUbl-bUlipi added to a letter after the 
writer’s signature; an addition to a book. 
r»nc tii lo+p, (pos'tu-lat), v.t. to assume 
pUb-LU.-lo.LC without proof; use as an 
argument without proving; state as a fact to 
be taken for granted: n. a self-evident state¬ 
ment which may be taken for granted; a 
proposition accepted without proof; some¬ 
thing that must be assumed in order to 
account for something else. 

■nnc (pos'tur), n. attitude; placing 

pub-tux c or position of parts of the body; 
state: v.t. to place in a particular attitude 
or fixed position: v.i. to take a certain posi¬ 
tion. 

Tin cv (Po' z D, n. a flower or a bunch of 
pu-by flowers; originally, a motto or verse 
sent with a bouquet or inscribed in a ring. 

(pot), n. a metal or earthenware vessel 
puL f or holding or boiling liquids and other 
substances; the quantity such a vessel will 
hold; a vessel, usually of earthenware, for 
holding growing plants; a size of paper 
twelve and a half by fifteen inches; a large 
amount: v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. potted, p.pr. 
potting], to preserve in, put into, or plant 
in, a vessel called a pot; to shoot (a bird or 
animal) for cooking; colloquially, to secure, 
-nn fa hi p. (po'td-bl), adj. drinkable: n.pl. 
pu-Ld-UIC something drinkable. 

tint och (pot'ash), n. a powerful white 
pUL-dbli sa jf obtained from wood ashes 
and used in making soap, glass, etc.; potas¬ 
sium carbonate. Also, potass, potassa. 

inn too ci 11 tti (po-tas'I-um), n. a soft. 
pO-Ld.b-bl-U.lil very light, bluish-white 

metal, occurring only in compounds: potas¬ 
sium carbonate, a white alkaline salt obtained 
from ashes of vegetable matter; potash. 

+0 +irm (po-ta'shfin), n. the act of 
pU-Ld-llUIl drinking; a drink. 

■nn +51 +n (P^-ta'to), n. [ pi. potatoes (-toz)J, 
pu-Ld-LU a common plant having edible 
fleshy shoots, or tubers, growing from its 
roots underground; one of these tubers used 
as food; originally, the sweet potato. 
nn+ V»nil nr (pSt'boil'er), n. a piece of 
pUL-UUU-Ci work, often inferior, done by 
an artist or writer merely for the money that 
will be paid for it. 

nn+ linw (pot'boi"), n. originally, a boy 
pUL-uuv who carried pots of liquor in a 
tavern; hence, a servant in an inn or tavern. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


































potency 


476 


powwow 


po-ten-cy 


(p5't8n-sl), n. power. 


physical 

_ _ or mental. Also, potence. 

nA (po'tent), adj. powerful; mighty; 

JJU-tClil having great authority or influ¬ 
ence.— adv. potently. 

rko, ton +afo (po't§n-tat), n. one who has 
JMJ-LC11-la. 1C great power; a monarch. 
r\r\ +on (p&-t6n'sh5,l), adj. capable of 

pU-lcIl-Ud.1 being, but not yet in being; 

{ jossible, but not actual; in grammar, express- 
ng power, possibility, liberty, or obligation: 
as, the potential mood: in physics, existing 
by reason of position; as, potential energy: 
n. a possibility; in electrical science, the elec¬ 
trical energy possessed by a body by virtue 
of the electric charge that it carries: potential 
difference, that condition in which an electric 
current tends to flow from a body containing 
a greater electric charge to a body containing 
a lesser electric charge: usually measured in 
volts.— adv. potentially. 

fon fi al i fv (P*-t6n'shI-51'!-ti), n. 
pO-tcIl-11-d.I-l-iy possibility of develop¬ 
ment in some particular direction; possibility, 
but not actuality. 

nA it. (p6(Ji'§r), n. confusion; bustle: 
puill-ci v i_ to make a stir: v.t. to confuse; 
worry; bother. 

ri/vfr itorK (pSt'flrb'; pot'hfirb'), n. any 
pUl-Iltl O small plant the tops of which 
are boiled for eating. 

r*/\+ fiordr (pdt'hdbk"), n. an iron hook 
pUl-IlUU.H. shaped like an 8, for hanging 
a pot over an open fire; a mark of similar -rv/yrrT rlpi* 
6 hape, formerly used as an exercise in learning 
to write. 

tiAti (po'shfin), n. a drink; dose, espe- 
pO-llOH cially of liquid medicine. 

lurlr (p5t"luk'), n. whatever may 
pui-iutn. chance to be on hand to eat; 
a meal not prepared for_guests. 

nn+ nnnr ri (Po"poo"re'), n. a medley or 
pui-puui-xi m i x ture, as of musical airs; 
a dish made of various kinds of meats and 
vegetables; a mixture of dried fragrant 
flower petals used as perfume. [Fn.] 

pot-sherd 


(pQt shht), a hasty shot at an 
animal, bird, etc., by one who 


ery. 

pot shot 

hunts not for sport but to secure food. 

fa vp* (pot'&j), n. a stew or thick soup 
put-lag C of meat or vegetables, or of both, 
nnf for (P^t'er), n. a maker of earthen- 
pul-lci ware, stoneware, etc.: v.i. to work 
lazily or fussily. 

■nnf for v (P^t'er-i), n. [pi. potteries (-Iz)], 
pui-id-jr W are of all kinds made from 
earth and clay; the place where it is manu¬ 
factured; the art of making it. 

j-1 p, (pot'l), n. a liquid measure equal 
put-Lie £ 0 f our pints; a drinking vessel 
holding this amount, or the liquor contained 
in it. 

nmipTl (P° ucn ). n. a small bag; pocket; 
JJUUU1 bag or sac of an animal, usually for 


paper in pattern making; the talon or claw 
of a bird of prey ; a sudden spring or swoop: 
v.t. to sprinkle with powder: v.i. to fall upon 
and seize with, or as with, the claws. 
nA11t1 d (pound), n. a standard weight 
puuiiu. equal to sixteen ounces avoirdupois, 
or twelve ounces troy; a British sum equal to 
twenty shillings, or about $4.86; a place for 
confining or keeping stray animals; as, a dog 
pound: v.t. to shut or confine in a place for 
stray animals; beat; pulverize, or make 
very fine: v.i. to walk heavily; to beat 
steadily; as, the noise pounded in my ears, 
tvrviir (por), v.t. to cause to flow in a stream; 
pUui aSt to pour a liquid in or out of a 
vessel; send forth freely; utter freely; 
rain very hard: v.i. to come or flow forth 
freely in a stream; as, the people poifed 
out of the building ;_the rain poured down. 

nnur nar lor (Po3r'par*la'), ». [pi. pour- 
pour-par-ier parlers (-laz')], a diplo¬ 
matic conference before a treaty Is made. [Fr.] 
■nniif (pout), n. a pushing out of the Ups: 
jJUUl pi a fit of sullenness: v.i. to push out 
the Ups in sullenness, contempt, or dis¬ 
pleasure; look sulky: v.t. to push out; as. 
to pout the lips. 

Tk/Mif cii- (pout'er), n. one who pushes out 
pUlil-Ci the lips in ill humor; a kind of 
pigeon. 

r»nv or fir (pdv'er-tl), n. the state of being 
puv-Cl-iy poor; necessity; want; any 
lack of richness in quaUty; scarcity; need. 

•* (pou'der), n. any dry substance 
in fine particles; dust; an explo¬ 
sive mixture reduced to fine particles, called 
gunpowder; a fine, white, often perfumed, 
dustlike substance used for toilet purposes; 
a medicinal substance ground into fine par¬ 
ticles: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle with, a 
dustlike substance: v.i. to be reduced to very 
small particles; to use a face preparation 
called powder.— adj. powdery. 

•nnur rlor flaolr (pou'der flask), a leather 
pow-uer IlabK or metal holder for gun¬ 


powder. 

(pot'shfird*), n. a piece of now dor mao' a 71110 (pou d§r rncig - 
broken earthenware or crock- puvv-u.ci a-zen'), a place 

for storing gunpowder, usually near the firing 
line but not exposed to fire. 

■nnw or (pou'er), n. state of being able to 
puw-ci do or perform something; as, 
physical or mental poiver; energy put forth; 
force; strength; as, the poiver of a man’s arm; 
rule or authority; as, the power of govern¬ 
ment; legal authority; as, the power to veto 
a bill; a ruler or sovereign- state or nation; 
as, the great powers; great effect or influence; 
as, the power of riches; the rate at which 
mechanical energy is put forth, as by an 
engine, electric motor, etc.; as, ten horse 
poiver; the result obtained by multiplying a 
number by itself; as, four is the second 
power of two. 

nciw or fnl (pou'er-f 561), adj. having 
w -ci -iui great influence; mighty; 

strong; as, a powerful nation.— adv. power¬ 
fully. 


carrying its young; cartridge box. 
nniil for At* (pol't§r-Sr), n. a dealer In -now or locc (pou'3r-16s), adj. weak; 
puui-ici-ci chickens, etc., especially for pu*v-ci-icoo lacking strength; unable 


as 


nntil frv (pol'trl), n. domestic fowls, 
puui-liy chickens, turkeys, etc. 

nniinrp (P° uns )> n ■ a floe powder formerly 
puuiiuu used for drying ink on paper, 
now chiefly used for sprinkling into boles in 


the table. 

nniil firo (pol'tls), n. a soft mixture of 
puui-Lluc bread, meal, etc., applied to a 
sore or inflamed part of the body: v.t. to ixr aw (pou'wou"), n. a North Ameri- 

apply such a mixture to. puw-wuw can Indian priest or medicine 


to bring about an effect; as, his efforts were 
powerless. — adv. powerlessly.—n. powerless¬ 
ness. 


priest 

man; among the Indians, a ceremony in 
which magic rites are used to bring about 
things desired, as the cure of disease, success 
in Avar, etc.; in the United States, a collo- 
quial term for a noisy political meeting. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







pox 


477 


pox 


any of various diseases 

an eruption, or breaking 

as, smallpox. 

. . ..... W)> 

be- 


(p5ks), n. 
marked by 
out, on the skin; 

prac-ti-ca-bil-i-ty J? r lapawuty n ot 

ing done. 

n rar t\ ra "hi a (prak'tl-ka-bl), adj. capa- 

prd.L-u-cd.-Die ble of being done or used . 

— adv. practicably. 

■nra r rc il (prak'tl-kal), adj. pertaining 
pictc-ti-L/cll or obtained through, ex¬ 
perience or use; as, practical knowledge; 
capable of being put to use; having useful 
ends in view; useful; tending to, or shown in, 
action; as, a practical education; inclined to 
useful action rather than thought; as, a 
practical disposition; applying knowledge to 
action; as, a practical chemist; capable of 
using knowledge gained from experience. 

■4’i ool 1 tt (prak'tl-kal-i), adv . in a 
pid.L-Ll-LdJ.-iy useful way; through ac¬ 
tual experience; really; in fact though not in 
name; as, he is practically the president, 
-nrflf* fir** (prak'tls), n. custom; habit; 
prci^-LAA/C as> £ 0 make a practice of smok¬ 
ing; the putting to actual use of theoretic 
knowledge; as, he is skilled in theory but not 
in practice; exercise of any profession; as, 
the practice of medicine; regular exercise as a 
means to learning; as, practice in music; skill 
gained by such exercise; v.t. to do frequently; 
work at or pursue as a profession; as, to 
practice law; to perform often in order to 
learn; as, to practice a piece of music: v.i. to 
do something as a habit; to follow a pro¬ 
fession; to do something often in order to 
learn. Also, l\, practise. 

■rvrflf* +iPArl (prak'tlst), p.adj. skilled; pro- 
jjiat-utcu ficient; experienced; as, a 
practiced hand. 

nr nr ti firm pr (prak-tish'un-er), n. one 

who is engaged in any 
profession, especially medicine or law. 

-nrcA tin mpri (pre-no'men), n. the first 
picC-Aiu-AiiCAi name, as John or Mary. 

■nrcn tnr (pre'tdr), n. a Roman magis- 
trate ranking next to consul. 
Also, pretor.— adj. praetorian, pretorian. 

■nro rr tn o t if* (prag-mat'ik), adj. prac- 
tical; businesslike; per¬ 
taining to everyday matters; meddlesome; 
opinionated; in philosophy, dealing with, 
based on, or judging from, the actual working 
out of an idea rather than the theory back of 
it; as, a pragmatic conclusion; a pragmatic 
thinker. Also, pragmatical.— adv. pragmat¬ 
ically. — n. pragmaticalness. 

11 rncr ma ticm (prag'md-tlzm), n. a 
prdg-IIld-llblll method of thought m 

which stress is laid upon practical results as 
standards in conduct.—n. pragmatist. 
nr a i riA (pra'rl; prar'I), n. a large treeless 
P* o-A-J AC tract of level land covered with 
tall coarse grass, especially in the central 
United States. 


prai-rie chick-en ofSmebird 

akin to the domestic fowls, found in the nr<2l r oii fiAtl (pr6-k6'shfin), 
Mississippi Valley. _ pi c-^att-tAUAi or care taken 

nrn\ Wa Hncr (Pra'rl dog), a small bur- 
P A «.a-a ic rowing animal resembling 

the woodchuck and living on the plains. 
nraicA (praz), n. approval; fame; renown; 
pidl&C applause; glorification of God: v.t. 
to bestow approval upon; honor; worship; 
glorify. 

Syn., v. commend, extol, laud. 

Ant. (see blame). 

rim tcp \x 7 air ■fTitr (praz'wfir thX), adj. de- 
px ctloc- w ux - Lily serving approval; com- 


precedence 

mendable.— adv. praiseworthily.— n. praise¬ 
worthiness. 

nrqnrp (prans), n. a springing or high- 
pjLcuxv^ stepping movement: v.i. to spring 
or move with high steps, as a horse; strut 
about in a lively manner; caper. 

nr an rli a\ (pran'di-al), adj. pertaining to 
^sjlcaaa ui-ai a d i nner or a meal. 

nranXr (PrSJQk), n. a frolic; a mischievous 
picum or playful trick: v.t. to dress up in a 
showy style; decorate: v.i. to make a great 
show. 

nr ate* (P rat )» v - i - to prattle; talk idly: v.t. 
r Aaic to utter without sense or meaning: 
n. trifling talk.— n. prater. 
nr at +1a (prat'l), n. childish talk: v.t. and 
pat-uc v j to talk much and lightly; 
chatter. — n. prattler. 

nraixm (pron) , n. a large, shrimplike. 
prdLWn edible shellfish. 

nrav (P ra )- v -i- lP-t- an( i P-P- prayed, p.pr. 
F ACi y praying], to ask earnestly; ask with 
humility and reverence; to speak to God, in 
request, confession, or praise: v.t. to request; 
to ask earnestly for.— n. prayer. 

Syn. entreat, implore, petition, plead. 
PfflVPf (prar), n. thanks and praise given 
pi <xy ci to God, and requests made of him; 
a form of words suited to an appeal to God; a 
form of religious service for public worship. 
Syn. petition, request, suit. 

PfAVPf hnnlr (prar bo5k), a book of 
pietyd UUUiv. forms for public and pri¬ 
vate worship. 

nravpi* fill (pr&r'fool), adj. given to 
piety d-1U1 devout appeal to God.— adv. 
prayerfully.— n. prayerfulness. 
nronrtl (P rec k). V.i. to discourse or speak 
pi cacn on a re iigi 0 us subject, especially 
from a text of Scripture; give adduce on 
religious or moral subjects: v.t. to declare or 
teach by public discourse; to utter with 
moral or religious purpose, as a sermon.— n. 
preacher. 

ci A am ii/a (prS-ad'5,m-it), adj. exist- 
pre-dU-d.IIl-Iie ing b efore Adam: n. 

something that preceded or came before 
Adam or man; a believer in the existence of 
men before Adam. 

nr#* am Til a (pre'am"bl), n. an introduc- 
pA c-caaaa-uic tion or preface; the opening 

clauses of a statute or law giving the reasons 
and object of the act: usually commencing 
with the word whereas. 

f^rph ah A a nr (preb'en-da-rl), n. [ph 
preD-eil-Ud-ry prebendaries (-rlz)], a 

clergyman receiving a salary as one of the 
body of clergy, called a chapter, attached to a 
cathedral. 

nr a ra ri nttc (pre-ka'rl-us), adj. de- 
P 1 c-ea-il-uua pending upon the will or 
pleasure of another, or upon a turn of cir¬ 
cumstances; uncertaininsecure; as, a pre¬ 
carious position.— adj. precariously.—n. pre¬ 
cariousness. 

Syn. risky, dubious, perilous. 

Ant. (see steady). 

n. caution 
beforehand; 
care used to prevent mischief or secure good 
results. 

pre-cau-tion-a-ry £S/ 8 -^5SS5"£; 

or proceeding from, care taken beforehand; 
intended to preventnarm or loss. 

■nr a aaxIa (pre-sed'), v.t. and v.i. to go 
pre-Leue be f 0r e i 

importance. 


in time, place, rank, or 


nrA cpH ayiaa (prS-sed'8ns), n. the act 
pi c-LcU-dlLC or right of going before; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh — z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 








precedent 


478 


predication 


superiority in rank; a position in advance of 
others at a public ceremony. Also, preced¬ 
ency. 

fyrp PP Hpnt (pr§-se'dent), adj. going be- 
r 1 c-l/C-UClIl fore: n. (pr<5s'&-d§nt), some¬ 
thing previously said or done that may serve 
as a rule to be followed; a model. 

+ r . r . (pre-sen'tSr), n. the leader 
pic-ocii-iui Q f a cathedral choir, etc.; 
a singer who leads an audience, 
nrp rprtf (pre'sept), n. a rule of action 
or G f mora i conduct; maxim; 
written order issued by a judge, 
nrp ppn fnr (pre-s6p'ter), n. { fern. pre- 
pic-wcp-iui cep tress], an instructor or 
teacher.— adj. preceptorial. 

nrp ppn tn rv (Pre-sep't&-rl), adj. glv- 
piC-CCp-Lt*-iy in g j or containing, pre¬ 
cepts, or rules of conduct: n. a college or 
religious house of the Knights Templars. 

nrp roc cirm (pre-sesh'un), n. act of 
pic-iyCo-oidl going before others; a 

going forward: precession of the equinoxes, 

the slow westward movement of the equi¬ 
noctial points on the earth’s orbit, due to a 
slow change in the slant of the earth’s axis. 

— adj. precessional. 

nrp rinrf (pre'slnkt), n. a place bounded, 
pi c-Lmt l or marked off, by fixed linos; 
an outward limit or boundary; a district; 
as, a police precinct: pi. surrounding regions, 
nrp rimic (presh'fis), adj. of great price 
|iic-uuus 0 r value; costly; very dear; 
highly esteemed.— adv. preciously.— n. pre¬ 
ciousness. 

nrpr* t nine* (prSs'I-pIs), n. a steep descent; 
pico-l-pU/C an abrupt declivity; an 
almost vertical cliff, or the edge of it; hence, 
a dangerous situation. 

nrp pi-n i ton ro (pre-sip'I-t&ns), n. haste 
pi c-i/ip-l-lcUltc j n resolving or carrying 

out a purpose; rashness. Also, precipitancy. 

nrp pin i tatif (pre-slpff-t&nt), adj. fall- 
piC-lip-l-UUll ing headlong; too hasty 

or sudden; moving with rash haste: n. in 
chemistry, anything which causes the solid 
part of a solution to separate from the liquid 
and fall to the bottom of the vessel containing 
it.— adv. preeipitantly. 

nrp pin i fst'P (pre-slpff-tat), v.t. to throw 
pi e-Lip-l-iaie headlong; urge on vio¬ 
lently; hurry on rashly, thoughtlessly, or 
unexpectedly; as, his act precipitated the 
disaster; to cause to change from vapor to 
liquid or solid and fall, as rain or snow, to 
cause' to separate in solid form from a solu¬ 
tion: v.i. to separate in solid form from a solu¬ 
tion and fall to the bottom of a vessel: n. a 
solid substance separated from a solution by 
chemical action, or by heat or cold: adj. 
(pr6-slp'l-tat), overhasty; rash; falling, flow¬ 
ing, or rushing headlong; descending steeply 
or vertically.— adv. precipitately. 

nrp-cin i ta tint! (P r S-*4p # i-ta/shfin), n. 

pxc-1/ip-I-ld.-llUIl headlong fall; rash¬ 
ness; rash haste; a violent and swift descent; 
the process of causing the solid part of a solu¬ 
tion to separate from the liquid and fall; the 
falling upon the earth’s surface of dew, rain, 
snow, etc. 

nrp Pin i tnu q (pre-sfn'I-tiis), adj. very 
pie-Cip-l-IOUS steep, like a cliff; descend¬ 
ing rapidly and violently.— adv. precipitously, 
— n. precipitousness. 

nrp P1QP (pre-sis'), adj. exact; strict; 
px c-woc accurate; definite; keeping closely 

to rule.— adv. precisely.— n. preciseness. 

nrp pi cion (P r §-slzh'§,n), w. one who Is 
piv-w-oiau very care f u i to observe rules 
and forms. 


nr** pi cion (prS-sIzh'fln), n. exactness; 
pi c-^i-oiuxx accuracy; definiteness. 

nro pIiiHo (pre-kl6od'), v.t. to shut out; 
jjic-wuut hinder; stop; to keep from 
taking place; prevent; as, to preclude any 
necessity for doing a thing^ 
nrp cirm (prS-kloo'zhQn), n. the act 

pi c-dU-aiUll 0 f preventing or of shutting 
out. 

nro plii cixro (pre-kloo'sl v), adj. preven- 
JJIC-C1 I-olVC tive.— adv. preolusively. 

nrp pp pinnc (pro-kd'shiis), adj. ripe 
C-tU-UUUa before the natural time: 
forward in mental development; as, a pre¬ 
cocious child; too forward.— adv. precociously. 
— n. precociousness. 

nrp rr\n 4 -Hr (pr<5-k5s'l-tl), n. the state 
pi C-cu^-i-ly OP quality of being ripe 
or developed before the usual time: too 
early growth; in a child, too early mental 
development. 

nrp pen p<=kiV<i (pre'kSn-sev'). v.t. to 
pi c-l/UU-hclV C form an opinion of before¬ 
hand.— n. preconception. 

nrp pen pprt (pre"k5n-sfirt'), v.t. to ar- 
pic-V/Oii-ocii r a n g e together, or agree 

upon, beforehand.— jJ.adj. preconcerted. 

nrp Ptir Qnr (pre-kur'ser), n. one who, or 
pi c-c. ui -aui that which, precedes, or goes 
before, to show that a person or event la 
about to follow; forerunner. 

nre» Ptir cn nr (prS-lcfxr'sft-rt), adj. indt- 
pi C-cui-oU-iy eating something that i& 
to happen or ‘follow. 

nro ric* pintio (pre-da'shus), adj. seizing 
piC-UcL-ClUUb and killing other animals 

as food; as, a predacious beast; living by 
plunder. 

nr pH q tn rv (pr&I'd-tS-rl), adj. plunder- 
|ncu-a-iu-ij ing; robbing; &s, a, preda¬ 
tory war or tribe of people; living by preying 
on other animals; as, a predatory beast. 

nmrf a. poo ervr (pred'S-sgs'er; pre’dS- 
ir A Cu-c-tco-oUi sgs'or), n. one who ha» 

preceded or gone before another in the same 
office, business, position, etc.; an ancestor. 

nrp H pc fi ntttp (pre-dgs'tl-nat), v.t. to 
pi c-uca-ti-iidtc d ecree or determine 

beforehand, or from the very beginning. 
Also, predestine. 

pre-des-ti-na-tion 

trine that God has from all eternity ordered 
whatever comes to pass; the decree that 
determines the hapniness or misery of men; 
fate; destiny; foreknowledge. 

nrp Hfin#* (pre-des'tln), v.t. to decree- 
pi c-uca-uuc or determine beforehand 
or from the beginning. Also, predestinate. 

nrp Hp-fpr tllitip (pre"dg-tur'mln), v.t. 
Jr A ^ -illllit? and v.t. to decide or 

resolve beforehand.—n.fpredetermination. 

nrpH i ViIp (P r Sd'I-kd-bl) t adj. thaU 
c '-*.-l-t/£t-UiC may be affirmed or de¬ 
clared of something. 

nrp dir q mprit (pre-dlk'a-mSnt) n. 
pic UlC-a-IIICIll condition or situation; 

especially, a trying or unfortunate position; 
difficult situation. 

nr pH i pafp (prSd'I-kat), v.t. to affirm 
picu-i-wic as belonging to, or char¬ 
acteristic of, something; as, to predicate' 
poverty as a result of ignorance; assert; 
declare: v.i. to affirm one thing of another; 
assert: adj. (pred'I-kat), in grammar, express¬ 
ing that which is stated about the subject: 
n. in grammar, the part of a sentence which' 
makes a statement about the subject. 

nrpH 1 CH finn (prSd'I-ka'shfinl.w. asser- 
pi CU-l-Cct- nun tiou: declaration. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu;. 






predicative 


479 


premiership 


i po tlir a (pred'I-ka-tlv), adj. af- 
P AC '" A-A- ' , ' cA ~ l ' AV *' flrmative or declarative. 
— adv. predicatively. 

fl 1 *p Hipt - (P r « _ <llkt'), v.t. and v.i. to tell 
pc-uivi or m ake known beforehand; to 
foretell; prophesy.—n. predictor. 

ryrA Hir "finn (P r e _ dlk'shun), n. the fore- 
piC-U.1V/-Li.Ull Celling of a future event; 

that which is foretold; prophecy. 

pre-di-lec-tion 

ous liking; choice made beforehand; prefer¬ 
ence; partiality. 

TlfP 1 flic; noCA (pre'dfs-poz'), v.t. to fn- 
P A C-Ulo-|/Uoc cline beforehand; as, he 

was predisposed in her favor; fit or adapt 
beforehand; make liable to; as, predisposed to 
contagion. 

r\t*p Hie: tin qi tinn (p r O'dis^po-zlsh'- 
pre-uib-pu-bl-uoil fin)i n previous in¬ 
clination; bias; tendency already existing. 

pre-dom-i-nance^ rS ^pertor'i?y ns ln 

strength, power, authority, etc. Also, pre¬ 
dominancy* 

pre-dom-i-nant ’mat 

ence, etc.; superior; controlling.— adv. pre¬ 
dominantly. 

nrp Hnm ? -naif* (pre-d6m'I-nat), v.i. to 
pi c-UUlli-1-lla.LC superior in strength, 

power, authority, etc. 

«rp ptvi 5 nAtlf*n (pr§-Sm'I-nens), n. su- 
pre-eill-l-IieiU/e periority to all others 

in merit, rank, etc. 

rvrf> Am i nAnt (pr§-6m'l-nSnt), adj. 
pi C-Clll-l-llClll highly superior to others; 

above all others in merit or rank.— adv. 

preeminently. 

fYf-p pmr»f (pre-empt'), v.t. establish a 
pi C-Ciiipt right or claim to before others; 
v.i. to take public land by virtue of the right 
to buy before others.—n. preemptor. 

nra Ptnn firm (pre-emp'shfin), n. the 
pre-cmp-liuil act or right of purchas¬ 
ing before others. 


nr pp n (pren), v.t. to cleanse, trim, and o+a (prel'at), n. on 

pi ecu sm ooth with the beak, as a bird its p-tci-atc order of clergy, 
plumage; to dress or fix (oneself) up. 

F o pp (pref'as), n. the introduction to 

ft. ‘hnnlr Atr* QAnftrftt.A 


pref- 


a book, speech, etc., separate 
from the body of the work; v.t. to introduce 
by some statement or remarks: v.i. to say, 
write, or do something, as an introduction. 
Tkrc,f a fa nr (pref'd-tS-rl), adj. pertain- 
pi ci-a,-LU-i < y mg to, or Q f the nature of, an 
Introduction; introductory. 

■nrp fppf (pre'fekt), n. in ancient Rome, 
pi C-1CL L a c i v ii magistrate or governor; 
commander; the civil governor of a depart¬ 
ment in France; as, the prefect of police. 

nr a far f lira (pre'fek-tdr), n. the office, 
pi c-icu-lua c authority, or official resi¬ 
dence of a magistrate or governor called a 
prefect. 

nr a fpr (prfr-ffir'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. pre- 
pi c-ici ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard 
or esteem more than something else; present 
or offer for consideration; as, to prefer a 
petition; to choose instead of something else. 

nr*vf ar a "hi a (pref'er-a-bl), adj. more 
pici-ci-a-uiv/ desirable than others; 

worthy to be chosen.— adv. preferably.—». 
preferableness. 

nraf Ar atiaa (pref'er-ens), n. choice of 
P A CJ - “ Ci - ciiuc one thing more than an¬ 
other; that which is favored or chosen. 

nraf Ar An fiat (pref"er-en'shal), adj. 

I^ici-oi-ou-uai giving or having a 

choice; arising from favor or choice. 


nrp fAr m AY! f (pre-ffir'mSnt), n. pro- 
pi c-ici-llicilt motion to higher rank or 

office; a high post of honor, dignity, or profit, 
especially in the church. 

yir a or 11 r a (pre-fig'tir), v.t. to show or 
P A c-iig-ui c declare beforehand by a 
type or symbol; to imagine to oneself before¬ 
hand.— n. prefiguration. 

nr A fiY (Pre'flks), n. a letter, syllable, or 
group of syllables placed at the 
beginning of a word to change its meaning: 
v.t. (pre-flks'), to place before, or at the 
beginning of, anything.^ 

ni"AO r Tl/ltl f*v (P r ® S ’ 11 S,n-sI), n. fruit- 
~^J fulness; inventive power; 
the state of being with young; weight or 
significance. 

nrAff rtartf (prgg'nant), adj. being with 
F A Cg-li-ctlll y OU ng; fruitful; fertile; full 
of meaning; likely to have important conse¬ 
quences; weighty. 

■nr a 1h An cil a (pre-hen'sfi), adj. adapted 
pre-iien-SlI6 f or seizing and holding. 

nr a TiATl ciryn (pre-hen' shfin), n. a 
pic-liCIl-olUli taking hold physically or 

mentally. 

•nr A hie inr IT (pre'hls-tSr'Ik), adj. per- 
pi C-JUib-LUl-lL/ taining to a period before 

the time of which therejs a written record. 

nrAI 11 Hir A (Prej'oo-dis), n. judgment in 
poj-u-uioc advance, especially an un¬ 
favorable judgment; an opinion formed with¬ 
out due examination of the facts; injury or 
harm as a result of hasty or unfair judgment: 
v.t. to cause to form an opinion, usually 
unfavorable, before examination of the facts; 
hurt; harm or damage by some judgment or 
action. 

Syn., n. unfairness, preconception. 

Ant. (see reason). 

T>fAi ii Hi f*i a\ (prgj'oo-dlsh'51), adj. ln- 
picJ-U.-U.l-l/lell j ur ious; hurtful; dam¬ 
aging.— adv. prejudicially. 

■nrAt a rv (pr61'a-sl), n. the office or posl- 
pi Cl.-a.-v/jr tion of a clergyman of nigh 


rank, as a bishop; bishops, collectively. 

(prel'at), n. one of the higher 
order of clergy, as a bishop or 
archbishop.— adj. prelatic, prelatioal. 

TT1*A lim 1 pa rrr (pre-llm'l-na-rl), adj. 
piC-imi-l-Ild-iy preceding the main 

discourse or business; introductory; as, pre¬ 
liminary remarks: n. an introduction; some¬ 
thing preceding or going before. 

nrAt 11 Ha (prel'ud; pre'lud), n. a short 
px ci-u-ctt; p i ece G f music played as an 
introduction to a longer piece; preface; 
something done to prepare the way for 
something more Important: v.t. (pre-lud'), to 
serve as an introduction to; precede: v.i. 
to be introductory. 

•nr a ma tnrA (pre'md-tur'; pre'md-tur), 
b' 1 c-iii«.-i,u.i c a dj r i pe before the proper 
time; arriving, occurring, or done, too soon, 
or before the proper time; as, a premature 
explosion.— adv. prematurely.—n. prema¬ 
tureness. 

nr a m aH i fa fa (pre-mSd'I-tat), v.t. to 
P A vJ-lilcU-1-td.lc think carefully over or 

plan beforehand. 

pre-med-i-ta-tion 

thinking over and planning beforehand; fore¬ 
thought. 

nr a mi Ar (pre'ml-er; prgm'ySr), adj. flret 
P A C-AAAA-CA j n time, rank, or position; chief: 
n. a prime minister or chief officer. 

nr a rm Ar chin (pre'ml-gr-shlp'), n. the 
P a ' 2 -aAAa "'' a_ ° AAa P office or position of a 
prime minis jr or chief officer. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; ^=ch as in .loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









premise 


480 


presence 


nro rmc£> (prSS-miz'), v.t. to state in 
pi C-iuioC advance, as an explanation or 
introduction: v.i. to make an explanation 
beforehand: n. (prem'Is), a statement ac¬ 
cepted as true from which a conclusion is 
drawn: pi. foregoing statements; the prop¬ 
erty conveyed in a deed; real estate; a 
building or a piece of land; colloquially, a 
house and its surrounding property. 

mi 11 m (pre'ml-flm), n. a recom- 
p A c-iiij.-uj.ax pense or reward; prize or 
bounty; the rate paid for insurance; an 
extra price paid to obtain a loan; a sum 
above the par value or original value of 
anything; as, the stock sold at a premium. 

r\rck rrm ni firm (pre'mo-nlsh'iin), n. a 
pre-mo-m-lion warning in advance; 

foreboding. 

rirp tnnn i Irk tv (pi’Q'^n^n’I-ti’J-ri), ad). 
pre-mon-l-iu-ry giving notice or warn¬ 
ing beforehand. 

nr a nr aii no firm (pr8-6k’fl-pa'shun), 

pre-oc-cu-pa-iion n . state of being 

lost in thought, or of having the attention 
centered on one’s own affairs; absent- 
mindedness. 

pii nipH (P r ©*^ii £, il“Pid), ad), lost 
pre-UC-CU-pieu i n thought: taken up 

entirely with one’s own affairs; absent- 
minded; absorbed. 

nr An a ret firm (prgp'd-ra'shfln), n. the 
pi cp-a-I a- HULL ac t of making ready or 

fitting for a particular purpose; state of 
being ready; readiness; that which is ready 
or made ready, as a medicine, etc. 

nr a nctr ct +iva (pre-par'd-tlv),a<y.tend- 

pre-pai-ct-uve ing to make ready or 

fit; preparatory: n. that which is ready; a 
making ready.— adv. preparatively. 

nr a nctr et ■fn rv (P r &"P& r, d-t&-rT), ad). 
pi e-pd.1 -ct- LU-iy serving to make ready 

or to fit for something further; being fitted 
or made ready, as by instruction. 
nra -nctrck (prS-pStr'), v.t. to make ready, 
pi C-pctIC gt, or suitable; to provide, or 
fit out: v.i. to make or get things or oneself 
ready; as, to prepare for a journey; prepare 
to die; prepare for war.— p.adj. prepared. — 
adv. preparedly. 

nfp nil r aH n acc (prS-p&r'Sd-nSs), n. 
pre-pdx-eu-nebs State of being ready; 

especially, national readiness for defense in 
case of war. 

nr A nctxr (pre-pa/), v.t. to pay, or pay the 
po-pajf cost of, in advance.—n. prepay¬ 
ment. 

nr a nAncA (prS-pSns'), ad), premeditated, 
px c-pciiac or thought out beforehand; as, 
malice prepense. 

pre-pon-der-ance ^!3to"'i!r r b§& 

greater in weight, power, force, or influence. 

nTA non Hat ant (pr<5-p6n'der-3,nt), 
pre-pon-uei-cinx a£ y. outweighing; be¬ 
ing greater in weight, power, force or influ¬ 
ence. 

nr a non Hat a+a (pr$-p5n'der-at), v.i. 
pie-pun-uer-die to outweigh; exceed 

in power or influence. 

nrAn O Cl tinn (Pr^p'o'-zTsh'fin), n. a 
picp-U-sl-UUll word, followed by a noun 

or pronoun, as object, which shows | the^rela- 
tion of the object to some other word; as, in 
the sentence, Mary went to the store, to is 
a preposition showing relation between store 
and went. 

prep-o-si-tion-al 

preposition, or word placed before a noun or 
pronoun to show relation to another word: 


prepositional phrase, a phrase, composed of a 
preposition and its object, and used as an 
adverb or adjective] modifier.— adv. preposl- 

tionally. 

r>y/\ tiao i ti 17 a (prS-pSs’I-tlv), ad), placed 
pic-^ua-i-uvc before: n. in grammar, 

a word or particle placed before another word. 

nr a nrve cacc (pre'pS-zgs'), v.t. to occu- 
pic-puo-ocoa py beforehand; as, to pre¬ 
possess land; to All (the mind) beforehand so 
as to shut out other thoughts; hence, to 
lead to a favorable opinion beforehand. 

nrA tine cacc ino" (P r 6*P^■ zes'Ing), 
pre-pob-bebb-mg p.adj. tending to win 

or secure favor; attractive. _ 

nnc cac ctrm (prc^pS-zSsh'fin), n. 
pit?-pOb-bCb-blUIl an opinion, usually 

favorable, of a person or thing, formed in 
advance of actual knowledge, and shutting 
out other ideas from the mind; a precon¬ 
ceived liking; bias. 

nrA nnc f AT one (pr^-P^s'ter-tis), ad). 
pi C-pUb-LCI-UUb contrary to nature or 

common sense; ridiculous; absurd; unrea¬ 
sonable; as a preposterous statement.— adv . 

preposterously.— n. preposterousness. 

nrA met 111 cif"A (pre-rfik'wi-slt), ad). 

necessary to secure an 
intended result: n. something necessary 
beforehand. 

nrp rncr ct rivA (prS-rSg'a-tlv), n. a right 
pi C-I Ug-d.-11 VtJ or privilege that has al¬ 
ways belonged to a person or class and that 
cannot be disputed: ad), pertaining to such a 
right or privilege. 

nr AC acta (P r6s '&i: pre's&j), n. a feeling 
]jico-agc that something_ is to happen; 
an omen or sign: v.t. (pr8-saj') t to foretell; 
predict: v.i. to foretell something to come. 
nrAC Vvtr for (prSz'bl-ter; pres'bl-ter), n. 
pieb-uy-iei a priest; an elder in the 
early chinch; in the Presbyterian Church, a 
minister or elder.— adj. presbyterial. 

pres-by-te-ri-ani?g z 'w-tl®r?-5n”i 

adj. pertaining to a presbyter, or to church 
government by presbyters: Presbyterian, ad). 
pertaining to church government by ministers- 
and elders: n. a member or supporter of a 
church governed by ministers and elders. 

Pres-by-te-ri-an-ism 

pres'bl-te'rt-S.n-Izm), n. the system of church 
government by ministers and elders, having- 
no superior church officials such as bishops. 
r»rAC Viv t "at (pr&z'bl-ter-I; pr6s'bl-ter- 

preb-oy-ier-y I)f n in the early churcht 

a body of elders; in the Presbyterian Church, 
an organized body, having judicial power, 
composed of the ministers and ruling elders 
of the churches in a given district; the district 
so represented. 

nrp cAt Ati a a (pre'shl-Sns; pr8shff-8ns), 
piC-bCl-CUCe the knowing of events 

before they take place; foresight. 

fvr a cai An t (pre ' shi - ent; prSsh ' I-8nt), 
pic-au cut adj. foreseeing; foreknowing. 

nrA cAriVkA (pre-skrlb'), v.t. to order the 
pxc-obiiuc use 0 f as medicine; to set 

down as a guide or rule of action; give as a 
direction: v.i. to write medical directions; 
give laws or rules.— n. prescribes 

■nrA CCrin tinn (pr^skrlp'shiin), n. the 
piC-bClip-UUII giving of a direction or 

rule; the direction or rule given; a written 
direction for the preparation and use of a 
medicine.— adj. prescriptive. 

nrAC ati a a (P r §z'ens), n. the state or 
pi c -ciicc quality of being in a certain 
place; nearness; immediate neighborhood: 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, gin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfcrn, cut, focus, menu; 






present 


481 


as. In the presence of danger; in the presence 
or a lady; one’s appearance or bearing; as, a 
girl of pleasing presence; all the qualities 
that make a person what he is: presence of 
mind, quickness in thinking or deciding in 
time of danger or necessity. 

tyrpc ptlt (prez'ent), being in a certain 
pi C&-C11L pi ace: being at hand or in 
sight: opposite to absent; existing at this 
time; not past or future; instant or immedi¬ 
ate; in grammar, denoting time that now is; 
n. the time now here; a gift or donation: v.t. 
(pre-zent'), to bring before someone, espe¬ 
cially before a superior; to introduce; to bring 
to view or notice; to offer as a gift; to make 
a gift to; to lay before for consideration.—n. 
presenter. 

f*fp qp-nf fl hip (prS-zen'ta-bl), adj. suit- 
pi C oclll a-Uic able to be offered, given, 

or introduced; fit to be seen.—n. present - 

ability. 

Tlt*PS PH tfl firm (prSz'Sn-ta'shfln), n. 
pic&-cii-lct-liun the act of introducing, 

offering, or bringing to consideration; that 
which is introduced, offered, or brought to 
consideration. 

nrp SPn ti mpnt (pr8-s8n'tl-m§nt), n. a 

pic-ocii-ii-iiicni feeling of fear as to 

what will occur, usually of coming evil; a 
foreboding. 

fyrpq p-nf 1v (prez'Snt-lT), adv. at once; 
pico-cni-iy soon . before long; in a 

little while. 

TirP-SPnt mpnt (pre-zgnt'm8nt), n. the 
pic ocuL-mcni act of setting forth to 

view; the thing set forth to view; a repre¬ 
sentation or picture; a report or statement 
made by a grand jury- concerning an offense 
of which they have personal knowledge, but 
which is not included in the list of cases 
before them. 

nreS-Pr va firm d>r6z / 'er-va'shfin), n. 
pi Co Cl V a.-11U11 the ac t; G f keeping 

from injury or decay; the state of being 
kept from injury or decay; as, the preserva¬ 
tion of fruit. 

nrp qprv a tivp (prS-zffr'vd-tlv), ad}. 
pre-oerv-a-uve having the power to 

keep free from decay: n. that which has power 
to keep free from decay. Also, preservatory. 
■nrp opn/p (prS-zflrvO, v.t. to keep from 
pic-ocivc injury; defend; uphold; save; 
as, to preserve life; keep in a wholesome state; 
put up with sugar, salt, etc., for keeping; 
as, to preserve fruit; keep up; maintain; 
as, to preserve peace: n. fruit, etc., put up 
and kept in sugar; a place set apart for 
keeping game, fish, etc.— adj. preservable.— 
n. preserver. 

nrp qirlp (prS-zId'), v.i. to direct or con- 
pc-muc trol; act as head; as, to preside 
over one’s household; to direct the proceed¬ 
ings of a meeting; as, the chairman presided; 
superintend.— n. presider. 

nrpq i Hpn rxr (prSz'I-den-sI),n.thefunc- 
pic&-i-ucn-uy tionf or dutyf of one 

who directs a meeting, etc.; the office or 
term of office of a president: Presidency, the 
office of chief executive of the United States, 
nrpq t (prez'I-dent), n. one who 

pico-i-ucm directs or acts as head of 
an organized body; the highest executive 
officer of a modem republic; the chief 
officer of a college, university, or society: 
President, the chief magistrate of the United 
States. 

T»rP<5 t flpn tifll (prez"I-den'shell), ad). 
pi co-l-u.cn- lldl pertaining to a presi¬ 
dent, or chief magistrate, or to his office; 
as, a vresidential election. 


pretend 


nrpqq (Pr8s), t>.t. to bear heavily down 
£ V ' 1 ^ upon; squeeze or crush strongly; 
hug or embrace; urge; as, they pressed him 
to accept; compel; crowd upon; to force 
to hurry; make smooth, as cloth, etc.; 
formerly, to force for service into the navy: 
v.i. to bear heavily; move forward with 
steady force; as, to press on one’s way; 
collect in throngs; crowd; to be urgent or 
insistent;_ as, time presses: n. an instrument 
or machine for condensing, crushing, or 
stamping anything; a printing machine; 
newspaper and magazine literature; as, the 
power of the press; literature generally; a 
crowd; a throng; act of crowding forward; 
pressure; hurry or urgency of affairs; as, 
the press of business; a closet with shelves. 
TirPS^ in O’ (Pres'Ing), p.adj. urgent; as, a 
U pressing engagement. 

nrps<5 man (prSs'man), n. one who 
Jjivgp-mau manages or operates a ma¬ 
chine called a press, especially a printing 
press. 

nrpq qiirp (PrSsh'flr), n. a heavy bearing 
pto-ouic down or pushing against; a 
squeeze; force or weight acting against any¬ 
thing; a force which drives ahead; as, to 
work under pressure; burden; distress; 
urgent or insistent demand; as, the pressure 
of work. 

pres-ti-dig-i-ta-tion 

of hand, especially that requiring skill with 
the fingers; juggling in general.—n. pres¬ 
tidigitator. 

nrpe ti O’P (pres-tezh'; prgs'tlj), n. au- 
r v ' kJ-l,A S v -' thority, influence, or power, due 
to past reputation, achievements, etc. 
nrpq tn (P r Ss'to), adv. quickly; suddenly: 
r 1 used as a musical direction, and 

as an exclamation by a worker of sleight of 
hand tricks. 

nrp qiim Cl hip (pr8-zum'a-bl), adj. fair 
r AC ouiii.-a.-uiC t 0 suppose; reasonable. 
— adv. presumably. 

qitrnp (P r S-zum'), v.t. to take 
jgiv-oumc for granted; suppose: v.i. to 
venture or risk without permission; as, to 
presume to offer advice; venture; behave 
with overconfidence or undue boldness; 
take liberties; as, to presume on one’s good 
nature.—n. presumer. 

Dre-Slimn firm (Pr3-zump'shfin), n. 
pic &ump-liuil a going beyond due 

bounds; bold forwardness; acceptance and 
belief of something not fully proved; as, he 
acted on the presumption that the price 
would rise; that which is taken for granted. 

nre-sumn tivp (pjs-zump'tiv), adj. 

pic ouiiip Live affording reasonable 
ground for belief; probable.— adv. presump¬ 
tively. 

pre-sump-tu-ous^Md’Snd'ovI): 

confident; rash; foolhardy.— adv. presump¬ 
tuously.— n. presumptousness. 

■nrp enn nncp (pre^su-poz'), v.t. to take 
P A c-oup-puoc f or granted; assume In 
advance. 

pre-sup-po-si-tion^^-So; 0 -^ 

previously formed; that which is taken for 
granted. 

•nrp fprirl (prS-t8ndO, V.t. to put forward 
ag an excuse or reason; make 
a false show of; as, to pretend friendship; to 
feign; to put forward a claim to; as, to pre¬ 
tend ownership: v.i. to put forward a claim, 
true or false; as, to pretend to a title; to 
make a false show; to play at make-believe. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; fhen, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








482 


pretended 

nr* +onH pH (prS-tfind'ed). p.adi. feigned 
pre-iena-eu or imagined; false.— adv. 

pretendedly. 

j (prS-t§n'der), n. one 

pre -XeilU. - er w h 0 lays claim to anything 
under the appearance of a right; one who 
makes a false show of anything. 
nfo fpricp (pre-tens'), n. a putting on of 
pre-LClloC a false appearance m order 
to hide what is real; deception; false show; 
sham; affectation; pretext; unfounded claim. 
Also, pretence. , . 

TVT£k Ion Cl rm (pr§-tgn'shun), n. a claim 

pre-ten-Sion made , Whether true _ or 
false; assumed right; outward show of im- 
portance or excellence beyond what the facts 
warrant. 

r»r a fpti finilQ (pre : t§n'shfis), ad.?. as- 
prC-l“Il-liULlo suming an air of superior¬ 
ity; making a show.— adv. pretentiously.— 
n. pretentiousness. 

if (pret'er-it), adj. past; noting 
pict-Cl-lt fhe tense which expresses past 
Dr completed time or action: n. the past 
tense. Also, preterite. 

nof 11 rol ( pre'ter-nat'u-ral), 
pre-ter-nat-U-rai a( y. unlike ordinary 

occiurences; extraordinary; out of the com¬ 
mon order; strange.— adv. preternaturally. 

_ ±. v i (pre'tekst; pre-tekst'), n. a pre- 
pi c-LcAl tense or excuse; false motive put 
forward to conceal the real one. 

(pre'tSr), n. the Roman magis- 
pre-iur trate next below the consul. Also, 
preetor.— adj. pretorian, praetorian. 

-Hr (prlt'I), adj. [comp, prettier, superl. 
pi c L- ly prettiest], pleasing because of 
grace and daintiness; pleasing to the eye; 
delicately pleasing; neatly arranged or 
ornamented; trim; moderately large or 
excellent; fine: adv. fairly; moderately; 
tolerably; as, pretty well.— adv. prettily.— n. 
prettiness. ^ .... 

vcA (pret'sel), n. a kind of salted bis- 
pi c l-A cl cu it made in the form of a knot. 

TTO :i (prg-val'), v.i. to overcome; gain 
pitJ-Vdll the advantage; obtain influence 
or superiority; continue in force; as, the 
custom prevails widely; persuade: with on. 
— p.adj. prevailing. 

nrpv a IpnpP (prev'd-lens), n. the state 
piCV-d-lCliCC 0 f being widespread or m 
general use; frequency; superior strength or 
influence. Also, prevalency. 
nrov 0 1~n + (prev'd-lent), adj. powerful; 
pi C V -d-ldit victorious; most general; 
common; widespread; as, a prevalent belief. 
— adv. prevalently. 

nro V n r j raff* (pre-var'I-kat), v.i. to 
pre-Var-1-Ld.Xe stray from the truth; 

quibble. (pre-var"T-ka'shun), 

pre-var-i-ca-tion a quibbling to 

avoid the truth; a turning aside from truth 
or fair dealing. _ „ 

vror i rst tnr (pr§-var'i-ka'ter) n. 

pi c-V ctl -A-l/U-lUi one w bo strays from 

the truth. 

_ ro T 7£ ir 9 + (prS-vent'), v.t. to stop or keep 
pf C-v cut from happening; to hinder, 

obstruct, or impede.— adj. preventable, pre¬ 
ventive.—n. preventer. 

TT^vn tinri (pre-ven'shun), n. the act 
pic-veil-tIUll of hindering or keeping 

from happening; hindrance or obstruction; 
that which hinders. 

nro ,T Pt1 +.%t A (pre-ven'tlv), adj. tending 
pXc-Vell-Live to hinder: n. that which 
hinders; a medicine to keep disease from 
occurring.— adv. preventively. 


priggish 


foreknowl- 


tiro vi nil <2 (pre'vl-us), adj. going before 
pre-Vl-UUb i n time; prior; as, a previous 

action.— adv. previously. 

Syn. former, preceding. 

Ant. (see subsequent). 

rvrck vri cirvn (pre-vlzh'un), n. 
pre-Vl-S10Il edge; foresight. 

•»vr£»T 7 (pra), n. any animal which may be 
P A or is seized by a wild beast for food; 
hence, anything taken by force or violence; 
plunder; booty: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. preyed. 
p.pr. preying], to take booty or plunder; 
to seize and devour an animal as food: to 
exert a destructive influence: with on or 
upon; as, his guilt preyed upon his mind. 

(pris), n. worth; value; something 
price of equal worth, usually money, given 
or asked in exchange for a thing; the cost of a 
commodity: v.t. to set a value on; ask the 
value of; as, to price goods. 

Syn., n. expense, outlay, cost. 

-rvriVo loee (prLs'les), adj. invaluable; of 
pi ltc-lCoo worth too great to be measured. 
niM/'l?' (prik), n. a puncture, dot, or point; 
pilCH a slender, pointed instrument; a sharp, 
stinging pain, usually caused by a pointed 
instrument; remorse; a thorn; footprint 
of a hare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or as 
with, something pointed; mark out by 
puncturing; to pain or sting; as, his con¬ 
science pricks him; to erect or raise; as, a 
dog pricks up its ears; to spur; urge; as, 
to prick a horse on: v.i. to feel a sharp, 
stinging pain. 

• i_ or . (prik'er), n. a sharp point; usu- 
pilLJv-cI ally, a tiny point on the stem or 
leaf of a plant, similar to, but diflering from, a 
thorn or spine. 

wriolr to (prlk'l), n. a sharp point growing 
piiClk-lC from the bark of a plant; as, a 
thorn: v.t. to give a stinging sensation to the 
skin; to cover with small dots: v.i. to tingle. 
TM-ir'tr Itt (prlk'll), adj. full of thorns or 
pilClk-iy sharp points; stinging; as, a 


prickly sensation.— n. prickliness. 

-f-jj 0 (prid), n. undue self-esteem; con- 
pi IU tJ ce jt; haughtiness; disdain; sense of 
personal dignity; high and dignified self- 
respect; that of which one is proud; as. his 
daughter was his pride; the best or highest 
part of anything; as, he was in the pride of his 
manhood; loveliness; ornament; display: 
v.t. to indulge in self-esteem; as, to pride 
oneself. 

Syn., n. vainglory, vanity. 

Ant. (see humility, meekness). 

■nrickcf (P r est)> n. [fern, priestess], one de- 
jjllcbt voted to the service of God or a 
god, with authority to perform religious 
rites; one ordained to the Christian min¬ 
istry; a minister in the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

rvri«o+ n-roff- (prest' kraft"), n. a term, usu- 
pnt/ol-CIdil a iiy scornful, for the whole 
system and policy of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

Tvrif*c+ Tinnrl (prest'hood), n. the entire 
pilC&L-liuuu. order, office, or character of 

those ordained to serve God and perform 
religious rites. 

rvriocf Ivr (prest'li), adj. of or pertaining to 
pilcbt-lj one ordained to serve God.— n. 
priestliness. 

-rvricy (P r *g), n - a conceited fellow who gives 
P AA & himself airs of wisdom: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], to dress up; 
primp; prink. 

■nricr aicVi (prfg'feh), adj. conceited; af- 
P AA & _ & AOAA fectedly nice.— adv. priggishly. 
—n. priggishness. 


ate, senate, r£re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 










prim 


483 


nrim (P rIrtl )> ad J. precise; nice; formally 
neat: v.t. to dress or deck with 
nicety.— adv, primly.—n. primness* 

nri-lTlfl PV (pn'md-sl), n. the state of 
f 1 {1 being first in rank or impor¬ 

tance; the office or dignity of an archbishop. 

Dri-ma don na (pf 65 ' 1 ? 1 ^, don'd), the 

y A lid p nnci p a i female singer 

m an opera; a woman concert singer of 
superior excellence. [It.] 

nri ma fa ri A (prl'mdfa'shl-e), at first 

xxxcx aca-v^x-c view; as far as at first 
appears; as, prima facie evidence. [Lat.] 

Tirt mal ^P 1 ’* m &l), adj. first; original; pri- 
“xx iAA «-x niary; chief. 

Dri-ma-ri-lv i pr i ,m ® -ri - 11 ) * adv - ln the 

rt ,, A first place; originally; es¬ 
sentially. 

nri-ma_rv (Pn'ma-r!), adj. in the first 
r , y order of time, place, or rank; 
original; chief; principal; first in order of 
development; hence, lowest; as, a primary 
school; preparatory: n. that which is first 
in rank, place, or importance; a meeting of 

voters to name candidates, etc., to be voted -rt-ri-n - ATT „ 1 Tnrfn^sSs^ rof'SfiT 

£° r , m a coming election; one of the large pHIl-CeSS TOy-al eFdest daughter 

flight-feathers in a bird’s wing: primary elec- - : — uaugnter 

tion, a local meeting of the voters of a politi¬ 
cal party, at which the nominees, officials, or 
delegates of that party are chosen: direct pri¬ 
mary, a primary election at which the nom¬ 
inees of a party are chosen directly by the 
voters of that party, without the intervention 
of a nominating convention. 

pri-ma-ry col-ors 

so called because from them all the other 
colors can be formed. 


printing 


nri-mate (P^mat), n. the highest church supreme power 
_. _ dignitary or official in a nation pI’2H_ci-pl0 a source or 


__gnitary „ 
or province; archbishop. 
nWmp (prim), adj. first in order of rank, 
Jrxxxxxc time, or importance; first in excel¬ 
lence; original; early; excellent; not to be 
divided by any number but itself and one; 
as, 13 is a prime number: n. the spring of life; 
the first or best part of anything; beginning 
of the day or year; the time of greatest 
■vigor; height of perfection: v.t. to prepare 
for firing, as a gun; lay the first coat of paint 
on; to put into good working condition; to 
instruct as to what must be said; as, to 
prime a witness with evidence.— adv. primely. 

oWnip rmm hpr (prim uum'ber), a 

pi line liUlll-uei num ber not divisible 
without remainder by any number except 
itself and unity, as 5, 13, 23, etc. 

nrim PI* (P r i m 'er), n. a small book from 
pxixx-pi which children learn to read; 
a textbook containing the first principles of 
any subject; one of two sizes of type, long 
primer and great primer. 

nri mp vnl (Pri-me'val), adj. pertaining 
pAA-xAA^-vax to the earliest age or time; 
original.— adv. primevaily. 

Syn. old, ancient. 

Ant. (see recent). 

nrim incr (prim'Ing), n. act of one that 
niA-nig primes something; the first 
coat of paint; the powder or other substance 
used to fire a charge from a gun. 

nrim i fivp (prfm'I-tiv), adj. pertaining 
pxxxx-i-uvo to the beginning; original; 
simple or crude; old-fashioned: n. a word in its 
simplest form and not taken from another.— 
adv. primitively.— n. primitiveness. 

nri win crpti i tnrp (P r i ,m o - jen'i-tiar), 

pii-mu-geii-l-liue n _ state of being a 
first-born child; in law, the exclusive right 
of the eldest son to suc c eed to real estate. 


Drt-mor Ht nl (pn-mordl-al), adj. exist- 
pxi 111 U 1 ui-ai mg from the beginning; 

first in order; original. 

nrimn (P r ^ m P) • v -t. and v.i. to dress with 
r' F exaggerated care or for show; as, to 
primp one’s hair. [Colloq.] 

Drim rn^P (prim'roz"), n. an early spring 
pi 1111 lU£>e flower of a pale yellow color, of 
several species: adj. pale yellow; flowery; gay. 
OrillCP ( Prins)> n - a ruler or sovereign; the 
f * son of a king or emperor; a mem¬ 
ber of a royal family or of a high order of 
nobility; a chief or very distinguished mem¬ 
ber of a class of men; as, a merchant prince. 

prince con-sort 

who reigns in her own right. 

nrmrp 1V (prrns'li), adj. like, or worthy 

y. , of, one who is royal or of very 

high station; grand; noble; magnificent.—n. 

princeliness. 

Drill-PP^Q (prln'ses), n. the daughter 
p 111 V/Cob of a sovereign; the wife of a 
prince; a female member of a royal family. 

_ 1 (nrtri 'coc r»rv5 'o 1 tillQ 

- w -of a 

sovereign. 

Drin-Ci-Dal (prfn'sl-p&l), adj. first or 
■v highest m rank, value, char¬ 

acter, degree, or importance; most impor¬ 
tant; main; chief: n. one who takes the 
lead; the chief in authority; head of a firm 
or school; a sum of money drawing interest.— 
adv. principally. 

prin-ci-pal-i-tv (pr^si-pami), n. the 

Jr A territory of a prince; 
the country from which he obtains his title; 
as, the principality of Wales; royal state; 


cause from which a thing 
comes; a settled rule or law of action or con¬ 
duct; a truth which is general and plain and 
upon which others are founded; as, the 
principles of government; reason; upright¬ 
ness; as, a man of principle. 

Syn. ground, motive, impulse, maxim, rule. 
dWdIt (prmk), to dress up, or deck out, 
r xxm in a showy fashion: arrange with 
nicety; primp: v.i. to dress or deck oneself 
for show. 

nWnt (print), n. a mark or character made 
v x xxx l by pressure; as, a footprint; a stamp 
or die for making an impression; as, a butter 
print; that which receives the impression; 
the letters used in type; an impression from 
type; as, large print; anything produced by 
type or from an engraved plate, as a news¬ 
paper, engraving, etc.; a picture reproduced 
by impression from a plate, as a photograph, 
photogravure, lithograph, etc.; stamped cotton 
cloth, especially calico: v.t. to make an impres¬ 
sion on; as, their feet print the sand; fix or 
stamp in or on something; as, to print foot¬ 
steps in the sand; to stamp with letters, pat- 
terns, etc.; as, to print calico; to reproduce 
from type, engraved plates, etc., as books, 
pictures, newspapers, etc.; to make in letters, 
like those of type; as, a child prints a letter: 
v.i. to make impressions from type, plates, 
etc.; to publish books, etc.; to make letters 
like those used in type. 

TiiWrit py (prfii'ter), n. one whose trade is 
Jr x AJLA t-'t.x typesetting or making impressions 
from type; one whose business is publishing 
books, papers, magazines, etc. 

DWDt IDO - (printing), n. the act, art, or 
jL/x AAA X— AAAg, business of putting matter for 

reading into type; the process of making 
books, newspapers, etc. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 












printing press 


484 


probity 



(printing pr6s'), a 
print-mg press machine for making 

Impressions from type, as in newspapers, 
books, etc. 

(pri'er), adj. going before in time or 
pil-OI order; previous: n. [fern, prioress], 
the head of a convent or monastery, next in 
rank below an abbot. 

_ r ; : j- T7 (prl-or'i-tl), n. the state of 

piJ-UI-l-tjr being first, or going before, in 
rank, time, or place; first claim. 

TvrJ tt (pri'6-rl), n. [pi. priories (-rlz)], a 
pli-Ui -y monastery or convent ruled by a 
prior, and next below an abbey, 
nriom (prlzm), n. a solid whose bases are 
pilblli similar, equal, and parallel, and 
whose sides are parallelograms; such a solid, 
having triangular ends and made of glass or 
other transparent substance: used for sepa¬ 
rating the colors in the light ray. 

Tk-rio motir (prlz-mat'Ik), adj. like, or 
pUb-lUdl-lls pertaining to, a prism, espe¬ 
cially a triangular glass prism; showing the 
colors formed by passing a ray of light through 
a prism; varied in color like the rainbow. 
Also, prismatical. 

pris-mat-ic col-ors 

colors, called the spectrum, into which a ray 
of light breaks when passed through a refract¬ 
ing substance; the colors of the rainbow. 

pris-mat-ic lens 

(prlz-mat'Ik lenz), an in¬ 
strument of glass, or simi¬ 
lar substance, used in vari¬ 
ous scientific apparatus; a 
peculiar form of eyeglass 
or spectacle. Also, prism 
lens, prismatic glass, prism 
glass. 

nric nn (Prlz'n), n. a 
priS-OH. public building 

for the confinement 
of criminals, etc.; jail; 
any place of confine¬ 
ment or detention. 

pris - on - er 

(prlz'n-er), n. one 
who is under arrest 
or on trial; one who 
is t confined in a jail 
or prison; any one 
held against his will; 
a soldier who has been captured by the enemy 
in war; a captive. 

(prls'tln; prls'tin), adj. pertarn- 
prib-llllC j n g to the earliest time or state; 
original; primitive. . 

_ _ (pr interj. a short way of 
saving “I pray thee.” 

-Ira r\r (pri'va-sl; prlv'd-sl), n. [pi. 
pn-va-cy privacies (-siz)], the state of 
being away from public view; seclusion; 
place of seclusion or retirement; secrecy. 

(pri'v&t), adj. concerning or be- 
pi 1-Vdlu longing to oneself alone; per¬ 
sonal; not public; as, one’s private affairs; 
away from public view; retiredsecret; 
as, a private parlor; private information; not 
holding a public position; as, a private 
citizen: n. a common soldier.— adv. privately. 
— n. privateness. 

-r»ri tto (Pri'vd-ter'), n. a vessel, not 

p*l"Vtl-icci a government warship, li¬ 
censed or permitted by the government to 
attack the ships of an enemy; the com¬ 
mander or one of the crew of such a 
vessel: v.i. to sail about in such a vessel in 


Prism Lenses of a 
Lighthouse 


prith 


order to attack enemy ships.—n. privateers¬ 
man. . 

• tto +{a« (pri-va'shfin), n. the state of 
pri-Va-UUIl being without, or of wanting, 
something; a lack of the necessaries of life; 
need; hardship; absence of a quality that 
an object should have. 

rn *«7 Ck tiW (prlv'd-tlv), adj. causing want; 
prj.V-d.-UVc having, or giving, a negative 
instead of a positive meaning; negative: n. a 
syllable attached to a word to change its 
positive meaning to a negative one.— adv. 

privatively. , , , 

_ • _ (prlv'et), n. an ornamental shrub 
pnv-ei of the olive family much used for 
hp'ieres 

rvrixr i Iporp (priv'I-lgj), n. a special advan- 
priV-l-lCgc tage, favor, or right, granted 
to or enjoyed by some to the exclusion of 
others; one of the rights granted to the 
people by a constitutional form of govern¬ 
ment; as, the privilege of free speech: v.t. to 
bestow some particular right or favor on; 
as, he is privileged to speak; exempt, or set 
free; as, his position privileges him not to be 
arrested • 

Syn., n. advantage, favor, exemption, right, 
claim: v. favor, exempt. 

, : a- t (priv'I-tl), n. knowledge shared 
priV-l-iy with another or others about 
something not publicly known; privacy; 
secrecy. _ 

TvrJxr IT (prlv'i), adj. not public; retired; as, 
pilV-y p r i V y chambers; private; as, the 
privy purse; knowing secretly; as, he was privy 
to everything that went on.— adv. privily. 

_ (priz), n. a reward offered or won 

pilAc i n a contast; that which is taken 
from an enemy in war, especially a captured 
vessel; anything of value obtained by chance, 
or worth striving for: v.t. to value highly, 
is a gift; esteem; to seize in war as a thing 
of value. . , 

o Vkil t +T 7 (prob'd-bll'I-tl), n. [pi. 
prOD-a-Dll-l-ty probabilities (-tlz)J, qual¬ 
ity or state of being likely; likelihood; some¬ 
thing likely: pi. a foretelling of the weather, 
especially by a government bureau, 
rvrrk'h a Klo (prob'd-bl), adj. upheld by 
piUU-d-UlC evidence, but leaving some 
room for doubt; likely; most likely to be 
true, yet perhaps false^— adv. probably. 

Kq+a (prS'bat), n. official, legal 
pro-oaxe proof, as of wills; the official 
copy of a will with the certificate of its 
having been proved. 

-rvr/\ ho firm (prS-ba'shfin), n. act of 
piU-Ud-llUll proving; proof; any pro¬ 
ceeding intended to put a person to a test 
as to character, ability, etc.; trial or test. 

pro-ba-tion-a-ry igJ 8 "?elwl!g n fOT r, a 

test or trial. Also, probational. 

rvrn Via firm pr (pr6-ba'shun-er), n. one 
prO-Dd-llUIl-ei who is being subjected 

to a test or trial. 

pro-ba-tion of-fic-er Sffi'aJSj 

son appointed by a juvenile court to have an 
oversight of child offenders who are serving a 
probation, or time of testing of good conduct. 

(prob), n. a slender surgical instru- 
piUUC nient for examining a wound or a 
cavity: v.t. to examine with a probe, or 
slender instrument; to inquire into, or look 
into closely. 

■nrnVi i (prQb'i-tl; pro'bl-tl), n. virtue 
jLUUU-i-iy and honesty tested and proved. 
Syn. uprightness, honesty, soundness. 

Ant, (see dishonesty). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








































problem 


485 


orob-lem (P ro . b lem), n.' a [doubtful 
question to be answered; a 
difficult matter to be settled; in mathematics, 
something to be worked out. 

nrob-lem at If* (pr6b*lem-at'Ik), adj. 
Jfr U U A ~ IIA - «■ t-iC questionable; doubtful. 
Also, problematical. — adv. problematically. 
Syn. uncertain, disputable. 

Ant. (see certain). 

nrfl-bo^ rici (pro-bos'Is), n. the trunk of 
■r A y, an elephant; the snout, nose, 

or tube, of certain animals and insects. 

TYTfl pp Hl11*P (pro-se'dflr), n. manner of 
piU-LC-UUie carrying on a law case; 

process or manner of acting; a course of 
action or an act in a course of conduct. 

Yy»Yl ppprl (pro-sed'), v.i. to go on or for- 
ward; continue; advance; as, 

3 proceed with your reading; proceed on your 
journey; to issue or come forth, as from a 
source; as, all good tilings proceed from God; 
to carry on an action in an orderly way; as, 
to proceed with good judgment; carry on a 
legal action; n.pl. (pro'sedz), money resulting 
from a commercial transaction. 

uro CPPd incr (P r °- se d' in g), n. act of 
pu-tccu-lllg going on or forward; a 

transaction, as in business; course of conduct; 
a step in a law case: pi. course of action in a 
law case; as, legal proceedings; the records 
of the business of the meetings of a society, etc. 
■nrnr PCQ (pros'es; pro'sejs), n. act of 
going on; advance; progress; 
a senes of motions, actions, or events; an act 
which continues and progresses; an operation, 
or number of operations, leading to some 
result; any of the modern methods of pro¬ 
ducing illustrations by photo - engraving; 
often used as an adjective; as, a process cut, or 
illustration; proceedings in a legal action; an 
order of court issued as a part of a legal action; 
in anatomy, an outgrowth from, or projecting 
part of, the body, as an animal’s horn. 

urn CPQ Qmn (Pro-sesh'un), n. regular or 
v-V/Co-olUli orderly progress; that 
which moves forward, especially a train of 
persons in a formal march. 

pro-ces-sion-al 

march or progress; n. a hymn sung at the 
beginning of a church service while clergy and 
choir are passing to their places; organ music 
played at the opening of a church service, or 
during a formal march down a church aisle. 
Tvrn rl aim (pro-klam'), v.t. to make known 
piU-Glcimi. publicly; announce officially; 
publish abroad. 

nrnr la ma firm (prok ff ld-ma'shun), n. 
XJIUG-ld.-md.-XlOn an official announce¬ 
ment to the public; the thing announced. 

nrn Hitt i ■frr (pro-lei)v'l-tl), n. a natural 
piU-GllV-1-ty inclination; tendency. 

■nrn ran ciil (pro-kon'sul), n. a Roman 
pi U-GUJ.J.-& Ui official who performed the 
duties of a consul, or chief magistrate; a 
Roman governor of a province.— adj. pro¬ 
consular. 

T»rn rnn ctil chin (Pro-kon'siil-shlp), n. 
piu-cuil-blu-bilip the office of a pro- 

consul, or Roman official who governed a 
province. Also, proconsulate. 

nrn rrac +i naif* (pro-kras'tl-nat), v.t. 
piU-GId.b-ll-nd.ie to put off from time 

to time; defer: v.i. to delay. 

pro-cras-ti-na-tion<gS kr n Ss ' t K'; 

or ’ ’ *' ~ ‘ ‘ ' 



pro- 

delays, or has the habit of putting off. 


proem 


DfO-Crf* fltp (pro'krS-at), v.t. to produce, 
p U uc d.te beget, or bring forth .—n 
procreator. 

Dro-cre-a-tion (PFoi^i'shfin), n. the 

P \j V/1 c a liUll bringing forth of young. 

Dro-cre-a-tivp (Pro'krS-a"^), adj. hav- 

. a , m g power to beget or 

bring forth; reproductive. 

nrnr tnr (Prok'ter), n. one employed to 
^ _ manage the affairs of another; 

an attorney, or agent; an officer employed to 
enforce order in a school or university.— adj. 
proctorial. 

pro-cur-a-blp (P^-kur'a-bl), adj. that 
v v vi*i a. uic may be obtained. 

DrOC-U-ra-tion (P r ° k "il-ra'shun), n. the 
^ ,-uuii managing of affairs for 

another; authority to act for another, called a 
power of attorney. 

DrOC-U-ra-tor (P r ok'u-ra"ter), n. one who 
pivu u ia tui manages another’s affair.?, 

especially legal matters; an agent; a repre¬ 
sentative officer elected by the students of a 
university. 

tiro Clirp (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or obtain; 
r c cause or bring about; as, to 

procure a result.— n. procurement, 
nrori (prod), n. a pointed implement or 
f uu instrument for pricking or punctur¬ 
ing, as a goad or pointed stick; a punch or 
prick; v.t. [p.t. and p.p. prodded, p.pr. prod¬ 
ding], to punch or poke with a pointed instru¬ 
ment; hence, to goad or urge. 

tTrnd 1 frql (prod'f-gal), adj. reckless in 
jl/x a/va-a- & caa spending money; lavish; waste¬ 
ful: n. a spendthrift; one who is lavish or 
wasteful.— adv. prodigally. 

T)rod i P’fll i tv (prod'^-gal'i-ti), n. the 
jji uu-i-^cu-i- iy state or quality of being 

wasteful; extravagance; lavishness. 

tiro Hi frioiic: (pro-dlj'fis), adj. unusually 
x great in size, extent, degree, 

or quantity: vast; immense; enormous.— 
adv. prodigiously.—n. prodigiousness. 

Ant. (see insignificant). 

nrnd 1 crv (P r ed'J-ji), n. anything so out 
v of the ordinary as to call forth 

wonder; a marvel. 

■nro Hlirp (pro-dus'), v.t. to exhibit or 
brmg to view; as, he pro¬ 
duced the hidden money; yield or bring forth; 
as, the tree produces fruit; manufacture; as. 
a factory produces cloth; to lead to; as, 
wealth produces comfort: n. (prod'us), that 
which is yielded or brought forth; anything 
grown, made, or taken, by man’s labor or 
skill; yield, especially farm products. 

Ylf-/') diip pi* (pr5 - dus / er), n. one who 
.r vf- vi uv-ca manufactures goods or raises 
crops; one who puts plays on the stage. 

tVTA dlir i V»1 p (P r b-dus'I-bl), adj. capable 
piU-UUG-l-UlC of being grown, made, or 

brought forth. 

■prod 11 rt (prod'ukt), n. that which is 
puu-uvi yielded by nature, or made by 
labor, thought, etc.; result; the result 
obtained by multiplying two or more num¬ 
bers together. 

nro dllP fiatl (pro-duk'shun), n. that 
piu-UU-G-tlUIi W bich is yielded by nature 

or made by man’s labor, thought, etc.; a 
theatrical exhibit; act of bringing forth or 
making; fruit. 

nro dlif tivp (pro-duk'tfv), adj. having 
pj.U-U.UG-U.VG th e quality or power of 

yielding or bringing forth; fertile; leading to 
results; bringing forth in abundance.— adv. 
productively.— n. productiveness. 
n m p-m (pro'em), n. a preface or intro- 
piU-clll duction. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








profanation 


486 


progress 


n ftn +i*rm (prof'd-na'shfin), n. the useful; Paying; 
proi a-na-tion a ct of treating sacred adv. profitably. 

things with disrespect. 

(prft-fan'), adj. not sacred or 
prO-lciII“ holy; hence, having to do with 
this world; as, profane history; showing dis¬ 
respect or irreverence toward God or sacred 
things; unholy; blasphemous; as, profane 
language: v.t. to treat (something sacred) 
with irreverence, contempt, or abuse; put 
to an improper or degrading use; debase. 
adv. profanely.— n. profaneness. 


ftfrs fon t 4-17 (pro-fan'I-tl), n. [pi. pro- 
pro-ian-l-iy fanities (-tiz)], contempt for 
holv things; blasphemy; swearing. 

•rkt-rt ffloe (pro-fes'). v.t. to make an open 
pi O-lcoo public statement of, as one s 
belief, intentions, etc.; avow or acknowledge; 
to pretend; as. to profess friendship; set up a 
claim of; as, to profess ignorance; to claim 
to be an authority in. . 

rtrn (rro-fest'), p.adj. openly de- 

pro-iesseu Glared; as, a professed enemy; 
pretended.— adv. professedly. 

___ foc> (pro-fesh'hn), n. the act of 

piu-1 tJb-blUIl declaring; as, profession of 
faith or friendship; an open declaration or 
avowal; religious faith; a pretense; calling 
or vocation, especially one that requires 
learning; as, the profession of medicine; all 
the persons engaged in any one calling. 

Syn. business, trade, occupation, employ- 

rxrlt •fckC cinn fll (pro-fesh'un-al), adj. 
prU-icb -oiUH -dl pertaining to a calling 

or occupation requiring a superior education; 
following a calling as a means of livelihood; 
as, a professional baseball player: n. one who 
makes his living by an occupation, as dis¬ 
tinguished from an amateur, or one who 
practices it occasionally or for pleasure; as, 
the singer has the air of a professional. — adv. 
professionally. — n. professionalism. 

TYffi onf (pro-fes er), n. 

pi U-iCS-bui makes an open - 

of his feelings and opinions, especially con 
cerning religion; one who teaches any branch 
of learning in a college, university, etc. 

r __ * n 1 (pro"fe-so / ri-al), adj. 

pro-ies-so-ri-al pertaining to a teacher 
in a college, university, etc.— adv. professori- 

r__ (prS-fes'er-shlp) , n. 

pro-fes-sor-snip the office, duties, or 

position, of a teacher in a college, university, 
©fcc 

ftfr\f for (prdf'er), v.t. to offer for accept- 
piOi-lcl a nce; as, to proffer a gift or 
assistance: n. an offer. 

Syn., v. volunteer, offer, propose. 
r\rr\ -fi rtAn nr (pro-flsh'en-sl), n. knowl- 
prU-ll-GlCIl-uy edge, skill, or expertness, 

in any branch of learning, science, art, or 
industry. 

-, rA fi riorvf (pro-fish'ent) , adj. thorough- 
piU-li-tltlll iy qualified or skilled in any 
n. an expert; one thoroughly 


work; expert: 
skilled. 

nrn file* (P r °' fn : prq'fel),. n. outline or 
pru-IllC contour; a side view of a human 
head or face; a drawing in outline, especially 
of a building. 

rvrr»f if (prof'It), n. money gain; amount by 
piui-lt w hich income exceeds expense in a 
given time; benefit or advantage: v.t. to 
benefit; to be of service to: v.i. to receive 
benefit; gain; improve; to be of use; bring 
good. 

if o Klc* (prof'it-d-bl), adj. yielding 
piUJ.-lt-a.-mv> or bringing gain or benefit: 


as, a profitable business.— 
uuv -n. profitableness. 

_ ' r if oor (prof'I-ter'), n. one who takes 
proi-ll-eei unfair advantage of an eco¬ 
nomic situation such as war brings about to 
make undue profits, as in steel, meat, wheat, 



itlessly. 


li fro (prof'U-gd-sT), n. an im- 
prOI-11-gd.-Gy moral or wicked course of 
life; state of being immoral, or given up to vice. 
ftfnf 1i frcfo (prbf'lf-gat), adj. given up 
proi-ll-gate vice; wicked: n. a de¬ 
praved or immoral person.— adv. profligately. 
—n. profligateness. 

Syn., adj. abandoned, depraved, corrupt. 
Ant. (see virtuous). 

fmftA (pro-found'), adj. deep, as to 
prO-1 UUIIU space; as, the profound depths 
of ocean; deep, as to mental state; thorough; 
as, profound thought; profound learning; 
deep, as to feeling; intense; as, profound 
sorrow; bending loiv; as, a profound bow'. 
coming from the depths; as, a profound sigh. 
— adv. profoundly.— n. profoundness. 

Syn. fathomless, penetrating, solemn. 

Ant. (see shallow). , 

4 - xr (pr&-fun'dl-tl), n. depth of 
pro-idn-ai-ty place, thought, knowl¬ 
edge, feeling, etc.; that which is deep in any 
sense 

rwo fut-o (pr5-fus0, adj. pouring forth 
pi 0-1 lib U freely; giving or given with great 
liberality; lavish; extravagant; produced or 
shown in great abundance.— adv. profusely. — 
n. profuseness. . , 

Syn. prodigal, excessive, copious, bountiful. 
Ant. (see succinct). 

ArA cJrk-n ( pr S-fu'shun ), n. a very 
pi U-iU-blUll great plenty or supply; abun¬ 
dance; lavishness; excess; extreme liberality, 
one who rtrA Z f nr (pri^jen'i-ter) n. an anees- 

declaration prO-gCll-l-tUl tor in a direct line; fore- 
f*ather. 

ftfnrr es -nx? (proj'3-nl), n. offspring; chil- 
piU^-tJ-ilj dren; descendants. 

•nrrtcr rrn fTinnc (prdg'nd-thiis), adj. hav- 
piOg-lla.-LIiUUb mg a lower jaw pro¬ 
jecting forward; as, th i prognathous skull of 
prehistoric man. 

r\fr\rr rtrs cic (prog-no'sls), n. a forecast 
pi Og-nO-blb Q f the probable result of a 
disease from its symptoms or signs; opinion 
so formed. 

-n-rrkor hoc fir (prog-nos'tlk), adj. show- 
piUg-ilOb-UU ing sometliing that is to 
come to pass; foreshadowing; foretelling: 
n. an omen or sign of what is to come. 

urAA 1 Tine* 4i role (prog-nos ti-kat), v.t. 
prog-nos-ll-caxe to tell beforehand by 

means of signs or symptoms; to foretell: v.i. 
to foretell the future by present signs. 

prog-nos-ti-ca4ion<gSf; n „ 58 ' t 2; k S 

of foretelling what is to come to pass; a 
sign of something about to happen; a predic¬ 
tion; a foretoken. 

TYrriD" tine +i f fl •ffif* (P r og-nos , tI-ka"t§r) r 
pi Ug-IlU b- ll-Cd.- IUI n . one who foretells 

what is going to happen. 

rtm err urn (pro'gram), n. a brief outline 
piU-gidlll giving in order the features 
that make up a public entertainment, cere¬ 
mony, etc.; the features that make up the 
entertainment, etc.; a regular plan of action 
in any undertaking. Also, programme. 

•nrno* rp*ce (prog'res; pro'grgs) 
ing or going forwar* 


n. a mov- 
going forward; advance- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obej^, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 









progression 


-L 


487 


ment; growth; improvement: v.i. (pro-gres') 

to move forward; advance; grow; improve ’ 
increase in knowledge or skill. ’ 

Dro-ffres-sion (P r &-gresh'un), n. the act 

^ O ^ oiuil of going forward; ad¬ 
vancement; course; passage; also, lapse of 
time. 

pro-gres-sive isS.' gr i s ' iv) ; - adj - 

• P forward; making or favor¬ 

ing advancement or improvement; advanc¬ 
ing; improving: n. one who believes in, and 
works for, changes and reforms, especially in 
political matters: Progressive Party, apolitical 
party of advanced Republicans which was 
formed m 1912 and which supported Theodore 
Roosevelt as presidential candidate. 

Dro-llib it /l )r o-hIb'It), v.t. to forbid by 
1 u v „ AL law i;as, to prohibit the sale of 
alcoholic liquors; hinder; prevent. 

pro-hi-bi-tion i pr K^" bIs h'fln), n. a law 

R \ v forbidding some action; 

the act of forbidding by law; especially, the 
forbidding of the manufacture and sale of in¬ 
toxicating drinks: Prohibition Party, a politi¬ 
cal party with the object of securing the pre- 
vention by law of the manufacture and sale 
of intoxicating drinks throughout the United 
States. 

oro-hi-bi tion iqf (P r 6"h!-blsh'un-ist), 

R 1 U ill- ui- IlUil-lb L n . one who is opposed 

to the manufacture and sale of intoxicating 
liQUors.— n. prohibitionism. 

DfO-hib i tivp (pro-hib'I-tiv), adj. tend- 
Fiy AAAU 1 LiVC mg to forbid, prevent, or 
hinder; as, prohibitive prices keep one from 
buying; prohibitory. 

Dro-hib-i-to rv (P r $-Mfr'i-ts-ri), adj. 

U 1-tU-iy servmg to forbid; as, 
prohibitory laws. 

Tirol PPf (Proj'ekt), n. a design, scheme, 
puj-cv /1 or plan: v.t. (prS-jekt'), to throw, 
shoot, or cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i. 
to jut out; extend forward. 

Tiro ippf ilp (pro-jek'til), n. a body 
piu-JCLL-HC thrown or shot forward, 
especially through the air; a body intended 
to be hurled from a cannon by the force of an 
explosion, so as to strike and destroy a distant 
object: adj. forced or forcing forward; as, a 
projectile force. 

nrn i pc* ■firu'i (pr<^~jek'shun), n. the act 
or state of extending or 
jutting out; that which juts out; a plan; 
a scheming or planning. 

ITfYl 1PC tnr (pro-jek'ter), n. one who 
R makes schemes or plans; an 

optical instrument for throwing a picture upon 
a screen by a system of lenses. 


prompt 


especially, verses spoken by an actor 
before the performance of a play by way of 
explanation, etc.^ Also, prologue, 
pro-lonff (Pr&-16ng'), V.t. to lengthen; draw 
a walk a v 8 ^ Ut: «•*> proton* a ltae, 

pro-lon-ea-tion f r,rd "lf' iy v rL ^ bl ‘ jn) -«. a 

” o lengthemng m limn or 

space; the part added by lengthening. 

prom-e-nade I pr6n V'®- na d'), n. a walk 

* for pleasure or exercise - 

a public place for walking: v.i. to walk for 
pleasure, etc. 

prom-i-nence (Prom'I-nens), n. the state 

R . . ^ or quality of standing 

or jutting out beyond a regular line or surface - 
the quality of being distinguished or noticeable’ 
Also, prominenoy. 

prom-i-nent (prominent), adj. standing 

R,,. L or jutting out beyond a 

regular bne or surface; conspicuous, notice- 
aole, or distinguished.— adv. prominently, 
oi/n. eminent, marked, important, leading. 
Ant. (see obscure). 

PrO-miS-CU-OU<? (pri^mls'ku-fis), adj. 
R tu UU& confused; mingled; as, 

a promiscuous audience; not confined to any 
particular person or class.— adv. promiscu¬ 
ously. 

Syn. mixed, disarranged. 

Ant. (see select). 

prom-isp (prom'Is), n. an engagement to 
pxvj.il isC do °r not to do something; 
the thing to be done or left undone; a cause 
or ground for hope or expectation of good 
m the future: v.i. to assure, or engage to do 
something; give reason for hope or expecta¬ 
tion; as, the garden promises well: v.t. to 
engage to do or not to do for another - give 
reason to. hope for or expect.— n. promise?, 
prom-is-ing (Prom'Is-Ing), p.adj. giving 

R , , 7 . ° reason to hope for or expect 

good; looking as if likely to turn out well; 
cis, a, 'pTOTYiisijiQ youth.—promisingly, 

prom-i-sor (pr ? m,I " s6 , r )-, n - one who 

R makes a legal agreement; a 

promiser. 

prom-is-so-rv (pr 6 . m ' I - s *-ri), adj. con- 

R *7 , taimng an agreement to 

do or not to do something. 

prom-is-so-ry note 

ment to pay a certain sum of money at a 
fixed date, or on demand, to a certain person 
or his order or bearer. 

(prdm'fin-to-rl), n. a 


Dr0-1P tf] fl (pj’°T$-ta'rI-5n; prol'e- 

yiu-ic-ia-ll-dll ta ri-an), adj. pertaining 

to the common people: n. one of the lowest 
class of society; a wage-earner; day-laborer. 

Tim In in ri ni (proTe-ta'ri-at; prokS- 
JJlU-lU-ld-11-d.l ta rl-at), n. the lowest 
class of society ; the laboring people. 


nm lif in (pro-lif'ik), adj. producing 
■Ricr-iXA-xv, young or fruit abundantly; as, 
a prolific vine; producing ideas or results 
abundantly; as, a prolific brain or writer; 
productive; fertile; fruitful.— adv. prolifically. 
nrn lilT (PW>'lIks; pro-llks'), adj. long drawn 
ou t; tedious; wordy; not concise; as, 
a prolix speaker or speech. 

Syn. long, prolonged, tiresome, prosaic. 

Ant. (see concise). 

nrn Hy i tv (prS-lik'sI-tl), n. quality of 
•RAU-AiA-i-ty being long drawn out; tedi¬ 
ousness; wordiness; much minute detail, 
nrn Inp- <-p r °To<?; prol'og), n. an introduc- 
R o tion or preface to a poem, drama. 


prom-on-to-ry ^ cape; a polM of 

land jutting into the sea; a headland. 

Dm TTintp (pro-mot'), v.t. to help the 
i u xiAUtc growth or development of; ad¬ 
vance; further; as, to promote one’s interests; 
excite or stir up; encourage; as, to promote 
strife; raise to higher rank. 

nrn-mnf nr (P r 6-mot'er), n. one who 
R y Aixyt-CA encourages or forwards any 
undertaking; especially, one who makes it 
. . his business to start new companies, etc. 
results -nrri-rnO fiotl (gro-mo'shun), n. the act 
piU lilU L1UI1 0 f furthering or advancing 
any cause or course; state of being advanced; 
encouragement; as, promotion of industries; 
advancement to a better position or higher 
rank, as in school. 

Drorrmt (prompt), adj. ready and quick 
R ,. R L to act as occasion demands; 
immediate; done without delay: v.t. to 
rouse to action; to suggest; remind (a 
speaker) when at a loss for words.— adv. 
promptly. — n. promptness, prompter. 

Syn. punctual. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh_=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxiL 












promptitude 


488 


propitiation 


+; +,1 A a, (promp'tl-tud), n. quick- 
promp-tl-tuae ness of decision and 

action; readiness. _ 

rra+a (prft-mul'gat), v.t. to make 
pro-mul-gate known to the public for¬ 
mally and officially; to publish in anyway.— 
n. promulgator. _, , . . 

_ (pro mfll-ga shun, 

pro-mul-ga-tion p r 6m"ul-ga'shun), 
n. an official declaration; publication. 

(pron), adj. lying with the face or 
prOIie front downwards; bending forward 
or downward; mentally disposed or inclined, 
apt; as, prone to mischief.—n. proneness. 
■nm-ncr (prong), n. a sharp point or sharp- 
prong pointed instrument; as, the prongs 

of a pitchfork. ^ _ . 

(prong'horn"), n. an ante- 
prong-nom ]o pe of the western plains of 
North America; also, the Rocky Mountain 

• „ 0 t (.pro-nom'i-nal), adj. per- 

pro-noin-l-nai taining to, or like, a pro¬ 
noun, or word standing for a noun; pronom¬ 
inal adjective, a word, such as tins or that, 
which occurs as an adjective but may also 
be used as a pronoun.— adv. pronominally. 

(pro'noun), n. a word which 
prO-nUUIl refers to, or is used in the place 
of, a noun or name; as, he, she, you, it, etc. 

(pro-nouns'), v.t. to speak or 
pro nounce utter the sound of; as, to 

pronounce words; to speak or utter with 
formal effect; as, to pronounce a eulogy; to 
speak or utter solemnly or formally; as, to 
pronounce a benediction; to declare posi¬ 
tively; as, they pronounced him a failure: 
v.i. to utter words; to speak with confidence 
or authority.— adj. pronounceable. 

(pro-nounst'), v.adj. 
prO-nOUnCeQ strongly marked; decided; 
as, a pronounced change in the weather. ^ 

(pro-nouns'ment), 

pro-nounce-ment n , a declaration; a 

formal announcement. w „ 

_ 4.;(pro-nun"sI-a'shun; 

pro-nun-ci-a-tion pro-nun "shl-a'shun), 
n. the act or manner of uttering the sounds of 

words. . ... 

(proof), n. the means by which 
piOOl something is found to be true or 
correct; convincing evidence; a test or trial; 
in printing, an impression taken from type 
for correction; an early impression of an 
engraving: adj. capable of resisting; as, the 
cloth is proof against rain; capable of moral 
or physical resistance. 

/s (proof red'er), one whose 

prool reaa-er trade is to find errors 

and mark corrections in printers’ proofs, or 
sample impressions of type. 

•nrr\r\ (prop), n. a support or stay: v.t. 
pi Op [ p .t. and p.p. propped, p.pr. propping], 
to support by placing something under or 
against; sustain. 

Syn., v. maintain, stay, hold. 

o rrn-n Act (p rSp "a -g a n' d a ), n. 
prop-a-gan-aa an y p i an or method for 

spreading a certain opinion or belief; the 
opinion or belief thus spread. 

Tvrv\r» ct crcrn rlicf (prSp'a-gan'dlst), . n. 

prop-a-gan-aist one w ho devotes him¬ 
self to the spread of any system of principles, 
doctrines, opinions, etc. 

si crsi+A (prop'a-gat), v.t. to cause to 
piup-d.-gd.ic increase or multiply by 
successive production; as to propagate plants; 
to spread from person to person; as, to 
propagate news; to cause to extend or spread 
In space: as, to propagate light.: v.i. to be 



Ship’s Propeller. 1, face; 
profile. 

as, the propeller of a ship; a 


produced by generation or other means, n. 

propagator. 

Syn. circulate, breed, increase. 

Ant. (see suppress). 

~ prSp'd-ga'shun), n. 

prop-a-ga-tion the act of producing or 

spreading. L . . 

nrA np 1 (pr6 - pel'), v.t. i - 

prO-pei [p.k and p.p. ( 
propelled, p.pr. 
propelling], to drive 
onward; urge for¬ 
ward by force; 
as, to propel a 
bicycle; push. 

propel-ler 

(pro-pel'er), n. 
one who, or 
that which, 
drives forward; 

screw-propeller. natU ral 

pro-pen-si-ty inclination or tendency. 

_ (nrbn'er), adj. fit or suitable; cor- 
prop-er ; as , proper language; appro¬ 
priate; as, proper dress; relating to the nature 
of a certain person or thing; as, a proper noun: 
opposite to common; peculiar; as, a proper in¬ 
stinct.— adv. properly. . ^ . 

Syn. right, just, fair, honest, fit, decent, 

becoming. 

Ant. (see wrong). . 

(pr5p'er-tl), n. [pi. properties 
prop-er-ty (_tiz)], any quality or attri¬ 
bute that belongs to a thing, or one that 
especially marks it; as, sourness is a property 
of vinegar; ownership; the thing owned; 
estate; goods* pi. articles, including, furni¬ 
ture, costumes, etc., required by actors on 

rv (prof'S-sI), n. [pi. prophecies 
propn-e-cy (_ s i z )], a foretelling of future 
events under divine influence; as, the Hebrew 
prophecies of the Old Testament; a book of 
the Bible containing such predictions; as, 
the prophecy of Isaiah; any foretelling of 
future happenings.— n. prophesier. 

rirrmVi ^ cir (prof'e-sl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
propn-e-by prophesied, p.pr. prophesy¬ 
ing], to foretell, especially under divine in¬ 
fluence; predict: v.i. to foretell future events, 
especially under divine influence; to preach, 
or declare God’s will to men. 

(prof'et), n. [fern, prophetess], 
propn-ei one inspired by God to teacn 
his will to men and to announce future 
events; one who declares what will happen 
in the future. 

nhof iV (prS-fet'Ik), adj. pertaining 
pro-pnet-ic to the foretelling of future 
events, or to one who foretells; as, a pro¬ 
phetic vision. Also, prophetical.— adv. pro- 

phetically. (pro"fl-15k't!k; prbfT- 

pro-phy-lac-tic iftk'tlk), adj. warding 

off, or preserving from, disease; as, a pro¬ 
phylactic medicine: n. a medicine that pre¬ 
vents disease. 

_• * + TT (pro-ptn'kwf-tl), n. near- 

pro-pin-qui-ty ness in time, place, or 
blood relationship. 

•nrrk +i of a (pro-pish'I-at), v.t. to con- 
pj.u-pi-ti-a.tc ciliate or appease; as, to 
propitiate another’s anger; to remove dis¬ 
pleasure from, or make favorable to: v.i. to 
atone for or make good a loss. 

nrr\ rd fi si firm (prS-pLshT-a'shfin), n. 
prU-pi-U.-d.-U.Uil the act of appeasing, or 

removing displeasure. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, c&mnare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 

















propitiatory 


489 


prosperity 


nro-oi-ti a to rv (pro-pish'i-a-tft-ri), 

piu pi Li a-lU-iy a dj having the power 
to appease or remove displeasure. 

nrn T»i tionci (pr&-plsh'us), adj. favorably 
pi-tiuu .0 inclined; gracious; favor¬ 
able; fortunate; as, propitious weather or 

circumstances.— adv. propitiously.— n. propi¬ 
tiousness. 

nrn nnr tint! (pro-por'shun), n. the rela- 
pit>-pui-Lluil tion in size, quantity, or 
degree of one to another; ratio or rate; a 
proper balance or relation of all the parts; 
equal or just share: pi. dimensions: v.t. to 
form symmetrically, or make the parts of 
suitable to each other; to cause to be in 
suitable relation; as, to proportion one’s 
expenses to one’s means. 

■nrn nor tinn al (pro-por'shun-ai), adj. 

pi U-pUI - llUIi-d.1 having, or being in, 
due or suitable relation; having a ratio or 
rate invariable under given conditions: n. a 
quantity or number having a certain ratio to 
another.— adv. proportionally. 

pro-por4ion-ate 

thing else according to a certain rate: v.i. 
(pro-por'shun-at), to adjust according to a 
settled rate.— adv. proportionately. 

ti/vo o 1 (pro-poz'al), to. the act of 
pi u-jjus-ai offering something for accept¬ 
ance, etc.; as, a proposal of marriage; that 
which is offered; an offer. 

(pro-poz'), v.t. to bring forward 
piu puac or offer for consideration; as, to 
propose a candidate for election; to suggest; 
as, he proposed that I should go; to intend; 
purpose; as, I propose to stay at ljome: v.i. to 
make an offer of marriage.—n. proposer. 

nrnn r\ ct tinn (pr6p"6-zish / un), n. that 
pi Op-O-bl-llUll -which is offered for con¬ 
sideration; an offer of terms; proposal; a 
complete sentence, or one that affirms or 
denies something; the formal statement of a 
topic to be discussed in a debate; in mathe¬ 
matics, a theorem or problem for solution.— 
adj. propositional. 

Tvrn nnnnrl (prS-poundO, v.t. to offer for 
Jr A consideration; put or set forth, 

as a question. 

nrn nri n \c\ rir (prS-pri'S-tS-rl), adj. per- 
pr u-pj.i-c-ua.-xj taining to a proprietor, 

or owner: n. a possessor or owner in his own 
right; a body of owners. 

nrn nri n tnr (pro-pri'6-ter), n. [fem. 
piu-pu-c -lui proprietress; propristrix], 

one who has a legal right to anything; owner. 

nrn nri n tw (pro-pri'e-tf), to. state of 
piU-pi 1-C-1j being proper; the following 

of established rule or custom; fitness; cor- 
rectness 

•nrn mil cinn (prS-pul'shun), n. the act 
pi u-pui-oiuii G f driving or pushing along. 

nrn mil cixm (pro-pul'slv), adj. having 
piU-pui-olv c power to drive or push 
along; urging. Also, propulsory. 
nrn ra to (P ro ra'ta), in proportion; ac- 
piU Id-La. cording to interest or share of 
ftfl.oh. [Lat.] 

nrn rn era tinn (pro'rS-ga'shun), n. the 
pivJ-IU-gd-LlUll ac t of ending a session 

of, as of parliament. 

nrn rncrim (pro-rog'), v.t. to terminate or 
end a session of; to postpone, 

or put off. 

nrn eg in (pro-za'fk), adj. commonplace; 
pi U-oa-lb dull; as, a prosaic person or 
speech. Also, prosaical.— adv. prosaically.— 
n. prosaicalness. 

. cro -ni 11 m (prS-se'nf-um), n. the 
I - SCc -HI - llIH stage in front of the 


pro 


curtain or between the curtain and the 
orchestra. 

nrn crrilin (prS-skrlb'), v.t. to punish by 
piu-otuuc declaring to be outside the 
protection of the law; banish; to condemn 
and rejectr prohibit. 

nrn errin tinn (prS-skrip'shfin), to. the 
piU-&eiip-llUII act of outlawing, or of 

declaring outside the protection of the law; 
outlawry; the act of condemning and reject¬ 
ing from favor; the state of being condemned 
and rejected. 

■nrn «;rrin_tivn (pro-skrip'tiv), adj. per- 
piU-oL/Iip Live taming to, or consisting 

in, the punishment that outlaws or condemns 
and rejects. _ 

nrncjn (pr5z), TO. ordinary spoken or written 
pi use language; language without meter: 
opposite to verse: v:i. and v.t. to write in a 
form not verse; to write or speak tediously 
or uninterestingly: adj. pertaining to com¬ 
position that is not verse; dull; tedious; 
commonplace. 

tvrnQ n riitd (pros'e-kut), v.t. to follow up 
piuo-c-vuic or pursue with the view to 
reach or accomplish; as, to prosecute an under¬ 
taking; to bring suit against or carry on a 
case against in a court of law: v.i. to carry 
on a lawsuit; to sue. 

nroc a rn ■f’l/vn (pros^e-ku’shun), to. the 
piUb-C-L/U-llUIl a , c t of following up a 

purpose to accomplish some result; the 
starting and carrying on of a lawsuit; the 
party starting the suit. 

ivms am tnr (prose-ku"ter), to. [fem. 
puo-c-vu-iui prosecutrix], one who car¬ 
ries on a lawsuit against another; one who 
pursues any purpose, etc. 
nrn< - p. (pros'e-lit), to . a convert, or 

piuo-c-ijic one won over, as to some 
religion or belief, or party: v.t. and v.i. to 
win over to a different opinion, belief, party, 
etc.; to obtain followers. 

■nrnc p tiem (pros'e-ll-tizm), to. the 
piUo-c-iy -llolil ac t of converting or 

winning over, especially to some religion; 
the state of being won over. 

■nrnc a lir fi-ra (pros'e-lf-tlz), v.t. and v.i. 
piuo-c-iy-L1Z.C to make a convert of, or 

to make converts. 

■nrnc n Hv (pros'o-di). n - that part of 
piUb-U-uy grammar that treats of quan¬ 
tity of syllables, accent, and the laws of verse 
making. 

nrnc rtprf (pros'pekt), to. a scene spread 
piUo-pci/L ou t before the sight; view; 
outlook; a looking forward; anticipation; 
expectation: v.t. and v.i. (prS-spekt'), to 
search or explore, especially for gold or 
valuable minerals.— to. prospecter. 

nrn ennr* tixrn (pr6-spek'tfv), adj. look- 
jjj. kj - ojjcu - Li v c j[ n g forward; showing 

foresight; in anticipation; expected.— adv. 
prospectively.— to. prospectiveness. 

nrnc nnr tnr (pros'pek-ter), to. one who 
piua-pcv-iui searches for valuable min¬ 
erals, as gold, silver, etc. 

nrn ennr tiic (pr5-spek'ttis), to. an out- 
piU-opCL-iuo line 0 f a proposed under¬ 
taking; sketch or plan; yearly catalog, as of a 
school, hotel, etc. 

nrnc nnr (pros'per), v.t. to render success- 
pi Uo-pci ful; favor: v.i. to thrive; suc¬ 
ceed. 

Syn. flourish. 

npr i frr (pros-peril-tf), to. success- 
jjAUo-jJCJ.-1-Ljr fui progress in any busi¬ 
ness or enterprise; good fortune. 

Syn. well-being, welfare. 

Ant, (see poverty). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


33 





prosperous 


490 


protrusive 


Tit'nQ Tipr niI ^ (pros'per-us), adj. favor- 
piUo-pci-uuo able; successful; thriving; 

as, a prosperous business.— adv. prosperously. 
fk-rrkC +i +Ii+Ck (pros'ti-tut), v.t. to use for a 
fJI Ub-ll-lUlC low a nd unworthy purpose 
"for the sake of gaining money or advantage: 
n. a woman who leads a base and degraded 
life for pay. 

nrnc trotp (pros'trat), adj. lying at 
pi Uo-LI die full length; extended on the 
ground; stretched out; lying at another’s 
mercy: v.t. to lay fiat; throw down from a 
standing position; destroy; ruin; bow in 
humble reverence; to cause to become weak. 

rtYTtc fro firm (pros-tra'shun), n. the act 
piUb-lid-null 0 f throwing down or state 

of being thrown down; a falling down in 
worship; great depression; as, prostration of 
mind; exhaustion of the vital powers under 
disease; as, nervous prostration. 
nr „ c (proz'i), adj. tedious; dull; com- 
pi Ud-j/ monplace; tiresome.— adv. prosily. 
— n. prosiness. 

~nrn facr a nict (pro-tag'b-nlst), n. the 
piU-ld^-U-lllol central figure around 

whom the action of a drama turns; a dramatic 
■hero. 


prot 


o oic (prot'c-sls), n. the i/-clause in 
-d-olo a conditional sentence, 
rvrrk to on (pro'te-an; pro-te'.an), adj. 
pi U-lc-dll re adily taking on different 
shapes or forms: from Proteus, the sea god of 
classic mythology. 

Tvrrk toot (pro-tekt'), v.t. to keep in safety; 
piU-lcl/l guard; shield; shelter; to foster 
by a high tariff, as home industries. 

too tievn (pro-tek'shun), n. the act 
piU-It.b-llUli Q f keeping in safety; the 

state of being kept in safety; that which 
keeps safe; defense; shelter; security; a 
•passport; encouragement of home industry 
toy duties on imported goods, etc.: opposite 
to free trade. 

too tirvn iQm (P^o - tek shixn-lzm), 

pro-iec-liuil-lblll n the doctrine that 

certain home industries and produce should 
be encouraged by taxing imported goods. 

r\rr% too firm ict (pro-tek'shun-tst), n. 

pic»-lCl/-livJii-ioi one who believes m 

and supports protectionism, or the doctrine 
that all imported goods should be taxed to 
protect home industries; one who opposes 
free tr<i(lG 

tivo (prfc-tek'tlv), adj. serving to 
piu-ice-uvc keep safe; defensive; serv¬ 
ing to foster home industries; as, a protective 
tariff.— adv. protectively. 

too tot* (pro-tek'ter), n. [fern, pro- 
pi u-ice-iui tectress], one who guards, es¬ 
pecially from injury or oppression; a defender; 
guardian: Protector, the title of Oliver Crom¬ 
well as the head of the English Common¬ 
wealth, 1653-1659. 

rvro too tor a to (prS-tek't5r-S,t), n. gov- 
piU-lCl/-lui-a.iG ernment by a regent, 

or one appointed to rule in place of a king; 
also, the rank and office of such a person; 
the relation of a great nation to a weak one 
which it defends and partly controls; the 
nation so defended and controlled; as. Great 
Britain held Egypt as a protectorate. 

-nro to o-o (prS'ta/'zha'), n. [fem. prote- 
pi o-ic-gc gee], one who is under the 
guardianship or care of another. [Fr.] 

-nro to i4 (pro'te-Id), n. a foodstuff, such 
pl U-lc-lli ^ albumen, that forms animal 
tissue. 

-nro to in (P r o't$-In), n. an essential or 
piU-lC-Ili necessary element in food; the 
muscle-making quality of food. 


nro toot (pro-test'), v.i. to make a solemn 

piU-lcbl declaration against some public 
act or measure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a 
solemn declaration or affirmation of; assert: 
to declare formally to be insufficiently pro¬ 
vided for by deposit or payment: said of a 
note, check, or bill of exchange: n. (pro'test), 
a solemn declaration of opinion against some¬ 
thing; a formal declaration by the holder of 
a note of its nonpayment or nonacceptance by 
the drawer.— n. protester, 
rvrrkt- oo fo« + (prot'gs-tant), n. one who 
pi 111- Co- unit declares an opimon in 
advance of, or opposing, those generally 
accepted: adj. declaring an opposing opinion: 
Protestant, a member of any Christian church 
other than the Greek or Roman Catholic; 
originally, one of the party who adhered to 
Luther: adj. pertaining to such church or 
their members. 

Prot-es-tant-ism 

tern of those Christians who belong to other 
churches than the Greek and Roman Catholic. 

tvrn+ fa firm (prot'es-ta'shiln), n. the 
pi Ol-Cb-lcl-UUll ac (; 0 f declaring sol¬ 
emnly; a formal declaration of disagreement; 
solemn affirmation. 

rvrrk -fhrm n ta 1*v (prS-thon'o-ta-ri), n. 
prO-inon-0-ld.-ry a chief clerk or notary; 

the principal clerk or registrar in certain 
courts; one of the chief secretaries of the 
Pope’s court in Rome. 

•nr/v ml (pro'to-kol), n, the rough draft 
piG-lG-l/Ul 0 f a treaty, government mes¬ 
sage, etc., often a basis for a final treaty or 
agreement.* 

r\rn trv -nl n cm (pro'to-plazm), n. the vital 
pi U-lG-pidblii su bstance from which de¬ 
velop all forms of animal and plant life: 
resembling the white of an egg, and containing 
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, or 
the elements necessary to all animal and 
vegetable life.— adj. protoplasmic. 

■nrn tn hmp (pro'to-tip), n. the original 
pi u-iu-ijpc from which others are copied; 
a pattern. 

"Drrk in 70 c\ (pro'to-zo'd), n.pl. the first, 
nu-iu-iu-a or lowest division of the 
animal kingdom, containing animals con¬ 
sisting of a single cell: protozoan, n. an animal 
consisting of a single cell: adj. pertaining to 
such an animal. 

r . r _ fronf (pro-trakt'), v.t. to draw out or 
JJiU-liatl lengthen in time; prolong; as, to 
protracts, meeting; to draw or map by means 
of a scale; in animals, to protrude or extend. 

-rvrrk trar firm (pr6-trak'shfin), n. the 
piO-lId.1/-LlOIl aC f Q f drawing out w in 

time. 90* 

pro-trac-tet 

(pr5-trak'ter), 
n. an instru¬ 
ment for lay¬ 
ing down and 
measuring 
angles on pa- 180 - 
per: used in 
surveying, 
etc.; a mus 



Protractor 


cle that draws forward_any part of the body.i 
nrfl tniHp (pro-trood'), v.t. to thrust for- 
piU-liuuc ward or push forward: v.i. to 
shoot forward; project. 

r\rr\ fm cinn (prS-troo'zhiin), n. the act 
piU-lIU-blUIl G f thrusting out, as the 

tongue; the state of being thrust out. 
urn fni civ** (prS-troo'slv), adj. thrust- 
piu -11 u-oivc ing or i m p e iii ng forward. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 









protuberance 


491 


prudence 


pro-tu-b er-ance ‘ p a r r - 1 n s »• 


quality or state of swelling out. 


a knob; 


Pro-ven-^al 


nro "Hi V»ot* onf (pro-tu'ber-ant), adj. 
piU-lU-Uei-dJll swelling out; promi¬ 
nent; bulging. 

nr mid (proud), adj. having too great self- 
pi UUU. esteem; arrogant; haughty; hav¬ 
ing proper self-respect; as, too proud to beg; 
having a feeling of glad satisfaction; as, 
proud of a friend’s success; gratified; spirited; 
grand.— adv. proudly. 

nrrw o Kit* (proov'd-bl), adj. that may 
F A u v -«.-uig tested or shown to be true. 

(proov), v.t. to test or try by an 
pi Uv c experiment; to make clear and 
certain by argument or other evidence; 
to cause to be accepted as genuine; as, to 
•prove a will; ton learn by experience; to try 
by suffering; show or demonstrate the n r{ , ff/yfl (prov"6-ka'shun), n 

accuracy of ( a calculation): v.i. to turn out P 1 GV-u-cci-Liuxt. which excites to ; 
to be or be found to be. 

(pro-vah'sal; pro"ven-sal'; 
pro"ven-sal'), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Provence, France, its language, or its 
people: n. the language of Provence; a native 
of Provence. 

•nrnv Pm (\f*V (prov'en-der), n. dry food 
P A kj v -oii-uci f or domestic animals, as 
hay, etc.; feed. 

■nrnv p»r"h (prov'erb), n. a short familiar 
pi U v -Cl U saying, expressing some well- 
known truth or common fact of experience; 
adage: Proverbs, a book of the Old Testament 
containing wise sayings credited to Solomon. 
nrA ,T 0f 1-ii o 1 (pro-vur'bl-al), adj. per- 
pl O-V Cl -Ui-cll taining to short, familiar, 
wise sayings; mentioned in, or like, a short, 
familiar, wise saying; being widely spoken 
or well-known; as, her kindness is proverbial. 

•nrvv (pro-vld'), v.t. to make ready 

piU-VIUC beforehand; prepare; furnisher 
supply: followed by with; mention as a con¬ 
dition or requirement; as, the bill provides 
that taxes be raised: v.i. to procure supplies; 
make preparations: with for or against. — n. 
provider. 

vrir! a/4 (nro-vid'ed), conj. on condi- 
pro-via-ea. don; if: usually followed by 

that. 


nrAir i 4Pti cp (prov i dens), n. t 
piuv-i-uciU/O care or preparation; 


timely 
econ¬ 
omy; prudence; foresight and care of God 
for his creatures; an event directly caused 
by the power of God: Providence, God. 

rvrrkTT t A arvt (prov'I-dent), adj. careful 
pi OV-1-U.C111 f or the future; prudent; 

economical; thrifty.— adv. providently. _ 

+• 1 (provT-den'shal), adj. lowing; nearest,— udr. proxim ately . 
prov-l-aen-xiai effected by, resulting 
from, or showing, divine direction or fore 
fortunate.— ado. providentially 


outlying district; devotion to the ideas and 
customs of one special region; hence, narrow¬ 
ness of view. 

T , rr , cirvm (pro-vizh'un), n. the act of 
pill-VI olUIi preparing beforehand; the 
things supplied, especially a stock of food; 
measures taken beforehand; as, to make 
provision for winter; a condition, require¬ 
ment, etc.; as, a provision of a will: pi. food: 
v.t. to supply with food, etc.; as, to provision 
an army. 

nrn vi cinn al (pr5-vlzh'un-al), adj. sup- 
piU-Vl-blUIl-d.l p]j ec i f or present use; 

temporary.— adv. provisionally. 

Tim vi CO (pro-vi'zo), n. a conditional 
b-Vl-oU clause or stipulation, as in a. 
deed. 

•nm in cn rv (pro-vi'zo-ri), adj. condi- 
piU-Vl-oU-lj tional; provisional. 

that 
anger 

or resentment; act of exciting to anger; as, 
he was subjected to great provocation. 

•nrn xrnr a tiv*a (pr o-vok'd-tiv), adj. 
piu-vui/-a-uvc tending to rouse anger 

or resentment: n. anything that tends to 
excite. 

■nrn vntrn (prb-vok'), v.t. to excite or stir 
piU-VUlvt; U p; as, to provoke criticism; 
to cause; as, to provoke a laugh; enrage or 
irritate; as, to provoke another to anger; 
offend. 

nrnv net (Prov'ust; prS'vd; pro-vd'), n. 
piuv-ODi the bead of a college; superin¬ 
tendent or president; chief officer of a 
cathedral; a Scotch chief magistrate of a city 
or town. 

nrn vnef cruard (pro'vo gard), one of 
prO-VOS l glla.ru. the soldiers appointed 

to work together with the civil authorities to. 
keep order in a large army post or camp. 

pro-vost xnar-shal 

officer who acts as chief of police, having 
charge of prisoners. 

pro-vost ser-geant Xmyfk 

sergeant who has charge of prisoners and 
their work. 

(prou), n. the bow or forward part 

prow of a sll i p . 

nmw oec (prou'es), n. daring bravery; 
piuw-cso valor; a brave act or feat. 

(proul), v.i. to wander stealthily, 
as for prey or plunder: n. a roving- 


sight; ..IBM . ■ . 

nrnv inrn (prov'ins), n. a division of an 
piUV-illGC emoire or state; a country 
governed by a distant authority : an outlying 
district; proper sphere of action; as, this 
task is outside your province; department of 
knowledge, etc.: pi. the country districts. 

nrn vin rial (pro-vln'shal), adj. pertam- 
prO-VlIl-Cld.1 i ng to, or like, an outlying 

district or distant dependent . country; 
countrified; crude and unfinished in appear¬ 
ance or manner; holding to the ideas and 
customs of one special region; hence, nar¬ 
row • n. one who belongs to a distant depend¬ 
ent country or to an outlying district; coun¬ 
tryman. ^ . 

iom (pro-vln'shal-lzm), 

pro-vin-ciai-ism n a W ord, expression, 
mannerism, or wav of thinking, peculiar to an 


prowl 

for prey or plunder. 

-rverev- i mo+ck (prok'sl-mat), adj. imme- 
pi UA-l-llid. 1C diately going before or fol¬ 
lowing; nearest.— adr. proximately. 
nrmr im i fv (prbk-slm'I-tl), n. immedi- 
P A ga-hh-i- ty a f e nearness in place, time, 

or other relation. 

r . rr . Y ; rnn (prok'sl-mo), adv. in or of the 
pi GA-l-liIU next or coming month. 

-nr/vY v (prok'sl), n. [pi. proxies (-sTz)l, a 
piUA-y person who is given authority to 
represent or act for another; the document by 
which one person is authorized to act or vote 
for another. 

Syn. agent, representative, delegate, dep¬ 
uty. 

■ntMirlo (prood), n. a woman who affects 
pi UUC great reserve, modesty, and virtue; 
a very proper person. 

•nrii Harsca (pru'dens), n. the quality or 
pi U-UCutc being discreet, careful, or 
cautious; wisdom put into practice; economy. 

Syn. carefulness, judgment, discretion, 
wisdom. 

Ant, (see indiscretion). _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








prudent 


492 


publicity 


■rktii A An V (pi'oo'dent), adj. practically wise; 
P 1 U-UClil care f U i G f the result of measures 
or actions; wisely thoughtful; judicious; cau¬ 
tious; discreet.— adv. prudently. 

•nni 4 pti Vial (proo-den'shal), adj. pro- 
ceeding from, or marked 
by, careful thought or wisdom; using sound 
judgment.— adv. prudentially. 


prud 



v (.prood'er-I), n. affected nice- 
-tness or modesty in conduct; 
extremely proper mannersj_ primness. 

TYTii HiViruntTlA ( proo - doni ), 71. in 

piU-U nomine France, a member of a 

board to settle trade disputes; a trusted, 
wise man. 

Tvriirl icVl (Prood'ish), adj. affectedly prim 
UU-ioii and proper. — adv. prudishly. — 
n. prudishness. 

•nriltlA (P roon )> n • a dried plum: v.t. to 
UiiC cu t unnecessary twigs or branches 
from (a vine, bush, or tree); trim; to cut 
out or clear away, as useless parts: v.i. to 
cut off useless branches, etc. 
n-ni nol (proo-nel'a). n. a smooth wool¬ 
ly- 1 Ll-ilcl-la. en stuff used for shoes and 
gaiters. Also, pruneilo. 

prun-ing hook £g r 

a knife with a curved blade for 
cutting vines, etc. _ 

-nni ri pupp (proo'rl-ens), n. 

pru-ri-oilbt; the state or 

<quality of being impure in 
thought or desire. Also, pruri¬ 
ency. 

nm ri ah + (proo'ri-ent), adj. 

u -~ j - i-^ii ^ impure in thought 
or desire; itching; lustful.— adv. 
pruriently. 

Syn. craving, longing. 

■Priic cion (prush'an), adj. 
jti Lio-oio.il pertaining to 

Prussia, in Germany, or to its 
people: n. a native of Prussia. Pruning Hook 

Prus-sian blue & 0 )% & Sch blue color 

obtained from iron. 

-tvi-ito oi o+o, (prus'i-at), n. a salt of prus- 
piub-bl-d.lt; sic acid. 

nmc cir ar i A (prus'Ik as'Id), a deadly 
uo-oii cl\-> -iu poisonous acid, called 

also hydrocyanic acid, formed of hydrogen, car¬ 
bon, and nitrogen. 

•nrv (Pii). [ p.t. and p.p. pried, p.pr. 

prying], to inspect closely and inquisi¬ 
tively; as, to pry Into another’s affairs; peep; 
peer: v.t. to raise or work open with a lever: 
n. a bar used as a lever. 

noolm (sam), n. a sacred song or poem: 
pbctllll p S aims, a book of the Old Testa¬ 
ment containing sacred songs and poems, many 
of which were formerly ascribed to David. 

ndfllm ict ( sam 'ist), n. a composer of 
pbclliii-ibl psalms, or sacred hymns: 

Psalmist, any one of the authors of the 
sacred songs in the Bible: with the. 

-ncalm n rlict ( san i'6-dlst; saPm6-dlst), 
pbd-liii-U-tlio i n . one who composes or 

sings psalms, or sacred hymns. 

■nCfllm ri Hv (sam'6-dl; sal'mo-dl). n. the 
pbdllii-U-llj ar t or practice of writing or 

singing psalms, or sacred hymns. 

T>col fpp (sol'ter), n. the Book of Psalms, 
Jrbal-lCl especially as contained in the 
Book of Common Prayer, 
pool fcr V (sbl'ter-I), n - [pi- psalteries 
pocu-ic-i y (-iz) ], a stringed musical instru¬ 
ment, used by the^ ancient Hebrews. 

L plp. (su'do), adj. false, counterfeit: 
pseudo-, a prefix meaning false. 


pseu- 


4 a tiTrin (su'dd-nlm), n. a fictitious 

pseu-ao-nym or false name: often used 
of the name taken by a writer; a pen name.— 
adj. pseudonymous. 

no Vi QTI 7 - (sho; psho), interj. an expression of 
pbllclW contempt, etc. 

"Dow /-Via (sl'kS; psi'kS), n. in Greek my- 
ibj-tllC thology, a beautiful maiden who 
represents the soul: psyche, the human soul, 
new rVnA (sl'kik), n. a believer in a spiritual 
pby-ClllC organism; a spiritual medium: 
adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the 
human soul, spirit, or mind; mental; spirit¬ 
ual: opposite to physical. Also, adj. psychi¬ 
cal.— adv. psychically. 

now rhn Incr ip (sl'ko-loj'ik), adj. per- 
pby-CIlU-lUg-iC taining to the science of 

the mind. Also, psychological.— adv. psy¬ 
chologically. 

new rVinl a o-ief (si-kol'6-jlst), n. a stu- 
psy-cnoi-o-gis l dent of, or one skilled 

in, the science of the mind.^ 

new rViril n a -w (^I-kol o-jl), n. the sci— 
pby-LIlOI-O-gy ence that treats of the 

mind. 

T 1 QW pVi A tYhvd ipo (sHko-flz'iks), n. the 
pbj-CIIU-piiyb-lbb science which treats 

of the mind as affected by physical conditions. 

psy-cho-ther-a-py 2t 

diseases by mental suggestion. 

■n+cir mi rran (tar'ml-gan), n. a grouse 
p idi found in the Arctic regions. 

-n+A-r n Har +w1 (ter"6-dak'tTl), n. a huge 
ptci-u-u.a.V/-iyi flying reptile, no longer 

existing. 

Ptol-e-ma-ic sys-tem ^'tLTlhe 

theory of astronomy held by Ptolemy, a sci¬ 
entist of the second century A.D., according 
to which sun and stars revolved about the 
earth as a center. 

n+n mo in a (to'ma-In; to'ma-en; to'- 
PLU-iiici-iixc man), n. a substance found 

in decaying or dead matter, sometimes highly 
poisonous. 

mi ViAr +w (Pu'ber-ti), n. the earliest age 
pu-DGI-iy a f w hich persons can beget or 
bear children. 

nil Vac p An r a (pu-bes'ens), n. the state in, 
pu-uia-iciitc or age at which, a person is 

able to beget or bear children; a covering of 
soft, short, downy hair, as on certain plants. 

mi Vi Ad PAnt (pG-bes'ent), adj. arrived at 
pu-uco-i/cm the age when a person is 

able to bear or beget children; covered with 
soft, downy hairs, as some leaves, 
mill lir (pub'lik), adj. of or pertaining to 
r uu AAV '' the people at large; as, public 
property; open; generally known; common 
to all; open to general use: n. the people in 
general: public house, in Great Britain, an 
inn, tavern, or dramshop. 

nnVi 1i pon (pubMi-kan), n. in |Great 
Jr L. u -ii - i'CU .1 Britain, one who keeps an 
inn or public house; in ancient Rome, a 
< o. ,T ?ctor of the taxes and public revenues; 
hence, a collector of tolls or tribute. 

f-viiVi li r*o Vi mi (pub"ll-ka'shun), n. the 
jJUU-11-l.d.-llUlI act of printing and plac¬ 
ing on sale or of making generally known; 
that which is printed and placed on sale, as a 
book, magazine, etc.; that which is pro¬ 
claimed or made generally known. 

mi Vi li pief (piib'll-slst), n. one familiar 
puu-ll-uai with the laws of nations; 
also, a writer on politics, 
nii Vi 1 i p i +w (pub-lls'l-tl), 7i. the state of 
being open to common 
knowledge; notoriety. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 













publicly 


493 


pulse 


pub lie ly (Pub'lik-li). adv. without con¬ 


cealment; openly; in the in¬ 
terest, or with the consent, of the people. 

pub-lic-spir-it-ed 

ests of the community at heart; bent on the 
general welfare. 

rmb_1i<5Vl (pub'llsh), v.t. to make known; 
F u u announce or proclaim; print and 

offer for sale, especially a book, magazine, etc. 

— n. publisher. 

TYlirlr (Puk), n - i n old folk tales, a fairy: 
J^UV/JY Puck, a certain mischievous fairy or 
elf; called also Robin Goodfellow. 
niirlr pr (puk'er), v.t. and v.i. to gather 
put/XY-ci into small folds; wrinkle: n. a 
small fold or wrinkle. 

•niirl rltnrr (pood'Ing), n. a soft kind of 
F f C)OC | i often a dessert, made of 

flour, milk, eggs, etc.; a piece of intestine 
stuffed with meat, etc. 

ni1 4 (pud'l), n. a small pool of dirty 

F AA '” A-UJ - C water; clay, sand, etc., worked to¬ 
gether with water: v.t. to make muddy; to work 
water into (clay, etc.) so as to make a mix¬ 
ture through which water will not pass; to 
line -with such clay in order to make water¬ 
tight.— n. puddler. 

tvmH rl liner (pud'llng), n. the changing of 
F pig iron into wrought iron by 

intense heat and frequent stirring. 

v (puj'i), adj. short and fat; dumpy. 

-j — n. pudginess. 


pudg 


ni1p k 1 n (pwel/lo), n. [pi. pueblos (-loz)], 
pucu-iu a building made of adobe,or sun- 
dried brick, by the Pueblo Indians of New 
Mexico, and serving as the dwelling of the 
entire village or tribe. 

mi or ilo (pu'er-il), adj. pertaining to 
pix-ci-nc childhood; trifling; silly. 

mi or il i Hr (pu'er-il'I-tl), n. childish- 
Ftt-cx-ll-i-t_y ness; anything foolish or 

silly; a childish act or expression. 

(puf), n. a short quick blast; a sudden 
pull breath forced out; a soft ball or pad 
used to apply powder to the skin or hair; a 
soft roll of hair; a very light cake or tart 
filled with cream, etc.; in dressmaking, a 
piece of material gathered on two sides so as 
to stand out in the center; colloquially, exag¬ 
gerated praise printed in a newspaper, etc.: 
v.i. to send out air, smoke, breath, etc., with 
sudden force; breathe quick and hard, as a 
runner; swell with air; swell with impor¬ 
tance: v.t. to blow, drive, etc., with whiffs or 
little blasts; swell, as with wind; praise in 
too high terms; arrange in puffs, as the hair, 
dress material, etc. 

rviiff Kail (puf'bol"), n. a ball-shaped fun- 
FUll-Uci.IX g US 0 f several varieties that, 
when broken open, sends out a cloud of 
dustlike spores. 

„ (puf 'I), adj. swollen with air or 
puil-y any so ft matter; bloated; inflated; 
blowing in little gusts.—n. puffiness, 
nurr (pug), n. one of a breed of small pet 
pug dogs, with a short broad nose, wrinkled 
face, and tightly curled tail, 
micr crincr (pug'tog), «•. the act or opera- 
P u fe-&Ulg tion of working up wet clay for 
pottery; clay or mortar used to deaden sound 
between spaces. 

mi rr il icm (pu'jl-lizm), n. the art or 
pu-gll-lolll practice of boding or fighting 

with the fists; prizefighting. . „ , 

nil rrJT id- (pu'ji-lis t), n. a prize fighter; 
pU-gll-lbL boxer. 

mi o-jl i*o fi r (pu'jf-lls'tfk), adj. pertam- 
pU-gll-Ib-llU t 0 boxing or prize flght- 

ing; having a disposition to fight 


pul- 

pul- 

pull 


Till cr -na rimic (pug-na'shus), adj. inclined 
pUg-lid-LlUUb to fight; quarrelsome.— 

adv. pugnaciously. — n. pugnaciousness. 

nn cr -nar i Hr (pug-nas'I-tl), n. inclina- 
P u &-UcU/-l-iy tion to fight; quarrelsome¬ 
ness; combativeness. 

nil ic conro (pu'I-s&ns; pti-Is'5ns), n. 
pu.-io-ocu.il/empower; strength; force. 

nn io conf (pti-is'&nt), adj. powerful; 
pu-lo-bdlll strong; forceful. 

rliri til Ha (pul'kri-tud), n. beauty; 
,-eiiii-iuuc comehness; loveliness. 

in <r (P^l ,1fn g). adj. whining; whimper- 
AAA o^ing; crying plaintively. 

(pool), v.t. to draw towards one by 
exerting force; pluck; as, to pull 
grapes; rend or tear; as, to pull a dress to 
pieces; drag or haul; as, to pull a wagon; draw 
out; as, to pull a tooth; v.i. to draw forcibly; 
to tug: n. the act of using force to draw; a 
tug; colloquially, influence or advantage. 

■nnl lot (pool'et), n. a young hen or one 
pui-lCL not_fu!ly grown. 

mil lovr (pool'I), n. a small wheel turning 
jj Ui-icj/ about an axis and having a 
grooved rim in which a rope works: used in 
lifting weights, etc. 

"Dull rnoti (pool'man), n. a sleeping car 
x UIl-IIld.il fitted with berths and state¬ 
rooms, or a day car fitted up with comfortable 
chairs: named from the inventor. 

mil mrm a rv (puTmo-nft-rl), adj. per- 
pul-lilUIl-d-iy taining to, or affecting 

the lungs; having lungs. 

mil rncvn (pul-mon'ik), adj. affecting 
or useful for the lungs: n. 
a medicine for diseases of the lungs. 

mil rnn tnr (pul'mo'ter), n. an instru- 
pui-mu-LUi ment for producing artificial 
breathing by forcing oxygen into the lungs in 
case of suffocation, drowning, etc. 
mi In (Pulp), n. the soft, fleshy part of 
F UA F bodies, as of fruit; any soft, moist 
mass of matter. 

mil nit (pool'plt), n. a 
pui-pi raised stand or desk 
in a church, from 
which the sermon is 
delivered; preach - 
ers as a class, or 
preaching. 

pulp-y S: 

sisting of, or Jike, a 
soft, moist mass of 
matter; soft; fleshy. 

— n. pulpiness. _ 

pul-que Jf£°£ 

a favorite Mexican 
drink m ade from the 
juice of the agave, 
or common century 
plant. 

pul-sate 

v.i. to throb, as a 
pulse; to beat, as 
the heart. 

mil oo finn (pul-sa'shun), n. a throb or 
JJUX-od.-U.UII beat, especially of the heart; 
act of throbbing. 

mile a (puls), n. the throbbing or beating 
JJUloc | n the arteries due to the contrac¬ 
tions of the heart; a stroke or beat occurring 
at regular intervals; as, the pulse of an 
engine; plants such as peas, beans, etc., and 
the seeds of them used for food: v.i. to beat 
or throb, as the blood in the veins.— adj. 
pulseless. 


Pulpit 



liq>VHl& UiaFVQieiwii w ----—-- 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









































a 

water 




pulsometer J 19 ! 

rml cnm p for (P&l-s6m'8-t6r), 

pU-l-oUili-C-LCA pump for raising 

by means of steam: called also a vacuum pump. 

rml vpr i 7 a tinn fpul"ver-I-za'shtin),n. 
pui-ver-l-za-xion the act of reducing, 

or state of being reduced, to powder, 
mill TTor tVe (pul'ver-Iz), v.t. and v.i. to 
pill - V cl reduce or be reduced to 

powder by crushing, grinding, etc.— n. pul¬ 
verizer. _ 

rm ma (pu'ma), n. a large catlike animal 
pU-iiidL G f America; the mountain lion; 
the cougar. 

pum - ice 

(pum'Is), n. a 
bard, light, 
spongy, vol¬ 
canic lava or 
rock. Also, 
pumice-stone. 

pum -m el 

(pum'el), n. the 

raised front Puma 

part of a saddle; 

the knob on a sword handle: v.t. to beat or 
pound. . Also, pommel. 

mimn (pump), n. a machine for raising, 
pump compressing, etc., water or other 
fluids, by means of suction or pressure induced 
by the motion of a lever or crank; a plain 
iow shoe or slipper: v.t. to raise or draw 
(water, etc.) by means of a pump; to draw 
water, etc., from; as, to pump a well dry; to 
draw out by artful questions; as, to pump 
a secret out of a friend: v.i. to raise water, 
etc., with a pump; to work a pump. 
vnii-rrvr» Iri-n (pump'kin; pun'kin), n. a plant 
pump-Kill 0 f the gourd family and its 

edible fruit. 

■min (PU 11 )- n. a play on words: v.i. [p.t. 
pm 1 and p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], to 
play on words similar in sound but having 
a different meaning. 

-tvii-ncTi (punch), n. a tool for making dents 
pilllbil or holes; a drink made of rum, 
whisky, etc. 




combined with 
water, lemon- 
juice, and 
sugar; a blow 
or thrust, espe¬ 
cially with the 
fist: v.t. to per¬ 
forate or make 
holes in with a 
punch; to strike 
with the fl-t.— 
Punch, a little 
hunchback 
with a hooked 
nose, the mock 
hero in a 
Punch and 


Judy show. 

punch-eon 

(pun'chhn), n. a 
cask for liquor 
holding eighty-four wine gallons; an upright 
timber between two posts; a punch or tool 
for chipping stone. 

rm-nr* +i1 i c\ (punk-tll'i-o), n. a nice point 
jj uiib - 111 -1 - U hi conduct or ceremony; for¬ 
mal exactness. 

■niinr til i aiic (punk-tii'i-us), adj. very 
jjmnt-iu-i-uuB n i C e or precise in con¬ 
duct or ceremony; exact to excess.— adv. 

punctiliously. — n. punctiliousness. 


Power-driven Punch 


puppet 

tn ol (punk'td-al), adj. observing, 
punC-XU-d.1 or done at, the exact time; 
prompt.— adv. punctually. 

6'yn. exact, timely. 

Ant. (see dilatory). 

0 i : +, r (punk"ttl-al , I-tT), n. the 

punc-iu-ai-l-iy quality of being prompt, 
especially in keeping an appointment or 
engagement. 

„X_ (punk'tfl-at), v.t. to mark 

punc-iu-ate with points, such as the 

comma, semicolon, period, etc.; make clear 
by separating into parts with points such as 
the comma, etc.: v.i. to use marks of division 
in writing or printing; to mark something 
written or printed with commas, periods, etc. 
Tvrm r +11 p firm (Punk"tH-a'shun), n. the 

punc-xu-a-lion aC f or ar t of dividing 

sentences by points or stops; the marks used 
for such division. „ , , 

TVMnr- biro (punk'ttlr), n. a small hole or 
pUIIb-LUlC wound made by a pointed 
instrument: v.t. to make a hole in, or pierce, 
with a pointed instrument; to prick. 

Jfx (pun'dlt), n. a learned Brahman; 
pUIi-OlT one versed in the Sanskrit lan¬ 
guage, the laws of India, the Hindu religion, 
etc. Also, pandit. 



rvi-i-n rrouf (pun'jent), aaj. stinging, pncK- 
pUIl-gcilL hig, or biting; as, a pungent 
acid; piercing; keen; sarcastic; caustic; as, 
pungent speech.— adv. pungently. 

-min ioli (puu'ish), v.t. to cause loss or 
puil-loll pain to as a penalty for a crime 
or fault; correct; colloquially, to handle 
roughly.— n. punisher. 

rvii-n JoV» o Wo (pun'ish-d-bl), adj. de- 
pUIl-lSIl-3.-DIG serving of, or liable to, a 

penalty of loss or pain. ^ 

min icVi (pun'Ish-ment), n. pain, 

pUU-loU-IUCIlL joss, or penalty, inflicted 

for a crime or fault; colloquially, rough 
treatment. 

•nil -ni fitrck (pu'nl-tlv), adj. pertaining to, 
pu-lli-liv c involving, or inflicting penalty. 
Also, punitory. 

niinlr (punk), n. decayed or rotten wood; 
pulIK tinder; a substance that will hold 
Are without flame. 

mm IrciVi (pun'ka), n. in British India, a 
puII-Kclll hanging fan moved by a servant 
to cool a room. Also, punka, 
min (Poster), n. one given to 

puii-oici punning, or playing upon words, 
mint (punt), n. a flat-bottomed boat for 
puiit fishing, usually driven along with a 
pole; in football, the act of kicking the ball: 
v.t. to propel, as a boat, by pushing with a 
pole: to kick (a football) before it touches the 
ground, when dropped by the hand: v.i. to 
propel a boat; to kick a football.— n. punter, 
mi nv (pu'nf), adj. [comp, punier, superl. 
PH-ll y puniest], small in strength or size; 
weak; feeble; as, a puny child.— n. puniness. 
TYMt-, (pup), n. a young dog; a puppy; a 
P U P young seal. 

Tyii po (pu'pa), n. [pi. pupae (-pe)], an 
pu-po. insect in its cocoon or shell.— adj. 
pupal. 

mi nil (Pu'pfl), n. a young person who is 
pu-pil under the care of a teacher; a 
scholar; a ward; in law, a boy or girl under 
the age of fourteen or twelve years respec¬ 
tively; the opening at the center of the eye 
through which rays of light pass to reach the 
retina.— adj. pupillary.— n. pupilage, 
mm npf (Pup'et), n. a small doll or image, 
pup-pci especially one moved by wires 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event., edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 

























puppy 


495 


purulent 


In a mock drama; one who is under the 
influence and control of another. 

■nii-n rvir (PUP' 1 ), n. a young dog; a con- 
pup-pjr ceited young man; a silly fop. 

Tvi-i-r Vklinrl (pur'blind"), adj. almost with- 
pu.I-UllJ.iu. ou t, sight; seeing dimly; men¬ 
tally shortsighted or dull. 

Tki-i-r rVioco (pfir'chas), v.t. to get by pay- 
pui-uiasc ing money or its equivalent; 

acquire; buy; obtain at the expense of some 
sacrifice, labor, etc.; move or raise by the 
application of some mechanical power: n. 
the act of buying; thing bought; a mechani¬ 
cal hold or advantage in raising heavy bodies; 
as, to get a purchase on a thing to be lifted 
or carried.— n. purchaser. 

Tktit-tt (pur), adj. [comp, purer, superl. 
puic purest], genuine; real; clear; clean; 
innocent; honest; mere.— adv. purely.— n. 
pureness. 

-rAa. (pu'ra'). n. a thick soup, as of 
pU-lcc boiled beans rubbed through a 
sieve. [Fr.] 

rvi-it- era firm (pflr-ga'shun), n. the act of 
pur-ga-tion cleansing; the act of clear¬ 
ing from guilt. . 

TYM-r era tivd (pur'ga-tiv), adj. having the 
pur-gd.-llvu power of cleansing: n. a 

medicine for the purpose of cleansing the 
system of waste and impurities; a cathartic. 

era tn ri al (pur''ga-to'ri-al),aeb.per- 
pUr-gd-LU-Il-cU tabling to purgatory, or 

place of cleansing after death. 

rvo f-rr (pur'ga-to-rl), n. m the 
pur-ga-to-ry Roman Catholic creed, the 
state after death in which the souls of the 
faithful are purified from venial sins by 
suffering: adj. cleansing. 

mircrd (PUC)* v.t. to cleanse or free from 
pUrg© impurities; to clear of guilt; re¬ 
move or wash away; as, to purge one s sins; 
to cleanse by the action of a cathartic 
medicine: v.i. to become pure or clean.— n. 

_ 0 -fJcvn (pu"ri-fl-ka'shun) , n. the 

pu-ri-n-ca-tion ac t of cleansing; state 
of being cleansed; cleansing from guilt or 
uncleanness. 

rm ri* fxr (Pu'rf-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. pun- 
pU-rl-iy fled, p.pr. purifying], to make 

clean; free from guilt; free from impurities 
or corruptions: v.i. to become clean, n. 

Tvf.) (pu'rim), n. a Jewish feast (Feast 

irTI-llIIl G f Lots) observed annually to 
commemorate the deliverance of the Jews in 
Persia from destruction by King Ahasuerus 
(Xerxes).—Esther ix. . 

Jem (pur'Izm), n. great nicety as to 
pUl-lblll ^fl e choice of words. 


" _ * 4 - (pur'Ist), n. one who is very pre- 

pUr-lSI C i se in the choice of correct words. 

+on (pu'ri-tan), n. one who is very 
pU-ll-IaJl strict in his religious life. 
Puritan, one who in the 16th and 17th 
centuries insisted upon having simpler forms 
of faith and worship than those established 
by law: adj. pertaining to the Puritans or 

their doctrine or practice^ . , 

• (pu-ri-tan'tk), adj. strict and 

pu-ri-tan-ic precise in the matter of 
religious duties and conduct of life. Also, 
puritanical. — adv. puritanically.— n. puri¬ 
ty * • ___ fpu ri-tan-izm), n. the 

Pu-ri-tan-ism doctrines and practices of 
the Puritans; great strictness in matters of 
religion and manner of living. 

-Hr (pu'ri-tl), n. the state or quality 
pU-ll-iy 0 f being clean; cleanness: free^ 


dom from foreign or adulterating matter; 
innocence. 

■nil-ri (purl). n - a warm spiced ale or gin; 

PUf 1 an embroidered or puckered border; 
a reversed stitch in knitting; the continued 
murmuring sound of a shallow stream: v.t. 
to fringe or embroider with a wayed edging; 
reverse (stitches) in knitting: v.i. to ripple 
or flow with a gentle murmur; to reverse 
knitting stitches. 

mii* lioiio (pur'luz), n.pl. adjacent dis- 
|JU1 -liCUo tricts or those lying near; en¬ 
virons; outskirts. 

mii- li-n (pur'linl, n. a piece of timber lying 
p ul -1111 horizontally to support the common 
rafters. Also, purline. 

mil* Imri (pdr-loin'), v.t. to steal: v.t. to be 
pul -1U111 guilty of stealing.— n. purloiner. 
mu- (pur'pl), adj. of the color of 

pUl-pitJ blended blue and red; of the 
color of robes of state; hence, regal or royal; 
in poetry, dyed with blood: n. a color, 
resulting from a mixture of red and blue: 
the robe of this color formerly worn by roy¬ 
alty; hence, royal power or dignity; also, 
great wealth or high rank; as, born to the 
purple: v.t. to give a purple color to: v.i. to 
become purple. , . 

mii* rtrtrl- (pur'port), n. meaning; design: 
pUI-pui l v .t. (pur-port'), to mean or 

seem to intend. 

mil- r\nco (pur'pus), n. design; end or 
pur-pUoc aim desired; settled intention; 
meaning: v.t. to intend or resolve; design: 
v.i. to have an intention.— adj. purposeless.— 
adv. purposely. _ .. . 

mir nncp fill (pur'pus-fool), adj. haying 
pUi-pUbU-llU an a i m in view; not aimless; 

serving an end or aim.— adv. purposefully, 
mi-f-i* (pur), n. the low murmuring of a 
pU-lT C at when pleased: v.t. to show by 
making such a sound; as, she purred her 
contentment: v.i. utter a low murmuring 
sound. Also, pur. 

mii-cA (purs), n. a small bag or pouch for 
pill be money; a sum of money collected 
for a purpose; as, they made up a purse for 
the widow; treasury; as, the public purse: 
v.t. to pucker or wrinkle; as, to purse the lips. 
mii*c or (Purser), n. an officer having 
purb-ei charge of the provisions, clothing, 
and money of a ship; paymaster. 

(purs'lan), n. a species of herb 
purb-lalie ^ed as a salad or a potherb, 
mii- on onock (pur-su'ans), n. the act of 

pur-su-ance following out or state of 
being followed out; as, in pursuance of a plan 
or an order; prosecution. 

mu- on (pur-su'ant), adj. done as a 

pUF-SU-d.ill result (of anything); con¬ 
formable: adv. in accordance; agreeably, 
rnir Olid (pur-su'), v.t. to follow with a 
pUl-bUC view to overtake; chase; as, 
to pursue a thief; seek; as, to pursue pleas¬ 
ure; to go on with; continue; as, to pursue 
one’s studies: v.i. to follow; to continue. 
n. pursuer. , „ „ 

mir 0111 + (pur-sut'), n. the act of following 
pUr-SUll 0 r seeking; chase; as, the pur¬ 
suit of a thief; a following up for a purpose; 
as, in pursuit of one’s business; occupation; 
as, business pursuits. _ N 

mi*. «nJ Tra«+ (pur'swi-vant), n. an at- 
pur-sui-vanx tendant or follower; state 

messenger. . . . 

mir oxr (pfir'si), adj. fat, thick, and short- 
pUl-by winded.— n. pursiness, 
mi m 1d*i+ (pu'roo-lent), adj. consisting 
pU-IU-ItJIll G f ) or containing, pus.— n. 

purulence. 


boot ffi&t• found: boil; function; chase;good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as m when, 
zh=z as m azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunc.at.on key, pages tax to xxiu 










purvey 


496 


pyx 


■nnr VPV (pfir-va')r v.t. to provide; pro- 
P UA_V C J cure, as provisions: v.i. to pur¬ 
chase provisions or food. 

■nnr ir**ir Qtirp (pur-va'§ns), n. the act 
P UA-vc j -<AAAV ' C of providing; provisions 
supplied; the right formerly accorded to 
royalty of buying up provisions without the 
owner’s consent. 

•nnr \rn\T nr (pur-va/er), n. one who sup- 
P LiA “ v ~ UA plies provisions or food. 

T ri£v-<ir (pur'vu), n. extent or scope of 
jJUI-VlcW anything; the body of a stat¬ 
ute; range of vision; outlook, 
nnc (pus), n. the white or yellowish-white 
matter found in sores, etc. 
niicli (p66sh), v.t. to press against with 
puoll force; urge forward or extend by 
effort; as, to push one’s interests; drive by 
pressure; urge; as, to push a debtor; v.i. to 
make a steady forward effort; as, the army 
pushed on; press hard: n. a thrust; force 
applied; effort; assault; continued endeavor; 
an army’s steady advance in the face of 
resistance.— adj. pushing. — n. pusher. 

pu-sil-la-nim-i-ty ££KjS^' M * ) 1 
pu-sil-lan-i-mous 

spirited; faint-hearted.— adv. pusillanimously. 
mice (P°° s ). n ■ a P e t name for a cat. 
PUoo Also, pussy. 

mic +11 lo-r (pus'tu-Mr), adj. covered with 
^JUo- LU.-ictl pimples filled with pus. 
mic fill cv (pus'tul), n. a small elevation of 
pUb-LUlc the skin, containing pus. 
mi+ (poot'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. put; p.pr. put- 
PU- 1 - ting], to place; to lay; as, to put a 
book^on the table;! to cause to be in any 
state or condition; as, to put to shame; to 
put to flight; state; propose; as, to put a 
question; apply; as, to put one’s mind on 
one’s work;iay or deposit; as, to put money 
in a bank; throw in; state in words; as, to 
put one’s thought into writing; shoot out 
or send forth; (put), in golf, to drive into a 
hole with a short, careful stroke; to putt: n. 
a push; throw; thrust; (put), in golf, a 
short, careful stroke for driving the ball into 
the hole; a putt. 

pu-ta-tive (pu'tji-tiv), adj. supposed; re- 

-nn frp far firvn (pu"tre-fak'shun), n. 
P AA- *' A c-fat-lfUu the act or process of 

decaying; rottenness. 

•mi +t-£> for + 1 * 170 . (pu'trfc-fak'tlv), adj. 
pu. - Li c- la v c pertaining to, or tend¬ 
ing to, decay. 

nil fro fir (pu'trS-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

putrefied, p.pr. putrefying], to 
rot; corrupt: v.i. to decay or become rotten. 
Syn. decompose, decay. 

, i < ^rt-tres'e 

rotten; 

putrescence. 

.f.—.j.J (pu'trld), adj. corrupt; rotten; 
pU-lilU. stinking.—n. putridity. 

TM1++ (P^t), n - i n golf, a short, careful stroke 
putL play a ball into a hole: v.i. to drive 
a ball into a hole with a short, careful stroke. 
Also, put. 

mif too (Pdt'e), n. a gaiter made of cloth 
pul-lee wrapped spirally from ankle to 
knee by officers, soldiers, or sportsmen; a stiff, 
heavy, leather legging. Also, puttie, putty, 
■niif +P 1 * (Pot'er), n. in golf, a short club, 
pui-lCI usually with a brass or iron head, 
used for playing a ball into a hole_. 

niif +1 Tl cr offPPti (put’ing gren), in golf, 
pul-ling green the plot of smooth turf 

around a hole. 


adj. 
decayed: 


mi +roo /'c.nf (pu-tres'ent), adj. becom- 

pu-ue&-eeiiL j ng rot1 


T>n+ +TT (puti), n. a kind of gaiter wrapped 

pUl-iy around the leg; a puttee; a cement 
of whiting and linseed oil used for filling 
cracks, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. puttied, p.pr. 
puttying], to fill with such cement, 
mi(puzfl), n. something that per- 
pUA-Z,lC piexes or causes embarrassment; 
a toy made to tax skill in arranging its parts; 
a problem; a riddle: v.i. to think in per¬ 
plexity; as, to puzzle over a mystery: v.t. to 
perplex; entangle; embarrass; to solve by 
clever thinking; as, to puzzle out a riddle. 
Syn., v. confound, bewilder, confuse, mystify. 
Ant. (see enlighten). 

-rvc rcr mv (pig'ml), adj. very small; dwarf- 
Pj &ish; small of its kind: n. a dwarf; 
a very insignificant person. Also, pigmy. 

-nir ia mac (pi-ja'm&z; pl-ja'maz), n pl. 
py-jd-liicta a su it of loose drawers and a 

jacket for wear during sleep. Also, pajamas, 
mr Inn (pi'16n), n. a gateway building in 
py-lUll the form of a pyramid; a post or 
tower used as a marker to indicate the course 
over which an airplane is to fly. 

•nir Inr ir (Pi-16r'Ik), adj. pertaining to the 
py-lUI-lU pylorus, or the opening of the 
stomach leading to the small intestine, 
nir In me (pl-15'rus; pi-15'rus), n. the lower 
P j -f'-'-J. uo a nd right opening of the stom¬ 
ach leading 
to the small 
intestine. 

p y r - a - 

miH (P Ir ' a - 

mia mid), 
n. a solid body 
standing on a 

squarel^or Pyramids of Gizeh, Egypt 
polygonal base, having its triangular sides 
ending in a point at the apex or top: pi. 
tombs in Egypt of such shape; a game at 
billiards. 

nir ram i Hal (pi-ram'I-dal), adj. shaped 
py-lcUIl-1-U.d.l like a pyramid. Also py- 

ramidic, pyramidical. 

Tiirm (P ir )» n * a f unera l pile; a pile of 
py^c WO od, etc., for burning a dead body, 
nir ritn (pi'rit; plr'it), n. a yellow mineral 
py-Illc -with a bright luster formed of 



iron and sulphur; iron pyrites. 

• rt a mii 


pyrite. 


py-rom-e- 

+ p, r (pT-rom'e- 
ter), n. an 
instrument for 
measuring very 
great heat. 

py-ro-tech- 





<!\ V*! v ' V> 






■M 




Pyrometer (dial) 


-pip (pT"ro-tek'nIk; plr"6-tek'nlk), adj. per- 
1AiA/ taining to fireworks or the art of making 
them. 

mr rn tpcli -nice (pT ,, ro-tek , nIks; plr*©- 

py-ro-iecn-nics tek'nlks), n. fireworks 

or the art of making them; loud or pro¬ 
longed speech. Also, pyrotechny. 

py-ro-tech-nist {g'-SSKonUSnS 

in the manufacture of fireworks. 

nv thfifi (pi'thon), n. a large serpent 
Pj -tAAvxi closely resembling the boa. 
rvvv (Piks), n. in the Roman Catholic 
PJ A Church, the box or container in which 
the consecrated wafer or Host is placed; the 
box in which coins are placed at the mint to 
be tested before being put into circulation. 


ate, senate, rare,^ cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 

















quack 


497 


qualified 


Q 


quack 


(kw&k), n. the cry of the duck, 
or a harsh sound like it; one who 
pretends to have medical skill or any skill 
that he does not possess; a pretender; v.i. 
to utter a harsh cry, as a duck; to pretend 
to be a doctor of medicine; to boast loudly: 
adj. pretending to know how to cure disease; 
as, a quack doctor. 

nuartr pr v (kwak'er-I), n. the acts, arts, 
qUo.vxi.-d -jr or ignorant practices of a 
pretender or impostor; humbug. 
ni1 „ J (kwod), n. in printing, an abbrevia- 
qua.il tion for quadrat, a piece of type 
metal used to fill the spaces between words 
and to fill out blank lines; a slang abbrevia¬ 
tion for the quandrangle, or court of a college, 
prison, etc. 

Hu a H ra o-ac t rrm (kwod"ra-jes'i-md), 

^Uda-Id-geb-l-md n . the first Sunday 

In Lent; Quadragesima Sunday. 

quad-ra-ges-i-mal i„ k >T) 8d liy: iS con: 

gisting of forty; pertaining to the forty days 
of Lent. 

filing ra n alp (kw6d'ran w gl), n. a four- 
qUd-U-IcUl-giL sided court or lawn, 

surrounded by buildings, especially on a 
college campus; a plane figure with four 
angles and four sides: a division of land, of 
varying size. 

niiarl ran an 1 ar (kwod-ran'gft-ldr), 
qUaQ-lRIl-gU-lctr adj. having the form 

of a plane figure with four vVt// 
angles and four sides. ~ . 

quad-rant M Quadrant 

one-fourth of a circle, or 
an arc of 90 degrees; an - 
instrument for measuring _ 
heights; an instrument for 
raising a cannon to the 
height needed for the de¬ 
sired range. 

quad-rat print: 

ing, a piece of type metal 
used to space between 
words or to fill out blank 
linos 

J (kwod-rat'Ik),n. an equation 

quaa-rat-ic in which the square, or 
second degree, is the highest power of an 
unknown quantity: pi. that part of algebra 
that treats of equations in which the square 
Is the highest power: adj. in algebra, hav¬ 
ing the square, or second degree, as the 
highest power of an unknown quantity; 

-ni ol (kwSd-rgn'I-Sd), adj. 

quad-ren-ni-al lasting through four 
years; happening once in four years, adv. 

quadrennially. 

* -5 


«iij, /Irillfk (kwd-drll'), n. a 
qUd.-UimC gets of couples; 


a dance by four 
music for it; 




□□COO 1 


Quadrilaterals. 1, square; 2, rectangle; 

3, parallelogram; 4, lozenge or diamond; 

6, trapezoid. 

_ j • i x _„ (kw6d"rl-lat'er-5,l), 

quad ri-lat-er-ai n . a plane figure with 

four sides and four angles: adj. having four 
sides and four angles. 


ing, used in the United States, a thousand 
trillions, or one followed by fifteen ciphers; in 
the English system, the fourth power of a mil¬ 
lion, or one followed by twenty-four ciphers. 
nttaA rnnn (kwod-roon'), n. a person 
qUctU-lUUii having one-fourth negro 
blood; the child of a mulatto and a white 
person. _ 

quad-ru-ma-nous idZ 6 ha^ng m ^i n fo s i 

feet like hands, as a monkey; four-handed, 
rrnarl m npH (kwod'roo-ped). n. a four- 
quetu-ru-peu. footed animal: adj. four- 

footed. 

niiafS m nip (kw5d'roo-pl), adj. four- 
qu.dU.-I U.-plc fold: n. a sum or quantity 
four times as great as another: v.t. to multiply 
by four: v.i. to increase fourfold. 

A -rii nlpxr (kwod'roo-pleks), adj. 
quaa-ru-piex fourfold.: used especially 
to describe a system of telegraphing in which 
four messages, two in each direction, are 
sent at the same time over one wire. 

V11 *>11 rate* (kwod-roo'plf-kat), 

quaa-ru-pn-caie V . L to mu itipiy by 

four: adj. (kwod-roo'pIT-kat), four times as 
great: n. one of four like things, 
an off (kwaf), v.t. to drink or swallow In 
quetll large quantities: v.i. to drink deeply, 
an a rr era (kwag'a), n. a South African 
qud.g-gcl four-footed animal of the zebra 
family: said to be no longer in existence, 
an a rr era (kwag'I), adj. giving under the 
quag-gj foot, as soft, wet ground; boggy. 

an a rr mirA (kwag'mir"), n. soft, miry 
quag-iiAlxC ground which yields under 

the feet; a bog. 

ana Tiaa (kwo'hdg; kwd-hSg'), n. thehard- 
qua-llUg shell clam common in America. 
Also, quahaug. 

an Q i1 (kwal), n. a small game bird of the 
qUd.il partridge family; the bob white: 
v.i. to shrink from facing pain or danger; lose 
heart or courage; cower. 

an a inf (kwant), adj. pleasingly old-fash- 
qUd.1111 ioned; curious and fanciful; not 
expressed or shown in the usual way; as, 
quaint speech; odd.— adv. quaintly.—n. 
quaintness. 

an airp (kwak), v.i. to vibrate or shake; 
qUctivc aSf the earth quakes; to tremble 
or shake with fear, cold, etc.; quiver: n. a 
shaking or trembling; especially, an earth¬ 
quake.— p.adj. quaking. — adv. quakingly. 

On at or (kwak'er), n. [/cm. Quakeress], 
yllcUi-Cl one 0 f a religious sect called by 
its members the Society of Friends.— adj. 
Quakerish. 

Quak-er gun gun _ or~ cannon mounted 
to deceive an enemy: so called because the 
Quakers do not believe in fighting an enemy. 

qual-l-n-ca-tion the act of making, or 

state of being, fit; any trait or thing that 
fits a person for any place or occupation; 

flt)I16SS 

anal 1 (kwSl'I-fid), p.adj. fitted; com- 

qual-l-nea petent; as, she is well quali- 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation kej^ pages xix to xxii. 





















qualifier 


498 


quartz 


/ led to fill the position; limited; restricted; 
as, qualified praise. 

niipi J f? p-f* (IcwOl'I-fl^er), n. one that 
limits or modifies: used in 
grammar as a name for an adjective, adverb, 
etc. 

mini i fv (kwoW-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
qu.aj.- 1 -i.y qualified, p.pr. qualifying], to 
make fit for any office, occupation, etc.; 
to moderate; lessen; soften; as, to qualify 
censure; to limit; modify; alter slightly; 
as, to qualify a statement: v.i. to become 
competent or fit for any office or employment. 

mi a 1 i fa + 117(0 (kwol'I-t$,-tIv), adj. per- 
qUd.l-1-ld.-llVe taming to quality, or 

kind, as opposed to quantity, or amount; 
as. qualitative analysis.— adv. qualitatively, 
mini i fir (kwokf-tl), n. [pi. qualities 
qucll-l-iy (-tlz)], that which belongs to a 
thing and makes it what it is and different 
from other things; naturo; kind; as, the 
qualities of cloth or iron; relative goodness; 
as, goods of high quality; trait or character¬ 
istic; as, generosity is one of his many fine 
qualities; special virtue; as, the healing 
quality of an ointment; rank; high birth; 
as, a lady of quality; distinctive tone; as, a 
voice of carrying quality. 
minim (kwam), n. a feeling of sickness, 
i^uauu especially of the stomach; a 
sudden misgiving or twinge of conscience.— 
adj. qualmish. 

mmn rin 1*17 (kwon'da-rl), n. a state of 
'i lA<AAA_AAcA_A J hesitation or doubt; a puz¬ 
zling difficulty; a dilemma. 

minn +1 +n tivn (kwon'tT-ta-tlv), adj. of 
quan-u-xa-uve or pertaining to quan¬ 
tity, or amount, as opposed to quality, or 
kind; as, quantitative analysis.— adv. quan¬ 
titatively. 

minn ti fir (kwSn'tl-tl), n. that property 
quail-11-iy G f anything that enablas it to 
be increased or reduced; any uncertain bulk, 
weight, or number; a large portion, sum, or 
mass; the sound given to a syllable, as long 
or short; anything that can-be increased, 
divided, or measured. 

minr nn tin (kwor'an-ten), n. the time 
M LAC *-- L during which an incoming 

vessel suspected of carrjing a dangerous 
disease is not allowed to communicate with the 
shore; the place where such vessels are held; 
the holding of them or the measures taken to 
hold them; any enforced restraint placed up¬ 
on travel or intercourse on account of disease: 
v.t. to place under restraint because of disease, 
niipr rpl (kwor'el), n. an arrow, especially 
4 ucu-xci one W ith a square head; an 
angry dispute; petty fight; a cause for 
dispute; a disagreement or falling out: v.i. 
to dispute violently; fall out; disagree; 
find fault; as, to quarrel with fortune. 


„ , „ , chned to dispute, dis 
agree, or find fault, or fight; easily provoked. 
— adv. quarrelsomely.— n. quarrelsomeness, 
fliiar 117 (kwor'I), n. a place from which 
H UCU 'V stone is dug or cut out for build¬ 
ing purposes, etc.; a beast or bird hunted 
with hawks or hounds: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
quarried, p.pr. quarrying], to dig or take 
from an excavation, or hole; as, to quarry 
stone.— p.adj . quarried.— n. quarryman. 
miart (kwfirt), n. two pints; in liquid 
H uai L measure, one-fourth of a gallon- 
In dry measure, one-eighth of a peck. 

quarte a [F »“ ard to ,enc1 ” 8 ' 

fliior + p-i* (kwor'ter), n. the fourth part 
^ of anything; twenty-five (often, 


twenty-eight) pounds, one-fourth of a hundred¬ 
weight; one-fourth of a ton; in England, eight 
bushels; the fourth part of tne moon’s 
monthly revolution; three months, a fourth 
of a year; one-half of a term at school; 
fifteen minutes, a fourth of an hour; twenty- 
five cents, a fourth of a dollar; a silver coin of 
this value; one of the four points of the com¬ 
pass, as north, south, etc.; a part of the 
globe; a particular place or district; after¬ 
part of a ship’s side; one of the four limbs 
of an animal with the parts near it; as, a 
quarter of lamb; life granted to a captive 
or enemy; mercy; as, to give no quarter; 
the place or source from which anything 
comes; as, you may expect trouble from that 
quarter: pi. lodgings, especially for soldiers: 
v.t. to divide into four equal parts; furnish 
with lodgings, food, etc., as soldiers; station. 
— p.adj. quartered. 

mio-r tor A air (kwdr'ter da), one of the 
4 Uctl ” Ucty four days of the year on 
which rents, etc., .paid every three months, 
are due. 

nn or icr Ae^rlr (kwfir'tersdgk"), n. that 
quai-lcl UtJLK p ar i; G f a s hip which is 

behind the mainmast. 

mi err +&r -frill (kwdr'ter-foil), n. a flower 
quai-id-lull with four leaves, or a leaf 
with four leaflets; an ornament somewhat 
like a leaf and having four lobes. Also, 
quatrefoil. 

niipr fpr in o' (kw5r'ter-ing), n. assign- 
4ucu-tci-lllg ment to lodgings, etc., as 
soldiers; the placing of more than one 
coat of arms on a shield to show the different 
families from whom a person is descended: 
any one of the coats of arms, 
nnqr +pr Itt (kwor'ter-U), n. [pi. quarter- 

quax-ier-iy lies ( _ llz)] a pub i ication 

issued once in every three months: adj. con¬ 
sisting of, or containing, a fourth part; com¬ 
ing once in three months: adv. once in each 
fourth of the year. 

quar-ter-mas-ter 

officer whose duty it is to assign lodgings 
and provide food, clothing, and other supplies, 
for soldiers; in the navy, a petty officer who 
attends to the steering, signals, stowage, etc., 
of ships. 

mifll* +pm (kwor'tgm), n. a quarter; a 
H uclA “ tciii fourth, as a fourth of a pint, 

bushel, etc.; a gill. 

Quar tPT* qfaff (k^r'ter-st&f”), n. [pi. 
quai - tci -o uxiJ. quarterstaves (-stavz)], 

a stout stick about six and a half feet long and 
shod with iron, formerly used as a weapon of 
defense. 

flllflT fpf (kwor-tet'), n. a musical compo- 
sition in four parts for four 


__ voices or instruments; the four performers of 

anar rpl Qnmp (kwdr'el-silm), adj. In- such a composition; anything made up of 

clined to disnute. dis- - A, “ - 


four. Also, quartette. 

auar-tn (kwor'to) n. [pi. quartos (-toz)], 
quox tu a book having the sheet folded 
into four leaves and nearly square in size- 
adj. having four leaves in a sheet. Also, 4toJ 



Quartz Crystals 


quartz <S te >r 


n. a hard mineral com¬ 
posed of pure silica: the most 
common of solid minerals, found in many 
kinds of rock, often in the form of crystals 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, st6p, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus,’menu; 

























quartzite 


499 


queen regent 


nrtartv ifp (kwbrt'sit), n. a compact rock 
qno - 1 composed of grains of quartz. 

niiacVi (kwosh), v.t. to put down or sub- 
qUdbiL (j ue; make an end of; as, to quash 
&, rebellion; in law, to stop, as a suit; set 
aside; as, to quash an indictment, 
mi a ci (kwa'sl-), a prefix meaning as . if, 
as it were, apparently, nearly, 
nuac oi a (kwosh'I-a), n. a very bitter 
HUdo-vSl-d. drug from the wood of the 
bitter ash and several other trees of the West 
Indies and South America: used as a tonic, 
mi a for -na rv (kwd-tflr'na-rl), adj. con- 
qud-iei-lld-iy sisting of four things; 


eighth note: v.i. to shake or tremble; -vibrate; 

have a tremulous sound, as a voice or musical 

instrument; trill: v.t. to utter or sing with 

trills or a tremulous sound. 

nn 5 iv n - a firmly built wharf for load- 

v^LLdj ing or unloading vessels. 

nil p 5i ov (kwe'zl), adj. affected with, or 

LJUcd-ojr causing, nausea or vomiting; 

delicate; as, a queasy question. 

niippn (kw en )> n - a female sovereign, or 

i|UccU, WO man who rules in her own right; 

the wife of a king; a gifted woman who is a 

natural leader; as, a social queen; the only 

perfect female of a swarm of bees (queen bee) 



Vermont Marble Quarry 


fourth in order: Quaternary, in geology, per¬ 
taining to the later period of the Cenozoic 
era, which extends to the present time: n. 
[pi. Quaternaries (-rlz)], the latest geologic 
period; the age of man. 

«... (kwd-tur'nl-un), n. the 

qua-ier-ni-on number four; a set or 
group of four persons or things; as, a qua¬ 
ternion of soldiers; a method of mathematical 
calculus. 

(kwot'ran), n. a stanza of four 
quai-raui lines, of which the third usually 
rimes with the first, and the fourth with the 
second. , , . 

mm .mr (kwa'ver), n. a shaking or 
qua-ver trembling, as of the voice; a 
trill in singing or playing; in music, an 


or a colony of ants; a playing card on which 
is a picture of a queen; a piece in chess; 
the best or chief of her kind: v.i. to rule 
as, or play the part of, a sovereign or leader. 

queen con-sort wife of_a reigning king. 

queen dow-a-ger the widow of a king. 

miPPfi 1v (kwen'lf), adj. like, becoming, 
queen-iy or suitable to, a queen; stately: 
adv. in the manner of a queen; hi a stately 
manner.— n. queenliness. w „ 

mmm. ^ (kwen mufh'er), the. 

queen motn-er widow of a king and 

mother of the reigning sovereign. 

rronf (kwen re jent), a queen 

queen re-gent re igning during the 


-Q’ - ' . . - 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn 










































































queen regnant 


500 


quince 


absence. 


etc., of the actual 
(kwen reg'nant). 


childhood, 
sovereign. 

queen reg-nant re f|S"| n S’hc? 

ovra right. 

fillppri5c TtrctfOk (kwenz war), a cream- 
qiXCCXl o Welle colored glazed pottery. 

ni 1 Ppr (kwer), adj. odd; singular; droll; 
4 UCC1 strange; mentally unsound; open 
to question.— adv. queerly.—n. queerness, 
fllipll ( kw ©l)» ®.f. to suppress oc subdue; 
H ucu put an end to; as, to quell a riot; 
to calm; quiet; as, to quell rage. 


mipnrh (kwench), v.t. to put out; as, 

quench a fire; to cause to cease 
or stop; as, to quench thirst; cool suddenly; 
as, to quench hot iron in water.— adj. quench- 
able, quenchless.— n. quencher. 


faultfinding; as, a querulous old man; express¬ 
ing complaint or fretfulness; as, a querulous 
voice.— adv. querulously.— 71 . querulousness. 
Syn. repining, fretting. 

Ant. (see patient). 

(T111P Y\T (kwe'rl), «. a question; an inquiry; 
M UC ‘ A J a question mark [?]: v.t. [p.t. and 
VP- queried, p.pr. querying], to inquire into; 
ask; to express a doubt in regard to; v.i. 
to ask questions. 

fill Pdf (kwest), n. search; as, an animal 
M ucot in quest of food; inquiry; adven¬ 
ture: v.i. to go forth seeking adventure; 
as, the knight quested forth. 

fflllPd firm (kwes'chun), n. an inquiry; 
quc&-tiUXX net of asking; that which is 
asked; interrogation; subject of dispute; 


miirlr P-n (kwlk'n), v.i. to come to life; 
4u1lz.ri.-CiX become alive; to act or move 
more rapidly: v.t. increase the speed of; 
hasten; as, to quicken one’s steps; to bring 
to life; to make keen; give new life to; 
refresh; cheer.—n. quickener. 
nuirlr limp (kwik'lim*), n. lime burnt 
4 Uicxwxxxic but unslaked, or not mixed 
with water. 

nuirlr coti/1 Orwlk'sand"). n. sand soaked 
t[UU/h-ocLUU with water and yielding so 
easily that a person or thing will readily sink 
into it. 


to rji-ji^lr ©of (kwlk'set"), n. a cutting from a 
v.jUioh-DCi living shrub, especially the 
hawthorn, set to grow, as for a hedge. 

(kwik'slkver), n. mercury. 


niiirtr cil wr (kwlk'sll'ver), n. mercury, 
-, -- ... ^t[uion.-ou-vci a heavy silver white me* 

fillPT 11 InilQ (kwer'oo-lus), adj. com- tallic element: used on the backs of mirrors, 
^ _ _ plaining; discontented; in thermometers, in amalgam fillings for the 

teeth, etc. 

niiirlr cto-rv (kwik'step),tt. a lively march, 
4 LCjJ written in quick time, fre¬ 

quently played by military bands. 

(kwld), n. a piece to be chewed; as, 
4 UIU. a quid of tobacco; a cud; in British 
slang, a pound, or twenty shillings. 

fllii/i fit f\7 (kwld'i-tl), 11 . [pi. quiddities 
quiu-ui-iy (_tiz)], that which makes a 
thing what it is and different from other 
things; a trifling nicety. 

nilifi rmrir (kwld'nuuk"), n. one who is 
vj[uiu-uuuo curious to know, or pretends 


before the meeting; doubt; as, these beyond 
question are the facts; a matter to be decided; 
as, that is a question for you to settle: v.t. 
to ask or interrogate; examine by queries; 
treat as doubtful: v.i. to make inquiries.— 
71. questioner. 

flllPQ firm 51 TVfp (kwes'chun-a-bl), adj. 
queb-llUn-a-Die that may be doubted 
or suspected; doubtful; suspicious; as, a 
questionable transaction.— ado. questionably. 
— n. questionableness. 

ques-tion-naire 

be answered by a large number of people 
whose replies are to serve as a basis in investi¬ 
gation of a subject; especially, in the World 
War, a series of questions issued by the United 
States government to be answered by drafted 
men. 

flllPllP (ku), n ‘ a Pigtail, or the tail of a 
4 UCUC wig; a line of people waiting for 
tickets, rations, etc. Also, cue. 
fill if* "hip (kwib'l), 11 . a turn or shift from 
the point in question: v.i. to 
avoid the truth by a skilful but trifling 
objection.—n. quibbler. 

Syn., v. evade, shuffle. 

flllih Klfno* (kwlb'llng), n. evasion or 
yuiu-uimg avoidance of the truth by 
means of a trifling objection. 
flllirTr (kwlk), adj. rapid; swift; as, quick 
4LUIZA, m action; nimble; as, quick on 
one s feet; alert; ready; as, a quick eye; 
quick wit; easily excited; hasty; as, a 
quick temper; sensitive; having life: adv. 
with haste; rapidly: n. the living flesh; 
as, the quick under the nail of a finger or toe; 
the feelings; as, she was hurt to the quick; 
a hedge of growing shrubs.— adv. quiokly. — 
7l. quickness. 

, Syn., adj. lively, brisk, swift, agile, active. 
Ant, (see slow). 


to know, everything that goes on; a gossip. 

mii pc cpncA (kwl-es'ens), n. repose or 
4UX-C&-CCXXCC rest; mental calm. Also, 

—--—--- ^ quiescency. 

subject under discussion; as, the question z - z .,.,2 rpr) + (kwi-es'ent), adj. reposing 

4UX-co-ccxit or resting; calm; silent; 


still.— adv. quiescently, 
fllll pf (Ivwl'et), adj. free from motion, 
disturbance, or noise; as, a quiet 
river; qxiiet life; quiet children; still; calm; 
as, a quiet night; peaceable; gentle; as, a 
quiet disposition; secluded; as, a quiet woods; 
subdued and modest; as, quiet manners; 
not showy; as, quiet colors: v.t. to calm or 
make peaceful; bring to a state of rest: v.i. 
to become still or calm: n. freedom from 
motion, noise, or disturbance; rest; stillness; 
calm.— ado. quietly.— n._ quietness, quieter. 

qui-e-tude 4SS 0 - rest: repose: 

npi fiic (kwl-e'tus), n. rest; death; final 
^ux-c-iuo settlement, as of an account; 
something which puts an end to action, 
mtill n. the large strong feather of a 

414 .XJ .1 bird’s wing or tail; a pen made from 
such a feather; one of the long sharp spines 
of the porcupine: v.t. to plait or iron into 
small fluted ridges. 

nilill incr (kwllffng), 71 . a strip of material, 
'* U 7T l 7 J r as Sllk . net, etc., fluted into 
small ridges. 

niiilf (kwllt), n. a kind of coverlet or bed- 
41 x 1 x 1 , cover: v.t. to stitch together, as two 
layers or pieces of cloth, etc., with a soft 
material between: v.i. to stitch material 
together with soft material between.— n. 
quilter. 

niiilf- itio* (kwfit'Ing), n. the act or process 
4LLU.L-U.i^ of stitchhig layers of material to¬ 
gether with other soft material between; mate¬ 
rial for such work; the work when finished, 
fllli 1151 TV (kwi'nd-ri), n. that which has 
4 ^ five members: adj. consisting 

of, or arranged in, fives. 

fllllTlPP (twins), n. the applelike fruit of a 
4 uxxxizc; tree of the apple f ami iy muc b 

used for preserves; also, the tree. 


- - ■ - 1 ■ — » ---- - 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus/menu; 









quinine 


501 


quo warranto 


nut ntnp (kwi'nin; 

qui-nme drug obt 


kwl-nen'), n. a bitter 
drug obtained from the bark of 
the Cinchona tree. Also, quinin, quinia, 
quinina. 

Quin-qua-ges-i-ma 

day next before Lent; Quinquagesima Sunday. 

niii-n miATi -ni nl (kwIn-kwen'I-Sd), adj. 
qum-quen-lll-cu occurring once in five 

years, or at the end of every five years, or 
lasting five years: n. such an event. 

OTr (kwln'zl), n. inflammation of the 

quin-sy tonsils. 

mtin (kwin'tal), n. a weight of one 
quili-ld.1 hundred or one hundred and 
twelve pounds. 

mi in ton (kwln'tan), adj. occurring every 
quill- LcU.1 fifth day; as, a quintan fever. 

ooiti ipc cpiipp (kwin-tes ens), n. the 
quiAA-ico-ocAXA/c; pure essence, or most 

necessary part, of anything; hence, the sum¬ 
ming up in concrete form of certain qualities 
in their greatest perfection; as, she is the 
quintessence of neatness. 

nn in fckf (kwin-tet'), n. a musical compo- 
q Lx ill- l sition in five parts or for five voices 
or instruments; the five performers of such a 
composition; any set of five. Also, quintette. 

nnin til linn (kwin-til'yun), n. in the 
quxxx- laa-aauaa system of numbering used in 

the United States and France, a thousand quad¬ 
rillions, or one followed by eighteen ciphers; in 
the English system, a million raised to the fifth 
power, or one followed by thirty ciphers. 

nnin tn nln (kwln'tfi-pl), v.t. and v.i. 
quill- iix-pxc t 0 make or become five times 

as much: adj. fivefold. 

ni1 • (kwlp). n. a short sarcastic remark; 
quip a smart retort; jeer; quibble, 
nnim (kwTr), n. twenty-four sheets of 
quilt? paper of the same size and kind. 
I^nif i nol (kwir'I-nal; kwi-rl'nal). n. at 
Vi^Hl-l-lldl Rome, the royal palace of the 
King of Italy: so called because it stands 
on the hill of the same name, 
nnirlr (kwurk), n. a sudden twist, turn, 
qUlllv or curve, as of the pen in writing; 
a flourish; an artful avoidance of the truth 
In speaking; a quibble; smart answer; a 
slang term for the pilot of an airplane, 
mii-rt (kwfirt), n. a riding whip with a short 
qull l handle and lash of braided rawhide. 

(kwlt), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. quit or quitted, 
quit p.pr. quitting], discharge, as an obliga¬ 
tion or duty; stop; give up; as, to quit work; for¬ 
sake ; as, to quit the path of duty; to depart from; 
as, he quit the house forever; adj. freed from. 

_ * 4 . rtlotm (kwit'klam"), n. a full release, 

qUll-Llclllll as from a demand, suit, etc.; 
a deed of release: v.t. to give up title to. 
miito (kwit), adv. wholly; com- 
qUlLC pletely;entirely; as, quite 
dead: quite certain; sometimes, 
very; considerably; as, quite cold; 
quite sick. 

mii+c (kwlts). adj. equal or 
quits even (with some one), as 
when returning or repaying some¬ 
thing; as, now we are quits. 

quit-tance Ss^from ”a 

debt, service, or obligation; re¬ 
payment. 

ar (kwlv'er), n. a port- 
qulV-ci a ] 3 i e case or sheath 
for arrows; the act of trembling 
or shivering: v.i. to tremble. 



Ancient 

Quiver 


shake, or shiver; as, to quiver with anger. 

• (ke vev'), the challenge of a sen 

V1V U tlnel in the French army, mean- 


ing, who goes there? to be on the qui vive, to 
be on the watch or the alert. [Fr.] 
filllY nt if* (kwlk-sot'ik), adj. chivalrous or 
qULA-ut-Al/ romantic to an absurd or ex¬ 
travagant degree; from Don Quixote, the hero 
of Cervantes’ romance of that name.— adv. 
quixotically.— n. quixotism. 

(kwiz), n. an absurd, jesting question, 
quxz, p u t in pretended seriousness; a joke; 
one who jests or asks absurd questions; 
colloquially, a questioning of a pupil, class, 
etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. quizzed, p.pr. quiz¬ 
zing], to make game of by trying to puzzle; 
make fun of while pretending to be serious; 
chaff; examine narrowly with an air of 
mockery; colloquially, to examine (a pupil 
or class) by questions.— n. quizzer. 

niii'r 71 ral (kwiz'I-kal), adj. comical; 
quxA-Al-^ax humorously serious; queer; 
odd.— adv. quizzically. 

mi or] (kwod), n. a quadrangle, as of a prison; 
quutl a prison. [Slang.] 
mmfn (koin; kwoin),. n. a large square 
qUUlil stone at the corner of a wall; the 
outside angle of a building; a wedge of wood 
or metal to raise a gun; a wedge-shaped block 
to tighten the pages of type within a galley; 
a wedge-like piece used for any purpose, 
nil nit (kwoit; koit), n. a circular ring of 
quell iron to be pitched at a fixed object: 
pi. the game thus played. 

niirrn Ham (kwon'dam), adj. having been 
quuil-uaxix S ome time; former; some¬ 
time; as, a quondam member of a society, 
mm rum (kwo'rum), n. the number of 
qUU-1 Ulli regularly assembled members of 
a body or corporation necessary, by law or 
constitution, to transact business, 
mm fa (kwo'ta), n. the part or share 
qUU-ld. required from each to make up an 
amount or quantity^ 

mm+ a 'hln (kwot'd-bl), adj. that which 
qUU 1-U-UiC may be, or deserves to be, 
repeated or cited. 

mm +a firm (kw6-ta'shun), r?. the act of re- 
qUU-ld-llUll peating the words of another; 
the words repeated; a passage from a book, 
etc., repeated or referred to as illustration; the 
current price; a stating of the current price. 

quo-ta-tion mark Sk);one s o h f?he 

marks placed at the beginning and end of 
a cited or repeated passage or word; two 
inverted commas [“] at the beginning, and 
two apostrophes [”] at the end of a quota¬ 
tion; each of the single marks used to show 
a quotation within a quotation; as, the wit¬ 
ness replied, “He approached me and said. 
‘Good evening.’ ” 

mi nf e* (kwot), v.t. to repeat, as the words of 
qUU lc some other person; repeat the words 
of, as an author or passage; name or cite, as an 
author or passage, as authority or illustration; 
give the present price of: v.i. to repeat the words 
of another.—n. quoter. 

mmtVi (kwoth), v.t. said; spoke; uttered: 
qUU 111 used only in the first and third 
persons in the past tense, with the nominative 
always following the verb; as, quoth he. 
ni1A +: o-r, (kwo-tld'i-Sn), n. an inter- 

qUO-ll-U.l-d.ll mittent fever that retimes 
every day: adj. daily. 

mm fm-nf (kwo'shent), n. the number 
qUO-Hell l resulting from the division of 
one number by another. 

mm xxror ran fn (kwo wo-ran'to), a ju- 
qUO Vvclx-I dll- lO (jjcial writ or order 

commanding a person to show by what right, 
or authority, he exercises an office, or certain 
powers. [Lat.1 


qui_ 

boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 


















raad 


502 


radiator 


R 


•marl ( rat )* n - a legislative assembly, or 
1 ctau lawmaking body, of South Africa. 

(rab'et'. n. a groove or cut, made 
AdU-UCL -dg e 0 f one plank, etc., 

so that another may fit into it: v.t. to join, 
as parts cut or grooved to fit together. 

-raVi Hi (rab'I; r&b'I), n. [pi. rabbis (-iz; 
iaU-Ul -iz)], a Jewish title for a doctor or 
interpreter of the law; a teacher; a pastor of 
a Jewish congregation, ordained to deal with 
questions of law and ritual. Also, rabbin. 
rC ik 'Ui-n ir (ra-blnlk), adj. pertaining to 
JdU-UlII-IO Jewish doctors of the law, 
their doctrines, learning, and language. Also, 
rabbinical. 

r ok 'Kif- (rab'it), n. a well-known small 
laU-Uit animal of the hare family, esteemed 
for food and for its fur: v.i. to hunt and kill 
those animals. 

rab-bit war-ren 

make holes in the ground and breed. 

o-oK V»1 o (rab'I), n. a noisy crowd or mob: 

the rabble, the lowest class of 
people: adj. noisy; coarse. 

TflH iH (^b'ld), adj. furious; raging; ex- 
iau-m tremely unreasonable; excessively 
zealous; mad.^-adr. rabidly, 
fa ckQ (ra'bl-ez), n. dog madness; mad- 
x a-ui-co ness caused by the bite of a dog; 
hydrophobia. 

Tp pp (ra'kd; ra-ka'), adj. worthless: used 
A ti-ta to express great contempt among the 
ancient Jews. 

Tpp rnrm (ra-koon'), n. a grayish-brown 
a ac-cuun animal of North America with 
a bushy black-and-white ringed tail: valued 
for its fur. Also, racoon. 

Tppcx (ras), n. a strong rapid current of 
iai/C water; also, its channel; as, a mill 
race; a contest of speed, as in running, 
swimming, etc.; length of life or career; as, 
my race is run; breed; a class of beings hav¬ 
ing similar qualities; as, the human race; 
a division of human beings; as, the white 
race; a nation; as, the English race; family 
line; as, the race of Stuart kings: v.i. to run 
swiftly; contend hi running; to run, as an 
engine, too fast because of a lightened load: 
v.t. to cause to move swiftly in a contest of 
speed; to drive at great speed; as, to race a 
horse; to run with, in a speed contest. 

Tp fpmp (ra-sem'; rzi-sem'), n. a flower 
cluster in which the flowers 
grow singly,^at almost regular distances, along 
a stalk.— adj. racemose. 

T etc Pr (ras'er), n. one that engages in a 
.icav^-ca speed contest; anything that has 
power to go at very great speed, as a race 
horse; a variety of snake, especially the 
American black snake. 

Tare* cn i rirl q (ras su'I-sxd), the gradual 
a ate ou A-uuc dying out of a race be¬ 
cause of the refusal of its members to have 
children enough to make up for the death rate. 

-r a pa waw (ras'wa'), «. a water channel, 
Xd.Le-way as a mill race. 

"Dp pHpI (ra'chel), n. in the Bible, the 
Ava-onci wife of Jacob and mother of 
Joseph and Benjamin. 

ra pV*i fio (rd-kl'tls), n. a disease in which 
ACi-v/AAA-Lis the h eac i enlarges and the 
bones become misshapen, due to inflamma¬ 
tion of the spine: called also rickets. 


m pjnj (ra'shS.1), adj. pertaining to a divi- 
-Eicti s i on or f am ily of men.— adv. racially. 
r p pip (rak), n. an instrument for torturing 
IdUlx the body by stretching or straining 
the limbs: formerly used to force a confession; 
intense physical or mental suffering; as, pain 
or anxiety kept him on the rack; a frame¬ 
work on or in which articles are hung or 
arranged; a grating above a manger for 
holding hay; a straight bar having teeth 
which work with the teeth of a pinion or cog¬ 
wheel; thin, broken, vapory clouds; wreck: 
used only in rack and ruin; a pacing gait of a 
horse: v.t. to stretch or strain on an instru¬ 
ment of torture; torture; torment; ar, 
racked by remorse; strain; tear; as, racked 
by a cough; tax greatly; as, to rack one’s 
brain: v.i. to go at a pacing gait, as a horse. 
Syn., v. agonize, wring, distress. 

Ant. (see soothe). 

rp pip pf (rak'gt), n. a clattering noise; 
aoa/xx-gl (jm- noisy talk or play; a net¬ 
work bat used in the game of tennis; a 
snowshoe: v.i. to make a loud noise: frolic: 
v.t. to strike with, or as with, a network bat. 
rarlr rant (rak rent), rent raised to 
l di/iv i caa l the utmost rental value of the 
property. Also, rackrent. 

m f .fpii r* (ra"kon"tur'), n. a story- 
-t/UAi-LCU .1 teller; one who relates 
anecdotes, etc., extremely well. [Fr.] 

Tp ppinn (ra-koon'), a grayish-brown North 
la euuAA American animal having a bushy 
black-and-white ringed tail and a valuable 
fur. Also, raccoon. 

Tpp nil pf ( rak 'et), n. a network bat for 
Ad^-ej[iAci playing tennis, etc.: v.t. to 
strike with a network bat. Also, racket. 

Tpp v ( ras 'b> ad J- having a strong flavor; 
j-o.'-'-j p U 11 g en t ; spicy; rich; fresh; as,a racy 
wine; mentally exciting; lively; spirited; 
smart; suggestive or immodest; as, a racy 
story.— adv. racily.— n. raciness. 

TP Hi al (ra'di-al), adj. pertaining to a ray, 
A CA-VAA-CAA as of light, or to a radius, as of a 
circle; shooting out from a center; pertain¬ 
ing to the outer bone of the forearm.-— adv. 
radially. 

Tp Hi pri (ra'dl-an), n. a unit for the meas- 
Ao.-vAA-a.AA ur ement of angles; the arc, or 
portion of a circle, whose length is equal to 
the radius. 

Tp Hi an rp (ra'di-ans), n. brilliant bright- 
Aa vaa oAxv/t; ness; splendor; as the radi¬ 
ance of the sun. Also, radiancy. 

Syn. brilliancy, luster, glare. 

TP Hi ptvt 1 (ra'dl-Snt), adj. sending out 
Ict-UI-dlU rays of light or heat- as> the 

radiant sun; shining; brilliant; as, radiant 
beauty; beaming with kindness, joy, etc., 
as, a radiant smile; pouring out or issuing as 
in rays; as, radiant heat or radiant energy.— 
adv. radiantly. 

Vfi Hi a tp (ra'dl-at), v.t. to send out in rays; 
a a- 'A-n - ns, thesun radiates light and heat: 
r. y'* .ssue xorth in rays; as, heat and light 
radiate from the sun_: adj. having rays. 

ra Hi a firm (ra"di-a'shun), n. the com- 
ia-UA-a-UUXl jng forth and spreading, as 

of rays, in all directions from a common 
center; as, the radiation of light or heat from 
a shining or heated body. 

Ta Hi a tor (ra'dl-a'ter), n. the body from 
a-tvAi which rays are sent out: a 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade) scene, event, edge, novel, refer) 

right, sin) cold, obey, cord, stop, compare) unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





radical 


503 


railroad 


chamber, coil, drum, etc., in a building 
heated by steam, hot air, hot water, etc., 
for warming the building; an appliance used 
with a gasoline engine to cool the water 
which circulates around the engine. 
rCk A \ pnl (rad'I-kalX, n. a simple word, 

I dd-I-tcU or r cot, from which other words 
are formed; the base of a chemical compound; 
a person who holds extreme views and takes 
extreme measures: adj. pertaining to the 
root or origin; original; extreme; as, a 
radical difference of opinion; in mathe¬ 
matics, showing or containing the root of a 
number; pertaining to a political party of 
advanced views: Radical, a member of a 
political party holding very advanced views, 
especially about social equality.— adv. radi¬ 
cally-— n. radicalness. 

(rad'i-sel), n. a little root. Also, 
ld.U.- 1 -Cei radicle. 

t-a Hi n or +iVa (ra"dI- 6 -ak'tiv), adj. ca- 
ra-Ul-O-d-C-llVt; p a ble of sending forth 

Invisible rays, such as X rays, composed of 
particles moving at high velocity.—n. radio¬ 
activity. 

ra Hi n arc \nVl (ra'di-ft-graf) n. a pic- 
la-Ul-U-gldpil ture obtained by means 

of invisible rays, as X rays, radium rays, etc.: 
v.t. to produce a likeness of, by means of 
invisible rays.— n. radiographer. 

ra-di-og-ra-phy ^'the^arr'or 

process of producing pictures by the 
action of invisible rays upon a sensi¬ 
tive surface, like a photographic plate. 

fa Hi o for (ra"dI-om'S-ter), 

1 tll-urii-c- n. an instrument 

by means of which radiant light or 
heat may be directly transformed into 
mechanical energy. 

ra - di - o - te - leg - ra - phy 

(ra"dI- 6 -t§-leg'rd-fI), n. the sending of 
messages through the air without the 
aid of wires; wireless telegraphy.— 

adj. radiotelegraphic. Radi- 

ra-di-o-te-leph-o-ny ometer 

6 -nI), n. the speaking of a message through 
the air without the aid of wires; wireless 
telephony. 

r o H icVi (rad'Ish), n. 

Idti-loll a plant with a 

pungent edible root, usu¬ 
ally eaten raw; the root. 
fa Hi iim (ra'dl-um), 

ra di um n a chemi¬ 
cal element, extracted 
from pitch-blende, which 
gives off invisible rays 
with extremely slow loss 
of power or weight. 

fa Hi iic (ra'dl-us), n. 
ra-dl-Ub [pi radii (- 1 ); 

radiuses (-ez)], a straight Radish 

line from the center of a 

circle or sphere to the circumference or surface; 
the thicker and shorter bone of the forearm; 
the ray of a flower. .... , 

-R o (raf'I-d), n. a kind of palm fiber, 
rai-ll-«. used in basket weaving, etc. 

ri\a. (raf'l), n. a kind of lottery, or game 
Idl-llC 0 f chance, in which each person 
pays a part of the value of a _ thing for a 
chance of winning it: v.t. to dispose of by 
selling chances on: v.i. to take part in the 
selling of a thing by chances. 

(raft), n. a floating flat framework 
rd.ll made of logs, boards, etc., fastened 
together: v.t. to carry on such a float. 




raff or (r&f'ter), n. a sloping beam that 

ld.ll.-Cl helps to support the roof of a 
house: v.t. to form into, or furnish with, such 
beams. 

■rciffc rn art (rafts'man), n. a man who 
I di lb-llia.il W orks on or manages a raft, 

or float of logs, etc., on a river. 

rcicr (rag). n - a worn or torn piece of cloth; 

shred; a mean dress; a piece of popu¬ 
lar music in syncopated time; pi. tattered or 
worn-out garments: v.i. to play music in 
syncopated time; colloquially, to scold. 

racr a miif fin (rag'a-muf "In), n. a beg- 
ld.g-d-iilUl-1111 garly, usually disrepu¬ 
table, fellow who wears tattered clothing: 
adj. beggarly. 

rs'cro (raj). n • uncontrolled anger; extreme 
Idgc violence; fury; enthusiasm; great 
eagerness; colloquially, anything eagerly 
sought because of fashion; as, high heels 
are the rage: v.i. to be furious with anger; 
storm; to act violently; have furious force 
or effect; as, a fever rages; be violently 
agitated; as, the sea raged, 
racr cror\ (rag'ed), adj. torn; having holes 
resulting from wear; as, a 
ragged coat; clothed in tattered garments; 
as, a ragged fellow; rough; jagged; as, a 
ragged stone.— adv. raggedly. — n. raggedness. 

racr crort rrth in (rag'ed rob'In), a com- 
i 3-£>-£>6(l lOD-lIl mon garden flower, hav¬ 
ing small blossoms with jagged edges. 
racr loti (rag'lSLn), n. a loose overcoat with 
I dg-Idll large sleeves or a cape. 
fa 0-011+ (ra-goo'), n. a stew of meat and 
Itt-gUUl vegetables highly seasoned. 

racr clniiP (rag'ston"), n. any rough, 
Adg-olUlic coarse-grained rock. 

i-orr timp (rag'tim"), n. a form of synco- 
I <1 &-tlllic p a ted time in music peculiar to 
many negro melodies or popular airs; music 
in this time. [Colloq.] 

i-o rr nrori (rag'wurt"), n. a common plant 
idg-WUIL 0 f the aster family with jagged 

or toothed leaves. 

voiH (rad), n. a hostile invasion; a sudden 
idlU a ttack, especially to make arrests, 
seize property, or discover stolen goods; as, a 
police raid; in the World War, an attack by 
airships upon a region outside the fighting 
areas; a night excursion by a small party of 
soldiers to an enemy trench to secure prison¬ 
ers, information, etc: v.t. to make a sudden 
attack upon; to invade.—n. raider. 

Q :i (ral), n. a bar of wood or metal placed 
ld.ll hi a horizontal position between two 
supports; a wooden or iron 
fence; especially that 
placed as a guard at the 
edge of the deck of a ship; 
one of two bars of iron or 
steel forming a track for 
the wheels of a vehicle; a 
wading bird of the crane „ , T _ hpfld . 

family: v.i. to use bitter 2 , double-head ’ 
scornful, or reproachful 
language; scoff: with at or against: v.t. to 
inclose with bars, etc.: with in or off. 

;i • fy (ral'Ing), n. material for rails; a 
Idll-lllg, fence or barrier made of bars 
upheld by posts: adj. insulting or reproach¬ 
ing; as, railing Janguage. 

i-o ii \or t r (ral'er-I; ral'er-I), n. good- 
Iclll-lCI-j humored ridicule; merry jest¬ 
ing; banter. . , .. 

i-o it foaA (ral'rod"), n. a way or road laid 
Idll-lUdU. w ith two parallel iron or steel 
rails, forming a track along which cars are 
drawn by steam power, electricity, etc.; 
such a road, with all the land, stations, cars. 



boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu* 

















railway 


504 


rampant 


engines, etc., pertaining to it: v.t. colloquially, 
in the United States, to put through rapidly; 
rush; as, to railroad a bill through a legisla¬ 
ture. 

— Q :i n , ai; (ral'wa"), n. in Great Britain, a 
a.y railroad; in the United States, 
a railroad for light traffic; as, an electric 
railway; any track with rails for wheels. 
mi mpnt (ra'ment), n. clothing; gar- 
AcAA-AAA '^ AA| ' ments; wearing apparel, 
rain ( rau )- n - water falling in drops from 
ictm the clouds; the fall of such drops; a 
fall or shower of anything in such drops; as, 
a rain of bullets or compliments: v.i. to fall 
in drops of water from the clouds; fali like 
rain: v.t. to pour down like rain; shower; as, 
to rain favors on someone.— n. rainless. 

Tain Virv\xr (ran'bo"), n. the bright-colored 
AcAAAA-Aj, ' J vv arc or bow formed in the 
heavens opposite the sun by the reflection 
of the sun’s rays in drops of falling rain, 
or in spray, mist, etc.; adj. brilliant but 
passing quickly. 

min mat (ran'kot"), n. a coat or cloak 
A <lAAA -V/va.t made of waterproof material, 
Intended to be worn in wet weather. 

■min fa 11 (ran'fol"), n. the amount of rain 
AcAAAA_ActAA that falls during a definite period 
on any given area or space. 

Tain era era ( ran & a i). an instrument to 
ACAAAA & a b c measure the fall of rain at a 
given place or during a given time. Also, 
rain gauge. 

rain v ( ran,] 0, ad l- abounding with rain; 
i tu.ii.-j showery; wet; as, rainy weather. 
— n. raininess. 

rfMQP (? az )- vt - to cause to rise; lift up; 
AaAac elevate; as, to raise a flag; originate 
or produce; as, to raise wheat; to stir up; 
arouse; as, to raise the town; increase; as, 
to raise prices; construct; as, to raise a 
building; collect; as, to raise money; cause 
to appear; as, to raise a ghost; cause to 
swell; as, to raise a blister; to put an end 
to; as, to raise a siege; bring to notice; as, 
to raise a question.— n. raiser, raising. 

rai din ( ra ' zn >. n • a dried grape, contain- 
aoj-qaaa j n g much sugar and cured in the 
sun or in an oven. 

ra-iah. - n - a Hindu prince or chief. 

J Also, raja. 

■Qfli nilt (raj'poot; raj"poot'), n. a Hindu 
•*- vcl J i- of royal descent or of the higher 

military caste or rank. Also, Rajpoot. 
raXca ( rak )» n - an implement with teeth or 
AaiVC tines for gathering together loose 
matter, or for 
making soil 
loose and 
smooth; an 
immoral man; 
slant or slope: 
v.t. to gather, 
smooth, or 
loosen with a 
rake; as, to 
rake up leaves; 
tclJcs ct flower 
bed; to collect; „ Rakes. 1, wooden; 2, hay rake; 
to gather to- ?’ iron rake; 4, adjustable; 5, 
gether by dili- k orse-drawn rake. 

gent effort; as, to rake together a few dollars; 
rake up evidence; to search through carefully; 
ransack; scour; as, they raked the records for 
proof; they raked the city in search of a 
suitable house; to fire upon, especially along 
the length of; as, to rake the deck of a ship, 
or a line of soldiers: v.i. to work with a rake; 
as, he raked in the garden; to make a close 
search; make careful collection; as. they 



raked and scraped to make both ends meet.— 
7l<* rftker* 

rah- icTi (rak'Ish), adj. corrupt; intem- 
A<AAk “ AaAA perate; unrestrained; also, showy 
or dashing; as, a rakish appearance; nauti- 
cally, showing speed by having the masts 
greatly inclined; as, a rakish yacht.— adv. 
rakishly.—n. rakishness. 

rai Itt (rail), n. [pi. rallies, (-Iz)J, the act of 
ActA-A j recovering order or of regaining 
strength: good-humored jesting; an assem¬ 
bling; as, the rally of the troops; colloquially, 
in the United States, a mass meeting; in tennis, 
the repeated return of the ball: v.t. [ p.t , and 
p.p. rallied, p.pr. rallying], to gather and 
restore to order, as troops in flight; to call 
together for any purpose; as, to rally voters; 
revive; as, to rally a person’s spirits; to 
joke with; banter: v.i. to return to order, 
as, the troops rallied; to come together for 
action; arouse to more vigorous action; as, 
rally round the flag; recover strength; as, to 
rally from an illness; in tennis, to send the ball 
rapidly back and forth over the net. 
ram ( ram ), n. a male sheep; a military 
AcAAAA engine for battering, or crushing by 
heavy blows; a battering-ram; an engine 
for raising water; an ironclad war vessel 
with a steel beak designed to cut into an 
enemy ship: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. rammed, p.pr. 
ramming], to strike or butt against in order 
to crush; to press or force into something; 
stuff: v.i. to drive, pound, or batter. 
ram ( ram 'bl), n. an aimless roving or 

AcAAAA-UAC wandering from place to place; 
a leisurely stroll; as, a ramble in the woods: 
v.i. to wander or rove aimlessly about, as 
for pleasure; talk or write at length without 
aim; grow or spread at random.—n. rambler. 
ram a Iri-n (ram'e-kln), n. a small, deep 
A ctlll-C-±vllI ciisli of pottery or metal. In 
which a food preparation is baked and 
served. Also, rameauin. 

ram 1 fi ca tion (ram"I-fT-ka'shfin), n. 
A dllf-A-ff-Gd-llUll a di v i s i on or separa¬ 
tion into branches; a division or part; man¬ 
ner of producing branches; a small branch 
or offshoot; as, a ramification of a tree, 
nerve, etc. 

ram i fv (ram'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
AaAAA-A_A J ramified, p.pr. ramifying], to 
divide into branches, or divisions: v.i. to 
grow by dividing into branches; become 
divided or subdivided. 

ram m ei* (ram er), n. one that batters 
rdm-mui qr drives. 

ra rtinCP (ra'mos; ra-mos'), adj. pertain- 
1 «--a aa vJoc; i n g t Qi like, or having, branches. 
Also, ramous. 

ro-mn ( rarn P). to rear up and spring; 
ACLAAA F as, a lion ramps; leap violently; to 
rush about wildly; romp: n. formerly, a leap 
or bound; a slope or incline, as of a road or 
corridor. 

ramn a&f* (ram'paj; ram"paj'), n. a 
a state of excitement or rage; 

angry or violent behavior; as, he is always 
on the rampage about something: v.i. to r un 
or romp about with high spirits; be furious; 
storm; rage. 

ram-pa-geous^Sefy' i n s oW. a vioien I t: 

or unruly. 

ram nanf (ram'p&nt), adj. climbing or 
ac 4 .aaa-jjoj.ai, growing unchecked; as, ram¬ 
pant weeds; overleaping restraint or natural 
bounds; as, a rampant river; rearing; 
leaping; as, a rampant lion; unchecked or 
unrestrained; as, rampant ideas.— adv. ram- 
pantly. —n. rampaney._ 


ate, senate, rare^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 













rampart 


505 


rapid fire 


mm n art (ram'part), n. a mound or wall 
surrounding a fortified place; 
any protection from , 

assault or danger. 


\ !■ 'T •:::■• : --V 


Rampart. A, wall; B, exterior slope; C, glacis; 
D, banquette; E, earth fill; F, interior slope; G, 
military road; H, ditch. 

ram rnH (ram'rod"), n. a rod used for 
A cttli-t UU. driving home, or pushing down, 
the charge of a muzzle-loading gun. 

•ram cViarlr Ip (ram'shak-1), adj. loose; 
IaJ.Il-oIlclUn.-lC ou t of repair; rickety; 

as, a ramshackle cottage. 

■ran (ran), past tense of the irregular verb 
Id.Il ruTlm 

ranrVi (ranch), n. in the western United 
IdllCll states, a farm for the grazing and 
rearing of cattle, horses, and sheep in large 
herds; a large farm.—n_. rancher, ranchman, 
■ran rViP -rrk (ran-cha'ro), n. in Mexico, a 
1 dJ.l-CIlC-1 U herdsman or worker on a 
6 tock farm; sometimes, the owner or director; 
sl rancher. 

■ran r>Vin (ran'chS), n. a hut or group of 
1«-11 - U1IU huts for workers on a Spanish 
American stock farm; a stock farm; ranch. 
[Sp. Am.] 

■ran ri A (ran'sid), adj. not fresh; having a 
1 dll^-CiU. ran h, tainted smell or taste of 
spoiled oil; chemically sour.— n. rancidness, 
ran rirl i tv (ran-sld'1-tl), n. rank, sour, 
1 a.ll-ClU.-i-or tainted condition; as, the 
rancidity of butter. 

ran rnr (rau'ker), n - deep spite or malice; 
ldll-CUi a bitter, cherished grudge. Also, 

rancour. 

Syn. hostility, ill will, resentment. 

Ant. (see forgiveness).^ 

p a r aiic (ran ker—us), adj. full of 
iflii-tui-uuo spite; bitterly malicious. 

(ran'dum), n. want of definite 
aim or method; chance: adj. 
done without definite aim or purpose; left 
to chance; as, a random shot; aimless: at 
fandom, without direction or method; aim¬ 
lessly. 

r a Tier (rang), past tense of the irregular 
A<AAA & verb ring. 

ranerf* ( r anj), n. a line or row; a chain; 
IdllgC a s, a ran g e of mountains; line of 
direction; as, the big tree in range with my 
window; entire space or time taken in or 
covered; as, the range of a view; the whole 
range of history; a great tract of land oyer 
which cattle graze; the entire region in which 
an animal or plant lives; as, the geographical 
range of certain birds; class or order; as, a 
range of animals; scope or extent; as, a 
range of ideas or subjects; carrying power, or 
reach; as, the range of a voice or a gun; dis¬ 
tance to which a shot, etc., can be sent; 
place for shooting at a mark; a large cooking 
stove: v.t. to set or arrange in a row; to take 
sides with; as, to range oneself with a politi¬ 
cal party; place in proper order; classify; 
rove over, as, cattle range the plains: v.i. to 
wander; roam; to go over or through a 
place in order to explore it; to lie in the same 
direction; to go; as, the bullet ranged wide 


random 


festering; to cause mental pain or 


of the mark; to be classified or placed In 
order; as, they range in height from four to 
six feet. 

ranerp find pr (rSnJ fin ' d 6 r). a tele- 
lcUlgC 1111U.-C1 gcopic instrument for 

determining the distance of an object from 
the instrument. 

rar\cr pr (ran'jer), n. in England, the 
i cu-ig-ci keeper of a royal park or forest; 
a rover; one of a mounted armed band of 
men; in America, a forest guard; a kind of 
hunting dog. 

rancr v (ran'jl), adj. built so as to be able 
AclAA &v to wander far and wide; hence, 
long in limb, lean, and muscular: used most 
of cattle and horses. 

ran (rank), n. a row or line of objects; 
ia.n.n. a bug 0 f soldiers drawn up side bj 
side; high station or position; as, a man ol 
rank; social or official class or grade; as 8 
person of low rank; the rank of captain; de 
gree of worth or eminence; as, a poet of thui 
first rank: pi. the army as a whole; also, the 
body of common soldiers as distinguished 
from the officers: rank and file, the body of 
soldiers of an army: v.t. to draw up in line; 
include in a certain class, order, or division; 
to be of a higher grade than: v.i. to hold a 
certain grade or position: adj. very plentiful 
and coarse in growth; as, rank weeds; 
coarse; strong in taste or smell; as, rank 
butter; gross; extreme; as, rank treason 
or poison.— adv. rankly.—n. rankness. 

Syn., n. order, degree, dignity, nobility. 
r 3 .Il kle ^’^ Hl), v.i. to fester or to cause 

irritation. 

ran Qarlr (ran'sak), v.t. to search thor- 
icu.i-oa.bxV oughly; rummage; plunder; as. 
to ransack a house. 

Syn. pillage, overhaul, explore, 
ran com (ran'sum), n. price paid for re- 
A «.ll-ot/i A i lease from captivity, etc., or 
for return of goods captured by an enemy; 
release; redemption: v.t. to free from prison; 
slavery, or punishment, by a payment; re¬ 
deem; deliver.— adj. ransomless.— n. ran¬ 
somer. 

ran+ (rant), n. noisy, empty speech; bom- 
Idill bast: v.i. to bluster or be noisily 
wordy; rave in extravagant or violent lan¬ 
guage.— adj. ranting.— adv. rantingly. 
ratrf pr (ran'ter), n. a noisy, blustering 
Idlll-Ci speaker; a boisterous preacher. 

ran ( r ^P)’ n • a Quick, sharp blow; some- 
ACA F thing of no value; as, it is not worth a 
rap: v.i. [ p.t. and p.p. rapped; p.pr. rapping], 
to strike a quick, sharp blow; knock: v.t. to 
strike sharply; to utter sharply; as, she 
rapped out the words. 

ra na riniiQ (ra-pa'shus), adj. given to 
la-pa-uuuo plunder; seizing by violence; 

greedy; grasping; as, a rapacious animal, 
appetite, or miser.— adv. rapaciously.—». 
rapaciousness. 

Syn. ravenous, voracious. 

Ant. (see generous). 

ra nar t tv (ra-pas'I-ti), n. the quality of 
Id-pctU-l-tj being extremely greedy or 

grasping. 

ra tip (rap), n. a seizing and carrying away 
Ictpc by force; robbery; violation by 
force; a plant of the cabbage family, from 
the seeds of which an oil (colza oil) is obtained. 
r«n irl (rap'ld), adj. very quick or swift; 
I ctjJ-lti moving with speed; done quickly; 
as, a rapid decline in health: n.pl. a swift cur¬ 
rent in a river.— adv. rapidly, 
ran iH firp (rap'id fir), the kind of fire 
1 ctp-m All C use d at a critical moment In 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


34 
















rapidity 


506 


ratio 


battle, when about 200 yards from the 
enemy: rapid fire gun, a single-barreled gun 
discharging projectiles automatically in rapid 
succession. 

**o TkiH i (rd-pld'1-tl), n. swiftness; 
Icl-piU.-1-iy quickness; speed. 

-o f^ r (ra'pl-er), n. a long, thin sword, 
la-pi-Ci used for thrusting. 



Rapier 


ran inp (rap'in), n. the act of plundering 
or 0 f seizing and carrying off 
property by force. 

ran port (ra"por'), n. a sympathetic rela- 
1 tion; harmony ; agreement. [Fr.] 

rap-proche-ment & p S h oT?;iiin n g 

together; a state of harmony or agreement; 
an understanding. [Fr.] 

ran oral linn (rap-sk&l'yun), n. a rascal; 
Idp-oUcU-HUll scamp; vagabond. 

r?m+ ( r &Pt). padj. carried away with de- 
lo.jp l light or pleasure, etc.; enraptured; 
deep in thought; as, rapt attention. 

Syn. entranced, charmed. 

Ant. (see distracted). 

ran +nrp (rap'ttir), n. the condition or 
c state of being carried away with 
Joy or delight; extreme pleasure; ecstasy; 
enthusiasm. 

Syn. transport, delight, bliss. 

Ant. (see dejection). 

+iif niic (rap'ttir-ds), adj. carried 
Idp-tlU-UUo away with joy or delight; 
ecstatic.— adv. rapturously. 
rflfA ( rar )> ad i- (comp, rarer, superl. rarest], 
IctlC scarce; uncommon; as, a rare plant; 
seldom happening; unusual; as, a rare occa¬ 
sion; excellent; choice; precious; as rare old 
lace; thin; not dense; as, the rare air at the 
mountain top; not well cooked; almost raw; 
as, rare beefsteak.— adv. rarely.—n. rareness. 
rara "hit (rar'bit), n. in cookery, a Welsh 
ldiC-Uil rabbit, or dish made of melted 
cheese; a dainty morsel of food. 

faf n for* firm (rar -f ak ' shfin; r(Hr"§- 
rd.r-c-ld.U-U.UIl fak'shun), n. the act or 

process of making thin or less dense; state 
of being less dense. 

r n r a frr (rar'S-fi; r&r'S-fi), v.t. [p.t. and 
Idi -c-ij P'P_ rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to 
make thin, or less dense; expand: v.i. to 
become thin, or less dense: opposite to con¬ 
dense. 

rare* rinp (rar'rlp"), n. a fruit that ripens 
\a.ic-xipc early, especially a peach: adj. 
ripe before the usual season. 
ra-r i +v ( r 8 ' r ' I -W; rar'I-tl), n. the state or 
A quality of being infrequent or 
uncommon; a choice or scarce article; 
unusual excellence; thinness; as, the rarity of 
the air at a height. 

roc ra 1 (r&s'kSl), n. a mean fellow; a 
lao-tcu scoundrel; one who is guilty of 
mean acts. 

Syn. rogue, vagabond, scamp, 
roc ra 1 i +rr (ras-k&l'I-tl), n. the character 
ldo-Udl- 1 -Lj or quality of that which is 
knavish; villainy or dishonesty. 
r o qV| (rash), n. a slight breaking out on 
la.oii the skin showing redness: adj. hasty; 
reckless; acting without caution or thought. 
■— adv. rashly.— n. rashness. 

Syn. foolhardy, heedless, careless. 

Ant. (see deliberate). 

i*ach or (rash'er), n. a thin slice of ham or 
idoll-ci bacon. 


ro c-n (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as with, a 
1 dop ffi e or rough instrument; to grate 
harshly on; irritate; as, her voice rasps one’s 
nerves: n. a kind of rough file with points 
instead of lines. 

racn fior nr (raz'b 6 r-I), n. \pl. rasp- 
rdbp-uer-ry berries (-Iz)J, a garden 

bramble and its eatable fruit. 
r o+ (rat), n. an animal somewhat like the 
Idl mouse, but larger and more greedy; 
slang, one who deserts his party for base 
ends; colloquially, a workman who works 
during a strike, or for less than the usual 
wages; a small pad over which the hair is 
rolled: pi. an exclamation - implying disbelief 
or derision: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. ratted, p.pr. rat¬ 
ting], slang, to desert one’s party for base 
ends; colloquially, to work for less than 
union wages or to work during a strike; to 
catch rats.—n. ratter. 

ra\ a hip (rat'ri-bl), adj. capable of being 
lal-a-Ulc valued at a certain sum; liable 
to be taxed or to have a value placed upon; 
proportional. Also, rateable. — adv. ratably, 
rateably. 

ra fan (ra-tan'), n. one of the long, smooth 
Id-ldli gtems of several kinds of palms; 
a cane or switch, or a piece of wicker, made 
of such stems. Also, rattan. 
ra fa n\an (ra"tri-plan'), n. the rattle or 
1 <X- Lct-pxaj .1 SO und of a drum, or a musical 
composition imitating it. [Fr.] 
rafrh ( rac h)» 71 ■ a notched wheel or bar, 
IdLOli controlled by a tongue or tooth, 
called a pawl, so that it can move in only one 
direction. 

rafrVi p+ (rach'et), n. a tooth or tongue, 
ldLCll CL a lso called a pawl or a click, 
which fits into the notches of a toothed, 
or ratchet, wheel; the toothed wheel; the 
toothed wheel and the pawl, working together. 

rafrYi at wVippI (rach'ethwel),atoothed 
rd.lUIl-ei Wlieei wheel which is made to 

move in only one direction by a pawl, or 
tooth, which fits into its notches, 
rafp ( rat )> n - amount, degree, speed, value, 
xcttC etc., estimated in proportion to a 
fixed standard; as, interest at a rate of five 
per cent; a rate of sixty miles an hour; 
price fixed or stated; as, theater rates; 
degree of value; as, goods bought at a low 
rate; in England, a tax or assessment; a grade 
or class; as, a first-rate, second-rate, etc.: v.t. 
to estimate; settle or fix the value, rank, or 
degree of; scold sharply: v.i. to be estimated; 
be placed in a certain class or rank. 

Syn., n. value, grade: v. chide, abuse. 
rafh pr (rat/i'er), adv. more willingly; as, 
ia.Lij.-ci j would rather read than write; 
better; on the contrary; instead; as, “go 
rather to them that sell”; more properly; as, 
they acted wisely, or rather their brother 
did for them; somewhat; to a certain extent; 
as, I rather like it. 

i»o+ i -fl ra tmti (rat"I-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
«■ “AX-ccl-L1UI1 ac ti 0 f confirming or 

approving; confirmation; sanction. 
r o+ i fv (rat'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. ratified, 
icu-i-ij p.pr. ratifying], to approve of 
formally; to give indorsement to; as, to 
ratify a contract or written agreement; settle 
or confirm; establish.—n. ratifier. 

Syn. fix, authorize, sanction. 

Ant. (see protest). 

raf incr ( rat/In g)- P-Pr- of rate: n. a placing 
lai-mg i n a class according to relative 
standing; rank; class; the grade of a man 
in the army or navy; a severe scolding. 
ra ti n ( ra 'shI-o; ra'sho), n. [pi. ratios 
ia.-Li-c (_ 5 z)] t the relation of one number 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
tight, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menii; 













ratiocination 


507 


rawboned 


or quantity to another; the quotient of one 
quantity divided by another of like kind. 

ra-ti-oc-i-na-tion ^ s reTSogT sh ?on-' 

nected and exact thinking. 

ret fi /YtYl p j-p-f (ra-shi-om 'S-ter), n. an 
ia-u-uiii-c-ici apparatus for calculat¬ 
ing a series of numbers having the same 
relation to each other as a given series of 
numbers. 

rp firm ( ra 'shun; rash'un), n. an allow- 
x ance or fixed share of food, etc., 
given daily to a soldier or a sailor: pi. fixed 
allowance of food, etc., given a man daily: 
v.t. to furnish with a fixed allowance of food, 
etc., as a regiment, or the civil population 
in time of war and scarcity: emergency 
ration, condensed or canned food provided 
for army use, on a march, or diming a short¬ 
age of other food. 

r o finn pi (rash'un-al), adj. having the 
power to reason, or think 
connectedly; as, a rational being; agreeable 
to, or in accord with, reason; as, a rational 
way of considering things; neither extrava¬ 
gant nor foolish; as, rational conduct; wise; 
judicious.— adv. rationally. 

Syn. reasonable, sensible, sound. 

Ant. (see unreasonable). 
firm pip ( r ash"un-a/le), n. a series of 
la .-reasons given for any opinion, 
action, etc.; the explanation of the principles 
of a science, opinion, etc. 

ret firm a 1 tcm (rash'un-al-izm), n. a 

doctrine which makes 
reason the sole guide in matters of belief or 
conduct.— n. rationalist. 

fij firm p 1 ic fir (rash"un-al-is'tik), adj. 
l ci-iiuii-di.-xo-iiiv pertaining to, leaning 

toward, rationalism, or the doctrine which 
makes reason the sole guide in matters of 
conduct or belief. 

ret firm pi 1* +v (rash"un-al'i-ti), n. power 
< x ~ uun-ai-i -cy 0 f reasoning; reason¬ 
ableness; mental sanity; intelligence. 
ret firm p 1 iva (rash'un-al-Iz), v.t. to ex- 
plain according to reason; 
as, to rationalize a miracle; to 
make or show to be reasonable; 
to make to adopt reason as a 
guide: v.i. to rely solely on rea¬ 
son ; to think as a philosopher. 

rpf line (rat'llnz), n.pl. 
lai-uiio small ropes 

forming a ladder in a ship’s 
rigging. Also, ratlines. 

■*• 0+0 Tv p tip (rats'ban'), 

Idlb-UdllG rat po i_ 

son; especially, white ar¬ 
senic. 

reti~ fp-yi (ra-tan ), n. one 
lal-ldll 0 f th e long, 

smooth, reedlike stems of 
several kinds of palms; a 
walking stick made of such 
a stem; any one of the palms, 
rpf f 1 r» (rat'l), n. a series of short, sharp, 
la. I-IIC clattering sounds following each 
other quickly; noisy, rapid, empty talk; a 
child’s toy for making a clattering sound: 
v.i. to produce short, sharp noises in quick 
succession; clatter; as, hail rattles on a roof; 
to talk in a noisy, rapid manner; as, she 
rattled on for an hour; to move with a clatter; 
as, the wagon rattled along the road: v.t. to 
cause to make a succession of rapid, sharp 
noises; as, the wind rattles the shutters; to 
utter in a rapid, noisy way; as, he rattled off 
his lesson; colloquially, to confuse or daze; 
as, he was completely rattled. 



Ratlins 
Also, ratan. 


Tfit fi pr (rat'ler), n. a noisy, rapid talker; 
lai-uci that which makes a clattering 
noise; a rattlesnake. 

f of f 1 p ctiplrp (rat'l-snak"), n. a pol¬ 
io. L-u.c-oj.id.rvc S onous snake with hard 

bony rings or scales on the tail which make 
a clashing sound when the tail is in motion. 

ret f f 1 fi f t*P Ti (rat’ 1-trap ), n. an old, 
lai-uc-uap rickety, worn-out object, 
such as a wagon, etc. 

rpf flirtfr (ratling), n. noise made by the 
1 a. l- mug clattering together of small hard 
objects: adj. making a rapid succession of 
sharp, noisy sounds; colloquially, quick; 
as, they walked at a rattling pace: adv. 
colloquially, very; extremely; as, a rattling 
good story. 

rPII mi IQ (rd'kfls), adj. hoarse; harsh; 
iau-tuuo rough; as, a raucous voice.— 
adv. raucously. 

rPV p crA (rav'aj), n. destruction by vio- 
iav-age lence; ruin; waste; as, the rav¬ 
ages of intemperance: v.t. to lay waste; pil¬ 
lage; plunder or sack; as, the army ravaged 
the country.—n. ravager. 

Syn., v. overrun, devastate, desolate, 
destroy. 

rP VP* (rav), v.t. to say wildly, or in a frenzied 
1 d V c manner; to affect by frenzied action; 
as, passion raves itself to rest: v.i. to act or 
talk wildly; rage, as a madman; as, it matters 
not, how wildly he may rave; to speak enthu¬ 
siastically or with excitement. 
rPV (rav'l), v.t. to draw out the threads 
1 <X\ -Cl G f f as of a woven or knitted fabric; 
unmesh; disentangle or make less difficult to 
understand: v.i. to become unwoven or 
unknit: often with out; as, a stocking ravels 
out; to become disentangled, or less difficult 
to understand. 

rpv p»1 incrQ (rav'l-Ingz), n.pl. threads 
xav-ci-mga drawn out of woven or 
twisted fabrics. Also, raveilings, 
rp vp*r> ( ra,vn )> n - a large bird of the 
Id-veil crow family, noted for its deep 
glossy black color: adj. jet black and shining.. 
rPV p-n ( rav,n )» n • the ac t of plundering; 
IdV-cll plunder; prey: v.t. to devour with 
greediness: v.i. to seize and devour prey with 
greediness. 

rpv Ptl incr (rav'n-Ing), n. eagerness for 
ldY-cxi-uig plunder: adj. seeking eagerly 

for prey; as, ravening wolves, 
rpv on miQ (rav'n-us), adj. furiously hun- 
lciv -cii-uuo gry; as, a ravenous beast; 
extremely greedy; as, a ravenous appetite.— 
adv. ravenously.— n. ravenousness, 
rp vino (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep hollow. 
ld-viAAC W orn by the action of a stream 
or torrent; a_ mountain gorge; a gully, 
rpv incr ( rav 'iug), n. furious or wild talk; 
idV-iilg delirium: p.adj. talking furiously 
or wildly; delirious; frenzied, 
rpv IqVi ( rav 'l s k) > v -t- to seize and remove 
1 a. v -ioJ.i f or ce; to abduct or violate (a 
woman); carry away with delight or rapture. 
— p.adj. ravishing.— adv. ravishingly.—n. 

ravisher. 

Syn. enrapture, enchant, delight. 

rpv icVi mpnf (rav'ish-ment), n. viola- 
id V-lbil-Iilclit tion; rapture or delight. 

rpw • a ^i‘ uncooked; without whole 
IdW skin; as, a raw spot; in the natural 
state; unprepared; as, raw silk; crude; in¬ 
experienced; unpracticed; as, raw judgment; 
raw troops; cold and damp; as, raw weather: 
n. a sore spot.— adv. rawly. — n. rawness. 

rctxtr Tvrvnprl (ro'bond"), adj. with little 
Idw-UUIlcLl flesh on the bones; gaunt; 

lean. 


—■—— r ■ ■ !■■■■■ ■ ' '■■■ ■ . 1 ■ 1 ....----- 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in aiure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






rawhide 


508 


realistic 


T*o \tr TilHtf* (rfihld*), 
IdW-IllUc 0 f cattle 



Rays. 1, skate (top view); 2, 
same form below; 3, thorn-back. 


n. untanned skin, as 
of cattle; a whip made of 
a roll or braid of untanned leather. 

-roir (ra), n. a line of light streaming from a 
ray bright center or source; any line 
along which r 
radiant energy, 
or streams of 
energy issuing 
from a central 
source, exerts 
Its force; as, a 
ray of heat, or 
an X ray; one 
of a number 
of thin lines 
spreading from 
a center; a 
beam of mental 
light; as, a ray 
of intelligence; 
the petals of 

certain flowers, , . , 

as of a daisy; one of the rods which support 
the fin of a fish; one of the radiating arms of 
a starfish, etc.; any one of various fishes having 
a flat body and thin tail: v.t. to send forth, as a 
beam of light: v.i. shine forth; send out 
lines of light, heat, etc. 

ra , a (raz), v.t. to level to the ground; as, 
xa.LKS raze a building; formerly, blot 
out; efface; also, graze or shave. 

Syn. demolish, destroy, overthrow, rum, 
dismantle. , 

-o (ra'zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting 

I d-AUi instrument used for shaving the 
face and head. 

•ro (ra), n. in music, the second note of a 
I c scale; re- prefix, meaning back; backward; 
as, recall; recline; again; as, reread; rewrite; 
anew; as, rebirth; renumber: used in these 
senses in a very large number of self-explaining 
words, only the most common or puzzling of 
which are here defined. 

-rckctrh (rech), v.t. to stretch out, as the 
I cadi hand; to touch or grasp, as with 
the extended hand; to pass or deliver to 
another; arrive at or come to; gain; to 
extend as far as; penetrate to; to influence; 
affect: v.i. to extend the hand, etc., so 
as to touch or seize something; endeavor to 
obtain something; to extend in time, space, 
amount, etc.; n. the act of stretching out, or 
the ability to stretch out, touch, grasp, etc.; 
distance within which one can touch, observe, 
etc.; limit of power or influence; an unbroken 
stretch, as of water or meadow land. 

Syn., v. touch, stretch, strain. 
rp o r + (rS-akt'), v.i. to produce effect in 
X C - i re t urn f or that received; to act in an 
opposite manner; to respond to an influence; 
to exert mutual chemical action. 
r „ ^ ATI (r^-ak'shun), n. return action 

lC-aX/-U.Uil or influence; response to 
Influence or effort exerted; a return to a 
former or opposite state of things; contrary 
action following the effects of other action; 
the equal force that a body exerts on an 
opposing force; chemical change; a chemical 
process or its result. 

r p or +irvn a rxr (rS-ak'shun-a-rl), n. one 
I c-dt-LiUli-ct-l y w ho favors a return to 

an old or opposite system; one who seeks to 
undo political progress: adj. pertaining to, of 
the nature of, or causing, reverse or return 
action; favoring a return to an old or opposite 
system. 

rpopf ( red )* v - t - [£•*• and P-P- read (red), 
Xcau. p p r ^ reading], to observe and under- 
stand the meaning of (something written, 


printed, or inscribed); peruse; as, to read a 
book; to utter aloud (something written or 
printed) as, he reads his sermons; discover or 
understand by observation; as, to read the 
stars; explain or make clear; as, it is easy to 
read his meaning; make a study of; as, to read 
law; learn, as from books, etc.; as, we read 
that the war has ended; impress upon or 
teach; as, he read them a lesson: v.i. to peruse 
written or printed matter; learn from written 
or printed matter: with of or about ; utter 
aloud the words of a book, etc.; as, he reads 
well; make a careful study; as, to read up on 
history; to have a special form; as, thx 
passage reads thus: p.adj. (red), informed 
about, or acquainted with, by means of books; 
as, he is well read on most subjects. 
met A o V*lp (red'a-bl), adj.- easy and 
IcaU.-a-U.lC pleasant to read; interesting; 
legible, or plainly written.— n. readableness. 

or (red'er), n. one who reads; one 
icd-U-ci who reads the lessons in church; 
one who criticizes manuscripts offered for 
publication; a university lecturer; a school¬ 
book for instruction and practice in reading; 
as, a fifth reader. 

-roan in cr (red'Ing), n. perusal of written 
IcaU-liig or printed matter; utterance, 
aloud of the words of books, etc.; study of 
books; scholarship; public recital; as, to 
give readings from the poets; version or form 
of a particular passage in a book; as, various 
readings of a passage in different editions of 
Shakespeare; written or printed matter to be 
perused; manner of interpreting, or show¬ 
ing, the hidden or real meaning of a thing; 
as, an actor’s reading of his lines; that which 
is shown by a scientific instrument; as, the 
reading of a gas meter. 

ro r\ A iii of (re'5-just'), v.t. to set in 
I c-aU.-JU.ol order again; to settle or 
regulate again. 

rf . kflr f ,, (red'I), adj. [comp, readier, superl. 

X cdU-y readiest], in condition to be used or 
to act immediately; quick; prompt; as, 
ready wit; ready payment; mentally fit or 
prepared; willing; as, ready to obey; about 
to do or be; likely; as, that tree is ready to 
fall; free to be used; easy to obtain; as, 
ready money.— adv. readily.—n. readiness. 

Syn. ripe, apt, adroit, handy. 

roopf v-mflHp (red'I =mad'), adj. not 
icdU-y IlidUc made to order; kept 

on hand; as, ready-made clothing; prepared 
beforehand; as, a ready-made speech, 
rp, n rrpvnf (rS-a'jent), n. that which reacts; 
X c-a-gciil a chemical substance used to 
test the nature of another substance by 
observing the effect of one upon the other. 

af ( re 'al)> odj. actually existing; not 
Ic-cLL imaginary; genuine; true; pertaining 
to things fixed, as lands or tenements; of 
property, opposite to personal; as, real 
estate: n. (ra-al') a Spanish coin equal to 
about five cents. 

Syn., adj. actual, practical .positive, certain. 
rp of pc fqfp (re'al es-tat'), lands andall 
AC-ai co-iaic belonging to them, as trees, 
fences, permanent buildings, etc. 
rp of iorn (re'al-Izm), n. in art and liter- 
l c-ai-isiu ature, the practice of presenting 
people and scenes as they actually exist; the 
doctrine that the objects that can be seen, 
touched, etc., are actual existences. 
rp of fcf (re'al-Ist), n. one who believes in 
ic-tu-ioi being true to nature in art and 
literature; one who believes that objects that 
can be seen, touched, etc., actually exist, 
rp of io fir ( r e"al-ls'tlk), adj. presenting 
ai-io-uc people and scenes as they 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut,"'focus, menii; 









reality 


509 


rebut 


actually exist; true to fact; lifelike.— adv. 

realistically. 

TP ol i fv (rS-al'I-tl), n. [pi. realities (-tlz)j, 
1 e-cu.-1-ty state or quality of being in ex¬ 
istence, or of being actual; that which exists 
or is actual; fact; truth. 

rp o 1 t tinn (re"al-I-za'shun), n. the 
ic-ai-i-La-uuu ac t G f making, or causing 

to appear, actual or true to nature or fact; 
state of being present to the mind as actual 
or true to nature or fact; act of perceiving 
the true nature of, or of feeling fully and 
vividly; as, he had no realization of his 
danger; the converting or changing of real 
estate into money. 

rp fll 17 p (re'al-Iz), v.t. to bring into 
I c-o.i-iz,C actual existence; hence, to 
accomplish; to cause to seem true to nature 
or fact; to perceive the true nature of; to 
feel fully and vividly; change, as real 
estate, into money: gain; as, he realized five 
thousand dollars from the sale: v.i. to sell 
property for ready money.— adj. realizable. 

Syn. effect. get, acquire, comprehend, 
rp ol 1 v (re'al-i), adv. actually; as a 
IC-cti-iy matter of fact; colloquially, cer¬ 
tainly or indeed. 

rp olm (rehn), n. a kingdom; an empire; 
I ca.lJ.li hence, region, domain, or state; 
as, the realm of dreams. 

-t-o ol +T r (re'al-tl), n. landed property or 

re-cu-ty est ate. 

rpam ( rem )» 11 ■ twenty quires, or 480 
lca.111 sheets, of paper; also, 516 sheets 
(printers’ ream): v.t. to enlarge or taper a 
hole, especially in metal: often with out. 

ream - er 

(rem'er), n. a 
machinist’s 
tool for en- 
larging or 
tapering holes; 
in blasting. 



Reamer 

a quarryman’s chisel, for use 


oii i TYioto (rS-an i-mat), v.t. to bring 
1 c-ciIl-1-IIla.lc hack to life; give new 

strength to; encourage. 

rpnn (rep), v.t. to cut down with a scythe, 
Icd.p sickle, or machine; gather in; as, 
to reap grain; to go over and cut grain, etc. 
from; as, to reap a field; receive as a reward: 
v.i. to cut and gather grain; to receive the 
reward of one’s actions.— n. reaper. 

Syn. gain, get, acquire, obtain. 

(rer)■ n - the back or hinder part; as 
xcal the rear of a building; place or posi¬ 
tion behind; as, the garden is at the rear 
of the house; background; that part of a fleet 
or army behind the rest: v.t. to raise or lift 
up; elevate; as, to rear a telegraph pole; 
build up; erect; as, to rear a palace; bring 
up; educate; as, to rear children; breed or 
cause to grow; as, to rear cattle or plants: 
v.i. to rise up, especially on the hind legs: 
adj. pertaining to, or situated at, the back 
part: rear guard, the part of an army sta¬ 
tioned behind the main body to guard it 
from the rear. 

roar or? -mi ra 1 ( r§r ad'ml-ral), in the 
rear aQ-mi-rai United States Navy, 

an officer ranking next below the admiral, 
or officer of highest rank; in other navies, an 
officer ranking next below a vice-admiral. 

■rexetr wrctrA (rer'word' 1 '), adj. and adv. at 
real-Well U or toward the rear. 

i-£»o oAri (re'zn), n. the ability to form 
ICd-aUll conclusions and know right from 
wrong; right judgment; intellect or thinking 
power; sanity or sane opinions; cause for 
opinion or act: v.i. to exercise the power of 


thinking logically or drawing conclusions; to 
argue: v.t. to persuade by argument; to 
prove or explain by means of the intellect; 
as, to reason out a solution. 

Syn. n. motive, design, end, proof, cause, 
ground, purpose. 

rpo qnn hip (re'zn-d-bl), adj. having 
I Ccl-bUll-a-Ultf um power to think con¬ 
nectedly and reach conclusions; as, a reason¬ 
able being; governed by reason; just; as, a 
reasonable employer; moderate; fair; as, a 
reasonable price; sensible; as, a reasonable 
decision.— adv. reasonably.— n. reasonable¬ 
ness. 

Syn. wise, just. 

Ant. (see unreasonable). 

Tcxa ervn fner (re'zn-ing), n. the act of one 
i Cd-auiAi-iAA^, w j 10 reaches conclusions by 

careful and connected thinking; course of 
argument. 

r<a oo our A (re"a-shoor'), v.t. to give back 
lc-da-Dluc boldness, courage, or cer¬ 
tainty to; give new confidence to; make cer¬ 
tain.— adv. reassuringly.— n. reassurance. 
re* haifr (re-bat'; re'bat), n. a deduction 
Ic-Ualc from a usual sum; a discount, 
such as a return to shippers by railroad or 
express companies of part of freight charges' 
v.t. to make a deduction from; 
allow a discount to. 
ft* bpr (re'bek), n. formerly, a 
1 C-UCt musical instrument with 
strings, and played with a bow: 
the earhest form of violin. Also, 
rebeck. 

"Do bpc ra (rfe-bek'd), n. in the 
XS.C-UcC-Cd. Bible, the wife of 
Isaac, and mother of Esau and 
Jacob. Also, Rebekah. 
roh ol (reb'el), n. one who wars 
ICU-cl against his government 
or resists its laws; one who resists 
any authority or refuses to obey: 
adj. acting against government and 
law; unsubmissive: v.i. (rfe-bel'), 
p.p. rebelled, p.pr. rebelling], to resist, and 
take up arms against, the law or government; 
revolt; rise against any authority. 

ro hoi lion (re-bgryun), n. the act of 
1 c-UCJ.-u.un taking up arms, or the state 
of being at war, against the government or 
its laws; resistance to, or defiance of, any 
authority; revolt. 

-ro "hoi 1 iniic (re-bel'yus), adj. opposing or 
1 C-LICJ.-UUUD resisting lawful authority; 

resisting control; as, rebellious locks; resist¬ 
ing treatment; as, a rebellious disease.— adv. 
rebelliously.— n. rebelliousness. 

-ro Vtmi-nrl (re-bound'), v.i. to spring or 
Tc-UUUllu. by back from that which has 
been struck: n. the act of springing back; 
flying back from that which has been 



Rebec 
[p.t. and 


a 

struck. 


n. a sudden check; 
curt refusal; repulse: 
refuse sharply; check 


rp huff (re-buf'), 
re-DUII defeat; a 

v.t. to repel curtly; 
suddenly. 

-ro "hiilro (re-buk'), n. a sharp reproof; 
ic-UUAc chiding; reprimand: v.t. to cen¬ 
sure; chide; reprove sharply. 

-ro Kiic (re'bus), n. [pi. rebuses (-ez)], a 
rc-UUo puzzle in which words, phrases, 
and sentences are represented by pictures of 
objects whose names have the sounds of the 
words. 

to "hii+ (re-btttO, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. rebutted. 
lC-UUlj,j, r _ rebutting], contradict or 
oppose by argument or proof; refute: v.i. 
to return an answer in contradiction to evi¬ 
dence already given by an opponent. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2 h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 
























rebuttal 


510 


reciprocate 


re* V»ii+ +o1 (rS-but'51), n. the presenting 
IC-UIU- leu. 0 f evidence in contradiction 
Of testimony already given by the opposing 
•ide in a trial; act of refuting, or contradicting, 
In general; the answering of the arguments of 
one’s opponent in a debate. 
re* aqI ai frant (re-kal'sl-trant), adj. ob- 
ticu.il, stinately refusing to sub¬ 
mit; refractory.—n. recalcitrance. 
r „ r ol1 (re-kol'), n. the power by which 
Ic-Laii an unsatisfactory public official 
may be unseated, or put out of office, by 
vote of the people; the right of the citizens 
of a state to set aside by popular vote the 
decision of a court; a signal sounded on a 
drum, bugle, etc., to call back soldiers; a 
flag signal to a boat to return to a ship: v.t. to 
order or summon back; as, to recall an 
ambassador; remember; recollect; as, to 
recall a name; take back; as, to recall angry 
words; revoke; annul; as, to recall a decision. 
re* aj imt (re-kant'), v.t. to withdraw or 
1 C-t/Ctiit f a k e back formally (one’s opinion 
or belief); renounce: v.i. to renounce formally 
an opinion or religious belief previously held. 

Syn. recall, revoke, abjure. _ 

re* rein fa tinn (re'kan-ta'shiin), n. the 
lO-i/Oii-ia-uun ac t of renouncing or 

withdrawing that which was previously 
believed or stated; the statement made in 
renouncing or withdrawing a former belief or 
declaration. 

re* ra nit n laff* (reTcd-pIt'A-lat), v.t. to 
j.c-ca.-pAi,-u.-Aa.i,c g 0 over or sum up the 

chief points of; restate briefly: v.i. to repeat 
briefly what has already been said at length. 
— adj. recapitulatory. 

re-ca-pit-u-la-tion ^|n“'£ it thS‘ 1 £* 

of restating briefly; a summing up. 
re* re*rif* (rS-sed'), v.i. to fall back; re- 
A c-tcuc treat; retire; as, the tide re¬ 
ceded; to withdraw a claim, support, pro¬ 
posal, etc.: v.t. to give back to a former 
owner. 

rp rAin+ ( r §-set'), n. the act of getting, or 
i C-A/CAJJ L state of having, anything that 
has been given, sent, etc.; as, the receipt 
of a letter; in receipt of news; a direction 
for making something by mixing certain 
things together, especially in cookery; a 
recipe; as, a receipt for cake; a written 
acknowledgment of anything, as money or 
goods, had from another; that which is 
taken, in distinction to that which is given 
out: usually in the pi.; as, cash receipts: v.t. 
to sign in acknowledgment of payment; as, 
to receipt a bill: v.i. give a written acknowl¬ 
edgment of money paid. 

ppiv P -IKS p (re-sev'a-bl), adj. capable 
ic-tciv-a-uic of,or requiring, acceptance 

when offered; of such sort that payment may 
be expected or demanded; as, bills receivable. 


re-ceive 


(re-sev'), v.t. to take or accept, 


as a gift, message, payment, etc., 
from another; to get knowledge of; as, to 
receive news; admit to one’s company; greet; 
entertain; as, to receive guests; to serve as a 
holder for; as, a channel to receive the over¬ 
flow; to undergo; accept; as, they received the 
faith; get; as, to receive a shock; to have laid 
upon one; as, to receive a responsibility; to give 
lodging to, or to harbor; as, to receive stolen 
goods; in tennis, to strike (a served ball) 
In order to return (it); v.i. to obtain or be 
presented with something; to take what is 
given or paid; to welcome guests; in tennis, 
to strike a served hall in order to return it. 
rp c(*\xr f*r (re-sev'er), n. one who, or that 
ip-tciv-ci which, takes or obtains; the 


part of a telephone which takes the sound 

from the wire and imparts it to the ear: 
one who knowingly buys or obtains stolen 
goods; a person appointed by a court to hold 
and manage property which is the subject of a 
lawsuit, or property owned by a person or 
firm that is bankrupt. 

Y(* rpn rv (re'sen-sl), n. lateness of occur- 
I c-Ccll-^j_ r ence; newness. 
re* rent (re'sent), adj. pertaining to time 
Ic-C/CAAl no t long past; of origin or occur¬ 
rence near the present; new; modern; 
fresh; newly arrived.— adv. recently. — n. re¬ 
centness. 

re* ra*r \ fa a1 a (re-sep'ta-kl), n. anything, 
i c-A/Cp-ut-A/AC as a vessel, used to hold 

other things; a place where something is de¬ 
posited. 

ta AA-n ■firm (rS-sep'shun), n. the act of 
1 c-C/tp-lAUAA taking or obtaining that 
which is offered, etc.; the state of being 
taken or obtained; as, the reception of news; 
admission; act or manner of welcoming: 
as, a cool reception; a' social occasion for 
greeting guests; as, a wadding reception; 
the formal or official greeting of a person; 
a taking into membership in an organization; 
acceptance; as, the reception of new ideas. 

TA a ati +ivA ( r e-sep'tiv), adj. having the 
ic-tcp-uvc quality or ability of taking 
in, or holding, especially mental impressions; 
as, a receptive mind.— adv. receptively. —n. 
receptiveness. 

f a a An i +17 (re'sep-tlvff-tl), n. power 

re-cep-liv-l-iy to take in and hold; 

especially, the quality of the mind by which 
it takes in impressions. 

rA a aqc (re-ses'; re'ses), n. a place or 
it-lcoa space hollowed out in a wall, etc.; 
an alcove or niche; a quiet or secluded spot 
or nook; a brief time during which work 
ceases; an intermission; as, the court took 
a recess; school recess. 

Syn. retreat, depth, vacation, intermission. 

rA aac cirvn (re-sesh'un), n. the act of 
i C-t/Co-£>AUii g 0 i n g back or retiring; 

withdrawal; retirement: (re-sesh'fln), the 
act of giving back. 

rA a ac cion ai (re-sesh'un-dl), n. a nymn 
a c-cco-qauaa-cu. sun g as the clergy and 

choir leave the chancel at the close of 
church service; organ music played at the 
close cf a church service, or during the passing 
out of a procession, as at a wedding: adj. of or 
pertaining to withdrawal or retirement; per¬ 
taining to an intermission. 

rA rilPr aVia (re-sher"sha'), adj. uncom- 
1C ^aa^a-V/Aac ni on; rare; exquisite; choice. 
[Fr.] 

r aa i_iia Cres'I-pe), n. a medical prescrip- 
ACV/ ■ l- .r ^ tion; a formula, or prescribed 
form, for mixing anything; a receipt for 
cookery. 

rA-AIT) i PTI+ ( r §-sip'I-ent), n. one w r ho ro- 
a c-cajj-a-caal ceives; as, a recipient of high 

honors: adj. receiving or ready to receive. 

rA Ain re ra} (r$-sip'r&-kal), adj. mutual; 
ac CAjj-iu ecu. done, given, or offered by 

each to the other; as, reciprocal affection or 
benefits; alternating; offered in return for 
something done or given; able to be exchanged 
for one another; as, reciprocal conditions; in 
grammar, showing action of each upon the 
other, or relation of each to the other; as, 
reciprocal pronouns (each other, one another): 
n. that which is given or done by each to the 
other; the quotient obtained by dividing 
unity by a number.— adv. reciprocally. 

rA Ain re aq+a (re-sip'ro-kat), v.t. to give 
AC-np-AU-l/Cilc and take from one an- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bdrn, cut, focus, menu; 





reciprocation 


511 


reconcile 


other; as, they reciprocate each other’s affection; 
to give something in return for; as, to recipro¬ 
cate a favor; to cause to move to and fro; 
v.i. to move to and fro; interchange; to 
make an exchange with one another; to pay 
back an act or feeling. 

tp pin rn rn linti ( re-s ip ,,r o - ka'shun), 
IC-Uip-IU-Od-LlUII n _ a giving and re¬ 
turning by each to the other; a moving to and 
fro; alternating motion. 

TPf* 1 TifOP t ■f'V (res'I-pros'i-ti), n. free 

interchange of action or 
relation; commercial relationship between 
two nations by which each grants the other 
equal and similar advantages not enjoyed 
by nations outside such a relationship; 
equal mutual rights or benefits to be granted 
or enjoyed; as a treaty of reciprocity between 
the United States and Canada. 

TP pit nl (rS-sit'al), n. the act of telling of 
lc-ut-ai the particulars of an event; 
narration; the thing told; a story; rehearsal; 
a musical or dramatic entertainment by one 
performer. 

TPP i ft i tinn (res^-ta'shun), n. public 
ta- liuii rendering of prose or po¬ 
etry committed to memory; the selection of 
prose or poetry so rendered; the repeating 
of a lesson by a pupil to a teacher; the con¬ 
ducting of a lesson by a teacher and a class. 

rpr i la tivp (res'I-ta-tev'), n. a kind of 
1 Ctz-l-Ld-tiv c singing that imitates the 

accents of speech: used in opera and oratorio; 
the music for a passage to be sung in such a 
manner: adj. not conforming to strict 

musical rhythm; sung with the accents of 
speech.— adv. recitatively. 
r<=k rifp ( r &-sIC), v.t. and v.i. to repeat aloud 
1 C-Cite from memory; rehearse; tell in 
detail; relate; repeat (a lesson) to a teacher; 
to take part in the progress of a lesson, as a 
pupil in a class.— n. reciter. 


tppIt (rek), v.t. to care for; heed: v.i. to 
ICCxk ca re; mind; as, he recks not of 
danger; to be of concern; matter; as, it 
recks not. [Poet.] 

rprlr Ipoo (rek'les), adj. heedless of con- 
I ctJi-lc&s sequences or danger; rash; 
careless; thoughtless.— adv. recklessly. — n. 
recklessness. 

rpplr nn (rek'n), v.t. to count or compute; 
icCJv-Ull number; as, to reckon the cost; 
look upon as being; consider; esteem; as, 
I reckon him among my foes; to think; 
suppose; as, I reckon it will rain: v.i. to 
depend or rely: with on; as, he reckoned on 
their friendship; to calculate; make up 
accounts; settle; suppose; guess.— n. reck¬ 
oner. 

lr eti in cr (rek'n-Ing), n. the act of one 
i ccjc-uix-nig w ho counts or computes; 

calculation; statement of accounts between 
debtor and creditor; bill or statement of 
money due at a hotel or other public house; 
settlement of debt, obligation, etc.; a making 
good; as, the day of reckoning; position of 
a ship estimated by its progress and course; 
calculation of such position; as, dead 
reckoning. 

ro, rlciim (rS-klam'), v.t. to demand the 
ic-Clctllll return of; as, to reclaim one’s 
money; reform; as, to reclaim a drunkard; 
bring under cultivation; as, to reclaim land; 
tame; subdue; as, to reclaim a wild animal. 
— adj. reclaimable.— n. reclaimer. 

m£) tion (rek ld-ma shun), n. the 
1 CC-ici-iiia.-Liuii ac t of recovering or re¬ 
storing; restoration; the making of waste 
land habitable, as in the western United 
States. 


TP* p1itlP (rS-klln'), v.t. to cause to lean or 
ic-uiiiic if e back: v.i. to rest or repose; 
lie down. 

TP pIiicjp (re-kloos'), n. one who lives alone; 
ic-wuoc a hermit: adj. shut up from the 
world; solitary; secluded. — n. reclusion. 

TPP nor rn tinn (rek'og-nish'un), n. a 
a perceiving or knowing a 

thing to be the same as, or similar to, some¬ 
thing previously known; formal acknowledg¬ 
ment or commendation; as, recognition of a 
brave deed; friendly notice or attention. 

re-cog-ni-zance le g; 

agreement, entered into before, and recorded 
by, a magistrate or court, to do, or abstain 
from doing, some particular act; the sum of 
money to be forfeited if the obligation is not 
.fulfilled. 

rpr ncr ni'T’P (rek'og-niz), v.t. to know 
l Ct-ug-llllc the identity of; admit 

acquaintance with; salute; recall as having 
been previously known; as, to recognize an 
old friend; take formal notice of; acknowl¬ 
edge; as, to recognize the independence of a 
country; appreciate; as, to recognize merit; 
concede as true; as, to recognize the facts in 
the case.— adv. recognizable. — n. recognizer. 
TP mil (re-koil'), n. a shrinking back; a 
lc-ouii rebound; the sudden backward 
motion, or kick, of a gun after it is fired: v.i. 
to start back, as in dismay, fear, etc.; shrink; 
spring back because of some force; rebound; 
as, a gun recoils; retreat; as, she recoiled as 
the burglar approached. 

TPP nl Iprt (rek"5-lekt'), v.t. to call back 
l c^-oi-ice l. to the mind; remember; com¬ 
pose, or regain control of (oneself): (re kfi- 
lekt'), to gather together again. 

+j/vn (rek"o-lek'shun), n. the 
ICl/-Ul-lct/-llUH recalling of ideas to the 
mind; memory; that which is remembered. 

rpr pin mptirl (rek"o-mgnd'), v.t. to offer 
1 cC-UIil-IIlcIlU. to the favor, attention. 

or use of another; speak in favor of; as. 
to recommend a servant; advise; as, I 
recommend you to change your ways; make 
attractive; as, her gentleness recommends 
her.—n. reeommender. 

rec-om-men-da-tion Si'?; m i n - d le 

act of offering a person or thing to favorable 
notice; that which procures favorable atten¬ 
tion; as, good manners are a good recom¬ 
mendation; favorable introduction; as, a 
letter of recommendation. 

rec-om-men-da-to-ry SS’-rt)” 1 

serving to procure favorable attention; 
advisory. 

tp ppm mit (re"k 5 -mlt'), v.t. [ p.t. and 
jc-V/om-mii p recommitted, p.pr. re¬ 
committing], to send back; as, to recommit a 
person to prison; refer back to a committee. 
— n. recommitment, recommittal. 

tpp pm ttpticp (rek'om-pens), n. some* 
ictz-Uill-pclloC thing equal given in re¬ 
turn for service, etc.; reward; compensation: 
v.t. to give something equal to; as, to recom¬ 
pense him for his devotion; to compensate; 
repay; as, to recompense a person for loss or 
service; repair; atone for; as, to recompense 
loSS* 

TPP PTl pil o hi P (rek'^n-sil'd-bl), adj. 
reo-uil-Cli-d.- Uie capable of being made 

friendly or harmonious again; adjustable; 
consistent; capable of being made to agree or 
match; as, reconcilable statements. 

TPP PTl pilp (rek'bn-sil), v.t. to bring 
i c^-uii-i/iic about peace or friendship 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








512 


reconciliation _ 

between; as, to reconcile brothers who have 
quarreled; to adjust; settle; as, to reconcile 
their differences; to make content or quietly 
submissive; a.s, to reconcile a person to his 
losses; to make to agree or harmonize; as, to 
reconcile a man’s words and actions.— n. 
reconciler, reconcilement. 

r ec- oncil-i-a-tion shun), n. renewal 

of friendship; the making up or settling of a 
quarrel; tne act of making peace; the 
showing of agreement between things seem¬ 
ingly different. , 

-ran rm ifo (rek'on-dit), adj. too deep 
rec-on-uue or difficult for the ordinary 
mind to perceive or understand; obscure; 
profound; as, recondite studies. # „ v 

^ Q s'SYt'i ai c cn r *p (r<§-kon i-sans) , n. 

re-con-nois-sance the act of examin¬ 
ing or surveying; especially, an investigation 
or survey of a region made by soldiers to 
find out the enemy’s position, strength, etc., 
before some action is taken. Also, recon¬ 
naissance. [Fr.] 

rec-on-noi-ter 

with a view to action; make a survey of 
before taking some action, especially for 
military purposes: v.i. to make examination 
before taking action. Also, reconnoitre. 

re-con-struct SSt&vfr 

re-con-struc-tion <f'grS k 'o s ? a ?^ 

building; state of being rebuilt: Reconstruc¬ 
tion, in the United States, the process of 
restoring to the Southern States the rights 
and privileges of the Union after the Civil 
War. 

r-o, nnn c+riir tivp (re'kGn-struk'tiv), 
re-con-stmc-xiVe a dj. tending or able 

to rebuild or restore. 

___ (rek'ord; rek'ord), n. a written 

Ict-UlU. ro n or register made for the pur¬ 
pose of keeping facts or events in memory; 
as, a school record; an official written or 
printed report of public acts; a copy of an 
official document; testimony; as, they bore 
record to this; in sports, the best performance 
so far achieved at any given time; as, he 
holds the record for the high jump; also, 
the register of performances; the cylinder 
or disk for reproducing sounds in phono¬ 
graphs, etc.; the paper roll of an automatic 
piano player, etc.; the narrative of the suc¬ 
cessive events in the progress of anything; 
as, he left a good life record: pi. public docu¬ 
ments: v.t. (re-kord'), to write or enter a true 
account of; as, to record events; to put in 
writing; as, to record one’s opinion; register; 
enroll; to fix in mind; to mark or indicate; 
as, the clock records time. 

Syn., n. entry, account, history, catalog. 
nr\rr\ or (re-kor'der), n. a public officer 
AC-tUlU.-CI w hose duty is to register 
writings or transactions; as, a recorder of 
deeds; a judicial officer in a city or borough; 
a device that registers; as, a telegraph 
recorder. 

__ r*oiin+ (r8-kount'), v.t. to tell or repeat 
rtJ-l/UUlll in f U ii the narrative of; recite; 
(re-kount'), to count again: n. (rS-kount'; 
re'kount), a counting again. 

(rS-kobp'), v.t. to make good; 
Ic-LUup regain; as, to recoup a loss; 
Indemnify; as, to recoup oneself for a loss; 
in law, to keep back (a part of something 
to be paid) in order to make good a counter¬ 
claim. 


rectify 


ro rrmrcp (rS-kors'). n. an appeal for aid 

re-CO111 be or protection; as, to have 
recourse to the law; the person or thing to 
which one turns for aid; as, his purse was a 
recourse for all the needy. 

nr . XT (rS-kuv'er), v.t. to get back the 
re-COV-er possession of; as. to recover 
one’s health or lost property; obtain by 
judgment in a court of law; as, to recover 
damages; make good the loss or damage of; 
as, to recover lost time: v.i. to regain health, 
strength, or any former state; to succeed 
in a lawsuit; in boxing, fencing, etc., to 
regain one’s position for a new movement. 
adj. recoverable. 

Syn. heal, restore. 

Ant. (see fail). , 

__ nnxr or (rS-kuv'er-I). n. the. act of 
ic-L-UV-ci -y regaining; restoration to 
health; the obtaining of one’s right to some¬ 
thing by judgment of a court. . 

voo ro cirtf (rek're-ant), n. a faithless 
IcL.-lti-d.lll person; a deserter; a coward: 
adj. cowardly; craven; unfaithful to a cause; 
false.— n. recreancy. 

~ro qIp (re"krfi-at'), v.t. to make anew; 
lc“vic-cuc remake. 

(rek'rS-at), v.t. to refresh, 

- especially after toil; divert; 

amuse: v.i. to take refreshment or amuse¬ 
ment. 

(re"kre-a/shffn), n. the 
16 “Cl 8-3.-110X1 ac t of making anew; 
something made anew. 

0 f.’rvn (rek're-a'shffn), n. refresh- 

rec-re-a-lion ment of mind or body 
after toil, etc.; any exercise or occupation 
that diverts, or gives pleasure as a change 
from work. 

Syn. sport, pastime, play, game, fun. 

ro a +iwo (rek're-a-tiv), adj. refresh- 
lcwc-a-uvc ing; amusing. 

ro . rrim \ rmfp (re-krlm'I-nat). v.i. to 
1 c-1/llIll-l-iid.LC return one accusation or 
charge with another: v.t. to accuse in return. 
„ _ „ (rS-krIm"I-na'shfin), 

re-crim-i-na-tion n the act of accus¬ 
ing in return; the accusation made. 

r-a rrim i no rv (rS-krlm'I-nd-tO-rl). 
re-Crim-1-nd.-lO-ry adj- retorting or re¬ 
turning an accusation or charge. Also, 

recriminative. _ 

ro A roriro (re'kroo-des'ens), n. 

Ic-CXU-ucb-L/Cllcc the state of becom¬ 
ing raw or sore again; a breaking out afresh. 
ro Hoc (re"kroo-d8s'ent), adj. 

lC-tiu-uco-toiH becoming raw or sore 
again; breaking out afresh; gaining new life 
and vigor. 

ro rriiif (re-kroot'), n. a man newly en- 
Ic-U Ull listed in an army; one who has 
just joined any cause: v.t. to add new soldiers 
to; as, to recruit an army; to fill up gaps or 
weak places in; hence, to build up; restore; 
as, to recruit health and strength: v.i. to 
obtain fresh supplies; recover health; enlist 
new men for an army. 

ro emit mo«+ (re-krbbt'ment), n. the 
ie-V/i un-incut business of enlisting new 

soldiers for the army, etc. 

roe +o« o-l o (rek'tafffgl), n. a four-sided 

lCb-uui-gio figure, with four right angles. 

|.p/» •fori 0"il 1?ir (r&k-t&fi'gff-ldr), adj. 
lct-iau-gu-iai having four sides and 

four right angles. 

ror* f%n -fior* (rSk'tl-fl-ka'shiSn), n. 

IcL/- Ll-ll-Cd.- 11U11 the ac t of correcting 



ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 







rectilinear 


513 


red snow 


the faults in; to remove mistakes from; to 
set right; to improve; refine or purify; as, 
to rectify whisky.—n. rectifier. 

+i Ifn fx or (rek'tl-lin'S-ar^, adj. 
reC-Ll-1111-c-d.r straight; bounded by 

straight lines; right-lined or straight-lined. 
Also, rectilineal. 

Yf±c +iiHp (r6k'tT-tud), n. rightness of 
lct-u-iuuc intention and action; hon¬ 
esty; uprightness; freedom from error. 
rpr f nr (rek'ter), n. in the Episcopal 
I Ct-lUl Church, a clergyman in charge of a 
parish; in Scotland and, sometimes, in Eng¬ 
land, the headmaster of a public school, or 
the head of a university; the superior or 
head of a religious house.— adj. rectorial. — n. 
rectorate, rectorship. 

rar rw (rek'td-ri), n. the house of a 
l CC-lU-l j rector, or clergyman of the 
Episcopal Church. 

r&r firm (rek'tum), n. the end of, and 
1CC-Ltllii ou tiet from, the great intestine, 
y 01irn l\ p « pTr (re-kum ben-si), w. the 
uni- D cii-c y state of leaning or reclin¬ 
ing; a reclining position. Also, recumbence. 

ra mm Vkorif (rS-kum'bent), adj. lean- 
I C-t/Ulli-uciit jug; lying; reclining; as, 

a recumbent position.— adv. recumbently. 

-*•£> /mi -rwar o+p (re-ku'per-at), v.t. to bring 
re-CU-per-d-ie back to health and 
strength; make to regain: v.i. to regain health 
and strength. . ^ . x 

o (re-ku"per-a'shun), n. 

re-cu-per-a-tion recovery, especially of 
health and strength. . _ , _ A „ x 

Tfk /'ll npi* o +i tt pi (r&-ku per-a-tiv), adj. 
rC-LU.-pcI-d-LlVC G f, pertaimng to, or 

tending to, recovery; as, recuperative powers. 

Also, recuperatory. 

/'ll!- (rS-kur'), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. recurred, 
Ic-tUl p.pr. recurring], to come back or 
return; as, a thought recurs to the mind; 
to recur to a subject; happen again, or at 
stated intervals, as a fever. 
t*£k rnr rpnrp (re-kur'ens), n.. the act or 
re-cur-rence f ac t Of returning; a re¬ 
turn; as, the recurrence of a fever; recourse. 

(re-kur'ent), adj. coming 
1C-C111-I dll back at intervals, as a fever; 
running or turning back: said of nerves and 

arteries. w „ „ . 

oon /itt (rek u-zan-si), n. refusal 

rec-u-san-cy f 0 obey or submit to 

authority; refusal to acknowledge the 
authority of a state church. 

11 c. or ,+ (rek'u-zant) , n. one who 
leC-U-bcUll refuses to conform to a state 
church; a dissenter or nonconformist: adj. re¬ 
fusing to obey or submit to authority. < _ 

(red), n. one of the three original 
xeCl primary colors from which the others 
are made; the color of blood: adj. of the 
color of blood; of that color of the spectrum 
farthest from violet; anarchistic; as, a 

red republican. ... 

(re-dan'), n. a fortification with 
re-aan f WO sides, or parapets, meeting in 
an angle in front 
and open in the 
rear; a form of 
ornamentation in 
architecture, cut 
in stone, and 
supposed to re¬ 
semble teeth. 

red-breast 

(red'brest"), n. a common name for the robin. 
^ i _ e (red kros), a red Greek cross 

ret! CrObo on a white ground, adopted by 



Redan 


the Geneva Convention, in 1864, as the sign 
of neutrality in war: Red Cross, a society for 
helping the sick and wounded in war, and 
for other benevolent purposes: the members 
wear a red cross on a white ground as a 
badge or sign that they do not belong to the 
fighting force. 

rPf l Hpti (red'n), v.t. to make red: v.i. to 
1CU.-U.C1I become red; blush; flush. 
rpk/ 4 r4i c V| (red'Ish), adj. somewhat red. — 
1 CU-Uloli n reddishness. 

rp /Ipprn (re-dem'), v.t. to buy back; to 
1 c-uccui f ree from bondage or slavery by 
paying a ransom or price; rescue; ransom or 
free from sin and its consequences; make 
good; as, to redeem a promise; make up for; 
as, to redeem a fault; to pay what is due on, 
as a promissory note; to recover, as property 
given for security to a bank, loan office, etc. 
— adj. redeemable. 

Syn. rescue, deliver^ save, free, 
rp Hppm pr (re-dem'er), n. one who 
lc-ucciu-ci frees or buys back: Redeem¬ 
er, Jesus Christ, the Savior. 

rp rlprrvn +i/vn (re-demp'shunX, n. the act 
I c-Ucilip-llUll 0 f freeing or buying back; 

state of being freed or bought back; repur¬ 
chase; release; ransom; salvation of man¬ 
kind by Jesus Christ. 

rp rlprrvn +ivp (re-demp'tlv), adj. ran- 
lc-ucmp-uvc goming or saving; as, 

redemptive work; serving or tending to fulfil, 
as a promise, or to buy back or recover, as 
property. 

rp flomn nr (re-demp'to-ri), adj. paid 
1 C-UCliip-LU-l y f 0 r ransom; serving to 

set free or buy back; serving to fulfil. 
r pJ 1 - 1 /-*+ (red'hot"), adj. heated to redness; 
1 cU~UUl greatly excited; furious; extreme. 

rp r\ in +p <rra+p (re-dln'te-grat), v.t. to 
ic-uiu-tc-gieitc make complete or per¬ 
fect again; put together again; restore.—n. 

redintegration. 

rpH 1 p+ +pr Haw (red'let'er da), a happy 
icU—IcX-Xcl tidy or lucky day: so called 

from the Saints’ days printed in red letters in 
the church calendars. 

red-o-lence fe^ce. ens) • "• perfume: 

vpH n 1pt-|+ (red'6-lent), adj. emitting an 
icU-U-lCllt odor; fragrant; as, the air was 
redolent of roses. 

rck A /mi V»+ (r§-dout'), n. a fieldwork, or 
H5-UUU.UI inclosed fortification, often tem¬ 
porary, for strengthening a military position. 
Also, redout. 

1-/1 H/viiK+ o KIp (re-dout'a-bl), adj. caus- 
re-QOUDX-d-Die bag fear or dread; for¬ 
midable or valiant: often ironical.— adv. 
redoubtably.— n. redoubtableness, 
i-p HpiinH (re-dound'), v.i. to return in 
1C-U-U U11U. flowing abundance to the 
source or cause; to result; contribute; as, 
all of his acts redound to his glory. 
i-p/1 n/ill (red"pol'), n. any of several 
reu-puil small finches the males of which 
have a red crown. 

i-p Hi-poc (re-dres'), n. the repairing, or 
IC-UICoa making right, of wrong; cor¬ 
rection; repayment for loss or injury; as, 
to get no redress for dishonest treatment: 
v.t. to make right, as a wrong; make amends 
for, as an injury; remedy; as, to redress 
grievances; give relief to; as, to redress 
those who suffer from wrongs. 

Syn., n. remedy: v. repair, 
red skin. (r6( VskIn"), n • a North American 

(red sno), in arctic regions, snow 
reu bilUW colored by a certain red plant. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









redstart 


514 


refine 


j e+orf (red'start), n. a European bird 
red-blcUl of the nightingale family; an 

American warbler. m . 

_j (red tap), official conduct of 

red tape business marked by formality 
and delay: so called from the custom of 
tying official papers with red tape: adj. 
pertaining to formality and delay in the con¬ 
duct of official business. Also, red-tape, 
r-o Hupp (rfe-dus'), v.t. to make less in 
re-auce value, size, etc.; lessen; lower; 
as to reduce the cost; reduce flesh; bring 
from a higher to a lower position; degrade; 
as, to reduce an officer to the ranks; subdue, 
conquer; as, to reduce an enemy to subjec¬ 
tion; bring into classes or orders; as, to 
reduce mankind to races; bring into a par¬ 
ticular form or condition; as, reduce sugar to 
a svrup; reduce one to despair; in arithmetic, 
change (numbers or quantities) frona one 
name or form to another without chang- 
ing their value; as, to reduce gallons to pints; 
reduce fractions to lowest terms; in chemistry, 
to take all nonmetallic elements out of (an 
ore); in surgery, to restore ( a displaced part) 
to its right position; as, to reduce a fracture. 

— adj. reducible. — n. reducer. 

Sun. decrease, shorten. 

ro Hiir +irvn (re-duk'shun), n. the act 
re-duc-lion of lessening, degrading, or 

changing the form of; the state of being 
lessened, degraded, cr changed m form; 
conquest; as, the reduction of a fort. 

__ i „„ (re-dun'dan-sl), n. the 

re-dun-dan-cy quality or state of being 
more than is required; excess; surplus; that 
which is more than enough; as, redundancy in 
writing is a burden to memory. Also, redun- 
dance. 

re> rhin riant (rS-dun'dant), adj. being 
1 C -dUH-dcU.1.l more than is needed; super¬ 
abundant; in writing or speaking, being too 
full, or too wordy; unnecessary to the sense; 
superfluous; more than enough. , 

ro _i: (r$-du'pli-kat), v.t. allude; 

re-du-pil-caxe to double again; repeat; appeal; 
multiply: adj. (r£-du'pl!-kat), repeated again 
and again; redoubled.— adj. reduplicative. 

r e - du - pli - ca -tion 

doubling, or repeating again and again. 

•rorl uritur (rfid'wlng'), n. in Europe, a 
1CU-W lllg red-winged thrush; m America, 

a red-winged blackbird. 

•teckH 'limnA (red'wdbd*), n. any one of 
I cU-WuUU various trees having a reddish 
wood; especially, a very large California tree 
of the pine family; the wood of this tree. 

(red), n. any of certain tall coarse 
I ecu. grasses that grow in wet places; 
also, their jointed hollow stems; a mass of 
such grasses; a musical pipe made of a 
hollow stem or stalk of a plant; a thin 
elastic tongue at the opening of a pipe in a 
musical instrument; a musical instrument, 
as an oboe; in poetry, an arrow.— adj. 
reedy. — n. reediness. 

Vki-rrl (red'burd"), n. in the United 
rCcll-UHU States, the bobolink: so called 
because the birds congregate among the 
reedlike rice fields in the autumn. 

■t-ckof (ref), n. that part of a sail which can 
icci be drawn in by small ropes running 
in eyelet holes, in order to lessen the size of 
the sail; a sand bar or shelf of rock lying level 
with, or just below, the surface of the water; 
as, a coral reef: v.t. to reduce (a sail) by rolling 
or folding up part of it. 

c (ref'er), n. familiarly, a midship- 
rcel-cl man; a short, rough, double- 
breasted jacket 


i_ (rek), n. vapor; steam; a disagreeable 
IccK odor; in Scotland, smoke: v.t. to send 
out vapor, steam, or fumes, usually with a 
disagreeable odor; as, to reek with filth. 
adj. reeky. . 

_.i (rel), n. a turning frame for winding 
leel yarn, rope, etc.; a bobbin; _ a device 
for winding uo a fish line; a staggering move¬ 
ment; a lively country or folk dance; as, a 
Highland reel; the Virginia reel; the music 
for such a dance: v.t. to wind on a frame or 
bobbin; to draw in by winding; as, to reel 
fish in: v.i. to stagger or sway from side to 
side; as, to reel in walking; turn round and 
round; feel dizzy; as, his head reeled; to give 
way; waver; as, the whole line (of soldiers) 
reeled. 

(re^n-fors'), v.t. to give new 
lc-cIl-iUltc strength to; especially, to 
strengthen (an army) by bringing up new 
troops; add a strengthening part to; support. 

(re"en-fors'ment), n. 

re-en-iorce-ment ac t of strengthen¬ 
ing; state of being strengthened; that which 
strengthens: pi. more troops or ships sent to 
strengthen a position. 

(rev), n. formerly, in England, a 
IcCVC bailiff, steward, or overseer; the 
female of the ruff, or sandpiper: v.t. nauti- 
cally, to pass the end of (a rope) through a 
hole, block, or ring. 

-firm (rS-fek'shun), n. a hght repast 
I e-let,-11UJ.J. or lunch; refreshment. 

*-o for> -nr (r6-fek't&-rl), n. originally, a 
Ic-Icv-tU-I y dining room or hall in a 
convent; a room lor refreshments. 

1-0 for (rS-fOr'), v.t. f p.t. and p.p. referred, 
Ic-icl p.pr. referring], to submit to an¬ 
other person or authority for information 
or decision; as, they referred the question to 
the president; to direct or send for informa¬ 
tion, etc.; as, to refer one to the dictionary; 
to place in a certain class, or explain as due 
to a certain cause: v.i. to direct attention; 

as, he did not refer to the war; 

__ apply; as, he referred frequently 

to his notes; point by marks; as, that sign 
refers to a footnote; to direct one person to 
another for information; as, to refer to a 
former employer. 

or a hip (ref'er-d-bl), adj. capable of 
I ti-Ci -ct-UlC being considered as a result 
of, or related to, something; assignable. 
Also, referrible. 

■rckf o-r oo (ref'er-e'), n. one to whom a 
icl-cl-cc matter is handed over for deci¬ 
sion and settlement; an umpire; a person 
to whom a question in a case is sent by a 
court to be investigated and decided, or 
reported to the court. 

OT - (ref'er-ens), n. the act of 

I CI-Cl -ciic-c submitting a matter to 
another to settle or of consulting an authority 
for information; a directing of attention to 
something; a passing allusion; a note, etc., 
in a book or writing directing attention to 
some other book or passage; also, the passage, 
etc., to which attention is directed; a person 
to whom inquiries may be directed regarding 
another person; a written statement of the 
ability of a person given by another; rela¬ 
tion; respect; as, with reference to your 
request: adj. suitable to be used in securing 
information; as, a reference library. 

*-yvf a.** A ii-rvi (reUer-en'dilm), n. the 
rei-er-en-aum submission of a legisla¬ 
tive act to the decision of a vote of the people; 
the right possessed by a people so to vote 
upon a legislative act. 

i*p -fi-np (rfi-fin'), v.t. to make pure; as, to 
I c-1U1C refine sugar; clear from dross or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










refined 


515 


refreshment 


worthless matter; as, to refine gold; free 
from coarseness or rudeness; educate or 
improve; as, to refine manners or language: 
v.i. to become fine or pure; improve in 
quality; grow courteous. 

fJ-noH ( r e-f in d'). p.adj. made pure or 
ic-micu flue; freed from coarseness; cul¬ 
tivated; polished. 

rp fine. triArif (re-fin'ment), n. the act 
1 c-mic-incn l of making pure or free 

from coarseness; state of being pure or free 
from coarseness; elegance; polish; purity 
of taste, mind, or morals. 

t-o fi-n vr (re-fin'er-I), n. [pi. refineries 
X C-llli-Ci -y (-iz)], a place where anything, 
as metals, oil, sugar, etc., is made pure. 

^ f|x (re-fit'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. refitted, 
•iC-llL jj'pr. refitting], to make ready for use 
again; equip or furnish anew; prepare afresh: 
v.i. to repair damages, especially damages of 
ships; to be made ready for use again; to be 
newly equipped. 

i-ia fl (re-flektO, v.t. to throw back, as 
xC-llCX/L rays of light or heat which have 
struck on any substance; to give back an 
image of, as in a mirror; to give back as a 
result; as, his act reflects honor upon him; 
to show the effect of; as, her conduct reflects 
her mother’s training: v.i. to throw back 
rays of light, etc.; to give back an image; 
to consider in the mind; think; cast reproach; 
cause shame or blame; as, bad behavior in 
school reflects upon home training. 

Syn. consider, think, ponder, censure. 

(re-flek'shun), n. the act of 
le-iicL-llUll returning or throwing back; 
state of being returned or thrown back; as, 
the reflection of fight or heat; that which is 
returned or thrown back, such as fight or 
heat; an image given back; as, your reflection 
in a mirror; the turning of thought back 
upon past experiences or ideas; attentive 
consideration; thought; criticism; reproach; 
as, a reflection on one’s character; the folding 
of a part back on itself. 

+i T7 .~ (re-flek'tlv), . adj. throwing 
10-I16C-T1VG b ac k fight, images, etc., as 
a mirror; thoughtful; given to meditation; 
as, a reflective mind; in grammar, reflexive, 
or turning back to the subject, adv. reflec¬ 
tively.— n. reflectiveness. .... 

+nr- (re-flek'ter), n. a polished, 
re-nec-iui usually concave, surface that 
sends back rays of fight or heat. ... , 

__ (re'fleks), n. a sending back of light 

re-IlCA or color; an image, as a reflection 
in a mirror; a picture or copy; light sent back 
from a bright surface to one in shade; an 
involuntary movement of some part oi tfie 
body: adj. turned or thrown back from a 
surface, as light or color; caused by action m 
return; as, a reflex influence; of thought, 
tending to turn back to the past or within 
oneself; in physiology, of, pertaining to, or 
caused by, some impulse, independently of 
consciousness or will; in painting, represented 
as lighted by light sent off from another part 
of the same picture: v.t. (re-fleks ), to bend or 

turn back.— adj. reflexed. „ 

_ 0 „ n (re'fleks ak'shun), action 

re-lleX 3-C-tlOll Qf the muscles caused 
by some impulse independently of conscious¬ 
ness or will. ,. . 

_ (re-flek'slv), adj. in grammar, 

re-nex-ive expressing an action that goes 
back to the subject; as. in the phrases “she 
helps herself” and “she behaves herself, helps 
and behaves are reflexive verbs; showing the same 
person or thing as the subject, as, in she 
behaves herself,” herself is a reflexive pronoun. 


n. a pronoun or verb that is the same as, or 
refers back to, the subject.— adv. reflexively. 
r p fliiY (re'fluks), n. a flowing back; ebb: 

1 C-HUA a( jj fi ow ing back; returning. 

form (re-form'), n. change for the 
l C-iUliii better; especially, a change from 
evil to upright character, or political correc¬ 
tion of evils or abuses: v.t. to change from 
bad to good; bring back to a former good 
state; make better morally; free from evils 
and abuses; amend; correct: v.i. to give up 
evil for that which is good; become better. 

Syn., v. better, restore, improve. 
rPk f nr mo -h'rm (ref"Sr-ma'shun), n. the 
I Cl -Ui -Hid- null aC f 0 f making or becom¬ 
ing better; state of being made or becoming 
better; change from worse to better: Refor¬ 
mation, the great religious movement, begun 
by Martin Luther, in the sixteenth century, 
resulting in the formation of the Protestant 
churches • 

v r± ferm cs (re-for'md-tiv), adj. 

x c-AUiiii-ct-tiv c forming again; tending 

to improve or make better. 

f Anrt o f A r v (re-for'ma-t6-rI), n. an 
IC-lUlli--<l-tU-l y institution or school 
for correcting and improving the habits and 
conduct, especially of young offenders: adj. 
tending to correct, or make better. 

-re* frfvrmfwf (re-formd'), p.adj. restored 
f C-iUiiiicu. fo a former good state; 
amended or changed: Re!ormed Church, that 
section of the Early Protestant Church which 
separated from the Lutherans and adopted 
the religious doctrines of Calvin, etc. 

■ro form pr (re-for'mer), n. one who 
iC-xuiiii-ci carries out or urges a reli¬ 
gious, moral, or political change for the 
better: Reformer, a leader of the great 

religious movement of the sixteenth century, 
fo fr-ani- (re-frakt'), v.t. to break the 
Ic-lla.vl natural course of, or bend from 
a straight line; as, to refract rays of fight.— 
adj. refractive.— n. refractor. 

(re-frak'shun), n. the change 
I C-ii dL-liUli 0 f direction of a ray of light 
in passing obliquely from one medium to 
another of different density. 
re froc rvr (re-frak't&-ri), adj. dis- 
re-lIdL-lU-Ij obedient; unyielding; un¬ 
manageable; as, a refractory boy; difficult 
to fuse; as, refractory ore.— adv. refractorily. 
— n. refractoriness. 

re -fret in (re-fran'), n. a phrase or strain 
re-lid-lli repeated now and then through¬ 
out a poem or song; often, a verse or chorus 
of a song repeated at the end of each stanza: 
v.i. to hold back; do without; check oneself; 
as, to refrain from doing a thing. 

__ fren rri fill i fir (re-fran'jl-bll'l-tl), 

re-iran-gl-DU-l-ty n . the capability 
of being bent from a straight fine, as rays of 
light. Also, refrangibleness. 

i-ck -Pi-on cri filet (re-fran'jl-bl), adj. capa- 
re-iran-gl-Die bi e of being bent from a 

straight line, as rays of fight. 

f roc 1. (re-fresh'), v.t. to make fresh 
re-irebll again; revive after fatigue or ex¬ 
haustion; restore; to renew; as, to refresh the 
memory. 

_ r_ __.fi in cr (re-fresh'Ing), adj. reviving 
re-iresn-ing or making fresh again; cool¬ 
ing; as, a refreshing drink.— adv. refreshingly. 

S (re-fresh ment), n. act ol 

re-fresn-ment reviving; state of being 

revived; restoration of strength, liveliness, etc.; 
that which restores or revives, especially food, 
drink, or rest: pi. light, dainty food and drink 
served, as a part of th.6 entertainment oi guests 
at a reception, dance, etc. 


behaves nersen, nvizcy a < ——- - ; . , 

boot fdot • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; (hen, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 










516 


refrigerant 


register 


rp frier pr ant (re-frlj'er-ant), n. any 
ic-iug-ci-cuH medicine or material that 

lessens fever or reduces heat: adj. cooling; 
reducing fever or heat. 

rp frier pr afp (re-frij'er-at), v.t. to cool 
A C-AA A fe _c ' A -cite or freeze, as in a refrigera¬ 
tor, or ice box.— adj. refrigerative, refrigera¬ 
tory. 

rp fyicr pr a ti oti (rS-frIj"er-a'shun), n. 

ie-irig-er-a-iion act of coo iing to a 

low point. 

rp ff-i <y Pr ci tor (re-fnj'er-a'ter), n. an 
A c “ AAA &r CA air-tight receptacle or 

chest, or a room, where food, etc., is kept 
cool by means of ice or cold air. 
rpf iip-p (ref'uj), n. a place of safety from 
trouble or danger; a shelter or 
secure retreat; one that protects or defends 
from danger or misfortune. 

Syn. protection, harbor, retreat, 
rpf 11 crpp (ref"u-je'), n. one who flees for 
i ci-LA gcc protection, especially from po¬ 
litical or religious persecution, to a foreign 
land; one who escapes from an invading 
army. 

rp fill o-Ptirp (re-ful'jens), n. brightness; 
1 flood of light; radiance; 

splendor. Also, refulgency. 
rp fill crptvi (re-ful'jent), adj. casting a 

re-IUI-geiU bright light; . 


splendid; shining. 


very brilliant; 


rp flinrl (re-fund'), v.t. to give back or 
ic-iunu repay; replace by a new loan. 

rp flici al (re-fuz'al), n. the act of reject- 
ic-iuo-cu jog or denying; rejection or 
denial of anything offered or asked; the 
right to refuse or take before others; as, to 
have the refusal of a a office. 

f«op (re-fuz'), v.t. and v.i. to decline to 
iG-i UoC take; be unwilling to receive; as, 
to refuse a gift; to decline to do or grant; 
deny; as, to refuse a demand or request; 
decline to have put upon one; as, to refuse a 
responsibility: n. (ref'us), waste or worthless 
matter; trash; rubbish: adj. rejected; worth¬ 
less. 

Syn., v. repudiate, decline, withhold: n. 
dregs, dross, scum. 

Ant. (see accept). 

TP flit ?1_1"»1 p (re-fut'a-bl), adj. capable of 
x c-a lx t-a- mxc being conclusively answered 

or proved false; as, a refutable argument.— 
adv. refutably. 

rpf ii firm (ref"u-ta'shun), n. the act 
iCi-u-La-LlL»ll of proving false; that which 
is proved false; the act of disproving; a con¬ 
clusive answer to an argument. 
rp fllfp (re-fut'), v.t. to prove to be false 
xc-iuic or wrong; to overthrow by argu¬ 
ment or proof; disprove, 
rp cretin (re-gan'), v.t. get back; as, to 
A ' :? ”& CAAAA regain lost health; reach again; 
as, they at last regained the shore, 
rp cret\ (r^gal), adj. fit for, or like, a king; 
Ac 'b cu royal; hence, splendid or stately, 
rp era Ip (re-gal'), v.t. to entertain with 
1 c-ga.i.c something that delights the senses; 
feast; delight: v.i. to feast, 
rp era Ii a (re-ga'li-d), n.pi. the emblems of 
A c-gd-n-a royalty, as the crown, etc.; 
decorations of an order or office, as of Masons, 
Odd Fellows, etc. 

rp (rnl i fv (rS-gal'I-ti), n. royalty; sover- 
A c-ga-i-i.-ty eign jurisdiction. 

rp crarf! (re-gsird'), n. affection; respect; 
I C-gaiLA consideration; care; close atten¬ 
tion or notice; a look or gaze; reference: 
pi. good wishes: v.t. to observe closely; look 
upon; as, she regarded him with a frown; 
consider; as, I regard her as an enemy; heed; 


respect; as, regard my words; esteem; care 
for; as, I regard him highly; relate to; con¬ 
cern; as, the matter regards your happiness. 
Syn., v. mind, heed, notice, view. 

rp crctrA fill (re-gard'fool), adj. taking no- 
itJ-gdru-iUI tice; heedful; respectful.— 
adv. regardfully. — n. regardfulness, 
rp cretrci i ncr (re-gard 'In g), vre p. concern- 
A ^"&«- AU - _AAA S ing; respecting. 

rp o-arrl Ipcc (re-gard'les), adj. heedless; 
A c-gaAuucoB careless; neghgent. 

rp crert fa (rS-gat'a), n. a race or races of 
A C-get L-let sa iiboats and rowboats. 

rp trpn rv (re'jen-sl), n. the office of a 

i. c-gCiA-L/j/ ru ier; authority; government; 
especially office, government, or authority of a 
x’uler or body of rulers, acting for a time in 
the name and place of another; a body of 
rulers acting for another; period of govern¬ 
ment of a ruler who acts for another. 

rp crp« Pr a rxr (re-jen'er-ri-sl), n. the 
A C- & CAA_CA -m.-I'J state of being reformed, 
restored, or renewed. 

rp crpn Pr afp (re-jen'er-at), v.t. in the- 
A C- & C ' AA-CA _a - LC ology, to renew spirit¬ 
ually, or cause to turn to the love of God; 
produce anew; fill with new life, or power: 
(re-jen'er-at), adj. having new life; renewed; 
reformed or made better; born again spiritu¬ 
ally. 

rp crpn pr a firm (re-jen'er-a'shfin), n. 
IC-gCli-Ci-U-llUIl the aC £ renewing or 

reforming; the state of being renewed or 
reformed; in theology, the new birth of 
spiritual life; in biology, the forming of new 
tissue to supply that which has been lost. 

rp crpn Pr a tnr (re-jen'er-a"ter), n. one 
A c "& caa -c a -ca-lua who reforms or renews; 

a device, as in a furnace or a gas-burner, to 
save the waste heat of escaping gases; a 
furnace with this device, 
rp crpn t (re'jent), n. one who governs dur- 
A c-ggm j n g the youth, absence, or unfit¬ 
ness of the rightful ruler; any governor or 
ruler; a university officer; a member of a 
board of directors of colleges and schools In 
the state of New York: adj. ruling in place 
of another; as, prirce regent. 
rpn- i rid al (rej"I-s.d'al), adj. pertaining 
A a-valx-cla to the murder or murderer of 
a king. 

rpc r i ridp (rej'I-s'd), n. the murder or 
A c b' 1 ' LiUC murderer of a king, 
rp crimp (ra"zhem') t n. mode, system, or 
A '^ _ b AAAAC rule of government, social or 
political. Also, regime. [Fr.] 
rper i mpi! (rej'I-men), n. . orderly govern- 
AC b‘ 1 ' AAACAA ment; control; especially, a 
systematic course of diet, etc.; the grammati¬ 
cal influencing of the form of one word by 
another. 

rpcr i mpflt (rej'I-ment), n. an organized 
A -aaacail body of soldiers under the 
comm and of a colonel. 

■t*pnr j tnPTi tal (rej"I-men'tal), adj. per- 
A '■'S-A-AiicMJ.-tax. taining to a regiment, or 

body of troops under a colonel; as, regimental 
quarters: n.pl. the uniforms worn by the troops 
of a regiment. 

rp_crinr5 (re'jnn), n. a large section of land; 

j. o-guuj. a country or district; a division 
or part of the body; as, in the region of the 
heart. 

fper ic+pr (rej'Is-ter), n. an official written 
A '-'o AO_LCA record; a roll or hst; as, a 
register of births; the book containing such 
record; as. a school register; that which 
records; as, a cash register; a device for 
admitting heated air to an apartment; an 
organ stop; musical compass or range of a 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







registrar 


517 


reincarnate 


voice or instrument: v.t. to enter in a list 
or record; enroll; record; as, to register one’s 
name; to mark a record of; as, the thermome¬ 
ter registers 80 degrees; in motion pictures, 
to record or indicate vividly; show clearly; 
as, to register an emotion: v.i. to write one’s 
name in a list or record. 

rpor ic t* (rej'Is-trar), n. an official who 
A c 'o -AO-l ' ACl ' L keeps records; 
an institution. 


a secretary of 


reg-is-tra-tion 


reg-nant 


re-gress 


(rej"Is-tra'shun), n. the 
act of entering in a 
record; as, the registration of a mortgage; a 
list of names so entered; enrollment; as, a 
large registration of voters, 
rpff ic frv (rej'Is-tri), n. the act of enter- 
j. on a record; the record of 

acts and facts; the place where an official 
written record is kept; as, the registry of ves¬ 
sels at a custom house. 

(reg'nant), adj. reigning; ex¬ 
ercising royal authority; as, 
a queen regnant; prevailing; as, a regnant 
fashion. 

(re'gres), n. passage back; re¬ 
turn; as, the right of free egress 
and regress; power of returning; movement 
in a direction opposite to the usual direction, 
as of a star: v.i. (re-gres'), to go back; 
return; of a heavenly body, to move or seem 
to move in a direction opposite to the usual 
direction of the stars, etc.— adj . regressive. 

Tp crrpc; cinn (re-gresh'un), n. the act of 
passing back or returning; 
movement in a direction opposite to the 
usual direction, as of the stars, etc. 
rp crrpt (re-gret'), n. mental sorrow or con- 
cern for anything, as for past con¬ 
duct or neglect, with a wish that it had not 
happened: pi. colloquially, polite expression 
of refusal to do something, accept an invita¬ 
tion, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. regretted, p.pr. 
regretting], to remember with distress; wish 
that (something) had not happened; feel 
sorry for the loss or want of; as, what we lose, 
we regret. 

Syn., n. grief, sorrow, lamentation, repent¬ 
ance, remorse. 

Tp rrrp+ fill (re-gret'fool), adj. remember- 
'b lcl, - 1Ui ing with distress; feeling sorry 
for the loss or want of.— adv. regretfully. — n. 
regretfulness. 

(re-gret'a-bl), adj. fit to 
cause distress or sorrow; 
as, a regrettable circumstance.— adv. regret¬ 
tably 

(reg'u-ldr), adj. according to 
rule, order, or established cus 
tom; as, regular habits; a regular meeting; 
directed by rule; orderly; following a certain 
law, plan, type, etc.; as, regular features; 
pertaining to the standing army; permanent; 
as regular troops; belonging to a religious 
order; as, regular clergy; colloquially, thor¬ 
ough or genuine; as, she is a regular book¬ 
worm; in grammar, following the usual form 
of declension or conjugation: regular army, 
the standing army of a nation, not including 
militia, volunteers, etc.: n. a soldier belonging 
to a standing army; one who belongs to a 
religious order.— adv. regularly. 

Syn., adj. orderly, customary, ordinary. 

Ant. (see irregular). 

(reg"u-lar'I-tT) n. the state 
_ or quality of being ac¬ 
cording to rule, order, or custom; con¬ 
formity to a law, plan, or type. 

(reg'u-lat), v.t. to put or keep 
in proper order; adapt to, or 
govern by, rule, method, or certain standard 


re-gret-ta-ble 


reg-u-lar 


-- v-- — - -'o — 

reg-u-lar-i-ty 

cording to rt 
formity to a la 

reg-u-late 



laws; as, to regulate one’s conduct.— adj. 

regulative. 

Syn. arrange, organize, govern, rule. 

Ant. (see disorder). 

reff-U-la-tion (reg'u-la/shun), n. the act 
1 u , , UAA Of adjusting according to a 

rule, method, or law; a rule, direction, or 
law by which to govern or manage; as govern¬ 
ment regulation of the railroads. 

TPP" ii_1 ii friT ( 1 'og / u-la"ter), n. one who, 
c & LvI or that which, controls 

governs in accordance with rules 
a device for controlling motion; as, 
the regulator of a watch; a clock 
specially constructed to keep cor¬ 
rect time, and used as a standard. 

re-gur-gi-tate 

pour, gush, or throw forth or out 
again, especially from the stomach; 
as, to regurgitate food.— n. regur¬ 
gitation. 

re-ha-bil-i-tate 

restore to a former state or rank; 
reinstate.—n. rehabilitation. 

Tp ViocV» (re-hash'; re'hash), n. 

. something made over Clock Reg- 

mto a new form; as, a rehash of ulator 
an old story: v.t. _ (re-hash'), to 
prepare or use again; work over into a new 
form; as, to rehash^ an old story. 

TP Tipcitc: ill (re-hur'sal), n. a recital or 
iv-acaio-ai practice in private before a 

public performance; as, the rehearsal of a 
play; a telling over; as, a rehearsal of one’8 
experiences. 

TP fipsJTCP (re-hurs'), v.t. to repeat, as 
A , AA '-' a " 1 oc what has already been said or 
written; tell over; narrate; to practice in 
private before a public performance; as, to 
rehearse a play: v.i. to repeat or go over some¬ 
thing for practice. 

T?pir"h «2 ratli (Hkhs'rat"), n. the legis- 
i\ciuio-iain lature, or chief lawmaking 

body of the Austrian empire, excluding Hun¬ 
gary. [Ger.] 

T?piVVic fa cr (nkhs'takh"), n. the lower 
house of the German legis¬ 
lature: before the World War it corresponded 
roughly to the American House of Repre¬ 
sentatives,but had much less power. [Geb. 1 
TPlVtl ( ran )* n • supreme rule; royal power; 
A '■' A & AA time during which a ruler holds 
sway; prevailing control or influence; as. 
the reign of law: v.i. to exercise royal author¬ 
ity; rule; hold sway; hence, to prevail, as a 
plague, fear, etc: Reign of Terror, the fourth 
year of the French Revolution, characterized 
by wholesale slaughter of all opponents of the 
extreme revolutionary party. 

TP im ‘hiircp (re"im-biirs'), v.t. to refund 
A c or pay back; to cause to 

receive an amount equal to something spent; 
as, to reimburse him for his loss of time. 

Syn. repay, satisfy, indemnify. 

re-im-burse-ment 

repaying. 

rpin ( ran )> n - a leather strap fastened to 
1CAAA each side of the bit of a horse or other 
animal as a means of guiding and controlling 
it; any means of restraint or control; as, the 
reins of government: v.t. to hold in, direct, 
or cause to stop by means of reins; restrain; 
control. 

rp in rar naff* (re"In-kar'nat), v.t. to 

C-Ui-Gdl-lldlt; cause to take a new 

form or embodiment in flesh.—n. reincarna¬ 
tion. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 
























reindeer 


518 


relegation 


any one of 

of large deer 



concrete strengthened by rods of iron for 
building purposes. 

ro fnrrp mpn+ (re'in-fors'ment), n. 
re-m-iorce-ment additional support. 

Also, reenforcement. 

__ cfafri (re'ln-stat'), v.t. to restore to 
rtJ-lIl-oLctLC a former state, station, or 
authority.— n. reinstatement. 
ro afc, (re-It'er-at), v.t. to do or say 

rc-ll-ei-die again and again; repeat. 

•ro if d -firvn (re-Tt"er-a'shun), n. a 
I U-ll-ci -«.-huaa repeating or repetition. 

to if- or cs (re-It'er-i-tiv), n. a word 

1 c-ll-ci -a-uv c formed by repeating all 
or part of another word; as, pell-mell; a word 
expressing repeated action. 

(re-jekt'), v.t. to throw away as 
IC-jct/L worthless; to discard; as, to reject 
waste matter; refuse to take; decline; as, to 
reject a gift; refuse to grant or agree to; as, 
to reject a suggestion.—n. rejecter, rejector. 

lap -firm (re-jek'shun), n. the act of 
I C-JCU-llUii refusing; state of being 

refused. 

(re-jois'), v.i. to feel or express 
IC-JU1UC joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to 
make joyful; gladden. 

to inir in a (re-jois'Ing), n. a reason for 
A j 0 y or gladness; a feeling of 

joy or gladness, or its expression in words or 
aetions. 1 

r _ i^in (re-join'), v.t. to return to after 
IC-JUIIl separation; to answer: v.i. to 
answer to a reply. 

inin Hpr (rS-join'der), n. an answer, 
XC-JUUi-uci especially to a reply; inlaw, 
the defendant’s answer to the plaintiff’s 
statements. 

r-c* in -wo notp (re-joo've-nat), v.t. to re- 
re-jU-VtJ-Ild.lt; new the youth of; to 

cause to feel young or full of vigor again.— n. 

rejuvenation. A _ 

re-ju-ve-nes-cence 

feeling or seeming jnung again; renewal of 

youth. _ 

yp im npc (ro-joo-ve-nes ent), 

re-JU-Ve-neb-LeiU a <y. tending to re¬ 
new one’s youth. 

■tv* IciTicp (re-laps'), n. a falling into a 
1 C-ldJJoC former bad state; return of a 
disease after partial recovery: v.i. to fall 
back into illness after a state of partial 
recovery; return to a former bad state or 
habit. 

r#* 1 (re-lat'), v.t. to tell, as a story; 
It. -Idle recite; narrate; to bring about a 
connection between; as, to relate poetry and 
art; to have kinship with: v.i. to refer: with 
to. — p.adj. related.—n. relater. 
ro +i nr . (re-la'shun), n. the act of 
I c-id-nun narrating or telling; the thing 
narrated or told; mutual connection be¬ 
tween two or more things; basis of associa- 


tion in business or social matters; as, a 
pleasant relation between partners; strained 
relations; reference; respect; as, in relation 
to; proportion or ratio; connection by birth 
or marriage; a relative; kinsman or kins¬ 
woman. 

la 4-isvn chin (rS-la'shfin-shlp), n. the 
re-ia-tion-smp state of being connected 

by blood or otherwise. 

i 0 A* _ (rel'a-tlv), n. that which refers 
rei-d-llvt; to, or is thought of in its con¬ 
nection with, something else; a person con¬ 
nected with another by blood or marriage; 
a kinsman; a word which refers to an ante¬ 
cedent; as, the pronouns who, which, that, are 
relatives: adj. having or expressing connection 
with, or reference to, something; as, their 
conversation was relative to business; com¬ 
parative; as, the relative value of two things; 
having meaning only in connection with 
something else; as, mother and daughter are 
relative terms; in grammar, referring to an 
antecedent; as, a relative pronoun.— adv. 
relatively.—n. relativeness. 

-rol a +iir i (rel'd-tlv'I-tl), n. the state 
I yi-d-UV-i-ly , or quality of being con¬ 
nected with, or of having reference to, some¬ 
thing else. . , 

ra 1 0 (re-la'ter), n. \fcm. relatrix], one 

I c-id-lUi w ]j 0 t e n s or recounts; a narrator. 
.Also relater, 

1 ov . (re-l&ks'), v.t. to slacken; make less 
Ic-IdA tight or firm; as, to relax one’s 
hold on a thing; render less strict, harsh, or 
severe; as, to relax punishment; relieve from 
strain; ease, as the mind; loosen, as the 
bowels: v.i. to become less tight or firm; 
as, his hold relaxed; become less severe; as, 
to relax in discipline; to cease effort; unbend; 
lessen tension; rest; as, to relax after the 
day’s labor. 

„„ 0 -fi/vn (re"lak-sa'shun; rel"ak-sa'- 

re-IdA-d-UOIl shun), n. the act of loosen¬ 
ing, easing, or making less severe; state of 
being loosened, eased, or less severe; lessen¬ 
ing of tension or restraint; diversion or 
recreation; as, dreams appear to be the relaxa¬ 
tions of the soul. 

TCk (re-la'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. relaid, 

1 C-ldy p.pr. relaying], to lay a second time; 
as, to relay a pavement: n. (re'la), a set of 
fresh men, horses, or dogs, etc., held ready 
to relieve a tired set, usually at a given time 
or place; a supply of anything arranged 
beforehand for affording relief from time to 
time; in military use, a small detachment of 
automobiles, or of men mounted on bicycles 
or motor cycles, who carry messages between 
widely separated points; an electrical device 
by which the opening or closing of a weak 
circuit opens or closes a stronger circuit: 
relay race, a race in which a series of runners 
succeed one another, each covering a part of 
the course. 

•ro 1 ao C p (re-les'), n. the act of setting 
1 c-lcaoc free; state of being set free; 
deliverance from pain, anxiety, distress, etc.; 
a freeing from an obligation or penalty; as. 
release from debt: v.t. to set free; as, to release 
a man from prison; free from obligation or 
penalty; as, to release a person from debt; 
deliver from pain, care, trouble, etc. 
r<al ** (rel'e-gat), v.t. to send away; 

A^A-c-gcitc to change to a worse or lower 
place or situation; as, to relegate furniture 
to the attic. 

r<a 1 ex era firm (rel"6-ga'shffn), n. the act 
i ci-c-ga-uuu 0 f banishing or of remov¬ 
ing to a worse position; state of being 
banished or removed; removal; banishment. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












relent 


519 


remediless 


TpJlpnt (re-lent'), v.i. to become less hard, 
‘ 7 severe, or cruel; become more 
gentle; feel pity; yield. 

re_lptlt_1pqc (re-lent'les), adj. unmoved 
c 1 C it lCtob by sympathy; indifferent to 

the pam of others; pitiless.— adv. relent¬ 
lessly.— n. relentlessness. 

rel-G-VanrP (rel'e-vans), n. the quality 
ici c Vdiicc or state of bearing u £ on a y r 

properly applymg to, the case in hand. Also. 

relevancy. 

Tp1_p vatlf (rel'e-vant), adj. having to do 
ici c vom with> or relating to> the case in 

hand; related.— adv. relevantly. 

Syn. fit. proper, suitable, appropriate. 

Ant. (see irrelevant). 

re-li-a-bil-i-tv (re-H'd-bll'I-tl), n. the 

c it a_ un i iy state or quality of being 

trustworthy or fit to be depended upon. 

rp_li a Kip (rS-lI'o-bl), adj. trustworthy; 
1C ll-a-uic flt to be depended upon.— adv. 

reliably.— n. reliableness. 

TP It Q-npp (re-li'ans), n. act of trusting or 
1 C 11 cuicc depending; state of being con¬ 
fident or dependent; confidence; trust; de¬ 
pendence; that on which one depends; 
foundation for trust. 

Syn. faith, belief. 

Ant. (see suspicion). 

TP li a fit ( re -li'ant), adj. trusting; having 
iv-n-tun confidence; dependent. 

r pt tp (rel'Ik), n. that which is left after the 
1 C 1 - 1 V ioss or decay of the rest; memorial 
or souvenir; body or other memorial of a 
saint held in religious reverence. 

Tpl i cf (rel'Ikt), n. a widow or widower; 
ici-ici especially, a widow. 

TP lipf (ro-lef'), n. removal in whole or in 
ic-nci p art of pain, grief, want, etc.; the 
feeling caused by such removal; that which 
removes or lessens pain, grief, etc.; release 
from some post of duty; help given to the 
poor; fresh supplies of men, animals, food, 
etc., especially fresh troops, coming to take 
the plaoe of those tired out or used up; the 
elevation of a sculptured design from a 
plane surface; as, the figures carved in relief 
on old furniture; in painting and drawing, 
the effect of standing out from the surface 
given to objects in the picture by shadows, 
etc.; hence, a vivid contrast between a 
figure and its background; in physical geog¬ 
raphy, the elevations and depressions of land 
surface. 

Syn. succor, aid, help, redress. 
tp lipvp (re-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, 
J.C-J.J.CVC suffering, grief, etc.; as, to re¬ 
lieve an anxious mind; give comfort or aid to; 
as, to relieve the needy; reduce in severity; 
lessen; as, to relieve anxiety; to free from a 
post of duty; as, to relieve a patrol; make 
less grave or gloomy; light up; as, a little 
pleasure relieves the monotony of work; a 
flash of light relieved the darkness; bring 
out by contrast; as, a touch of red will 
relieve the black.— adj. relievable. 

TP li crirm (rS-Uj'un), n. the sense of 
~S xyjxx man’s relation to a divine or 
supernatural power to whom obedience and 
honor are due; the practice of fife that 
grows out of the recognition of such relation; 
the life of God in the soul of man; the 
effort of man to attain the life of God; 
any system of faith and worship. 

TP K trimic (re-llj'us), adj. feeling, and 
x u-u-giuuo living in accordance with, a 
belief in a divine power to whom honor and 
obedience are due; striving to attain the life 
of God; pious; pertaining to, or set apart 
for, religion; holy; bound by monastic 


vows; strict; conscientious: n. one who is 
bound by monastic vows. 

re-lin-nuish (rS-Un'kwIsh), v.t. to retire 
J C . 4 UA&AA from; to give up using or 
navmg; leave; as, to relinquish one’s position; 
to cease to demand; surrender; as, to 
relinquish a claim. 

Syn. resign, forsake, forego. 

Ant. (see retain). 

re-lin-Quish Tnpnf (re-lln'kwlsh- 
. . A quia-i-meiu m g nt) n tbe act of 

giving up or ceasing to demand. 

rel-i-mia TV (fel'I-kwS-rf), n. [pi. reliqua- 
, ry nes (- rIz )L a casket or small 
chest for holding relics, usually of a religious 
nature. 

rel iqtl (rSl'Ish), n. a taste or preference; 

a fondness; an eager appreciation; 
as, a relish ±or food or for adventure; flavor, 
especially when pleasing; as, that wine has a 
delightful relish; the quality that makes a 
thing pleasurable; as, novelty gave relish to 
the journey; something taken with food to 
give it flavor: v.t. to give flavor to; as, salt 
relishes meat; to like the taste of; enjoy; 
as, he relishes his dinner, or a good story 
v.i. to have a pleasing taste. 

TP-lllP fart pp (re-luk't§,ns), n. unwilling- 
ness . disinclination. Also. 

reluctancy. 

TP llir tuTit ( r §-luk'tSnt), adj. unwilling; 
1C luc-Ldlil disinclined.— adv. reluc¬ 
tantly. 

TP 1v ( r ? _ li')’ t).i. [p.t. and p.p. relied, p.pr. 
7 J relying], to trust; have confidence 
in someone or something; to depend: with 
on or upon. 

TP TTlfli'n (re-man'), v.i. to stay behind 
it/-incxiii wben others have gone; as, 

only he remained in the room; to stay alive, 
endure; last; as, the memory of that day 
remains; be left after a part has been used, 
taken away, lost, or destroyed; as, little of 
his wealth remains; to be left as a possibility 
or as something not included; as, that remains 
to be seen: n.pl. the portion left; a dead 
body; ruins; works published after an 
author’s death; as, literary remains. 

TP tnnin H Pf (re-man'der), n. the portion 
I C-Illctill-UcI i e ft after anything is taken 

away; remnant^ residue. 

TP mflriH (re-mand'), v.t. to order or send 
x^-xixcuxix ba ck; to recommit to custody; 

as, to remand an accused person to prison: 
n. the sending back of an accused person to 
custody after a hearing; the judicial order 
Bending him back. 

TP iriflTlr (re-mark'), n. a brief, casual 
xc-menxv comment or statement; an ob¬ 
servation; notice; as, his dress made him an 
object of remark: pi. conversational speech in 
general; as, his remarks were interesting: v.t. 
to take note of; observe; as, to remark an odd 
style of dress; to utter briefly and casually. 

TP iriflTlr il hip (re-mar'kd-bl), adj. wor- 
A C- AAA <t A JV-ct-U A c thy of observation or 
comment; noteworthy; unusual; uncommon. 
— adv. remarkably.— n. remarkableness. 

Syn. strange, famous, extraordinary, won¬ 
derful. 

Ant. (see ordinary). 

TP TT1P Hi hiP (re-me'dl-d-bl), adj. ca- 
I e-me-Ul-d-Uie pable of being cured; 

as, a remediable disease. 

tp ttip Hi ill (re-nie'dI-5.1), adj. affording, 
x v:-i A ic-di-cii or intended to be used as, a 
cure; as, remedial treatment. 

rem-e-di-less 

help; incurable; in a hopeless state. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











remedy 


520 


renal 


reme-dy (r ^ m - _dI) -’ n ' 


[pi. remedies 
(-dlz)], that which cures or 
helps sickness; a helpful medicine; that 
which removes or corrects an evil; a relief: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. remedied, p.pr. remedying], 
to cure or heal; to repair or make right; to 
remove or correct. 

Syn., n. help, relief, redress, cure, 
rvwvm her (re-mem'ber), v.t. to re- 
1 C-lUCUi*PCi tain or keep in the mind; 

recollect; as, an old man remembers the days 
of his youth; keep in mind carefully; give 
heed to; as, remember what I say; hold in 
min d with gratitude, regard, or reverence; 
as, to revnember the soldiers on Memorial 
Day; remind someone of; as, remember me to 
her; do for out of kindness; give a present 
or fee to; as, remember the porter: v.i. to 
possess or use the faculty of memory. 

rptT1 pm hr art re* (re-mem'brans), n. the 
re-mem-UrcUI^e a ct or power of re¬ 
calling to or keeping in the mind; state of 
being held in or recalled to mind; recollec¬ 
tion; memory; length of timo within which 
one has memories; as, the coldest winter in 
my remembrance; anything that recalls or 
keeps in mind a particular memory; a 
memento or keepsake; a gift; greetings show¬ 
ing regard; as, give her my remembrances. 

■ro minrl (re-mind'), v.t. to bring to the 
re-Iiimu. mind of; cause to recollect. 

-re*tr\ i tile pptlp e* (rem'l-nis ens), n. the 
rem-l-mb-LeilLe calling to mind and 

telling of past experiences; that which is 
recalled and told; memory. 

■rom i -nic ppnf (rem'I-nls'ent), adj. per- 
rCIIl-l-IllS-tclll taming to, of the na¬ 
ture of, or having, memory of past experi¬ 
ences; recalling, or thinking much about, 
the past. 

mice (re-mis'), adj. careless in matters 
lc-lIUbo 0 f duty, business, etc.; neglectful; 
hence, lacking energy and earnestness; not 
prompt.— adv. remissly.—n. remissness. 

mic cirm (re-mlsh'un), n. the can- 
I C-liiio-oiuix celing of a debt; discharge 

from a penalty; as, the remission of a fine; 

as, remission of sins. 

remitted, 
pardon; 

as, to remit sins; send, as money, bills, etc.; 
refrain from demanding or insisting upon; 
as, to remit a fine; make less severe; relax; 
as, to remit one’s watchfulness.— n. remitter. 
r£ , -rrii-f +o1 (re-mlt'al), n. a canceling; as, 
I c-liili-Ldi the remittal of a penalty; 
a discharge; remission. 

mi+ torirp (re-mlt'ans), n. the send- 
xc-xint-tcuiv/c; ing of money, bills, etc., 

in payment; the sum so sent: remittance man, 
a person, usually a younger son of an aristo¬ 
cratic English family, who lives in the col¬ 
onies on an allowance sent him from home. 

mit fpnt (re-mlt'ent), adj. growing 
ic-imt-tcxit jess temporarily, or at irregu¬ 
lar intervals; abating; as, a remittent fever: 
n. a fever that abates irregularly. 

tic»ti+ (rem'nant), n. that which is 
Xv/lll-Ildlll left after a part has been 
removed; remainder; a short length of 
fabric left when most of the piece has been 
sold. 

re* mnrl (re-m6d'el), v.t. to put into 
xc-xiiuvx-cx new shape; rearrange. 

rD rrtrm e* +1-70 (re-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to re- 
1 C-liiUii-c-uxc store to use as lawful 

money; as, to remonetize silver. 

ye TTinn ciTJlflPP (re-mon'strSns), n. 
XC-xiiuii-ovicuiV/C strong urging against 

something; protest; reproof. 



res mnn Q+rnnt (re-m6n'str5nt) ,adj. pro- 

lc-lllUll-oLlcU.ll testing or urging rea¬ 
sons against something: n. one that signs or 
presents a protest against something. 

re-mon-strate 6 Sr str put forwafS 

strong reasons against some act or course 
complained of; as, to remonstrate against 
a wrong; to plead in protest. 

mnrep (re-mors'), n. great pain or 
IC-liiUloC angmsh of mmd caused by the 
sense of guilt; keen self-reproach. 

rp tnnrQP fill (rS-mdrs'fool) , adj. full of 
1C-111U1 OC-lui sorrow or anguish caused 

by a sense of guilt; keenly self-reproachful. 
— adv. remorsefully. — n. remorsefulness. 

•ro rnnfcp Ipcq (re-mors'les), adj. cruel; 
1 c-lilUl dC-ICdo merciless; pitiless; hard¬ 
hearted.— adv. remorselessly. — n. remorse- 

1&SS IT OSS* 

Syn. relentless, ruthless, barbarous. 

Ant. (see merciful). 

t-o mn+o (re-mot'), adj. far off in time or 
Ic-lilULC space; as, remote centuries; remote 
peoples; distant; far removed from others; 
as. a remote village in the hills; having slight 
connection or relation; as, his remarks were 
remote from the subject; slight; not plainly 
seen; as, a remote likeness.— adv. remotely.— 
n. remoteness. 

Syn. far, secluded, indirect. 

Ant. (see near)_. 

to -mmi-nt (re-mount'), v.t. and v.i. to get 
ic-IllUU.ilL or p U £ on horseback again; to 
give a fresh horse to: n. a fresh horse to 
replace one killed or hurt._ 

to mrvw o V»1o (re-moov'a-bl), adj. capa- 
I c-lllUV-d-Uic ble 0 f being taken away, 

or of being transferred from one place to 
another. 

to itiav a) (re-moov'5,1), n. the act of 
ic-liiuv-cti taking away; change of place; 

dismissal; as, removal from office. 
to rrwwo (re-moov'), v.t. to put from its 
IC-1IIUVC place; transfer from one place 

to another; to take out of the way; as, to 
remove a hindrance; displace; as, to remove 
a man from office: v.i. to go from one place 
to another; change residence: n. a transfer 
from one place to another; a change of place; 
the space passed over in changing a thing 
from one place to another; a step or interval. 
—n. remover. 

re* mnvpH (re-moovd'), p.adj. separated 
X c-xuuvcu by degrees in relationship; as, 
a first cousin once removed is a cousin’s child, 
yp *pi, y, py n-fp (re-mu ner-at) , v.t. to 
ic-iuu-uci-aic p a y (someone) in return 
for service, for time spent, or for loss sus¬ 
tained on one’s account; pay in return for; 
as, to remunerate a service; compensate; 
reward. 

re* mil npr a tirvn (re-mu'ner-a'shfin), 
re-mU-IlUI-d.-LlUIl n . payment for loss 

sustained on one’s account, or for service; 
compensation; wage or salary; reward. 

rp mil TIPI* a tl'vP (r8-mu'ner-&-tiv),. 
re-mu-ner-a-xive ac y. paying; profit¬ 
able; as, a remunerative business. 

toti aic conro (ren"e-sahs'; rS-na'sSns; 
rcIl-d.lb-odJ.lL/C p R . re-ne'sans'), n. a 

new birth; a coming to life again, especially 
in art; the revival of anything that has 
been out of use a long time: Renaissance, 
the revival of learning and the arts in Europe 
during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries; 
the style of art and architecture of that 
period. Also, renascence. 
rp -rial (re'nSi), adj. of or pertaining to the 
xc-xicxx kidneys; as, renal colic. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu;, 







renascence 


521 


repeal 


re* nac ppnrA (re-nas'ens), n. fact or 
1C-iia.o cciicc state of being reborn; a 

coming into fresh life: Renascence, the revival 
of learning and the arts in Europe during the 
fourteenth to sixteenth centuries; the Ren¬ 
aissance. 

re* rmc rotlf (re-nas'ent), adj. coming 
A c-nao-V/cm to life again; as, a renascent 
interest in art; being born again; reviving. 
re*rt rnnn +e*r (ren-koun'ter), n. a sudden 
lCii-l/UUli-LCi hostile meeting, as with an 
enemy; an unexpected meeting, as with a 
friend; a debate or argument between indi¬ 
viduals. Also, rencontre. 
r ^nr? (rend), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. rent, p.pr. 
XCXXU rendingl, to tear apart with violence; 
split; as, the wind did not rend the sail; to 
take away by force; as, to rend colonies from 
a mother country: v.i. to become torn; split 
apart. 

Syn. break, sever, sunder. 

Ant. (see mend). 

r<vn r\ or (ren'der), v.t. to give in answer; 
lcJ.l-U.cl to pay back; as, to render grati¬ 
tude; pay back as being owed; as, to render 
tribute; present; as, to render a bill or 
account; deliver; utter as final; as, to 
render a decision; yield; as, to render homage; 
furnish; give; as, to render aid; cause to 
be; as, to render anything fit for use; trans¬ 
late; as, to render French into English; to 
express or interpret; as, to render music; 
to clear or separate by melting; as, to 
TETidcT lard. 

Aiq't vaiic (ran'de-voo), n. appointed 
1CU-UC1-VUUD place of meeting, espe¬ 
cially for warships or troops; a meeting by 
appointment: v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
rendezvoused (-vood), p.pr. rendezvousing 
(-voo-Ing)], to meet or cause to meet at a 
certain place. 

t-o-n rli +in-n (ren-dish'un), n . a yielding or 
i cll-Ul-LlUll a surrender; a translation; 

form of narrating a story; style of perform¬ 
ing, etc.; as, the rendition of a piece of music. 

a. era r\ a. (ren'e-gad), n. one who 
rcil-c-gciuc denies or gives up his faith; 
traitor; a deserter from army or navy. Also, 

(re-neg'), v.i. in cards, to fail 
I c-llcgc to follow suit when holding cards 
of the suit called for; to revoke. 

-nck-wr (rS-nu'), v.t. to cause to become 
re-liew new once more; bring back the 
youth and strength of; as, spring renews the 
earth; to begin again; as, to renew the 
fighting along a battle front; revive; re¬ 
awaken: v.i. to become new; begin afresh; 
grow again.— adj. renewable. 
i-ck Ham ol (re-nu'al), n. the act of begin- 
re-liew-dl ning again, or of making new; 
state of being begun again or made new. 

♦■an not (ren'et), n. the lining membrane 
rcll-IlcL 0 f the stomach of an unweaned 
calf, lamb, etc., used to curdle milk. 
ro nA1irir p (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; 
re-IlOUli^e cas t off; as, to renounce ones 
heir; to give up; as, to renounce a hope: 
p.t. in card playing, not to follow suit: n. fail¬ 
ure to follow suit.— n. renouncer, renounce¬ 
ment. 

Syn., v. abandon, discard. 

Ant. (see advocate). 

r<= >n n vnfp (ren'6-vat), v.t. to make as 
rtJll-U-V<xLC good as new; restore to a 
former condition, or to a good state; repair. 
—n. renovator. , ... . . 

„ _ , T _ x * „ (rgn"o-va'shun), n. act of 
ren-0-Va-I10n making, or state of being 
tnade. as good as new; a renewal; cleansing. 


rf* nnwn (re-noun'), n. fame; the state 
1 C-IIUWU 0 f being widely known and well 
spoken of; widespread reputation; as the 
renown of a hero. 

re* nnwnpH (re-nound'), p.adj. having a 
w livvi 'wide and honorable reputa¬ 
tion; famous. 

rmrf (re n t). V-l. and p.p. of rend: n. a tear; 
I exit a bole or slit made by rending or tear¬ 
ing, especially in cloth; payment at stated 
times for the use of property: v.t. to hold in 
possession by paying for at stated times; hire; 
as, to rent a house from an owner; to give 
possession of, in return for regular stated 
payments; lease; as, to rent a house to a ten¬ 
ant: v.i. be leased or let; as, the house rents 
for $1,000. 

r<ant (ren'tal), n. amount of money paid 

xcill-cti s t a t e d times for possession and 
use of property; entire income obtained from 
leased property. 

rn itjivi rA ci ft on (re-nun "sl-a'shun; re- 
re-rmil-Cl-d-LlOIl nun"shl-a'shun), n. 

the act of disowning, casting off, or giving up; 
as, t he renunciation of dower rights. 

Syn. disavowal, abandonment, relinquish¬ 
ment. 

re-or-garui-za-tion shlil'r&r'gSt 

za'shun), n. the act of arranging or system¬ 
atizing anew; state of being arranged or 
systematized anew. 

■*•£* Q-on t’TfSi (re-or'gan-iz), v.t. and v.i. 
i c-ui -gaii-ize f 0 arrange or systematize 
anew; change to a more satisfactory form or 
system. 

r A-n (r§p) * n - a silk, wool, or silk and wool. 

*^P fabric having a fine, corded surface. 
ro n „: r (re-par'), v.i. to go; as, to repair 
IC-JJclll f 0 one’s home; betake oneself: 
v.t. to put in good condition again after 
injury; mend; as, to repair a garment; 
remedy; make right; as, to repair a mistake; 
make amends for; as, to repair an unkind¬ 
ness : n. restoration after injury: usually plural; 
supply of loss; condition after use or restora¬ 
tion; as, the house is in good repair. — adj. 
repairable.—n. repairer. 

o Vxl & (rep'a-ra-bl), adj. capable of 
l cp-o.-xa.-uxc being mended or made good. 

i-A-n o ro firm (rep"ri-ra'shun), n. the act. 
I Cp-d-Ia.-lXUlX 0 f restoring to a good 

condition; state of being restored; act of 
making amends for a wrong, etc.; as. he 
made reparation for his neglect; that which is 
done by way of amends. 

Syn. recompense, satisfaction, redress. 
ron „ r x(rep"ar-te'), n. a quick-witted, 
Xcp-oX-lCC bright reply; quick, clever 
replies in general; quick cleverness in making 
replies. 

ro -nocf (re-past'), n. a meal; a feast; food 
lc-paol taken at one-time. 
fP n o f r ; a+p (re-pa'tri-at), v.t. and v.i. 
Xc-pa-Lii-a.LC fo give back citizenship to; 
to bring back to one’s own country, as 
prisoners of war after peace is concluded.— n. 
repatriation. 

ro nav (re-pa'), v.t. to pay back; as, to 
I C-pay repay borrowed money; to pay 
back to; as, to repay a creditor; to make a 
gift to or do a service for in return; as, to 
repay a friend for kindness; give a return for; 

t. 

or make 
recalling; 

as, to repeal a law: n. the recalling, with 
purpose to cancel, or make of no further effect; 
as, the repeal of a law. 

Syn. annul, revoke, rescind. 



made, as good as new; a renewal; cleansmg. &yn. annul, revoke, --- 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxm. 


$5 






repeat 


522 


reprehensible 


or 

of 


to noa+ (re-pet'), v.t. to do or speak a 
rc-pc<U second time; say over from mem¬ 
ory; recite: v.i. to say or do anything over 
or again: n. a sign in music, directing a part 
to be given again; anything said or done 
over or again. 

nnai pH (re-pet'gd), p.adj. done or 
Ic-|ical-cu sa i(i again and again or 
over and over; frequent.— adv. repeatedly. 
r p r»Pfl+ Pr (re-pet'er), n. one who, or 
ic-pcal-ci that which, says or does a 
thing over; a revolver or rifle which fires 
several shots without being reloaded; a 
watch that strikes the hours, etc., when a 
spring is pressed; in the United States, one 
who votes more than once at an election; a 
kind of telegraph instrument. 

(re-pel'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. repelled, 
Ic-pcl p.pr. repelling], to drive back; 
check the advance of; keep at a distance; 
as, to repel an enemy; his manner repels 
everyone; in physics, to drive, or tend to 
drive, apart by mutual force acting across a 
distance: opposite to attract: v.i. to act with 
force against force; cause dislike. 
rc . (re-pel'ent), adj. driving back; 

1 C-pd-lCi.lL tending or able to keep at a 
distance; forbidding; as, a repellent manner. 
re* rvo-n+ (re-pent'), v.i. to feel pain or sor- 
ltJ-pcllL row on account of something done 
or left undone; change from past evil: v.t. 
to feel regret or sorrow for; as, to repent a 
crime.— n. repenter. 

TP «pn+ on rp (re-pen'tans), n. act of 
X c-pcliL-£U.luC regretting, or state of one 

who regrets, wrongdoing; sorrow for wrong¬ 
doing, with desire to undo the wrong. 

Syn. regret, remorse, sorrow, contrition. 

1-0 rwarvt ant (r6-pen't5nt), adj. feeling 
1 c-pciiL-cu.lL showing sorrow because 

wrongdoing; penitent. _ 

r*p tipi* piiq (re'P&’-kush'fin), n. 

re-per-LUb-blUIl ac t of driving or 

throwing back; state of being forced or 
thrown back; reflection; rebound.— adj. re- 

percussive. 

von pr fnirp (rep'er-twar), n. a list of 

icp-ci-iunc plays, operas, songs, etc., 
which a performer or a company has ready 
to render; a repertory. Also, repertoire. 

rp-n pr in rxr (rgp'er-t6-rl), n. a place 
lcp-ci-iu-ij where things are stored; 
the things stored; collection; a list of dramas, 
operas, etc., ready for performance; a reper¬ 
toire. 

i-p-n p firm (r8p'e-tlsh'un), n. the do- 
l cp-c-ii-txvii j ng making, or saying of 

something more than once; that which is 
done, said, etc., more than once; recital from 
memory.— adj. repetitious, 
rp -ni-np (re-pfn'), v.i. to fret oneself; 
IC-pine complain; feel discontent.— n. 

repiner. 

rp nlijpp (rS-plas') t v.t. to put back in 
ie-piaec place; as, to replace a book on a 
shelf; take or fill the place of; as, a new house 
replaces the old one; restore; as, to replace 
goods which one has lost; repay; put in a 
new place. 

rp nlarp mpnt (rS-plas'ment), n. the 
rc-pid.Cc-IIlClll putting of something 

back in place; the putting of something in 
place of another or in a new place: replace¬ 
ment troops, soldiers sent to the front as fast 
as they are sufficiently trained, to take the 
place of troops already there, 
rp -nlpn icVi (r6-pl6n'Ish). v.t. to fill up 
Xc-picn-ioii again; fill or stock in abun- 

dance; refill.—n. replenisher._ 


re-plen-ish-ment n^thcf act of filling 

up again; state of being refilled, 
rp nlpfp (re-plet'), adj. completely filled; 
ItJ-pictc abundantly stocked; abounding. 

+i'nti (re-ple'shun), n. the state of 
re-pic-liuii being full to excess; surfeit. 
1*P r»1pTr in (re-plev'In), n. the recovery 
rc-pic V-lli by a person of goods claimed 
to have been wrongfully seized, on giving 
security to try the matter in court and 
accept the judgment; the writ or order 
issued by the court making such return: v.t. 
to take or get back by a writ, or order of 
court. 

i*p -i'll pvr xt (re-plev I), v.t. [p.t. and P-V [• 
le-piev-y replevied, p.pr. replevyingl, 
to recover by a court order (goods wrong¬ 
fully seized) on giving security to try the 
right to them at law. 

r-pn li rc* (rep'll-kd), n. a copy of an 
lcp-11-Cd. original picture, or statue, espe¬ 
cially one made by the artist or sculptor 
himself. 

i-p -nlvr (rS-plI'). n. something spoken, 
I c-piy written, or done in return for some¬ 
thing that calls for it; an answer; a response: 
v.i. [p.t. and p.p. replied, p.pr. replying], to 
say or write something in answer; rejoin; 
to do something in return for something; 
respond: v.t. to say in answer, 
t-p -nnrf (re-port'), n. an official presenta- 
1 c-pUl l tion of facts; as, a government 
report; a written or verbal statement telling 
of events, transactions, etc.; as, a report of a 
meeting; something widely talked of; hear¬ 
say; as, it is common report; fame; reputa¬ 
tion; as, to win good report; a loud, sudden 
noise; as, the report of a pistol: v.t. to present 
an account of; as, to report the work of a 
committee; make a verbal or written state¬ 
ment about events; as, to report the news of 
the day; relate; tell; circulate publicly; 
take down (spoken words); as, to report a 
speech for a paper; make a formal statement 
of; as, to report a balance; make a charge 
against; as, to report a pupil for misconduct: 
v.i. to make or present a prepared statement; 
be in attendance at a given place; as, to 
report for duty. 

Syn., n. recital, account, tale. 
m -nnrf nr (re-por'ter), n. one who bears 
ic-pui t-Ci or gathers news; especially, 
one who gathers news and writes accounts of 
matters and events for a newspaper. 
rn nnQP (rS-poz'), n. sleep; rest; calm- 
IC-puoC ness; ease of manner: v.t. to 
place in a position to rest; refresh by rest; 
to cause to depend: with in or on; as, to 
repose confidence in God: v.i. to sleep; to lie 
at rest; to lie or rest on a support; to confide; 
to be calm or peaceful. 

♦ >c± r»AQ \ +/> (rS-pOz'I-tft-ri), 7i. [pi. re- 
rc-JJUb-l-lU-iy positories (-riz)J, a place 
for the storing and safe-keeping of goods, as a 
bank, warehouse, etc.j_a depository. 

rn twiiic cp (re-poo"sa'), adj. beaten or 
ic-puuo-DC p resse d up from the under 
side so as to show ornamental figures in 
relief; as v a repousse ceiling of thin metal: 
n. a pattern formed in such relief; a surface 
adorned with a design so made. [Fr.] 

r*vn rp VipriH (rSp"r<S-h6nd'),®.f. to blame; 
x cp-x c-xicxxvx reprove sharply; charge 

with a fault; as, to reprehend a person; find 
fault with; censure; as, to reprehend conduct. 

rpn rp VlPn ci hip (rfip'rS-hSn'si-bl), 
rep-re-nen-bl-Die ad j. blamable; de¬ 
serving reproof.— adv. reprehensibly. — n. rep¬ 
rehensibleness . 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menii; 







reprehension 


523 


republication 


«-p« rp V> pti ciAti (r&p're-hen'shfin), n. 
rep-ie-lieil-bion rct of finding fault; 

blame; rebuke. 

rpn re-hen-sivp <rep'r8-h6n's!v), adj 
xcp-ic licxi aivc conveying or intended 

as reproof or blame; as. a reprehensive manner. 

— adv. reprehensiveiy. 

r^n rp Vipn Qn nr (rep-re-h6n's6-rt), 
rep-re-neri-bo-ry a( y. give n to fault¬ 
finding; censorious. 

rp-n rp cpnt (rep're-zent'), v.t. to make 
lcp-ic-acm clear to the mind; as, that 
story represents a great truth; to make or 
show a likeness of; as, the picture represents 
a moonlit sea; to make a statement about in 
order to influence opinion or to give a desired 
effect; as, he represented himself to be in 
want; act or speak in place of; as, he repre¬ 
sents his father in the business; act the part 
of; as. he represented a clown in the play; 
stand for; as, letters represent sounds. 

rep-re-sen-ta-tion ^l^^the^act 

of making statements in order to influence 
opinion; the statement, account, or assertion 
of fact so made; that which stands for or 
symbolizes something; as, Greek myths were 
representations of facts in nature; an image, 
model, or picture; a dramatic performance; 
a body of persons acting for others; as, the 
representation of a district in the legislature; 
the acting for, or standing in the place of, 
another, or others; the state of having per¬ 
sons to speak or act in one’s behalf; as, no 
taxation without representation. 

rep-re-sen-ta-tive < rt »J n t 28 w n M 

power to act for another or others; deputy 
or delegate, especially one chosen by a body 
of electors; a member of the lower house in 
Congress, or of a State legislature; a member 
of any parliamentary body; one who, or 
that which, stands as a type, or shows the 
marked features of a group: adj. acting, or 
having power to act, for another or others; 
composed of those so acting; as, a representa¬ 
tive assembly; having the marked features of a 
group; as, the gathering was representative of 
the best families; typical. 

nrooo (re-presO. v.t. to keep under 
ie-]JlCob control; check; as, to repress a 
wish; crush; overpower; subdue; as, to 
repress a rebellion. 

ro -nroc cirvn (re-presh'un), n. the act 
ItJ-picb-olUil 0 f checking or keeping m 

control; state of being kept in control. 

__ 0 :, TCi (re-pres'iv), adj. having 

re-pres-sive power to control or check; 
as, a repressive law. 

nriPVP (re-prev'), «. a temporary de- 
re-pneve i ay in carrying out the sentence 
of a judge; a temporary relief from pain or 
escape from ill: v.t. to grant a delay of 
punishment to; free for a time from pain or 
danger. , 

t-ck-rk i-i (rep'ri-mand), n. a severe 

rep-n-mana reproof or rebuke: v.t. to 
rebuke severely for a fault; reprove publicly 
and officially. 

(re'prfnt'; re-print'). n. an exact 
It?-prill l copy of any printed work; a repro¬ 
duction of printed matter: v.t. (re-print'), to 
print again; print a new copy or edition of. 
rA nric nl (rS-priz'al), n. in war, some- 
re-prib-dJ. thing done to, or taken from, 
an enemy by way of satisfaction or payment 
for an injury or wrong suffered; as, the 
Allied airmen made i eprisals for the Zeppelin 
raids by bombing German cities; any repay- 
ment of injury with injury. 


re-proach 


won or uiaine. 

re-pro-duce ’ 


n. rebuke or blame 
sorrow or anger; the 
cause or object of blame or scorn; condition 
of shame or disgrace: v.t. to charge with some¬ 
thing wrong or disgraceful; rebuke or blame. 
adj. reproachable. —n. reproacher. 

rp Tvrnnrh fill (re-proch'f ool), adj. con- 
ic-pioav»ii-iiu taining or expressing re¬ 
buke or blame.— adv. reproachfully, 
rpn rn ha+p (rep'ro-bat), n. a sinful or 
icp- 10 -uaic wicked person; a scoundrel: 
v.t. to disapprove of strongly; condemn; 
reject: adj. given up to sin; depraved. 

rpn rn Im firm (rep"r6-ba'shun), n. the 
rep-rO-Dd.-UOIl ac t of strongly dis¬ 
approving or censuring; strong condemna¬ 
tion or blame. 

v.t. to bring 
show again; 
repeat; as, to reproduce a play; to bear, 
yield, or bring forth; as, an animal reproduces 
its kind; to bring into being again; as, these 
colors reproduce the white light; to copy; to 
make an image of; as, to reproduce a person’s 
features in marble. 

rp nrn Hnr firm (re^pro-duk'shun), n. 

re-pro-uuc-lioil tfi e ac t or power of 

bringing forward again, or of making an im¬ 
age of; the process by which animals and plants 
bring forth their own kind; the process of re¬ 
calling to memory; revival of a drama, or copy 
of a work of art or literature. 

or a iir fiirp pro-duk tlv), adj. 
re-pro-auc-tlvt; of pertaining to, or 

employed in, the process of bringing forth 
anew, physically or mentally.—n. repro¬ 
ductiveness. 

rp nrnnf (r§-proof'), n. censure; blame; 
I C-pi UUl just and kindjly rebuke. 

rp nrnv a K! p (rS-proov'd-bl), adj. de- 
rc-prUV-d-Uie serving of rebuke or 

blame. 

rp nrrwr a 1 (re-proov'Sl), n. act of blam- 
IC-piUV-cll i n g or censuring; rebuke. 

rp nrnvp (re-proov'). v.t. to rebuke with 
ic-pidvc kindness and justice; to blame. 
— adv. reprovingly.— n. reprover, 
rp-n filp (rep'til), n. a cold-blooded animal 
rep-me that creeps or crawls on its belly 
or on short legs; a mean, groveling person: 
adj. creeping; crawling; groveling or cring¬ 
ing; low; base. 

+i1 i an (rep-tfl'I-an), n. any of a 
rep-m-l-cUl class of cold-blooded, air- 
breathing, vertebrate animals, as snakes, 
lizards, turtles, alligators, crocodiles: adj. 
pertaining to, or like, such animals. Also, 
adj. reptilious. 

t-p miVk lir (re-pub'lik), n. a state or 
IC-puu-lie country in which the supreme 
power is held by the people, who elect their 
own representatives and executive officers; 
a commonwealth. 

rp flilh lir an (rS-pub'U-kan), n. one 
I c-pu.u-iiV/-aJ.i who favors government 

by the chosen representatives of the people: 
Republican, a member of the Republican 
party: Republican party, one of the two 
greater political parties in the United States: 
organized in 1854: adj. of, pertaining to, char¬ 
acteristic of, or believing in, government by 



principles of government by chosen repre¬ 
sentatives of the people; belief in such prin- 
cipies 

re-pub-li-ca-tion 

ing, or issuing anew: as. the republication of a 


boot, foot: found ; boil ; function; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw = wh as in when ; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








republish 


524 


reserve 


book; a reprint of a book, etc.; the act of 



to put forth 
as a book; 


print a new edition of. _ 


o+cf (re-pu'dl-at), v.t. to divorce 
re-pU-Ul-dlC (a wife); to refuse to own; 
to cast off; as, to repudiate an old friend; to 
decline to be responsible or liable for; as, to 
repudiate a debt; refuse to admit the truth, 
justice, or authority of; as, to repudiate a 
statement.— n. repudiator. 

Syn. discard, renounce. 

Ant. (see acknowledge). 


'“jt^ trg-pu'dl-a'shftn),n. the for troops or supplies; state of being de- 
re-pU-Gl-ci-tlOn ac ^ of disowning or dis- manded and put to use; as, horses were in 


claiming; refusal to pay or acknowledge 
to mio- norirp (re-pug'nans) , n. extreme 
re-pug-IlcUlCC dislike; disgust; aversion. 

Also, repugnancy. „ . . .. 

Tf=k niter n«nt (rS-pug'nant), adj. highly 
re-pUg-Ild-IIL distasteful or disagreeable; 

repulsive; as, a repugnant expression; contra¬ 
dictory; contrary; hostile; as, a repugnant 
attitude.— adv. repugnantly. 

Syn. antagonistic, opposite, opposed. 
rp V 111 IQP (re-puls'), V.t. to drive back; 
re-puibe beat off; as, to repulse the 
enemy; to drive away by coldness, etc.; 
refuse to accept or meet; as, to repulse the 
advances of a friend: n. the act of driving 
back; state of being driven back or beaten off; 
decided refusal; denial. 

-v.il rmn (re-pul'shun), n. the act of 
re-pui-sion driving back; state of being 
driven back; a feeling of aversion; strong 
dislike; in physics, the action of two bodies 
upon each other which drives them apart; 
opposite to attraction. 

1-0 mil civ** (re-pul's! v), adj. able to 
re-pUI-biVG drive back; as, a repulsive 
movement; cold; forbidding; as, a repulsive 
manner; offensive; disgusting; as, a, repulsive 
sight.— adv. repulsively. — n. repvlsiveness. 

Syn. ugly, disagreeable, revolting. 

Ant. (see attractive). 

+0 VJo (rep'ii-td-bl), adj. worthy 
rep-U-ld.-Uie of esteem; honorable; re¬ 
spectable; creditable.— adv L reputably. 

1-on 11 +o Ati (rep"u-ta'shun), n. good 
ICp-U-Lct-tiUll name or standing; honor; 

credit; as, a citizen of reputation; the general 
opinion, good or bad, held of a person or 
thing; as, a reputation for meanness or 
generosity. , 

r . (re-put'), n. reputation, or general 

it'-pULC opinion, good or bad, held of a 
person or thing; as, a man of good or evil 
repute: v.t. to hold in general opinion; con¬ 
sider: usually in a passive sense; as, he is 

* ni10C+ (rS-kwest'), n. act of asking for 
Ic-qucbl something; that which is asked 
for; expression of a wish; state of being 
asked for or in demand; as, he is in great 
request as a public speaker: v.t. to ask for 
with politeness; as, to request a favor; to ask 
(someone) for something; as, to request a 
person for a loan. „ 

mii om (re'kwl-em; rek'wl-em), n. a 
ItJ-qu.I-CU.1 Mass sung for the repose of 
the souls of the dead; the music for such a 
Mass; any hymn or solemn musical service 
in honor of the dead. 

„„ niiir** (rS-kwIr'), v.t. to claim as one’s 
ic-quilc right; as, I require your atten¬ 
tion; demand or insist upon; as, to require 
promptness at school; have need of; call for; 
as, a singular subject requires a singular verb; 
this will require haste. 


i*** nilif** ftiptif (rS-kwir m£nt), 
re-quire-mem ac t G f msistir 


n. the 
insisting upon 

or claiming as by right or authority; demand; 
necessity; that which is demanded or necessary : 
pi. conditions of entrance to a club, institu¬ 
tion, etc.; as, college entrance requirements. 

ni oi+ck (rek'wl-zlt), n. anything that 
req-Ul-blie cannot be done without; a 
necessity: adj. so needful that it cannot be 
done without; necessary; as, a requisite 
amount of food. _ . 

fort ill ci -firvn (rSk"wT-zTsh'un), n. a for- 
req-Ul-Sl-X10n IT i a i demand or claim 

made by right or authority; as, a requisition 
for t.rnnns or sunnlies: state of 


repeal-, 

rescind 


requisition: v.t. to demand; to claim by 
authority; as, to requisition food for troops; 
to make a demand upon, especially upon a 
country invaded in war; as, to requisition a 
district for supplies. 

rp niii+ al (re-kwit'al), «. the act of 
re-quil-cli repaying or making return 
for; just return for good or evil; reward or 
punishment. 

i-o niii+o (re-kwlt0. v.t. to repay or return 
I“-q»-iAtc good or evil to; reward; punish; 
as, to requite one for a kindness; to repay or 
return good or evil for; as, to requite kindness 
with ingratitude.—n. requitsr. 
i-oro dne (rer'dos), n. an ornamental 
I Cl C-tlUo screen behind an altar. 

*.p crinfl (re-sind ), v.t. to recall, 
ic-otniu annul or cancel; as, to 
a law.—n. rescission. 

i-o onrint (re'skrTpt), n. an edict or order, 
rC-oCIljJl especially of an emperor or 
Pope in answer to some question officially 
submitted to him, and having the force of a 
law; hence, anv official edict'or order, 
i-oo cii o (res'ku), n. deliverance from 
rco-luc danger, imprisonment, or vio¬ 
lence; forcible retaking of persons or goods 
held by legal authority: v.t. to set free from 
danger, imprisonment, or violence; liberate; 
save.—n. rescuer. 

-ro ooorrVi (re-surch'), n. careful inquiry 
rC-bCdlCil or investigation; the effort to 
find fresh information in history, science, 
literature, etc., by a method of thorough 
investigation of sources; as, literary research. 
— n. researcher. 

i-o c**m Vila-nr** (re-zem'blans), n. like- 
l C-oCiii-uioJ.ii^c ness; similarity of out¬ 
ward appearance. 

ro com V»1o (re-zem'bl), v.t. to be like 
i c-ocni-uic to in appearance, character, 
etc.; as, the brothers resemble each other, 
ro coni (re-zent'), v.t. to consider as an 
re-btJIIl injury or insult; to be angry 
because of; be indignant at. 
ro conf fill (re-zent'fool), adj. disposed 
lc-oclH-iux to consider oneself affronted; 
full of displeasure because of a wrong.— adv. 
resentfully. 

ro coni mont (re-zent'ment), n. strong 
ic-ocm-iucm anger or displeasure be¬ 
cause of a wrong; deep sense of injury with 
a feeling of ill will; indignant feeling. 

roc or va tinn (rez"er-va'shun), n. a 
res-er-va-llUIl holding back, or hid¬ 
ing; anything held back or concealed; a keep¬ 
ing back for oneself of a right or interest; 
as, the reservation of all rights in a published 
work; a withholding of full acceptance or 
agreement; as, to make a mental reservation; 
public land kept for some special use; as, an 
Indian reservation. 

(re-zfirv'), n. that which is 
kept in store for future use 


reserve 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 









reserved 


525 


resort 


or for a particular purpose; a tract of land 
set apart for a special purpose; the act of 
suppressing or holding back; as, to state 
without reserve; that which is held back; 
restraint in speech and manner; the keeping 
of one’s own counsel; funds kept on hand by 
a bank for emergencies: pi. troops not in 
action, but kept for the support of an army, or 
to meet any sudden need: v.t. to set aside and 
keep for future use; to keep as one’s own; 
hold; as, to reserve all rights in a book; to 
except from something granted: Federal 
Reserve Bank, a bank with several branches, 
organized by the United States government, 
which issues money in the form of bank notes, 
and makes loans to other banks. 
rp cprvpH (re-zurvd'), p.adj. keeping one’s 
ic-acivcu thoughts to oneself; showing 
little feeling; as, a reserved manner; kept back 
for future use; as, reserved seats.— adv. reserv¬ 
edly. — n. reservedness. 

♦•pc pt* volt* er-vwor), n. a place 
ico-ci-vuu where anything, especially 
water, is collected and stored up for use; a 
reserve; a store. 

rpk ci Hp (re-zld'), v.i. to dwell for a length 
ic-oiuc 0 f time; live; to exist as an 
attribute or element. 

rpc 1 Hpnrp (rez'I-dens), n. the place 
i co-i-uoiitc where one lives; a settled 
or permanent home; state of living in a 
place more or less permanently. 
rP c i rjp>nt (rez'I-dent), n. one who lives 
ico-i-ucm in a place; a government 
agent at a foreign court: adj. living in a 
place; as, a resident physician of a hospital, 
rpc i Hpr> fifll (rez"i-den'shal), adj. per- 
j. co-x-ucii-ucu taining to, connected with, 

or fitted for, dwelling places; suitable for 
living or staying in; as, the residential parts of 
a city. 

rp -ji pi (re-zld'u-al), adj. remaining 

lC-aiu-u-ai after a part has been taken 
away. 

rp cirl 11 n -r\T (re-zld'u-a-rl), adj. per- 
xc-oivj.-u.-a.-ij taining to, or consisting 

of, the remainder: residuary legatee, a person 
to whom is left the remainder of an estate, 
after deducting particular bequests, debts, 
and legal expenses. 

rp C i fliip (rez'I-du), n. that which re- 
•L to-l-U.Uc mains after a part has been 
removed; remainder; that part of an estate 
that remains after all debts, charges, and 
particular bequests have been paid. 

fa oirl it iitn (re-zld'fi-um), n. that which 
1 c-oi.vi-U.-lxl.il i s j e ff a fter any process of 

subtraction, purification, etc. 

-p oicrn (fe-zin'), v.t. to yield to another; 
1 c-olgll surrender formally; give up; sub¬ 
mit calmly; as, to resign oneself to a loss: 
v.i. to withdraw from a position or office. 

rpc In- no tirvn (rez"lg-na'shun), n. the 
1 GD-ig-ua-Lxvjix ac t of giving up or yield¬ 
ing; patient submission; a bowing to mis¬ 
fortune. 

r p oirmpfl (re-zind'). p.adj. submissive; 
IC-olgliCU. yielding.— adv. resignedly. — 
n. resignedness. 

ro c :i : pnco (re-zfl'I-ens), n. the act or 
IC-oll-l-diuc power of springing back 
to an original position; elasticity; as, the 
resilience of a rubber band. Also, resiliency. 
ro c :i : or ,+. (re-zfi'I-ent), adj. springing 
1 C-oll-i-CiiL hack to a former position; 
elastic; having power of recovery; buoyant. 
r p C (rez'in) , n. any of various oily. 
1 co-ill gummy substances obtained from 
certain trees, and dissolving in alcohol but not 
in water.— adj. resinous. 


oppose; try to 
off; set oneself 
opposition; refuse to 


r p cicf (re-zlst'), v.t. to 
ic-oioi conquer or ward 
against: v.i. to offer 
obey or agree. 

rp qief ci nr A (re-zls'tans), n. the act of 
lo-oxoi-onvc opposing; a striving against; 
any force that works against another to 
prevent motion or to make it slower; the 
amount of power possessed by a body to 
oppose the passage through it of an electric 
current. 

rp cicf pnt (re-zls'tant), n. one who, or 
ic-oxoi-cuH that which, opposes or strives 
against: adj. opposing or acting against, 
rp cicf i flip (re-zls'ti-bl), adj. capable of 
ic-oioi-i-uic being opposed or with¬ 
stood. 

rp cicf Ipcc (re-zist'les), adj. having no 
lc-oiai-icoo power to oppose or with¬ 
stand; powerless; not to be withstood; as, 
resistless energy.— adv. resistlessly.— n. resist¬ 
lessness. 

rpc r\ Ittfp (rez'6-lut), adj. determined; 
ica-u-iuic having a fixed purpose; as, a 

resolute will; decided; not to be shaken.— adv. 

resolutely.—n. resoluteness. 

rpc r» In firm ( r e z "6-lu'shun), n. the act 
1Co-U-1U.-U.U11 of bringing something, as a 

chemical compound, into a simpler form or 
of dividing it into the parts of which it is 
made up; analysis; fixed determination; 
firmness of purpose; the purpose decided 
upon; a formal proposal or statement voted on 
and adopted in a legislative assembly or 
public meeting; as, the Senate passed a 
resolution to increase the army, 
rp cnlvp (re-zolv'), v.t. to change in form 
ic-ouivc by formal vote; as, the board 
resolved itself into a committee; reduce to 
simpler form; as, the matter resolves itself 
into a mere question of right and wrong; 
separate into the parts of which'the whole is 
made up; as, to resolve a word into its ele¬ 
ments; take to pieces; free from doubt or 
difficulty; explain; clear up; as, to resolve a 
mystery; work out or solve, as a problem; 
make up one’s mind to; decide; determine; 
as, he resolved to do better; adopt by vote: 
v.i. to separate into elements or parts; be 
analyzed in any way; come to a determina¬ 
tion; pass a formal resolution: n. fixed pur¬ 
pose; determination; that which has been 
determined on; a resolution. 

rp cnlwprl (re-zolvd'), p.adj. firm in pur- 
1 c-ouiv cu p 0se ; determined. 

(re-zol'vent), n. in medicine, 
that which will reduce or 
scatter a swelling: adj. having power to 
cause separation into the parts of which the 
•whole is made up. 

rpc n rifitirp (rez'6-nans), n. the ability 
1 Co-u-iiaiiV/C to send back or prolong 

sound; a round, full, vibrating quality of 
sound; as, the resonance of an organ; in 
physics, the lengthening or strengthening of a 
sound owing to sympathetic vibrations of a 
body set in motion by the waves of sound. 
Also, resonaney. 

rpc n r>5mf (rez'6-nant), adj. having the 
ICo-U-iiaiil ability to' return or pro¬ 
long sound; echoing back; as, the resonant 
walls of a cave; round, full, and vibrant in 
sound; lengthened or strengthened in sound 
by sympathetic vibrations of another body, 
rp cnrf (re-zort'), n. act of visiting a place 
Ic-oUll frequently; a place much visited; 
as, a summer resort; that to which, or a person 
to whom, one applies for aid; as, charity is 
his final resort; refuge; act of going for aid, 
advantage, etc.: v.i. to go often; betake one- 


re-sol-vent 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






resound 


526 


restitution 


self; to apply for assistance or for the gaining 
(fan end; as, to resort to law. 

■ra cnirnrl (rg-zound'), v.i. to sound loudly; 
XC-ovJ Ullll aSi hi s voice resounded far; 
to be full of sound; as, the woods resound with 
song; be echoed; as, his shout resounded 
through the cave. 

r a c/viitv'c* (re-sors'), n. that on which one 
Ic-oUUItc depends for help or supply; 
knowledge of what to do in an emergency or 
difficulty; as, a man of resource: pi. money 
or means of raising money; means of any 
kind which can be made use of; as, a country’s 
natural resources. _ ___ 

CAiirrp fill ''re-sors fool), adj. full of 
iC-DUUU/C-iui the ability necessary to 

meet unusual demands or sudden needs.—n. 

resourcefulness. 

ro crwarf (re-spekt'), n. regard for worth; 
IC-spctl honor and esteem; as, the world’s 
respect for a great man; thoughtful and atten¬ 
tive notice; as, have respect for my words; 
undue favor or bias; as, to show respect for 
wealth; courteous manner of treating others; 
a special point or particular; as, in certain re¬ 
spects; relation, reference, or regard; as, 
with respect to: pi. expression of good-will 
or regard; as, to pay one’s respects: v.t. to 
honor or esteem; as, the world respects a 
good man; notice; heed; as, to respect the 
advice of parents; avoid intrusion upon; as, 
to respect private property; have relation to; 
as, the matter respects our welfare. 

r<a cnprt a hil i f^r (re-spek'td-bn'I-tl), 

re-SpeCI-a-Dll-l-I/ n . the state or 

quality of being of good reputation, or good 
name; fair social standing. 

-ro c-norf o Vklo (re-spek'td-bl), adj. wer- 
I C-OJ-JCi.,-l-a-uic thy of regard or esteem; 

being of good name, or repute; as, a respect¬ 
able woman> of moderate excellence or size; 
as, a respectable performance; a respectable 
audience; fairly good.— adv. respectably.—n. 
respectableness. 

-ro onorl fill (r6-spSkt'f S61), adj. full of, 
or marked by, proper 
regard, esteem, or courtesy; as, a respectful 
manner.— adv. respectfully.— n. respectful¬ 
ness. 

•ro c-norf iricr (re-spek'tlng), prep, con- 
XC-OJJCCl-lllg ceming; with regard or 

relation to; as, respecting his conduct there is 
but one opinion. 

i*o cnor» t'ixro (rS-spek tlv), adj. relating 
J.C-OJJCC-11V c to each of several persons 
or things; particular; as, their respective 
positions; the respective merits of two dogs. 

rp crjor tivp 1v (rf-spek'tlv-ll), adv. as 
Xc-opcc-llV C-lj relating to each; as 

singly considered in the order named; as, the 
red, blue, and green ties are for James, 
George, and William, respectively. 

ro cnir a hip (re-splr'd-bl; res'pl-rd-bl), 
re-bpir-a-Uie a ^j that may be, or is fit 

to be, breathed; as, respirable air. 

too Tki t-o +io« (res"pl-ra'shun), n. the act 

1 CO-pi-1 a.-llUii. or process of breathing. 

too to +ni* (res'pl-ra"ter), n. a helmet 
Xco-pi-ld-lUl 0 f cloth or other material, 
usually chemically treated, with glass eye¬ 
holes, worn in the World War as a protection 
against poison gas: used also in certain 
medical treatments. 

iro cnir a +n rv (re-spir'd-tS-rl; res'pf- 
re-spir-a-io-ry ra-to-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, serving for, or caused by, breathing, 
ro o-niro (rS spir'), v.i. to breathe: v.t. to 
I C-OjJll C breathe in and out, as air. 
too -ni+o (res'pit), n. a temporary putting 
I CO-pilC off of the carrying out of a sen¬ 


tence; as, the murderer was granted a 
respite; postponement; delay; brief period 
of rest; as, a respite from labor: v.t. to 
grant a delay in the carrying out of a sen¬ 
tence upon; as, to respite a criminal; to 
relieve by a short period of rest. 

Sijn., n. forbearance, pause, interval, re¬ 
prieve, stay. „ v , 

re-splend-ence liant P luster; intense 

light; splendor. Also, resplendency. 

ro cnlond out (r6-spl6n'dent), adj. shin- 
r6-Spj.6IlQ.-cII l big brilliantly; lustrous; 

intensely bright; splendid.— adv. resplend- 
ently. 

rp cnntlH (re-spond'), v.i. to return an 
XC-OjJUilU answer; make a reply; to act 
in answer or sympathy; as, the heart will 
respond to a friend’s sorrow; be liable; as, 
the defendant is held to respond in damages: 
v.t. to answer or reply. 

ro onnnH Ptif (r£-sp6n'dent), n. one who 
i c-opuiiu.-cin answers or replies; one 

who answers to a suit at law; a defendant: 
adj. giving, or given as, reply; answering. 

ro cnrvncp (re-sp6ns'), n. the act 
lC-opunoc of answering; answer; reply; 

in a religious service, words said or sung by 
the congregation or choir in reply to the 
priest or minister; an act or feeling called 
forth by something; as, a response to an appeal 
for the Red Cross. 

ro crwvn ci Vkil i fir (rS-spSn'sI-bll'I-tl), 

re-SpOn-Sl-Dli-l-iy n- state of being 

answerable or accountable; a duty or obliga¬ 
tion; ability to fulfil contracts. 

ro onnn o? Vilo (re-sp6n sl-bl), adj. in- 
1 C-bpUii-bl-Ui6 volving trust, duty, or 

obligation; as, a responsible position; answer- 
able; liable to answer; as, a guardian is 
responsible to the law; able to answer for 
one’s conduct; trustworthy.— adv. responsi¬ 
bly.—n. responsibleness. 

n Gvwan cixro (re-spon sl\), adj. answer— 
It-opuii-oivc ing; ready or inclined to 

answer; easily moved to action or feeling; as, 
a responsive audience.— adv. responsively. — 

n. responsiveness. 

rocf (rest), n. a ceasing from motion or 
i cot labor; quiet; peace; repose; sleep; 
hence, death; place of quiet or repose; in 
music, a period of silence and its sign; a 
short pause in reading; that on which any¬ 
thing leans for support : the rest, a remainder; 
the others: v.i. to stop moving or acting; 
be quiet; to take repose; sleep; be dead; be 
free from excitement, annoyance, etc.; be at 
peace; to trust; be supported; stand; lean; 
to remain in one place: v.t. cause to cease from 
labor; cause to take repose; place on a sup¬ 
port; lay; lean; to base or ground. 

Syn., n. calm, ease, peace, quiet. 

Ant. (see movement). 

r<5 Q foil ront (rSs'to-rant), n. a house 
X Co -Idll-i dllL w here meals or refreshments 

are served to the public. 

'ton ra f^nr (^®® to ra-tdr), n. the 
i co-idu-id-tcui keeper of a restaurant, 

or public eating house. [Fr.] 

Vitl Ipt (r6st bil et), a place of 
icot mu- ic l reS £ an d shelter, as a house 
or barn, to which a soldier goes when relieved 
from active service iu the trenches, 
rpqf fill (rest'fool), adj. full of, or giving, 
1 cot-iUl repose; as, restful sleep; being 
in repose; quiet. — adv. restfully. — n. restful¬ 
ness. 

(res'tl-tu'shfln), n. the act 
icb-ll-111-llUIl G f giving back to the 
rightful owner that which has been taken 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, e&mpare; unit, unite, bOrn, cut, focus, menu; 







restive 


527 


reticent 


away or lost, or of making good any loss, 
injury, or damage. 

Syn. return, restoration, compensation, 
amends. 

r pc fivp (res'tlv), adj. unwilling to go 
ica-uvc forward; stubborn; uneasy; rest¬ 
less under control; as, a restive horse.— adv. 
restively. — n. restiveness. 

Syn. fidgety, impatient, unruly. 
r#*Qt Ipee (rest'les), adj. without repose; 
icai-xcao uneasy; as, a restless manner; 
always active or in motion; never quiet; 
as, a restless child; restless waves; discon¬ 
tented; eager for change; as, a restless spirit; 
affording no repose; as, a restless night; 
sleepless. — adv. restlessly. — n. restlessness. 

roc to -ro firm (res"t6-ra'shun), n. the 
I Co- lU-Id.- 11UI1 of bringing back a 

person or thing to a former state or place; 
state of being brought back to a former state 
or place; as, restoration to health; restoration to 
office; renewal; repair; return: Restoration, 
the return of Charles II to the throne of 
England in 1660. 

ro ctnr c\ +iVp (re-stor'd-tlv), n. that 
lc-oiui-a-uvo which has power to 

bring back to a former state; a medicine 
used to bring back health or strength; some¬ 
thing that brings back consciousness after 
fainting; adj. having power to bring back 
to a former state. 

vck cfnrp (rS-stor'), v.t. to bring back to a 
Ic-blUiC former state; repair; rebuild; to 
bring back to the owner; to return.—n. restorer. 
Syn. renew, replace, repay, revive, cure, heal. 
c f r oi-n (re-stran'), v.t. to check; to 
10 -blIdill hold back; as, to restrain one’s 
feelings; to limit; set bounds to; as, to 
restrain a people’s liberty.— n. restrainer. 
Syn. bridle, confine, curb, hold. 

Ant. (see free). 

c+rainf (re-strant'), n. the act of hold- 
I c-o II dill l jug hack or hindering from 
action of any kind; state of being held back 
or hindered; reserve; confinement. 
fo, otvirt (re-strlkt'), v.t. to keep within 
10-biriUl bounds; to confine or limit; 
as, to restrict a patient to a certain diet; to 
restrict the power of a government.— p.adj. 
restricted. — adv. restrictedly. 

__ -nJ. +i/-vn (r£-strik'shun), n. the act 
re-siric-uon of limiting; state of being 
limited; confinement within bounds; limita¬ 
tion; a rule preventing entire freedom; as, 
building restrictions. 

re* otvir tiwp (re-strfk'tlv), adj. serving 
I C-otlltz-tl v c or tending to limit; as, 

restrictive laws of trade.— adv. restrictively. 

_ 011 ix (re-zult'), n. conclusion or end to 

re-bull which any course or condition of 
things leads; consequence; effect; as, the result 
of overeating: v.i. to follow as a consequence or 
effect; as, much good will result from this law; 
be an outcome; end. 

011 I+ orvf (re-zul'tant), n. that which 
re-bUll-aiil follows as a consequence: 
adj. following as a consequence, 
vo 011 m o (ra"zu"ma'), n. a summary; 
re-bU-ilie aSt a r&sum$ of a book. [Fr.] 

__ emno (re-zum'), v.t. to take up again 
re-bUine a fter interruption; begin again; 
as, to resume work; resume a conversation. 
ro ciim-n firm (re-zump'shun), n. the act 
10-Sump-llOIl of taking up again after 

interruption, or of beginning again; as, the 

__«— /y /lit+iAci 

rising 

^ ___ grave: 

n. one who rises again, as from the dead. 

resurgence. 


resumption of one’s duties. 

r o 01 ir crPTlf (re-sur'jent), adj. 
re-bur-goill a gain, as from the 


Y pn iii* vppl* (rez"u-rekt'), v.t. to raise 
ico-ui-icu from the dead; colloquially, 
to bring again to notice or use. 

rpc 111 * rpc fi Ati (rez"u-rek'shun), n. a 
lca-ui-ici-uuu rising again; a spring¬ 
ing into new life and freshness; especially, 
the rising again from the dead. 

res-ur-rec-tion-ist i s r t)f n' r one h w£ 

steals dead bodies from their graves and sells 
them for dissection; a body-snatcher; one 
who revives. 

•*•0 011 c ri tofp ( re - s us ' I— t a t ) , v.t. to 
1 c - o ua - vi - id ic restore from apparent 

death; as, to resuscitate a drowned person: 
v.i. revive. 

yp 0110 pt 4*o tt Ati (re-sus^I-ta'shun), ti* 
1 C-bUb-l/l-ld-llUll the act of restoring 

to life; state of being restored to life, 
rp C11C r ; +0 (re-sus'I-ta-tlv), adj. 

ic-aua-u-ui-uvc having power to bring 
back to lif8; restorative, 
rp +0 il (re'tal), n. sale of goods in small 
IC-ldll quantities: opposite to wholesale: 
adj. pertaining to, or engaged in, the sale of 
goods in small quantities: v.t. (re-tal'; re'tal), 
to sell in small quantities, or directly to the 
consumer; to tell here and there; as, to 
retail gossip: v.i. to sell goods in small 
quantities.—n. retailer. 

rp fain (re-tan'), v.t. to hold or keep in 
1 c-Id All possession; engage by a fee pre¬ 
paid; hire; as, to retain a lawyer; keep in 
mind; remember. 

rp fa in pr (re-tan'er), n. one kept in the 
I c-ldill-Ci service of a person of high 
rank or position; an adherent; fee paid to a 
lawyer; also, the agreement made to employ 
a lawyer in a suit. 

rp fain intr wall (re-tan'ing wol), a 

re-iam-mg wan wal i t o prevent a 

bank of earth from sliding; sometimes, a 
revetment. Also, retain wall, 
rp fdl i o+p (re-tal'I-at), v.t. to return 
10-lcu.-l-c5.l0 something of the same kind 
for; as, to retaliate a wrong: v.i. to give like 
for like, especially, evil for evil; as, to retaliate 
for a wrong. 

r p fol i o firm (re-tal"i-a'shun), n. the 
I 0-lcU-l-d-lHJil ac t of returning like for 

like, especially evil for evil; revenge. 

ycx f q 1 i o ii t7q (rS-tal'i-a-tlv) , adj. re- 

10-Icll-I-d-11V0 turning like for like, 

especially evil for evil; revengeful. 

i*ck tol i a to vv (re-tal'I-d-to-ri), ad). 
I 0-Idl-l-d-lU-I j returning like for like, 

especially evil for evil. 

rp forrl (retard'), v.t. to cause to move 
10-ldlU. more slowly; hinder; delay; defer; 
put off: n. delay.— n. retarder, 
i-d for A a firm (re"tar-da'shun), n. the 
re-iar-ua-liuil ac t of holding back or hin¬ 
dering; a lessening of speed or progress; delay; 
hindrance; the amount of delay or hindrance. 
rpfrVi (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; strain. 
I 0 Ivll as m vomiting. 

vo fon firm (re-ten'shun), n. the act of 
I 0-1011-llUil keeping in one’s power or 

possession; the state of being kept in posses¬ 
sion; act of keeping, or power of keeping, 
things in the mind; memory, 
vo to vs tirro (re-ten'tlv), adj. tending, or 
10 - 10 II-UV 0 having the power, to keep; 
as, a retentive memory.— adv. retentively.— 
n. retentiveness. 

vot i ronro (ret'I-sens), n. the quality, 
r01-1-00111/0 ac t, or habit of keeping 
silence; reserve in speech. Also, reticency. 
vot i r»ont (ret'l-sent), adj. disposed not 
ICl-l-C 0111 t 0 tell one’s thoughts or feel- 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








reticular 


528 


retrospective 


tags; silent; reserved in speech; as, a reticent 
man.— adv. reticently. 

a 11 1 q t* (re-tlk'il-ldr), adj . like a 
re-UC-U-lcU network. 

-r« fir ii 1 Q+<a (re-tlk'fl-lat), v.t. to make 
Ac-U.c-IA-la.lc network of; to mark like a 
network: v.i. to form a network: adj. (re- 
tlk'u-lat), marked or veined like network; 
formed of fibers woven like network.—n. 
reticulation. 

i-Ckf i rnlp (ret'I-kul), n. a small handbag 
* Cl-l-bUlC or workbag, originally made 
of network, carried by women. 

+; -frvr-rn (re'tl-form), adj. arranged like 
xe-ll-iurm a network. 
r „i i tl (fet'I-nd), n. the inner coat of the 
Acl-l-Ald e y e> containing the ends of the 
nerves of sight: that part of the eye which 
receives the images seen. 
rp i i nil a (ret'I-nu), n. the suite, or body 
Icl-l-llUC 0 f persons who attend a prince 
or person of distinction; train of attendants. 
Tfx (re-tir'), v.i. to go to a place of 

Ic-lllc privacy; withdraw; retreat; with¬ 
draw from business, official, or active life; 
to go to bed: v.t. to withdraw; as, to retire 
forces; to withdraw from circulation, or 
from the market; as, to retire stocks or 
currency; to cause to give up active service; 
as, to retire a policeman or naval officer. 

TPk +1 tpH (re-tird'), adj. away or with- 
1 c-lll CU drawn from society; quiet; hav¬ 
ing given up business, etc.; private. 

fire* mpnt (re-tir'ment), n. the act 
I C-IXL c-lALCAii 0 f retreating or withdraw¬ 
ing; state of being withdrawn; privacy; 
solitude; a place removed from public notice. 

-ria fir incr (re-tir'ln g), adj. modest; 
Ac-lli-nig not forward; quiet; shy; as, a 
retiring manner; of or pertaining to with¬ 
drawal from active service; as, a retiring 
board or pension. 

ro (re-tort'), n. the reply to an argu- 

Ic-lCUl ment, charge, incivility, taunt, or 
witticism; a quick and witty or severe 
response; a vessel used in distilling or in 
decomposing by heat: v.t. to return, as an 
argument or accusation; as, to retort the charge 
of vanity; to say in sharp or spiteful reply: 
v.i. to make a quick, sharp answer; to return 
an argument or a charge. 
rp frillrVl ( r e-tuch'), v.t. to touch again; 
IC-LUUUi improve by going over; as, 
to retouch a work of art. 

Tf3t trflCP (re-tras'), v.t. to follow back 
IC-ticu^c toward the place of beginning; 
to follow again from the beginning. 
r<=» tr;ipt ( r e-trakt'), v.t. to draw back; to 
1 C-LicU,t draw up or shorten; as, the cat 
can retract its claws; to recall or withdraw; 
as, to retract a charge of theft: v.i. to with¬ 
draw something said or written; to draw 
back or draw up; as, muscles retract after 
amputation. 

rp trap flip (rfe-tr&k'tfl), adj. capable of 
A c-ll dc-m c being withdrawn, drawn up, 
or drawn in. Also, retractable, retractible. 

tp frar tinn (re-trak'shun), n. act of 
1 c-Licit/-li<JAl taking back what has been 

said or written; act of drawing in or back; 
state of being withdrawn. Also, retractation, 
rp trap tnr (re-trak'ter), n. one who, or 
AC-lidu-lui that which, draws in or back; 
a muscle or an instrument for drawing back, 
rp trpnt (re-tret'), n. the act of with- 
AC-liedl drawing or retiring; retirement 
or seclusion; place of privacy; shelter; 
asylum; the retiring of troops from the face 
of an enemy or from an advanced position; 
a bugle call which is a signal for retiring from 


an engagement, or to quarters: v.i. to go 
back or backward; withdraw to seclusion or 
to a place of safety; retire before an enemy. 
to +rorip'h (re-trench'), v.t. to reduce; les- 
I c-II clicii seu; take away; as, to retrench 
certain rights: v.i. to cut down expenses. 

Syn. abridge, decrease, diminish, economize. 
Ant. (see expand, squander). 

re-trench-ment i r c t tr of ch rSti n cing Sr 

lessening; reduction of expenses; a military 
work constructed inside another to resist an 
enemy should the outer line be taken. 

x r * _i (re-trl'al), n. another trial; a 
At?-Ul-o.1 second trial. 

r p+vJ |yfi finn (ret'rl-bu'shfin), n. re- 
igi-ii-uu-uun ward or punishment suit¬ 
able to the action; especially, loss or evil 
inflicted as a just punishment. 

tp +tiK ii tiiT-p (re-trlb'tl-tlv) ,adj. reward- 
ic-iuu-u-uvc tag f or good deeds and 

punishing for offenses; as, retributive justice.— 
adv. retributively. 

rp trib-u-to rv 

ac haw u. lu-ij serving as, or making, 
just reward or punishment. 

rp tripxr o b Ip (rS-trev'a-bl), adj. capa- 
ic-uicv-a-mc ble G f being recovered or 

restored; as, a retrievable loss, 
m tripv pi (re-torev'3,1), n. the act of 
ic-llicv-ol regaining or restoring; res¬ 
toration from damage, failure, or loss. 

Tfx t r ipTTp (re-trev'), v.t. to recover; regain; 
AC-UiCVC as> to retrieve a lost advantage; 
to restore; revive; as, to retrieve one’s good 
name; to repair the harm done by; as, to 
retrieve a misfortune; to find and bring in 
(wounded or killed game), in hunting: v.i. 
to find and bring in game, 
rp tvipv pt (re-trev'er), n. a dog trained 
ic-uiov-ci to find and bring in game. 

rp frn npf (re"tr6-akt'; r£t"r6-akt'), v.i. 

AC-UU-aii to act backward or in opposi¬ 
tion; to affect by action that which has been 
done in the past; to alter the results of past 
action.— adj. retroactive.— n. retroaction. 

rp tvp ppHp (re"tro-sed'; ret"ro-sed'), v.t. 
ic-uu-icuc to grant or give back; 
return: v.i. to go back; recede. 

tq +to ppc cirun tro-sesh'un; r§t ir - 
*c-irU-Lcb-blOIl ro-sesh'un), n. the act 

of going back; a retiring or retreating; the 
act of granting or giving back. 

»*pt rp errp H p (ret'ro-grad; re'tro-grad), 
ici-iu-giauc a dj. going or moving back¬ 
ward; reversed; retreating; going from a 
better to a worse state or character; as, a 
retrograde people, retrograde ideas: v.i. to 
go or appear to go backward or in an opposite 
direction; to go from better to worse. 

re-tro-gres-sion 0 

toe act of going or moving backward; retreat. 

tp -tvp crrPQ civp (re"tro-gres'Iv; ret*- 
re-iro-greb-bive ro-gres'Iv), adj. going 

or moving backward; passing from a better 
to a worse state; retrograde, 
rpf tp enprt (ret'ro-sp§kt; re'trS-spekt), 
n a looking back on things 
past; a review of the past. 

Tpl tp ct>pp fip-n (fct"ro-spek'shfln; 
ret-ro-sjjec-xioil re"tr6-spek'shfin), n. 

the act of looking back on the past; medita¬ 
tion upon things past; a calling to remem¬ 
brance. 

TPt TP QflPf* "HvP (j*®t*ro-spek'tlv; 
I cl IU-bpcc-llvc re tr6-spek'tlv), adj. 

looking back, or given to looking back, on 
things past; referring to the past.— adv. 
1 retrospectively. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







retrousse 


529 


reversion 


rp trmic o£ (re-tro5’sa'), adj. turned up; 
ic-uuua-ac as, a retrousse nose. [Fr.] 

rp trn VPr cinn (re'tr6-vflr'shfin; 
* c-iru-ver^- diQII ret"r6-vfir'shun), n. a 

turning or bending backward; the state of 
being turned or bent backward, 
rp firm (re-turn'), n. a coming or going 
x c-ium back to or from a place, condition, 
etc.; as, one’s return from a vacation; a 
return to health; a restoring or giving back; 
as, the return of a lost ring or borrowed book; 
repayment; that which is received from 
labor, investment, etc.; profit; advantage; 
a formal report or statement of results; as, 
election returns; a response or answer: pi. 
results; proceeds: v.i. to come or go back 
again to the same place or state; as, to 
return to one’s home; to begin or appear 
again; as, spring returns; go back in thought, 
etc.; as, to return to the subject; to pass 
back into possession, as an estate; reply: 
v.t. to send, carry, or put back; restore; as, 
to return a borrowed book; to repay; as, to 
return a call; to produce or yield; as, the 
garden will return a large profit; to send in 
reply; as, to return an answer; report 
officially; render or give in, as to a superior; 
as, to return a report; elect; as, to return a 
man to office. 

rp film a Kip (rS-tum'd-bl), adj. capa- 
lC-LUIli-a.-UlC ble of being given back; 

due, or required to be given back at a certain 
time and place; as, a book returnable within 
seven days. 

rp iin inn (re-un'yun), n. act of joining 
ic-uii-iuii again; state of being joined 
again; a gathering of friends or of members 
of a family who have been separated, 
rp 11 ni+P (re"ti-mt'), v.t. to bring together 
IC-U-lilLC or j 0 i n again; reconcile after 
disagreement: v.i. to become joined again. 

rp varrm (re-vamp'), v.t. to supply (a 
lc-vaj-iip shoe) with a new vamp, or upper: 
hence, to patch; make over; fit up anew, 
rp vpq 1 (r6-vel'), v.t. to make known; dis- 
IC-VCal close; unveil; especially, to com¬ 
municate, or make known, by divine or super¬ 
natural means. 

rp trail Ip (re-val'ya; rev"e-le'; rev'e-le"), 
1C- veil -1C n _ the early morning beat of a 
drum, or a bugle call, which turns the soldier 
or sailor out for his day’s work, 
rpv p 1 (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous feast; 
1CV-C1 w iid merrymaking: v.i. to take part 
in wild merrymaking; to take great delight: 
with in; as, to revel in music or art. 
rov nln firm (rev"e-la'shun), n. the act 
ICV-C-la-LlUil of making known that 

which before was secret or private; state of 
being made known; that which is made 
known: Revelation, the last book of the New 
Testament, containing that which was made 
known to the apostle John concerning the 
Church of Christ; the Apocalypse. 
rPT 7 pi pr (r6v'el-er), n. one who takes 
lev -cl-Cl p ar t in wild merrymaking, 
rpir p1 rxr (rev'el-rl), n. noisy or boisterous 
ICV-cl-iy merrymaking or festivity, 
rp uptm-p (rS-venj'), n. the act of return- 
re-VcxlgC ing an injury; malicious injury 
in return for an injury or offense received; 
a feeling of desire to return evil for evil; an op¬ 
portunity of getting satisfaction; as, to give a 
card player his revenge: v.t. to inflict pain or 
p unishm ent in return for; avenge; as, to re¬ 
venge an insult.— n. revenger. 

Syn., n. vengeance, requital. 

Ant. (see forgiveness). 

rp Trpno-p fill (rS-v6nj'fo51), adj. full of 
iC-V enge-IUl the desire to Inflict harm 


or injury in return for injury received.— adv. 
revengefully.— n. revengefulness. 

rpv P nilP ( r §v'e-nu), n. that which 
icv-c-iiuc returns, or comes back, from 
an investment; income from any property; 
the general income of a state, etc., from taxes, 
customs, etc. 

Syn. produce, income, proceeds, fruits, 
wealth. 

•t*p VPr KpI* Q-nf (re-vur'ber-Snt), adj. re- 
io-vti-uci -oil i turning sound; resonant. 

rp vpr Kpr ofp (re-vur'ber-at), v.t. to 
re-ver-ucr-cue send back; echo, a3 

sound; reflect, as heat or light: v.i. to be 
driven back, or reflected, as heat or fight; 
resound; reecho, as sound. 

re-ver-ber-a-tion 

ing light or heat, or reechoing sound; reflec¬ 
tion; echo. 

re-ver-ber-a-tory 

send back or reflect flame or heat; as, a 
reverberatory furnace; reflecting; forced back, 
as flame. 

rp VPrP ( r $" v er'), v.t. to regard with respect 
ic-vcic and affection mingled with awe or 
fear; to honor. 

r att p, r p «a P (rev'Sr-ens), n. deep respect 
lcv-ci-cutc mingled with awe and 
affection; veneration; a low bow to show 
respect; a title given to the clergy: with his, 
your: v.t. to regard with respect and affec¬ 
tion mingled with awe or fear; to bow to with 
great respect. 

Syn., n. deference, homage, worship. 

rpv pr Ptirl (rev'er-end), adj. worthy of 
i ^ v-v,i-cxivi reverence, or deep respect; 

of or pertaining to the clergy: Reverend, a title 
of respect given to clergymen, 
rpv pr pni (rev'er-ent), adj. showing, or 
icv-ci-cui e xp re ssi ve of, respect and 
affection mingled with awe or fear; humble; 
submissive.— adv. reverently. 

rpv Pr PTI fifll (rev"er-en'shal), adj. pro- 
icv-oi-cii-ucu ceeding from or showing 

deep raspect mingled with awe and affection; 
reverent.— adv. reverentially, 
rpv pr ip (rev'er-I), n. deep musing; 
icv-ci-jlc dreaminess; state of being lost 
in thought or dreams. Also, revery. 
rp vpr opl (rS-vflr'sal), n. the causing to 
l c- v ci -ooi turn back or move in an oppo¬ 
site direction; as, the reversal of a rotating 
wheel; a causing to stand or fie upside down; 
a change to an opposite or to a former state; 
a setting aside or annulling; as, the reversal 
of a judgment. 

rp vprep (rfi-vQrs'), n. the direct con- 
l c-v ci oc trary or opposite; the back of a 
coin or medal: opposite to obverse; a change 
for the worse; misfortune; as, business 
reverses; check; defeat; as, the enemy met 
with a reverse: v.t. to turn back or upside 
down; to cause to move in an opposite direc¬ 
tion; to put each in the place of the other; 
as, to reverse their positions; to set aside or 
annul; as, to reverse a judgment; revoke: v.i. 
to move in an opposite direction; change to a 
former state: adj. turned backward; opposite; 
causing an opposite motion; as the reverse gear 
in an automobile.— adv. reversely, 
rp irorc i K1 p (re-vflr'sl-bl), adj. capable 
rc-VciD-l-Ulc 0 f being tinned back or of 
being put each in the place of the other; 
that may be used on both sides; as, reversible 
cloth; that may be set aside, or annulled; 
as, a reversible judgment, 
ra iror cirm (r$-vur'shCn), n. the return- 
ic-vcr-DlUli ing of lands, etc., by law to 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








reversionary 


530 


reward 


the grantor or his heirs after the grant has 
terminated; right to future possession; as, 
the reversion of a title; return of an animal 
or plant to its original type or state. 

rr^r cion ci Y\J (rS-vur'shun-a-rl), adj. 
re-ver-sion-a-ry pertaining to, of the 

nature of, or involving, the returning of an 
estate to the grantor or his heirs after th9 
grant has terminated; pertaining to the right 
of future possession. 

(re-vOrt'), v.i. to return or go back; 
Ic-Vcll recur; return to the original 
owner or his heirs. 

ttoi4 i VJo (re-vfir'tl-bl), adj. capable 
re-Vert-l-Die of being turned back; that 
may or must be returned to the original owner 
or his heirs; as, a revertible estate. 
mxr of ir (rev'er-I), n. deep musing; state 
X cV-tJI-j of being lost in thought. Also, 


reverie. 


as, 


T 7 PQ+ (re-vest'), v.t. to clothe or ' 
IC-VCol again, as with rank or office; 
to revest a judge with authority. 

TTO+ Tpptif (re-vet'ment), n. a facing 
Ic-V c G f s tone or other materials 

for protecting a bank of earth, etc., as in forti¬ 
fications; a retaining wall: revetment hurdle. 


trenches or other military works. Also, 

revetement. 

fo viom (rs-vu'), n. a going over any- 
lC-vicw thing again; reexamination by a 
higher court of the decision of a lower court; 
a lesson studied or recited again; survey of the 
past; a criticism, especially of a new publica¬ 
tion; a magazine or newspaper with criti¬ 
cisms on new books, essays, etc.; inspection 
of troops under arms, by a higher officer, for 
the purpose of ascertaining the state of their 
discipline, equipment, etc.: v.t. to study or 
examine again; to go over in order to make 
corrections; revise; examine critically; in¬ 
spect, as troops, etc.; write a critical notice of; 
look back on: v.i. to write criticisms of books, 
etc.— n. reviewer. 

Yd xrilia (re-vil'). v.t. to address with abusive 
1C-V1XC or vile language; heap abuse upon. 
—n. reviler. 

ra . n * 00 (rg-viz'), v.t. to go over and ex- 
X C-V ioc amine for correction; to change and 
correct; as, to revise a manuscript: n. a review 
or revision.— n. reviser, revlsor. 

Syn., v. review, reconsider. 

vtJ cirvn (r§-vlzh'un), n. the act of 
XC-Vl-oXUii examining for correction; as, 
the revision of a manuscript; that which has 
been examined and corrected; a corrected form 
or edition. 

__ *, r 0 l (re-viv'5.1), n. renewed attention 

XC-Vlv-aX to, or interest in, something, as 
art, literature, religion, after a period of 
indifference; a meeting or series of meetings 
to arouse and stimulate interest in religion; 
recovery, as of spirits; restoration to life; 
renewed performance of; reproduction; as, 
the revival of an old play. 

i7ii7 ol ic+ (re-vfv'51-Ist), n. one who 
X c-VlV-dl-iol devotes his time to bringing 
about a religious awakening, and who con¬ 
ducts meetings or uses other means to arouse 
interest in religion. 

(re-viv'), v.i. to come back to 
ic-VIvc bf e; aSi hope revived in him; 
return to vigor or activity, especially from a 
state of languor, neglect, etc.; as, learning 
revived in the fifteenth century; return to 
consciousness again; as, to revive after a faint¬ 
ing spell: v.t. to restore to life again; to give 
new vigor to; refresh; to bring back from a 


state of neglect; to recall to the mind. 

reviver. 

Syn. renew, animate, cheer. 

V1 * V j f v (re-viv'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
re-VlV-l-iy revivified, p.pr. revivifying], 
to renew life or interest in; restore life to; 
quicken.—n. revivification. 

„ •ui Ck (rev'6-kd-bl), adj. that may 
rGV-0-C3.-Ul6 be taken back, or recalled; 
that may be annulled or repealed. 

~a +Jrvn (rev'o-ka'shiln), n. the act 
rev-U-Ld.-U.au. of annulling pr repealing; 
reversal; repeal; as, the revocation of a law. 
rp (re-vok'), v.t. to make of no 

re-V OKU effect by recalling; repeal; an¬ 
nul- as, to revoke a law or license: v.i. in card 
playing, to fail to follow suit when able, m 
violation of the rules: n. the act of thus fall” 
ing to follow suit at cards 

yc 17 /V 1 + (re-volt'; rS-vdlt'), n. an out¬ 
re- VUi l break or uprising against author^ 
ity- rebellion: v.i. to turn away in disgust; be 
shocked; to rebel: v.t. to cause to turn away 
or shrink with disgust or loathing; shock. 
yo. 17 /VI+ in a (re-vol'tlng; rS-vOTtlng), 
re-VUil-liig p.adj. disgusting; loathsome; 

as, revolting cruelty. ^ 

a movable obstacle, usually constructed of rf , v ^ finn (rgv'o-lu'shiin) . n the mo- 
barbed wire on metal posts, used to protect reV-U-XU L1U1 tion of a body, especially 


a heavenly body, in a closed curve around a 
fixed point, or the complete turn of the body 
made in isuch a course; as, the revolution of 
the earth in its orbit; the motion of a body 
in spinning, or rotating, on an axis; as, the 
revolution of a wheel; the space measured by the 
regular return of a turning body; a succession 
of changes or events happening in a cycle; 
the time occupied by such a cycle; circuit; 
a decided and sudden change; as, a revolution 
in ideas or character; a sudden change in the 
government of a country; the overthrow of 
one form of government and the setting up of 
another by the people. 

Syn. confusion, disorder, mutiny, rebellion, 
anarchy. 

n In firm 51 rv (rev'o-lu'shfln-ft-rl), 
rev-o-lu-lion-a-ry a< y. of, pertaining 

to, or of the nature of a sudden and complete 
change, especially in the government of a 
country: n.onewhotakespart in such achange. 

rev-o-lu-tion-ist Si 

takes part in a sudden and complete change, 
especially in the government of a country. 

n In firm iVp (rSv'6-lu'shfln-Iz), v.t . 
rev-o-iu-liuil-ize to cause an entire 

change in thejgovernment, affairs, or charac¬ 
ter of. 

r<=k nolvp (re-vSlv'), v.i. to turn round, as 
XC-VU1VC on an axis or in a curving path: 
rotate; to move in cycles; occur again and 
again at regular intervals: v.t. to cause to 
turn or roll around; to turn over and over in 
the mind.— adj. revolvable. 

vnlv pr (re-vol'ver), n. that which 
l c-vuiv-ci turns around; a pistol having 
chambers in a cylinder that turns around, so 
that it may be fired several times without 
reloading. 

r p v<Ylv tna (rS-vQl'vIng ),p.ad1. turning 
io-vmv-uig round; arranged or con¬ 
structed to be turned around; as, a revolving 
grate or chair. 

i 7 iil cinn (rS-vul'shiin), n. a sudden 
ic-vui-oiuu and violent change, espe¬ 
cially of feeling; act of holding or drawing 
back from something; a strong reaction; a 
violent recoii.— adj. revulsive. 

good 


rp warH (rS-word'), n. something given 
xc-wcuu as a return for good or ill re¬ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focfis, menu; 







Keynard 


531 


rib 


ceived, or in appreciation of praiseworthy con¬ 

duct; money offered for service or for the re¬ 
turn of something lost: v.t. to give in return 
for (good or ill received); to show appreciation 
of by giving something; to make a return to 
(somebody) or for (something); as, to reward 
the winner, or to reward success; requite; rec¬ 
ompense. 

Dptt rmrri (ra'na.rd; rgn'ard), n. the 
j name given to the fox in 

tales, poetry, etc.: from the old fable of 
“Reynard the Fox’’: reynard, a fox, as 
representing cunning. 

rhcrn coH ir (rap-s5d'Ik), adj. pertaining 
rild-p-bOU-lL to , or of the nature of. 

extravagant, emotional, and disconnected 
composition; as, a book of rhapsodic verses; 
too enthusiastic; disconnected; confused. 

Also, rhapsodical. 

rha-n cn rlicf (rap's6-dlst), n. among the 
lliap-ou-tiioL ancient Greeks, one whose 

profession was to recite the Homeric or other 
epics; as, the brotherhood of rhapsodists; 
one who makes or recites verses; one who 
writes or speaks disconnectedly and with 
great show of feeling. 

rha-n ce r!i'7#a (rap'sft-dlz), v.t. and v.i. to 
Alia.p-ou-ui£C -write or speak in a raptur¬ 
ous, emotional, and disconnected way. 
rha-n cn riw (rap'sfi-dl), n. [pi. rhapsodies 
rnap-bo-uy (^dlz)], a disconnected or 
rambling composition, composed under the 
Influence of excitement and marked by over- 
enthusiasm ; rapturous utterance; that part of 
an epic poem suitable for recitation at one time; 
a musical composition. 

a (re'a), n ° the South American os- 
lHC-d trich; the grass-cloth plant. — Rhea, 
In Greek mythology, the mother of the gods. 
"PVio-n ioVi (ren'Ish), adj. of or pertaining 
Xvllcli-lDli fo the river Rhine, or to the 

country near it: n. 

Rhine wine. 

rhe-o-stat gift 

n. an apparatus for 
regulating an electric 
current. 

rhet-o-ric 

n. the art of speaking 
or writing with ele¬ 
gance and force; fine 
speaking without 
conviction or earnest 
feeling; the power of 
influencing by speaking or writing; a text¬ 
book on the art of speaking and writing. 

rho +r\r i ret 1 (re-tdr'I-kal), adj. pertain- 
lllC-lUi-l-Gcu. ing to the art of composi¬ 
tion or of fine speaking; oratorical.— adv. 

rhetorically. 

-ri rievn (r§t"o-rtsh'2,n), n. a mas- 
met-O-Il-GldJl f er 0 f fhe art of composi¬ 
tion; a showy writer or speaker; as, a prac¬ 
ticed rhetorician. 

rhoii rr»a+ i r (roo-mat'Ik) , adj. pertain- 
IllcU-Illcil-lG i n g f 0> affected with, or 

caused by, rheumatism, a painful disease of 
the muscles and joints marked by swelling 
and stiffness; as, rheumatic inflammation. Also, 

rheumatical. 



Rheostat 


rhmi mo item (roo'ma-tlzm), n. a pain- movement or accent; keeping time. 
lllCU.-lll<X-llOlll -Pul disease of the muscles rhythmic.— adv. rhythmically. 


ful disease of the muscles 
and joints, often accompanied by swelling and 
stiffness. 

rhinp c+nnp (rin'ston'), n. a colorless 
1 imic-oLUiiG stone, usually made of paste 
in imitation of a diamond, and used in cheap 
jewelry. 



rhl nnr pt* nc (fi-n<5s er-6s), n. a large, 
1 AAA_AA '“'' - '' CA -Uo thick-skinned, herb-eating 
animal of trop* 
ical Asia and Af¬ 
rica, having one 
or two horns on 
the snout. 

rhi-zome 

(ri'zom), n. a 
rootstock; a 
stem in the 
ground, which 
produces roots 
below and 
sends leaves 
above. 

rho-di-um 

(ro'dl-um), n. 
a whitish-gray 
metallic ele- 

SS!;S? e pl Sd 2 ,£f 8 l r ceros - 1 ' AMo “ i 

very hard. ’ 

rhn Hfl flPTt Hfhn (r5*d8 - den ' dron), 

iiiu-uu-uen-uron n> a k j nd of ever . 

green shrub with large, handsome flowers of 
white, pink, or lavender. 

rvm Tifdd (rQm'boid), n. a four-sided 
ilium-UUiu. figure of which the opposite 
sides are parallel and equal and the adjoining 
sides unequal, and whose angles not right 
angles: adj. shaped like such a figure. Also, 
adj. rhomboidal. 

rh/vm Tvitc (rom'bus), n. a four-sided 
illUlli- UUo figure of which the sides are 
all equal and the opposite sides parallel, but 
which has two obtuse and two acute angles. 
Also, rhomb.— adj. rhombic. 

-rh-ii T\ot*h (roo'barb), n. a plant whose 
liiU-Ucti U fieshy, acid leafstalks are used 
for cooking purposes; pieplant; the medicinal 
roots of certain Oriental plants. 
rhvtnA (rim), n. the correspondence of 
niyiiiC? final sounds in two or more words, 
especially at the ends of poetic lines; a verse 
or line in which the sound of the last word or 
syllable thus corresponds with that of another 
line; a word that sounds like another; verse, 
or poetry, in which the last words of some of 
the lines correspond in sound; a group of lines 
of verse in which some or all of the last words 
correspond in sound; as, a Mother Goose 
rime: v.i. to accord In sound; end in the same 
sound; make verses: v.t. to make to correspond 
in sound; to put into, or express in, lines the 
final words of which correspond in sound. Also, 
rime. 

rhvttt Pt* (rhn’gr), n. one who composes 
iiiyiii-Ci verse: generally used in con¬ 
tempt; a poor poet. Also, rimer, rimester, 
rhymester. 

rhvfVim (rithm; rlthm), n. the regular 
illy mill recurrence in poetry, music, etc., 
of stress, accent, or quantity; movement 
marked by a regular, measured recurrence 
of beat, motion, etc., as, the rhythm of the 
pulse. 

rViwfh rm rc (rfl/i'ml-k3,l; rlth'ml-kSi), 
illy 111-Ilil-Ld.1 ac [j pertaining to, of the 

nature of, or marked by, regular recurring 

Also, 


r fU (rib), n. one of the series of curved bony 
1IU ro ds attached to the spine, and encircling 
the body cavity; anything like a rib, as a 
ridge, strip, or band; a piece of timber used to 
shape and strengthen the side of a ship; an ele- 
ment in the construction of an airplane wing; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 

























ribald 


532 


rift 


a longitudinal, horizontal member of an 
airplane wing, to which the covering is 
attached, and by the shape of which the curve 
of the wing is determined; the main vein of a 
leaf: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. ribbed, p.pr. ribbing], 
to furnish, inclose, strengthen, or mark with 

rnH o or 

rih olH (rlb'Sld), adj. indecent; low; 
IlU-cilU. filthy; as, a ribald song: n. a vul¬ 
gar, foul-mouthed fellow. 

-»-iK olH -r-KT (rlb'ald-rl), n. indecent con- 
llU-cllLl-iy duct or language. 

(rlb'un), n. a fine fabric, usually 
X 1 U-UUI 1 0 f s iik, satin, or velvet, woven in 
a narrow strip with two selvages; a strip or 
shred; as, a curtain torn to ribbons: v.t. to or¬ 
nament with ribbons. 

nr\ (rlk'o), n. a soldier’s name for a 
I it-tU ricochet bullet, or one that skips 
or skims along the ground, or rebounds alter 
striking the ground. 

(rls), n. a valuable food grain produced 
lll/C extensively in hot countries; the grass 
bearing the grain or seed. 

fir'd KifH (ris'burd"), n. the bobolink: 
IlLc-UlI U- so called in the southern United 
States because it feeds on rice in the autumn. 

-rioo -net npr ( rIs P^'per), a thin paper 
llLC JJd-jJCl m ade from nee straw; a 

vegetable paper made in China and used for 
painting upon. 

fir'll (rich), adj. having much money or 
ilUIl many possessions; wealthy; expensive; 
valuable; as, rich clothing; great in amount; 
abundant; as, rich crops; fertile; as, rich 
soil or land; abounding in pleasing, desirable, 
or valuable qualities; as, rich perfumes, food, 
blood; vivid; as, rich colors; sweet and full 
in sound; as, rich tones: n. wealthy people 
collectively: with the: pi. wealth.— adv. 
richly.—n. richness. 

Syn., adj. copious, bountiful, plentiful, 
affluent, opulent. 

Ant. (see poor). 

fir'lr (rlk), n. a stack, or rounded pile, as 
llUIi. 0 f fiay or straw, in the open air: v.t. 
to pile or heap in a stack. 

fir'lr 0+0 (rlk'ets), n. a child’s disease 
IiLlv-Clo marked by softness and curving 
of the bones. 

fir'lr o+ tt (rik'et-i), adj. affected with 
riUJa.-Ct-y rickets, a child’s disease indi¬ 
cated by softness and curving of the bones; 
feeble in the joints; shaky; weak; as, a 
rickety chair. 

fir r\ rliof (rlk"&-sha/; rik"d-shet'), n. 
IlL-U-Liici the rebounding or skipping of 
a shot or shell, or of any missile, along the 
ground or over the surface of the water: 
v.i. [p.t. and p.p. ricocheted, p.pr. ricochet¬ 
ing], to rebound by touching the earth or the 
surface of water and glancing off, as a can¬ 
non ball; skip; skim: v.t. to cause to rebound 
or skip. , , 

_;H (rid), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. rid, p.pr. ridding], 
to free; deliver; clear; as, to rid one 
of a nuisance: to bi rid of or get rid of, to be, 
or become, free from; as, to get rid of a 
cold. 

• J Ha fir'd (rld'ans), n. the act of freeing 
rivl-lid-llLC from something undesirables 
state of being freed; as, his departure was a 
good riddance. 

(Jgii (rld'n), past participle of the verb 

fiH Hid (rid' 1 )- n - a puzzling or perplexing 
IIU-UIC question; a person or thing that 
is difficult to understand; enigma; mystery; 
a coarse sieve: v.t. to explain; solve; to 
sift through a coarse sieve; to pierce with 


holes in many places; as, the side of the ship 
was riddled by shot and shell: v.i. to speak 
with doubtful meaning, as in riddles; to use 

a sieve. 

Syn., n. problem, puzzle, conundrum. 

Ant. (see answer). 

*Hd (rid), n. an excursion on horseback 
IlUc or in a vehicle; a road intended for 
horseback travel: v.i. [p.t. rode, p.p. ridden, 
p.pr. riding], to be carried along, as on horse¬ 
back or in a vehicle; practice horsemanship; 
float or rest; as, the ship rides at anchor; to 
be borne along; as, to ride on the wave of 
success; support and carry one; as, the 
horse rides well: v.t. to sit on and be carried 
along by; as, to ride a horse; to float on 
and be borne along by; as, to ride the waves; 
to travel over on horseback or in any way; 
as, to ride one’s rounds; to accomplish, as on 
horseback; as, to ride a race; to make ride’, 
as, they rode the helpless baby on their 
backs; to domineer over. 
fiH of (rld'er), n. a horseman; a section 
IAU.-C1 or clause added to a legislative bill. 
— adj. riderlass. 

fiH rro (Uj). n. the back, or top of the back, 
IlUgt 0 f an animal; a range of hills or 
mountains; the horizontal angle or edge 
where the two slopes of a roof meet; a raised 
strip or line, as of earth, or in cloth, etc.: v.t. 
to cover with ridges, or raised lines: v.i. to 
become marked with ridges, or raised lines. 
ri *Hcrn nnlA (rij'pol"), n. the horizontal 
IlUgc-pUlc timber at the top of a roof, 
against which the upper ends of the rafters 
rest. 

riHcr xr Off)'I). having ridges, or raised 

IlUg-y fines or strips. 

fiH 4 r>n1n (rld'i-kul), n. words, looks, or 
a AAA-l-bUlc acts intended to cause the sub¬ 
ject of them to be laughed at contemptu¬ 
ously; sarcasm; mockery; satire: v.t. to treat 
or address with mockery; make fun of; laugh 
at with contempt. 

fi Hip 11 Iniic (rl-dflc'u-lfls), adj. deserv- 
U-Uib-u-xuuo jng or exciting mockery 

or contempt; absurd and laughable.— adv. 
ridiculously.—n. ridiculousness. 
fiH incr (rid'Ing), n. a road cut through a 
llU-ilig wood or elsewhere for horsemen; 
formerly, one of the districts of Yorkshire 
and Lincolnshire, England, 
fifn ( r If)• odj. prevalent; common; exist- 
I1IC ing generally; as, the opinion was 
everywhere rife; abounding; full of: with 
with; as, the town is rife with tales of war. 
f iff raff (rlf'raf), n. refuse; the rabble; rub- 
bish; as, the riffraff of society, 
ri fin (ri'fl), n. a firearm with the barrel 
AA-AAC spirally grooved for the purpose of 
insuring greater accuracy in fire: pi. troops 
armed with such guns: v.t. to groove (the 
barrel of a gun) spirally; pillage; rob; as, to 
rifle a church; to seize and bear away by 
force; as, they will rifle his goods. 

ri fin pnrnc (ri'fl=kor), n. a body of 
n-iiC-v/Uipo soldiers armed with rifles, 
or guns having spirally grooved barrels, 
fi fin man (ri'fl-man), n. a man armed 
Al-llC -llla.il with, or skilled in using, the 
rifle, a firearm having a spirally grooved 
barrel; a sharpshooter. 

ri fin -nit (ri'fUpIt"), n. a short trench with 
ll-lic-jJll a bank of earth in front, to pro¬ 
tect riflemen. 

ri flnr (ri'fler), n. one who seizes and 
11-11 Cl carries away by force; a robber. 
fif+ (rift), n. an opening made by splitting; 
111 A cleft; as, a rift in a cloud: v.t. to cleave 
or split: v.i. to burst open. 


ate, senate, rare, c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 









533 


ng 


ring 


ricx ( r *g). n. the arrangement of sails, maris, 
aA & etc., of a vessel; colloquially, a style of 
dress or odd costume; an outfit: v.t. [ p.t . and 
p.p. rigged, p.pr. rigging], to furnish (a ship) 
with the necessary outfit of sails, etc., for 
service; to fit out; equip; colloquially, to 
dress: with out or up; as, to rig oneself out 
for a party. 

ricr a Hnrvn (rig'd-doon'), n. an old- 
AA & -CA-VA '“' , -' AA fashioned lively dance per¬ 
formed by one couple; the music for it. 
ricr r rpr (rig'er), n. one whose occupation 
I A &"& CA is to fit the shrouds, stays, etc., 
of a ship to their masts and yards. 

ricr crincr (rig'ing), n • tlie cordage or ropes 
AA &-fe iAA & by which the masts of a vessel 
are supported and the sails extended or furled; 
gear; tackle. 

ricrVit (rit), n. that which is correct; that 
Ilglll w hich accords with truth, justice, 
propriety, virtue, etc.: opposite to wrong; 
as, to fight for the right; that to which one has 
a moral or legal claim; as, to defend one’s 
rights; the right-hand side: v.t. to restore to 
proper position; as, the canoe righted itself; 
make straight; correct; do justice to; as, to 
right a person unfairly treated: v.i. to recover 
the natural position: adj. according to truth, 
justice, or law; correct; true; as, the answer 
is right; correct in opinion, etc.; not mistaken; 
as, he is always right; fit; suitable; as, the 
right man for the position; straight; direct; 
as, a right line; having one line or plane per¬ 
pendicular to another; as, a right angle; 
pertaining to the stronger side, or the side 
opposite the left; well; healthy; as, to 
feel all right; made to be worn outward or 
placed in front; as, the right side of cloth; 
most convenient; as, that will be all right; 
well performed: adv. in a straight line; 
directly; as, he stood right in my way; 
Justly; righteously; as, to act right; cor¬ 
rectly; as, to get the facts right; suitably; 
properly; as, nothing has been done right; 
precisely; just; you are wrong right there; 
very; as, right honorable.— n. rightness. 

Syn., n. claim, liberty, prerogative, privilege. 
Ant. (see wrong). 

•rio-Vif on (rit an'gl), an angle of ninety 

Ilglll ctxi-glC degrees, formed by one 
straight line standing perpendicular to an¬ 
other: adj. right-angled. 

■rirrlvf omic (ri'chus), adj. living accord- 
ngnt-eoub i n g to, or ruled by, the law 
of God; blameless; virtuous; upright; as, a 
righteous man; becoming; fitting; as, right¬ 
eous anger; just; as, a righteous cause.— adv. 
righteously. , , . 

• _.i_ 4 . — (ri chus-nes), n. qual- 

right-eous-ness jty or state of being 

blameless or upright; quality of being just; 
uprightness; justice. 

• -f .,1 (rit'fool), adj. having a just 
rigm-IUl claim according to law; as, the 
rightful heir; just; as, a rightful claim.— adv. 
rightfully.— n. rightfulness. 

flrrli-f Vio-nrl (rit'hand"), adj. of, per- 
ngni-ndliu tabling to, or situated on, the 

right side; chiefly depended upon; as, my 
right-hand man. 

a.A (rit'handled), adj. done 

rignt-nana-ea Vith the right hand; 

able to use the right hand more easily than 
the left; hence, dexterous; skilful; rotating 
from left to right, as the hands of a clock. 

Ut (rit'li), adv. honestly; uprightly; 
rigni-iy as> duty rightly performed; prop¬ 
erly; suitably; as, he is rightly called our 
benefactor; correctly; as, you are rightly 
informed. 


ricr lH (rij'id), adj. unyielding; stiff; in- 
flexible; strict; severe; as, rigid dis¬ 
cipline.— adv. rigidly. — n. rigidness. 

ri crirl i +v (r I - j f d' I-11), n. stiffness; in- 
ll-gIU.- 1 -iy flexibility; sternness; strict¬ 
ness in observing rules. 

ricr ma rnlp (rlg'md-rol), n. foolish, dis- 
AA b -AAACl-A ure connected talk; nonsense, 
ricr nr (rig'er), n. the quality of being stiff 
IXg-Gi or unyielding; strictness; sternness; 
state of being harsh or severe; as, the rigors 
of a northern winter: (ri'gor; rig'or), a violent 
chill or shivering caused by cold or nervous 
shock. 

ri crr\T -mrvr -fie (ri'gfir, or rig'or mor'tls), 
n-gor mor-IlS stiffness of the body 

caused by death. 

ricr r»r mic (rlg'er-us), adj. marked 
AA & _ '-' A ■ uuo by sternness or severity; as, 
rigorous discipline; exact; strict; as, rigorous 
honesty; harsh; bitter; as, a rigorous climate. 
— adv. rigorously.—n. rigorousness. 

T?icrc An cr (rlgz'dag), n. the Danish parlia- 
XVlgo-U.clg ment, or chief lawmaking body, 
•rit a (rfl), v.t. to vex; irritate; to make muddy 
IIIC by stirring; roll. [Colloq.] 

—ill (rll), n. a small stream or rivulet; a 
brooklet. 

rim (rim) > n - a border, edge, or margin 
11 II 1 0 f an object, especially when curving, 
or when raised: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. rimmed, 
p.pr. rimming ], to furnish with a border or 
edge; be a border around, 
rim a (rim), n. hoarfrost or white frost; 
I line the correspondence of sound in two 
or more words, especially at the end of poetic 
lines; a verse or line in which the sound of the 
last word or syllable thus corresponds with 
another; a word that sounds like another; 
verse, or poetry, in which the last words of 
some of the lines correspond in sound; 
v.i. to freeze into hoarfrost; to accord in 
sound; end in the same sound, as lines of 
verse; to make verses: v.t. to cover with hoar¬ 
frost; to put into, or express in, verse some of 
whose lines end in the same sound; make to 
correspond in sound. Also, rhyme, 
rim or (rim'erY, n. one who makes verses; 
11111-Cl an inferior poet. Also, rhymer. 

rim<a cfpr (rim'ster), n. a maker of poor 
nillc-oLCl verses. Also, rhymester. 

_ r (rim'I) , adj. frosty; covered with 

rim-y fros t. 

•4 (rind), n. the outer skin or coat, as 
ddid'-*- of fruit, trees, etc. 

rin Ao-r npet (rin'der-pSst), n. a con- 
1111 - U.Cl-Jpcoi. tagious disease in cattle; 

cattle plague. 

•„ _. (ring), n. the sound made by a bell 
aAaA S or by metals made to vibrate; a circle; 
a hoop or circular band; a small hoop of gold, 
etc., worn as an ornament, usually on the 
finger or attached to the ear; a space set off 
for contests or displays; as, a circus ring; a 
race course; a combination of men, usually 
for a selfish aim or purpose; as, a political 
ring: v.i. [p.t. rang, p.p. rung, p.pr. ringing], 
to sound, as a bell when struck; to sound 
loudly and clearly; as, his voice rang out; 
have a sensation of buzzing sound; as, my 
ears ring; resound; as, the woods ring with 
song; to summon someone by sounding a 
bell; as, to ring for a maid; to be filled 
with report or talk; as, the whole town 
rings with his fame: v.t. to cause to sound, 
as metal when struck; to produce (a sound), 
as by striking a bell; as, ring the alarm; 
proclaim aloud or abroad; as, ring in the 
year; utter again; repeat; they ring hia 
praises; to put a ring around; encircle; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








ringdove 


534 


ritualistic 


hem in; to flt or decorate with a ring, or 
circlet. 

rincr Hmrp (rlng'duv"), n. a European 
AAAA & -U - V/ v c pigeon with a whitish patch 
on each side of the throat; the wood pigeon, 
rincr incr (rlng'Ing), p.adj. sounding like a 
AAAA S -AAA & bell; resonant or resounding: 
n. the act of sounding, as a bell; sound 
produced by a bell, etc. 

rincr IaciH <=>r (rlng'led'er). n. the head 
llllg-icaU-cl or leader of a number of 

persons acting together in some unlawful 
enterprise; as, the ringleader of a gang of 
thieves. 

rincr (rlng'18t), n. a little circle; a 
AAAA & -ACl ' small ring; a curl of hair, espe¬ 
cially a long one. 

rino- ctialrp ‘'ring snak), a small, harm- 
AAAA & oaiojyg j ess> dark-colored snake, 
having a yellow collar. 

rincr worm (ring'wOrm'), n. a skin dis- 
lmg-wuini ^30 marked by distinct cir¬ 
cular patches. 

rinlr ( rf bk), n. a long, clear space on the 
A AAAA *- ice, marked off for the game of curling; 
an inclosed sheet of ice or a floor for skating, 
rin cp (rlns), v.t. to wash lightly with clean 
i. mac water; cleanse with clean water 
after washing: n. the act of pouring clean 
water over or on something already washed. 
— n. rinser. 

rino incr (rlns'Ing^), n. the liquid in which 
lllio-lllg anything is rinsed;, that which 
comes off in rinsing; dregs. 
f*i (ri'flt), n. disorderly behavior; up- 
1 J.-UL r oar; tumult; disturbance of the 
public peace by a number of persons; boister¬ 
ous festivity; revelry; luxurious growth, 
as of shrubbery, undergrowth, or flowers: 
v.i. to raise an uproar; engage in a public 
disturbance; to eat and drink, etc., without 
restraint; revel; be in an excited state.— n. 
rioter. 

ri nt one (n'ftt-us), adj. engaging in 
u-ui-uuo tumultuous disorder; indulging 
in revelry; wanton; seditious; boisterous; 
noisy.— adv. riotously. — n. riotousness, 
rin ( rI P)> v.t. ^P-t. and p.p. ripped, p.pr. 
AA F ripping], to divide by tearing or cutting; 
tear or cut out with violence; undo the seam 
of by cutting stitches; to saw (wood) with 
the grain; colloquially, to utter violently; 
as, to rip out an oath: v.i. to become torn 
apart: n. a rent made by the breaking of 
stitches; a tear. 

ri na ri atl (rl-pa'rl-an; ri-pa'rl-an), adj. 
ii-pa-n-an c f or pertaining to the banks 
of a river or other body of water; as, riparian 
rights; in botany, growing on the banks of 
streams. 

rinp ( rI P). ad J- grown to maturity or per- 
AA r c fection; ready for harvest; as. ripe 
grain or fruit; rosy; brought to a state most 
flt for use; mellow; advanced to a high de¬ 
gree; matured; as, ripe wisdom; ready to act; 
prepared; as, ripe for mischief.— adv. ripely. 
—n. ripeness. 

rin An ( r IP' n )- v.t. to make mature or 
lip-eii bring into flt condition for use; 
bring to full growth or perfection: v.i. to 
become matured or flt for use; to come to 
perfection. 

ri -nnct (rS-post'), n. a return thrust in 
lA-pu&L fencing; a quick, clever [reply: 
v.i. to make a quick, clever reply, 
rin npr (rlp'er), n. one who, or that which, 
divides by cutting or tearing; a 
tool for such a purpose. 

rin nl a (rlP'l), n. a wavelet on the surface 
lip-pic 0 f water; any slight, curling wave; 


as, the ripples of her hair; the sound made by 
wavelets of water, or a sound like it; as, a 
ripple of laughter; a large comb for cleansing 
flax: v.t. to make small curling waves upon 
or in; as, the wind ripples the water; to 
ripple hair; to clean, as flax: v.i. to become 
fretted or slightly waved on the surface; to 
sound like water running over a rough surface. 
— adj. ripply. 

rin ran (rlp'r&p'), n. a foundation of 
lip-lap broken stones loosely thrown to¬ 
gether in deep water, on a soft bottom; also, 
stones so used. 

rin caw (rip'so"), n. a special saw for 
np-oaw cutting wood with the grain. 
ricA v.i. [p.t. rose, p.p. risen, p.pr. 

lloC rising], to move from a lower position 
to a higher; to ascend; get up from kneeling, 
sitting, or lying down; swell in quantity or 
extent; as, the river will rise; to increase in 
price, value, force, or intensity; as, his ire 
rose; grow or spring upward; become tall or 
lofty; appear above ohe horizon; come into 
view or into existence; originate; be pro¬ 
moted; thrive; revolt; rebel; as, they fear 
that the natives will rise; ascend from the 
grave: n. (riz; ris), the act of going up; 
ascent; distance anything goes up; a place 
higher than the land around it; act of begin¬ 
ning to appear; origin; source; increase in 
price, value, force, intensity, etc.; advance in 
rank, power, or distinction. 
riS en past participle of the verb 

1*1 Q AT* (rlz'er), n. one who, or that which, 
lia-ci getg U p or ascends; the upright 
part of a step or stair. 

r < c .* i 4 -tt (rlz"l-bfl'l-tl), n. inclination 
nS-l-UU-l-iy to laughter. 

riQ i V»1 a (rlz'I-bl), adj. having the faculty 
llo-l-uic or power of laughing; inclined to 
laugh; causing laughter; used in laughter; as, 
risible muscles.— adv. risibly.— n. risibleness, 
rio iri£r (riz'Ing), n. the act of one who, 
llo-iilg or that which, ascends, appears, 
rebels, etc.; as, the rising of the moon; a 
rising of the people: adj. increasing in wealth, 
ability, or influence; as, a rising young law¬ 
yer; appearing above the horizon; growing; 
as, the rising generation, 
riclr ( rIsk ). n- possibility of loss or injury; 
AAOJ: '- peril; danger: v.t. to expose to danger 
or peril; as, to risk one’s life; to take the 
chances on; as, to risk a battle.—n. risker. 

-riclr ir (rls'kl), adj. dangerous; venture- 
Iloxv-y S ome. 

ric caIa ( r e"sol'; rls'61), n. a small ball 
no-ouic 0 f r i c b minced meat or fish, 
covered with a thin batter paste and fried, 
fifci (rlt), n. a formal act of religion or 
i.ltc other solemn duty; any solemn 
ceremony; as, the rite of marriage; a pre¬ 
scribed form of religious service, 
rit 11 ol (rlt'fl-al), n. a set form for the 
AAt-u.-a.A performance of divine service or 
other solemn ceremony; a book of ceremonial 
forms; body of ceremonies used in any 
church. Masonic order, etc.: adj. of or per¬ 
taining to formal, solemn ceremonies; as, the 
ritual law.— adv. ritually, 
rit 11 fll icm (rlt'tl-3,l-lzm), n. a system of 
A prescribed forms of religion; 
strict observance of forms in church service. 
i*ij + ii ol i cf (rlt'il-5,l-lst), n. one who be* 
ni-u-ai-ioi lieves in, or is devoted to, the 
formal side of religious worship or ceremony. 
r if ii nl ic fir* ( rIt "fl-al-I s'tlk ), adj. 
1 •‘•I'-u-cu.-io-U''-' Q f Qr pertaining to forma! 
church ceremonies, or to those who favor such 
ceremonies. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






rival 


535 


rock crystal 


xt c\\ 0*i'v5,l), n. one who tries to equal or 
11 -veil excel another in the same object or 
pursuit; one striving to reach or obtain 
something which another is trying to reach 
or obtain, and which one only can possess: 
v.t. to strive to equal or excel; to stand or 
engage in competition with: adj. having the 
same claims; standing in competition with. 

Syn., n. opponent, competitor. 

T 7 ol TXT (ri'val-ri), n. the act of trying 
n-V d_l-l j £o equal or excel; state of being 
In competition with; competition. 

Tixra (riv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. riven, p.pr. 
live riving], to split or tear apart; cleave: 
v.i. to be split or torn apart, 
riv P»n ( riv ' n )> Past participle of the verb 
IlV-vll TtVC* 

* - ot . (rlv'er), n. a large stream of water 
lAV-Cl flowing into the sea, a lake, or 
another stream; any large flow; as, a river 
of blood, or a river of oil. 

riv-er horse Mrs) ' ppop 

•_ T -.j. (rlv'et), n. a short metal bolt with 
llV-Gl a head on one end, used to fasten 
together two or more pieces 'xrm 
of wood, metal, etc., by pass- " ■ I,i 
ing it through holes and 
forming a head on the plain 
end by hammering: v.t. to 
secure with, or as with, such Tfivetq 
a bolt; to clinch; make firm 
or.secure; as, to rivet friendship.—n. riveter, 
riv 11 1 ot (rlv'tl-lgt), n. a little stream or 
nV-U-iei brook. 

riv H rd lor (rlks'ddl'er), n. a British small 
1 lA”UUl-icu silver coin of Cape Colony and 
Ceylon, worth about thirty-six cents; also, a 
silver coin of northern Europe of varied value. 
Tf\ar 'h 0 *och), n. a fresh-water fish; a 
rUd.CH black, flat insect; a cockroach. 
rn „4 (rod), n. a public way for travel; 
lUd-U highway; a way, course, or means by 
which anything is reached; as, the road to 
happiness: pi. a place where ships may ride 
safely at anchor; roadstead. 

Syn. highway, route, course, anchorage. 

•»■» in noilorlc 



etc., rest; in other 
roads, the materials 
laid in place and ready 
for use. 

road rol-ler 

Crod roller), 
a heavy cylin¬ 
der or series of 
cylindrical rol¬ 
lers, usually^ 
driven b y \ 
steam, for com¬ 
pressing and 
smoothing the 



Steam Road Roller 


surface of roads: often called steam-roller. 

(rod'stSd), n. a place off 
rUd.U-£>lCd.u s hore, not a harbor, where 
6 hips may safely anchor. 

j (rod'ster), n. a horse suited for 

rud.u-biei hght driving rather than heavy 
drawing; a bicycle or other vehicle for use 
on ordinary roads; a two-seated, usually 
high-powered, automobile. 

j -.ttott (rod'wa"), n. a road, especially 
rOaU-Way the broad part along which 
vehicles, horses, etc., pass. 

(rom), v.i. to wander about without 
iOain a ny definite object; ramble: v.t. to 
wander over.— n. roamer. 

Syn. rove, stray, stroll 


rrkon ( r on), adj. of a bay, chestnut, brown, 
lUcllI or black color, tnickly mixed with 
gray or white; as, a roan horse: n. a grayish 
brown or black color; a horse of this color; 
grained sheepskin leather. 
mar (ror), n. the deep, full cry of a large 
lUdl animal; as, the roar of a lion; a cry, 
as of distress; any loud, confused noise; as, 
the roar of battle; loudly expressed mirth; 
as, a roar of laughter: v.i. to cry with a loud, 
full, deep sound, as, a lion roars; to cry 
loudly, as in pain, distress, or anger; to 
laugh loudly; to make a loud, confused 
noise, as wind, waves, passing vehicles, etc.: 
v.t. to utter boisterously, or with a full, pro¬ 
longed sound. 

mar in cr (ror'Ing), n. a loud, deep, pro- 
longed sound, as, of a lion, the 
winds, etc.; a disease of horses marked 
by difficulty In breathing: adj. noisy; dis¬ 
orderly. 

ma of (rost), v.t. to cook before a fire or in 
lUaol a closed oven, as meat; heat to 
excess; dry and parch under the action of 
heat; heat (broken ore) to free (it) from use¬ 
less matter; slang, to banter or ridicule 
severely: v.i. to be cooked by heat, as before 
a fire or in an oven: n. a piece of meat 
cooked, or suitable to be cooked, before a 
fire or in an oven: adj. cooked before a fire 
or in an oven; roasted.— n. roaster. 
r/vK (rob), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. robbed, p.pr. 
IUU robbing], to carry away something 
from by secret theft or violence; to steal 
from; plunder; deprive unjustly; defraud: v.i. 
to commit theft. 

luai* (rob'er), n. one who takes what is 
rOD-DUr not his; a thief. 
rA l. Ua* t 7 (rob'er-I), n. thievery; the un- 
rOD-DUr-y lawful and forcible taking 
away of the money and goods of another. 
rn hA (r5b), n. a rich, loose, outer garment; 
IUUC state dress; an elegant gown: pi. 
costume; the dressed skin of an animal used 
for a carriage covering, etc.: v.i. to put on a 
robe or garment, especially a garment of 
state: v.t. to dress, especially in a garment of 


_Vw/-i /4 (rdd'bed"), n. in railroads, the state. 
r09.Q-D6Q ground on which the ties, rails, rnh in fr^b'In), n. a small European bird 

rou-in 0 f the thrush family: the robin 


, the robin 

redbreast; an American thrusn somewhat 
like the English robin, but larger. 

T) _UrvArl (rob'In hood), a courteous 
X\.OD-IH nuuu outlaw reputed in English 
legend to have lived in Sherwood forest, 
where he headed a band of chivalrous robbers. 
Tr\ Ktio-f (r6-bust'), adj. hardy; strong; vig- 
lU-UUol orous; muscular; as, robust health. 
Syn. lusty, sturdy, stalwart. 

Ant. (see puny). 

rA . (r5k), n. an imaginary bird of Arabian 
iUb and Persian legend, of enormous size 
and strength. 

t-nolr (rok). n - a large mass of stone or of 
IUUJS. stony matter; any mineral matter; 
a bed or mass of one mineral; that which 
resembles such a mass in firmness; a firm 
support; a defense; that on which one may 
be wrecked, or by which one may be ruined; 
the striped bass; a movement backward and 
forward: v.t. to cause to move backward and 
forward; lull to sleep; cause to sway or r6el: 
v.i. to move backward and forward; to 
sway or reel.—n. rocker. 

■rnrlr a xxrav (rfik'a-wa), n. a low, four- 
I UbxV-cl-W cty wheeled, two-seated pleasure 

carriage, with a standing top. 

Tr\rh- ^ 1-170 fc>1 (rok krls'tal), transparent, 
lUl/Jx l/iyo-Uii or nearly transparent, 

quartz, or a piece of it. __ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 



























rock drill 


6SQ 


rolling 


rock drill ririvp 


drfl), an implement, 
driven by steam or compressed 
air, to bore or drill holes in rock, etc., for 
blasting. 

mrlr (r5k'6t), n. a firework which is 
lUth-cl made of a tube filled with salt¬ 
peter, sulphur, and charcoal, fastened to a 
stick, and which, when fired, is shot into the 
air and lets fall a shower of sparks, 
rnrlr i ripcc (r6k'I-n6s), n. the state of 
AU^AV-i-iicao being made up of stony 

mineral matter. 

rnrlr intx-rliflii* (rflkTtog^cMr*), n. a 
rOCK-Ulg Lilctir chair having the legs 

set on curving pieces on which the chair sways 
backward and forward. 

■*v\r»lr s'kil (rok oil), petroleum, or mineral or 
rULU UU natural oil. 

rnrlr mcp (rSk'roz"), n. any of a family 
xuLn.*iuoc 0 f shrubs, having regular, 
often showy, flowers, resembling the wild rose. 

rock ru-by ££net?' bI) ' a flne bluish ' red 

-rrvolr (rbk'wood'), n. a brown, com- 

rOCK-WOOa pact kind of asbestos. 

rnrlr v ( r ^k'i), adj. full of, or like, stony or 
j.uun.-jr mineral matter; stony; hard; 
inflexible; like a rock; without feeling, 
rn m rn ( r &-ko'ko), n. a showy style of 
AU-cw-vu decoration, representing shells, 
leaves, scrolls, etc., massed together without 
meaning, popular in the seventeenth and 
eighteenth centuries; hence, anything odd or 
in bad taste in art or literature: ad), of or 
pertaining to this showy and overelaborate 
style; hence, showing bad taste in art or 
literature. 

rn< 4 (rod), n. a straight and slender stick; 
1UU. any slender bar, especially one of 
metal; a fishing-pole; a switch used for 
inflicting punishment; hence, correction or 
discipline: with the; a scepter; hence, power; 
a measure of length containing five and a half 
yards. 

rrwi p (rod), past tense of the transitive and 
AUtAC intransitive verb ride. 

■m Hpnt (ro'dent), n. any of an order of 
AU-U-CAAi, gnawing animals, as rats, mice, 
squirrels, beavers, etc.: adj. gnawing; biting; 
like a gnawing animal. 

rnf] a triAtl fo H p (rod"5-m5n-tad' ; 
rou-o-mon-uiue rod"6-m6n-tad'), n. 

vain boasting; bluster; brag: from Rodo- 
monte in Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso: v.i. to 
bluster or brag. 

rnp (ro), n. a small deer of Europe and 
AUC western Asia: called also the roe deer; 
the collected mass of eggs of fishes. 

Ktirlr (ro'buk"), n. the male of the 
xuc-butA roe, a small deer of Europe and 
western Asia. 

P Apn"t orptl rjivc (rfint'gen raz; rent'- 
rtoeni-gen rays g g n raz ), rays hav¬ 
ing power to pass through objects which 
other light or heat rays cannot penetrate, 
and affecting sensitive photographic plates: 
called X rays by their discoverer, W. K. 
Roentgen. Also, Rontgen rays. 

rn era tinn (r&-ga'shun), n. in the Epis- 
AU-ga-LlUAl copal and Roman Catholic 
churches, a litany or solemn supplication 
chanted on certain days: Rogation Days, the 
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday before 
Ascension Day. 

rntnip ( r °S). w. a dishonest person; a 
lu b uc cheat; a scoundrel; playfully, a 
mischievous, frolicsome person, 
rn OTl Pr v (ro'ger-I), n. dishonest prac- 
iu-guci-)f tices; cheating; playfully mis- 
chievous conduct; as, the roguery of children. 


rn o-iiic'h (ro'gish), ad), dishonest; knav- 
AU-glAloAA ish; playfully mischievous.— 
adv. roguishly. — n. roguishness, 
rnil (roil), v.t. to render muddy by stirring; 
1 Dll as> ro n a spring; vex or irritate; 
disturb, as the temper; colloquially, to rile. 
— adj. rcily. 

rnief pr (rois'ter), v.i. to swagger; to act 
AUial-CA jjj a no i S y or blustering way. 

rnief pr pr (rois'ter-er), n. a bold, blus- 
I Ulo l-cl -CA tering, disorderly fellow, 
rAlp (rol), n. a part or character taken by 
D1C an ac tor in a play; hence, a part or 
character taken, or assumed, by any one. 
rnll (rol), v.i. to move onward by turning 
AUll over and over; as, a ball rolls; to 
run on wheels; as, the wagon rolls along; 
to toss from side to side; as, a ship rolls; 
to sweep along, as waves; give forth a 
long, deep sound; as, the thunder rolls; 
to take, through winding, the form of a 
cylinder; as, the cloth rolls easily: v.t. to 
cause to move onward by turning over and 
over; as to roll a ball; to move or push 
along on wheels; as, to roll a table across the 
room; to wrap round on itself or upon some¬ 
thing else; as, to roll a rug; wrap up; as, to 
roll oneself in a blanket; to drive or sweep 
along; as, the waves roll the ship onward; to 
utter with a deep sound; as, the organ rolls 
forth majestic sounds; spread flat under a 
roller; as, to roll a road; to beat, as a drum: 
to pronounce -with a prolonged trilling sound: 
n. the act of rolling; state of being rolled; 
that which rolls; a roller; anything wrapped 
upon itself in the form of a cylinder; a list 
or register; a kind of biscuit or bread, 
often doubled over; a cake spread with 
jelly and rolled up; as, a jelly roll; a long 
strip, as of cloth or carpet, wrapped upon 
itself; a continued, deep sound, as of a drum 
beaten, thunder, etc.; a twist of tobacco; 
a swell or unevenness on a surface: roll of 
honor, a list of names of persons who have 
distinguished themselves in some particular 
way; in the World War, the name given to 
the published casualty lists of the war. 
rnll roll (rol kol"), the act or time of 
1UU v ' aAA calling over a list of names of 
those belonging to an organization, soldiers, 
pupils in a school, etc., in order to find out 
those who are present, or to obtain responses 
from them. 

roll Pr (rol'er), n. that which turns round 
x an( j round, or over and over; a 

cylinder used for grinding, smoothing, flatten¬ 
ing, etc.; a small wheel; a long, heavy wave; 
a long, broad bandage; a tumbler pigeon. 

mil Pr pr (rol'er kost'er), a 

AU11-CI bUdbl-Ci switchback railway. In 

which small cars are run on rollers or wheels. 

rnll pr cjlrcrfn (rol'er skat), a skate with 
auaa-ca oxva.LC: wheels instead of a runner. 

rnl Hr (rfil'Ik), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. rollicked. 
a oa-iu/ p.pr. rollicking], to move or act with 
a careless, swaggering air; to frolic. Also, 
rollick. 

ml lirlr In cr (rol'Tk-Ing), ad), moving with 
a joyous, careless, swagger¬ 
ing air or manner. 

rnll incr (rol'Ing), adj. moving on by turn- 
x AA-Axig lng over and over; as, a rolling 
ball; moving on, or as on, wheels; as, a roll¬ 
ing chair; undulating; as, rolling country; 
turned back or down on itself; as, a rolling 
collar; used for smoothing, flattening, etc.: 
n. the act of ono that rolls, or of one who uses 
a rolling tool; a deep, full, reverberating 
sound: rolling stock, the cars and other 
wheeled equipment of a railway. 


ate, senate, rare,^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 





rolling-pin 


537 


roosi 


•mil incr-nin (rol'Ing=pIn'), n. a smooth 
iuu-uig pin implement, long and round, 
made of wood, glass, agate, etc., for rolling 
out dough. 

rn Iv-nn 1v (ro'lLpoTI), n. a game con- 
lU-lj pU-iy sisting of rolling a ball into 
a certain hole; a boiled or steamed pudding 
made of light dough spread with fruit and 
rolled up: adj. round; dumpy; as, a roly- 
poly little girl. 

Rn mfl if* (rft-ma'Ik), n. modem Greek. 
xvu-J.iia.-ii/ especially the form spoken by 
uneducated Greeks: adj. of or relating to 
modern Greece, especially its language. 

man (ro'man), n. a native or citizen 
XVU-liiail of ancient or modern Rome: 
Romans, a book of the New Testament, con¬ 
taining the Epistle, or letter, of the apostle 
Paul to the Christians at Rome: adj. pertain¬ 
ing or relating to ancient or modern Rome, 
or to the Romans; pertaining to, or connected 
with, the Church of Rome: roman, having the 
form of the ordinary type used in printing: 
distinguished from italic. 

Ro-man Cath-o-lic 0 ^%t 

taining to the Church of Rome, of which 
the Pope is the head; n. a member of the 
Church of Rome. 

Ro-man Ca-thol-i-cism &5? t h§p£ 

6lzm), the doctrines and practices of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 
rn man re* (ro-mans'), w. a prose or poetical 
I u-uiaiAEC tale of adventure, chivalry, etc., 
such as the tales of King Arthur: so called be¬ 
cause written originally in the Romance dia¬ 
lects; a form of prose fiction full of imagina¬ 
tion and adventure; a series of acts or happen¬ 
ings that are strange and charming; a disposi¬ 
tion to ignore what is real and to delight in 
what is fanciful or mysterious; as, a soul full 
of romance; falsehood; as, I fear she indulges 
in romance: v.i. to invent and tell fanciful or 
extravagant stories; to indulge in dreamy 
imaginings: Romance, adj. of or pertaining to 
the languages which developed from popular 
Latin, as Italian, Roumanian, French, Portu¬ 
guese, and Spanish.— n. romancer. 

man ocmio (ro'mSn-esk'), n. that 
xvO-IHaIl-tJbi|llt S £y] e G f architecture 

and ornamentation developed from Roman 
principles during the period from the fifth to 
the twelfth century: adj. pertaining to, or 
designating, such a style of architecture. 
n A mo-n ir (ro-man'ik), adj. relating to 
JAU-lilall-lt/ the Romance languages, or 
those developed from popular Latin, as 
Italian, French, Spanish, etc.; related to the 
peoples that speak those languages. 

man fir (r6-man'tik), adj. pertaining 
I U-J.IJ.all- Lit/ to, or like, what is imaginary, 
sentimental, or extravagantly ideal; hence, 
fanciful; visionary; as, romantic ideas; per¬ 
taining to, or suggesting, what is strange and 
improbable; fantastic; of a disposition to ig¬ 
nore what is real and delight in what is fanciful 
and mysterious; as, a romantic girl; strangely 
wild and picturesque; as, romantic scenery; of 
or pertaining to the art and literature of the 
Middle Ages: opposite to classical. — adv. 
romantically. 

r-rw man fi rtcm (ro-man'tl-slzm), n. the 
rU-IIlctll-ll-LIolll quality or character¬ 
istic of being imaginative, sentimental, or 
extravagantly ideal; in literature, strangeness 
and improbability; the movement in Ger¬ 
many and France at the beginning of the 
nineteenth century to restore to literature 
and art the spirit and style of the wonder- 


ful and fantastic: opposite to classicism- 

romanticist. 

romn ( r o m P)t n - a girl who plays boister- 
luiup ously; rough, noisy play or frolic: 
v.i. to play in a rough, boisterous manner; 
to frisk about in play; to move rapidly, but 
with ease; in racing, to win easily.—n. romp¬ 
ing.— adj. rompish.— adv. rompishly. 
rnn (rbn'do; ron-do'), n. [pi. 

IUJJ.-U.CaU rondeaux (-doz)], a little poem 
of thirteen verses or lines, with but two rimea, 
and with a refrain after the eighth and thir¬ 
teenth lines; in music, a light composition 
in which the first strain is repeated at inter¬ 
vals. Also, rondel. 

rrm Hn (ron'do), n. [pi. rondos (-doz)], a 
Ibli-UU musical composition for either 
voice or instrument, of a vivacious, ripply 
nature, characterized by many repetitions of 
the first melody; the musical setting for a 
rondeau. 

Rrvnt ffPtl rave (rfint'gen raz; rent'gSn 
1 ° raz), rays having power 

to pass through objects which other light 
or heat rays cannot penetrate and affecting 
sensitive photographic plates: called X rays 
by their discoverer, W. K. Roentgen. Also, 
Roentgen rays. 

rnnr? (food), n. a cross or crucifix, especially 
l UUU a i ar ge crucifix, or representation of 
the cross with Christ hanging on it, over the 
altar screen of a church; a square measure 
equal to one-fourth of an acre, or forty square 
rods. 

rnnf (roSf), n. the top covering of a building; 
IUU1 an y similar top covering, as of a car or 
a cave: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a roof.— 
n. roofing. 

rnr»f Ipcc (roof'les), adj. having no top 
iUUJ.-J.Coo covering; having no shelter. 

(roof'tre"), n. the ridgepole, or 
lUUi-LiCC highest horizontal timber of a 
roof, against which the rafters rest; hence, 
roof; figuratively, home. 

rnnlr ( r °°k), n. a bird of the crow family 
iUUn with glossy black plumage; the castle 
in the game of chess. 

rnnor v (rook'er-I), n. [pi. rookeries 
1 UUxv-Ci -y (_i z )] t a place where many 
rooks, or crowlike birds, gather and build 
their nests; a colony of rooks or crowlike 
birds; a place where other birds or animals, 
as seagulls or seals, gather and breed; a 
place of low resort; a low slum; a building 
falling to ruin through neglect, or a group of 
such buildings, occupied by many people of 
dubious character. 

rnnm ( room )> n • free or unoccupied place 
1UUII1 or space; an apartment or chamber 
in a building; freedom to act; opportunity; 
a deep blue dyej v.i. colloquially, to lodge, 
rnnm nr (room'er), n. one who rents a 
lUUlll-Ci room or chamber, especially 
temporarily; a lodger. [Colloq.] 
rnnm fill (room'fool), n. [pi. roomfuls 
iUUlii-J.UI (_foolz)], those in a room or 
chamber; as manyjas a room can contain. 

rnnm m ci tn (room'mat"), n. a person 
iUUiiA-iiiaeu with whom one shares a 

room. 

rnnm v (room'I), adj. spacious; having 
lUUiii-j plenty of room or space; not con¬ 
tracted.— adv. roomily.—n. roominess, 
or character- t-nnr \\arlr (roor'bak), n. a he; an untrue 
lUUi-uaV/JV report made for the purpose 
of influencing an election. [U. S.] 
rnncf (roost), n. the pole, perch, etc., upon 
lUUol which a bird rests at night; a number 
of fowls resting together: v.i. to sit or sleep 
upon a perch, etc.; to rest. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when;, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


36 








rooster 


538 


rotogravure 


w\rkc*+ or (roos'ter), n. the domestic cock; 
roubi-er male fowL 

rr»nt (root), n. the underground part of a 
1UUL pi an t which fixes it in the earth and 
serves to absorb moisture and nourishment; 
an edible underground part of a plant, as a 
potato; anything like a root; an ancestor; 
the part of an organ that is most deeply 
embedded; as, the root of a hair or finger nail; 
that from which anything has its origin; 
cause: as, laziness is the root of his poverty; 
the lower part of a thing; foundation; as, 
the roots of the mountains; to strike at the 
root of an evil; a quantity which, multiplied 
by itself a given number of times, produces a 
given quantity; as, 2 is the second or square 
root of 4 ; the part of a word, without prefix 
or suffix, which expresses its primary or 
essential meaning: v.t. to plant and fix in the 
earth; implant deeply and firmly; to dig up 
or out with the snout: with out or up; to 
tear up or out; with out or up; eradicate; 
as, to root out an evil- v.i. to take root; to be 
firmly fixed or established; to turn up the 
earth with the snout. 

rnrvfr 1p+ (root'ISt), n. a little root; a 
xuui-jlci secondary root thrown out by 
climbing plants. 

rnnt ofnrlr (robt'stok*), n. a rootlike stem 
l UU l-o 0 f a plant running horizon¬ 

tally underground, and sending leaves up¬ 
ward and roots downward: called also 
rhizome. 

rnnp (r 5 p), n. a thick, stout cord made 
l upc 0 f several strands of hemp, cotton, 
flax, etc., twisted together; a collection of 
things braided or twined together in a line or 
string; as, a rope of pearls; any glutinous or 
slimy thread formed in a liquid: v.t. to 
fasten, bind, or tie with a rope; to divide off, 
by means of a rope; as, to rope off a plot of 
ground; colloquially, to lasso, or draw in by 
means of a noosed rope, as a steer; slang, to 
deceive: with in: v.i. to become drawn out 
into threads; as, the jelly ropes. 
rrm v (rop'I), adj. that may be drawn out 
At/p-jr into threads; stringy. — n. ropiness. 

T?nniiP frvrf (r6k"f6r / ; rok'fSrt), n. a kind 
XVU4UC-IUI l 0 f moldy cheese made in 
Roquefort, France, from the milk of ewes, 
or female sheep. 

rn niict (r6-ka'), v.t. in the game of cro- 
IU-4UCI quet, to strike (a ball) with the 
player’s ball: n. the act of so striking. 
rr»r niial (ror'kw&l), n. a large whalebone 
XUI-qUctl whale with a fin on its back. 

m ca poniic (ro-za'shus), adj. of or per- 
lU-oa-bCUUo taining to the rose family. 

rn QQ nr (ro'za-rl), n. [pi. rosaries (-rlz)], 
lu-oa-ijf a string of beads for counting a 
series of prayers to be said one after the other 
in a certain recurring order: the series of 

E rayers thus recited on these beads; as, to tell 
er rosaries; a bed of rcses or a place where 
roses grow; a garland of roses; hence, a col¬ 
lection of beautiful thoughts from various 
authors. 

rocp ( r5z )> P-t. of the verb rise: n. a well- 
i uac known prickly shrub or its fragrant, 
beautiful flower; rose color, or crimson-pink; 
a fancy knot of ribbon or lace; a rosette: under 
the rose, secretly. 

rncp VmH (roz'bud"), n. the bud of a rose; 
iuac-uuu colloquially, a young girl ap¬ 
proaching womanhood. 

rn cp q+p (ro'zS-at), adj. rose-colored; 
1 u-oc-aic roselike; blooming. 

rfiQP tna (roz'mi-rl), n. a sweet-smell- 
iuoc-iiia-1 y j n g evergreen shrub with 
pungent leaves and blue flowers. 


rn cpri-p (r6-z6t / ), 

1 VJ-OCCLx; ribbon 01 



n. a knot or bunch of 
ribbon or other fabric made in the 
shape of a rose; a painted or sculptured 
circular ornament, as 
leaves arranged in a 
circle around a bud. 

rose win-dow 

(rdz wln'do), a circular 
window with mullions, 
or divisions, branching 
from, or arranged 
around, its center. _ 

rose-wood 

n. a valuable dark-red, t> „ . 

hard wood, yielded by Rose Window 
various tropical trees and used for furniture, 
rnc in ( r & z 'I n ). n - the resin, or solid sub- 
1 vo-111 stance, that remains after distilling, 
or driving off, as by heat, the oil of turpentine 
from crude turpentine: v.t. to rub with rosin; 
as, to rosin the bow of a violin. 
rncQ (r6s), n. the rough, scaly surface of the 
luoo bark of some trees; tan bark: v.t. to 
remove the outer scaly or rough surface of; 
as, to ross bark. 

rnc +pr (ros'ter), n. a list of officers and 
1 ua men enrolled for duty; a list show¬ 
ing the order in which officers, enlisted men, 
companies or regiments of soldiers are called 
on to serve; hence, any roll or fist; as, the 
roster of a school or college class, 
me ft-iim (ros'trfun), n. [pi. rostrums 
I Uo-LIUlii (-trumz), or rostra (-trd)], a 
pulpit, platform, or stage for public speaking; 
hence, public orators or lecturers collectively. 
rn o -tr (roz'l), adj. like a rose; red; bloom- 
1 ua-j j D g. blushing; very favorable; bright; 
hopeful; as, rosy prospects.— adv. rosily. — n. 
rosiness. 

r /yf (rot), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. rotted, p.pr. 

rotting], to become corrupt; decay: 
v.t. to cause to decay; as, to rot vegetable 
fiber: n. the process of decay; state of being 
decayed; that which is decayed; decay, 
rn ta rv (ro'td-rl), adj. turning around, as 
iu-ia-ijf a wheel on an axis; as, a rotary 
motion; having parts that turn around; 
rotatory. 

rn tat p (ro'tat; rft-tat'), v.t. to cause to turn 
le-iaic on, or as on, an axis; cause to alter¬ 
nate or change about: v.i. to turn around its 
own center or axis; revolve; to alternate, or do 
any act, etc., in turn. 

rn fa tinn (rft-ta'shfLn), n. the act of 
a'cf-lo. txuii turning round on an axis, like 

a wheel; regular succession; as, rotation in 
office; recurrence. 

rn \a tivP (rd'ta-tlv), adj. connected with, 
xu-ia-uvc or causing a movement on, or 
as on, an axis; rotating. 

(ro'td-t6-ri), adj. having, per- 
to, or causing move- 
an axis; following one 


TO trl tn TV ' r 9 

a kj- lci-LV 7-J. j taining to, or causing move¬ 
ment on, or as on, 
after another, 
rn+p ( rot )* n • the repeating of words or 
sounds over and over in order to 
learn them, with little attention to their 
meaning; as, to learn rules by rote; a stringed 
instrument somewhat like a guitar: used in 
the Middle Ages. 

(ro'to-graf), n. a photograph 
by a rapid auto¬ 
matic process. 

rn tn err a vnrp (^"to-grd-vur'), n. a 
1U- LU-gl ct- V UI c process for the rapid 

printing of illustrations, from plates etched 
on copper cylinders; an illustration so 
printed. 


ro-to-graph ‘Sf 1 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





rotten 


539 


route 


rnt +p>n (r 3 t' n ). &dj. decayed; putrid; as, 
lui-icii rotten eggs; liable to break; not 
firm; as, a rotten plank; slang, corrupt or un¬ 
trustworthy; as, rotten politics.— n. rottenness. 

+p'n ^ (rot n-ston"), n. a soft, 

lui-icii-oLuuc easily crumbled, siliceous 
rock or limestone used as a polishing powder. 
rn tnnrl (ro-tund'), adj. round from plump- 
lU-lUilU. ness; rounded out; as, a rotund 
figure; full toned; as, a rotund voice; having 
words that are full and round in sound. 

rn +11 Tl Hfl (rS-tun'da), n. a circular 
1 U-LU.li.-ClM. building, especially one with 
a dome; a large round room; as, the rotunda 
of the Capitol at Washington. 

rn fiiri Hi tv (rS-tun'di-tl), n. state of 
IU-lUii-U.I-JL_y being round; roundness. 

mil Viln (roo'bl), odj. a Russian silver coin 
IUU-U1C 0 f varying value, averaging about 
51.5 cents._Also, ruble. 

rA1 . A (roo"a') t n. an evil, dissipated man; 
lOU-C a ra ke. [Fr.] 

rnn cm (roozh), n. a red substance used for 
IUUgc coloring the cheeks and Ups; a red 
powder used for polishing glass, metals, etc.: 
v.i. to color or paint the cheeks with rouge; 
v.t. to color with rouge, as the cheeks, 
i-niicrh ^df). adj. having an uneven sur- 
lUUgll face; rugged; not smooth or plain; 
as, a rough board; a rough road; rough cloth; 
uncut; unpolished; as, a rough diamond; 
harsh to the ear; as, a rough sound; uncivil; 
harsh; unfeeling; as, rough treatment; 
severe; violent; as, rough sports; boisterous; 
stormy; as, rough weather; rocky; said of 
roads; crude; unfinished; as, a rough sketch: 
«. a low, coarse fellow; a rowdy; a crude or 
unfinished condition; as, diamonds in the 
rough; in golf, long grass on the side of the 
course: v.t. to produce an uneven surface on; 
destroy the smoothness of; to shape or make 
imperfectly.— adr. roughly.—n. roughness, 
-rrvii rrVi rficf (ruf'kast"), n. very coarse 
rOU.gIl-Cd.ol piaster for the outside of 
buildings; a rude model: v.t. to coat with 
coarse plaster, as a wall; make a rude plan 
or model of. 

rrmcrVi pti to produce an 

lOUgil-cll uneven surface on; to destroy 

the smoothness of: v.i. to become uneven 
or coarse on the surface. 

i-piio-Vi ViPW (ruf'hu"), v.t. to cut (timber) 
rougn-new roughly; to shape roughly. 

a-r (ruf'rld"er), n. one who 
rougn-nu-er breaks horses to the saddle: 
Roughrider, colloquially, a soldier of the First 
United States Volunteer Cavalry in the Span¬ 
ish-American War. 

(rod-let'), n. a French game of 
lOU-lcllc chance played with a revolving 
wheel and ball; an instrument used by drafts¬ 
men for making dotted lines. 
mmA (round), adj. circular; spher- 
lOUlIU. leal; cylindrical, as a gun bar¬ 
rel - having a curved outline or surface; as, 
a round arch; a round cheek; whole; com¬ 
plete; as, a round dozen; going from and 
returning to the same place; as, a round trip; 
liberal; large; as, a round sum; easy and 
energetic in motion; as, a round pace; full 
in sound; as, the round tones of a voice; 
well-balanced; as, a round sentence; bold; 
outspoken; as, a round rebuke; approxi¬ 
mately, divisible by ten: as, round numbers: 
n. a circle, cylinder, or globe; a fixed course 
or route; a beat; as, a policeman’s round; 
routine; as, the day’s round of duties; a 
series of events, acts, etc.; as, a round of 
gaiety; a circular dance; a course of action 
in which a number of persons take part at one 


time; as, a round of cheers; one of a number 
of repeated actions; as, a round of whist; a 
song sung by several persons starting at 
successive intervals of time; a simultaneous 
discharge of shots by each soldier or gun in 
a company or detail; ammunition needed for 
such a discharge; the rung of a ladder; a 
crossbar connecting the legs of a chair: v.t. 
to give a curved form to; travel or pass 
around; as, in sailing, to round a cape; to 
bring to completion; finish; as, to round 
out a plan; round out a story; fill out 
smoothly or musically; as, to round out a 
sentence: v.i. to become curved, spherical, or 
circular in form; to wheel about; to grow 
full, complete, or perfect: adv. on all sides; 
so as to encircle; as, the people gathered 
round; with a rotating motion; as, the wheel 
turns round; from one side or party to 
another; as, he came round to their belief; 
from person to person or point to point; as, 
not food enough to go round; the summer 
comes round once more: prep, about; on 
every side of; past so as to encircle.— adv. 
roundly.— n. roundness. 

rnunH a Vwviit (round'a-bout"), adj. in- 
lOullU-a-UDUL direct; circuitous: n. a 

merry-go-round; a short coat or jacket, 
mi i n r\f± 1o \t (roun'de-la), n. a song in 
idUii-uc-iajf which a simple melody or 
refrain is often repeated; a dance performed 
in a circle. 

p A1in 4 ViooH (round'hed"), n. a con- 
XvU miu.-AiCa.Ci temptuous name applied 
to the Puritans by the Cavaliers, from the 
close-cut hair of the former. 

1-mi-nH VirviicA (round'hous"), n. the cabin 
rouna-nouse on the after part of a 

ship’s quarter-deck; a circular building hav¬ 
ing stalls for locomotives, built around a turn¬ 
table. 

-rsvii-nH icVi (round'Ish), adj. tending to 
IUU11U.-1&11 be round; nearly round. 

T/Vh in (round rob'in), a petition 
rouxiu ruu-ill Raving the signatures writ¬ 
ten in a circle so as not to show who signed 
it first. 

round-shouldered S” d al‘ 5 noi 

erect; having stooping shoulders. 

rounds-man «■ 

on their beats. 

VA1iri A (round'up"), n. the gathering 

rounu-up together of herds of cattle and 
driving them in; the herd so collected; the 
men and horses that collect them; the 
driving of animals together in hunting: v.t . 
to gather together and drive in, as cattle. 

~ (rouz), v.t. to awaken; stir to thought 
rUlibC or action; drive (game) from a 
covert or hiding place: v.i. to start from 
sleep; show signs of activity; be stirred to 
action: n. a drinking bout.— n. rouser. 

a Vwvii+ (roust'o-bout"), n. a wharf 
lOUbL-a-UUUl laborer; especially, a deck 
hand on a river steamboat. 

a. (rout), n. total defeat and flight, as 
lOUl 0 f an army; disorder resulting from 
such defeat; a noisy crowd; a rabble; mob; 
formerly, a large evening party: v.t. to defeat 
and put to disorderly flight; to root up, as 
with the snout; to scoop out; to bring to 
view; turn up; to turn out by force: v.i. to 
root about; rummage. 

Syn., v. defeat, overthrew, scatter, 
rmi+a (root), «. way or road traveled; 
I Uulc course; journey; march: v.t. to send 
or forward by a certain road or way. 

Sun., n. path, journey, direction. 


a police 
inspector who visits officers 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








routine 


540 


rudimentary 


mil tin#* (r55-ten'), n. course of business 
luu-iuic or official duties regularly pur¬ 
sued; regular habit or practice. 

TOVP ( rov )> v.i. to wander or ramble: v.t. 
luvc to wander or ramble over; roam 
over; to draw out and join together, as fibers 
of wool or cotton, before spinning, 
mv pi* (rov'er), «. a pirate; wanderer; 
iUV-cu fickle person. 

mw n - a ser * es things in a line; a 
IUW ffi e or rank; a trip in a rowboat; a 
turn at the oars: v.i. to labor with an oar 
in propelling a boat; be moved forward by 
oars: v.t. to propel, or move forward, by 
means of oars; as, to row a boat; to transport 
in a boat propelled by oars. 
rrt , ir (rou), n. a noisy disturbance; brawl; 
xUW quarrel; fight. [Colloq.] 

rnixr fro'bot"), n. a boat equipped 

lUW-Uoal with oars and oarlocks for 
rowing. 

mw rlv ( rou 'dI). n - a rough, riotous fellow: 
lUW-Uj a dj roU gh an d riotous; noisy and 
rude.— adj. rowdyish.— n. rowdiness. 
fAijr icm (rou'dl-Izm), n. rough, riot- 
rOW-Uy-lblii ous conduct. 

mw p1 (rou'el), n. the small, sharp-pointed 
iUW-Ci wheel of a spin’: v.t. to prick with 
the wheel of a spur, as a horse, 
mw pn (rou'en), n. a second crop, as of 
iUW-cii hay, on the same field during the 
same season. 

mw Inrlr (ro'ISk), n. a notch in the gun- 
iUW-iULA wale of a boat, or a piece of 
metal with a U-shaped top, in which the 
oar rests in rowing: called also oarlock. 
mv ( roi 'al) - a( li- pertaining to, or belong- 
iuy-cu ffig to, a king; kingly; as, a royal 
household; pertaining to, or connected with, 
the government of a kingdom; as, the royal 
army; befitting, or like, a king; regal; 
specially patronized or founded by a king; 
as. the Royal Academy: n. a size of paper, 
twenty-five by twenty inches, for printing; 
the highest sail of a ship.— adv. royally, 
mir 5>1 icm (roi'al-izm), n. belief in, and 
1 KJy -dl-loxn support of, the principles or 
cause of government by a king; also, the 
principles of such government.—n. royalist. 

ol -Hr (roi'al-tl), n. [pi. royalties (-tlz)J, 
ruy-cU-iy the state, station, birth, etc., 
of a king; person of a king or of one of 
sovereign rank; persons of sovereign rank 
collective!s'-; kingly nature or quality; a 
tax paid to the crown, as a percentage of 
gold or silver mined, etc.; hence, a share of 
the product or profit (as of a mine, etc.) 
claimed by the owner for permitting another 
to use the property; a percentage paid to an 
inventor or author for the use of a patent or 
copyright; as, a royalty from the sale of a 
book. 

—..-u (rub), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. rubbed, p.pr. 
1 UL» rubbing], to move something with 
pressure over the surface of; as, to rub one’s 
face with a towel; to pass over with a scrap¬ 
ing or brushing movement; as, the wheel 
rubbed my dress; to cause to move over with 
pressure; as, to rub one’s hand over one’s 
arm; to clean or scour by moving something 
over with pressure; to polish; as, to rub 
up the silver; to remove by moving something 
over; erase; as, to rub out a black mark; 
renew one’s knowledge of; as, to rub up one’s 
history; to affect one’s feelings disagreeably; 
as, to rub one the wrong way: v. . to move 
along a surface with pressure; scrape; as, 
two things rub together: to get along with 
difficulty; as, to manage to rub along: n. 
a moving of something over with pressure; 


a rubbing; as, give the table a good rub; 
that which makes progress difficult; hin¬ 
drance; something that is harsh to the feel¬ 
ings; a sarcasm. 

rnVv (rub'er), n. anything used for 

X UU-UCi erasing, polishing, etc.; caout¬ 
chouc, or India rubber; an article made of it, 
as an elastic band, an overshoe, etc.; in 
card playing, the majority of several games, 
often two games out of three; also, the odd 
or winning game. 

riiV» "hicli (rub'Ish), n. mixed or waste 
X UU-UloXX fragments; ruins of buildings; 
anything of no value; trash. 
ril Vv "hi i* (rub'l), n. rough, irregular, broken 
X UU-UXC stones or bricks, or masonry built 
cf such fragments^ 

T?ii "hi rnn (roo'bl-kbn), n. the river di- 
xvu-UX-CUXi viding the province of Caesar 
from that of Pompey, the crossing of which 
by Caesar led to war: to cross the Rubicon, tc 
perform any act that commits one irrevocably 
to some course or undertaking, 
rn "hi mnH (roo'bl-kund), adj. inclined to 
i u-ux-cuxiu. redness; flushed; as, a rubi¬ 
cund face. 

(roo'bl), n. a Russian silver coin of 
-UXC varying value, averaging about 
51.5 cents. Also, rouble, 
rn ‘hrir (roo'brik), n. the directions in 
XU-UX1C prayer books, formerly printed in 
red; hence, any rule of conduct; the title of 
a law, formerly printed in red: adj. made 
prominent by being_marked in red; red. 
m Kri rat p (roo'brl-kat), v.t. to mark or 
x u-Uii-catc distinguish with red; as, to 
rubricate a book. 

ril Iw ( roo ' w )> n • lP l - rubies (-biz)], a pre- 
xu-uy C io US stone, usually a variety of 
corundum, varying in color from carmine-red 
to crimson; the color of the stone. 

TlirVlP (robsh), n. a frilled or plaited strip 
x uv-ixc i ac6t sdk, etc., for edging dresses, 
especially at the neck or wrist, or for other 
trimming. Also^ouche. 

-m rVi incr (roosh'Ing), n. material, such as 
x ui/xx-xxxg lace, silk, etc., for making 
ruches, or plaited or frilled edgings; ruches 
collectively. 

mrlr ( rdlc ), n • Colloquially, the multitude 
x 0 f common persons or things; throng; 

crowd. 

rilH flpr (rud'er), n. a broad, flat piece of 
x uu-ucx wood or metal hinged vertically 
to the stern of a vessel and used 
for steering; a hinged or pivoted 
part, used to steer an aircraft. 

— adj. rudderless. 

rild Hv ( rfi d'I), adj. red or 
a iava-vaj approaching to red¬ 
ness; having a healthy glow; 
as, a ruddy complexion.— adv. 
ruddily. — n. ruddiness. Rudder 

rnHp ( rood )> ad i- [comp, ruder, 
a uu.c superi ru dest], barbarous; unculti¬ 
vated; ignorant; as, a rude people; impolite; 
uncivil; impudent; as, rude behavior; robust- 
strong; rugged; as, rude health; crude; 
unskilful; as, a ruae carving; harsh; rough; 
severe; as, a rude awakening to the truth.— 
adv. rudely. — n. rudeness. 

Til fli mPTlt ( roo ' d l- m ent), n. the first or 
A U.-VAA-AAACAA a mtroductory principle of an 

art, science, etc.; as, the rudiments of com¬ 
position; anything in its first or undeveloped 
state; a beginning. 

ru-di-men-ta tv ( i \9 o/ ' dI - m Sn , td-ri), 

x u UX XXXCXX la. Ly ad j pertaining to first 
principles; being in an early or undeveloped 
state. Also, ru dimental. 



ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 











rue 


541 


run 


-nip (roo), n. an herb of bitter taste and 
1 uc strong odor, formerly used as a medi¬ 
cine; regret: v.t. to lament or be sorry for; 
repent of. _ ^__ * 

flip fill (roo'fool), adj. showing sorrow or 
iuc-iui pity; mournful; sad; as, a rueful 
expression; causing sorrow or regret; piti¬ 
able; as, a rueful sight.— adv. ruefully. 
ri1 ff (ruf), n. a large plaited or fluted collar; 
1 anything like such a collar; a growth 
of feathers around the neck of a bird or of 
hair around the neck of an animal; an Old 
World sandpiper: the female called reeve; 
also, a kind of pigeon; in card playing, the 
act of trumping: v.t. and v.i. in card playing, 
to trump when one has no card of the suit led. 
rilf fi cm (ruTi-an; ruf'y an), n. a brutal, 
Lii-Ai-dii lawless fellow; one given to 
cruel deeds: adj. brutal; cruel.— adj. ruffianly. 
l. ruffianism. 


mf fl p (ruf'l), 

1 111 -11C st.nn < 


rug 


n. a plaited or gathered 
strip of material, used as a trim¬ 
ming; a slight vexation; a low, continuous 
beat of a drum: v.t. to draw into folds or 
gathers; to furnish or adorn -with plaited or 
gathered strips; to make to stand up or out; 
as, a bird ruffles its feathers; to disturb 
slightly or make ripples upon; as, the wind 
ruffles the water; disarrange; as, to ruffle 
one’s hair; annoy or vex; as, to ruffle one’s 
temper: v.i. to be rumpled or disordered; 
flutter; to become vexed or annoyed. 

-rii frviic (roo'fus), adj. yellowish-red or 
lu-iuua brownish-red. 

(rug), n. heavy floor covering, usually 
made in one piece and of a size to 
cover only part of the floor; a mat made of 
animal skin with the hair or wool on; a 
coarse, warm woolen cloth, used as a cover¬ 
let or traveling wrap. 

mcr ffprl (rug'ed), adj. having an uneven 
* surface; rough; steep and rocky; 

as, rugged country; shaggy; disordered; 
unkempt; uncouth; unpolished; as, a rugged 
countryman; wrinkled; furrowed; as, a 
rugged brow; harsh; stern; as, a rugged char¬ 
acter.— adv._ ruggedly.— n. ruggedness, 
m in ( roo ' in ), n - overthrow; destruction; 
*1 * _ aIA downfall; that which causes destruc¬ 
tion or decay; that which remains of some¬ 
thing destroyed or fallen into decay; the 
state of decay or desolation: v.t. to pull down, 
destroy, overthrow, or make poor: v.i. to 
decay;* perish; be brought to poverty and 
misery.— n. ruination. 

1*11 in (roo'ind), adj. demolished; de- 
lU-lllcU stroyed; having suffered down¬ 


fall and decay. 

■rii in /yiic (roo'I-nus), adj. fallen into de- 
rU-lii-UUb cay; dilapidated; as, a house in 
a, ruinous state; destructive: hurtful; as, iuin- 
ous conduct.— adv. ruinously. 
r ,il e (rool), n. a standard or principle of 
rule conduct; as, honesty should be the 
rule for all; regulation; as, a rule of the 
game; an established usage or law; govern¬ 
ment; authority; as, a democratic rule; 
usual course of action; as, I walk there as a 
rule; that which is true or may be expected 
in the majority of cases; as, among the people 
of some countries, ignorance is the rule; a 
straight strip for drawing lines; in printing, 
a strip of type-high metal for printing a line: 
v.t. to govern or control; settle, as by a rule; 
manage, control, influence, or restrain; estab¬ 
lish by a decision; mark with lines with the 
aid of a straight strip: v.i. to decide a point; 
exercise superior authority. 

Syn., n. sway, method, system, law, for- 
mula, test. 


rill pr (rool'er), n. one who governs; a 
A ua-ca strip of wood, metal, etc., used as a 
guide in drawing lines. 

rill intr (rool'Ing), y.adj. governing or 
a u.A-AAAg having control; predominant or 
in control: n. a decision laid dowm by a 
judge or court; the act of making fines, or 
the lines so made. 

rum (™ in )> n - an alcoholic liquor made 
AIA 11 A f rom molasses or the juice of the 
sugar cane; colloquially, any intoxicating 
drink. 


riim "hi A (rum'bl), n. a low, heavy, rolling 
A uiAA-UAC sound; as, the rumble of thunder; 
a seat for servants behind a carriage; a seat 
for one behind the body of a motor vehicle: 
v.i. to make a low, heavy, continued sound: 
v.t. to cause to make a lew, heavy, rolling 
sound. 

■rii mi non! (roo'mi-nant), n. a hoofed 
* U.-Ufi-Ildll l animal that chews the cud. 
as oxen, sheep, goats, deer, camels: adj. 
chewing the cud; hence, meditative; thought¬ 
ful. 


rii mi -n of a (roo'ml-nat), v.i. to chew the 
LA-AIAI-Iio.LU cud; meditate or muse; 

reflect; as, to ruminate on the future: v.t. 
to chew again; to ponder.— adj. ruminative. 

m mi -no firm (roo"mi-na'shun), n. the 
llOIl aC £ 0 f chewing the cud; 
meditation or musing. 

riim mcicrA (r.um'aj), n. a thorough 
1 lAAAA-AAAdgc; searc b made by turning 

things over in a disorderly way: v.t. to 
search thoroughly by turning over the con¬ 
tents of; ransack: v.i. to make a thorough 
but disorderly_search. 

rii rv-*/-.** (roo'mer), n. common talk; popu- 
Ll-IIAUA j ar report; an unverified current 
story; as, a rumor of war: v.t. to spread by 
report. 

i-iim-n (rump), n. the hinder parts of an 
f UAAAp a nimal; buttocks; fag-end of any¬ 
thing. 

mm t»1a (ruin'pl), n. a fold or plait: 
* UAAA-JJAC V 'i' an d v.i. to wrinkle; crumple; 


muss. 

r , 1TT1 (rum'pus), n. a disturbance; a 

rum-pub row . [colloq.] 

ri1T1 (run), v.i. [p.t. ran, p.p. run, p.pr. 
A UAA running], to move or go on the feet at a 
swifter pace than a walk; to act in a way to 
suggest such motion; as, he ran away from 
home; travel; proceed; as, the express 
runs forty miles an hour; make a regular 
trip; as, the boat runs between Boston and 
New York; move on in a stream; flow; as. 
the river runs down hill; melt and flow; 
as, tallow runs; to be in action; as, the 
engine will not run; extend in space; as, the 
railroad runs through his land; continue in 
time; as, the play ran a year; pass into a 
different state or condition; as, to run into 
luck; run to seed; to run wild; engage in a 
contest; as, to run for office; pass or look 
through or over rapidly; as, to run through 
a book; follow a line of descent; as, laziness 
runs in the family; tend; incline; as, her 
taste does not run in that direction; of a 
wound or sore, discharge pus: v.t. to cause to 
move or act, as an engine, etc.; to thrust; 
stick; push; as, to run a pin into one’s finger; 
to drive or force; as, to run one’s head against 
a wall; perform or go through with; as, to 
run errands; to flow with; as, the earth ran 
blood; expose oneself to; as, to run a risk; 
to sew; as, to run up a seam: n. act of going 
at a swifter pace than a walk; a trip or 
journey; as, the boat made its usual run; act 
of flowing or that which flows; as, a run of 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





runabout 


542 


rye 


maple sap; a course or succession; as, a run 
of ill luck; free use or enjoyment of; as, to 
have the run of a friend’s house; sudden, 
continuous, pressing demand; as, a run on a 
bank; the kind usually met with; as, the 
ordinary run of people; a place passed over 
frequently, especially by animals; an inclosed 
place in which to confine and feed animals; 
a brock; a period of operation, or the work 
turned out during the period; in cricket or 
baseball, the act of running from one wicket 
or base to another and thus scoring a point, 
rrm a (run'd-bout"), n. a kind of 

1 un-a-UUUL light automobile or uncov¬ 
ered carriage, ordinarily used for short trips, 
nin a r r p+p (run'd-gat"), n. a fugitive; 
i. u a a-< x-go. lc; wanderer; vagabond. 

rirn WAV (run'd-wa"), n. one who 
A uxi-a- w ay escapes or runs away; a 
fugitive; a horse of which the driver has lost 
control: adj. escaping from control; as, a 
runaway engine; brought about by running 
away; as, a runaway match, 
nine (robn), w. one of the letters or char- 
1 Liiic acters of the alphabets of ancient 
nations of northern Europe; poetry expressed 
in such characters. 

rhl> f !\< X f> N + I H 

i v th a r k g w h. n i j 

irrmnn rosw 

c P z s t b e m l nq o d 

Runes (Alphabet) 

rvmcr (rung), p.p. of the verb ring: n. a 
x U1X£ crosspiece or round of a ladder or chair; 
a floor-timber in a ship. 

nt nir (rob'mk), aaj. pertaining to, or 
u-lixx/ consisting of, runes, or the char¬ 
acters of the alphabets of the earliest Teu¬ 
tonic nations. 

rtin Ipf (run'let), n. a little stream; a 
cux-i.'-' L rivulet. Also, runnel. 

run -n pr (run'er), n. one who runs; a 
x uii-uci racer; a messenger; one of the 
pieces on which a sleigh, skate, or sled moves; 
a slender trailing branch that takes root at 
the end or joints; a soldier detailed or picked 
as an orderly for an officer while in the 
trenches; an officer’s messenger. 

rirn nin<y (run'Ing), p.adj. moving swiftly; 
x ux.A-AiAx.i£ being in motion; successive; 

continuous; discharging pus; as, a running 
Bore: n. the act of moving swiftly; that 
which runs or flows. 

mnt (ruut), n. a dwarf animal, as a small 
lUiit, pig. a person of stunted growth. 

rim wcsv (run'wa"), n. a beaten way or 
x uxa- vv ay pa tb over which something runs, 
as the bed of_a stream followed by animals, 
m nop (roo-pe'). n. a coin of British 
X j n( iia worth about 32.4 cents, 

mm fiirA (rup'tur), n. the act of bursting 
iup-iuxc or breaking; the state of being 
broken or violently burst apart; breach or 
interruption of friendly relations; hernia, or 
a coming out of a part of the intestines through 
the inner wall of the abdomen: v.t. to burst 
or break violently apart; to affect with 
hernia; to bring about a breach of; as, to 
rupture friendship: v.i. to suffer a breach or 
break. 

m r ol (roo'ral), adj. pertaining to, or like, 
-XO.X the country, or country life; as, 
rural free delivery; rustic.— adv. rurally. 


T-iicf» (robz), n. a trick-; a stratagem; fraud 
I Use or deceit. 

riicli (rush), n. a driving forward with eager- 
I Ubll ness an d haste; any of many plants 
growing on wet ground; anything worthless or 
of little value; colloquially, an extraordinary 
demand for activity and haste; as the Christ¬ 
mas rush in a store: v.i. to move or press 
forward with haste; enter or do with undue 
haste or eagerness: v.t. to cause to move with 
speed; hurry; as, to rush a man off to his 
work; to make an attack on and occupy; as, 
to rush a fortification. 

niclr (rusk), n. a kind of light biscuit; 
a uoxx SW eetened bread. 

rue opf (rus'et), n. reddish-brown color; 
iUa-oCL cloth or clothing of such a color, 
especially homespun; a kind of winter apple: 
adj. reddish-brown; homespun; coarse.— adj . 
russety. 

T?iiq oija IpcitVi or (rush'd leth'er), a 
JAUb-bld. XtJcUn-er strong, soft leather 

prepared from hides soaked in birch oil. 

■pnQ otpri (rush'an), adj. of or pertaining 
JxUb-olclll to Russia, its language, or its 
people: n. one of the people of Russia; the 
language of Russia. 

1*11 <5t ( r ^ st )> n ■ the reddish matter formed by 
A uoi oxidation on iron and steel; a similar 
formation occurring on other metals; red 
oxide of iron; anything like rust; mildew on 
wheat, corn, etc.; loss of power through idle¬ 
ness: v.i. to form rust; to grow worthless 
because of idleness: v.t. to cause to contract 
rust; impair by time or inaction.— adv. rust- 
ily.— n. rustiness. 

me Hr (rus'tlk), n. a countryman; a 
auo-iav/ peasant: adj. pertaining to, or like, 
the country; rural; artless; unpolished; 
unadorned. Also, adj. rustical. — adv. rus¬ 
tically. 

Syn., adj. rude, plain, uncouth. 

Ant. (see polished). 

f-fjo H rfi'l'P (rus'tl-kat), v.i. to reside in 
ius-ix-taic the country: v.t. to banish 
or discharge for a time from college. 

1*11Q H rjl HAn (rus"tl-ka'shun), n. resi- 
x Uo-Li-1/a.-liuii dence in the country; 

temporary dismissal from a college. 

i qj H f* i +it (rus-tls'I-tl), n. rural or 
a U.O- lac,-a- t y countrylike manners or sim¬ 
plicity; rudeness. 

1*11 C tip (rus'l), n. a soft, whispering sound 
AiAO-LAc suc b as that made by leaves: v.i . 
to make a soft, whispering sound, as the 
rubbing together of silk or dry leaves: v.t. to 
cause to make such a sound.—n. rustling. 

1*11 <5 tl pr (rus'ler), n. one that rustles or 
a uo-iaca hustles: an enterprising, suc¬ 
cessful man; a cattle thief. [Slang.] 

•o-iict v (rfis'tt). adj. covered with rust; im- 
auol-j paired or harmed by inactivity or 
idleness, as an engine; rust-colored. 

(rut), n. the track of a wheel; a groove 
aul or hollow: v.t. to cut into grooves or 
hollows; to make wheel tracks.— adj. rutty. 

m "tsi Tlfl 0"fl ( r o 5 "td-ba , ga), n. a kind of 
a LA-Lct-AAci-gcL turnip larger than the com¬ 
mon turnip and of a yellowish color. 
rntVi ( rootl1 ). 71 ■ pity; compassion; tender- 
a u-laa ness; sorrow for the misery of 
another: Ruth, a book of the Old Testament, 
containing the story of the Jewish heroine of 
that name.—adfjuthful. 

nitVl Ipco (rooth'les), adj. cruel; pitiless; 
xuuA-icoo savage; barbarous.— adv. ruth¬ 
lessly.—n. ruthlessness. 

(ri), n. a hardy plant closely related tc 
wheat; also, its grain or seed; whisky 
made from rye grain. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






Sabbatarian 543 sacristy 

s 


OjjVw Tici \a ri an , adj. 

OHU-Ua.-ld.-ri-aXl pertainin'? to the Sab¬ 
bath, or to the keeping of the Sabbath: n. a 
rigid observer of the Sabbath; one who keeps 
the Sabbath on the seventh day. 

Sab-ba-ta-ri-an-ism 

keeping of the Sabbath; the belief of the 
Sabbatarians or those who keep the Sabbath 
on the seventh day. 

QoK Kofh (sab'rith), n. the seventh day 
Oau-UaUl 0 f the -week, observed by the 
Jews as a day of rest, commencing at sunset 
on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday; 
the Christian Sunday, or first day of the 
week, observed as a day of rest and worship. 
„ Q t. no 1 (sa-bat'I-kal), adj. per- 

Sa.D-Da.t-1-Ca.l taining to, or like, the Sab¬ 
bath; as, sabbatical peace: sab¬ 
batical year, among the ancient 
Jews, every seventh year, in which 
the lands and vineyards of the 
Israelites were allowed to remain 
fallow or unsowed; every seventh 
year, allowed a college professor 
for study or rest. 




_ Q Uo-r (sa'ber), n. a cavalry 
bd-Uci sword, having a curved 
blade: v.t. to cut, wound, or kill 
with, or as with, such a sword. 

Also, sabre. 

Co oi~i i‘cm (sa'bl-an-izm), 
Oa.-Dl-aH-lSm n _ the worship 

of the sun, moon, and stars as 

signs. • „ Saber 

_ ti (sa'bl), n. a kind of 
Sa-Dic weasel valued for its handsome, 
dark, glossy fur; the fur of this animal; in 
heraldry or coats of arms, black: pi. mourn¬ 
ing dress: adj. dark- 
colored; black. 

ea Vvof ( s ^ ^ 

oct-LMJt wooden shoe 
worn by the peasantry or 
poor farmers; a kind of 
wooden-soled shoe. > [Fr.] 

sa-bo-tage 

the wilful iniury or de¬ 
struction of machinery or 
materials by workmen dur- 2, leather, 
ing labor troubles; similar 
methods used to interfere with government 
undertakings in time of war or emergency; 
destruction of property, as by poisoning wells 
or cutting down fruit trees, in order to injure 
an enemy in war. [Fr.] , ,, 

ca VirP tarhf* (sa'ber-tash'), n. a leather 
Sa.-UrC-f<tvIlcJ pocket worn by a cavalry 

soldier, hung from his sword belt. 

__ _ (sak), n. a baglike part of a plant or 
animal. . „ ., 

Q 0 _ (sak; 66k), r.. one of a tribe of Algon- 
OdL quian Indians, who at on© tim© lived 
along the upper Mississippi. , , 

___ i-in (sak'a-rfn), n. a product of 

Sa.C-CXld.-iUi coal tar, much sweeter than 

sac-cha-rine ‘SfJSSSSS 

+3 1 feta'Sr-do'ai). adl. per- 
63.C-Cf-QO-X3.1 taining to priests or to 
the priesthood; priestly 


Sabots. 1 , wood; 


cor pf fo 1 I cm (sas"er-do , t 3 . 1 -Izm), 
bd.L-ei-UO-ld.i-lbm n pr i es tiy spirit or 

system; tendency to emphasize the priestly 
office or its sacred character. 

00 ohi om (sa'chem), n. a North American 
bd.-CIlClXl Indian chief. 

ca rVi pf (sa"sha'), n. a small bag or cushion 
oo.-L.iIC l £m e( i with a perfume in the form 
of powder. 

ca rlr fs &k), n. a bag or pouch, especially a 
odCiv i^ge coarse bag for holding grain, 
etc.; quantity contained by 6uch a bag; a 
short, loose garment or cloak: also spelled 
sacque; a Spanish dry wine; plunder or pil¬ 
lage by soldiers of a town taken by storm: v.t. 
to plunder or pillage; ravage; put into bags, 
carlr Vmf (sak'but), n. an ancient musical 
oO.Cii.-UUL instrument of the lyre kind; in 
medieval times, a kind of trombone. 

cnr*lr rlntVi (sak'kloth"), n. coarse mate- 
od.Cii.-CiU lii r i a i G f which sacks are made; 

coarse, rough cloth worn in ancient times as 
a token of mourning or repentance, 
corlr fill (sak'fool), n. [pi. sackfuls (-foolz)], 
od.Cii.-iUi {be quantity a sack will hold. 

corlr i-ncr (sak'Ing), n. coarse material 
odCii-iiig used for making sacks or bags, 
carrmp ( s & k )» n. a short loose garment or 
oaC^Uc cloak. Also, sack. 

car ra mp-nf (sak'ra-ment), n. a holy or 
OdC-i d-iilCii L sacred ceremony, as bap¬ 
tism; the Eucharist; the Lord’s Supper; a 
concrete symbol or form representing some 
sacred truth.— adj. sacramental. 

Syn. service, rite. Communion, 
ca rroH (sa'kred), adj: set apart for re- 
oa-Ci CU ligious uses; as, a sacred edifice; 
pertaining to religion; as, sacred literature; 
consecrated; holy; not to be treated irrever¬ 
ently or put to unworthy use; as, he held 
his mother’s memory sacred. — adv. sacredly. 
— n. sacredness. 

Syn. hallowed, divine, dedicated, devoted. 
Ant. (see profane). 

cor* i-i (sak'ri-fls; sak'rl-flz), n. the 

odC-Il-iiCc ac t of offering to God, or to 
a deity, a victim on an altar; that which is 
offered; anything offered or consecrated to 
God; the destroying, losing, or giving up of 
one thing for another; the thing so destroyed 
or given up; goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer 
to a god in worship; destroy or give up in 
order to gain some other object; as, to sacrifice 
health for riches; to kill; make a victim of; as, 
to sacrifice a child to his parents’ interests; 
sell at a loss: v.i. to offer a victim on an altar. 
— n. sacrificer. 

car ri fi rial (sak"rl-flsh'&l), ad), per 
ba.l/-Il-ll-L/lal taming to, consisting in, or 

offering, sacrifice.— adv. sacriflcially. 
car ri Wp (sak'rf-lej), n the crime or 
SaL-ll-lGgc gin of desecrating or profan¬ 
ing sacred things. . 

car ri Ip trinilC (sak’rl-le'jus) ad), treat- 
SaC-ri-lc-glOUb mg sacred things ir¬ 
reverently; profane.— adv. sacrilegiously. 

__ _ i-ic fan (sak'rls-t&n), n. one who has 
SaC-lib-UUI the care of church vessels, 
vestments, etc., and of the church in general; 
a sexton. 

1-io +w (s&k'rls-tf), n. an apartment in 
sac-llb-iy a church where the sacred 
vessels, minister’s vestments or robes, etc., 
are kept: vestry.___ 


boot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 









sacrosanct 


544 


saint 


eQ A m co-nrt (sSk'rft-sSnkt), adj. most 
Dav-IU- om-UV/ t sacred or holy; conse¬ 
crated. 

(sa'krum), n. the lowest part of 
oa.-1/lUJ.ll the backbone; in man, the five 
lowest vertebrae. 

eo J (sad), adj. [comp, sadder, superl. 
Soli saddest], full of grief; mournful; sor¬ 
rowful; causing mournfulness; dark: said 
Of colors.— adv. sadly.— n. sadness. 
eorJ fead'n), v.t. to make mournful or 

0OU.-U.cll sorrowful: v.i. to become de¬ 
pressed or cheerless. 

OQ j Ai~ (sad'l), n. a seat for a rider on a 
odu-Ulc horse’s back, a bicycle, etc.; 
anything shaped like a saddle, as a certain 
cut of meat: v.t. to equip with a seat for a 
rider; burden or embarrass; as, to saddle a 
town with debt. 

oo/1 /HoKo/t fead'l-bag"), n. one of a 
Saa-aie-Dag pair of pouches attached to 
a saddle for carrying articles. 

caA HI a \\nxir fead'l-bo"), n. the pieces 
0 OU-U 1 C- SJUW •which form the pommel or 

arched front part of a saddle, 
carl rllo-r (sad'Ier), n. one who makes 
0 O.U-U 1 C 1 saddles and other harness and 
equipment for horses. 

carl rlloir fead'ler-I), n. the business of 
bdU-UlCI-j a saddler or harness maker; 
articles made by a harness maker; the mate¬ 
rials for making saddles and harness. 

sad-dle-tree < S “K S ' ) ’ n ' the framo of 

Qorl rlii roe (sad'u-se), n. one of an 
vjaU-UU-ecc ancient aristocratic Jewish 
sect that clung to the letter of the law and 
denied the resurrection of the dead, 
carl i -rrvre (sad'i"flrn), n. a flatiron, espe- 
0 d.U-l-lUll cially a hollow one, heated 

from within. 

cafra (saf), ad), free from danger, risk, 
bale injury, or damage; secure; in secure 
keeping; as, the captive is safe; sound; un¬ 
hurt; sure: n. a fireproof or burglar-proof iron 
or steel chest for valuables; cupboard; a 
holder for matches.— adv. safely.— n. safeness. 
Syn., adj. harmless, trustworthy. 

Ant. (see perilous). 

caf<» rrm Hurt (saf"kon'dukt), n. a 
0O.1C guard or passport which 

guarantees a safe passage, especially through 
an enemy’s country in war time. 

cafe* cniarH feaf'gard"), n. one who, or 
odic-guaiu that which, guards or pro¬ 
tects; a means of security; defense; safe- 
conduct; protective papers granted to a 
foreigner: v.t. to protect or_watch over, 
co■f/i_tfiP 1 kep ing), w. care, 
OO.J.G jvcop-mg secure guardianship. 

cafn -Hr feaf'tl), n. freedom from danger, 
0dlC-iy injury, or damage; safe-keeping. 
ea f a lomn (saf'tl lamp), a lamp so 
0<UC-iy lamp constructed as to protect 
the flame: used in mines to prevent the 
explosion of gas. 

chr (saf'tl v 51 v), an auto- 

saie-ty Valve matic valve in a boiler 
which opens when the steam exceeds a cer¬ 
tain pressure; hence, a means of relief from 
worry or an outlet for strong feeling, 
caf firm (saf'run), n. a kind of crocus with 
oa.1-11 Ull purple flowers whose pistils yield 
a deep yellow dye and are also used in medi¬ 
cine; a deep yellow color: adj. deep yellow, 
cao- (sag), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. sagged, p.vr. 

sagging], to sink or droop by weight, 
or under pressure; as, the rope sags; to lose 
firmness: n. the fact or the extent of sinking 
or drooping under weight; as, the sag of a skirt. 


oa era (sa'g a; sa'ga), n. [pi. sagas (-gaz)], a 
bd-get Scandinavian legend. 

era riniic (sa-ea'shfis)., adj. shrewd; 
Sd-ga-ClOUb keen; having good judg¬ 
ment and practical common sense; wise; 
farsighted.— adv. sagaciously.— n. sagacious¬ 


ness. 

efi crap i fv (sd-gas'I-ti), n. readiness of 
ba-ga.L-1-iy understanding; keen prac¬ 
tical judgment; shrewdness. 

_ a r\-rck (sag'a-mor), n. an Indian 
Sag-d.-more chief among certain North 

American tribes. 

oo/ra feaj), adj. wise; discermng; diserim- 
odge inating; of good judgment; shrewd; 
as, sage counsel: n. a man of profound wisdom 
and of venerable age; a spicy garden herb 
for flavoring meats, soups, etc.; the sage¬ 
brush.— adv. sagely.j— n. sageness. 

oarr/* KrticVi feaj'brush"), n. any one of 
bdgc-Ul U.b 11 various low shrubs, grayish- 

green in color, found on the deserts of western 
America. 

Qacr if fa -ri lie (saj'I-ta'rl-us), n. the 
Oag-ll-Ta-rl-llb Archer, or the ninth 

sign of the zodiac; a southern constellation 
represented by a centaur shooting an arrow. 
c<a/r if fafe feaj'I-tat), adj. of a shape re¬ 
bag -I L-Idle scmbling the pointed head of 
an arrow; as, a sagit¬ 
tate leaf. 

oa rrr» (sa'go), n. a 
Sd-gO kind of 

starch from the 
trunk of certain East 
Indian palms. 

ca ViiVk (sa'Ib).n.a 
IJ.1D term of ad¬ 
dress used by the 
natives of India when 
speaking to, or refer¬ 
ring to, a European 
gentleman; master. 

QoiH feed), p.t. and 
bdlU. p.p. of the 

verb say : p .ad j. 
already referred to; 
mentioned before: 
used chiefly in legal 
documents. 

Cflil ( sa ^’ n ■ a sheet of canvas by means of 
bdix w hich the* wind is made to drive a 
vessel forward in the water; a ship or vessel; 
vessels collectively; an excursion in a vessel 
moved by the wind; as, we went for a sail: 
v.i. to be moved by the action of the wind 
upon spread canvas; hence, to be moved 
through water by the force of steam, etc.; to 
go by water; as, we sailed from New York to 
Liverpool; to begin a voyage; as, the ship 
sailed at noon; glide like a boat, as an eagle 
through the air; pass smoothly along: v.t. 
to pass over in a ship; as, to sail the Spanish 
Main; to direct, steer, or manage the motion 
of; as, to sail a ship. 

cail Vinaf feal'bot"), n. a boat usually 
bcUl-LMJai driven through the water 
sails: generally applied to small craft 



Sago. A, fruit 


by 


coil (sal'er), n. a vessel moved by the 
oau-ci wind, with special reference to its 
speed or manner of motion; as, a swift sailer. 
coil (sal'er), n. one who makes a voyage 
oaii-ui i n , or directs the motion of, a vessel 
moved by the wind; an enlisted man in a 
navy; a mariner; an ordinary seaman; a 
straw hat with a flat brim and top.— adj. 
sailorly. 

ca i-rif (sant), 7i. a holy or godly person; one 
0aiiii noted for piety and virtue, especially 
one canonized, or declared a saint, by the 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 











Saint Bernard 


545 


salt rheum 


Roman Catholic Church; one dead and 

blessed in heaven: v.t. to canonize.— adj. 

saintly. —n. saintliness. 

Siflint T^pr narH ( s * n t ber-nard'), one 
od.mi -d er-naru of a bree( i G f large dogs 

having unusual_ intelligence. 

00 jnt pH (s an'ted), p.adj. canonized; pi- 
OCAAAXI, ''^''- A ous; holy; gone to heaven. 

Saint Nich-o-las 

Russia, and of children, seafarers, and virgins; 
the legendary bringer of gifts to children on 
Christmas Eve, commonly known as Santa 
Claus. 

colz-p (sak), n. end; purpose; cause; ac- 
oaac count; regard; reason: used in for 
my sake; for his sake, etc. 

co loom (sa-lam'), n. an Oriental form 
00.-100111 c f salutation or respect: v.i. 
and v.t. to make, or to welcome or greet with, 
such a salutation. 

col o Vklo (sal'a-bl), adj. capable of being 
ooj. O-UIC sold; fit to be sold; market¬ 
able.— n. salability, salableness. 

CO lo r>i/viic (sa-la'shus), adj. impure;lust- 
oa.-la.-tlUllo f u i_— adv. salaciously.— n. sa¬ 
laciousness. 

CqI nA (sal'cd), n. a preparation of meat, 
oa.l-clu. fl s h, vegetables, or fruit, etc., usu¬ 
ally served on lettuce and covered with a 
dressing, as of salt, pepper, vinegar, and oil; 
vegetables or herbs for salad. 

col o mon Hpr (sal'a-man"der), n. an 

001-a-Iliail-tlUl animal resembling a 

lizard, able to live both on land and in water, 
and believed by the ancients to be able to 
live in fire.— adj. salamandrine. 

1 o n r (sal'a-ri), n. a regular payment 
oo.l-a.-lj f or services rendered; recom¬ 
pense: v.t. to pay a regular recompense to. 

CO Ip (sal), n. the act of selling; exchange of 
OdlG a commodity or goods for an agreed 
price; an offer by a store of goods of special 
quality for a specially low price; as, a bargain 
sale; a small fair for a charitable or public 
object; as, a cake sale; chance to dispose of 
goods or demand for them; as, a ready sale 
for meat; auction. 

Syn. bargain, barter, deal, trade. 

cal p ra flic (saFe-ra'tfis), n. commonly, 
oOJ.-C-ia.-luo sodium bicarbonate; cook¬ 
ing soda. 

cal pc man (salz'man), n. [pi. salesmen 
0 aiCo- 1110 .il (-men), fern, saleswoman], one 
whose business it is to sell goods, 
ooloo man cViin (salz'man-shlp), n. the 

saies-man-onip ski u C f one who sells 

goods; the art of selling. 


Sal 


1f , (sal'Ik), adj. pertaining to a certain 
“Av/ tribe of the Franks: Salic law, the 


law of the Salic Franks excluding women 
from the succession to the French throne, 
cal i owl i r (sal"f-sil'ik), adj. pertaining to 
OOl-l-cyi-lC an aC i(i much used in medi¬ 
cine; salicylic acid, a white crystalline sub¬ 
stance, used as an antiseptic, and as a drug, 
ca It pnrp (sa'11-ens), n. the state of be- 
oa-ll-vlllv mg conspicuous or prominent. 

ca li ortf (sa'U-ent), adj. leaping or bound- 
oa-il-Clil mg; outstanding; noticeable; as, 
salient traits or characteristics; projecting 
outward; as, a salient angle: n. a projecting 
angle; in trench warfare, a part of a trench 
system which projects farther than the rest 
into the enemy’s territory, or an outward 
bending of the line of battle.— adv. saliently. 
ca lin o (sa'lln), adj. consisting of, con- 
oa-llllC taming, or like, salt; as, a saline 
substance; salty: n. a salt spring.— n. 
salinity. 



Salmon 


co li -%rn (sa-li'va), n. the watery fluid or 
OCA_AA_ v a spittle secreted or formed in the 
mouth. 

co 1 t rrc 1 rv (sal'f-va-rl), adj. of or per- 
ocu-i-va-iji tabling to the fluid secreted 
in the mouth; as, the salivary glands. 

ceil 1 vo1"P (sal'I-vat), v.t. to produce an 
001-1-vote abnormal flow of fluid in the 
mouth of, as with certain drugs. 

Cfll 1 vo firm (sal"l-va'shun), n. the act of 
001-1-vo-null producing, or state of hav¬ 
ing, an abnormal flow of fluid in the mouth; 
the abnormally increased secretion of fluid, 
col 1/-»W ( sai 'o), ad 3 - a pale, sickly, 
oc *- A ** yellow color: n. a small tree of 
the willow kind. 

col 1 v (sal'p, n. [pi. sallies (-Iz)l, a sudden 
001-ij rushing forth of troops from a 
fortified place to attack a besieging enemy; 
sudden outburst of wit or fancy; excursion; 
wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. sallied, p.pr. 
sallying], to rush out, as troops from a be¬ 
sieged town; issue or rush forth suddenly. 

cgl mo PUT! Hi (saFina-gun'dl), n. a 
&CAA- - A,l ™“S” A “UJ dish made of chopped 
meats mixed with other ingredients; a mixed 
collection of 
things; medley. 

salm-on 

(sam'un), n. a 
sea flsh, found 
in northern 
waters, which 
ascends rivers to lay its eggs; the yellowish- 
pink color of salmon flesh: adj. of the yellow¬ 
ish-pink color of salmon flesh. 

calm rm Vipi* tv (s&m , un-ber w l), n. [pi. 
Saim-On-Der-ry salmonbernes (-Iz)], a 

large raspberry; its fruit. 

CO Inn (s^-lon'), n. a saloon or apartment 
oa-um f or the reception of company; a 
fashionable assemblage; a fine art gallery; 
the paintings or_sculpture exhibited there. 

CO Innri (sa-loon'), n. a hall or state apart- 
oa-lUUU ment; large reception room; fine 
art gallery; a public room for special uses; 
as, a dancing saloon; especially, in the 
United States, a tavern or barroom, 
col ci fv (sal'sl-fl), n. a European plant of 
00.1-01-1 j the chicory family, the root of 
which, often called the oyster plant, is used 
for food. 

colt n - chloride of sodium, used for 

0Olt reasoning, and for the preservation of 
meat, etc.: obtained from the earth or by 
the evaporation of sea water; a salt-cellar; 
anything like salt; in chemistry, the com¬ 
pound formed by the action of an acid on a 
metal or an oxide, replacing the hydrogen 
of the acid with a metal or a metallic element; 
wit; colloquially, a sailor: pi. any mineral 
salt used as a laxative or a cathartic: v.t. to 
sprinkle or season with salt: adj. flavored or 
seasoned with salt.— n. saltness. 

C ot +o +|~k rv (sal'ta-tS-rl), adj. pertaining 
001-ta-WJ-Aj to dancing; leaping or jump¬ 
ing.— n. saltation.— adj. saltatorial. 
eolF ozal lot- (solt'sel-er), n. a little dish 
bOlL-UC/A-iai or shaker to hold salt at table. 
C o1f toll (sol'tish), adj. somewhat salt; 
ooll-loil salty.— n. saltishness. 

oo1+ 1 acc (solt'les), adj. without salt; flat 
oall-lc&o of taste. 

rock salt or 


coif tip fpr (solt'pe'ter), n. 

00.1 L-pc-ici stone salt; niter: used m 
explosives, matches, and as a food preserva¬ 
tive. Also, saltpetre. 

oo1+ rliPiim ( s61t room), any of various 
oail l lie Ulll eruptions on the skin. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; fhen, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxib 








546 


sanctity 


salty 

cnlt v OsOTtD. tasting of salt; some- 

bdlt-y what salt.—n. saltiness. —- -- .. , Q 

CO In Ufi ntte (sa-lu'brl-us), adj. health- their inhabitants: n. a native of the Samoa 

Sa-lU-Dri-OUS f„i ; nromotine health: as. Islands; the language of the people of Samoa. 


Co o-m (sa-mo'&n), adj. of or pertain- 

Oa-lllU-d.ll j n g to the Samoa Islands, or 


or 

or 


rul; promoting health; as, 
a salubrious climate.— n. salubriousness, 
nnl 1t fo rTr (sal'tl-ta-rl), adj. healthful; 
bai-u-ta-i y as> salutary exercises; whole¬ 
some; resulting in benefit or advantage. 
oqI fa fi/vn (sal'ffi-ta'shun), n. act 
odl-Ll-La.-Liwii manner of addressing 

greeting; a greeting. 

oo In fa fr» vxt (sa-lu'ta-to-rl), adj. greet- 
Ba-lu-La-tu-iy mg; opening or introduc¬ 
ing: applied to the opening oration at the 
commencement exercises of certain schools and 
colleges: n. the opening address at the com¬ 
mencement exercises in certain schools and c o-tri r»Ti?r#a> (? " 

colleges, usually made by the student second oddll-pilii e fir), n. 
highest in rank; any address of welcome.— 
n. salutatorian. 

ea Info (sa-lut'), n. in the army and navy, 
bd.-llilc a mark of respect shown by tak¬ 
ing a certain prescribed position; as, the 
officers exchanged salutes as they passed; 

In the army and navy, the discharge of 
cannon, the lowering of a flag, etc., as a 
mark of honor; a greeting; a bow; a kiss: 
v.t. to address with kind wishes; welcome; 
greet with a kiss or bow; honor by a, dis¬ 
charge of guns, the lowering of a flag, etc.: 
v.i. in the army or navy, to make the pre¬ 
scribed gesture of respect.— n. saluter. 
cal vacrfx (s&l'v&j), «. the act of saving a 
od.l-vd.gC ship or goods from the dangers 
of the sea, from a wreck, or from other grave 
danger; payment given to those who help 
to save property under such circumstances; 
the goods or vessel so saved. 

cal xra firm (sal-va'shun), n. the 
bal-va-uun savins:: resci 


act of 

saving; rescue; the setting 
free of the soul from sin and death; that 
which saves: Salvation Army, a religious body 
organized on a military basis for the purpose 
of relieving poverty and of bringing spiritual 
comfort to the needy and distressed. 

C ohm (sav), n. a healing ointment; a 
salve; healing application for sores or 
wounds consisting of a soft, greasy mixture 
of various drugs: v.t. to apply ointment to; 
to smooth over or palliate: v.t. and v.i. (salv), 
to save, as a ship or property, from the dangers 
of the sea, a wreck, etc. 

cal ro (s&l'vS), interj. Hail! a form of 

Bdl-V G address or greeting. [Lat .1 

cal it- or (sSl'ver), n. a tray on which any- 

00.1-v ci thing is presented; a waiter. 

col iri o (sal'vl-d), n. any of various plants 

Bdl-V 1 -d. 0 f the sage family. 

cal vn (sal'vo), n. the discharge all at 

Bdl-V U once of a certain number of guns, 

intended as a salute; the cheers of a crowd. 

cal xrn la fi la (sal v&-lat'I-le) , ammo- 
ooj. vu-ta-u-ic nium carbonate; an alco¬ 
holic solution of it, aromatic and stimulating. 
Cn mar i fan (sd - m<ir i-tan), adj. per- 
Oa-llla.X-l-Lo.il tabling to, or like, Samaria, 
or the Samaritans: n. a native of Samaria; a 
kind, charitable person.—Luke x. 30 - 37 . 

Sam Browne belt S£Si t l S 

a strap over the right shoulder, worn by 
army officers, 
cam a (sam), adj. identical; as, this is the 
Bailie same picture; alike in kind or degree; 
equal; as, exactly the same; just mentioned. 

coma ripcc (sam'nes), n. the state of 
BalllC-llCBB being exactly alike; identity; 
lack of variety or difference; similarity, 
ca mifp (sa'mlt), n. a rich silk generally 
B0-11111e interwoven with gold. 


oom r\ iro-r (sam'6-var), n. a metal vessel 
BdlU-U-V dl used to heat water for mak¬ 
ing tea: originally used in Russia, 
oamn (samp), n. hulled Indian corn or 
Bdliip coarse hominy, 
c q m non (sam pan), n. a 

saill-pail swifti flat-bot¬ 
tomed river boat, propelled 
by sails or oars, used 
in China and Java, 
sometimes as a house 
boat. 



a salt-water plant of - 
the parsley family, bampan 

growing usually on cliffs, and formerly used as 
a pickle. 

cam t» 1 a (sSJn'pl), n. a specimen; model; 
Odlll-piC pattern; part shown to prove 
the quality of the whole: v.t. to test a speci¬ 
men of; as, to sample sugar or tea. 

cam lYl^r ( S & m/ Pl® r )> n ■ one who prepares 
Bdlll-piCl specimens of goods for inspec¬ 
tion; one who examines goods by means of 
specimens; as, a wool sampler; a piece of 
ornamental needlework made as an exhibition 
of skill. 

Q on , o/vn (s&m'sfln), n. in the Bible, one 
OdIIl-BUll of the Israelites noted for his 
great strength. 

Qa-m ii oi (sam'u-el), n. in the Bible, 
^«-Il A ~Ll _c l either of two books, called 
First and Second Samuel, in the Old Testa¬ 
ment; a Hebrew judge^ and prophet. 

Qa mil fai (sa'moo-ri*), n. under the 
O a.-11111-l 0.1 ancient feudal system of 
Japan, the noble military caste, or a member 
of it. 

oati a fii7f> (san'a-tlv), adj. healing; able 
Odll-d-livc to, or tending to, cure; health¬ 
giving. 

can a fn ri nm (san'a-to'rl-fim), n. a 
BaXL-d.-XU-ri-U.IIl health resort; a locality 

conducive to the restoration of health; an 
institution for the care of invalids or the treat¬ 
ment of certain diseases; a sanitarium, 
can a fn rv (san'ri-to-rl), adj. health-giv- 
oaAA " <x “ LU “ A J ing; tending to cure or to 
preserve health; healing. 

sanc-ti-fi-ca-tion S“he t, S k S s ma r k: 

ing holy; state of being made holy; the act 
of setting apart for a sacred purpose. 

canr fi fipri (sank'tl-fid), p.adj. made 
scui^-u-ucu holy; sometimes, insincerely, 
pious or devout. 

canr fi fv (s 5 nk'tl-fi), V.t. to make holy; 
DOii^-ti-iy se fc apart for some sacred 
me; to hallow; to purify.— n. sanciifler. 

sanc4i-mo-ni-ous 

pearance of, or making a show of, piety or 
holiness; hypocritical.— adv. sanctimoniously. 
—n. sanctimoniousness. 

canr fi rnn nv (sank'tl-mS-nl), n. pre- 
BdllL-ll-uiu-iiy tended or assumed de¬ 
voutness; show of piety. 

canr firm (sank'shfin), n. the act of 
aan^-Liuii giving authority to; authority; 
formal approval: v.t. to give indorsement to; «o 
confirm; to approve; as, to sanction a marriage. 
Syn. v. encourage, support, ratify, authorize. 
Ant. (see disapprove). 

canr fi fv (s&nk'tl-tl) , n. holiness; purity; 
aaiio-u-ijf sacredness; solemnity. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 














sanctuary 


547 


sapper 


ca-nr +11 a rw (sank'tu-S-rl), n. [pi. sanc- 
odJ.lC-LU.-ct-Iy tuaries (-riz)J, the most 

retired and sacred part of a temple; conse¬ 
crated place; church or temple; the part 
of a Christian church nearest the altar; a 
place of shelter and protection; a place of 
refuge. 

cnrir film (sank'tum), n. a sacred or 
ocLJ.iV/-tu.xii private place: as, an editor’s 
sanctum. 

sanc-tum sanc-to-rum 

rum), a most holy place; in the Jewish 
Temple, the Holy of Holies; a place of the 
utmost privacy; often used in jest. [Lat.] 
Co-rip flic (sahk'tus), n. a part of the 
vjcu.it/-tuo Mass, or Communion service, 
which begins with the words, Sanctus, sanctus, 
sanctus, meaning Holy, holy, holy. [Lat.] 
conH (sand), n. dry soil composed of fine 
oo.li J particles of crushed or worn rock: pi. 
a stretch of such soil; a beach; the sand in an 
hourglass; hence, hours or time; 
as, the sands are numbered that 
make my life: v.t. to sprinkle or 
mix with sand. 

oon rial (s&n'dSl), n. a kind 
bail-Uoi of shoe consist¬ 
ing of a sole fastened by 
straps to the foot; a loose 
slipper; a kind of rubber 
overshoe.— adj. sandaled. 

san-dal-wood iff': Eoman S;mial 



used in cabinet- 


dal - 

wdbd"), n. a fragrant wood 
from certain Oriental trees 
making. Also, sandal. 

co-nrl Viacr (s&nd'bag"), n. a bag filled with 
Daiiu-uag sand: used for ballast, trench 
parapets, etc.: v.t. to give a blow to, or stun 
with, such a bag. 

ca-nfl Klacf (sand'blast"), n. sand driven 
0cu.lU-U1a.aL jjy a blast of air or 6team: 
used to cut, polish, or decorate glass and 
other hard substances; also used to clean 
the outside walls of marble buildings. 

conH liner (san'der-llng), n. a small 
ocUlU-Cl -illlg variety of sandpiper. 

CflnH crlflcc (sand'glas"), n. an hourglass 
oaj.iu.-gia.OD w hich measures time by the 
running of sand. 

na npr (sand'pa'per), n. stout pa- 
o<uiu-[ia-pci per covered on one side 
with a coating of sand: used for smoothing 
and polishing: v.t. to smooth by rubbing 
with this paper. 

conrl nin pr (sand'pip'er), n. a kind of 
OO-iiu-pijj-ci small shore bird with long 
legs and bill. 

ccmif ctrmp (sand'ston "), n. a rock made 
DOJiu-DLUiiC G f sa nd hardened into a 

solid mass. 

canrl wir>V» (sand'wlch), n. two thin 
odllU-WlL/Il giices of bread with ham, 

etc., between; anything like a sandwich: 
v.t. to place between two other persons or 

things. 

canrl tt (sSn'dl), adj. composed of, abound- 
ocUlU-y i n g in, or covered with, sand; 
like sand; hence, shifting; not firm under¬ 
foot; of a yellowish-red color.— n. sandiness. 

(san), adj. mentally sound or healthy; 
Del lie rational; coming from a well- 
balanced mind; as, a sane suggestion.— adv. 
sanely. — n. saneness. 

cfm cr ( s & n ?)> the past tense of the transitive 
DcLilg an d intransitive verb sing. 

can a frniH (san"frwa/), n. cool indiffer- 
ocUlg-liUiU ence or composure; coolness 
under trying circumstances. [Fr.] 


car* ppi r»a fir (san'gwi-na-rl), adj. at- 
bclll-gui-na-iry tended with much bloo£ 

shed; as, a sanguinary battle; bloodthirsty^ 

mui'derous; cruel. — adv. sanguinarily. _ n 

sanguinariness. 

SATl friiinp (sah'gwln), adj. having the 
bdll gume coior of blood; having an 
active circulation of blood; warm and ardent 
m temper; hopeful; confident; as, sanguine of 
success. adv, SAiisuiticly*— ti. sanguincncss* 

San-he drim fean'h£-drlm), n. the great 
T council or court of the 

ancient Jews, composed of seventy-ono 
priests, scribes, and elders, presided over by 
the high priest. Also, Sanhedrin. 

san-i-ta.ri urn (san"l-ta'r I-fim), n. m 
lCL health resort; a place 

for the care of invalids or the treatment of 
certain diseases; a sanatorium. 

san-i-ta-rv £ s§,1 ^L~ ta ' rI )’ ad i- pertaining to 

oa.li i to. Ly health; as, sanitary laws; 
produemg or preserving health; hygienic, 
san-i-ta-tion ( san "*-ta'shiin), n. the sci- 
uitu * i enceof bringing about 

health!ul conditions; the use of precautions 
to protect health; hygiene. 

con \ itv (san'!-ti), n. soundness or health 
oaii-i -ly 0 f mind; the state of being In 
sound mind. 

San Jo-se scale «£ 

structive to many varieties of fruit trees 0 
first found in the United States at San JosS 
California.^ 

Cfmlf (sank), the past tense of the irregular 
ooix-n. verb sink. 

QfJTIQ ( s & nz * Fr. san), prep, without; de- 
oaiio pnved of: not used in present-day 
English. [Fr.] 

san«?-cu loffp (s 5 nz"kft-lSt'),tt. a repub- 
oaiio CU-IULLt; hcan of the lower classes: 

a term of contempt applied to the French 
Revolutionists by the aristocrats; hence, a 
violent or extreme radical. 

SJfSTl dlrrit (san'skrlt), n. the ancient lan- 
Ov.Il-bJiriX guage of the Hindus of India. 
Also, Sanscrit.— adj. Sanskritic. 
onn (sap), n. the watery circulating juice 
ocl F of a plant; the layer of soft wood next 
the bark of a tree; vitality; vital fluid; in 
the military sense, a deep, narrow, concealed 
ditch run towards an enemy’s works: v.t. 

[ P-t. and p.p. sapped, p.pr. sapping], to de¬ 
prive of vitality; undermine; as, to sap one’s 
strength; to dig beneath: v.i. in the military 
sense, to approach the enemy’s lines by 
digging a deep, narrow, concealed ditch at 
right angles to the front line, 
con jipofi (sap'hed"), n. a weak-minded 
oay-ncau or 6 t U pid fellow; a simpleton. 

[COLLOQ.] 

oa -nt prirp (sa'pI-Sns), n. knowledge; 
oci.-jJi-ciiV/C learning; wisdom: often used 
ironically. 

co -ni pnt (sa/pi-ent), adj. wise; full of 
od-jjA-ciii. knowledge: often used ironi¬ 
cally.— adv. sapiently. 

enn Ipco (sap'les), adj. without vitality; 
oa^-u/oo lacking in energy; without vigor. 

liner (s&p'llng), n. a young tree; 
oa.p-J.Hlg hence, a youth. 

eg nnn i fir (sd-pon'i-fi), v.t. and v.i. to 
oa-jjuj. i-i-ijr make into soap.— n. saponi¬ 
fication. 

con a ti a ppoiic (sap"6-na'shus), adj. 
Octp-U-Iid.-L/CUUO pertaining to, or like. 

soap; soapy. 

Qfln n^r (sap'er), n. a soldier employed 
oajj-pci j n digging hidden trenches run¬ 
ning toward the enemy's lines. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








Sapphic 

Sap-phic (saf rk) ’ - adi ‘ 


548 


saturate 


v _,,_of or pertaining to 

the Greek poetess named Sappho. 

can r»1ii*rP (saf'xr), n. a precious stone of 
sap-pmre a bright blue color; the bright 

blue color of this gem. 

cork mr (sap'i), adj. full of juice, as a plant; 
oa.p-pjf immature; silly.— n. sappiness. 

or- (sap'suk"er), n. one of sev- 
Sap-SUCK-er era i kinds of small Ameri¬ 
can woodpeckers which feed in part on sap. 
ca-n wnnH (sap'wood"), n. the soft, living 
Sap-WOOU wood between the bark and 
the heartwood: called also alburnum. 

«err a V»anr1 (sar'a-band), n. a slow Span- 
bdl-d-udiiu jgb dance; the music for 

this dance. . , . 

(sar'a-sSn), n. in ancient times, 
oar-a-cen the name for an Arab; during 
the Middle Ages, the name for a Mohamme¬ 
dan.— adj. Saracenic. 

Co roll (sa'ra), n. in the Bible, the wife 
Oa-iaii of Abraham and mother of Isaac. 
Also, Sarai. 

oof room (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cutting 
bdl -Ldblli remark, usually iromcal, ex¬ 
pressing scorn or contempt; irony, 
ear ra o +ir (sar-kas'tlk), adj. bitterly 
bai-tab-Ut scornful or contemptuous; 
cutting; unkindly ironical; given to the use 
of bitter or scornful irony; as, a sarcastic 
teacher.— adv. sarcastically, 
oar rrta (sar-ko'ma). n. a fleshy tumor, 
bar-GU-IIia often of so serious a nature as 

to result fatally. 

sar-coph-a- 

,y 110 (sar-kbf'a- 
&US gfls), n. a 
limestone used by 
the Greeks for cof¬ 
fins; a stone coffin 

or tomb. Sarcophagus 

pni *A (sard), n. a _ _ 

bd.ru. reddish-yellow or brownish-red stone 

of the quartz variety. 

oat- rli-no (sar-den'; sar'den), n. a small 
Sdl-UlIlC fish of the herring family, good 
for food when preserved in oil or mustard. 

(sar'dl-us), n. a sard; one of 
bdX-Ul-Ub the gems in the breastplate of 
the Jewish high priest. 

ear- H/vn i \r (sar-dSn'Ik), adj. forced, bit- 
bd .1 -UU 1 I- 1 G ter, or heartless; sneermg; as, 
a sardonic laugh or smile.— adv. sardonically. 

Ar\ mrv (sar'dft-nlks), n. a kind of 
bar-UU-IIjA on yx made up of alternating 
layers of chalcedony and sard. 

Mr „ QC tear-gas'o). n. the floating 
odJ.-gd.b-oU seaweed or gulfweed of the 
South Atlantic. Also, sargassum. 

_ or ca r I1 1q (sar'sd-pa-rTl'd), n. a 
S3.1 sa-pa-m-ia bind of plant, the root 
of which is used as a medicine; a cooling 
drink made from this root, 
oot-oo tip+ (sars'net), n. a thin fine kind 
SdibC-IlCL 0 f woven silk, used for ribbons, 
linings, etc. Also, sarcenet, 
cor- 0 1 (sar-to'ri- 5 , 1 ). adj. pertaining 

bdl-LU-Ii-dl to a tailor or to the work 
done by a tailor. 

cncli (sash), n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, 
bctbll worn round the waist or over the 
shoulder; a frame in a door or window for 
holding panes of glass.— adj. sashless. 

(sas'd-fras), n. a tree of the 
bd.b-bd-11 d.b laurel family, whose root, 
wood, and flowers have a spicy smell and a 
pungent taste. 

ca i (sat), the past tense and past participle 
bdt 0 f the verb sit. 



g a (sa'tSn), n. the chief of the^ fallen 


aDgels; the Devil, or Prince of 
Darkness: satan, a wicked person. 

__ (sd-tan'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 

sa-ian-ic orlike, Satan; devilish; infernal; 
wicked.— adv. satanicaffy. . 

^,1 (sach'el), n. a small bag m which 
Sd.ccn-ei to carry small personal belong¬ 
ings, papers, etc.; a handbag. 

_ (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appetites or 
Sate deshes of; to glut, 
oo +««« (sa-tenO. n. a woolen or cotton 
Sa-Iccll fabric made in imitation of satin. 

.1 (sat'8-lit), n. a small planet 

SciX-cl-Ulc revolving round a larger one; 
as, the moon is a satellite of the earth; an 
attentive follower; a fawning dependent. 

Cfl ft « hip (sa'shl-d-bl), adf. capable of 
Sd-ll-d-UIC being gratified or filled; as, 

satiable desires. 

oo +; (sa'shl-at), v.t. to fill or gratify 

bd.-Ll-d.lc fully; surfeit; gratify beyond 
wish or appetite; as, to satiate one with 
sweets; adj. (sa'shl-at), glutted; filled be¬ 
yond need or natural requirement, 
oo +J -frr (sd-ti'6-tl), n. state of being 
bd-ll-c-ty filled or satisfied beyond desire; 
repletion; surfeit. 

oo+ in (sat'In), n. a closely woven glossy 
od. 1-111 silk: adj. made of, or like, this silk. 
oo+ i not (sat"I-net'), n. a kind of thin 
bdt-l-llCl B atin; a glossy cloth woven 
of wool and cotton made to resemble satin. 
oo+ in wooH (sat'In-wflSd*), n. an East 
Sa.X- 111 -WOuU Indian treo; the yellowish 
wood of this tree, which has a satiny sheen. 
oo+ in tt (s 5 t'In-I), acj. like satin; smooth; 
bdl-lll-j glossy. 

_ Q x • rt (sat'Ir), n. a kind of literature, 
ScLL-llc usually poetry, in which vice and 
folly are held up to ridicule; a single work of 
literature of this sort; sarcasm; ridicule. 

_ 0 x* r (sa-tlr'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
bd-lll-lc containing, biting sarcasm or 
ridicule; given to the use of sarcasm or 
ridicule. Also, satirical.— adv. satirically. 
eQ ij r : 70 (s&t'I-rlz), v.t. to attack by ridi- 
bdl-1-ilZ.c culing; to hold up to ridicule; to 
subject to the shafts of biting wit.—n. satirist. 

e?ci+ ie far +irvn (sat'Is-fak'shfin), n. the 
Sal-lS-laC-ilOn aC f of filling a wish or 

of supplying enough of something; the act 
of paying off, compensating, contenting, 
etc.; the state of having one’s wishes filled, 
or of being gratified, paid off, contented, 
etc,; contentment; payment; redress;.that 
which fills one’s wishes, contents, or gratifies. 

ic< far to txt Is-fak tfi-rl), adj. 
bdl-lb-ldC-LU-l y sufficient; making re¬ 
dress; relieving the mind from doubt car 
uncertainty; filling the wishes.— adv. satis¬ 
factorily.— n. satisfactoriness. 
ecs+ ic -fv (sat'Is-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. satia- 
bdL-lb-iy fi e <i t p.pr. satisfying], to make 
content; to give enough to; to fill the wishes 
of; to gratify to the fullest degree; as, to 
satisfy hunger; free from doubt or uncer¬ 
tainty; to convince; as, to satisfy oneself 
of the truth of a report; pay in full; as, 
to satisfy a creditor or a claim: v.i. to give 
gratification; make atonement or payment. 

Syn. satiate, surfeit, suffice, fill. 

Ant. (see check, stint). 

cq 4 -ran (sa'trap; sSt'rap), n. the governor 
bd-11 dp 0 f a province in ancient Persia. 
cq j-ran xr (sa'tra-pl), n. the office or posi- 
bd-Ll dp-y tion of a satrap, or governor of 
a province in ancient Persia, 
caf ii ra+f* (sat'il-rat), v.t. to cause to 
bdt-u.-J.dLC become soaked; to fill to the 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 































saturation 549 

limit of the capacity for absorbing; as, to] oot , ~ (so^tem' 

saturate a sponge with water; to saturate SaU-teme F rPnP h wh 
water with sugar. 

cat 11 ra firm (s a t"tl-ra'shun), n. the act 
oat u la-UUll ot soaking; the state of 

being soaked; condition of a substance when 
it has absorbed or soaked in as much as it 
can hold of another substance. 

Sat-ur-day 


sawmill 


(s&t'ur-da), n. the 
seventh day of 
the week. 

Sat-urn 

n. the planet next 
smaller than Ju¬ 
piter and next 
farther away from 
the sun; the an¬ 
cient Roman god „I.. . H 

father of Jupiter.— adj. Saturnian. 

n I ■* • . -nv 



Rings of Saturn 
of seedtime and harvest; 


Sat-ur-na-li an (sat"ur-na'll-an), adj. 
oat UI lia-n-OII pertaining to, or like, 

the Saturnalia, an ancient Roman festival 
m honor of the god Saturn, which was a time 
of disorder and debauch; hence, dissolute; 
riotously mirthful. 

Sat lir ninf* (s&t'ftr-nln), adj. born under, 

oai-ui -imie or under the influence of ; 

the planet Saturn: saturnine, dull; gloomy; 
grave; heavy £ as, a saturnine temper. 
co+ xrf (sat/er; sa'ter), n. a forest or wood- 
oax-yx i and Greek god who indulged in 
riotous merriment and lust: supposed to be 
part man and part goat, and represented as 
having long, pointed ears and short horns; 
a man inclined to free indulgence of base 
passions. Also, Satyr.— adj. salyric, satyrical. 
ooitpp (sos), n. a dressing or seasoning for 
food; any highly seasoned mixture 
of ingredients used as a relish; stewed or 
canned fruit; colloquially, pertness: v.t. to 
put seasoning into; to add flavor to; col¬ 
loquially, treat with pertness or sauciness. 

cniirpk -nan (sos'pan"), ft. a stewpan; a 
oaui/C-jjaii sma n vessel, usually of metal, 
having a handle, and used for stewing or 
boiling. 

con ppr feo'ser), n. a shallow piece of 
oau-cci china, etc., in which a cup is 
placed; anything like a saucer. 

0011 pv (so'si), adj. [comp, saucier, superl. 

. 7 V 'J r sauciest], pert; impudent; bold; 
uncivil.— adv. saucily.— n. sauciness. 

Syn. impertinent, rude, insolent, flippant, 
forward. 

Ant. (see modest). 

CiUiPt 1 (sour'knout"), n. chopped 

oaUcI -luaul cabbage which has fer¬ 
mented in a brine made of its own-juice with 

salt. 

Coni (sol), n. in the Bible, the first king of 
v - ,<aLlA Israel; the original name of the 
apostle Paul, who before his conversion was 
called Saul of Tarsus. 

cgiifi for (san'ter; son'ter), v.i. to wander 
oauu-ici about idly; to stroll: n. a strol¬ 
ling gait; a leisurely manner of walking; an 
Idle walk or ramble. 

ri an (so'rl-Sn), n. any animal of the 
oau-xi-axi lizard family: adj. pertaining 
to the lizards. 

Qflll ca crp (so'saj), n. meat, usually pork, 
Sttli-oagC ground fine and highly seasoned, 
inclosed in a skin or made into small cakes. 

(so"ta'), adj. fried quickly and 
oau-LC lightly in a pan containing little 
grease; said of food, especially meat or fish. 

(Fml 


-, so-tUrn'), n. a 

French white wine. 

RflV Ace* (s^v'S-j), adj. uncivilized; wild; 

, 7 a ° C cruel; fierce; pitiless; unculti¬ 
vated: n. a human being in a rude, uncivilized 
state; barbarian; a fierce, brutal person.— 
adv. savagely.— n. savageness. 

sav-flp-p rv (sav'aj-rl), n. the state of 
, , *70 being wild or uncivilized; 
barbarity; brutal roughness. 

sa.van na (sa-van'a), n. an open plain 
MJ.X-AXO. or meadow having no trees. 

ca VPtvt (sa"van'), n. a learned man; a 
oa-vaj.lL scholar. [Fr.] 

cavp (sav), v.t. to bring out of danger or 
f preserve from evil; rescue; deliver 
from spiritual death; prevent; as, to save 
trouble; to prevent the waste of; as, to 
save tune; lay by; as, to save money: v.i. to 
avoid unnecessary expense; to prevent waste; 
to lay by money, a little at a time: prep, ex¬ 
cept; not including.— n. saver. 
cot/- in nr (sav'ing), p.adj. preserving or re- 
; W¥ '- U b deeming; as, a saving grace; 
frugal; reserving or qualifying; as, a saving 
clause: n. economy; rescue: pi. money, etc., 
saved: prep, with the exception of; except. 

cp?v fnjyc Tinnlr (sav'Ingz bank), a bank 
oav-iixg& UcUi.il -where small sums may 

be deposited _at interest. 
oott ; nr (sav'yer), n. one who brings out of 
ocxv-xvx danger or rescues: Savior. Jesus 
Christ, the Redeemer. Also, saviour. Saviour, 
ccs vGfi (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; relish; 
ocx-v ci gC ent; essential quality: v.i. to 
have a certain flavor or smell: with of; to 
partake of the quality or nature of: with of; 
as, to savor of disobedience: v.t. to taste 
or smell with delight; to appreciate. Also, 
savour.— adj. savorless, savourless. 

ca vnr V (sa'vSr-I), adj. pleasing to taste 
ocx- v ui-j or smell; reputable; in good 
repute: n. a fragrant herb, much used in 
cooking. Also, adj. savoury. — n. savoriness, 
savouriness. 

co vnv (sd-voi'), n. a kind of winter cab- 
oc l-vkjj bage with curled leaves, 
co vj ( s6 )» n - a cutting tool with a thin, 
ocxw fl a t blade and a toothed edge; a 
proverb or wise saying: v.t. [p.t. sawed (sod); 
p.p. sawed or sawn (s6n); p.pr. sawing], to 
cut with, or as with, a thin-bladed tool with 
a toothed edge; to form or fashion with 
such a tool; to make motions like those of 
such a tool in operation; as, he sawed the 
air with his hands and arms: v.i. to be cut 
with such a tool; to use such a tool: p.t. of 
see. — n. sawer. 

cc? w fin n Oso'buk"), n. a rack on which 
oaw-uutiv sticks of wood are placed 
while being sawed. _ [U. S.] 

c o w rlllQb (so'dust"), n. the small bits 
oavv-uuoi 0 f wood or particles of dust 
which fly from wood when it is being cut 
by the saw. 

co W fi c]i (so'fish"), n. a fish, snnilar to the 
oavv-xxaxx shark i with a long, bony snout 
furnished with spines or teeth with which to 
tear open its prey. 

cow fly feb'fli"), n. any of numerous 
oavv-uj insects, the female of which has 
a special sawlike organ for depositing eggs: 
by means of this organ she makes openings 
in plants or soft wood and deposits her eggs 
therein. 

cow firirca feo'hors"), n. a rack or frame 
oavY-uuioc on which sticks of wood are 
placed when being sawed. 

saw mill n • a mill Where logfc 


are sawed into lumber. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 
















sawn 


550 


scandalous 


canrn (son), the past participle of the verb 
oo-WJJ. saw. 

nntrr (sb'yer), n. one who saws timber 

o<xw-jci into planks, or wood for fuel. 

coy Tinrn (saks'horn"), ft. in music, a 
octA-i.ui ii brass wind instrument, much 
used in military bands. 

6 /,v I fracre* (sak'sl-fraj), ft. any of vari- 
ocuA-i-iid^c ous plants, hardy and chiefly 
perennial, with white or yellow flowers. 

Qqy /mi (sak'sun), ft. a member of a 
Od.A-Uii Teutonic tribe, who, in the fifth 
and sixth centuries, together with the Angles 
and the Jutes, conquered and settled in 
England; an Anglo-Saxon; the language of 
the Saxons; an inhabitant of modern Saxony: 
adj. of or pertaining to the Saxons, or to their 
language; Anglo-Saxon. 

Q<uv n rvfr (sak'so-nl), n. a knitting yam 
of fine, closely twisted wool, 
c n y a y>k Ar, a (sak’so-fon) , ft. in music, 
a keyed wind instrument 
consisting of a metal tube and a reed mouth¬ 
piece like that of a clarinet, 
cq,, (sa), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. said (sed), p.pr. 

saying], to utter in words; declare; 
speak; to state as a decision; as, I say he 
shall go; allege; suppose; as, he had, 
say ten thousand dollars a year; utter from 
memory; as, to say a poem: v.i. to express 
an opinion: n. something said, or what one 
has to say: used only in to have one’s say, etc.; 
colloquially, one’s turn or right to express an 
opinion.— n. sayer. 

(sa'Ing), n. a statement; that 
ba.j-.Ji.Ag which is said; an adage or 
proverb. 

cnyc (sez), the third person singular present 
baj b indicative of the verb say. 
cr „u (skab), n. a crust formed over a 
bvclb wound or sore; a disease of sheep; 
a disease of plants in which dark-colored spots 
of mold appear; cant, a workman who refuses 
to join a strike, or who takes the place 
abandoned by a striker. 

cro k Karri (skab'ard), n. the case in 
bvd.U-Ua.IU. which the blade of a sword 
or bayonet is kept: v.t. to put into such a case. 

Vvtt (skab'I), adj. covered with or 
bvd.U-Uj fun of sores; affected with the 
disease called scab; mean.— adv. scabbily.— 
tl. scabbiness. 

cr*o "hi pc (ska'bi-ez), n. the itch; the 

bva-Ul-Cb mange. 

fnlrl (skaf'old) , n. a temporary tim- 
bvdi-iUlU ber stage or structure for sup¬ 
porting something; an elevated platform for 
the execution of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or 
support with such a frame or structure. 

craf -fnlH in tr (skaf'&ld-Ing), n. a scaf- 
SCdl-XOlU-lIlg fold; materials for erect¬ 
ing scaffolds; temporary framework of lad¬ 
ders, platforms, etc., to hold workmen and 
materials employed on an unfinished building. 

cral a -urac r (skal'a-w&g), ft. colloquially, 
Dtai-a- w a.g a scamp or rascal. Also, 

scallawag. 

cralH (skold), v.t. to burn with hot liquid 
bt/CUU or steam; injure by contact with 
any hot fluid; expose to violent heat over a 
fire or hot liquid; to bring to a boil, as milk; 
to clean or peel by pouring boiling water in 
or upon: n. a burn or injury to the skin or 
flesh from hot liquid or steam; (skold; skald), 
one of the old Norse poets, who recited or 
sang heroic poems. 

p> ( s kal), ft. one of the pans of a balance: 
bvdlv often in the plural, a balance itself; 
an instrument or machine for weighing: one 
of the small bony or homy plates covering 


fish, and certain snakes and insects; one of 
the thick leaves which protect the bud of a 
plant in winter; any thin plate or layer like 
a scale; the thin crust which forms on the 
surface of iron forgings; the crust formed 
on the inside of a boiler; a graduated meas¬ 
ure; especially, a series of marks designating 
proportionately greater distances; as, the 
scale of miles on a map; in music, a series of 
tones, regularly ascending or descending in an 
octave or more; a progressive series; as, a 
scale of taxation; proportion between a 
representation and what it represents; as, 
a drawing on the scale of an inch to a foot; 
basis for a system of numbering; as, the 
decimal scale; a scale-insect, or bark-louse, 
very destructive to fruit trees: Scale, the 
sign of the zodiac Libra: v.t. to strip of 
scales; weigh; measure; climb over, as by 
a ladder; clamber up; ascend by steps or by 
climbing: v.i. to separate and come off in 
thin layers; peel.—adj. scaly.—ft. scaliness, 
cc'o lono (ska-len'), adj. having the sides 
CsLct-iciiC a nd angles unequal: said of a 
triangle; oblique. 

era] itirr lari rlpr (scaling ladder), a 
oCiil-lHg, ldU-Uei ladder used to mount 

the walls in taking a place by surprise, 
oral 1 inn (skal'^fln), ft. a kind of onion 
ovol-IlUIl with a long thick stem and no 
bulb-shaped root; the shallot; the leek, 
oral Irvn (skol'up), n. a marine shellfish, 
bLdJ.-J.up having semicircular curves on the 
edge of its shell; a curve or one of a series of 
curves joined together to form an ornamental 
edge, as on lace, etc.: v.t. to cut the edge or 
border of in scallops or curves, as for orna¬ 
ment; to bake in scallop shells; to mix with 
bread or cracker crumbs, season, and bake, as 
oysters. Also, scollop. 

cra1r» (sk&lp), ft. the skin on the top of 
bLaip the head, from which the hair grows; 
the skin and hair of the head torn off by 
the North American Indians in token of 
victory: v.t. to deprive of the skin and hair 
of the head; colloquially, to buy and sell at a 
small, quick profit; colloquially, to buy and 
sell (railway tickets) at a reduced rate.—n. 
scalper. 

1 — pi (skal'pel), ft. a small, keen-edged 
bval-pci knife used by surgeons, 
cramn (skamp), n. a rascal; a good-for- 
bLcU-lip nothing fellow; rogue: v.t. to exe¬ 
cute or perform in a careless manner and with 
bad material. 

Qram n^r (skam'per), v.i. to run with 
otaiu-pci. haste; hasten away: n. a 
hasty flight.— n. scamperer. 
or.oyj (skan), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. scanned, p.pr. 
bLoli scanning], to examine and divide, 
as a verse; into the metrical feet or syllables 
of which it is made up; to look closely at or 
into; examine carefully: v.i. to follow metrical 
rules: said of a verse. 

Hn 1 (skan'dil), ft. careless or mali- 
atan-uai cious gossip injurious to repu¬ 
tation ; backbiting; repetition or spreading of 
evil reports; reproach caused by shameful 
actions; a cause of reproach; as, his conduct 
was a scandal to the community. 
c non An] irjn (skan'dal-iz), v.t. to offend 
bvaii-viai-iz,c or s hock by some action 
considered immoral, unconventional, or 
improper; to disgrace or bring reproach upon. 

Syn. disgust, slander, defame. 

cran Hal niic (skan'dal-us), adj. tending 
ouau-uai-uua harm the good name or 

reputation of someone; consisting of evil 
reports; disgraceful; defamatory.— adv. soan- 
dalously.— n. scandalousness. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, edmpare; unit, ftnite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









Scandinavian 


551 


scent 


Scan-di-na-vi-an &n#< *!;na'vi-&n>, 

Scandinavia (Sweden. 

r^atiTO of a sSSlayfa eratUre ' " P6 ° Ple 

scan-sion (skan'shfin), n. the act or art 
, ‘7 , of dividing verses into the met¬ 
rical feet of which they are composed: the 
scheme according to which any verse may 
be so divided. 

scan* ( sk aot) adj. [comp, scanter, superl. 
* . w scantest], not full or abundant: 

having only a small amount: with of: as 
scant of material; scarcely enough; as, a 
scant supply of food: v.t. to stint; limit the 
supply of; be stingy with.— adv. scantly.— n. 
seantness. 

SCant linp- (skant'llng), n. a piece of 
* 5U 7T L m .o timber of small dimensions, 
used for a joist or an upright in a lath-and 
plaster partition; such timber taken col 
iecfeively; prescribed size of a piece of build 
mg stone or timber. 

SCant V (sk&n'tl), adj. [comp, scantier, 
L J superl. scantiest], narrow; barely 
sufficient; not enough for necessity; meager; 
sparing; limited.— adv. scantily.— n. scant! 
ness. 

Syn. bare, pinched, insufficient. 

Ant. (see ample). 

cporip (skap), n. the shaft of a cok'tnn; 

in botany, a long naked stalk rising 
directly from the ground or from underneath 
the ground; the shaft of a feather. 

SfflTIP PTiflt (skap'gdt"), n. among the 
ancient Jews, a goat selected 
by lot, over whose head the high priest con¬ 
fessed the sins of the people on the Day of 
Atonement, after which it was sent away into 
the wilderness; hence, one who bears the 
blame for others. 

csrflTl#* cm*re* (skap'gras"), n. an unreli- 
ocapc-fciacc able , unprincipled fellow. 

epn-n It (skap'u-ld), n. [pi. scapulas 
ol/Ctp-U-ld. (_iaz)], the shoulder blade. 

cpon 11 la-t* (skap'd-ldr), adj. pertaining to 
oV/Cip-I 4 .-J.cu. the scapula, or shoulder blade: 
7 i. in the Roman Catholic Church, a loose 
sleeveless garment worn by certain priests; 
two pieces of cloth worn over the shoulder, 
beneath the other garments, from motives of 
devotion. 

p p (skar), n. a mark left on the skin after 
av,ai the healing of a wound or ulcer; a 
mark or blemish; a steep rock or bank: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. scarred, p.pr. scarring], to mark 
with, or as with, a scar: v.i. to form a scar, 
opp*. nk (skar'ab), n. a kind of beetle; a 
otai-au gem or sea i cu t in the form of a 
beetle and worn as a charm by the ancient 
Egyptians. 

Qpntcp (skars), adj. not common; not 
oi/cu. v C plentiful; not equal to the demand; 
rare. 

croreo Itt (sk&rs'll), adv. seldom; rarely; 
oCa.1 CC-iy no t quite; hardly. 

cpop ri +17 (skar'si-tl), n. lack; insuffl- 
OLvCU.-ivi-ty ciency; dearth; rareness. 
Q«n rp (skar), v.t. to strike with sudden 
sect! C terror, usually without real cause; 
frighten: n. colloquially, a sudden fright or 
panic. 

crjitp crow (skU^kr©' 1 ’), n. a figure, 
ouuc-uuw usually a crude representa¬ 
tion of a man, set up to frighten birds away 
from crops; that which terrifies or frightens 
without real cause; a person dressed in rags 
and tatters. 


oppff (skarf), n. a light handkerchief or 
ol/CU.1 tie for the neck; a broad band of 


fabric worn loosely over the shoulders or 
about the neck, over the head, or around 
the waist; sash; in carpentry, a lapped joint; 
a groove formed by cutting: v.t. to unite (two 
pieces of timber) at the ends by a kind of 
dovetail; to cut a scarf or groove in, as for a 
joint. 

SCat*f qtrin (skarf'skin'), n. the cuticle or 
ocail-aiVill outer layer of skin. 

crar i fv Cskar'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
^cLT- 1 -iy scarifledi p pj .' scarifying], to 
scratch or cut; in surgery, to make small 
cuts m by a lancet; as, to scarify the skin; to 
stir up on the surface; as, to <_scarify the soil, 
cpar to fi nn (skar'da-teAd), n. a mild 
-ld-ll-Ild. form of scarlet fever. 

scar-let (skSr'iet), n. a bright red 

„ . color, tinged with orange; cloth 

of such a color: adj. of a bright red color: 
sea Jet fever, a contagious disease marked 
by fever and a scarlet eruption, or rash of 
the skin. 

( skkr P). 7 i. a steep slope or incline; 

^ F m a fortress or line of defense, that 
slope of the protecting ditch which touches 
the wall or parapet: v.t. to cut straight up 
and down or nearly so; as, to scarp the face 
of a rock. 

cpofh o (ska th), v.t. to injure or hurt: to 
olvcLU.lt blast or harm. 

qpafhp 1 pcq (skaid'les), adj. free from 
ov/dtiit-ltoo injury or harm. 

cpo+Vj tncr (skafh'lng), adj. injurious; hurt- 
ota.Ui-lilts ful; blasting; severe or bitter; 
as, scathing remarks.— adv. scathingly, 
opflf fpp (skat'er), v.t. to strew carelessly; 
ovui-ici to throw loosely about; dis¬ 
perse; drive in several directions; use waste- 
fully; as, to scatter one’s energies: v.i. to be 
dispersed or dissipated; to separate and go 
in different directions, as a crowd.— n. 
scatterer. 

Syn. spread, dissipate, dispel. 

Ant. (see collect). 

Pfl {rpp (skav'en-jer), n. a man 
oivCLV-cii-gci employed to clean the 

streets; any animal that devours refuse or 
waste matter. 

opp yio fi a (sha-na'rl-o). n. the sketch 
ol/C-lid-ll-U 0 f a plot; an outline of the 
chief incidents to be represented in a moving- 
picture play. 

qppri p ( s ® n )» n - time, place, or circum- 
oucaac stance in which anything occurs, 
either in real life or in literature; as, the 
scene of his adventure, or the scene of a story; 
a division of a play; an episode; spectacle; 
exhibition; a landscape or part of a land¬ 
scape; display of feeling or passion between 
two or more persons: pi. the decorations and 
fittings of a stage representing the place 
where the action of a play is supposed to take 
place. 

epppi pf vt (sen'er-I), n. the appearance of 
ovvVvaa-ava- j anything presented to the 
vision; general character of a landscape; 
appearance of nature in a given locality; as. 
mountain scenery; a painted background on a 
stage. 

cpp flip (se'nlk; sSn'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
ov^-AAAVv the stage; dramatic; artistic; 
pertaining to a landscape or view of nature; 
offering fine views of nature, 
eppift- (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; 
oi/^AAi the odor which an animal leaves as 
it moves; hence, a track followed by means 
of this odor; a perfume: v.t. smell; hence, 
to get a hint or intimation of; as, to scent 
trouble; perfume: v.i. to hunt animals by 
the sense of smell. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








scepter 


552 


scimitar 


cr'Ck-n tor (sep'ter), n. a staff borne by a 
bl/Cp-lCI sovereign or ruler as the emblem 
of authority; royal mace. Also, sceptre. 

(skep'tik), n. one who doubts; 
bCC]J-llO one w ho is unbelieving: adj. in¬ 
clined to doubt; incredulous. Also, skeptic. 
oron +: P o1 (skep'tl-kal), adj. doubting; 
bOCp-Ll-Ccu, unbeheving; incredulous; per¬ 
taining to unbelief. Also, skeptical. 
oM-iod illo (skgd'fil), n. a written or 
otyliCLi- Lii-C printed paper containing a 
list or inventory; as, a railroad schedule; list 
or document attached to a more important 

S aper, as a will, etc.: v.t. to place in such a 
st. 

ceViomo (skem), n. a carefully arranged 
bCilcIIIO a nd well-ordered plan; a plan 
or theory of action; a plot or device: v.t. to 
design or plan; plot: v.i. to form a plot or 
plan. 

crViic-m (slzm), n. a split or division, 
oLiliblil especially a permanent division 
or separation in the Christian church; sin 
of causing such a division; a body that has 
so separated in the church. 

schis-mat-ic 

i 


school-boy attends school, 
school-fel-low (sk551 ' f6r5)> a com ' 

school. 

school-girl 


panion or associate at 


a girl who 


a 


are held; 
structed. 

schoon- er 

(skoon'er), n. a 
vessel with two 
or more masts, 
rigged fore and 
aft; colloqui¬ 
ally, a tall gob¬ 
let or drinking 
glass. 


room in which pupils 


(shSt'Ish), n. a kind of 
dance, similar to the polka; 
music for such a dance. Also, 


ing to, or characteristic of, 
division in a church; as, schismatic opinions: 
n. one who causes or takes part in a division 
of a church. 

coViict (shist), n. a crystalline rock that 
bClllbl readily splits into slates or slabs.— 
adj. schistose, schistous. 
crVsnl or (skol'er), n. one who attends a 
oUlUi-ol school or learns of a teacher; 
a student; a learned man; one who holds a 
scholarship. 

Syn. pupil, savant. 

Ant. (see dunce). 

crlinl a r 1v (skQl'er-11), adj. like, or 
-xy characteristic of, a learned 
man: as, a scholarly book; learned; intel¬ 
lectual and highly cultivated; thorough and 
systematic in methods of study. 

eM-inl or cViin (skdl'er-shlp), n. quality 
SCXlOi-dX-Smp Qf work done by a stu¬ 
dent; as, his scholarship is satisfactory; 
quality of knowledge and attainment of a 
learned man; learning; financial support for 
a student, supplied by an educational institu¬ 
tion or by an individual. 

erVin lac tie (skft-las'tlk), adj. pertaining 
Ov/liU-iao-iiV/ to learned men, students, 

or institutions of learning; scholar like: 
characteristic of the schoolmen of the Middle 
Ages; hence, pedantic, or devoted to mere 
book learning. 

or*Virk lac ft eicm (sk6-las'ti-slzm), n. 

SCnQ-la.S-Tl-ClSIH thoughts and be¬ 
liefs of the schoolmen in the Middle Ages 
whose knowledge was based on books rather 
than on life; hence, pedantry or devotion to 
book learning; a point of dew based on book 
learning rather than on knowledge of life, 
co Vi rwvl (skool), n. a place where instruction 
bCIlUUI is given; the body of pupils and 
teachers in a place where instruction is 
given; a seminary or college in the Middle 
Ages for teaching theology, logic, etc.; the 
followers of the teachings or beliefs of a 
particular teacher or system; also, the 
system or beliefs of those so associated; 
figuratively, the channel through which +1C+ (si'en-tlst), n 

knowledge is gained; as, the school of expert- ovl-cu-uoi learned in, o 
ence; a shoal or great number, as of fish: 
v.t. to train or instruct in a school; discipline: 
adj. pertaining to a school. 

school-book 

text. 


(skool'gurT), n. 
attends school. 

Imiioo (skool'hous^.n.thebuild- 
scnooi-nuubt; mg where the sessions of 

school are held. 

_ _t_ i • _ (skool'Ing), n. instruction in 

SCilOui-lIig, school; education; the act 
of teaching; discipline; reproof; pay given 
for instruction. 

_ (skool'man), n. [pi. school- 

SCn 00 l-IX 13 .Il men (-men)], one of the 
divines or philosophers in the Middle Ages; 
one whose occupation is to teach school; one 
interested professionally in schools. 

_ i (skool'mas"ter), n. a 

SChOOl-lXla.S-ter man who teaches a 
school; the head or principal_of a school. 

school-mis-tress v S oman ni who teachtS 

a school. 

crhool -mflfp (skool'mat"), n. acompan- 
bOIlUOl-lAiclLC i0 n or associate at school. 

_ _ _i _„ „ (skool'room"), n. a room 

SCilOOl-IUUlii m which sessions of school 



Seven-masted Schooner 


or 

sciatic 


schot-tische 

also, the 
schottish. 

or-t q+ i r (si-at'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
bCI-o.l-.LO affecting, the hip; as, sci 
rheumatism. 

cri at t ra (sl-atl-ka), n. neuralgia of the 
bCl-dl-l-Cd hip or thigh; a painful affec¬ 
tion of the hip and adjoining parts, 
cri (si'ens), n. knowledge, as of 

otl-ciiLc general truths or particular facts, 
obtained and shown to be correct by accurate 
observation and thinking; knowledge arranged 
or classified with reference to general truths 
or laws; especially, classified knowledge in 
reference to the physical world; expert 
ability to do, as a consequence of knowledge; 
systematized knowledge of some one subject, 
ori o« tif ir (si'en-tlf'Ik), adj. pertaining 
bOi-ci.i-u.i-J.o to, or used in, the 
obtaining of knowledge by experi¬ 
ment and observation; as, scientific q 
instruments; in accordance with, or 
following, the rules or method of 
systematized knowledge; as, scien¬ 
tific conclusions; systematic; exact; 
systematic in methods of study; 
versed in systematized knowledge; 
skilled in some branch of classified 
knowledge.— adv. scientifically. 

one 
or de¬ 
voted to, systematized knowledge; 
especially that which deals with the Scimitar 
physical world. 

crim i tar (slm'I-tSr), n. an Oriental or 
bCllll-l-Lcu. Turkish sword with a curved 
blade. Also, scimiter. 



ate, senate, rare, c£t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu 


V f 















scintilla 


553 


scourge 


Qr in +i1 (sln-til'd), n. a spark; particle; 

as there is not a scintilla, of 
truth in his statement. 

crrn -til (sln'tl-lat), v.i. to give forth 

cu.-J.ct tc spares, fire, or firelike par¬ 
ticles; twinkle; sparkle. 

1o ii /vn (sin ti-1 a r shun), n. the 
btill-Ul-la- LLU11 ac t of twinkling or 

sparkling; a spark or flash; twinkle. 
c r1 * (si'un), n. the sprout or shoot of a 
b^A-ull plant, suitable for grafting; a 
descendant; as, the scion of a family, 
cric Qinn (s* z k'un; slsh-fin), n. the act of 
ot/io-olUil cutting; a splitting; a division. 

cric oorQ (slz'erz), n.pl. a cutting instru- 
bdb-ovJlb ment smaller than shears, hav»- 
ing two opposite sharp edges which meet 
when moved on a pivot: frequently, a pair of 
scissors. 

crl#* rn cic (skle-ro'sis), n. the hardening 
<J-blb 0 f a tissue of the body, caused 
by disease. 

rrrt ir (skle-rot'ik), adj. hard; de- 
bvic-A noting the firm white outer¬ 

most membrane or skin of the eyeball, 
crrvff (skof), n. an expression of scorn or 
bLUii contempt; ridicule: v.i. to show scorn 
or contempt by mocking acts or language: 
followed by at; v.t. to mock at; to treat with 
scorn or contempt. — adv. scoffingly. — n. 
scoffer. 

crnlrf (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or 
bLUlU. mdely; speak in a loud or violent 
manner: v.t. to find fault with; rebuke 
severely: n. one who habitually finds fault; 



several mol- 
wavy 

edges; one of a series of semicircular curves 
forming an ornamental edge on certain laces, 
etc.: v.t. to trim with, or make an edge on, of 
ornamental curves, or scallops; in cooking, 
to prepare, as oysters, with bread crumbs, 
seasoning, etc., and bake. Also, scallop. 
cnnnrfr (skons), n. a small fort; protec- 
bLUUCC tion; shelter; an ornamental 
bracket, fastened to a wall, holding one or 
more candlesticks; colloquially, the head: v.t. 
to shelter; to settle cosily; to protect, 
ac/vno (skon), n. a thick batter cake of 
bLOIi“ barley, oatmeal, ©r wheat, usually 
baked on a griddle. [Scot.] 
c vftCTi (skoop), n. a large ladle; a deep 
bLUUp shovel, as for dipping flour, etc.; 
any similar implement; a hollow; the act of 
making hollow or dipping out: v.t. to take out 
or up with a large ladle; to dip or ladle out; 
make hollow. 

(skbbt), v.i. to walk or run hastily; 
bLUUl to dart: «. a scurrying. [Colloq.] 
_. nr . Q (skop). n. extent or range of view 
oeUpc or action; room for free action; 
liberty. 

oenr K 11 +tV (sk6r-bu'tlk), ad 3 . of or per- 
bv/Ol-UU.-tl\/ taining to scurvy; resem¬ 
bling scurvy; affected with scurvy. 

(skorch), v.t. to burn slightly; 
SLOll,Il parch; affect painfully with heat, 
as with that of the sun: v.i. to be burned 
slightly; colloquially, to go at high speed on 
a bicycle or in a motor car.— adv. scorchingly. 
— n. scorcher. . ,, 

(skor), n. a notch or cut, especially 
otulc one made for keeping tally or 
account; a tally or an account so kept; 
debt; bill; a grudge; as, to pay off old scores; 
a motive; the number of points, runs, etc., 
made in a game or contest; the number 
twenty; a line or groove; in music, the copy 
of a composition showing all the parts for all 


the instruments or voices: v.t. to notch or 
mark furrows in; keep record or account of; 
to win for oneself, as rims, points, etc., in a 
game; to remove by marking out; as, to 
score out certain paragraphs; to charge, as a 
debt; to blame or find fault with; in music, 
to adapt for an instrument: v.i. to keep the 
tally, in a game; to win a point or points, as 
in a game; to be winning or holding the 
advantages.— n. scorer. 

crn r 2 o (sko'rl-a), n. [pi, Lat., scoriae 
bw-il-d, (-e)], cinders from a volcano; 
refuse from the melting of metals or metallic 
ores; slag.— adj. scoriaceous. 
emm (skorn), n. extreme contempt; 
bUJlli haughty disdain; ridicule; an object 
of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme contempt 
or disdain; reject with contempt; despise.— n. 
s corner. ^ 

or<r\r« fill (skorn'fool), adj. expressing 
bLUili-ltU. contempt; contemptuous; dis¬ 
dainful: often with of. — adu. scomiully.—n. 
scornJulness. 

Qc-., -.2 _ (skor'pl-b), n. the eighth sign of 
OLUl-pI-U the zodiac, or the Scorpion; 
a southern constellation of the same name. 

(skbr'pl-un), n. an insect akin 
bMJl -jJl-Uii to the spider, armed with a 
poisonous sting at the tip of the abdomen; 
a painful scourge: Scorpion, the eighth sign 
of the zodiac. 

err'f (skot), n. a tax; contribution; a reck- 
bvOL oning; fine. 

(skot), n. a native or inhabitant of 
OLOL Scotland. 

o r , ri x-1_ (skoch), adj. pertaining to Scot- 
Oi/ULLil land, its inhabitants, or its lan¬ 
guage; Scottish: n. the dialect or dialects of 
English spoken by the people of Scotland; 
the people of Scotland: used as a plural, 
or'/vfr'h (skdeh), n. a slight cut or incision; 
bLUlLil a notch: v.t. to cut or wound 
slightly; as, to scotch, but not kill, a snake. 

■QrrrtMn mo-n (skdch'man), n. [pi. Scotch- 
oCOXCil-XIixiIl m en (-men)j, a native of 

Scotland, or a person of Scottish ancestry, 
con tnr (sko'ter), n. any of several kinds 
btU-icI of sea ducks. 

oo/vf frAP (skot'freO, adj. untaxed; safe; 
bL\Jt IICC unharmed. 

o„ n A e (skots), adj. pertaining to the Scot- 
OLUtb tish people: n. the Scotch dialect. 

' kots'man), n. [pi. Sco 
m&n)], a Scotchman. 

m), n. a fo 
expression pecul¬ 
iar to the Scotch. 

(skotlsh), adj. of or pertaining 
OCt)t-IIbIl to the people of Scotland, their 
language, or country; Scotch. 

(skoun'drel), n. a man with- 
SCOUn arei ou t honor or virtue; a low, 
worthless rascal: adj. low; mean.— adj. 
scoundrelly. 

ooAiir (skour), v.t. to clean by rubbing; 
btOul cleanse from grease or dirt, and make 
bright; to wash by flooding or flushing; 
to remove as if by rubbing; to purge; pass 
swiftly over; search thoroughly: v.i. to 
scrub anything with thoroughness; to become 
clean through rubbing; to move swiftly; 
scurry. 

crn1imo (skurj), n. a whip used to inflict 
bbUUigC pain or punishment; a means 
to inflict punishment or cause suffering; 
hence, severe punishment; a cause of afflic¬ 
tion: hence, any disease that affects a large 
number of people; as, the scourge of Spanish 
influenza: v.t. to whip severely; grieve or tor- 
ment greatly. 


o _ (skots'man), n. [pi. Scotsmen 

oCOXS-IUdli (-men)], a Scotchman. 

Scot-ti-cism a form qr 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; t hen, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










scouring rush 

Cf*Alif in cr nicli (skour'Ing rush), tbo 
SWUl-mg i uoii common horsetail plant 

used in scouring. 

CP Ailt (skout), n. a person sent out to 
oUUUl obtain and bring in information, 
especially of the movements, etc., of an 
enemy in war; in cricket, a fielder: v.i. to go 
in search of information, especially of the 
movements of an enemy; to explore; to 
mock: with at: v.t. to examine; to recon- 
noiter; to treat with contempt; to reject with 
scorn, as something ridiculous; as, to scout 
an opinion: B y Scout, a member of an 
organization which, by a combination of 
moral and military training, seeks to develop 
a manly character in growing boys and to 
make them of service to the community: 
scoutmaster, the leader of one or more units 
of this organization. 

qpaw (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed boat 
with square ends. 

CPAwl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the brows in 
frowning or displeasure; look sullen 
or angry; to lower: n. the wrinkling of the 
brows in displeasure or anger; frown. 
cpi-qK "hi a (skrab'l), v.i. to scramble; 

clamber: v.t. to gather hur¬ 
riedly; scrape together: with up, together, etc.; 
as, he scrabbled his belongings together: n. a 
scramble; a hasty gathering in. 
cpforr (skr&g), n. anything thin, lean, or 
oua b rough; the neck, especially the back 
of a sheep’s neck. 

crT/lO’ 0 *tt (skxag 1), adj. lean, thin, and 
a «3-&J rough; rough, with uneven 
points; broken; jagged; lean and scrawny. 
— adv. soraggily.— n. scragginess. 

err am "hi a (skram'bl), v.i. to clamber or 
a.111-uxt/ move on the hands and feet; 
to struggle in an undignified manner for 
something; as, to scramble for a place; to 
hunt for something with eagerness and rough¬ 
ness : v.t. to toss together at random; to 
prepare by stirring together while cooking; 
as, to scramble eggs: n. a rude, disorderly 
struggle; the act of so struggling, 
errari (skrap), n. a small piece, cut or 
sua r broken off; a fragment; a brief 
extract from something printed; in the plural, 
pieces of fat tissue left after trying out the 
fat; old iron or other metal: adj. in the form 
of fragments or pieces; as. scrap iron. 

crrfln hnclr (skrap'book"), n. a blank 
ooa dp-uucezv book in which newspaper 
clippings, etc., may be pasted. 
crrflfiP (skrapO, v.t. to draw over harshly 
ov>Adp<c or gratingly; rub or scratch with 
something _____ 


sharp; clean by 
rubbing with 
something 
sharp or rough; i. -v? 
remove by, or 
as by, rasping 
or grating: fol¬ 
lowed by out, 
from, etc.; gather or accumulate in small 
amounts, with effort, as savings: v.i. to rub 
something gratingly; play awkwardly on the 
violin; to save money by being extremely 
economical; bow by awkwardly drawing back 
the foot: n. the act, noise, or effect of harsh 
rubbing or grating; a difficulty; a perplexity: 
scraper, any instrument or tool used lor 
smoothing, abrading, mbbing, or scratching, 
errfl-n (skrap'l), n. a food made by 

o^iap-pic boiling together reasoned 
chopped meat, usually pork, and corn meal, 
eprfin rw (skrap'l), adj. made of fragments 
qua ■ap-pj o r small bits; consisting of scraps. 


554 


screw propeller 



Scrapers for Metsal 


ccrfltrb (skrach), v.t. to mark or tear the 
ot/i dlLJLI surface of with something pointed; 
wound slightly; tear or dig with the claws; 
cancel or erase; to scrape lightly with the 
finger nails to relieve itching: v.i. to use the 
nails or claws iii rubbing, tearing, or digging; 
to cause irritation or pain by rubbing; as, 
the collar scratches; to save money by great 
effort: n. a mark or tear made by something 
pointed or rough; a slight wound; a disease 
of horses; the starting line in a race; formerly, 
a line across the prize ring, up to which boxers 
were brought when they began to fight; 
hence, a test of courage; as, he came up to the 
scratch. — n. scratcher. 

<5rr«w1 (skrol), v.t. and v.i. to write or 
ouciwi draw irregularly or hastily, or in 
badly formed characters: n. careless or 
irregular writing; a scribble.— n. scrawler. 
QPt'Pw nv (skro'nl), adj. lean; skinny; 
otlaw-uj/ scraggy; as, a scrawny horse.— 
n. scrawniness._ [Chiefly IT. S.] 
qptapI r (skrek), v.i. to utter a shrill sound 
oCACcLiv or Cr y; screech; creak: n. a 
creaking. 

CrrPflm (skrem), n. a sharp, shrill cry, 
ocicciAAA as C f f ear or p a j n; v .i. to utter 

such a cry: v.t. to utter in a loud, piercing 
voice. 

crrP om pr (skrem'er), n. one who, or 
CdAii-ci that which, cries out or 
screams; a South American wading bird. 

P/'rpflrn in O’ (skrem'Ing), p.adj. uttering 
ooicoAu-uAg cries or screams; resem¬ 
bling a scream; calling forth screams, as of 
laughter; as, a screaming comedy. 
cprAArVi (skrech), n. a harsh, shrill cry. 
owocuA as G f fright or pain: v.i. to utter 
a harsh, shrill cry: v.t. to cry out in a shrill 
voice; to shriek. 

crrAPcb aw/S (skrech oul), any owl that 
UWi utters a shrill, screeching 
cry instead of hooting. 

crrAPd (skred), n. a long, noisy, ranting 
soaccu speech on any subject: an em¬ 
phatic piece of argumentative writing, 
cfrppn (skren), n. a light, movable parti- 
oucu A tion for protection; a shield; as, 
a door screen; a curtain; anything in the 
nature of a protection from observation, etc.; 
a coarse sieve; a surface on which images 
are projected by a moving-picture machine 
or a magic lantern: v.t. to shut off from danger, 
observation, etc.; to shelter or conceal; 
protect; pass through a coarse sieve; to pro¬ 
ject (a picture) upon a screen with a moving- 
pieture machine or magic lantern.— n. sc reener. 
QCrAW (skroo), n. a cylinder of metal or 
ov/A c w wood threaded in a forward-moving 
spiral on its external surface; also a hollow 
so threaded that such a cylinder fits and 
advances in it; anything containing or 
resembling such a device; as, a wood screw; 
a turn cf, or as of, such a device; a means of 
propelling steamships, etc.; a grasping person; 
one who extorts money from others: v.t. to 
press by means of, or fasten with, a spirally 
threaded cylinder moving in a s imi larly 
threaded hollow; twist; force; as, to screw 
one’s courage to the sticking point; to turn, 
as with a screw; to twist or distort; to extort: 
with out, of, or from: v.i. to turn with a motion 
like a screw. 

screw dr 1*V er ( s ^ TO ° driv'er), a tool 
, UAlv-er f 0r driving screws into 

place. Also, screwdriver. 

screw pro-pel-ler ‘wfeel 

at the rear of a steam vessel for propelling 
it; the vessel thus propelled. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu- 



















scribble 


555 


SCrib-ble (skrlb'i), r.f. to write nastily 

° U1C and carelessly: 

n. nasty, careless writing .—n 

scrbe n - a writer: 


hastaL 

v.i. to scrawl: 

scribbler. 

—. clerk; one who 
. writes for another; a secretary; 
in ancient times, a teacher of the Jewish law. 

srrim ( sk J'. im ). n - a kind of fabric of cotton 
tavxxxxx or imen for making curtains, etc. 

SCrim- 1 T 1 CP (skrlm'Sj), n. a general 
a ITT lilcige quarrel or fight; a con¬ 
fused struggle. 

SCrim n ( skr Imp), v.t. to be sparing of; 
blimip to b e niggardly to; stint: v.i. to 
be sparrng or niggardly: adj. short; narrow; 
scanty: n. colloquially, a miser. 

Scrim n V (skrlm'pi), adj. scanty; insuffl- 
ovxxxixp-j cient; stingy.— n. scrimpiness. 
[COLLOQ.] 

SCrin ( sk rlp), n - formerly, a pouch or 
r wallet; a written list, schedule, cer¬ 
tificate, etc.; certificate of stock subscribed 
to a bank or other company, 
scrint (skrlpt), n. a piece of wnriting; style 
OV/X1.HI of writing; type in imitation of writ 


ing; in law, a writing,' as a will. 

Serin fnr at (skrIp'tur- 3 , 1 ), adj. pertain 
OCrip-LUr-<U ing to> found in, or based 
upon, the Scriptures; Biblical. 

Serin "flirp (skrlp'tlir), n. the Bible: pi. 
oei IJJ-lUit; th e books of the Old and New 
Testaments, or of either of them: scripture, 
any sacred writing. 

QfriVP n PT* (skrlv'ner; skriv'n-er), n. one 
oviivc-iici whose business is to write for 
others, by copying, etc.; one who draws up 
contracts, prepares writings, etc. 
cpy/if 11 la (skr6f'tl-ld), n. a disease 

°marked by the enlargement 
and decay of the lymphatic glands, especially 
those of the neck.— adj. scrofulous. 


oprnll ( skr °l)* n - a roll of paper or parch 
otsxuxx ment; in architecture, a spiral orna¬ 
ment ; a flourish to a signature. 

crrrdl oaixr (skrol s6), a saw for sawing 
ol/xOll bd.W curved outlines. 

QPnih (skrub), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. scrubbed, 
u.u p.p r . scrubbing], to wash by hard 
rubbing, as clothes; rub with a wet cloth 
or a wet brush, as a floor; v.i. to clean or 
scorn* something by hard rubbing: n. one 
who toils hard for a meager living; a drudge; 
a bush; a thicket; as, an oak scrub: adj. 
mean or small; contemptible; dirty; in 
athletics, made up of players who are in¬ 
experienced or who have had no previous 
practice together: said of teams. 

Qrm'h fiv (skrub'I), adj. mean and small; 
ouuu-UJf stunted in growth; covered 
with brushwood. 

scruff ’ n - the nape or back of the 

crrttnrli (skrunch), v.t. and v.i. to crunch; 

Ulivll break with the teeth; squeeze: 
n. the act or sound of crunching, 
erm -nip (skrob'pl), n. in apothecaries’ 
U-pic weight, a weight of one-third of a 
dram, or twenty grams; a very small quan¬ 
tity; hesitation, especially from difficulty in 
deciding what is right; unwillingness to do 
something because of a.sense that it is wrong; 
as, conscientious scruples against an act: 
v.i. and v.t. to hesitate from conscientious 
motives. 

ecru Tin Toe i ■fir (skrCb^pti-lSs'l-tl), n. 
bClU-jm-IOb-l-iy the state or quality 

of being very conscientious or exact. 

cpfll Till loitc (skroo ptl-lfis), cidj. in- 
au U-pu-lUUb clined to be conscientious; 

exact; careful; strict.— adv. scrupulously.— 
n. scrupulousness 


scurrility 



SCrU ti ni 7 P (skr 55 'tl-nlz), v.t. to inspect 
or_examine closely. 

SCm ti TIV (skroo'tl-ni), n. close inspec- 
ovx u. ti iiy tion or examination. 

SClld (skfld )’ v - i - \P-t- and p.p. scudded, 
.Jr, PP r - scudding], to run or move 
swiftly ; of a ship, to run before a gale of wind 
with little or no sail spread: n. the act of 
so moving or sailing; loose, vapory clouds 
driven by the wind. 

ap-iiff (skuf), v.i. and v.t. to wear a rough 
. “ place on the surface . ghuflae; walk 
with a dragging^ movement of the feet, 
cpiif (skuf'l), v.i. to fight or struggle 
DV,ux-iic confusedly, especially hand to 
hand: n. a struggle for mastery with close grap¬ 
pling; confused conflict; fight.— n. scuffler. 
crnll (skul), n. a small rowboat; one of a 
^ x Pair of short oars; an oar used at the 
stern, or rear end, of a 
boat to push it forward: 
v.i. and v.t. to propel or 
move (a boat) with one 
or more short oars.— n. 
sculler. 

scul-ler-y 

leries (-Iz)], a room where 
cooking utensils, etc., are 
kept and cleansed; a 
back kitchen for rough 
work. 

scul-lion £ k l y> s !;\r 

ant employed to clean 
cooking utensils and do 
rough work in the kitch¬ 
en; a wretch. 

QCIll run (skul'pin), n. any 
spiny sea fish with 

and broad mouths. j 

cpilit) fnr (skulp'ter), n. (fern, sculptress], 
ov/ixxp tux one who practices the art of 
carving, cutting, or hewing stone, etc., into 
statues; one who models statues in clay or 
designs works of sculpture. 

KCtlln fur a 1 (skulp'ttir- 5 , 1 ), adj. pertain- 
bCUip-lUI-cU big to sculpture, or the art 
of carving stone, etc., into statues. 

cpiilr) -him (skulp'tlir), n. the art of 
ouuxp-tuic carving, cutting, or hewing 
stone, etc., into figures of men, animals, etc.; 
a carved work or figure: v.t. to carve with the 
chisel, etc., on, in, or from wood, stone, etc.; 
to portray by carving; to ornament by carv¬ 
ing; in physical geography, to ehange in 
form by gradually wearing away. 

Qnim (skhm), n. a layer of impurities 
o\^u.xxx formed on the surface of a liquid; 
the refuse or dross of metals in a melted 
state; anything worthless or vile; worthless 
people; as, the scum of the cities, 
qnrn ( skd p), n. a common but valuable 
ov/ix.F food fish, found on the coast of the 
eastern United States. 

cirim TIPT* (skup'er), n. a hole or tube in 
up-pci the side of a ship to carry off 
deck water. 

scup-per-nong SS’offox 6 ”?!^ 

in the southeastern United States; wine 
made from this grape. 

opii-rf ( skdr f)< n. white, flaky scales on the 
ouixxx sidn, especially on the scalp; dan¬ 
druff; anything like flakes or scales sticking 
to a surface.— adj. scurfy. 

q r>1 -j fil ] +tt (sku-rll'I-tl), n. \pl. scurril- 
bcur-iu-l-iy ities (-tlz)j, vulgar, vile, or 
indecent joking or jesting; an indecent 
remark. 


Sculling 


of certain 
large heads 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









scurrilous 


556 


sealskin 


e/Mii* ril rvMQ (skur'I-lus), adj. using the 
atUl-lU-UUo low, indecent language of 

the vulgar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; 
containing abuse.— adv. scurrilously.— n. scur- 
rllousness. 

irjr (skfir'I), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. scurried, 
bOul-ly p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or 
move rapidly along: n. a hurried movement; 
a scampering. 

tttt (skflr'vl), n. a disease of the 
bOUl-vy blood caused by lack of vegetable 
food or lime juice, and marked by great 
weakness, thinness of the body, bleeding 
gums, etc.: adj. affected by scurvy, or a 
disease marked by weakness, bleeding gums, 
etc.; vile; contemptible; mean; paltry.— 
adv. scurvily.— n. scurviness, 
cmt (skut), n. the short, upright tail of 
ol/UX an animal. 

-fo+ck (sku'tat), adj. round in shape, 
bo u -id 1C ijk e a large scale; shield-shaped; 
in zoology, covered with large, horny scales. 

scutcheon 

i 


seal £ sgl) a 

flesh-eating 
sea animal 
valuable for 
its slan and 
oil; astamp or 
die engraved 
with some de¬ 
vice, motto, 
or image, used 
for making an 
impression in wax 


mg a coat of arms; a metal 
plate around a keyhole, etc. Also, escutcheon. 

o/mi +i form (sku'tl-form), adj. shaped 
SCU-Tl-XOrm like a shield. 

0 _ (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or hurry: 
bOul-lie v j. to cut a hole or holes in (a 
ship) to sink it: n. a quick or short run; a 
hod for holding coal; lid or door closing or 
covering an opening in a roof, etc.; a hatch¬ 
way or small opening in the deck of a ship. 

+ 11t r» (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta (-ta)], in 
bf d-lU-ii ancient times, a Roman soldier’s 
oblong leather shield; in zoology, a shieldlike 
plate. 

O r , 7 l 1 o (sfl'd), n. a dangerous rock on the 
Ob V l-lex Italian coast, represented in classic 
mythology as a monster with six fierce heads: 
closely opposite to Charybdis, a whirlpool on 
the coast of Sicily: between Seylla and 
Charybdis, between two evils, one of which 
must be accepted. 

r>rT7-fho ( s kd), n. a curved cutting instru- 
oCj llic ment used for mowing grass, etc., 
by hand. 

QovrtVi ; (slth'I-Sn), adj. of or pertain- 
OCy LII-I-oll j ng to Scythia, its people, or 
language: n. one of an ancient, wandering, 
savage people who inhabited what is now 
southern Russia and the regions east of the 
Aral Sea: their language. 

cfso (se), n • a body of salt water, smaller 
bCd than an ocean; a large inland body of 
water; the ocean; a billow or large wave; 
the swell of the ocean in a storm; as, there C pn lorrc ( se ] 
was a high sea after the storm; a large quan- ship 

tity; anything like the sea in vastness; as, a 
sea of glory: at sea, on a sea voyage; figura¬ 
tively, bewildered; uncertain; lost.^ 

coo o nom A np (se d-nem , o-nS), any 
Scd. d.-XIClll-O-I1C G f several polyps, 

usually large, beautifully colored, and growing 
singly. 

coo Vioorrl (se'bord"), n. the seacoast: 
aca-huaiu adj. near or on the border of 
the sea. 

coo "h-rooH (se bred), ship biscuit; hard- 
bcd. UicaU tack; a kind of cracker, 
coo coif (se kaf) , the common seal, hunted 
bed. ball f or fur, hide, and oil. 

S63. COa.St n ‘ the coast of the 


sea el-e-phant large seal found in the 

Southern Hemisphere. 

coo for or (se'far'gr), n. a sailor; a 
bCd-icii-ci mariner. 

coo for imr (se'far'Ing), adj. following 

sea-iar-mg the lifie of a sailor; following 

the sea as a calling. 

coo fowl (se foul), a seabird; seabirds 
Sea XOWl collectively. 

coo crocro (se gaj), an instrument for flnd- 
Sed gage log the_ depth of the sea. 

coo ern incr (se'goTng). adj. seafaring; 
Sed-gO-mg suitable or fitted for use on 

the open sea; as, a seagoing yacht, 

coo croon (se'gren ”), adj. of the green- 
bed-grecil jgh color of the sea. 

coo /Yuli (se gul), any bird of the gull lam¬ 
bed gull nv that habitually stays near. 


or frequents, the sea. 

coo V»rvrr ( se h6 ^- the Porpoise, a marine 
bed ilv/g mammal from five to eight feet 

long. 

COO Tmrco (se bors), an imaginary deep- 
bed llUibC S ea animal, half horse and half 
fish; any of various small fish with head 
resembling that of a horse; the walrus; the 
_ hippopotamus. 

v.t. to cut a hole or holes iu (a cojj lrtncr ( s ® king), a viking; a pirate 

aca Norseman chief. 



Seals 


sea. 

coa rnw ( s ® <*ou), one of several varieties 
bed tUW c f water animals, such as the 
manatee, dugong, walrus, etc. 
co a Hncr ( s ® tbe harbor seal; collo- 

bCd uug quially, an old sailor; in Cali- 
fornia. the California sea lion. 


wax or other soft sub¬ 
stance fixed upon a letter, document, etc., 
and marked with such a stamp; in law, any 
device given by statute law the effect of a 
seal; any act that approves or confirms; 
that which seals or fastens: v.t. to fasten with 
a device so that it cannot be tampered with; 
as, to seal a letter; set or affix a seal to; 
ratify or confirm; secure or give guaranty for; 
keep secure or secret; settle beyond question; 
as, to seal his fate: v.i. to hunt seals, 
cool Krrvwm (sel broun), the dark brown 
be<ll UiUWll color of the fur of the seal 
after it has been dyed. 

(se legz), legs able to walk on a 
ship’s deck, when the vessel is 
pitching or rolling. 

p, r (sel'er), n. one who secures or 
&cai-ci gives guaranty; especially, an 
officer who inspects weights and measures, or 
who affixes seals on documents; a sailor or 
vessel that hunts seajs. 

CA n turf* ( se let'Is), a certain kind of 
acR seaweed, the green fronds 

of which are sometimes used as food. 

Ick-tr /*1 ( se lev'el), the level exactly 
bed iev-u continuous with that of the 
sea at mean tide. 

cpol it-) Cf wo y (sel'Ing waks), a mixture, 
bCdi-mg WAX. ^ of sh ellac and turpen¬ 
tine, that softens when heated and hardens 
quickly on cooling: used for sealing letters, 
documents, etc. 

opo H cm ( s ® b'un), a name for several 
oca J-i-vAi classes of large seals found in the 
Pacific Ocean. 

elrin (sel'skin'), n. the skin of a fur 
b cai- D ivui se al or a garment made from it. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event., edge, nosreL, refef, 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSAipare; unit, finite, bfcrn, cut, focus, menfi; 










seam 


557 


seclude 


CPATT1 ( s ® m ), n - the line formed by the 

occxxix S ewing of two pieces of material 
together; line of junction or union; narrow 
vein between two thicker layers of earth, 
etc.; as, a seam of coal; thin layer; a scar; 
a rent: v.t. to form a junction or union upon 
or of; join or sew together, as a garment; 
scar; line; knit with a certain kind of stitch: 
v.i. to crack open. 

cpa Til ATI (seman), n. [pi. seamen (-men)], 
oc«.-iuaii a sailor; a mariner; one who 
shares in the actual work of navigating a 
vessel. 

cpa tman cViivr (se , m&n-shlp), n. knowl- 
o Cd-lildJ.l-oi.LLp edge of the management 

of a vessel; the skill of an expert sailor. 

cPAm loco (sem'les), adj. without seams; 
acani-icDO having no seams. 

cPflm otrocc (sem’stres), n. a woman 
Dccun-sucao whose occupation Is sew¬ 
ing; a needlewoman. 

SPATTl V ad i- showing, or having, 

J seams, especially roughly fin¬ 
ished seams; hence, of low character; rough; 
hard and unpleasant; as, the seamy side of 
life. 

CP ATIPP (sS'ans; sa'&ns'). n. a meeting 
oc-auec or session, especially a meeting 
of spiritualists toreceive spirit messages. 

rtkno (se'plan), n. an airplane so 
oca. pxaxxc m ade that it can alight upon, 
and move along on, the water: called also a 
hydroplane. 

cpa nnrf (se'port*). n. a town, harbor, or 
ocd-pui L port on the seashore, or at a 
point easy of access to seagoing vessels. 

-nii-rcP ( ge P^rs), the horny envelope 
oca jJixx oc 0 f t,he skate and certain sharks, 
in which they lay their eggs. 

CP At* ( ser ) • v - t - to burn to dryness on the 
OCOl surface; brand; render callous or 
unfeeling; as, to sear one’s conscience: adj. 
withered. Also, adj. sere. 

CPA-rrh ( sQ f cll )» to seek for; look for; 
OCaivll g 0 over and examine; as, to 
search a house; explore; inspect; probe: 
v.i. seek; to make inquiry: n. the act of 
seeking or looking for something; investiga¬ 
tion; examination; pursuit; quest. 

cparrVi inff (sfirch'Ing), p.adj. penet.rat- 
ocaxcxx-ixxg ing; sharp; keen; as, a 

searching glance.— adv. searchingly. 

00< , r/ ,k lirrlvf (surch'lit"), n. an electric 
bcctICii-llgllL fight so arranged that by 

revolving it a powerful beam of light can be 
thrown in any direction. 

cpatt*Vi TXTAt* T'ATVl" (sfirch wdUant), a 
bCclICIl Wdi-Ialll warrant or written 

order giving a police officer authority to 
search a house, especially for stolen property. 
cpflrp J (serd), adj. hardened; callous; in- 
bCalcu different; unfeeling; as, a seared 
conscience. 

cpa rnrvm ^ room), enough space for 
bca fuuxii maneuvering or changing the 
position of a ship, as in war. 
cpa crimp (se'skap), n. a picture showing 
&ca-otapc a scene at sea. 

cpa cpr nPTlt (sesur'pent), an imaginary 
bca oci-pcm snakelike animal of great 
size, said to live in the ocean. 

sea. shore n - ttie shoro a,on g 

cexa cirlr npcc (se'rfk'nes), n. nausea 
bca -oi^xv -xxcoo caused by the motion of 

a ship.— adj. seasick. 

sea. side n ~ ttie sliore al ° n s the 

cpa cnn (se'zn). n. any particular time 
pta-sun as distinguished from others; as. 


the holiday season: one of the four divisions 
of the year, as spring, summer, autumn, and 
winter; a suitable or convenient time; as, 
the season for shooting; a short time: v.t. 
to mature or make perfect; prepare by drying 
and hardening, or removing natural juices; 
as, to season timber; render eatable by add¬ 
ing salt, pepper, etc.; to moderate or temper: 
v.i. to become fit for use; to become used to 
the climate; to become cured. 

C pa CflTl A hip (se'zn-a-bl), adj. occur- 
bca-buii-a-uie ring or done ^ good ^ 

proper time; opportune; in keeping with 
the time of year; as, seasonable weather.— 
adv. seasonably. —n. seasonableness. 

cpa can a1 (se'zn- 3 , 1 ), adj. of, pertaining 
bca-bUli-al t 0) or changing with, the 
seasons; as, seasonal trades. 
cpa crm in cr (se'zn-Ing), n. that which is 
added to give relish to food; 
as, salt, pepper, etc.; the act or process of 
adding spice, etc., to give relish to food. 

CPAt n • t ^ iat on which or in which 

cscat one s its; chair; site; residence; 
mansion; regular or proper place of sitting; 
the right to sit; as, a seat in church; posture 
on horseback, etc.; the place where any¬ 
thing is settled or established; as, the seat 
of the trouble; place in Congress or other 
lawmaking body: v.t. to place on a chair, 
etc.; cause to sit down; establish; place in 
any site or position; to furnish with seats; 
to renew or restore the seat of. 

cpa lit* rmrt hr'chln), a globe-shaped 
oca ixx-v/xxxxx sea animal, having a thin, 
prickly shell. 

CPA wa!1 wol), an embankment for 
oca w axx breaking the force of the waves 
of the sea. 

cpa wArrl (se'werd), adj. going toward or 
oca-waxu. situated in the direction of the 
sea: adv. in the direction of the sea. Also, 
adv. seawards. 

CPA WAV (se'wa*), n. open sea; a rough 
o^cx-way sea; used in the expression in 
a seaway. 

CPA wppH (se'wed*), n. a plant growing 
oca-w -cu in the sea, as kelp, sea lettuce, 
sea heather, etc. 

CPA wnr fhv (se'wur"iM), adj. fit for a 
oco.-wcx-i.xxj voyage on the open sea: 

said of a vessel.— n. seaworthiness. 

cp Ka cpaiic (sS-ba'shus), adj. pertaining 
oc-ua ttuu& to or resembling fat; con¬ 
taining or secreting fat; oily. 

CP_PAflt (se'kant), adj. cutting, especially 
oc-coxxt into two parts: n. a line that cuts 
another, especially a straight line cutting a 
curve in two or more points; one of the trigo¬ 
nometric functions; in a right-angled triangle, 
the ratio of the hypotenuse to the side ad¬ 
jacent to an acute angle. 

CP PPflp OsS-sed'), v.i. to withdraw from 
sc-tcuc fellowship, union, or association; 
especially, to withdraw from a political or 
religious body.—n. seeeder. 

cp ppc cinil (sS-sesh'un), n. the act of 
bc-ccb-oxuxx withdrawing; withdrawal or 

separation from the communion or associa¬ 
tion of others; withdrawal of a State from 
the Federal Union; as, the secession of the 
Southern States during the Civil War.—n. 

secessiGmsm. 

cp roc cin-n icf (s^-sesh'un-Tst), n. an 
ac-ecD-Diuii-io i upholder of secession, 

or the withdrawal of States from the Union; 
one who took the part of the Southern States 
in the Civil War of_ 1861 . 
cp (pinrl p (se-klood'), v.t. to withdraw from 
5CH.1UUC others; to keep apart from the 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





secluded 


558 


sectional 


company or society of others; to place in 
solitude. 

cp &A (se-klood'ed), p.adj. with- 

drawn from, or separated 
from, the society of others; retired; solitary. 

—n. secludedness. 

Cf* rln clnn (se-kloo'zhun), n. separation 
aC-LlU-oiUll or withdrawal from the 

society of others; privacy; retirement. 

rln ciVp (se-kloo'siv), adj. keeping or 
c living apart from others, 
cor nrtrl (sek'und), adj. immediately fol- 
qcl-UIIU. lowing the first; next to the first 
in order of place, or time; next to the first 
in value, excellence, merit, dignity, or im¬ 
portance; inferior; subordinate; as, a 
second lieutenant; being of the same kind 
as another that has gone before; as, a. second 
Brutus; in music, lower in pitch; rendering 
a part that is lower in pitch than the main 
one: n. one who, or that Avhich, is next to the 
first in place, rank, excellence, or power; 
one who attends a person who fights a duel; 
a backer; the one-sixtieth part of a minute of 
time or of a degree; an article of mer¬ 
chandise of a grade inferior to the best; in 
music, a part pitched below another, whether 
of instrument or voice: v.t. to follow; act as 
an assistant or supporter of; assist; in parlia¬ 
mentary practice, support, as a motion, etc., 
by giving formal approval to the proposal of 
the mover. H 

rend a rv (sek'un-da-r!), adj. suc- 
BCiz-uuu ci-xj ceeding next in order to 
the first; of second place, origin, rank, etc.; 
subordinate; inferior; resultant; derived 
from something else as its source; as, 
secondary rocks; deriving information, etc., 
from another, or primary, source; as, a sec¬ 
ondary authority; revohdng round a primary 
planet; in electrical usage, of, pertaining to, 
or denoting, an induced current or its circuit: 
n. a delegate or deputy; a person or thing in 
an inferior position; a planet revolving 
around another planet; in zoology, any of the 
quill feathers that grow on the second joint 
of a bird’s wing: secondary school, a high 
school, or any school of high school grade.— 
adv. secondarily. 

np at rl~.c* 1 c cc (sek'und=klas"), adj. 

DCV/-unu-tiaoo ranking in, or belonging 

to, the class next below the first, the highest, 
or the best; second-rate: adv. by a second- 
class conveyance; as, he traveled second-class. 
epp nnr\ pr (sek'iin-der), n. one who, in 

OCI/-UX1U-CI a meeting, formally approves epp fa rv (sek'ta-rl), n. [pi 
what has been proposed by another. oct-ia-ij (-rlz)], a member or 

can /vnrl on rl (sek'und-hand"), adj. not 
oCL-tUAU.-lld.llVl new; taken or bought 

from another; as, a secondhand car; dealing 
In goods that are not new; as, he keeps a 
secondhand store. 

sec-ond lieu-ten-ant 

lowest commissioned officer in the 
States army 


e 

United 


sec-ond-ly pK n *" n) -’ adj - in the next 


in the second place. 

cpp rvnrl raft* (sek'und=rat"), adj. not 
OCt/-UllU-IdlC first,-class- see— 

rank, quality, etc. 


first-class; second in size, 


gpp nnr1_cicrh+ (sek'und =sit"), n. the 
oCL-tuiu oiglil ability to foresee events; 

the power to see that which is not visible; 
clairvoyance. 

cp rro rxT (se'kr§-si), n. [pi. secrecies 
OC-V/lC-Ly (_ s iz)], the state or quality of 
being hidden; concealment; retirement; 
solitude; the ability to keep things to one- 
self; closeness. 


cp pt-pf (se'krfit), adj. hidden or concealed; 

removed from sight; kept from 
the knowledge or view of all except those 
concerned; silent; mysterious; private: 
secret service, government detective service: 
n. that which is purposely concealed or left 
untold; something unknown; something 
unexplained; that which, when made known, 
makes something clear; as, the secret of hia 
happiness.— adv. secretly. 

Syn., adj. clandestine, sly, underhand. 

Ant. (see open). 

cpp rp fa rxr (sek're-tS-rt), n. [pi. secre- 
oct-ic-ia-iy taries (-rlz)], one who does 
writing for another; one who attends to 
correspondence and business for a company 
or an individual; an executive who transacts 
the business of a government department; 
a writing desk.— adj. secretarial. 

cpp vp -ta nr cVim (sek r§-ta-ri-shfp ), 
bUL-re-ld-iy-bilip n . the office, or 

term of office, of a secretary, 
op prpfp (se-kret'), v.t. to hide or conceal; 
BC-ucic in physiology, to separate from 
the blood and make into a new substance; 
as, the liver secretes bile. 

cp prp firsrt (s$-kre'shun), n. in physiol- 
B ' :; - A/A c-txuxx og y the act or process of 
separating from a circulating fluid materials 
out of which a new substance is made; any 
substance or fluid so separated, as saliva; 
the act of concealing or hiding, 
op prp tivp (se-kre'tlv), adj. given to 
* =>C '“ A ' A c-, - A v c reserve or concealment; in¬ 
clined to be close-mouthed; in physiology, 
causing, or promoting, secretion; as, a 
secretive gland.—n. secretiveness. 
op prp to rv (se-kre'tb-rl), adj. in physi¬ 
os eic-iu-ijf ology, causing, or tending 
to increase, secretion. 

QOrt ( s ®kt), n - a number of persons who, 
ocvrt following a teacher or leader, hold 
certain opinions; a following; a party; 
especially, a religious denomination. 

gpp fa ri a-n (sek-ta'rl-an), adj. pertain- 
&CV/-Ia.-11-dll j n g or a certain 

denomination or party; devoted to a certain 
party or denomination, especially in religion; 
narrow-minded: n. a member of a denomina¬ 
tion or party. 

opp ta rt an ictn (sek-ta'rl-an-Izm), n . 
oCL ld-11-dll-lolll tlae spirit, tendency, 

or principles of a party, especially a religious 
denomination; devotion to some particular 
religious denomination. 

sectaries 
supporter 

of a religious denomination or a party; one 
who separates from an established church, 
cpp filp (sek'tll), adj. capable of being 
ocu- uic cut, especially smoothly. 

cpp tint! (sek'shun), n. the act of cutting, 
oev-uuu or separation by cutting; part 
or portion cut off; a representation of an 
object as if cut in two crosswise or length¬ 
wise by a plane; as, a transverse section of a 
steam radiator; slice; division or subdivision 
of a chapter; a division of a law; distinct 
part of a country, people, community, or 
class; one of the portions of one square mile 
into which public lands in the United States 
are divided; in western United States, one 
thirty-sixth of a township; a division of a 
genus or class; a certain length of railway 
track for whose condition a certain gang of 
men is responsible; in a sleeping car, a com¬ 
partment including an upper and a lower 
berth. 

cpp fjAn o 1 (sSk'shun- 3 , 1 )., adj. of or per- 
OCV/-L1UH-CU. taining to a certain district 


ate, senate, rare, c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








sectionalism 


559 


seed leaf 


mg sucn a ngure / \ 

eter of the circle l yjK 1 
part; in military \ yjfl 
parts into which Njjj| [jp/ 


or part of a country; local; divisible or 
separable into parts; as, a sectional filing 
case. 

cpc 1 1ai^ ol icrn (sSk'shhn-Sl-izm), n. 
oCL-liUli-cii-lblll prejudice in favor of 

local interests; devotion to the affairs and 
interests of a certain district. 
cpr (sek'ter), n. that part of a circle 

bCU-LUi inclosed between two radii and 
the included arc; in solid georn- 
etry, the portion of a sphere gen- / \ 

erated by revolving such a figure [ \ 

about any diameter of the circle 
of which it is a 
use, one of the 

the fighting line is divided. _ 

opr ii lor (sek'u-ldr), adj. per- a 

SeC-U-ldX taming to this pres- Circle 

ent world, or to things not sacred; as, secular 
music; worldly; temporal; not bound by 
church vows; coming or observed once in 
an age or a century; as, a secular year; ex¬ 
tending over, or occurring in, a long period of 
time.— adv. secularly. 

con 11 1 or icm (sSk'u-ldr-Izm), 

oCe-u-icU -lolii principles or 

those who do not believe in religion; the 
quality or state of being devoted to worldly or 
temporal things. 

ii lor ict (sek'u-ldr-Ist), n. one who 
oCV/-U-UU-iai objects to religious teach¬ 
ing in schools or church control of schools 
or of state affairs; one who, throwing over the 
forms of religion, maintains that the duties 
and problems of this present life should be 
the principal objects of man’s concern. 


con ii lor i -Hr (sek"u-lar'l-tl), n. devo- 
bcO-U.-lcti -I- Ij tion to the things of the 

present life; worldliness. 

cpp ii 1 or i7P (sek'u-ldr-Iz), v.t. to con- 
Dce-U-iai vert from sacred to secu¬ 

lar or common use, as a building; render 
worldly.—n. secularization. 
cp riirp (se-kur')» adj. free from fear or 
oc—tUIC danger; safe; protected; con¬ 
fident; careless; certain; assured: with of: 
v.t. to make safe; protect; guarantee; make 
fast; guard against, as the possibility of escape; 
gain possession of; put beyond chance of 
losing or not receiving; as, to secure oneself 
against loss; insure; obtain; get possession 
of.— adv. securely. 

„„ +r T (sS-ku'rl-tf), n. [pi. securities 

be-CU-Ii-iy (-tlz)j, the state or quahty of 
being safe or protected; freedom from fear 
or danger; assurance; certainty; something 
given to guarantee the fulfilment of a con¬ 
tract, etc.; pledge; surety; backing; as, 
security for a loan; evidence of debt or owner¬ 
ship, as stocks, notes, bonds, etc.; one who 
becomes responsible for another. 

Syn. bail, collateral, earnest. 

Oo /loti (se-dan'), n. a portable covered 
bu-LI till chair, used as a vehicle for carry¬ 
ing one passenger, borne by two men by 
means of a pole on either side: called also 
sedan-chair; an automobile with two seats, 
having the entire compartment for passengers 
inclosed with glass doors, etc. 
op rlo+p (sS-datO, adj. calm; composed; 
bC-Ualc quiet; serious; habitually staid; 
unruffled.— adv. sedately.— n. sedateness, 
oorl o ti’wp (sed'd-tlv), adj. tending to 
ocLi-d-liv t? calm or soothe; quieting: n. 
medicine having a calming, soothing effect. 

CpH prs ta rv (sed'en-ta-ri), adj. accus- 
bcLi-cli-la-iy tomed to pass much time 

in a sitting posture; marked by, or requiring, 
much sitting; as, sedentary work; a sedentary 

life; Sluggish; «>TnaIn)n«r in rme 


inactive; remaining m one 


place; settled.— adv. sedentarily.— n. seden¬ 
tariness. 

QpHap ( s ®i)> n * a coar se grass growing in 
&cu b c wet places or swamps.— adj. sedgy, 
cpd i rnpnt (sed'I-ment), n. the solid 
©cu-i-iiicm substance which settles at 
the bottom of a liquid; dregs; lees; settlings; 
in geology, matter deposited, as by water. 

qpH i rnpn ia rv (sed"f-men'td-rl), adj. 
Dcu-i-incii-ia-i y pertaining to, or com¬ 
posed of, dregs or lees; in geology, denoting 
rocks, as sandstone, formed of material 
deposited by water, etc. 

cp Hi ti’nn (se-dlshTm), n. any offense 
bc-U.l-U.Ull against the state not actually 
reaching the point of insurrection or treason; 
the stirring up of discontent or rebellious 
feeling against lawful authority, 
cp Hi finnc (se-dish'us), adj. pertaining 
DC-ui-iiuuo to, like, or tending to excite, 
rebellion against lawful authority; as, 
seditious behavior; seditious words; guilty 
of rebellion, or of exciting rebellion, against 
lawful authority ,-^-adv. seditiously. 
n. the cp Hupp (se-dus'), v.t. to draw away from 
beliefs of &c -UUtC the paths of right, duty, or virtue, 
by flattery, promises, etc.; to lead astray; 
especially, to persuade, as a woman, to give 
up her chastity.— n. seducer. 

Syn. allure, decoy, abduct, deprave. 

cp Hup tinn (se-duk'shun), n. the act of 
ot-uut-lUMi leading astray; the act or 
crime of persuading a woman to give up her 
chastity; that which leads astray or entices. 

cp Hnr fi-iT-P (se-duk'tlv), adj. tending 
ac-uut-uvc to lead astray; enticing; 
alluring; tempting.— adv. seductively. — n. se¬ 
ductiveness. 

cpH ii Iniic (sed'fi-lus), adj. steadily in- 
scu-u-iu US dustrious and persevering in 
business and endeavor; diligent; untiring. 
— adv. sedulously.— n. sedulousness, 
epp (se), v.t. [p.t. saw, p.p. seen, p.pr. see- 
bCC i JQ g] t to perceive by the eye; to behold; 
to view; to perceive mentally; comprehend; 
as, I see what you mean; to escort or accom¬ 
pany; as, he saw Nelly home; to find out 
by experience; as, he wished to see what the 
result would be; to take care or make 
sure: with that; as, see that you address 
him properly; to visit or have a conference 
with; as, we went to see her; the reporter 
saw the great man; to admit to one’s presence; 
receive; as, she refused to see us: v.i. to 

E ossess or use the power of sight; to compre- 
end or have mental perception; to find out 
something by inquiry; to consider; as, will 
you do it? I shall see; to take care; as, see 
to the dinner: n. the jurisdiction of a bishop 
or the Pope; the office of a bishop or the 
Pope; the territory included in such juris¬ 
diction: Holy See, See of Rome, the Pope’s 
jurisdiction or office. 

cppH (sed), n. [pi. seed or seeds (sedz)], 
bCCU. that part of a plant, the ovule, that 
holds the embryo, or life-containing germ, of 
the future plant; any small, seedlike fruit; 
semen; first principle or source; that from 
which anything springs; offspring; descend¬ 
ants; race or birth: v.i. to sow, or shed, the 
seed; to go to seed: v.t. to sprinkle with seed, 
as a lawn; sow; to remove the seeds from, 
as raisins.—n. seeder. 

c»fiH "hiiH hud), in botany, the ovule, 
bUCLl UUU or sac which contains the 
germ of the future plant; the plumule, or 
primary bud of a sprouting plant. 

loof (sed lef), the first leaf, or one 
bctJLl ICdl 0 f the first pair of leaves, devel- 
oped in seed plants: called also the cotyledon . 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw—wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 















seedless 


560 


sell 


cooH Ipcc (sed'les), adj. having no seeds; 
occu-lcoo without seeds. 

cpp/1 lino- (sed'ling), n. a plant grown 
occu-iiug from a seed; a very small or 
young tree. 

cppr]Q man (sedz'man), n. one who sows 
S oeds; one whose business 


is to sell seed. 


cppH fimp (sed'tim"), n. the proper sea- right or authority; as, seigniorage is charged 
occu-imie son for sowing seed. on metal brought by private persons to the 


QPP,1 T rp Q op] ( sed ves'SI), any dry, hol- 
occu vco-qvjl i ow fruit, as a pod, which 
contains the seeds. 

cpfprl v ( sed, *)> ad i- full of seed; having opt rrn in ri at (sen-yo'rl-al), adj. pertain- 
occu-y run to seed; shabby; threadbare; odgJJ.-J.v-lJ.-cU. mg to a lord or a gentle- 


worn-out; as,_a seedy suit.— n. seedaejs. 
epp incr (se'Tng), n. the act or power of 
acc-lilg sight; vision: conj. inasmuch as; 
considering; since. 

cpplr (sek), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. sought (s6t), 
SCC2V p.pr. seeking], to go in search of; to 
aim at; look for; ask or appeal for; as, to 
seek aid; to try to come to or go to; as, he 
sought the theater; inquire for; to attempt or 
try; as, he sought to undo the harm: v.i. to 
make search or inquiry; to make effort to 
find someone or something.— n. seeker. 
S 66 IT 1 appear; look; have the 


semblance of truth or fact; to appear epic tnnl n cricf (sis-mol'6-jist; s"z-mol'- 
to one’s own mind; as, I seemed to be floating oCio-lllUl-U-glol 6-jist), n. a student ol 
in space. 


epprn irt!T (sem'Ing), p.adj. apparent; 
occin-mg often, having appearance with¬ 
out reality; as, seeming truth: n. appearance; 
show, especially false show. — adv. seemingly. 

cp pm 1i npcc Csfem'lx-ngs), n. the state 
cccm-u-ncao or q Ua fity of being suit¬ 
able; propriety; decency; fitness, 
eppm lv ( sem 'li)» ac ’j- [comp, seemlier, 
oCCiU-ij superl. seemliest], fit or becom- 
decent; proper; suited to the circum- 


ing; 


as, seemly 


stances, character, or end desired; 
behavior; a seemly answer, 
eppn ( sen )* P a st participle of the irregular 
oedi verb see. 

p r (se'er; ser), n. one who foresees 
&C_C ' A future events; a prophet; one who 
sees. 

eppr cnrlr pt* (ser'suk"er), n. a thin, 
3Cd-ou.vii.-CA crinkly linen or cotton 

fabric. 

CPP cfliv (se'so"), n. motion to and fro, 
OVC- 3 UW or up and down, as on a balanced 
plank; a plank balanced on some support, 
enabling those who sit at the ends to move 
up and down alternately: v.i. to move up 
and down or backward and forward, 
eppt nP (sef/i), v.t. to boil; to prepare, as 
occiuc food, in a hot liquor; as, to seethe 
flesh: v.i. to be cooked in boiling water; to 
boil; as, a seething pot. 

cpo-mp-nt (seg'ment), n. a part divided 
oc to -AAACAAt from the rest of an object; 
a section; as, a segment of an 
orange; a part cut off from a 
geometrical figure, especially from 
a circle, by a line or plane: v.t. 
and v.i. to divide into sections. 

— adj. segmental, segmentary. 

seg-men-ta-tion Segment of 

n. the act of dividing, or state of a Circle 
being divided, into sections, 
opcr rp cro+p (seg'rS-gat), v.i. to separate 
oc &~ A from others; cut off from 

the main body. 

cp O' t*p era ti otl (seg^rS-ga'shun), n. the 
BC &~ A C-gct-tJ-UU ac t of separating from 

others; state of being separated from others; 
as, the segregation of persons having leprosy. 


Ockifl W+rj (sed'llts), n. a sparkling mineral 
Oviu-lltp water: Seidlitz powder, a gentle 

laxative medicine. 

cckirrn (sen'yer), n. an old-time title 

bclgll-lOl 0 f honor; as, Othello spoke to 
the “grave and reverend seigniors a lord. 

CPlV-n irvr aerp (sen'yer-ij), n. something 
ocigu-iui-agc claimed or taken by royal 


royal mint to be coined; a share of the 
receipts of a business taken in payment for 
the use of a right, as a copyright or patent. 


man; as, , seigniorial rights belonged to the 
lord of the manor.— n. seigniory. 

QpitlP (san; sen), n. a large fishing net, 
DCiJ-J-C equipped with sinkers and floats. 
CP1C mir (sls'mlk; slz'mik), adj. pertain- 
acio-xiiiv hug to, or produced by, an earth¬ 
quake. Also, seismical, seismal. 

epic -mn. errernh (sis'mS-graf; siz'mo- 
0Clo-lllU-gIa.pii graf), n. an instrument 

for recording the wavelike motions, duration, 
arid direction, of an earthquake: with slight 
variations, known also as the seismometer, 
or the seismoscope. 



the science of earthquakes. 

epic mol o ersr (sis-mQl'6-jI; s r z-mol'6- 
bClb-IIIOl-O-gj ji) j the scientific study 

of earthquakes. 

opj 7 o Kip (sez'd-bl), adj. capable of be- 
& CIZ/-CI- VAV pig taken or snatched by 
force. 

opt7p (sez), v.t. to take possession of 
forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; 
take hold of; comprehend or understand; 
as, to seize an idea. 

cpj 7 nr (sez'er). n. in law, one who takes 

acu-ui possession. 

CPt TlirP (se'zhur), n. the act of talcing 
oci-iUiC possession of; sudden attack, 
as of a disease; as, a seizure of pneumonia. 
CP IpV l ( se '^)» n - a Hebrew w-ord found in 
ou-lail the Psalms, indicating a pause or 
break in the recital as used in the ancient 
temple service. 

cpI rlom (sel'dum), adv. rarely; not often; 
oei-uum at long intervals of time, 
op Ipp-f (sS-lekt'), adj. chosen or picked 
ac-ictt ou t as more valuable than others; 
hence, of great excellence; nicely chosen; 
exclusive, or made up of chosen persons; as, 
a select club: v.t. to take by choice from among 
others; choose.— n. selector, 
op Ipp firm (sS-lek'shun), «. the act of 
ovr-iW-liUJl choosing; thing or things 
chosen; state of being chosen, 
op Ipp fixrp (sS-lek'tlv), adj. pertaining 
owet-uv v to, or resulting from, choice. 

op 1o/>+ irion (sS-lekt'man), n. [pi. select- 
btJ-lcL l-IIlcUl men (-men)j, one of a 

board of town officials chosen annually in 
the New England States to transact the 
general public business of the town, 
cplf (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], one’s own 
OCAA person or character; as, “to thine own 
self be true”; personality; personification; as, 
she was beauty’s self; one’s own private 
interest; as, a person who fives for self is 
unhappy: adj. same or very: used in compo¬ 
sition, as in selfsame: prefix, denoting the 
agent or object of the act, or owner of the 
quality, implied in the word attached: used 
in many words which explain themselves, 
and of which only the most important or 
difficult are here given. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, dsk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, biirn, cut, focus, menu; 


















self-assertion 


561 


self-possessed 


CAlf-AQ firm (s£lf"a-sur'shun), n. 

sen ^s-ber-non , he set ,tmg up of one’s 

own T/ill or opinion; demand of one’s own 
rights. — adj. self-assertive. 

(self "kul'erd), adj. all of 
DCll V/Ul-Ui CU one color. Also, £eh-ccl- 

oured. 

Qplf-rnm mand (self'ko-mand'), n. 
seu-euill-lllcuiu poW er to control one¬ 
self. 

cipIf-rnTl fi (self"kon'fi-dens ), 

ben-eoii-ii-uenee n> a state of f ee iing 

sure that one’s own ability is equal to the 


cplf-^c toom (self "8s-tem'), n. proper 
scu co-iec.ii respect for oneself; often, 
an undeservedly high opinion of oneself. 

cpIf-Mr i rlpnf (self "ev'I-dent), adj. ap- 
ipcix cy-i-uom pearing clearly without 

need of proof. 

self-gov -em -ment mint)'Estate of 

being ruled by the action of the people of a 
nation rather than by a sovereign; a form 
of organization modeled on the national one, 
existing in smaller bodies, as in a school; 
democracy, or rule of the people. 



demand upon it; sometimes, conceited assur¬ 
ance.— adj. self-confident. 

self-con-scious 

actions, manner, feeling, etc.; embarrassed 
by the observation of others.— adv. self-con¬ 
sciously. — n. self-consciousness. 


seh-condainedr^or^r^o^ 

own actions; keeping one’s own affairs to 

oneself. . „ . 

J 0 l (self"d^-ni al), n. refusal 

btiil*"livJ-lIl-<£tl to consider one’s own 
wishes; the setting aside of one’s own desires 
for the sake of those of others. 


_+o,-n+ (self'Im-por'tant), 

S6ll-nil-p0r-tailt adj. having too high 

a sense of one’s own value.— n. self-impor¬ 
tance. 

cml-P ic-Vi (sel'fish), adj. too fond of oneself; 
bell-loll putting one’s own wishes and 
advantage first; centered in self.— adv. 

selfishly. — n. selfishness. 

cplf-madp (self'mad"), adj. having risen 
bell llld-UC py one s own effort from 
poverty and low position to wealth and power. 

self-pos-sessed having" or showing 

composure and calmness; not embarrassed 
or confused.— n. self-possession. 


boot, foot: found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. < See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 













































self-respect 


562 


sensation 


c <*1f _rp cnprl (self"r$-sp6kt'), n. a proper 
ocii sense of one’s own value. 

— adj. self-respecting. 

eplf—ftcrTyj* paii c (self"ri'chus), adj. up- 
sell Alj'Ili.-c/UU.fa nght in one’s own eyes. 

— n. self-righteousness. 

cp1f_ct'?r!- pr (sSlf "start'er), n. a mech- 
BCU“oiaH-Ll anism for starting the 
engine of an automobile. 

Qplf-Qllf fi pipnf (s€lf "su-flsh'ent), adj. 
bell bUl-ll-Lieill needing no aid from 

another; often, haughtily satisfied with one’s 
own character and acts.— n. self-sufficiency, 
cplf-will (self"wll'), n. obstinacy; stub- 
OC11 Will bornness; desire to have one’s 
own way.— adj. self-willed, 
cpll ( s ®1)* v - t - IP-*- ancl P-P■ sold, p.pr. sell- 
ocii i n g] to give in return for a price, espe¬ 
cially for money; to make, as one’s honor, 
a matter of exchange or bargain; betray for 
a reward: v.i. to practice exchanging goods 
for a price; be sold; as, eggs sell at a lower 
price in summer than in winter. 

QqIa uro foir (sSit'ser wo'ter), a 

oeit-zer Wd.-Ler s p ar kiing, alkaline, 

mineral water. 

op] XT a. rrp (sel'vej), n. the edge of cloth 
oci-vttgc woven to prevent raveling; a 
woven border. Also, selvedge. 

selves ( s j^ lvz )* P lural form of the noun 

Qpm ft Till orp (semia-for), n. a railway 
c apparatus for signaling by 
means of mechanical arms, lanterns, flags, etc.; 
in the army, a system of signaling in which 
the letters of the alphabet are represented by 
various positions of the arms in relation to the 
body. 

opm 111 j nrp (sem'blans), n. likeness; re- 
ociiJ.-jJictiJ.ee semblance; outside appear¬ 
ance; as, the semblance of truth, 
op mp-n (se'men), n. a body-fluid con- 
oc-iiicii taining the germs of life; the 
seed of plants. 

op m pc fpr (se-mes'ter), n. six months; 
oc liico-ici one of the two terms of an 

academic year. 

cpm 4 (sem'I-), a prefix meaning half, or 

ociii-i- partially; as, semiannual, or half- 
yearly. 

op-m i hrovo (sem'I-brev"), n. a whole 
bcm-l-uieve note in music. 

o pm t pit* pip ( sem i — sur"kl), n. one half 
ociii-i-en -etc of a circle.— adj. semicir¬ 
cular. 

nprra -i pn loti (sem 1—ko lf>n), n. a mark 
OClil-l-W-lUll i n punctuation [;], indi¬ 
cating the pause next longer than that of 
a comma. 

opm 4 mol (sem'I-nal), adj. pertaining to, 
ociii-i-iicii containing, or consisting of, 
seed; as, seminal fluid; primary; radical; 
original; as, seminal principles. 

c pm i vs o nr (sem I-na-rl), n. \j)l. semi- 
bciil-1-IId.-iy naries (-riz)], a place of 

education; a higher school, academy, or 
college, especially a theological school. 

Cptn 4 tioIp (sem'i-nol), n. one of a tribe 
wjcij .1 i-xinjAC of American Indians origi¬ 
nally living in Florida, but later removed to 
Indian Territory. 

cp-ryi t -ripp pi oil Q (semT-prSsh'us), adj. 
bcIIl-l-^JI c-l/lUUb denoting a gem of 

less than the highest degree of value, as the 
amethyst, garnet, topaz, etc. 

Opm 4fp (sern'it), n. one of the race to 
vjcju-uc which Jews, Syrians, Arabs, etc., 
belong; traditionally, a descendant of Shem. 
Op rnit ir (sS-mlt'Ik), adj. pertaining, or 
belonging, to that great division 


of the Caucasian race which includes Jews, 
Arabs, Syrians, Armenians, etc.; denoting 
the language of the Semites, represented in 
modern times by Hebrew and Arabic, 
cpm i tnnp (s&n'I-ton"), n. half a toi^ 
ivjaac. ki music, as the interval from 
C to C sharp. 

cpm i wppIt 1v (s&n'i-wek'U), adj. oc- 
ocni-i-wcciv-iy cmring, coming, etc., 

twice a week: n. a periodical issued twice a 
week. 

CPmn cfrpcc (s&np'strSs; s6m'str8s), n. 
OCIU r a needlewoman; a woman 

who earns a living by sewing. Also, seam¬ 
stress. 

epn (sen), n. a Japanese copper coin worifh 
about one-haif a cent. 

opn ft rv (sen'a-rl), adj. of, containing, 
ocu a -~ x j or pertaining to, six. 
cprj afp (sSn'it), n. a coimcil of state; in 
SCil ancient Rome, an assembly of 

elders, chosen from the nobility, at first as 
an advisory body and later as the supreme 
council of state: Senaie, in the United States, 
the upper house of Congress or of a state 
legislature; the upper house of the lawmaking 
body in various countries, 
cpfi ft tor (s6n'a-ter), n. a member of an 
°^ AA <a-J.ua upper house of a lawmaking 
body. 

QP-n ft to ri ft\ (sSn'd-to'rl-Sl), adj. per- 
sen-a-io-rl-a.1 taining to, or befitting, 

a senator or a senate; as, senatorial duties, 
senatorial dignity; entitled to elect a senator; 
as, senatorial districts. 

QPnH ( s ® n d), v.t. [ p.l. and p.p. sent, p.pr. 

sending], to throw, cast, or drive; 
as, to send a ball; cause to go; dispatch: 
cause to be or happen; grant; as. Heaven 
send that no danger may befall you; inflict: 
v.i. to dispatch a messenger: n. the motion 
of a wave causing a vessel to be carried 
forward. 

Syn., v. forward, project, discharge. 

Ant. (see keep, retain). 

cpn dftl (sfin'dal), n. a light, thin silk 
ocaa-cacu fabric. 

cpti pc pItqI (sfin'e-shal), n. an official 
7 o-UXlctl ju the castle of a noble of 
the Middle Ages whose duties were those of 
a steward with military authority, 
op tiil^ (se'nll; se'nll), adj. pertaining to 
oo-uiio infirm jffd age; as, senile weakness, 
cp nil i Hr (se-nil'I-tl), n. the state or 
quality of being infirm with 

age. 

cpn inr (sen'yer), adj. before others in 
oc.jj.-j.ui ag0i dignity, rank, or office; as, 
the senior member of the firm; elder; per¬ 
taining to the last year of a high school or 
college course: n. one who is before others in 
age, dignity, rank, or office; a student in the 
final year o i his high school or college course, 
cpn ior i Hr (sen-yor'I-tl), n. the state or 
, , . _A - quality of being older, or 

ahead m dignity, rank, cr office, 
cp-n T)ft ( s &J'a), n. the dried leaves of the 
ou aa«. cassia plant, used as a medicine, 
op finr (s a ~nyor'), n. [fern, senora], a 
ou-aaua Spanish title of courtesy meaning 
Mr. or Sir. [Span.] 

cp f»n r i +o (sa"ny6-re'ta), n. a Spanish 
&c AA U-Il-Ld title of courtesy* given to a 
young lady, meaning Miss; a young lady. 
[Span.] 

CPU CP tirvTl (s«n-sa'shffn), n. a state of 
&C 1 J. bd-llUll feeling produced by the 

action of an outside force upon the body; a 
mental impression resulting from a bodily 
feeling; power to feel; as, anesthetics cause 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; etfld, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; Unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu: 









sensational 

loss of sensation; state of excited feeling or 
interest, or its cause; as, a sensation was 
caused by the playing of the great violinist. 

sen-sa-tion-al (sSn-sa'shfin-al), adj. per- 

OM. uy-u CIA taming to, having, or 
causing, ieeling; fitted to excite great inter¬ 
est; as, a sensational escape from prison • 
intended to work on the feelings; as. a 
sensational novel. 

sen-sa-tion-al-ism 

language intended to work on the feelings - 
the philosophical doctrine that our ideas 
are the outcome of sense perceptions, and 
consist of such perceptions transformed, 
sen-sa tintl al iqf (sen-sa'shun-Sl-lst), 
v?r u U V Ii ai_1ST n ■ a believer in the 
philosophy of sense perceptions as the basis 
of knowledge; a writer or speaker who works 
on the feelings of his audience, 
cp-n cp (sens), n. the power by which objects 
,, , are seen or felt Physically cr men¬ 

tally through certain bodily organs; also, 
the power to see or feel through one special 
organ; as, the sense of sight, of :.mell, etc.; 
mental perception or feeling; as, her sense of 
propriety; his sense of justice; good mental 
ability; correct judgment; that wLich is 
reasonable; meaning; as, the sense of a 
remark; moral perception; as, his high sense 
of honor: v.t. colloquially, to grasp the mean¬ 
ing of. 

Syn., n. view, opinion, feeling, sensibility, 
concp lone (sens'les), adj. without feel- 
OCAAOC-1C5& mg; unconscious; foolish; 
stupid; nonsensical; opposed to reason or 


563 


separate 



state or quality of being quick to feel; fine¬ 
ness of feeling; capacity of emotion or feel¬ 
ing; as, sensibility to pleasure or pain, 
can ci Kick (sen'sl-bl), adj. capable of 
ocAi-Di-mc being seen or felt by the 
senses, or of making an impression on the 
mind through the bodily organs; as, sensible 
heat; capable of receiving impressions from 
external objects; as, the ear is sensible of 
sound; having come particular feeling; aware; 
as, sensible of being tired; marked by good 
Judgment; reasonable; having moral per¬ 
ception or understanding.— adv. sensibly. 

cptl ci tivp (sen'sl-tlv), adj. having keen 
ocaa-oi-ll v c power to feel; quickly and 
acutely alive to impressions from external 
objects; as, r, nature sensitive to beauty; 
easily affected or changed by certain outside 
agents; as, a camera has a sensitive plate; 
quickly affected by ldndness, cruelty, etc.— 
adv. sensitively.— n. sensitiveness. 

QPT 1 ci fi^p (s8n'sl-tlz), v.t. to make alive 
to outside impressions; to 
cause to feel quickly and keenly; to make 
capable of being acted upon by rays of the 
sun, X-rays, etc., as a camera plate or film. 
p pM c/v -ri 11 m (sen-so'ri-fim), n. the seat 
oCJ.i-oU-I1-U1.a 1 G f sensation; the nervous 
system, with the organs of sense; the gr. / 
matter of the brain. 

opr, cn rv (sen's< 5 -rl), adj. pertaining to 
ocaa-ou feeling: applied to the nerves 
which carry sense impressions to the brain. 
Also, sensorial. 

opn cil o 1 (sSn'shob- 5 , 1 ), adj. pertainin'; 
ocu-ou-ai to, consisting i or affc ing, 
the senses; not spiritual r mental; basely 
material; gross; i )ntrolled by the passions 
or appetites.— adv. sensually, 
cpi", on o 1 iotn (sSn'shoo-al-Tzm), n. a 
ti-cll-AOlll g t a to of being controlled 


by the passions and appetites instead of by 
mental or spiritual forces; the philosophy 
tnat all ideas have their origin in sensation. 

Sen-SU-al-i-tv ( s en"shoo-al'I-ti), n. state 

f . ,,, or quality of being con¬ 

trolled by appetites andjiassions; grossness. 

Sen-fill Ollfi (sen'shoo-us), adj. of or per- 
£>U-UUfc> taining to the senses; ap¬ 
pealing to the senses; as, sensuous music; 
easily affected through the senses; quickly re¬ 
sponsive to material impressions.— adv. sen¬ 
suously.——n. sensuousness. 

qp-nf • Past tense and past participle 

ogaai ver 5 se nd. 

fien tenre (sen'tens), n. judgment, opin- 
ocAA-iciitc ion, or decision; judgment 

pronounced by a court: a series of words 
containing a subject and a predicate, and 
expressing a thought completely: v.t. to con¬ 
demn by judgment of a court. 

sen-ten-tioufi ( s e?ten'sbGs), adj. short 
. aa UUUb and energetic in expres¬ 

sion; terse; expressing much meaning in few 
words; given to pithy sayings, wise maxims, 
etc. 

cp-n fi ptirp (sen'shl-ens; sen'shens), n. 
acn-u-cilbC power to feel or perceive. 

cpri fi p-nf (sen'shl-ent; sen'shent), adj. 
ocll-ll-cilL able to feel or to perce j V e ; 

having sensation or feeling. 

Sp-n fi mptlf ^n'tl-ment), n. an opinion 
OCil-U-lllCllL or gtate Qf mirid based OQ 

teelmg rather than reason; refinement of 
feeling; quickness to feel; capacity for emo¬ 
tion; an emotional attitude toward some 
particular matter; as, the sentiment of 
America, even before engaging in the war. 
was strongly pro-Ally. 

SPT 1 fi mpn fol (sen^tf-men'tSl), adj. 
bell-11-meil-iai having, expressing, or 

given to, feeling or emotion; appealing to, 
or based on, feeling rather than reason; arti¬ 
ficially or affectedly tender; having an 
excessive capacity for feeling or emotion; 
weakly affectionate.— adv. sentimentally. 

sen-ti-men-tal-ism 

cessive display of overreflned feeling; control 
of action by feeling. 

sen-ti-men tfll ic:f (sen'ti-men't&l-ist), 

F tdi-lbl n . one w ho is guid¬ 

ed by feeling rather than reason; one who 
shows excessive, often affected, refinement of 
feeling. 

sen-ti-men-tal-i-ty o)! n n!"“tate SI S 

quality of being guided by feeling rather 
than reason; weak emotionalism, 
cpri fi n pi (sen'ti-nel), n. one who watches 
ovu-u-Axti or g Uards , especially a soldier 
on guard at a camp or fort, 
cpri frv (sen'trl), n. [pi. sentries (-trlz)], a 
ovii-ixjf sentinel, guard, or watch. 
g0_pg^J (se^pSl^ sep'al), n. a leaf or section 


of the calyx of a flower. 

c pTi p f*a Kll i fv (sep"a-rd-bli't-tl), n. 
bep -cl-Ia.-Ul± -1 -iy rhe quality of being 

capable of being divided. 

opn o ro K1 p (sep'a-rd-bl), adj. capable 
ocp cl-lcl-UlC of being divided.-— adv. sep¬ 
arably. 

cpn p Tfi'f’P (sep'a-rat), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. 
otp-a-xaic separated, p.pr. separating], 
to part or divide; disunite; disconnect; 
set apart from a number for a particular 
purpose; withdraw: v.i. to part; be dis¬ 
united ; withdraw from each other: adj. (s<5p'- 
c-rat), divided from the r t; disconnected; 
not united; distinct.— adv. separately. —n. 
separateness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; kw = wh as in when; 

zh —z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









separation 


564 


serene 


c*vn a rck finti (sgp"a-ra'shfin), n. the act 
bcp-ct-I a.-liUlI c f parting, dividing, or 

withdrawing; state of being divided or apart; 
disconnection; legal parting of married per¬ 
sons; the breaking of a union between two 
or more countries or states. 
cpn O ra tfct (s^p'd-ra-tlst), n. one who 
& C JJ-ct-i a-Lib L divides himself from others ; 
especially, one who withdraws from an estab¬ 
lished church. 

n + nr (s6p'd-ra"ter), n. one who, 
bcp-cl-I d -LUI or that which, divides; as, a 
cream separator divides the cream from the milk. 

ni o (se'pl-d), n. [pi. sepias (-dz)], the 
bt>-pi-d European cuttlefish; a dark- 
brown paint prepared from the black secre¬ 
tion or ink of the cuttlefish, 
oo fkrnr (se'poi), n. [pi. sepoys (-poiz)], an 
bC-pujr Indian native employed as a 
soldier by a European government, especially 
by Great Britain. 

cont (sept-), a prefix meaning seven; as, 
bcpl- septangular, having seven angles. Also, 

septi-. 

Q on fom h.ar (sep-tem'ber), n. the ninth 
OGp-ltJIII-MCA month of the year. 
oon 4-^ (sep'tS-na-rl), adj. consist- 

bcp-LC-IIct-I v i n g of, or relating to, the 
number seven; lasting seven years; occurring 
once in seven years. 

o q! (sSp-t6n I-al), adj. occur- 
bcp-LCii-iii-cu. r i ng once iq seven years; 
lasting seven years.— adv. septennially. 
can +a+ (sep-tet'), n. a set of seven persons 
btJp-lGL or objects; a musical composition 
for seven voices. Also, septette. 

fir* (sep'tik), adj. causing, or caused 
bcp-UG by, decay: n. a substance causing 
decay. 

can fi rca mi » (sSp'tl-se'ml-d), n. 
bcjJ-Ll-GrC-liil-o. blood poisoning, caused 

by poisonous matter taken into the circula¬ 
tion. Also, septicemia, 

can fil lirvn (sep-tll'yun), n. in the French' 
bcp-Lil-liuii system of numbering, fol¬ 
lowed in the United States, a number ex¬ 
pressed by a unit followed by twenty-four 
ciphers; in the English system, a number ex¬ 
pressed by a unit followed by forty-two ciphers. 

sep-tu-a-ge-na-ri-an 

person between seventy and eighty years old. 
rp-p fji ct cr a net rv tft-aj S-na-rl), 

sep-xu-ag-e-nti-ry consisting of 

seventy; seventy years old: n. [pi. septuage- 
naries (-rlz)], a person between seventy and 
eighty years old. 

a pri tii ci Cf ac i TYlfi ep tu-d-jes i-mc), 
Sep-LU-cl-geS-l-md. n . seventy days: 

Septuasesima Sunday, the third Sunday be¬ 
fore Lent.— adj. septuagesimal. 

f 11 o crinf (sep'tu-d-jint), n. a ver- 
^Cp~ sion of the Old Testa¬ 

ment in Greek: so called because formerly 
considered the work of seventy translators. 
can turn (sep'tum), n. a divicing wall or 
bcp-lUJ.ll partition in a coral, seashell, or 
other organism. 

C(an W| a (s6p'tfl-pl), adj. sevenfold; 
bcp-iu-pic seven times repeated. 
con ml r \*ar (s&p'fil-ker). n. a grave or 
bcp-UI-Gllcl tomb; a place of burial: 
v.t. to bury; entomb. Also, sepulchre. 

ca -mil rhrc il (sApul'krfil), adj. pertain- 
Se-pUi-LIircU i n g to a tomb or to the 

burial of the dead; as, a sepulchral stone; 
gloomy or funereal; deep, grave, or hollow- 
toned; as, a sepulchral voice. 

can ill PiirA (sSp'fil-tflr), n. the act of 
Scp-Ul-lUic burying the dead. 


Mta\ (se'kw&l), n. a succeeding part; as, 
btJ-LJUci the sequel to a book; result; as, if 
you act in this way, the sequel will be ruin. 

mipnrp (se'kwSns), n. the state of 
bC-L^UCllUC following in orderly series; 
order of events in time; succession; result. 
adj. sequential.— adv. sequentially, 
o/a miont (se'kwent), adj. following; con- 
bC-quciil sequent: n. a result; something 
that follows another. 

ca /in ac f a-r (s6-kw6s'ter), v.t. to separate 
bc-ljucb-ici from the owner for a time; 
take possession of (the property of another) 
until some claim is paid or established; 
cause to withdraw or retire; seclude: v.i. 
to renounce, as a widow may, any interest 
in the estate or property of a husband. Also, 
sequestrate. 

(se-kwes t^rd), adj* sg* 
oc-i{UCD-icicu eluded; retired; quiet 
and lonely. 

oa niloc -hraia (se-kwSs'trat), v.t. to 
bC-Lj[UCb-Li cllc seize; to hold as security 

for the claims of creditors; to seclude. 
Also, sequester. 

ca mi ac ihvo tjAu (se"kw 5 s-tra shun), n. 
bc-l|UCb-Lid-U.U 11 the act of seizing as 

security; especially, the seizing of property 
by the state during dispute or for the benefit 
of creditors; retirement;_seclusion. 

r.p nii ac tr!i irvi* (seT-wes-tra ter, s?k - 
bC-lj[U.Cb-LI d-LUI wes-tra'ter), n. one 

who seizes property or takes possession of it 
for a time as security; one to whom the keep¬ 
ing of sequestered property is given. 
ca nii in (se'kwln), n. a former gold coin 
bC-qum 0 f fbe republic of Venice, worth 
S 2 . 25 ; a small spangle of jet. etc., used in 
dress trimmings. 

ca mini a (s§-kwoi'd), n. a California 
oc-iJUUl-a pine free of two varieties, the 
redwood and the “big tree,” both of which 
grow to immense size. 

ca i*oo-1 in (sS-r&l'yo; se-ral'yo), n. the 
S“-Id.gI-lU palace of the sultan of Turkey, 
especially that part where the women are 
kept; a harem. 

cat* on Vi (sfir'af), n. [pi. seraphs (-S.fs). ser- 
bCI -a.pil aphim (-Im)], an angel of the high¬ 
est order. 

ca -ro nil ir (sS-raf'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
c»C-I dUXl-AC or 2 ike, a seraph, or angel of 

the highest rank; sublime; angelic.— adv. 

seraphically. 

o pr y. (surb), n. a Slavic inhabitant of 
OCX U Serbia (Servia) or of the adjoining 
Slavonic territories, as Montenegro, Bosnia, 
Croatia, etc.; the language of Serbia and the 
adjoining Slavonic territories. Also, Serbian, 
Servian. 

Cot* Vin-fVn a -fioTl (sfir'boakrd-a'- 
oer-DO“V^rO-d.-XlclIl s Mn), n. a Slavic 

native of Serbia, of Croatia in the southern 
part of Hungary, or of an adjoining Slavonic 
region, as Slavonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, 
etc.; the language spoken by these people, 
known as West Slavic: adj. pertaining to the 
Slavs of Serbia, Croatia, etc., or to their 
language._ Also, Serbo-Croat. 
cat-a (ser), adj. dry; withered; as, a sere 
leaf. [Poet.] 

cat- a n«»r?A (sSr"$-nad'), n. music sung or 
©d-c-iiduc played by a lover under the 
window of a lady; a piece of music fitted to 
such an occasion: v.t. and v.i. to entertain by 
singing beneath a window.— n. serenader. 
ca rAriA (s&-ren'). adj. clear and calm; 
bc-icno unclouded; placid; unruffled; 
as, a serene mind.— adv. serenely.—n. serene¬ 
ness. ' 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus, menu; 







serenity 


565 


set 


eo ron i -Hr (s§-rSn'T-tD, n. the state or 
oC-1 Cil-l-tjr quality of being placid or 
calm; balance of mind; evenness of temper; 
coolness; composure. 

co-HF feurf)- n - one of tlle lowest class of 
oCll servants or slaves in the Middle Ages, 
who were attached to the land and sold with 
it: later, in Eastern and Central Europe, one 
of the peasant class. 

oo-rer*> (surj), n. a ribbed fabric of wool or 
beige gii^ used as a material for clothing. 

rmon nxr (sar'jen-si), n. the position 
oCi -gCctii-Cj/ G f an army officer ranking 

next above a corporal. Also, sergean cy, 
serjeancy. 

cor (TAdtit (*'ient), n. a noncommis- 
&d-gC<£Ult sioned army officer ranking 
next above a corporal, whose work is to 
train recruits, form the ranks, etc. Also, 

S6ZT j C3>nt» 

rroont n ior (sarjent major), 
ser-geani ma-jor the chief sergeant of 

a regiment, acting directly under the adju¬ 
tant. 

(se'ri-a.1), adj. pertaining to, or 
OC-Il-al consisting of, a succession of 
parts; occurring in regular succession; pub¬ 
lished in successive parts or numbers; as, a 
serial story: n. a tale, photoplay, etc., issued 
in successive parts.— adv. serially. 

~ 4.:*^ (se"ri-a'tlm), adv. in regular 

se-n-a-tim orde r_. [lat.] 

__ n'oe (se'rez; se'ri-ez), n. a number of 
Se-riCb things or events succeeding one 
another in order, and similarly related to 
each other; a sequence. 

^ (se"rl- 6 =k 5 m'ik), ad). 

se-n-o-com-ic having a mixture of 

gravity and humor. 

ocs -rl Aiic (se'rl-us), ad), grave m char- 
bc-ll-i/Uo actor or conduct; earnest; not 
triffing; thoughtful; solemn; important: 
weighty; disastrous: as, your carelessness 
may bring serious consequences.— adv. seri¬ 
ously. „ „ i.i, 

(sur'mun), n. a formal talk or 
ser-moil lecture *n a moral or religious 
subject, often based on Scripture; a serious 

i-rp (sur'inun-Iz), v.i. to com- 
ser-m0n-lz.e pose or write a sermon; 

preach. ( s Or'pent), n. a snake, especially 

ser-peni a large snake; a ki nd of fire¬ 
work; a sly, treacherous person; the devil. 

bi-no (sur'pen-tin; sfir pen-tin), 
ser-pen-ime pertaining to, or like, a 
snake; moving or winding in coils or curves; 
sly and crafty: n. a kind of dull green rook, 

capable of being highly polished. 

a-. (ser'at), ad), having tooth-shaped 
S6I-I<tv6 projections on the edge like a saw; 
as, a serrate leaf. Also, serrated. 

(ser'id), p.ad). crowded; pressed 
ser-nea together; as, serried ranks. 

„ (se'rum), n. the watery portion 
se-rum of certain animal fluids, as blood 
milk, etc.; the thin, yellowish, watery fluid 
filling certain cavities of the body, ad) 
serous 

* 1 (sur'val), n. the African bush- or 

ser-val tiger-cat, having a valuable iur. 

, (sur'vant), n. one who works for 
serv-ailt another,, especially for wages; 
one who holds a menial position. . .. 

(surv), v.t. to work for; yield obedi- 
serve ence to; worship; put on the table 
and distribute, as food; attend or wait on, 
as the clerk served the customer courteously, 
jS’ of use to; as, his wits will always serve 


iim in an emergency; be enough for; as, 
this amount will serve my purpose; to treat; 
as, the Germans served their prisoners ill; 
to deliver, as a legal writ or summons; to 
undergo, as a term of apprenticeship, im¬ 
prisonment, etc.; to supply; as, a farmer 
serves us with fresh eggs and vegetables; in 
tennis, to make the first stroke on (the ball): 
v.i. to be employed in labor for another; suit 
or be convenient; be in subjection; dis¬ 
charge the duties of an office or employment; 
be sufficient: with for; as, this will serve 
for an excuse. 

o/at-ir (sur'vfc), n. the condition or 

S>C1 V-U/C occupation of one who works 
for another in a menial position; duty 
required or performed in any office; employ¬ 
ment; naval or military duty; a religious 
ceremony; as, a church service; manner of 
performing work, serving food, etc.; as, the 
hotel service is poor; a set of implements for 
some special purpose; as, a silver coffee 
service; the operation of some system which 
supplies a public need; as, the telephone 
service; the operation of some system of em- 
plovment or public benefit under government 
control; as, the civil service; profession of re¬ 
spect; aid or kindness rendered to another. 
cpn r ; rp _o Kip (sur'vis-d-bl) , adj fit for 
ovJX V-IGvJ-<a-MIG work or use; useful; bene¬ 
ficial; helpful; having good wearing qualities. 
— ado. serviceably.— n. serviceableness. 

__ VTT * „ flonr (sur'vls flag), a kind ol 
S6rV-lC0 nag f] a g used in the United 
States during the World War, consisting of a 
red border surrounding a white field, on 
which was one blue star for every man, from 
the house displaying the flag, who had entered 
the military or naval service of the 1 nited 
States, and one gold star for every man killed 
in the service of his country. 

(sur'vil), adj. pertaining to or 
bci-VAlC like, a slave or menial; slavishly 
humble; cringing; fawning; as, servile fear; 
servile obedience.— adv. se vilely. 

tt-1 1 « +TT (ser-vfi'i-tT), n. mean sub- 
ser-vil-l-ty mission; baseness; slavish- 
ncss; fawning humility. 

„ tti (sur'vl-tud), n. the condition 

S€1 -VI- 1UUc c f a s i a ve; state of slavish 
dependence; bondage; slavery; menial em¬ 
ployment; subjection to a master; labor 
enforced as a punishment; as, penal servitude. 
_„ (sesh'un), n. the time during 
SeS-blUII which any school, court, council, 
or lawmaking body holds its sittings; the 
sitting of such a body; the governing body 
of a single congregation in the Presbyterian 
Church.— adj. sessional. 

(sSs-tet'; ses'tet), n. the last six 
S0O-101 n n es of a sonnet; a musical com¬ 
position for six performers; six players or 
singers rendering such a composition. Also, 
sextet, sextette. 

(set), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. set, p.pr. setting], 
bd, to place or put in any position; fix; 
plant; make secure; put on a nest of eggs; 
as, to set a hen; fit; as, to set a poem to 
music; render motionless; spread, as sails; 
make to agree with some standard; as, to 
set a clock; regulate; adjust; as, to set a 
broken limb; value; as, to set a person high 
in esteem; assign or prescribe; as, to set a 
time for a meeting; in printing, to arrange In 
words, lines, etc.; as, to set type: v.i. to 
sink below the horizon, as the sun; plant; 
be fixed closely or firmly; to harden; as, 
the jelly will set quickly; apply oneself; as, 
to set to work; flow or tend; as, the cur¬ 
rent sets to the north: start; as. to set out 


be o f use to; as, ms wua «*** .. .- ■■■—- ———;. , 

boot foot • found ; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when, 

£h=’z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages tax to xxn. 









set-off 


5G6 


sextant 


upon a journey: adj. fixed or established: 
regular; determined: firm; formal; as, a 
set speech; immovable: n. the descent of a 
heavenly body; flow or direction; a number 
of persons associated together; as, the 
younger set in society; a number of things of 
the same kind intended for use together; as, 
a set of tea things; a young plant ready to 
set out; a number of persons necessary to 
execute a quadrille; in lawn tennis, a series 
of as many games as will enable one side to 
win six. 

(set'of"), n. a thing set off against 
oCl“Uil another thing; discharge of a debt 
by setting against it a claim of the debtor; 
also, the claim itself; an ornament; the pro¬ 
jecting part of a wall. 

to#* (se-te'), n. a long seat with a back; 
acl-lcv a vessel with a very long, sharp 
prow, used in the Mediterranean, 
cot for (set'er), n. one who, or that which, 
aci-lci sots; as, a typesetter; a kind of 
hunting dog trained to stand and point at 
game. 

cot timer (set'ing), n. the act of one who, 
ocl-lilig, or that which, sets; the direction 
of a current of wind; that in which something 
is fastened, as the mounting of a jewel; a 
background for a play or story. 

<-,^.4 . ai (set'l), v.t. to place in a fixed state; 
ocl-lie establish; as, the family were 
settled in a new home; free from doubt or 
uncertainty; as, to settle a difficult problem; 
to quiet; as, to settle one’s nerves; to make 
up, as a quarrel; adjust the balance of, as 
an account; pay; as, to settle a bill; make 
pure or clear of dregs; as, to settle coffee; 
colonize; as, the Quakers settled Pennsyl¬ 
vania: v.i. to become fixed, or permanent; 
descend or stop; grow calm or clear; sink 
to the bottom, or by its own weight; adjust 
differences or accounts; marry and establish 
a home: n. a highbacked bench. 

Syn., v. regulate, conclude, determine. 

Cf»t +]p rnont (set'l-ment), n. the act of 
oci-uc-iucm establishing, fixing, etc.; 
state of being established or fixed; establish¬ 
ment in life, business, or condition; a dispo¬ 
sition of money for the benefit of someone; 
payment or adjustment of an account, dis¬ 
pute, etc.; a colony newly settled; legal 
residence. 

cpf flpr (set'ler), n. a colonist; something 
DCL-lICl that finally decides a contest. 

C af +1tncrc (set'llngz), n.pl. the matter 
oCl-llllJigo which settles to the bottom 
of a liquid; dregs; lees; sediment. 

CP+ (set'too"), n. a contest in boxing; 
ocl-lU an argument; a fight. [Colloq.] 
CAV (sev'n), n. the sum of six and one; 
aCV-cll the sign representing seven units, 
as 7 or vii: adj. consisting of six and one. 
cP’ir pn fnlrl (sev'n-fold*), adv. seven 
v -v-ii-xtimes as much: adj. mul¬ 
tiplied seven times; having seven parts._ 
cpv p-n fppn (sSv'n-ten"; sev"n-ten'), 
acv-cn-iccii a dj_ one more than sixteen: 
n. the sum of seven and ten; the number 
next larger than sixteen; the sign represent¬ 
ing seventeen units, as 17 or xvii. 

cpxr pn fppn+li (sev'n-tenth*; sgv'n- 
SCV -en - IcCIllil tenth'), adj. next after 

the sixteenth: n. the ordinal of seventeen; 
one of seventeen equal parts. 
cpv pnfh (sfiv'nth), adj. next in order 
cscv-ciitii after the sixth: n. the ordinal 
of seven; one of seven equal parts; in music, 
the space of five tones and a semitone, or the 
interval between any note and the sixth note 
above it, on the scale. 


adj. next 
the sixty- 
parts ; the 


cpv pn fi pfli (sev n-tf-eth), 
bCV-cIl-ll-clil j n order after 

ninth: n. one of seventy equal 
ordinal of seventy. 
cpv pn tv (s5v'n-tl), n. [pi. seventies 
bLV-cII-iy (-tlz)], the sum of ten times 
seven; the sign representing seventy units, 
as 70 or lxx: adj. ten times seven; one more 
than sixty-nine. 

cpv pit tv fivp (sev'n-tlaffv), n. in the 
SGV-CIl-Lj nve World War, a French 

rapid-fire seventy-five millimeter field gun, 
firing thirty shells per minute. 
cpv pr (sev'er), v.t. to divide or separate 
ocV-Cl -vyith violence; cut open or through; 
keep distinct or apart: v.i. to make a separa¬ 
tion or distinction; be torn apart; part, 
cpv pr o 1 (sev'er-5,1), adj. distinct; sepa- 
bcv-cl-al ra t; e ; as, two several items; con¬ 
sisting of more than twm, but not many; 
different; various; numerous.— adv. severally. 
Syn. sundry, divers, many. 

cpv pr cl tv (sev'er-al-tf), n. a state of 
bcv-ei-<iJ.-iy separation from the rest, 

or from all others. 

cpv Pr pnrp (sev'er-ans), n. the act of 
separating, dividing, or cut¬ 
ting open or through; the state of being 
separated, divided, or cut open or through; 
separation; division. 

cp vp«*p ( s «-ver'), adj. strictly adhering to 
oc-VClc rule; grave in manner; forbid¬ 
ding in appearance; strict; harsh; as, 
severe methods of discipline; extremely plain; 
as, a gown of a severe style; extreme; sharp; 
distressing; as, severe pain; hard to bear or 
undergo; trying; as, a severe test.— adv. 
severely. 

Syn. stern, stringent, unmitigated, rough, 
unyielding. 

Ant. (see lenient). 

op vp-r i tv (se-v6r'I-tl), n. [pi. severities 
bc-VCl-l-iy (_tiz)], the quality of being 
stern or strict; harshness; rigor; gravity; sharp¬ 
ness; strictness; lack of ornament, as in dress. 
cpw ( s °)» *’•*• IP**- sewed, p.p. sewed or 
sewn, p.pr. sewing], to join or fasten 
together with stitches: v.i. to make stitches: 
to work with needle and thread. 
cpw oerp Csff 'aj), n. contents of a sewer 
acw-agc or drain; foul liquids or waste 
matter carried off by a sewer. 
cpw pr ( su ' 6r )> n - an underground pipe or 
DCvY-ci channel to carry off water, waste 
material, etc. 

cPw pr <> Q-p (®u er-Sj), n. drainage by 
oevv-w-age underground pipes; the sys¬ 
tem of drainage of a town, etc.; refuse 
matter carried off by a sewer, 
cpy (s8ks), n. the physical character that 
makes a human being, animal, or plant, 
distinctively male or female; one of the two 
divisions into which all living things are 
grouped, as being distinctly male or female: 
a prefix meaning six, as sexennial, occurring 
once in, or lasting, six years. 

sex-a-ge-na-ri-an < s ^ e w |C' r > & g]: 

tween sixty and seventy years old: adj. 
between sixty and seventy years old. 

cpy p or p np t*v (sek-saj'S-n&-rI), adj. 
ocA-tt b -c -J.AO. -ijr pertaining to the num¬ 
ber sixty; sixty years old. 

Cpv p crpc i ttio (sSk*sd-jSs'i-md), n. the 
OGA-a-gcb-l-IIld. second Sunday before 

Lent. 

cpy Ipcc (seks'lSs), adj. having no sex; 
DCA-icoa neither male nor female; neuter. 

CPY tant (seks't&nt), n. the sixth part of 
acA-iam, a circle; an instrument for 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refers 
right, sin: cold, obey, edrd, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, memi; 









sextet 


567 


sham 


measuring angular distances, used especially at 
sea for determining latitude and longitude. 
opY +p+ (seks-tet'), n. a musical composi- 
6CA-ICI tion for six performers; six players 
or singers rendering suck a composition. Also, 
sextette. 

coy til lirn (seks-tfl'yfin), n. in the 
dCA-iu-uuu French system of number¬ 
ing, followed in the United States, a number 
expressed by 1 followed by twenty-one ciphers; 
in the English system, a number expressed by 
1 followed by thirty-six ciphers. 

Y +^*1 (seks'tun), n. an under-official, 
beA-LUll or janitor, of a church, whose duty 
is to take care of the church building, attend 
to burials, etc. 

CQV Tklci (seks'tu-pl), adj. sixfold; mul- 
bCX-lU.-]JitJ tiplied by six. 

coy ti a l (sek'shu-al), adj. pertaining to 
bcA-U-al sex or the sexes; in biology, 
having sex. 

cViaVk "hv (shab'I), adj. [comp, shabbier, 
bU.a.U-uy superl. shabbiest), threadbare or 
worn, as clothes; poorly dressed; mean, 
petty, or unworthy; as, shabby behavior.— 
adv. shabbily.— n. shabbiness. 
cVi n r\r (shak), n. a shabby old house; 
olldbA hut; log cabin. [Colloq.] 

cbarlr lo (shak'l), n. anything that con- 
bUoUAk-IC fines the arms or legs so as to 
prevent free action, as a strap or chain; a 
fetter; a handcuff; the bar of a padlock; 
that which checks or prevents free action: 
v.t. to tie or confine so as to prevent free 
action; to fetter; embarrass or hinder; 
unite or fasten with a strap, chain, etc. 
cVi a H (shad), n. a fish of the herring family, 
olldlX highly valued as food. 
oViarla (shad), n. partial darkness caused 
bllaUC by cutting off rays of light; dark¬ 
ness; dimness; a spot not exposed to the 
sun; something which cuts off or softens 
the rays of light; an adjustable screen or 
curtain fitting close to a window pane to 
keep out or admit light; special quality or 
degree of color; as, this pepuliar shade of 
blue is difficult to match; a slight degree of 
difference in meaning, etc.; a ghost or 
phantom: v.t. to screen from light or heat; 
to darken or make dim; to mark or paint 
with varying degrees of light or color; to 
slightly lower (the price): v.i. to change by 
slight degrees; as, the sunset clouds shade from 
pale pink to deep purple. 

oViq/1 /-vnr (shad'o), n. partial darkness 
blidvl-UW -within certain limits; a dark¬ 
ened portion of space, representing in its 
outline the form of the body which intercepts 
or cuts off from it the rays of light ; the dark 
part of a picture; obscurity or darkness; 
protection or security; a reflected image; 
faint representation; a close companion; 
small degree; as, not the shadow of a doubt: 
v.t. to deprive of light; darken or cloud; 
mark with degrees of light or color; represent 
faintly; attend closely; follow and watch 
closely, as a detective. , „ „ 

r'Vi n tt (shad'6-I) , adj. full of spots 

Siiaa-OW-y of darkness; obscure; shel¬ 
tered from light or heat; dim; unreal; as, 
the shadowy past.— n. shadowiness. 
oVio/1 XT (shad'D, adj. [comp, shadier, superl. 
bildU-y shadiest], dim; obscure; partially 
darkened; sheltered from the glare of light 
or heat; pertaining to darkness; hence, col'o- 
quiallv, unable to bear the light; questionable; 
of doubtful honesty; as, the deal was a shady 
transaction.— adv. shadily.— n. shadiness. 
oVvo-ff (shaft), n. an arrow or its stem; 
falldlt anything shaped like an arrow; the 


long, narrow entrance to a mine; the pole 
of a wagon or carriage; stalk of a plant; 
stick or handle of a golf club; the narrow, 
vertical open space inside of a chimney; in 
an engine or machine, a bar to hold wheels 
or other rotating parts; a well-like space 
through which air and light reach the win¬ 
dows of a tenement or factory building; the 
body of a column between the base and the 
top; open vertical space in which an elevator 
runs. 

cViiicr (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; rough, 
bildg woolly hair; a kind of cloth having a 
long, coarse nap: v.t. and v.i. to make shaggy; 
roughen. 

cVi a <r Vi a rlr (shag'bark"), n. a kind of hick- 
bl.la.2_,- Udi ±v ory; the nut borne by this tree. 

cViao* cr\r (sh&g'I), adj. rough with long 
V hair or wool; as, a shaggy dog; 
rugged; tangled.— n. shagginess. 

cho o-roPti (sha-gren'), n. a kind of un- 
Slla-giccii tanned, grained leather; the 

rough skin of sharks and dogfishes prepared 
as leather: adj. made of such leather. 
ctiaVi (sha), n. the title of the ruler of 
bXid.Il Persia, and other Eastern countries. 
cV»alra (shak), v.t. [p.t. shook, p.p. shaken, 
blldlxc p.pr. shaking], to cause to shiver; 
move with a quick, short motion; to move 
from a firm position; as, to shake one’s faith; 
in music, give a quivering note to: v.i. to 
tremble or quake. 

Syn. shudder, quiver, quake. 

QVialr pr (shak'er), n. one of a religious 
Olldiv-cl S ect living in community settle¬ 
ments: so called from the motions of a 
dance which forms part of their worship. 
CViolr o-r icm (shak'er-Izm), n. the doc- 
oilaix-Cr-Xblll trines or beliefs of the 

S hikers • 

Shake-spear-e-an 

or like, Shakespeare, or his works. Also, 

Shaksperean. 

oVi a Ir (shak'o), n. [pi. shakoes (-oz)], a 
bildxx-t/ kin d of high military cap. 

oVi air xr (shak'l), adj. [comp, shakier, superl. 
biidAv.-y shakiest], in an unsteady condition; 
easily made to tremble; feeble; unsound; 
colloquially, uncertain; embarrassed.— adv. 
s hakil y. —n.shakiness. 

c Via la (shal), n. a rock which is formed of 
blldlv? clay and which is easily split.— adj. 

shaly. 

oliall (shal), v. auxiliary [p.t. should], hav- 
bXldU i n g n o participles, imperative, or 
infinitive, and followed by the infinitive with¬ 
out to; used, together with will , to form the 
simple future tense: thus, to express simple 
futurity, singular, first person, I shall; second 
person, you will; third person, he will; plural, 
first person, we shall; second person, you will; 
third person, they will; used to express deter¬ 
mination in an arrangement exactly the 
opposite: used in a question, according to 
the form expected in the answer; as, shall I? 
will you? etc. 

oVial Irvn (shal'fip), n. a small, fight, open 
blldl-lUjJ p oa t; ; any open boat. 

oVial Inf (sha-lot'), n. a kind of small 
olldl-lU t onion. _ Also, eschalot. 
oVial (sh&l'o), adj. not deep; having 

blldl-lUW no mental depth; as, a shallow 
mind; superficial: n. a place where the water 
is not deep; shoal. — adv. skallowly.— n. 
shallowness. 

olial+ (shalt), the second person singular. 
bIla.lL present tense, of the verb shall. 
-Via-m (sham), n. that which deceives; a 
oUcilU trick, fraud, or make-believe: a 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = whas in when; 
zh.=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch.- See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









shamble 


568 


shave 


trimmed cover for the pillow of a bed, etc.: 
adj. feigned; false; unreal: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
shammed, p.pt. shamming], to make false 
pretenses: v.t. to make a pretense of in order 
to deceive; feign; as, to sham death. 
cViom "hi g (sham'bl), v.i. to walk awk- 
alictlil-Ulc wardly and unsteadily; shuffle: 
n. a shuffling gait: pi. a slaughterhouse. 
qVi qnP (sham), n. a painfid sensation 
oi.ia.iiic; caused by the consciousness of 
wrongdoing, immodesty, or dishonor; that 
which causes a sensation of guilt; reproach; 
sense of modesty or decency: v.t. to mortify; 
to disgrace, as one’s family; cause to blush; 
cover with reproach; to make (a person) do 
a thing through the sense of shame or dis¬ 
grace. 

c'h^tr>p ■fof'/ad (sham'fast"), adj. bash- 
SH3JT16-ISJ.C0Q. f u j • easily confused or 
embarrassed; showing embarrassment.— adv. 
shamefacedly. — n. s?~an?efaeedne.3s. 

fill (sham'fool), adj. causing dis- 
ouaiuc-j ui grace; disgraceful; exciting 
a sense of guilt; indecent.— adv. shamefully. 
— n. shamefulness. 

Syn. degrading, scandalous, outrageous. 
Ant. (see honorable). 

oVtnp Ipoc (sham'les), adj. without do— 
^iioj.ix^-ic:ovj cency; wanting modesty or 
self-respect; impudent; brazen.— adv. shame¬ 
lessly.— n. shamelessness. 

cliavn m ~\T (sham'I), n. a kind of small, 
oiAcu-ii-iny mountain antelope; soft, flex¬ 
ible leather made from the skin of this animal. 
Also, chamois. 

obiom rinn (sham-poo'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
oii.aa.ii-pc/u shampooed, p.pr. shampoo¬ 
ing], to cleanse and rub (the head) with soap, 
etc.: n. the act of washing the head. 

c'h am rnrlr (sham'rSk), n. any one of 
oiia~Lii-A uclv severa i three-leaved plants 

accepted as the national emblem of Ireland. 
olnoYlo* hai (shang-h'), v.t. to make in- 
onajLio aao. 1 sensible by drugs or liquor, 
and put aboard a ship as a sailor, usually for 
money. 

chanlr (sh&hk). n. the leg from the knee 
to the ankle; that part of a tool, 
instrument, etc., connecting the cutting or 
acting part with the handle. 
cViariH (shiint, shant), a contraction for 
oIlo.Il t shall not. [Colloq.] 

clicm Hr (shan't!), n. [pi. shanties (-t!z)], 
01ACU - A-t J a rude hut. 

shape (?k a P). n - form or figure of a 


thing; 
which has form 
or figure; pat¬ 
tern; cast, em¬ 
bodiment, or 
definite form; 
as, he at last 
put his dream 
Into shape; as¬ 
pect ; colloqui¬ 
ally, state or 
condition: v.t. 
to make into a 
certain form; 
fashion; regu¬ 
late; design: 
shaper, a ma¬ 
chine for plan¬ 
ing metals in 
which the work 
is stationary, 
and the tool 
moves: pillar 


external appearance; that 



Typical Pillar Shaper. A, ram; 
B, work-table; C, vertical feed- 
handle. 


shaper, such a machine mounted on a ped¬ 
estal. 


cfifl-n*! 1<=»cc (shap 16 s), adj. without defl- 
OAiajJC-ACoo n it, e contour; formless.— adv. 
shapelessly.— n. shanelessness. 
cTifm** (shapTf), adj. well-formed; 
cuiapc-lj comely; symmetrical.—n. shape¬ 
liness. 

charrl (shard), n. a piece or fragment of 
OA. 10 J.U. brittle material, as earthenware; 
any hard, thin covering, as an eggshell; awing 
cover, as of a beetle. Also, sherd. 

(shar), n. a portion or part; part 
aiio.1 c given or belonging to one; any of a 
certain number of equal portions into which 
any property is divided; as, a share of stock; 
the blade of a plow; plowshare: v.t. to 
part among two or more; divide; take or 
possess in common; partake of or use with 
others: v.i. to have a part in something; to 
participate: often with in.—n. sharer. 

Syn., n. portion, lot, division, quantity. 

Qhflrp "hnlrl pr (shar'hol'der), n. one who 
oiidi c-iiuiu-ci owns one or more parts, 

or shares, of a property, as a railway, 
cfhnrlr (shark), n. a large, voracious fish 
oiia.1 w ith sharp teeth: often of a man- 
eating variety; colloquially, a dishonest, 
swindling fellow or a cheat. 

(sharp), adj. having a thin edge; as, 
oiia.1 p a sh ar p knife; ending in a fine point’ 
well-defined; distinct; keen; penetrating 
as, a sharp eye; severe; as, a shaip pain; 
piercing; shrill; as, a sharp sound; acid, 
sour, or pungent; as, a sharp taste; sarcastic 
or bitter; as, a sharp roproof; intensely cold; 
attentive; as, a sharp lookout; violent; 
gritty; angular or abrupt; as, a sharp bend 
in the road; in music, above true pitch; 
raised a semitone in pitch: adv. piercingly; 
keenly; to an edge or point; colloquially, 
promptly or precisely; as, six o’clock sharp: 
n. in music, a tone or note raised a semitone 
in pitch; a character [ # ] on a degree of the 
staff indicating that the degree is a half step 
higher in pitch: v.t. to make higher in pitch 
by a semitone: v.i. to sing or play above the 
correct pitch.— adv. sharply.— n. sharpness. 

(shar'pn), v.t. to make sharj 
ouaip-vu or sharper; give edge or point 
to; make more acute or eager: v.i. to become 
sharp.— n. sha-pener. 

cjiow or (shar'per), n. a cheat: a swin- 
dler; a rogue. 

(sharp'shoot'er), n. one 

snarp-snooi-er expert in shooting, es¬ 
pecially with a rifle; a skilled marksman. 

sharp-sight-ed SSf o?'S; 

sight. 

ctbatTl—wit - tp>f1 (sharp'wlt'ed), adj. men- 

snarp-wu-ieu tally alert . disc £ rning . 

quick-witted. 

cbifl'f’ tpt* (sh&t'er), v.t. to break at once 
onai-ici into many pieces; smash; to 
derange or disorder, as the mind; to destroy 
the health or power of, as the body; cause to 
disappear; as, to shatter hopes: v.i. to fly into 
splinters or pieces. 

sfhnvP (shav), v.t. [p.t. shaved, p.p. shaved 
>3Aia. vc or shaven, p.pr. shaving], to rut or 
pare off with a razor cr other sharp-edged 
Instrument; to remove, as hair from tne face 
or head, with a razor; to remove the hair from; 
cut in thin slices; skim along the surface of; 
plunder or fleece: v.i. to use the razor to 
remove hair; hence, to practice cheating or 
to drive a hard bargain: n. a thin shoe; the 
operation of removing hair with a razor; an 
instrument for shaving hoeps, etc.; collo¬ 
quially, a short time or distance, or a nairow 
escape; as, a close shave. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






























569 


shellbark 


shaveling 


<?ViaVP lltlO" (shav'llng), n. a shaven per- 

. 6 son; a priest or monk: some¬ 

times contemptuously. 

qV» av p-f (shav'er), n. one who, or that 
oauav-ci Which, shaves; a barber; one who 
is close m bargains; a sharper; colloquially, 
a boy or lad. 

cV< aw i-M nr (shav'Ing), n. the act of one who 
, v pares, cuts off, etc.; a thin 

6lice pared off, as from a plank or board. 

<ihaw1 • n - a wrap or garment made 

, A of a square or oblong piece of cloth, 
used as a loose outer covering for the shoulders. 
Shaw riAA (shQ-ne'), n. one of a tribe of 
, Algonquian Indians formerly 

living in what is now Georgia, 
qhp (she), pron. [poss . her or hers; obj. her; 

A nom. they; poss. they or theirs; 

OOJ. them], the feminine pronoun of the third 
person; this or that woman previously 
referred to. 

cVlpof (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (shevz)], a 
quantity of cut grain bound together; 
a bundle; enough arrows to fill a quiver: 
v.t. to gather or bind into bundles, as grain or 
straw. 

^ihPflT* (sker), v.t. [p.t. sheared, p.p. sheared 
, u . or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to cut or 
clip with a large cutting instrument like 
shears: v.i. to use a large cutting instrument 
for clipping, etc.: n. a machine for cutting 
metal: pi. a large cutting instrument work¬ 
ing in a way similar to scissors, by the cross¬ 
ing of opposed cutting blades or edges; large 
6Cissors. 

cVlM-r wa f At* (sher / wo"ter), n. a long- 
ollCcu. -Wcl-lCA winged sea bird, related 
to the petrels. _ 

cV{ AafVi (sheth), n. a case for a sword or 
knife; a scabbard; any covering, 
as of a leaf, etc., resembling such a case in 

shape. 

elipafhp (sheth), v.t. to put into a case; 
oiiccT.tJ.ic: to encase with a protecting 
covering; as, to sheathe a ship’s hull with 
copper; to conceal, as in a case or sheath. 

Also, sheath. 

cVipafh i-ncr (shewing), n. that which 
oiico.tii-J.iig forms an outside covering; 

material for covering; the act of one who 
covers or encases. 

oV» acjtta (shev), n. a grooved wheel in a 
OHCO.VC block or pulley over which the 
rope runs: v.t. to gather and bind into 
bundles, as grain. 

Sheaves ( sh8VZ ^' n * plural of sheaf and 

sheave. 

Qhprl ( shSd )’ v - t ‘ [Pf* an d p.p. shed, p.pr. 
oiicu. shedding], to pour out or spread; 
cause to flow off without sinking in; as, 
oilskins shed water; to throw off; as, birds 
shed their feathers; to let fall or drop; as, 
trees shed leaves; to pour forth, as tears: 
v.i. to let fall seed; to throw off a covering, 
as scales, hair, etc.: n. a small building, often 
with the front or front and sides open, used 
for storing wood, farm implements, wagons, 
etc.; a cabin or hut. 

(shen), n. brightness; splendor; 

sneen i^ter. 

oViAA-n ( s ^ 18 b) * n -» s - an< 3 Pi- a cud-chewing 
oil cep animal valued for its wool and 
edible flesh; a foolish, bashful fellow; leather 
made of sheepskin. 

oh a An fnlrf (shep'fold"), n. a pen or 
onccp-iuivA place where sheep are in¬ 
closed or kept. 

ch a An tch (shep'ish), adj. abashed; shrink- 
oiiccJJ-lon jag; awkwardly bashful.— adv. 
sheepishly.— n. sheepishness. 


pp-n J q p VP (sheps I), a sidelong glance; 

Oliccp b eye a quick( ob ii que i ook; ^ 

ardent or loving glance; usually in pi. Also, 
sheep’s-eye. 

shpptiS hpaH feheps'hed"), n. a valued 
. fir;., f° od flsh of the Atlantic 
coast of the United States. 

chppn Qlrin fehep'skln"), n. the skin of a 
ollCCp-;‘j»±illl S heep, or anything, as leather. 

made from it; cant, a graduation diploma; 
parchment. 

qhppy (sher), adj. pure; downright; un- 
^ mixed; utter; absolute; as, sheer 
folly; very thin or transparent: said of 
materials; as, a sheer fabric; straight up and 
down; vertical; steep; as, a sheer precipice; 
aav. perpendicularly; straight: v.i. to turn 
aside from the proper course; swerve, 
ofippf (shet), n. a large, broad, thin piece 
kaaaccl G f any substance, as paper, cloth, 
etc.; a broad piece of linen or cotton to 
cover a bed; a single piece of paper of differ¬ 
ing size; a newspaper; a broad expanse or 
surface; as, a sheet of water; a rope attached 
to a sail to spread or move it. 

sheet HT1 rlior ^ct an'ker), a large, 
OAicct ail ciiua very heavy anchor, for 

use in emergency; figuratively, a sure reli¬ 
ance or refuge. 

eh oa| i-no - (shet'Ing), n. the act of spread- 
ing out or forming into sheets; 
material for making sheets for beds. 
cdiAtlr (skek; shak), n. the head of an 
bllCAJA Arab family, tribe, or clan; the 
chief magistrate of an Arab village; title 
applied to a Mohammedan high priest. 
Also, sheikh. 

oh plr P 1 (shek'l), n. an ancient Hebrew 
gold or silver coin. 

Qkp. rrah (sh§-kl'na), n. the Jewish 
vjJXC-lU-Uaii name for the Divine Pres¬ 
ence, shown by the pillar of cloud or fire 
which rested above the sacred Ark. 

ch a1 ra Ir a (shel'drak"), n. a goose- 
bllcl U.X cLtktz ]ike duck of the Old World; 

a popular name for several species of Ameri¬ 
can duck-like birds. 

ch Alt (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shglvz)], a 
oaacaa gat ledge or board, usually long and 
narrow and set horizontally into a wall, 
for holding things; as, a book shelf; a sand¬ 
bank; a flat, projecting ledge of rock, 
ehajl (shel), n. [pi. shells], a hard outside 
oucia covering, as on a fruit, egg, tortoise, 
crab, etc.; a husk, as on corn, wheat, etc.; 
something like a shell; tortoise shell; a 
framework; a very light, long, narrow racing 
boat; a cartridge case to hold ammunition for 
breech-loading small arms; 

[pi. shell], a hollow metallic i 
projectile for use in a can-1 
non or mortar, filled with 
an explosive and so made 
that after it is fired it will 



Shotgun Shell 


burst at a certain point, forcibly scattering its 
contents: v.t. to take out of the outside cover¬ 
ing, as peas from the pod, etc.; to separate 
from the cob, as corn; to bombard, as a 
stronghold: v.i. to cast or throw off the husk; 
to fall off, as a crust or shell: sea-shell, the 
hard outside covering of a marine mollusk, a 
fleshy animal without backbone, 
ot-.top (sh&-lak'; shel'ak), n. a sticky, 
OJJ.CA-AO.O resinous substance used in var¬ 
nishes: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. shellacked, p.pr. 
shellacking], to coat or treat with this sub¬ 
stance, as a floor. Also, shellack, shell lac. 

shell-bark £“!5£*2; • the - shagbark: 


barked hickory. 


any of several kinds of rough- 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to niL 

38 
















shellfish 


570 


shiny 


0V.0II ficVi (shel'fish"), «. an invertebrate 
Sneii-lloll water animal having a shell, 
as a clam, lobster, mollusk, etc. 
cVickll chnrlr (shelshok), mental disorder, 
Snell bllULK often taking the form of loss 
of memory and sense of identity, caused by 
the violent sights and sounds of war. 
oVidl T7 (shel'I), adj. of, pertaining to, or 
sneii-y lik e, ashell; full of, aboimchng m, 
or consisting of, shells; as, a shelly beach. 

_1_ 4.^ (shel'ter), n. that which protects 

snei-ier or shields; that which covers, 
especially from the weather; a house; pro¬ 
tection; refuge; defense; state of being 
protected or covered: v.t. to protect or shield 
from injury or violence; to cover or place m 
safety; conceal: r.i. to take refuge; to screen 
or cover oneself.— adj. shelterless.— n. shel- 
terer. 

Syn., v. defend, protect, screen: n. sanc¬ 
tuary, security. w „ 

oTickl (shel'ter tent), a small 

snel-ter XGIIX tent made of pieces of 
light cotton duck arranged to button together. 
-i-qItto (shelv), v.t. to place on a shelf; 
bllclv c hence, to di smis s from service, or 
postpone indefinitely; as, to shelve an officer; 
to shelve a request; to furnish with shelves, 
as a room: v.i. to Incline gradually; slope; 
as, the bottom shelves from the shore. 
ShdH ( shL ® m )> n * tlie Bible, Noah’s 


eldest son. 


Qhom 4+o (shem'It), n. one of 
OIlcllI-lLC including the Jews, 
ancient Assyrians, Babylonians, etc.— adj. 
Shemitic. Also, Semite, Semitic. 
q-l, _i (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews, 
OiltJ-UI the place of departed spirits; 
Hades; the grave. 

cVi*vn hprH (shep'erd), n. [fem. shep- 
bHCp-Ild U. herdessj, one who tends sheep; 
a pastor: v.t. to tend as a herder tends sheep; 
guard; lead. „ _ ^ 

shep-herd’s-purseJf'Srsiluli'wSi 

akin to mustard and cress, bearing white 
flowers and sacklike pods. 

(shur'bet), v. a cooling drink 
bllCi-DCL made of water and fruit juices 
sweetened and flavored; a water ice. 

0 L or J (shurd), n. a fragment or broken 
blltJi Li piece of pottery. Also, shard. 

i-ff (sher'If), n. the chief executive 
bllcl-Ul officer of a county, whose duty 
consists in seeing that the law is carried out 
and that peace is preserved. 

0 -n (sher'I), n. a dry amber-colored 

bilcl-lj wine, made in Andalusia, Spain; 
any similar wine. 

r»Vi*v*T T (sho), an ancient form of the verb 

snew s i low# 

eVi our \\racuA (sho'bred"), n. in the ancient 
bllcw-UICdU Jewish ritual, unleavened 
bread placed in the sanctuary. Also, show- 
bread. 

ohih he lo+H (shlb'6-leth), n. a Hebrew 
word which was made the 
test to distinguish the Ephraimites from the 


a race 
Arabs, 


which emblems or coats of arms are repre¬ 
sented; a screen of steel protecting guns and 
the men who operate them; a defender, 
defense; shelter: v.t. to protect with, or as 
with, a protecting or sheltering screen; defend. 

(shift), n. a turning from one thing 
SXL1IX to another; change; substitution; 
an expedient; as, to make one’s way by 
shifts; hence, a trick, dodge, or evasion; 
the change of one set of workmen for an¬ 
other; turn of work; group of workers 
which takes turns with another group; as, 
the night shift; a woman’s chemise: v.t. to 
change the place of; _ exchange; transfer, 
to move or remove: v.i. to change position; 
to contrive or manage; to practice evasions. 
— n. shifter. 

1 ooe (shlft'les), adj. lacking in en- 
Sillll-JLGbb ergv; without resource; lazy; 
thriftless; taking no thought for the future; 
badly done.— adv. shiftlessly. — n. shiftless¬ 
ness. . . . 

1 (shif'tl), adj. full of evasions; tricky; 

smrt-y fickle; alert; capable of turning 
things or circumstances to good advantage. 
— n. shiftiness. 

_V.I 1 In I0V1 (shl-la/la), n. an oaken cudgel 

SlUl-Ia.-lcin or club. Also, shillelah, shil¬ 
lelagh. [Ik.] 

oV»i 1 K-n cr (shll'lng), n. a British silver com. 
Sllll-llllg worth about twenty-four cents. 

oHil Hr cTicil hr Oshll'I'sh&l'l), adv. in an 
bllll-lj "’ortOJ.-ij undecided manner; irres¬ 
olutely: v.i. to hesitate; to trifle; to be 
irresolute; to act with a lack of decision: 
n. trifling; weak indecision: adj. hesitating; 
irresolute. 

_,V*i 1x7 (shi'll), adv. timidly; bashfully; 

watchfully. 1 Also, shyly, 
ohim rnpr (shim'er), v.t. to shine un- 
bimil-lllCI steadily or tremulously; flicker: 
n. a tremulous gleam; flicker. 

_i_*n (shin), n. the front part of the leg 
blUIl between the ankle and knee; shank: 
v.i. to climb a tree by alternately gripping 
it with the arms and legs: usually with up: 
v.t. to climb, as a tree, with alternate move¬ 
ments of the arms and legs. 

(shln'dl), n. an uproar; spree; 


a row. [Slang.] 


word of a secret society, or the test or watch¬ 
word of a party; a party phrase; as, the 
shibboleth of the Democrats, 
ohiorl (shld), past tense and past participle 
bJ.lJ.CLl 0 f the verb shy. 
ohiedH (sheld), n. one who, or anything 
oillClU. which, defends or protects; a 
broad piece of armor, usually carried on the 
left arm to protect the body in fighting; a 
large buckler; in heraldry, the field upon 


shin-dy 

oliin^ (shin), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. shone, p.pr. 
bi-llllt: shining], to emit or give out rays of 
light; beam; be bright; be noted or promi¬ 
nent: v.t. colloquially, to cause to glisten; 
polish: n. sunshine; bright weather; luster; 
sheen; illumination; colloquially, a polishing 
of the shoes; slang, a liking, or a caper. 

Syn., v. glare, glitter, radiate. 
cViin p>r (shin'er). n • one who, or that 
blllil-Cf which, shows brightness; a kind 
of small fish. 

clitn cr1p> (shln'gl), n. a thin piece of wood 
used for roofing; humorously, 
a signboard, as for an office; coarse, round, 
watcr-wom gravel: pi. a serious, inflammatory 
skin disease of nervous origin: v.t. to cover, as 
a roof, with thin pieces of wood; to cut 
(the hair) short.— n. shingler. 


Gileadites, the former not being able to chin in O' ( shT n'ing), a dj. giving light; 
pronounce sh .—Judges xii; hence, the pass- aiU11 "' lu b radiant; distinguished; as, a 


shining instance of bravery.— adv. shiningly. 
chin mr (shfn'I), n. the game of hockey; 
siiii.i-ii.y the stick used to play hockey. 
Qhin icm (shln'to-Izm), n. the chief 
Oiiill- lU-loin native religious belief in 
Japan, having as its important features 
sacrifice to dead heroes, and ancestor worship, 
chin v feinn'I), ad i- [comp, shinier, superl. 
SUill-y shiniest], diffusing or giving off 
light; bright; unclouded; polished; glossy. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








ship 


571 


shipwright 


chin ( sllI P)> n - any large seagoing vessel; 
OAAA r of sailing vessels, especially one with 
three masts which are square-rigged; any 
masted vessel, large, and fitted for navigating 
deep water; something resembling a ship in 
shape or structure: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. shipped, 
p.pr. shipping], to place on board a vessel; 
carry or transport by water; to send through 
any regular channel of transportation, as by 
rail; put in the proper place or position, as 


chin mprit (ship'ment), n. the act of 
oiup-mcm sending goods for transporta¬ 
tion; the consignment of goods, 
chi-n rw=»t* (shlp'er), n. one who sends good* 
ollip-pei be transported. 

chin nin c r (shlp'ing), n. the act or business 
OAAA lr“ F AAA o of one who sends goods to be 
transported; the business of one who trans¬ 
ports goods, especially by water; ships of 
all kinds, collectively; tonnage. 



Ships. 1, primitive raft; 2, prehistoric canoe; 3, Roman trireme; 4, caravel (15th cent.); 5, Fulton’s 
steamboat (1807); 6, five-masted schooner; 7, frigate with 120 guns in ithree tiers (1812); 

8, Monitor (1890); 9, armored cruiser (1919); 10, passenger and freight steamship (1919). 


oars; to hire for service on a ship, as sailors; 
to receive on the decks, etc., of a ship; as, 
to ship a sea; colloquially, to get rid of: 
v.i. to engage oneself for service on a vessel, as 
a sailor; to embark on a ship, 
c b i rv Vk-Jc cult (ship bis'kit), hard-tack; 
aAAA P uio-l/Uft hard biscuit made for use 
on shipboard. 

chi-n hnarvl (ship'bord"), n. the side of a 
OAAA .t ,_AA '“ ,clAU - ship; hence, a ship; as, on 
shipboard. 

chi-n mac i&r (shlp'mas"ter), n. the 
OAAA P _AAACAO ~ l ' c ' A master of a merchant ship, 
or a ship other than a war vessel. 


chin ctionp (ship'shap*), adj. being in 
oilljJ-oiidjJt; good order: adv. neatly. 

chin wnrm (shlp'wQrm"), n. a worm- 
ollljJ-WUnil bjj e mollusk that burrow# 

by means of its shell into ship-bottoms, 
wharf-piles, etc. 

chin iiT-rckoh- (shlp'rek"), n. the destruc- 
° AAA P“" A tion of a ship by disaster 
at sea, or by grounding; a wrecked ship; 
utter ruin: v.t. to cause to suffer shipwreck; 
to bring ruin or destruction to. 
chin wricrht (shlp'rlt"), n. a ship car- 
OAAA F~ vv A A & AAL penter; a builder or repairer 
of vessels. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxih 






























































































































shipyard 


572 


short 


cVifn xrarH (ship'yard"), n. a place where 
©mp-jr '-*■ ships are built or repaired, 
eh 11*0 (shir; sher), n. a division of English 
»*hic territory for governmental purposes, 
usually the same as a county, but in some 
cases smaller. 

eViirlr (shurk), v.t. and v.i. to neglect pur- 
bJJ.lJ.Ja. posely; to get out of the doing of; 
to avoid work: n. one who purposely neglects 
or evades work or obligation, 
chirr (shur), n. a puckering or fulling pro- 
0 J.lJ.Ii duced in a fabric by means of par¬ 
allel gathering-threads: v.t. to draw up (cloth) 
by gathering on parallel gathering-threads; 
in cooking, to poach in cream, as eggs. 

C ! 1 •„*. (shiirt), n. a loose garment for the 
oilii l upper part of the body. 


i-nr* (shfirt'Ing), n. cloth out of which fowls. ... 

Shirt-ing shirts are made. chnnlr ( s b°°k), p.t. of the verb shake: n. 

■ ' billHJiV a se t of staves and headings suffl- 


ohitT c*r (shlv'er), v.t. and v.i. to shake or 
©HlV-t;! tremble, as from cold or fright; 
to flutter in the wind, as a sail; to break 
suddenly into fragments or small pieces; 
shatter: n. the act of trembling or shaking 
from cold, etc.; a shaking or quivering; a 
fragment splintered oil; a sliver; a small 
wedge or key. 

cbiw or 17 (sMv'er-i), adj. tremulous; 
©ill*~C1 ~j shaking; resembling a shiver; 
given to shivering; slightly cold or chilly. 
oVi/val (shol), n. a throng, as of fishes; a 
bllOraJ sand-bank or bar; a shallow: adj. 
shallow: v.i. to grow shallow; as, the color 
of the water shows where it shoals; to throng 
in schools, as fish.— adj. ehoaly. 

SllOelt ^ shot )’ w - a y° UI1 S hog; a pig. Also, 

eTirkd*- fehok), v.t. to cause to shake; to 
bllUUx m eet in violent encounter; to strike 
with surprise, horror, disgust, etc.; to subject 
(the body) to the passage of an electric cur¬ 
rent; to collect, as sheaves of grain, into 
stacks: n. a conical stack of sheaves of grain; 
a bushy mass, as of hair; a blow; a violent 
jar or shake; a rapid, forceful attack; an 
unexpected jarring of the feelings, mind, etc.; 
as, his death was a shock to me; colloquially, 
a stroke of paralysis; the effect of the passage 
of electric current through the body; the 
drop in vitality after a severe physical strain; 
as, shock following an operation; injury or 
destruction of certain of the faculties, as of 
6peeeh, through violent strain; as, shell 
shock: shock absorber, in an automobile, a 
device to lessen the jar caused by rough 

{ daces in the road; in aviation, a device to 
essen the jar of an airplane when alighting: 
shock troops, troops especially trained to 
attack in mass. 

oT'irkr'lr incr (shbk'Ing), adj. causing to 
bllUhxV-IJ.ig, s hake or tremble as by a 

blow; causing disturbance of the feelings; as, 
shocking news; extremely offensive or dis¬ 
gusting; as, shocking language.— adv. shock¬ 
ingly. 

c i_(shod), past tense and past participle 
bilUU. c f the verb shoe. 

clmrf A\r (shod'I), n. the wool of old or 
bliUU-uy refuse woolen or cotton fabrics 
torn to pieces and remade with a mixture of 
fresh wool into new cloth: adj. made of this 
material; hence, colloquially, not genuine; 
sham. 

cVinci (shoo), n. [pi. shoes (shooz)], a cov- 
bUUC ering for the foot, usually of leather; 
anything used for the protection of the foot, 
or the part touching the ground, as the metal 
plate protecting the hoof of an animal, the 
strip of steel fastened on a sled-runner, etc.; 
the outer covering of a rubber tire for auto- 


mobiles: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. shod, p.pr. shoe¬ 
ing], to furnish with a shoe or shoes; as, to 
shoe a horse; to protect or strengthen by 
putting on a rim, plate, etc. 
li, * _ (shoo'horn"), n. a curved 

snoe-nom smooth piece of horn or other 
material to aid in putting on a shoe. 

(shoo'mak"er), n. one 
SI1O6-ID.8.K-0I -whose business it is to 
make shoes. 

or (shdo'er), n. one who puts on shoes; 
bilU-CI aSi a sfio er 0 f horses. 

tsnbn; shon), past tense and past 
bilUIlc participle of the verb shine. 

_i___ (shoo), v.t. and v.i. to scare away 
SHOO fowls; to drive by a cry of “shoo”: 
interj. begone! be off! used in driving away 


a set of staves and headings 
dent for one cask, barrel, etc.; a set of boards 
ready to be assembled or nailed together to 
make some object, as a box, etc. 
oil(shoot), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. shot, p.pr. 
bHOOL shooting], to let fly, send out, or dis¬ 
charge with sudden force; strike, kill, or 
wound with a missile discharged from a gun; 
to fire off or discharge (a weapon); hurl; 
cause to grow forth; as, the trees shot forth 
their leaves; to stick out forcibly: usually 
with out; to pass rapidly through, over, or 
under; as, to shoot a rapid; to color in spots 
or patches: usually only in p.p.; as, shot 
with crimson: v.i. to protrude or project; be 
propelled forcibly, as a missile; rush or flash 
along swiftly; as, the star shot through the 
sky; sprout; grow or develop; dart or pierce, 
as a pain; to discharge a missile from a gun, 
etc.; to cause a gun, bow, etc., to discharge a 
missile: n. a young branch or growth; a 
passage or trough through which things are 
carried by gravity: also spelled chute; a 
shooting-match; a hunt.— n. shooter, 
oli/v/vt incr (shoot'Ing), n. the act of one 
oAltyUL-ixi-g, who discharges a weapon; as, 
the shooting occurred just before dawn: aaj. 
darting; as, shooting pains^ 

eVinrvf- incr cfor (shoot'Ing star), a small 
SllQOh-mg bleu, body of the solar system 

heated to incandescence by friction in passing 
through the earth’s atmosphere; a meteor. 
oV»nn (shop), n. a building where goods are 
biiup S old at retail; a store; place where 
mechanics carry on their trade; colloquially, 
ono’s own business as a subject of conversa¬ 
tion; as, to talk shop: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
shopped, p.pr. shopping], to visit stores to 
look over or purchase goods.— n. shopper. 
ct*i/vn (shdp'kep'er), n. one who 

SHQp-Jiecp-er keeps a store; a trades¬ 
man. 

ebon lift in a- (shopflirting), n. the theft 
biiupof goods from a shop or 
store under pretense of inspection or pur¬ 
chase.— n. shoplifter. 
cVinn -\xmi*n (shop worn i, 

snop-vvom worn from 
kept a long time in stock in a shop, 
cli Arp (shor), n. the coast or land bordering 
bliUlC on the sea, etc.; a prop or support: 
v.t. to support by a prop: usually with up. 
oVi1,occ (shor'16s), adj. having no 
onui c-ivoo shore; boundless. 

SllOm ( sh5rn )’ past P artici P le °f the verb 

clinrt (short), adj. [comp, shorter, supeil. 
bilUl t shortest], not long, either in space, 
distance, or time; not tall; brief; of limited 
duration; scant: deficient; not having 
enough; as, short of cash; short of sugar; 


adj. soiled or 
worn from having been 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








shortage 


573 


show 


not coming up to a measure, standard, require¬ 

ment, etc.; as, the rule is too short; the 
sleeves are too short; those measurements are 
short; curt, abrupt, uncivil, or cross; as, she 
received a short answer; not retentive; as, 
a short memory; in financial usage, not 
possessing at the time of selling; as, to be 
short of copper; crisp or crumbly; as, short 
piecrust; brief in utterance, as a vowel or a 
syllable: opposite to long: n. the gist or pith 
of a matter:• as, the long and short of it; 
something that is short; one who sells stocks 
which he does not at that time possess- 
pi. the stocks so sold; milled grain some¬ 
what finer than bran; fine bran mixed 
with coarse meal or flour: adv. abruptly; 
curtly; of selling, not in possession of the 
goods sold; as, to sell stocks short.- —n. 
shortness. 

qh />t^- n ryp, (shor'taj), n. the quantity 
oujii-c 0 c needed to make up the whole 
amount; a deficit; as, his accounts at the 
end of each year showed a shortage. 
oh ri-t-f r* o Iz cx (short'kak"), n. a cake 

i-V/anc resembling biscuit in texture, 
made crisp by butter or lard; such a cake 
split and served with fruit between the layers; 
as, strawberry shortcake; a sweetened layer 
or sponge cake served with fruit between the 
layers or over the cake. 

rk a i »f (short stlr'klt), an elec- 

w-lUIt trical conductor of low 

resistance connecting two points electrically 
charged: short-circuit (short'sur'ldt), v.t. to 
connect by an electrical conductor of low 
resistance: v.i. to connect two points elec¬ 
trically charged, by means of a conductor of 
low resistance. 

chrvrt rorn itio- (sh6rt'kfim"ing; shorfc"- 
SnOrt-LOm-mg kum'ing), n. a failing; 

failure or remissness in doing one’s duty; 
negligence or carelessness in performing one’s 
duty. 

cVtnrt (shor'tn), v.t. to make short or 
sAUi C-CXi shorter in time, extent, or 
measure; to reduce in amount; to lessen; to 
contract; to deprive: usually with of; to 
make crisp or brittle, as pastry, by using 
butter, lard, etc.: v.i. to grow or become 
shorter or briefer. 

cVs off ort fner (shor'tn-Ing; shSrt'nTng). 
bliOiL-en-mg the act of making short 
or shorter; as, the shortening of the skirt took 
only a few minutes; that which makes pastry 
crisp and brittle, as lard, butter, cooking 
oils, etc. 

cli nrf Viortrl (short'hand"), n. a system of 
oliui 1-ilcU.lU. rapid writing in which char¬ 
acters, symbols, etc. are used for letters, words, 
phrases, etc.; stenography. 

cVinrf livrorl (short'llvd"), adj. of short 
snort lived duration; not of long life; 

not lasting long. 

cb/vrf l xr (short'll), adv. soon; quickly; 
biiUJ t-iy curtly; in a few words. 

oVi/vrf cicrlrf aH (short'sit'ed), adj. un- 
snorr-signi-eu a t>ie to see far; near¬ 
sighted; coming from, or marked by, lack of 
foresight.— adv. shortsightedly. — n. short¬ 
sightedness. 

cVirkff efrm (short'stSp"), n. tn baseball, 
ollOl l-o tUJJ an inflelder stationed between 
the second and third bases. 

short-wind-ed 

of breath; liable to be so affected under the 
strain of exertion. 

eVirvfr (shot), past tense and past participle of 
bilU L the verb shoot: n. [pi. shots or shot], 
the act of shooting; the discharge of a flre- 


arm, etc.* a missile, especially a solid bullet 
or ball: distinguished from shell; small balls 
or pellets of lead for killing game; the range 
of a missile; range in general; as, within 
gunshot or ear shot; In certain games, as cro¬ 
quet or billiards, a stroke or blow; a marks¬ 
man; as, he is a good shot. 

cVin+A (sh5t). n. a young hog; a pig. Also. 
Dliuic; shoat. 

oVirvf rrii-n (shot'gun"), n. a smoothbore 
OAAVi'o gun, used for firing shot at short 
range. 

(shood), p.t. of the verb shall; 
duviuu used, first, in indirect discourse 
to express simple futurity or determination 
from the standpoint of past time according 
to the rule for the use of shall in direct dis¬ 
course; as, expressing simple futurity, he 
said he should go; I said he would go; express¬ 
ing determination, he said he would go; I 
said he should go; used, second, to express 
condition, supposition, etc.; as, if it should 
rain, do not go; used, third, to express obliga¬ 
tion; as, you should try to do better, 
cbrml A (shol'der), n. the projecting 
oJUJU-i-ClCX p ar t of the human body 
between the neck and the place where the 
arm joins the trunk; in animals, the fore 
quarter; that which resembles a shoulder; 
a prominence; a support to keep something 
in place or to keep it from moving beyond a 
certain point: v.t. to take upon the shoulder; 
assume the responsibility of; as, to shoulder 
a burden; to push with, or as with, the shoul¬ 
ders; as, to shoulder one’s way: v.i. to push 
or make one’s way by using the shoulders. 

cli/Yiit/l at” (shol'der blad), the 

5>nOUl-uer Ulciue fiat bone of the shoul¬ 
der; the scapula. 

nil fill! H er offo fi (shol'der strap), a 
snoul-uer blXdp strap worn over the 

shoulders to support something; a narrow 
strap bearing certain insignia indicating 
rank, worn on the shoulder by commissioned 
officers of the army and navy. 

RVintlf ( siK)Ut )> n - a loud and sudden cry. 
DXiuut as 0 f joy, command, encouragement, 
etc.; a burst of voice or voices: v.i. to utter a 
loud and sudden cry: v.t. to utter with a 
loud, resonant voice: usually with out; as. 
he shouted out his orders and ran. 
cVifWA (shuv), n. the act of pushing; a 
°uvvc forcible push: v.t. to push along; 
drive before one: v.i. to move along; crowd 
against others; push something along, 
cbrvsr a! (shuv'l), n. a tool made of a broad 
oxiv V -Ci flat scoop with a handle, for lifting 
and throwing coal, grain, etc., or for digging: 
v.t. to take and throw up with such a tool; 
gather up with, or as with, a shovel; toss as 
with a shovel; clear or clean by using this 
tool. 

cfuYtTjPl hf\arc\ (shuv'l-bord"), n. a game 
ouUV-tJl-UUalU played with weights or 

metal disks shoved toward a certain line on a 
specially prepared board; the board. Also, 

shuffle board. 

dimrpl At* (shuv'l-er), n. one who uses 
•PlAU v -vi-ci a shovel; a certain river duck. 

(sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. shown, 
p.pr. showing], to present to view; 
exhibit; display; to tell, reveal, or make 
known; make clear; make (a person) under¬ 
stand; prove by a process of reasoning; 
direct; as, to show one to his seat; bestow; 
as, to show favor: v.i. to present an appear¬ 
ance; to be visible or noticeable; as, the 
stain shows; to be known: n. the act of 
exhibiting or displaying; the exhibition or 
display; a public parade or spectacle; pomp; 


show 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 







show bill 


574 


shudder 


deceitful appearance or pretense; as, a show 
of wealth; a show of wisdom; sign or promise, 
as of metal in a mine; colloquially, a fair 
opportunity.—n. shower. 

eVinxxr "hill ( sh5 bll), a large sheet con- 
oxxuw um taining advertisements. 

rjti /\\tt ViTP'flfl (sho'bred ), n. in fb® 
snow-oredu ancient Jewish ntual, the 

unleavened bread placed in the sanctuary. 

Also, shewbread. 

eVinxxr net co ( sho kas), a glass case for 
oilU w tdoc displaying and protecting 
goods or wares in stores, articles or exhibits 
In museums, etc. 

eVinxxr <ar (shou'er), n. a brief fall of rain 
oiiUW-Cl or hail; anything resembling a 
rainfall in its abundance; as, a shower of 
suggestions; an abundant supply of anything 
given, as to a bride; as, a kitchen shower: 
v.t. to water abundantly with rain; bestow 
liberally upon: v.i. to rain for a short time; 
to fall as in a shower. 

oVinxxr of xr (shou'er-I), adj. raining for 
oAlU W-Cl -y brief intervals or abounding 
In short rainy periods.—n. showeriness. 


oVinxxr irur (sho'Ing), n. a display; an exhi- 
oUUW-IUg bition of something; a presen¬ 
tation of a fact, etc. 

oVinxxr -man (sho'man), n. [pi. showmen 
SnOW-IIla.Il (-men)], one who displays 

or exhibits; one who takes part in exhibiting 
a show. 

r*V»oiiTfi (shon), the past participle of the 
SIIOWII verb show. 


verb show._ 

C.V, room (sho'room'), n. a room where 
5HOW-I OOIIl goods to be sold are dis¬ 
played. 

oVinxxr xr (sho'!), adj. gaudy; gorgeous; 
oilU w ~J sometimes, marked by pretentious 
parade; attracting attention; gay.— adv. 

showily. —n. showiness. 

o Vi-ran Ir (shrank), the past tense of the 
Dlllallxk verb shrink. 

eVi-ran n ol (shrap'nel), n. a shell filled 
blllaJJ-llcl with bullets, pieces of iron, 
nails, etc., and exploded by means of a time¬ 
fuse which acts upon a charge of powder or 
high explosive. 

cVirori (shrSd), n. a long, narrow strip 
oil! CU torn or cut off; piece; bit; frag¬ 
ment: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. shred or shredded; 
p.pr. shredding], to tear or cut into small 
pieces. _ 

cViroxxr (shroo), n. a scolding, brawling 
OlllCW woman; any of small mouselike 
animals that dig or burrow in the ground. 
cVi-roxxrrl (shrood), adj. sharp-witted or 
blllCWU. clever in practical affairs; keen; 
as, a shrewd business man; cunning; as, a 
shrewd planner; biting; harsh.— adv. shrewdly. 
— n. shrewdness. 

eVi-roxxr icVi (shroo'Ish), adj. scolding; 
&AIXC/W -1011 sharp-tongued; peevish.— adv. 

ehrewishly. —n. shrewishness. 

oViriolr (shrek), v.t. to cry out sharply; 
bllllciv to utter with a sharp, shrill cry: 
v.i. to utter a sharp, shrill cry; to scream: 
n. a scream; a shrill outcry. 

oVii-ioxr ol -Hr (shrev'al-ti), n. the office, 
SiiricV-al-Ly term, or authority of a 

sheriff. 

c Vi riff (shrift), n. confession to a priest 
bill 111 an( i the resulting absolution; the 
act of hearing a confession and giving absolu¬ 
tion. 

eVi-rilro (shrik), n. any of various birds 
bill me which feed chiefly on insects, but 
which sometimes kill smaller birds, mice, etc. 
cVirill (shril), adj. sharp and piercing in 
Pill 111 tone: v.i. to utter an acute, piercing 


sound: v.t. to utter in a sharp, piercing tone. 
— adv. shrilly.— n. shrilliness. 
f-lirlmn (shrimp), n. a small, edible 
SUllUip shellfish of the lobster family; in 
contempt, a wizened or puny person, or 
anything very small of its kind. 
oVi-rino (shrin), n. a case or box in which 
smine sacred relics are kept; the tomb of 
a saint; any sacred place or hallowed object; 
an altar: v.t. to cherish as sacred; to put in 
a sacred place, as a shrine. 
oVir-inlr (shrink), v.i. [p.t. shrank, p.p. 
pm link shrunk, or, chiefly, as p. adj. 
shrunken, p.pr. shrinking], to contract; 
become smaller or shorter; to draw back 
from danger, etc.; to express fear, horror, or 
pain by contracting the body, or part of it: 
v.t. to cause to contract or grow smaller: 
n. a contraction; a withdrawal. 

chrinlr atr** (shrihk'aj), n. the act of 
oXXAllxxv - age contracting or making small¬ 
er; contraction; amount lost by contraction 
or s hrinkin g; decrease in value. 
oVii-ixro (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or shrove, 
bill IV t; p.p. shrived or shriven, p.pr. 
shriving], to hear or receive the confession of 
and give absolution to; v.i. to hear confession 
and give absolution; to make confession and 
receive absolution. 

oVi-rixr ol (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn into 
bllilv-CA wrinkles; contract; shrink: often 
with up: v.t. to cause to contract into wrin¬ 
kles; cause to shrink. 

_,t_ TVVIir i (shroud), n. a winding sheet, 
blUUUU dress, or covering for the dead; 
anything that covers or conceals, as a gar¬ 
ment: pi. a set of ropes, usually in pairs, 
supporting the masts of a vessel: v.t. to hide 
or conceal with a covering; veil. 
cVi rnxro (shrov), the past tense of the 
pmUVc verb shrive. 

Shrove Sun-day 

Shrove Tuesday; Quinquagesima Sunday. 

QVi rnvp fido (shrov'tld"), n. a period 
oxxx u v c-uuc 0 f penitence and confession, 

covering sometimes only Shrove Tuesday, 
and sometimes including the three days 
preceding Ash Wednesday. 

Shrove Tues-day 

Wednesday. 

cViruVi (shrub), n. a woody perennial 
billULA smaller than a tree; a bush; a 
drink made of raspberry or other acid fruit 
juice, with sugar, spirit, etc. 

cVi-niVi Vior \t (shrub'er-I), n. [pi. shrub- 
SniUD-Der-y Series (-Iz)], a collection of 
bushes or shrubs; a place where shrubs or 
bushes are planted or where they abound. 

c Vi 1*11 Vi Vi xr (shrub'I), adj. full of, or covered 
pm-klU-Uj with, bushes or shrubs; of the 
nature of a bush or shrub; stunted.—n. 
shrubbiness. 

cVimcr (shrug), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. shrugged, 
pm. Life p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw 
up (the shoulders) to express some emotion, 
as doubt, contempt, surprise, etc.: v.i. to 
raise the shoulders to express some emotion, 
as of displeasure, etc.: n. a raising or con¬ 
tracting of the shoulders to express some 
emotion. 

cVi-ni-ntr on (shrunk'n), p.adj. shriveled 
oIUUllxV.-cIl U p ; contracted. 

qViii rlr (shuk), «. a shell; a husk or pod: 
bXXLXL/XV v j' f 0 remove shells or husks from, 
as from peanuts or corn; husk. 
cVniH dpr (shud'er), n. a convulsive 
©AAUtl-LACA trembling from fear or horror; 
a shiver of aversion or cold: v.i. to tremble or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene^ event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, ciit, focus, menu; 







shuffle 


575 


side 


shake with fear or horror; quake; to shiver 
with cold.— p.adj. shuddering. — adv. shud- 
deringly. 

ollltf flck (shuf'l), v.t. to shift from one to 
ouua-iic another; to rearrange, as cards 
in a pack; to move with a dragging motion, 
as the feet in walking or dancing; to put 
aside, sometimes carelessly; as, to shuffle off 
this mortal coil; to shuffle off a burden; to 
make with haste or fraud; as, to shuffle up a 
makeshift: v.i. to rearrange the cards in a 
pack; to shift one’s ground; evade questions 
or issues; prevaricate; to do a task listlessly 
or awkwardly; as, she shuffled through the 
cleaning; to drag the feet in a slovenly 
manner; as, he shuffled along in his big 
slippers: n. the act of shifting, rearranging, 
etc.; a rearranging of cards in a pack; a 
trick or evasion; a dance characterized by a 
dragging motion of the feet.— n. shuffler. 

oVillf flp' bnnrH (shuf'l-bdrd'),n. a game 
bHUI-Iie-DOara played with counters or 
weights, by shoving or sliding them toward a 
line or goal, on a specially prepared board; 
the long, narrow board, often spread with a 
thin layer of sand, on which the game is 
played. Also, shovelboard. 
qVilin (shun), v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. shunned 
on u.xx (shund), p.pr. shunning], to avoid; 
keep clear of; as, to shun evil companions; 
escape from. 

qhlint ( sh unt), v.t. to turn off or switch, 
ouuul as a car or train; to supply another 
path for (an electric current); to put off upon 
someone else, as a task or duty: v.i. to turn 
aside or off: n. the act of turning oil; a turn¬ 
ing off, as of a car, to a side rail; the act of 
switching; a conductor joining two points of 
an electric circuit through which part of the 
current flows. 

cVjllf (shut), v.t. [p.t . and p.p. shut, p.pr. 
onu-i shutting], to close so as to prevent 
entrance or exit; to close, as a door; to bar; 
as, to shut the ports of a country because of 
submarine raids; exclude; close over; as, to 
shut the hand; to fold together, as an um¬ 
brella; to bring the parts of together, as a 
book; to imprison, confine, or hold within 
the parts of something: with in, up, within, 
etc.; as, to shut up a convict; to shut one’s 
Anger or garment in the door; to hide from 
sight: with out; as, to shut out the view: 
v.i. to close itself; become closed: to shut 
down, to stop work: said of machine shops, 
factories, etc. 

oh 11 + f« r (shut'er), n. one who, or that 
auut-ioi which, closes; a movable solid 
cover for a window; sometimes, a blind: 
a blind usually is made with slats, and a 
shutter is usually solid; in photography, a 
device for opening and shutting a lens; a 
cover; a lid: v.t. to close or supply with shut¬ 
ters; to separate or inclose with shutters. 
qViii+ +1<a (shut'l), n. an instrument used 
oil 111-11C in weaving to carry the thread 
of the weft, or woof, back and forth through 
the warp; the sliding holder inclosing the 
bobbin from which the thread unwinds in a 
sewing machine; any similar device, as one 
used in tatting. 

0 V\ iif* f] cx cnclr (shut 1-kdk ), n. a cork 
olllil-llc-l/Ueiv stuck with feathers and 

driven with a battledore, or bat; the game 
itself. 

qTiv (shl), adj. [comp, shyer, superl. shyest], 
timid; bashful; coy; reserved; as, a 
shy girl; shunning approach, as, a shy animal; 
cautious; watchful through timidity; as, 
the draft dodger was shy of questions; suspi¬ 
cious: v.i. to start aside from fear: said of 


horses: v.t. to cause to start aside; to throw 
aside with a jerk; fling; as, to shy a stone: 
n. the act of starting aside from fear; a 
side throw.— adv. shyly.— n. shyness. 
qjlV q+PT* (shl'ster), n. one who carries on 
oiAj-otcx business in a mean and tricky 
manner; especially, a rascally lawyer. 
[Colloq. U. S.] 

ci ( se )> n - hi music, the seventh note of the 
major diatonic scale. 

Si a (si'd-mez'; sl'a-mes), adj. of 

ui a-iucoc or pertaining to Siam, its 
natives, or its language: n., sing, and pi. 
one of the inhabitants of Siam; the language 
of the Siamese people. 

Si llP ri an (si-be'rl-Sn), adj. of or per- 
v " u uc-ll-aii taming to Siberia, or its 
people: n. one of the inhabitants of Siberia, 
sil) i IfinrP ( sl b'l-15.ns), n. the state or 
quality of being uttered with 
a hissing sound. ' 

sib-i Ifint CsIti'I-lSnt), adj. making, or 
olU-l-ldlll uttering, a hissing sound; as. 

8 has a sibilant sound: n. a hissing sound or 
a symbol standing for such a sound; as, 3 . 
sh, z, and zh are sibilants. 

<?ib i la firm (sfb'l-la'shun), n. utterance 
blU-1-ld.-UOIl with a hissing sound 

cib vl (slb'H), n - a woman supposed to have 
z>iv-yx the power to foretell the future; a 

TirniiVi p+ pcg 

sib-vl-line i s ^> 1In; sTb 'i-wn), adj. per - 

taming to, uttered, or written 
by, a prophetess; hence, mysterious, pro¬ 
phetic. 

qip (slk), adj. such [Scot.]: adv. thus: fre- 
OA '"’ quently inserted in a sentence or quota¬ 
tion, to indicate that an expression or mis¬ 
spelling, etc., is exactly as it is given. [Lat.1 
o-j plr ( s lb), adj. ill in health; indisposed; 
OAV/JA affected with nausea or vomiting; 
inclined to vomit; disgusted; surfeited; as, 
sick of flattery; longing or pining: with for; 
as, sick for recognition; used by, or set apart 
for the use of, a person who is ill; as a sick 
bed; a sick benefit: n. those who are ill: used 
collectively, with the: sick leave, a leave of 
absence granted to officers or privates because 
of iilness or disability: sick list, a list, prepared 
each day from the army sick-report book, 
showing the names of the sick and incapaci¬ 
tated. 

Syn. adj. diseased, sickly, unhealthy. 

Ant. (see healthy). 

qiplr- xifi (sfk'n) v.i. to become ill; be filled 
OAWV ~'' AA with disgust; decay or languish; 
as, the flower sickened and died: v.t. to make 
ill; disgust. 

qfrlr pn incr (slk'n-frig), adj. making sick; 
OA AX- '" AA-AAA o disgusting; repulsive; nau¬ 
seating; as, a sickening odor, 
qirlr icb (slk'Ish), adj. somewhat ill; 

slightly nauseated; apt to nau¬ 
seate one; as, sickish sweets.— adv. sicklshly. 
— n. sickishness. 

qirlr 1 a (slk'l), n. a reaping instrument 
consisting of a curved steel blade 
with a handle. 

q-ipfr (sik'll), adj. ailing; weak; never 
oxv'jn.-i.jf well; characteristic of illness; as, 
a sickly look; apt to make one ill; as, sickly 
weather; weak-looking; marked by mawkish¬ 
ness; sickening; as, the letter was filled with 
sickly sentiments.— n. sickliness. 
cipX?' r acc (slk'nes), n. the state of being 
bnbxv-iicbb ill or i u bad health; illness; 
diseased condition; a malady; nausea. 
qi/4fa (sld), n. the edge or bounding line 
OA '" AC of a surface, aspecially one of the 
longer lines as distinguished from the ends; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








side arms 


576 


signal 


one of the surfaces or faces that limit a solid; 

the right or left part of an object or of the 
body; a contrasted part or surface; as the 
upper side,' the lower side; the inside,* a party 
of men upholding a cause against another 
group; a faction; the cause that is upheld; 
as, truth is on our side; a view, considered in 
respect to its opposite; as, consider the other 
side of the question; a line of descent through 
a parent; as, a cousin on the mother’s side: 
adj. lateral; laterally placed or situated; 
minor; incidental: v.i. to take the part of 
one against another: followed by with; as, 
he sided with the Unionists, 
oirlc* ormc ( sid armz), such weapons as 
olLLC cLLiilo a re carried by the side and 
attached to the person, as bayonet, sword, and 
pistol. _ , . 

(sid'bord"), n. a piece of 
SluC-QOdXvl dining-room furniture for 
holding articles used on the table. 

• j (sldilng), adj. oblique; having 

SlU6-llHg a sidewise motion; directed 
toward the side: adv. laterally; obliquely. 


x_ (sej mor'ter), a light 
Siege mor-tar cannon used to attack 
those portions of a work, by vertical fire, which 
are defended against the direct and P c ®Sr e v, 
fires of guns and howitzers, such as the ditcn 
with its communications, the roofs of maga¬ 
zines, etc. . , , , 

* (sign'd), n. a brownish-yellow 
bl-Cll-llcl clay pigment, or coloring matter, 
i;he color of this pigment; orange-yellow. 

* „ 0 (sl-er'd), n. a mountain chain or 
bl-vJl-Ict range rising in irregular peaks. 

* _ x,, (si-es'td), n. a midday nap; an 
bl-Co-Lci after-dinner nap. 

(slv), n. a utensil provided with 
olcVtJ meshes, as of w>!re, for separating 
the finer from the coarser parts of a substance. 
- (sift), v.t. to separate the line parts of 
from the coarse with, or as with, a 
sieve; to pass through a sieve; to examine 
critically; to scrutinize; as, he sifted the 
facts carefully before forming an opinion. 

(si), v.i. to breathe deeply and audibly 
as a result of fatigue, sorrow, etc.; 


Tj“ u n'Ts T d'16n s")~ adv. on the side; lament; to make a sound like sighing; as, 
Side-lOIlg laterally; obliquely: adj. lat- the winds sigh; to long; to yearn: with for. 


adj. pertaining 
starry; astral; 
motion of the 


stars, as, a siwrrcu,* lmjm. 

J (sTd'er-It), n. an iron 

blU.-cl.-llC any yellowish-brown 

side-sad-dle 


eral; having an oblique direction; as, a side¬ 
long glance. 

si-de-re-al StheSs; 

measured by the apparent 
stars, as, a sidereal hour. 

-- iron ore, usu 

in color. 

(sid'sad'i), n. a woman’s 

__ saddle having but one 

stirrup, so that both feet of the rider rest on 
the same side of the horse. 

‘A a. •tt-Q/'lr (sid'trak"), v.t. to transfer (a 
blUC-tldCJa. car or train) from the main 
track to a siding; to lead away from the 
main subject or issue; to make inactive; as, 
we have successfully sidetracked our worst 
enemy: v.i. to run a train upon a siding: n. a 
siding. 

wo 11r (sid'wok"), n. a path beside a 
SlUC-Wctiiv r oad or street for foot travi 
a foot pavement. 

• j _ TITOT r (sid'wa*), adj. sidelong; mdi- 
blUC-W a.y reef, lateral: adv. on or toward 
one side. 

e-id/* wQiro (sid'waz'), adv. toward or 
blUC-W«.jb from the side; sidewise. 

irrtickol (sid'hwel'’’), n. one of two 
SlUc-WUccl paddle wheels at the side of 
a steamboat: adj. having sidewheels. 

-.xnoo (sld'wiz'), adv. toward or from 
blUC-wioC the side; sideways. 

• J (siding), n. a railroad track by 

blU-lllg th e s ide of the main track, on 
which cars may be switched; a short track 
connected with the main track; the act of 
favoring or espousing one side or another, 
as in a dispute; the boarding that forms the 
sides of a wooden house. 

•T' 


US. 

_• rro (sej), n. the surrounding of a forti- 
blCgC fled place by an army to compel its 
surrender; continued attempt by force of 
arms to gain possession; investment. 

cir>rr<=» cnin (sei giin) > a beavy con_ 

olCgC structed to throw a solid pro¬ 

jectile with the highest possible speed, in 
order to break through stone walls or revet¬ 
ments, and to lessen the curve of the projec¬ 
tile’s flight, so as to increase its chances of 
hitting objects but slightly raised from the 
ground. 


sigh 


as, the nations sighed for peace: v.t. to express 
by sighs: n. a deep, audible, long-drawn res¬ 
piration, expressing sorrow, anxiety, etc. 

0 * -ux (sit), n. the power of seeing; the act 
bl^Ili 0 f seeing; a view; vision; that 
which is seen; a spectacle; something 
remarkable or worth seeing; the limit of the 
power of the eyesight; the visibility of some¬ 
thing; as, in sight; out of sight; opinion? as. 
in his sight, she did well; insight; oppor¬ 
tunity for study; as, to get a sight into the 
great man’s methods; a small piece of metal, 
fixed or movable, on the muzzle, center, ortrun 
nion of a firearm to guide the eye in aiming; 
the aim so taken: v.t. to see with the eye; to 
find by looking; as, to sight a distant object; 
to look at closely or critically; to direct by 
means of an aiming device; as, to sight a gun; 
to furnish with sights, or adjust the sights 
of, as an instrument or gun: v.i. to aim a gun 
by a sight. . . , 

oJn-Vif lace (sTt'16s), adj. incapable of see- 

sigill-iess ing; blind.- ‘ 


— 0 ing; blind.— n. sightlessness. 

Itt (sit'll), adj. pleasing to the eye; 
olgllt-lj comely.—n. sightliness. 

ing (slt'se'lng), adj. engaged 
bighVocc-uig m visiting objects or 
places of interest: n. the act of visiting 
objects or places of interest.— n. sight-seer. 
c *_ t1 (sin), n. a gesture or motion expressing 
fc>*5**- command or wish; a symbol; a mark; 
token; an emblem; a symptom; a lettered 
board or plate used to point out a place of 
business, etc.; an event considered as indi¬ 
cating the will of God; a miracle; in astron¬ 
omy, one of the twelve divisions of the zodiac; 
in mathematics, a mark or character used to 
indicate relation or operation; as the signs 
-f, —, X, etc.; any mark or character which 
has 


• (si'dl), v.i. to move sidewise, as from has a certain fixed meanmg: v.t. to affix a 

Si-die shyness or fear; as, he sidled up to signature to; to transfer, as property, by 

affixing the signature: with off or away, to 
hire by getting the signature of: v.i. to write 
one’s signature; in law, to assent to the terms 
of a writing by putting one’s name to the docu¬ 
ment; to signal; as, he signed for them to 
approach. 

c-i<r -not (slg'nal), n. a sign agreed upon, or 
olg-llcU. intended to be understood, for 
giving notice, as of danger, especially at a 
distance; a token: adj. memorable; extraor¬ 
dinary; distinguished from the common¬ 
place by some mark or sign; remarkable; as, 
a signal success; pertaining to signals; as, a 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; edid, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 







signal code 


577 


silky 


signal flag: v.t. to communicate with by 
means of flags, lights, etc.; make signs to: 
v.i. to make signs; to communicate with 
someone by means of flags, lights, etc.— adv. 

signally.— n. signaler. 

ci cr r»c»1 rnrlp (sig'nal kod), a list of signs 
OA o _AAClA wuc used in signaling, each 
sign, or set of signs, having a fixed, definite 
meaning attached to it. 

cicr tiol r*/vrrvo (slg'nEl kor), in the United 
States army, the body of 
staff officers having charge of all methods of 
communication by balloons, airplanes, radio 
wireless, telegraph, telephones, and visual 
signaling. 

cicr -n nl iyp, (slg'nal-Iz), v.t. to make espe- 
-iAUx-iX- C cially conspicuous or prom¬ 
inent; to point out with care. 

cicr ns»1 c^rrr ir#=> (sig'nal sflr'vls), in the 
blg-IldJ. berv-ice United States, a gov¬ 
ernment bureau under the War Department, 
organized to collect reports of atmospheric 
conditions and to issue predictions concerning 
the weather. 

cirr rial CT51 ■f’intl (sig'nal sta'shun), a 

C>A & -AA<:U - otd-tiuii place where a signal, 

or sign conveying a message, is disnlayed. 
cicr net 1 (sig'nal tou'er), a tower 

lOW-cl from which to display or 
send out signals, or signs that convey mes¬ 
sages. 

cicr no nr (slg'na-to-rl), adj. having 
OA & -AACA-L '- ,_A j signed: n. one who signs or 
subscribes to a treaty, etc., for a state or 
power. 

cicr rta turn (slg'na-tflr), n. the name of 
SA fe“ AAcA ” A l AAC a person written by him¬ 
self; autograph; mark or stamp affixed in 
place of the written name; in music, flats or 
sharps placed after the clef to indicate the 
key; a sign placed after the key designation 
to indicate the time; all the signs at tho 
beginning of the staff; in printing, a dis¬ 
tinguishing mark at the bottom of the first 
page of each sheet of a book, etc., to guide 
binder in assembling the sheets; the sheet so 
marked. 

cicr nrvt (slg'net), n. a seal; the imprint, or 
® A &~ AAt 'l stamp, made by, or as by, a seal. 

ci cr n if i rstirp (slg-nlf'I-kans) , n. mean- 
Slg-1111-l-Ca.IlCG fQg; often, the hidden 

or underlying meaning; import; consequence. 

Also, significaney. 

cicr -nif i rant (slg-nlf'I-kant), adj. full 
-i-t'CUii ofmeamng; having mean¬ 
ing; expressive; as, a significant look; impor¬ 
tant; as, a significant event.— adv. signifi¬ 
cantly. 

_• • .c a; (slg"nl-fl-ka'shun), n. 

Sig-ni-ll-ca-tion the a ct of expressing 
by signs, signals, etc.; a making known by 
signs; that which is suggested or expressed; 
the meaning of a sign, symbol, character, etc. 
— adj. significative. 

cicr ni fir (slg'nl-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
blg-Ill-iy signified, p.pr. signifying], to 
show by a sign, mark, or token; _ make 
known; to declare; as, to signify one’s con¬ 
sent; to denote; to mean: v.i. to be of 
consequence or importance; to matter, 
ci cm nr (se'nyor), n. Mr.; sir: a title of 
bl-gliUi address or respect among the 
Italians; an Italian gentleman of rank: 
English form, signior. [It.] . / , 

• (sS-nyo'ra), n. [pi. signon (sS- 

Sl-gno-re nyb're)], a title of address or 
respect among the Italians corresponding to 
Mr. or sir: spelled, when used before a person’s 
name, signor; a gentleman: signora (sS-nyo - 
ra), a title of respectful address to an Italian 


lady, corresponding to Mrs. or madam; a 
lady: signorina (se"nyo-re'na), a title of ad¬ 
dress to a young lady, corresponding to Miss; 
a young lady. [It.] 

<sicm nnct (sm'post*), n. a guidepost; a 
OA & AA_ l A, -'* :>t pole to which signs are affixed, 
ci lory pi (sl'laj), n. finely cut fodder 
DA - ia b c preserved by pressing it down, as 
in a silo, while green. 

ci IfmrA (sl'lens), n. the state of being 
oi-icju^c ^01 or mute; entire absence of 
sound or noise; general stillness; forbearance 
from, or absence of, mention; secrecy; obliv¬ 
ion: v.t. to cause (to be still; to quiet; to put 
to rest; to take permission to speak away 
from; as, to silence the opposing forces; cause 
to cease firing, as hostile guns in an engage¬ 
ment. 

Syn., n. speechlessness, dumbness, mute¬ 
ness. 

Ant. (see noise).^ 

ci 1 r or (si'len-ser), n. that which 

oA-ACAiU-d muffles or dulls, as the muffler 
of a gas engine: Maxim silencer, a device 
which may be attached to a rifle to reduce the 
sound when the gun is fired, 
ci (si'lent), adj., saying nothing; 

BAAAL mute; not given to speech; as. a 
silent man; quiet; still; free from noise; 
as, a silent place; unexpressed; unspoken; 
as, a silent comment; calm; free from dis¬ 
turbance; as, a silent nook; having a share, 
not publicly acknowledged, in a business; 
as, a silent partner; not pronounced: said of 
a letter; as, the & in doubt is silent. — adv. 
silently.— n. silentness. 

Syn. dumb, speechless. 

Ant. (see talkatjve). 

ci Ip ci (sl-le'shl-d; sl-le'sha), n. a 
oI-AC-bA-ct twilled cotton fabric, used for 
dress linings; a kind of linen cloth. 

(si'leks), n. in chemistry, silicon 
quartz; opal. 

(sIl"o6-et'), n. the outline 
or profile filled in with a 
uniform color, usually black; the figure cast 
by a shadow, as on a wall or screen: v.t. to 
cause to appear in outline; to make a silhou¬ 
ette of. 

cil t rt) (sll'I-kd), n. in chemistry, silicon 
dioxide; quartz; opal. 

cil i eflfp (sfl'I-kat), n. in chemistry, a 
sa jt or es ter of silicic acid, 
ci 1i rpnii c (sl-llsh'us), adj. pertaining to, 
&l-H-tcuuo containing, or of the nature 
of, silica. 

ci lir ir (sl-lls'lk), adj. in chemistry, per- 
bl-llk-lk taining to, containing, or like, 
silica or silicon. 

cil i r (sfl'I-kon), n. a nonmetallic ele- 
® A “l" A “'- , ' JAA ment or substance, 
ci liniiA (sl-lek'; sll'Ik), «. a narrow pod 
bl-liquc 0 r fruit containing many seeds 
and having two valves. 

cillr (sQk), n. a fine, soft, lustrous sub- 
stance made from threads spun by 
various insect larvse to form their cocoons; 
any similar thread, as that spun by a spider; 
fabric or garments made of silk; anything 
like silk; as, the silk on an ear of corn, 
cillr on (sll'kn), adj. made of, or like, silk; 

S oft; lustrous; smooth: dressed 
in silk; luxurious. 

cillr wnrm (silk wurm ), n. 
SUK-WOlllI ari y of certain 

makes a strong silk fiber in 
cocoon. 

oillr (sll'kl), adj. of, pertaining to, or 
fc>i-Lrx-_y ]jj ce silk; soft; smooth; lustrous.— 
n. silkiness,_ 


ci Ipy (si'leks), 
OA-A, - : ' A dioxide; 

sil-hou-ette 


smooth; dressed 

the larva of 
moths that 
spinning its 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw — whas in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xx*' 










sill 


578 


sin 


cill (sTl), 

fonn 


vol ,,, n. a horizontal piece forming the 

foundation, or part of the foundation, 
of a structure; hence, a threshold; the 
bottom or lowest piece in a window frame. 
-,;i l 0 hiih (sll'a-bub), n. a dish made by 
Sll-lcl-UliU mixing milk or cream with 
wine or cider, to form a soft curd; whipped 
cream, sweetened and flavored with wine. 
Also, syllabub. 

oil Itt (SU'D, adj. [comp, sillier, superl. 
bll-iy silliest], weak in intellect; lacking 
good sense; foolish; simple;_ witless; stupid; 
absurd.— adv. sillily.—n. silliness. 

• i- (si'lo), n. a pit or tower for preserving 
bl-iO green fodder for winter use by exclud¬ 
ing air and water. . , . 

•ix (silt), n. mud or fine earth carried in or 
bllL deposited by water; a deposit of such 
mud or fine earth: v.t. to choke or block up 
by such a deposit: v.i. to become obstructed 
by such a deposit.— adj. silty. 

tto (sfl'va), n. [pi. Eng. silvas; Lat. 
bll-Vd. siivse (sll've)], forest trees taken 
collectively. Also, sylva. . . 

_;i rrorv (sll'van), adj. of or pertaining to 
bll-vall forests, woods, or trees; rustic. 
Also, sylvan. . 

oil ttai* (sfl'ver), n. a precious, soft, white, 
blJL-Vcl ductile, metallic element; silver¬ 
ware, money, etc., made of this metal; any¬ 
thing like silver in luster or color: adj. 
pertaining to, or made of, silver; glistening 
white; like silver; soft and clear; as, the 
silver tones of her voice; gentle; calm: 
v.t. to cover or coat with silver or a substance 
resembling silver; to give a silverlike bright¬ 
ness to; to make white like silver: silver 
nitrate, a white compound obtained by dis¬ 
solving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the 
solution: used in medicine and photography, 
oil ror i-n cr (sll'ver-ing), n. the act, art, 
or process of covering with 
silver, or with a substance resembling silver; 
the film or coating thus laid on. 
oil TToru (sll'vem), adj. a poetic form of 
Sll-vem silvery. 

oil tror cmi+Vi (sfl'ver-smlth"), n. a maker 
SlI-VtJl-oIIilLil of silverware; a worker in 

silver. 

sil-ver-ware 


_ ,, n. silver 

plate; vessels.dishes,vases, 
table implements, etc., made of silver, 
oil vrnr tt (sfl'ver-I), adj. resembling silver; 
bU-vei-y as the silvery hue of her hair; 
covered with, containing, or like, silver; 
soft and clear; as, a silvery voice; bright, 
oi-m i on (slmT-an), adj. pertaining to, or 
£>1111-1-dll like, an ape: n. an ape or monkey, 
oi-m i lor (slm'I-ldr), adj. having a general 
bllll-l-idi likeness or correspondence; like, 
but not the same or exactly alike; of like 
nature, scope, etc.; in geometry, shaped alike, 
but not of the same size, etc.— adv. similarly, 
oi-m i lai* i +vr (slm"l-lar'l-tl), n. resem- 
SlXIl-l-Idi-l-lj blance or likeness; the 
quality or state of bearing a strong resem¬ 
blance to one another or to something else; 
the point or points of likeness, 
ei-m i (slm'I-le), n. [pi. similes (-lez)], a 
blIII-1-Ifc. figure of speech in which two 
different things having some accidental like¬ 
ness are compared by the use of such words, 
as like, so, etc.; as, the girl is like a flower, 
ci -mil i -hirl/a (sl-mll'I-tud), n. similarity; 
oi-lilll-1-LUU.c likeness; a figure of speech 

expressing comparison; a facsimile. 

_* m 0 -s- (slm'er), v.t. and v.i. to boil 

Sim-IIltJj. gently; cook in liquid just at or 
below the boiling point: n. the state of 
boiling gently. 


qj -mi-m (si'mon), n. in the Bible, one of 
Ol-IllOil the Twelve Apostles, called also 
Simon Peter or Peter: the author of the 
Epistles of Peter. 

^ (slm'6-nl), n. the act or crime 

SUn-O-ny of buying or selling church 
offices, or positions of honor; traffic in sacred 
things. 

oi mrtr\m (sl-moom'), n. a hot, dry, suf- 
bl-HlOOlll focating, dust-laden wind which 
blows from the deserts of Arabia, etc. Also, 
simoon. 

dm (slm'per), v.i. to smile in an 

blUl-pOl affected, silly, or self-conscious 
manner; to smirk: n. an affected smile; 

Si smirk 

aim rv1i=> (slm'pl), adj. [comp, simpler, 
vsllll-pit; superl. simplest], single, not com¬ 
plex; undivided; not mixed or compounded; 
mere; as, a simple fact; plain; not luxurious; 
unadorned; sincere; natural; artless; un¬ 
affected; direct; clear; as, simple language; 
having a taste for the plain, natural methods 
of living; humble; of low rank or degree; 
weak in intellect; resulting from feeblemind¬ 
edness; as, a simple answer: n. an element; 
that which is unmixed; a plant from which 
medicine is extracted; the medicine so extract¬ 
ed: simple fraction, a fraction whose terms 
are whole numbers, as %: simple interest, 
interest paid only on the principal.— n. 
simpleness. 

Syn., adj. innocent, guileless, straightfor¬ 
ward. 

Ant. (see complex). 

aim -nl ^ ton (slm'pl-tun), n. one who is 
bilil-pit; - lull foolish or weak-minded. 

aim nlpY (slm'plSks), adj. in telegraphy, 
bllll-piCA naming, or pertaining to, a sys¬ 
tem by which only one message at a time 
can be sent over the wire. 

aim -nlir* i +rr (sim-plfc'I-tl), ff. the state 
bilii-pii^-i-or quality of being clear, 
plain, unaffected, etc.; guilelessness; lack of 
cunning; lack of common sense; lack of 
average ability to think or judge. 

sim-pli-fi-ca-tion 

something plainer or easier; the process of 
making something more easy to understand. 

aim rvli fir (slm'pll-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
£>iiii-pii-Aj simplified, p.pr. simplifying], 

to make easier; render less hard; make 
plainer to the understanding, 
aim -nlxr (slm'pl!), adv. in a plain, unaffected 
ollll-pij manner; clearly; without addi¬ 
tion; only; merely; artlessly; foolishly or 
weakly. 

cim IdfA (slm'u-lat), v.t. to pretend or 
£>-*-lii-u.-la.lC counterfeit; assume the char¬ 
acter or semblance of; as, to simulate good¬ 
ness: adj. (slm'u-lat), pretended; feigned; 
imitated.—n. simulator. t 

Syn., v. dissimulate, dissemble, feign, 
aim ii la +i/vn (slm"u-la'shun), n. the 
act of pretending that 
which is not true; feigning. 

Syn. dissimulation, hyjiocrisy. 

si-mul-ta-ne-ous 

happening, done, or existing, at the same 
time; as, simultaneous events.— adv. simul¬ 
taneously.— n. simultaneousness, 
e,:-,-. (sin), n. wilful breaking of the divine 
law; violation of the laws of morality 
and religion, or of human rights; a special 
case or instance of such violation; the state 
of one who has thus transgressed; loosely, any 
fault: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. sinned, p.pr. sinning], 
1 to tran sgress, off end, or neglect the law of 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 










since 


579 


sinking fund 


God or any duty; to commit evil deeds; to 
violate human rights: v.t. to bring about by 
sin; as, he sinned his way to destruction; 
to commit (a sin). 

Qtnrp (sins), adv. from a certain past time 
un tii now; as, he left town six 
years ago and has not been heard from since: 
at some time after a certain past event and 
before now; as, he was then treasurer, but 
has since been elected president of the com¬ 
pany; before this; as, we have long since 
dropped her acquaintance: prep, from the 
time of; during the time after; ever after; 
as, since that time, I have never visited the 
city: conj. from and after a certain time; 
as, I have never seen him since that unfortu¬ 
nate event happened; seeing that; because; 
as, since that is tho case, I shall excuse you. 
ein rprp (sln-ser'), adj. true; honest; 
om-tuc upright; genuine; frank.— adv. 
sincerely. —n. sincereness. 

Syn. candid, hearty, straightforward. 

Ant. (see insincere). 

Qin rpr i fvr (sln-ser l-tl), n. the state or 
oaaa-uc,a-a-lj quality of being true or 
genuine; honesty of intention and appear¬ 
ance; uprightness. 

citip (sin), n. one of the trigonometric func- 
of-iic tions; in a right-angled triangle, the 
ratio of a side opposite to an acute angle, to 
the hypotenuse. 

ci TIP rilTP (si'ne-kur), n. an office or 
oa-aac-IwLAA c position having a salary or 

fees but carrying with it little or no responsi¬ 
bility; the position of a clergyman who, 
though receiving a salary, has no spiritual 
duties. 

ci tip rK p (si'ne di'e), without day; with- 
oa-aac vaa-c out setting a day for reassem¬ 
bling: said of a meeting; as. Congress ad¬ 
journed sine die; finally. [Lat.] 

Qin ( sIn, u), n. a tendon; strength; 

oaaa-cw anything supplying strength; as, 
the sinews of war —adj. sinewless. 

Qin jaw v (sln'u-i), adj. pertaining to, or 
oaaa-c w -y iik e> gLnew; vigorous; tough; 
as, sinewy hands^ nervous. 

Qin fill (sln'fool), adj. full of wickedness; 

unholy; tainted with sin.— adv. 
sinfully. — n. sinfulness. 

cincr ( sIn S)» v.i. [p.t. sang, sung, p.p. sung, 
am b p.pr. singing], to lift the voice in 
song; to utter musical rhythmical sounds; 
make a shrill or humming noise; as, a flying 
arrow sings; celebrate some event in verse 
or poetry; as, he sang of the deeds of /Eneas; 
to make pleasant, musical sounds; as, the 
brook sings merrily: v.t. to utter with musical 
inflections of the voice; to celebrate in song; 
chant; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child 
to sleep; to speak warmly of; as, he sang 
our praises.— n. singer. 

Syn. carol, warble, hum. 
cincr (slnj), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. singed 
(slnjd), p.pr. singeing], to burn 
slightly or on the surface; to scorch; to 
burn so as to remove down, as a fowl: n. a 
slight burn; an outside, or surface, burn.— n. 
singer. 

Clin crha lpcp (sln'ga-lez'; slrCgd-les' ) , 
^ ul 'b Iia 'A cac adj. naming, or pertaining 
to, the chief race of Ceyloy, or their language: 
n. sing, and pi. a member of this race; their 
language. Also, Sinhalese, 
cin crl** (sln'gl), adj. consisting of one 
olli-gic only; separate; alone; unaided; 
unmarried: performed by one person; hav¬ 
ing only one on each side of a contest; as, 
single combat; straightforward; sincere; 
artless; honest; having only one row of 


petals; as, a single tulip; having only one on 
a stem: opposite to clustered: said of flowers: 
v.t. to select (one person or thing) from 
others; separate; choose from others: with 
out or from: n. a unit; one. 

Qin crlp flip (sln'gl fil), a line of men 
oAAA-^AC a AAV: -walking one behind another; 
any such line. 

cin d <*—fcv/vt (sln'gl=foot"), n. a horse's 
aiAA-gAc; iUUl gait in which each foot 
strikes singly. 

Qin pip-hand pd (sln'gl =hand"ed), adj. 
bUi-glG Ilcmu-eu done I^th one hand; 

done without aid or assistance. 

sin pIp— hpart pd (sfli'gi = hart''6d), adj. 

OAAA-&1C AlCctl l-CU sincere; inclined to 
be straightforward and free from deceitful¬ 
ness. 

sin dp— mind pd (si6;gi=mmd''ed), adj. 

aAAA AlXAllil-ctA having a mind and 

heart free from guile or deceit; frank; single- 
hearted. 

cin rrl p tipcc (sih/gl-nes), n. the state or 
OAAA “foAC-AiCso q ua iity 0 f being separate 
or alone; freedom from selfish ends; sin¬ 
cerity; as, singleness of purpose. 

cin crl p c-f-irlr (slh'gl-stfk"), n. a back- 
oiAA-glc-o LAA/iv sword or cudgel used for 

fencing or fighting; the game or sport of 
fencing with such sticks. 

cin trio +roo (stn'gl-tre'), n. the swinging 
oAAA-gAC-LAcc bar to which the tugs of a 
harness are fastened; a whippletree. 
cin crlV (slh'gli), adv. individually; one by 
OAAA ~& A J one; particularly, single-handed, 
cfna- cr»n tr (slng'song*), n. singing or 
OAAA fe"°' JAA & poetry marked by an unvaried, 
monotonous rhythm; a monotonous or drawl¬ 
ing tone: adj. monotonous in rhythm. 

cin P11 1 nr (slh'gu-lar), adj. in grammar, 
oaaa-£ U.-ACU. denoting one person or thing: 
alone; uncommon; unparalleled: strange; 
extraordinary; exceptional; as, a woman of 
singular charm; peculiar; odd; unique: n. 
in grammar, the number denoting one person 
or thing; the form of a word denoting this 
number; a word in the form of this number.— 
adv. singularly. 

cin orii Icit* 1 ■f'V (sIn"g£L-lar'I-tI), n. [pi. 
blll-gU-lclI-l-iy singularities (-tlz)J, the 

state or quality of being uncommon, strange, 
or separated from others; state of being of 
the grammatical number denoting one, etc.; 
peculiarity; oddity; a person or thing that 
is uncommon, odd, etc. 

cin ic +*ar (sln'Is-ter), adj. on the left 
&AAA “ AO ~ l ' CA hand; observed from the left; 
hence, unlucky; ill-omened; evil; as, a sinister 
look; corrupt; dishonest; as, sinister inten¬ 
tions.— adj. sinistral, sinistrous, 
cinlr (sink), v -i- sank, sunk, p.p. sunk, 
blllxv. p.pr. sinking], to fall or go downward; 
fall to the bottom; descend lower and lower; 
decline gradually; become hollow: often said 
of the cheeks; enter deeply; as, to sink into 
the mind; subside; as, a flood soon sinks: v.t. 
to cause to go to the bottom; as, to sink 
ships; make by digging downward; as. to 
sink a well; place in the excavation made; 
lower in value or amount; reduce or extin¬ 
guish by payment; as, to sink the national 
debt: n. a drain to carry off dirty or super¬ 
fluous water; in geology, any slight depres¬ 
sion of the land, especially one that has no 
water outlet, or an underground one. 
c x r ,l r (slhk'er), n. that which sinks or 
blllil-cl causes to sink; a weight attached 
to a fishing line. 

cinlr i-no- flinH (sinking fund), a sum of 
blIIK-mg IUI1U money set aside for 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










sinner 


580 


Sixth 


investment, to be used, with its accumulated 
interest, to pay off a debt. 

_ • „ (sln'er), n. one who offends against 

olll-Iier the law of God; an offender; 
tr«iDs§r6s»sor. 

Qjtiri ( sMn fan), literally, ourselves 

Olllll X 1 C11I a ione; an Irish Society organ¬ 
ized in 1905 for the purpose of promoting 
home industries, and developing nationalism, 
cin t£»r (sln'ter), n. a geological deposit of 
blll-LGl porous flint or lime. 

cin n ofo, (sln'u-at), adj. having a 
oui-u-aic strongly indented margin; 
as, a sinuate leaf; wavy. 


oin ii r \c i -Hr (sin"u-os'I-tI), n. a wavy 
blll-U-Ub-l-Lj line; the quality or state 

of that which curves or winds in and out. 
cin ii mic (sln'u-us), adj. curving in and 
olll-U-UUa out; winding; crooked; twist¬ 
ing.— adv. sinuously. — n. sinuousness, 
ci nilc (sl'nus), n. an opening; a hollow 
M-liUo or depression; a curving arm of 
the sea, as a bay; in the human body, a 
cavity containing air, as within the sub¬ 
stance of the_skuilbone. 

o; A i, Y (soo), n. sing, and pi. one of an 
olU LIA important and warlike tribe of 
American Indians. 

(sip), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. sipped, p.pr. 

sipping], to drink by taking a small 
portion, as a teaspoonful, at a time; taste: 
v.i. to drink a liquid by taking a little at a 
time with the lips: n. the act of drinking a 
little at a time; a small taste, 
ei tVhrm (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or tube 
having one end longer than the 
other, used for drawing off liquids from a 
higher to a lower level; a bottle ft ted with 
such a tube: v.t. to draw off by such a tube. 
Also, syphon. 

C* (sur), n. the title of respect prefixed to 

the Christian name of a baronet or 
knight: sir, a term of respect in addressing 
a man without using his name. 

” r A nr (ser-dar'), n. in India and other 
oil -ti dl countries of the East, a leader, or 
person in authority; in Egypt, the com¬ 
mander-in-chief of the army, especially the 
one in command of the Anglo-Egyptian army, 
cirefc (sir)' n - a this of respect used in 
blXC addressing a sovereign or king; a 
father: often used in combination, as grand- 
sire; the head of a family; the male pro¬ 
genitor of beasts: v.t. to procreate, or beget: 
used especially of beasts. 

* „ „ T . (si'ren), n. one of certain imaginary 
bl-XcII nymphs on an island near the coast 
of Italy, said to have sung with such sweet¬ 
ness that sailors were lured to their destruc¬ 
tion; hence, a woman dangerous because of 
her fascinating, enticing wiles; a foghorn; an 
instrument for producing musical tones: adj. 
pertaining to, or like, a siren; bewitching. 
Qir i lie (slr'I-us). n. the Dog Star, the 
OIX-1-Ub most brilliant star in the sky. 

Inin (sth'loin"), n. a choice cut of teef, 
bii-iUIll taken between the rib and rump. 

ci rnr rn (sl-rok'o), n. [pi. siroceos (-5z)], 
oi-lut-tu a hot, dust-laden wind from the 
African deserts; a hot wind. 
qA-. -nj, (sir'd), n. a term of address to a 
oil-I dll man or boy, implying inferiority, 
sir tin (sir'up), n. a thick liquid made of 
Mi-lip the juice of fruits boiled with sugar; 
any condensed solution of sugar. Also, syrup. 
— adj. sirupy, syrupy. 

cic ol (sls'dl; se-sal'), n. the fibre of a plant 
bib-dl similar to the century plant, found 
chiefly in Mexico, Central America, and the 
West Indies. Also, sisal hemp. 


(sls'tSr), n. a female bom of the 
bib-lcl same parents as another person; 
a woman of the same religious society, order, 
or community; nun; one of the same kind 
or condition: half sister, a female having 
one parent in common with another person. 
— adj. sisterly. 

cic for Virinrl (sls'ter-hood), n. the rela- 
blb-LCi -1IUUU tionship between sisters; 
state of being a sister; sisters collectively; a 
number of women of the same religious 
society, etc.; the office or duty of a sister, 
cic ti_1 o ttt (sis ter=In=16 ), n. fpl- 

blb-Lci 111 id W sisters-m-law), a hus¬ 
band’s or wife’s sister; a brother’s wife. 

Qio (sls'ten; sls'tln), adj. of or per- 

Oib-llilc taming to any of the Popes 
named Sixtus: the Sistine Madonna, a fa¬ 
mous representation of the Madonna, painted 
by Raphael for the church of St. Sixtus at 
Piacenza, Italy, but now at Dresden. 
c :f (sit), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. sat. p.pr. sitting], 
£>*L to rest on the lower part of the trunk of 
the body; perch; rest or lie; repose on a 
seat; to fit; as, the dress sits well; press or 
weigh; occupy a seat officially; as, to sit in 
Parliament; hold a session; as, the court will 
sit in January; to cover and warm eggs for 
hatching, as a fowl; to pose; as, to sit for a 
portrait: v.t. to sit upon, as a horse; to seat.— 
n. sitter. 

effia (sit), n. local position or situation; a 
blit? place fitting or chosen for any certain 
permanent use or occupation; as, a site for a 
church. 

•x x* (slt'Ing), adj. resting on the 
blL-LIlig haunches; perching; pertaining 
to, or used for, sitting; n. the state, position, 
or act, of one who sits; a seat in a church, 
etc.; a session or meeting; time during which 
one sits; set of eggs for hatching. 

it o-fck (slt'u-at), adj. placed; situated; 
blL-U.-d.LvJ located. 

ii o+ ziH (slt'-u-at'ed), adj. having a 
Mi-u-cu-cu position; placed with respect 
to any other object; located. 

•j. ii firm (slt"u-a'shun), n. position; 
blL-Ll-d-LlUil locality; circumstances; 
office; employment; the temporary state of 
affairs at any given moment. 

Syn. condition, plight, predicament, state, 
station. 

ci+'r Kc»-fh ( sIts bath), a tub for bathing in 
bll£ Ddlii a sitting posture; also, a bath 

so taken. 

c • (slks), adj. one more than five: n. the 
blA. number greater by one than five; the 
sign representing six units, as 6 or vi. 

r„i ,1 (slks'fold"), adj. six times as many 
►jIX-lUIU. or as much. 

clxr (slks'pens), n. a small British 

blA-pcliv/C silver coin, value six pennies, 
or about twelve cents; this sum of money. 

florin (slks'ten"; slks"ten'), adj. one 
oLv-lccll more than fifteen: n. the number 
greater by one than fifteen; a symbol for 
sixteen units, as 1G or xvi. 
njy mo (stks-ten'mo), n. [pi. six- 

oiA.-tccii-i.Aii/ teenmos (-moz)j, adj. hav¬ 
ing sixteen leaves to a sheet: n. a book made 
of sheets of which each is folded into sixteen 
leaves; the size of book so put together: 
commonly written 16mo, or 16°. 
oiv fock-n+Vi (slks'tenth"; slks"tenth'), adj. 
blA-LcdlLJUL next in order after the fif¬ 
teenth; being one of sixteen equal parts or 
units: n. in music, a note whose value is half 
that of an eighth; a sixteenth unit or object. 
QiYhh (slksth). adj. first after the fifth: 
blALll being one of six equal parts or units; 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu.; 








sixtieth 


581 


n. a sixth part or unit; in music, the sixth 
tone ot a scale, counting upwards; the com¬ 
bination of two tones a sixth apart, according 
to the laws of harmony; an interval of six 
diatonic degrees; a tone at this interval.— adv. 
sixthly. 

civ ft pfh (slks'tl-Sth), adj. next in order 
&iA “after the fifty-ninth; being 
one of sixty equal parts or units: n. a sixtieth 
part or unit. 

SIX tv (sfks'tJ), adj. six times ten; three- 
J score: n. [pi. sixties (-tlz)], the sum of 
six times ten; sixty imits or objects; a sym¬ 
bol for sixty units, as 60 or lx. 

Siz-n-hlp (siz'd-bl), adj. of considerable or 
, smtable size. Also, sizeable.— 

n. sizableness. — adv. sizably. 

siz ar W. in some British uni- 

versitios, a student who, having 
passed a certain examination, is excused from 
paying college fees. Also, sizer, 
sizf* (siz), n. a kind of thin, weak glue for 
. „ glazing plaster, etc.; magnitude or 
bulk; as, the size of a house, or of a load; 
extent of surface; as, the size of a piece of 
land; height; as, the size of a tree; a relative 
measure showing how large something is, 
as shoes, gloves, etc.: v.t. to prepare or cover 
with size, or thin glue; arrange in order of 
height, bulk, volume, or extent; colloquially, 
to form a conclusion about: with up; as, to 
size up a situation. 

Syn., n. area, greatness, dimension. 

( siz< t). adj. being of a particular 
size, bulk, volume, or dimension. 

<517 incr (sizing), n. the glutinous material 
oxz.-xxi.cS used for glazing plaster, etc. 

<517 vie* (slz'l), v.i. to make a hissing sound; 
01 Z.-ZIC fry: n. a hissing sound. [Colloq.] 

cIre(skat), n. a certain three-handed card 
oivcii, game. 

<5lrflfp ( sk at), n. a land of flat fish; a metal- 
OAatc lie runner with a frame shaped to 
fit the sole of a shoo: made to be fastened 
under the shoe, and used for gliding rapidly 
over ice; wheels or rollers on a frame which 
fits the sole of the shoe: used for gliding 
rapidly over any smooth surface: v.i. to 
move on skates.— n. skater, 
clrpp (ske), n. a long, narrow strip of wood 
OACC used as a snowshoe. Also, ski. 
clrtfiin (skan), n. a quantity of thread, silk, 
etc., coiled together. 

qItaI <=> ten (skellj-tun), n. the bony frame- 
OJXCJL-c-LU'J.i work of an animal; frame¬ 
work of anything; outline. 

(skep'tlk), n. one who Is yet 
oxv.cjj-lic undecided as to what is true; 
one who doubts whether any fact or truth 
can be certainly known; one who doubts the 
truth of the religious belief of his associates. 
Also, sceptic. 

Syn. doubter, infidel, unbeliever. 

Ant. (see believer). 

clrtk-n tJ rc si (skep'ti-kal), adj. pertaining 
&JVCJLJ-ll-Vsa.X to, or like, a doubter, or skep¬ 
tic: doubting everything; unbelieving; criti¬ 
cally searching; disbelieving the religious belief 
of one’s associates. Also, sceptical. — adv. 
skeptically, sceptically. 

c k pr , ft rJem (skep'tl-slzm), n. an un- 
oxYcp-Ll-CiOiu decided, inquiring state of 
mind; uncertainty; doubt; the doctrine that 
no facts can be known with certainty beyond 
the range of experience; unbelief in the 
religious belief of one’s associates. Also, scep¬ 
ticism. 

Qltpfrh (skech), n. an outline; a simple, 
oxvc 11/11 q U i C kly made drawing from nature; 
as, a crayon sketch: first rough draft; pre- 


skimp 


limmary study; a short, simple piece of 

literature; a short, simple, dramatic perform¬ 
ance: v.t. to draw the outline or give the prin¬ 
cipal features of; make a draft of; outline 
the plan of: v.i. to make an outline or pre¬ 
liminary draft. 

Syn., n. design, picture, plan. 

skptrh Krsnlr (skech'book"), n. a book of 
ixc llil- bUUh drawings, or for drawings. 

^kpfrVl v (skech'I), adj. suggestive of the 
whole; given in outline only; 
giving the main features in a rapid, incomplete 
fashion.— adv. sketchily.— n. sketchiness. 
PilrPW ( s k u )» adj. twisted or turned to one 
DIVCfV side: n. a twisted movement; a dis¬ 
tortion: v.i. to move in a sidelong fashion; 
to glance obliquely: v.t. to shape obliquely; to 
twist, or cause to be crooked. 

pi* (sku'er), n. a pin of wood or 
A metal for keeping meat, etc., in 
shape while roasting: v.t. to fasten with, or 
as with, a skewer or pin. 

oTt-J (ske), n. [pi. ski (ske) or skis (skez)], 
““one of a pair of long, narrow pieces of 
wood with the front end curved, fastened one 
on each foot, and used as snowshoes. Also, 

skee. 

girt a ny/mli (skkd-graf), n. a shadow- 
picture produced by Roent¬ 
gen rays, which pass through the object and 
fall upon a sensitive film. Also, sciagraph. 
cb-lAj (skid), n. a wedge or drag to check 
oxvivx the motion of a vehicle by pressure 
against the wheel; on9 of a pair or set of 
logs, rails, etc., used to form a track down 
which heavy objects may be rolled: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. slddded, p.pr. skidding], to cause to 
move on skids: protect or check with a drag 
or skid: v.i. to slip sideways on the road: 
said of an automobile; to slide without turning 
around: said of a locked wheel. 

clriff (sklf), n. a small, light boat for 
cxUAL rowing. 

clril fill (skfl'fool), adj. having or showing 
uxui-iui deftness or practical ability; ex¬ 
pert in any art or science; clever; requiring 
expertness. Also, skillful. — adv. skilfully, 
skillfully. — n. skilfulness, skillfulness. 

Syn. adroit, apt, deft. 

Ant. (see awkward). 

oljnjlj (skfl), n. knowledge of any art or 
science, together with expert ability 
to put that knowledge to use; cleverness; 
dexterity; trained readiness in using knowl¬ 
edge. 

clrillpH (skild), adj. having the knowledge 
oavaaacva an q ability which come from ex¬ 
perience; dexterous; clever; trained in 
some art, craft, or science; demanding prac¬ 
tical efficiency; as, a skilled trade, 
clril 1p+ (skll'et), n. a small metal vessel 
oxvxl-xc l w ith a handle, used for cooking. 
<5lrJm (skim), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. skimmed, 
oxvxii-t p.p!-, skimming], to remove the scum 
from; to remove something floating from the 
top of; as, to skim milk; to take off, as cream 
from milk, with a ladle or spoon; brush the 
surface of lightly; as, the boat skims the 
water; to glance over hurriedly or superfi¬ 
cially: v.i. to pass lightly over a surface; 
read without thoroughness: adj. having the 
cream, etc., removed from the top; as, skim 
milk. 

clrJtn m ot- (skim'er), n. one who, or that 
oJVJ.XU.-Iifcl -which, takes off a floating 
substance from a surface, as a ladle or dipper 
for skimming cream from milk , etc.; a kind 
of sea bird. 

clrJm-n (skimp), v.t. to do badly or care- 
PfUliip lessly; to slight; to make insuffl- 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=whas in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxh. 










skimpy 


582 


slang 


cient allowance for: v.i. to save; to be 
miserly. [Colloq.] 

clrim tw (skim'pl), adj. [comp, skimpier, 
DlA.iJU.-py SU p er i . skimpiest], stingy; mi¬ 
serly; narrow; as, a skimpy skirt. [Colloq.] 
clrin (skin), 71 ■ the membrane on the surface 
DJAILLl. 0 f the body of an animal which forms 
its outside covering; hide; pelt; bark, rind, 
or peel; as, the skin of an orange; anything 
like a skin; a vessel made of an animal's hide, 
for holding liquids: v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. skinned, 
p.pr. skinning], to remove or strip the outer 
membrane from; flay; peel: v.i. to become 
covered over with skin.— n. skinner. 

<slcin fK-p-f (skln'fllnt"), n. a miser; a 
DJAUi-llUJl niggardly person. 

clrin nv (skln'I), adj. like skin in appear- 
oxi.Ill-J.ij ance or texture; lean; emaci¬ 
ated.—n. skinniness. 

clrin ( s kiP)> v - t - an( i P-P- skipped, p.pr. 
DiAip skipping], to leap lightly over; to 
pass over or omit; colloquially, to cause to 
rebound: r.i. to leap or bound lightly; to move 
with light trips and hops; caper: pass along 
rapidly; hurry along, omitting portions, as in 
reading, etc.: n. a light leap or bound; omis¬ 
sion; a passing over. 

r|r.'« ppkr (sklp'er), n. one who, or that 
DJAip-pci which, moves with a light leaping 
or tripping gait; one who hurries along, as in 
reading, omitting portions; the cheese mag¬ 
got or worm; a kind of small moth; the 
master of a merchant or fishing vessel. 

e:lrin ctnn (sklp'stop"), n. a plan of operat- 
DiVip—oiup ing street or electric railways, 
etc., by reducing the number of regular stop¬ 
ping places. 

clrir micVi (skur'mlsh), n. a brisk fight 
DJaj.i -llIIoil on a sr n a ii scale in war, usually 
In connection with a greater conflict; contest: 
v.i. to fight in small parties; to take part in a 
brisk, short engagement.—n. skirmisher, 
drift (skurt), n. the lower and loose part 
olVli t 0 f a C oat, dress, or other garment; 
an outer garment for women and girls, cover¬ 
ing the body below the waist; a petticoat; 
margin or border; on a saddle, the side flaps: 
v.t. to border; run or pass along the edge of; 
as, to skirt a forest: v.i. to be on the border, 
or move along the edge. 

Qtrit (skit), n. a short literary composition, 
DJa.ll especially one that is simply con¬ 
structed; in this sense, a sketch; a brief 
humorous or satirical writing, 
ch-if fioVi (sklt'ish), adj. shy; easily fright- 
Dixii-iiDii ened; as, a skittish horse; lively; 


fickle.— adv. skittishly. 


skittish- 


skit-tles 


tricky; 
ness. 

(skit'' 
lz), n. 

pi. a game resem¬ 
bling ninepins. 

skiv-er L s , k i v ' a 

leather made from 
the outside portion 
of a split sheepskin 
by tanning in su¬ 
mac. 

skulk J s t kfil to 

hide or get out of „ 
the way in a sneak- . Skull. A, cranium or brain 
ing or underhand I-frontal hone; 

manner- yi an idle temporal! 4, 

S L nnthinff occipital; 5, mastoid process 
^ ^ m g of temporal: 6, external audi- 
fellow.— n. skulker. tory meatus. 

Klmll (skul), n. 

oxiuu the bony case inclosing the brain of 
an animal; the bones of the head and face. 



ciriill ran (skul'kap"), n. a brimless cap 
dJAU ll-bctp f or uge indoors; a tight-fitting 
cap. 

clrii-nlr (skunk), n. an American mammal 
bxvuilJA D f the weasel family, which, when 
pursued, casts forth an offensive liquid: called 
also, in the United States, a polecat. 
ctrxr ( s kl). n- [pi. skies (sklz)], the heavens 
or upper atmosphere; the region of 
clouds, storms, etc.; the climate or wmather; 
heaven. 

clrv larlr (ski'lark"), n. a kind of bird that 
mounts high in the air and sings 
as it soars: not found in America: v.i. to 
frolic or play boisterously. 

licrlif (ski'lit"), n. a window in a roof, 
-J.1&111. ceiling, etc., for letting in light 
from above. 

clrir ni Inf ( ski pi'lut). a term used in 
DJAJ pJ-lUt lumber and mining camps, 
among ranchmen, etc., and in the army, for a 
clergyman, missionary preacher, or chaplain. 

cItvt- rnrlr nt (ski'rbk'et), n. a kind ol 
a -“-J firework that ascends and 

explodes high in the air. 

C U- A7 - coil (ski'sal"; naut. ski'sl), n. the sail 
dXAJ -doJI SP f at the top of a mast, above the 
royal. 

oTt'tt orfan er (ski'skrap er), n. a very 
bKy-btId.p-er ta]1 building. 

olrxr xit errri (ski'werd), adj. and adv. toward 
-Weil IJ fbe sky. Also, adv. skywards, 
olof. (slab), n. a thick piece of anything, 
DJa.U especially marble or stone, having 
fiat surfaces: the outside piece, with or with¬ 
out the bark, removed from a log in sawing it 
into boards. 

darlr (slak), adj. relaxed or loose; weak; 
DldUXV s i OW ; sluggish; not holding fast; not 
pressing; dull; negligent: n. that part of 
anything, as a wire, etc., that hangs down 
loose.— adv. slackly.— -n. slackness. 
q! a r lr pp (slak'n), v.i. to become less firm, 
biauiY-CJJ tense, or rigid; be remiss or less 
diligent; languish; become slower; slake: v.t. 
to loosen; to make less. Also, slack, 
olqplr pr (slak'er), n. one who is negligent 
Dii^.V/XV-ci or car eless in matters of duty, 
especially in time of Avar. [Slang.] 
clop- (slag), n. the dross or dregs of a 
SAa o melted metal; cinders; lava from a 
volcano. 

(sian), past participle of the verb 
slay. 

(slak). v.t. to quench; as, to slake 
thirst; extinguish; mix with water: 
v.i. to become mixed with Avater. 
olorn (slam), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. slammed, 
Dacu.xi p.pr. slamming], to shut violently 
and with a loud noise; put down Avith force 
and loud noise: v.i. to bang; as, the door 
slams: n. a violent and noisy banging; the 
act of banging or shutting noisily; in some 
card games, as bridge, the case when the 
winner takes every trick. 

ol a n r\ pr (slan'der), n. a false or malicious 
oxaii-uci report tending to injure the 
reputation of another; false tales of another: 
v.t. to injure the reputation of by telling 
malicious falsehoods: to malign; libel; revile; 
calumniate.— n. slanderer. 

clan Hpr niic (slan'der-us), adj. uttering 
Dlctii-uci-UUD false reports about a per¬ 
son; of the nature of, or containing, malicious 
reports concerning the character of someone. 
— adv. slanderously. — n. slanderousness, 
ol o ri o- (slang) • 71 • vulgar language ; a popu- 
oxo-iig, lar but unauthorized phrase, or 
mode of expression; an ordinary word that 
has acquired a certain meaning, perhaps quite 


slain 

slake 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 










slangy 


583 


sleepwalking 


apart from its usual one, and that is in popular, 
but inelegant, use; the language of somo par¬ 
ticular calling or class of people; as, the slang 
of the theater, of sailors, etc. 
cl a TIP" V (sl&n&'I). adj. of the nature of, or 
OAC4AA fc> j containing, words that are in com¬ 
mon use, but are not considered strictly 
proper.— adv. slaugily.— n. slanginess, 
of a-pit (slant), n. an inclined plane; a slope: 
oiain v i to give a sloping direction to: v.i. 
to slope; to incline from a certain line or 
level: adj. inclined from a straight line; 
oblique; sloping. 

dafTt ino* (slanting), adj. inclined or 
sloping; oblique.— ado. slant¬ 
ingly. 

cl Q-nf wiga (slant'wiz"), adv. in a slanting 
aiaii.l-w.iC5C direction; obliquely. Also, 

slantly. 

cfo-n (slap), n. a blow, especially one given 
oiap W jth the open hand; an insult; a 
repulse: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. slapped, p.pr. 
slapping], to strike with the open hand or 
with anything broad; colloquially, to throw 
down with careless force. 

Qian r\ a cVl (slap'dash"), adv. in a bold, 
oia.p-uo.oii careless manner: adj. reckless; 
boldly careless of consequences. [Colloq.] 
dan i a pTr* (slap jak ), n. a kind of hat 
bld-p-jclLik batter cake. [U. S.] 

cl sell (slash), n. a long cut; a stroke of a 
oiaoii whip; random cut; slit; gash: v.t. 
to cut by striking violently and at random; 
cut into long slits; gash; cut with a whip: 
v.i. to strike violently and at random.— n. 
slasher. 

cl a cli incr (slashing), adj. that cuts vio- 
oldoii-uig lently; hence, severe; as, 
slashing remarks: n. the act of cutting reck¬ 
lessly or at random. 

(slat), n. a thin, narrow strip of wood 
or metal; as, bed slats. 
claf-fx (slat), n. a kind of rock that splits 
oldie into thin plates; the dark gray color 
of this rock; a thin plate of this rock prepared 
for use in covering a roof, or as a tablet for 
writing upon; in the United States, a list of 
candidates, prepared for nomination or elec¬ 
tion: v.t. to cover with slate; in the United 
States, register for a political appointment; 
as, to slate Wilcox for governor.— adj. slaty, 
of fc»rn ^slat'ern), n. a careless, slovenly 
tci 11 woman; a woman who neglects 
her personal appearance; an untidy woman. 
— adj. and adv. slatternly. 
daiicrVi (slo'ter), n. the act of killing; 

olaugu-ici wanton destruction of life; 
carnage; killing of cattle, etc., for human 
food: v.t. to slay or kill with violence; to 
massacre; to butcher (beasts) for the market. 
Ofo,, (Slav; slav), n. a person belonging to 
wjldv that division of the Indo-European 
race, or parent race of Europe, which inhabits 
eastern Europe and includes Russians, Poles, 
Czechs, and_natives of the Balkan states. 
c |p. rp (slav), n. a human being held in 
oldvc bondage; a bondsman; a serf: 
drudge; one under the power or influence of 
a habit or influence; as, a slave to drink: 
v.i. to work like a drudge; toil, 
davp fanlH pr (slav'hoPder ), n. one who 
olavc-iluiu-CA owns or holds slaves.— 

adj. slaveholdin<r. 

claw or (slav'er), v.i. to let saliva run from 
^***”■*51 the mouth: v.i. to cover or dribble 
with saliva: n. saliva running from the mouth, 
claw or (slav'er), n. a vessel or trader 
old V-cl engaged in the slave trade. 

(slav'er-!), n. [pi. slaveries (-Iz)J, 
a bondsman; 


slat 


clow w (slav'er-!), n. [pi• s 

bldv-cr-y tfre condition of 


the business of holding human beings in 
bondage; bondage; involuntary servitude, 
complete submission to the will of another, 
or to some influence or vice; drudgery. 

Syn. thraldom, captivity, vassalage. 

Ant. (see freedom). 

Cln V ip (slav'ik; sl&v'Ik), adj. pertaining 
oiav-ic to or denoting, that one '>'• Hip 
three great divisions ‘ of the Indo-European 
race, or parent stock of the races of Europe, 
which inhabits eastern Europe and includes 
Russians, Bulgarians, Serbians, etc.; denot¬ 
ing the language spoken by any one of these 
peoples: n. the language of any one of these 
peoples, or, in general, the language group 
to which they belong. 

clqw icTl (slav'Ish), adj. pertaining to, or 
oxa v -ion. ]ik e , a bondservant or drudge.— 
adv. slavishly.—n. slavishness. 

Cfo wnn ir (sla-vdn'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
Old-V (Jil-iC tbe Slavs of Serbia, Croatia, 
Slavonia, Montenegro, etc., known as the 
West Slavic peoples, or to the language 
spoken by them; pertaining to Slavonia, in 
South Hungary, a state of the Jugo-biav 
group, or to its people. Also. Slavonian, 
clowr (slo), n. sliced cabbage served, usually 
oia. vv raWj as a s a i a d. 

(sla), v.t. [p.t. slew, p.p. slain, p.pr. 
slaying], to kill or put to death by 
violence; to destroy.—n. slayer. 
cIpovp (slev), n. the knotted or entangled 
aicav c part of silk or thread; floss. 
c?p»o < 7 w (sle'zl; sla'zl), adj. lacking flrro- 
oica-Aj ness; thin; flimsy; as, sleazy silk 
or muslin.— n. sleaziness. 
c1p.rj (sled), n. a conveyance made to glide 
3ACU rapidly over ice and snow on runners: 
used for sport; any similar conveyance, used 
for carrying loads; a sledge: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
sledded, p.pr. sledding], to carry on a sled or 
sledge. 

cl or? rlirs cr (slSd'Ing), «. the act of carrying 
oj.c'u.-u.jjug or riding on a sled; the condi¬ 
tion of the snow which admits of the gliding 
of sleds; as, the sledding is good, 
d pH cro ( slg i)> n - a Strong vehicle with low 
sicugc runners, or one without runners, 
designed for carrying loads, especially on 
snow* or ice; a sled; a large, heavy hammer, 
usually wielded with both hands: called also 
sledge hammer. 

adj. smooth; glossy: v.t. to 
smooth.— adv. sleekly. 


slay 


cl c' .olr (slek), 
ma ke 


sleekness. 


sleep 


(slep), n. a temporary, normal 
suspension of consciousness and 
will, occurring at regular intervals; slumber; 
rest; figuratively, death: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
slept, p.pr. sleeping], to take rest in sleep, 
be motionless or inactive; be dead: v.t. to 
make go away by sleep; as, he slept away his 
pain; to make pass through sleep; as, she 
slept the day away; to shake off through sleep; 
as, he slept oft the evil effects of the poison. 

Syn. doze, drowse, slumber 
do on ( sl ep'er), n. one who slumbers; 
oiccp-ci a piece of timber laid at right 
angles to the rails of a railway track and sup¬ 
porting them: called also a tie; colloquially, 
a sleeping car. 

clpfxn incr par (slep'ing kar), a car in 
oiccp-uig vaj. use on railways, equipped 

with compartments and berths for sleeping. 
-Upn 1 pcc (slep'les), adj. having no rest; 
oiccp-icoo inclined not to sleep; wake¬ 
ful.— adv. sleeplessly.— n . sleeplessness. 

door* walk- incr (slep'woklng), n. the 
SIccp-WalK-lIlg ac t or habit of walking 

in one’s sleep.— n. sle epwalker. _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; cnase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








sleepy 


584 


slipshod 


, 7 (slep'I), adj. [comp, sleepier, superl. 
Sieep-y sleepiest], inclined to, or overcome 
by, slumber; causing drowsiness or heaviness; 
as. a. sleepy dav; drowsy; sluggish.— adv. sleep* 
ily .— n. sleepiness. . 

(slet), n. driving rain mixed with 
blccl snow or hail: v.i. to rain in driving 
snowy or icy sheets. 

c,i dq a ,, (slet'I), adj. consisting of, or like, a 
olucl-jf driving snowy rain.— n. sleetiness. 
_1 qattq (slev) , n. the part of a garment that 
Sleeve covers the arm; in machinery, a 
part, usually shaped like a tube, to cover some 
other part: v.t. to furnish with sleeves.— ad]. 
sleeveless* 

ol^io-Vi *(sla), n. a vehicle, equipped with 
bieigil runners, used for convening loads 
over snow or ice. „ . 

cl pi* ah in a (sla'ing), n. the act of riding 
Sieign-mg or traveling m a sleigh; the 
condition of the snow which permits this kind 
of traveling. 

_i (slit), n. skill; expertness; scheme; 

bieiglll artful trick; as, the juggler’s 
sleight: sleight of hand, a trick or set of tricks 
requiring expert handling of the articles 
employed to produce the effect. 

-i... A (slen'der), adj. narrow in pro- 
biLll-tlci portion to the length or height; 
slim; as, a slender figure; feeble; moderate; 
small; as, slender means of support; spare; 
as, a slender meal.— adv. slenderly. — n. slen¬ 
derness. 

olo-rvf (slept), past tense and past participle 
blep L 0 f the verb sleep. 

0 I 011 +V 1 (slooth), n. formerly, the track of a 
bit; U 111 man or animal as known by the 
scent; colloquially, a detective. 

sleuth-hound 

scent of men or animals; a bloodhound. 
cIpvxt- (sloo). Past tense of the verb slay: n. 
blew slang, a great number or amount. 

(slis), n. a thin, broad piece; a thin 
bIIL/C piece cut off; as, a slice of bread: 
v.t. to cut into thin pieces or layers; cut 
a layer or layers from; divide or cut off.— n. 
slicer. 

_i* U (silk), adj. smooth-tongued or smooth- 
bilLrV mannered; colloquially, sleek: v.t. 
to make sleek or smooth: adv. smoothly; 
smartly. 

clirlr or (slik'er), n. an oilskin raincoat: a 
blilh-ci long, loose waterproof. [U. S.j 
did (slid), past tense and past participle 
bilu. 0 f the verb slide. 

dido (slid), v.i. [ p.t. slid. p.p. slidden, slid, 
bULic p.pr. sliding], to pass smoothly over a 
surface without leaving it; glide; pass 
unobserved; to go away quietly or secretly: 
with away; slip: v.t. to push along; cause 
to slip into place; to put quietly, and so 
as to be unobserved: n. a smooth surface 
of ice for sliding upon; smooth incline; a 
glass plate containing a picture for projection 
on a screen or an object for examination 
through a microscope; fall of a mass of rock 
or snow down a mountain; that upon which 
anything moves by sliding; a cover, parti¬ 
tion. etc., which moves by sliding, 
slider. 

did in a (slid'Ing), adj. varying; as, 
ouu-iug sliding scale of wages; slipping 
along in a groove; as, a sliding door or panel; 
adjustable. 

cliatrf ( s Hf) • «<#. feeble; as, the enemy 
^II&IIL offered only slight resistance; frail; 
slender; as, a slight figure; unimportant; as, 
there may be a slight difference in color; 


as, the affair is too slight to be noticed: n. 
intentional neglect shown to a person; neglect 
or careless performance of tasks; dehberate, 
discourteous disregard; oversight: v.t. to 
treat with incivility; as, she slighted her 
guests; to neglect or perform carelessly; as, 
he habitually slights his work.— n. slightness. 
„i;„u \~.cr (slit'ing), p.adj. containing or 
Sil&Ill-UIg conveying the intention of 
disco urtesv; detracting; characterized or 
marked by disregard.— adv. slightingly. 

1 *i 4 . i T . (slit'll), adv. to a small or unim- 
Sllglil-iy portant extent; partially. 

-i.'tn (slim), adj. [comp, slimmer, superl. 
Slim slimmest], of small diameter; slender; 
frail: slight; as, a slim person; weak or 
insufficient; as, a slim excuse; sparse; as, a slim 
audience.— n. slimness. 

i' a (slim), n. soft, moist earth or clay; 
SllIIlv? a ny moist, sticky substance, espe¬ 
cially one that is dirty; sticky substance, 
such as the mucous secretion upon certain 
snails, plants, etc.— adj. slimy.— n. sliminess. 
d;~»rr (sling), n. the act of hurling or fling- 
bllllg jng; a n instrument for throwing 
stones; a throw; a device to suspend some¬ 
thing, as a shoulder strap for a camera, etc.; 
the hanging bandage in which an injured 
arm is carried; a drink made of sweetened 
brandy, gin, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. slung, p.pr. 
slinging], to hurl with, or as with, an instru¬ 
ment for throwing; cast; fling; hang so as 
to swing; hang or suspend by a rope or tackle. 
— n. slinger. 

olinlr (sknk). t).i. [p.t. and p.p. slunk, p.pr. 
bill ilk slinking], to creep away as if ashamed; 
sneak off. 

(slip), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. slipped, p.pr. 
t>Iip slipping], to glide or slide; miss one’s 
foothold; fall down; go or come unobserved; 
as, she slipped into the room; move, often 
unexpectedly, out of place; as, when the 
chair slipped , I fell; escape; as, the address 
has slipped from my mind: v.t. to put on or 
off with ease, as a ring or a garment; to cause 
to slide, as a door or panel; to let loose, as 
hounds; to get out of; as, to slip a bridle or 
collar; to carry secretly; to escape; as, the 
address has slipped my mind; to cut a part 
from (a plant) for planting; cut from a plant; n. 
the act of sliding or missing one’s foothold; a 
sudden mischance; a fault; an error; a 
blunder; as, a slip of the tongue; a cutting 
from a plant; hence, an offsnoot; a space 
between wharves for vessels; a dock; some¬ 
thing that may be put on or off with ease, 
as a kind of underwaist, a pillow r case, etc.; 
small piece of something, rather longer 


a 


a 

than wide; a strip; as, a slip of paper. 
dtr» Irrmt (sUp'nQt"). «. a running knot: 

L a knot which slips along the 
string, rope, or cord around which it was tied, 
clin nor (sllp'er), n. one who, or that which, 
slips; a kind of low light shoe, 
easily put on or taken off. 

cKn (sllp'Srd), adj. wearing slip- 

‘ 5AA F~ir CJL cu ' pers; as, prettily slippered 
feet. 

cli-n nor rr (sllp'er-I), adj. so smooth as to 
oiip-pci -y a iiow people or things to slide 
about; without, firm hold or footing; caus¬ 
ing bodies to slip; as, a slippery pavement; 
smooth; cunning; as, a slippery rascal.—». 
slipperiness. 

c].n fnp.'f* V pirn (sllp'er-I elm), a htorth 
oiip-pcx-j caxai. American tree having a 
sticky inner bark; the bark, used to make a 
soothing medicine. 

slight difference in color; not c i: n ohinrl (sllp'shod"), adj. wearing shoes 
slight reproof; insignificant; I sup-sn-t/Li. or slippers down at the heel ; 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 


3evere; as, a 










slit 


585 


sluggish 


hence, slovenly; careless and haphazard In 
the doing of tasks, etc. 

eKf (slit), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. slit or slitted, 
p.pr. slitting], to cut lengthwise or into 
long strips; to cut or tear a lengthwise open¬ 
ing in; split; n. a long cut; a lengthwise cut 
or tear; a narrow opening.— n. slitter, 
d iv ar ( slIv ' 6r )- and to divide into 
oilv-ci long, thin, or very small pieces; 
to cut or break off: n. a splinter; a sharp, 
thin, pointed piece, as of wood, etc.; a slim 
strand of fiber drawn together. 
cl/Vh hpr (slob'er), v.i. to let saliva dribble 
aiuu-uci from the mouth: v.t. to wet by 
letting saliva run from the mouth.—n. slob- 
berer. 

(slo), n. a small, bitter plum of the 
OlUC blackthorn tree; also, the tree, 
cln tran (slo'g&n), n. the war cry or gather- 
aA '-»-gaAA ing cry of a Highland clan; hence, 
any rallying cry; as, the slogan of a political 
party, or of an idea, or movement, as " 
will win the war.” 
c l n :j (sloid), n. a systom of elementary 
olUlu. manual training, whereby a practical 
knowledge of tools and materials is acquired. 
Also, sloyd._ 

(sloop), n. a one-masted vessel with 
biUUjJ a fore-and-aft rig. 
clrvn ( sl ^P)» n - water carelessly spilled; 
oiUp puddle; poor or weak liquid food: pi. 
dirty or refuse water; cheap ready-made 
clothes: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. slopped, p.pr. slop¬ 
ping], to soil by letting liquid fall upon; to 
spill: v.i. to be spilled. 

elana (slop), n. an inclined line; a slant; 

surface inclining downward; as. the 
slope of a hill; that part of the land that 
descends toward the ocean: v.i. and v.t. to 
incline; as, the ground slopes; to slant.— adj. 
sloping. 

olrk-n r%v (slop!), adj. wet; unpleasant 
oiup-pjf because wet; as, sloppy weather; 
wet enough to splash water up on one; as, 
sloppy streets; disordered and dirty; as, a 
sloppy kitchen; colloquially, slovenly; careless. 
— adv. sloppily.— n. sloppiness, 
clrtr* cVirm <sl5p'sh6p'), n. a store or shop 
biup-binjp w here cheap ready-made 

clothes are sold. 

olz- 1 -rk (slSp'wfirk*), n. the manu¬ 

al Up-WUIii facture of cheap clothing, or 
slops; clothing of such a sort. 

_i a j. (sl<5t), n. a broad, flat wooden bar; 
blUt bolt; narrow crack or groove; a small, 
narrow opening, big 
enough to insert a coin; 
a deer's track: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. slotted, p.pr. 
slotting], to groove; 
trace by a slot: slot 
machine, a vending, 
or selling, machine in 
which a coin may be 
inserted to purchase 
candy or peanuts, 
pay for a tele¬ 


phone call, or 
the like: slot - 
ting machine, 
slotter, a ma¬ 
chine for cut¬ 
ting mortises, 
etc., in metals. 

clnfh ( sloth : 
SlOin s ioth), 

n. idleness; lazi¬ 
ness; ind.o 



Slotting Machine 


lence; a certain animal of South and Central 
America, so called from its slow movements. 


dn+Vl fill (sloth'fool; sloth'fool), adj. lazy; 
oAUU.A-1U1 glow; idle; sluggish; indolent; 
as, a slothful youth.— adv. slothlully. —n. 
slothfulness. 

<?lniirVl (slouch). n - a drooping, as of the 
°* UU,V ' 1A head; a sidewise depression, as of 
a hat brim; an ungainly, clownish gait; as, to 
walk with a slouch; an awkward, dull fellow: 
v.t. to cause to droop; depress at the side: v.i. 
to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward man¬ 
ner: slouch hat, a soft hat, with a flexible 
brim. 

clmirVi v (slouch!), adj. awkward in 
OAUU.CAJ.-jr manner or gait; ungainly; 
drooping.— adv. clouchily.— n. slouchiness. 
cl nil crh («lou; slCo), n. a place full of deep 
oxuugAA mud; a bog; a very muddy place; 
a marsh; a muddy place caused by the empty¬ 
ing of a drain; hence, a place fr m which it is 
difficult to get out; as, a slough of despondency. 
— adj. sloughy. 

Food clnii crh ( s ^)» n - ^he cast-off skin of a 
oauu&ia snake; the part that comes off 
from a festering sore; also used figuratively; 
as, to cast off the slough of ignorance: v.i. to 
come away in the form of dead matter from 
the sound flesh; come off or be shed, as the 
skin of an animal; to shed or cast the skin: 
v.t. to cast off.— adj. sloushy. 

C1 n rralr (slo-vak'; slo'vak), n. one of a 
OAU-von. race of Slavs living in north¬ 
western Hungary, akin to the Czechs of 
Bohemia, with whom they form the Czecho¬ 
slovak group; the language of these people, 
clnv Pti (sluv'n), n. one who is always 
bAUv-CAA untidy in his dress and personal 
habits; one who is careless of order and 
neatness; a lazy person. 

01,~ (slo'ven), n. one of a Slavic 

OAU-vcaau people native to some of the 
states of southern Austria, especially Carniola, 
and included in the Jugo-Slav group: adj. 
pertaining to the Slavs of Carniola and 
adjoining territory. Also, Slovenian, 
clmr 1v (sluv'n-U), adj. untidy in ap- 
bAUv-^CAA-Ajr pearance; careless; not neat. 
—n. slovenliness. 

clnw ( sl °)> adj. not quick or rapid in 
blUW motion; as, a slow step; not prompt; 
as, slow in arriving; occupying a long time; 
as, slow progress; not rash or hasty; as, slow 
to anger; dull or stupid; as, a slow pupil; 
not up to time; as, the clock is slow: v.i. to 
move with less speed; as, the train slowed 
down: v.t. to cause to move with less speed; 
to delay.— adv. slowly. — n. slowness. 

cl/vwr mn+rVi ( sl ° ni&ch), a slow-burning 
SlOW IIla.lV/11 fuse f or firing a blast, mine. 

or bomb, 

clnw wnrm (slo'wfirm"), n. a small, 
aiuw-wuini harmless, burrowing lizard, 
like a snake in appearance; the blind worm, 
cl nvrl (sloid), n. a system of manual training 
blUyvA whereby a practical knowledge of 
tools and materials is acquired. Also, sloid. 
clurlaa (sluj), n. slush; mire; sticky mud; 
"lOU-gtS^floating ice.— adj. sludty. 
cilia (sl°°)> and v .i. to turn around; to 
blUO slide around, as on a slippery surface. 
Also, slew. 

cilia ( sl hg). n - a kind of land-snail without 
®lUfc a shell; the creeping larva of a moth; 
a kind of rough, small bullet: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
slugged, p.pr. slugging], slang, to strike hard, 
especially with the fist or a club, 
d,- „ (slug'drd), n. one who is always 

SAU &-& ara lazy and idle, 
eliirr rrioTi (slug'Ish), adj. always lazy and 
SI Ug -glSH jfile ; dull; slothful; inactive; slow 
mentally.— adv. sluggishly. — n. sluggishness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


80 
























sluice 


586 


smew 



Sluice Gates 


(slobs), n. a gate for regulating the 
bllllCC flow of water in a canal, etc.; 
hence, an open¬ 
ing or channel 
through which 
anything flows; a 
stream of water 
issuing through a 
floodgate; v.t. to 
wash with water 
from, or as from, a 
sluice; as, to sluice 
gold; sluice gate, 
an apparatus for 
holding in or let¬ 
ting out water 
from a canal or 
other channel; a 
floodgate. 
cIiitti (slum), 

sium „ a io W , 

dirty street or dis¬ 
trict of a city or 
town, inhabited 
by the very poor or criminal classes; pi. a 
neighborhood composed of such streets: v.i. 
[p.t. and p.p. slummed, p.pr. slumming], collo¬ 
quially, to visit such neighborhoods as a 
fashionable amusement.— n. slummer, 

(slum'ber), v.i. to sleep, espe- 
SlUm-Uei cially to sleep lightly; doze; 
be in a state of rest or inactivity: n. sleep; 
a doze.— adj. slumberless. — n. slumberer. 

slum-ber-ous 

sleep or doze; heavy with sleepiness; drowsy. 
Also, slumbrous. 

(slump), n. colloquially, a sudden 
blUllip falling off; as, a slump in the price of 
eggs: v.i. to fall or sink suddenly; as, the price 
of wheat slumped; to experience such a fall. 
-’Inner (slung), past tense and past parti¬ 
al Uiig ciple of the verb sling. 
olnnrr (slung shot), a weight attached 

blullg biiu l 0 a cord, used by ruffians as 

a weapon. 

dimlr (slunk), past tense and past par- 
blulliv ticiple of the verb slink. 

(slGr), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. slurred, p.pr. 
blUI slurring], to soil; pass over in a slight¬ 
ing manner, sometimes with the effect of 
slipping important facts into the background; 
to speak slightingly of; pronounce indis¬ 
tinctly; in music, to sing or execute without 
breaks between two or more tones; to mark 
so as to indicate that the passage is to be sung 
or executed in this manner: n. a stain; slight 
reproach, or a remark implying reproach; 
stigma: in music, a mark (^ or '—), connect¬ 
ing notes that are to be sung or played with¬ 
out a break. 

cliieVi (slush), n. half-melted snow; soft 
blUbll mud; a greasy mixture for oiling 
machinery.— adj. slushy. 

(slut), n. a dirty, untidy woman; a 
blui femal6 dog. 

c<1n+ 4-ioVi (slut'Tsh), adj. untidy and dirty. 
SrU.I-i.lbXl —ad?’, sluttishly. —n. sluttish¬ 
ness. 

c i.. (sli), adj. [comp, slyer, superl. slyest], 
olj secretly mischievous; underhand and 
crafty; deceitful; playfully mischievous; 
roguish.— adv. slyly, slily. — n. slyness, 
cmorlr (smfik), n. a quick, resounding 
bliiaAAv blow; loud kiss; a quick, sharp 
noise with the lips, as in eating; a slight taste 
or flavor; a smattering; a one-masted coast¬ 
ing or fishing vessel: v.t. to kiss with a quick, 
sharp noise; strike with a smart blow: v.i. 
to make a noise with the lips after tasting, 


in kissing, etc.; to have a flavor, tincture, or 
suggestion of anything: usually with of; as, 
t his smacks of treason. . , 

cm ark incr (smak'Ing), p.adi. making a 
SIIla.CK-lIlg sharp noise; lively; brisk. 

email (smol), adj. [comp, smaller . superl. 
bllldJLl smallest], comparatively little in 
size, quantity, or degree: opposite to large; 
as, a small school; a small amount; unim¬ 
portant or insignificant; as, his opinion is of 
small value; tiiis is a small matter; not power¬ 
ful: said of the voice; weak: said of diluted 
liquors, as beer; not long in duration;_ as, a 
small period of time; petty ; not large-minded; 
narrow: n. a small part.— n. smallness. 
o-KMoll o-rmc (smol a-rmz), firearms that 
blllctl! ctlllib can k e carried on the per¬ 
son, such as muskets, rifles, pistols, etc. 
e-mail Tii nr. (smol pi'ka), a size of print- 
blllclll pi-Cd mg type, now called 11-pomt. 

omoil nAY (smol'poks"), n. a contagious 
blllcLLl-pOA disease marked by fever and a 
pimplelike eruption containing pus. 
omoil -fallr (smol tok), light, unimportant 
blllclll Ictus. conversation. 

cm curt (smart), adj. causing a stinging, 
billd.1 L s barp sensation; as, a smart pun¬ 
ishment; brisk; fresh: said of a breeze; 
clever; pertly wittj; shrewd; showy; fash¬ 
ionable; as, a smart gown: n. a quick, lively 
pain; keen grief: v.i. to feel a stinging sensa¬ 
tion; to be the seat of a stinging sensation; 
to cause a stinging sensation; to suffer; to 
have one’s feelings wounded.— adv. smartly.— 
n. smartness. 

cm art on (smar'tn), v.t. to make stylish 
blllcll l-cii or spruce; as, to smarten up a 

gown. [Colloq.] 

omoc"h (smash), v.t. to break in pieces by 
blllabii violence; crush; shatter; to 
destroy utterly: v.i. to break into many 
pieces, as from pressure; to go into bank¬ 
ruptcy suddenly, as a business; to be thrown 
violently against something; as, the machine 
smashed against the wall: n. a breaking to 
pieces; utter destruction; colloquially, bank¬ 
ruptcy.—n. smasher. 

o-mo+ tar (smat'er), n. a slight knowledge 
blUal-lcl 0 f anything. 

c1T ,.,f + pr Inrr (smat'er-tng), n. a slight. 
oj.ij.cil- its x-xj-ig superficial knowledge of 

anything. 

ctnAQi* (smer), v.t. to overspread with 
billcdl anything oily or sticky; daub; to 
soil in any way: n. a blot or stain, 
cmpll (smel), v.t, [p.t. and p.p. smelled or 
blllcll S melt, p.pr. smelling], to perceive 
by means of the nerves in the nose; obtain 
the scent of; to test by sniffing air; to seek or 
detect by, or as by, the odor: v.i. to have an 
odor; as, this room smells of sulphur; use 
the power of perceiving by the sense of smell: 
with of; as, smell of this flower: n. that 
quality of bodies which affects the sense of 
smell; the sensation felt by means of the 
nerves in the nose; odor. 

Syn., n. fragrance, scent, perfume. 

C mp1+ (smelt), n. a small edible fish very 
bliiCll similar to the trout: v.t. to melt, as 
an ore, for the purpose of separating the pure 
metal from other substances, 
cm pit pr (smgl'ter), n. one who melts or 
biiicll-Cl refines ore; a furnace for reduc¬ 
ing ore; the owner of such a furnace. 

smelt-ing fur-nace » 

in which ore is melted to obtain metal. 
Qmpw ( smu )> n - a diving bird of the duck 
bliicw family: found in northern Europe 
and Asia. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu, 


































smilax 


587 


snack 


■« ip y (SLailakS) , w. 9. delicate, trailing 

DAAAA-Aa “ A ‘ foliage plant, much used for 
decoration. 

cmi1p> (snail), v.i. to show pleasure, joy, 
OAAAAAC love, or kindness by an expression of 
the face; to show slight contempt by such an 
expression; to look gay, cheerful, or happy; 
look with favor; as, to smile on one’s labors: 
v.t. to express by a look of pleasure, kindness, 
etc.: n. a change of expression, marked by an 
upward curve of the mouth, a sparkle of the 
eyes, etc., and indicating joy, pleasure, kind¬ 
ness, or happiness; an appearance of gladness. 
— adv. smilingly. 

cmilp a pep hnnlr book), a foid- 

bimie-ctge UUUJV er of coupon tickets, 

issued to soldiers in the United States National 
Army in the World War: each coupon being 
worth five cents and admitting the soldier 
to an entertainment at the camp theater. 
cmirrVi (smflrch) v.t. to smear; soil; make 
OAAAAA ^ AA dirty; stain; to defame; as, to 
smirch one’s reputation: n. a smear or stain. 
Qmirlr (smurk), v.i. to smile affectedly or 
oixiliA. conceitedly: n. an affected smile. 

(smit), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p. smitten, 
oiiiALU p.pr. smiting], to strike with, or as 
with, the hand or a weapon; destroy; over¬ 
come in battle; cast down; punish; trouble; 
touch with any strong feeling, as love, grief, 
fear, etc.: v.i. to affect something as would a 
heavy blow. 

Q rn {4.'U (smith), n. one who shapes metal 
Dliillii with a hammer on a forge; a worker 
In metals. 

Qtnith v (smlth'I), n. [pi. smithies (-Iz)J, 
aAAAA tn- y the workshop of one who forges 
metal, especially of a blacksmith, 
crrmrlr (smok), «. a chemise; a peasant’s 
DIUUUJV long, loose blouse, or smock frock; 
a woman’s loose, unbelted blouse. 

cm Ir frnrlr ( sm6k frok), a coarse, 
djjjuuxx xxuv^xv long, loose blouse, worn 

over the rest of the garments by European 
peasants. 

cmnrlr ina (smbk'Ing), n. a kind of dec- 
oi.ii.UL/iv-iii.g orative needlework used for 

holding gathers in place in women’s and 
children’s dresses. 

cmnlrp (smok), n. the visible, carbon- 
DlliUJVt; carrying gas that escapes when a 
substance is burned; vapor; the act of 
smoking a pipe or cigar; light, careless talk: 
v.t. to apply smoke to, as meat; to blacken 
by smoke; dry, scent, or medicate by the 
action of smoke; inhale and puff out the 
smoke of; force out by smoke; as, to smoke 
an animal from its hole; detect or search out; 
v.i. to emit or give out smoke; burn tobacco 
in a pipe, etc.; inhale and puff out smoke. 

smoke con-sum-er £ 5 d n el 

vice used by coal-burning industries to do 
away with the black smoke from their chim¬ 
neys. 

simnltP 1 pec (smokies), adj. burning 
0IIIUA.C-IC00 without sending out visible 

gas; as, smokeless powder. 

smoke-less pow-der 

sive used in war/.which burns without making 
6moke. 

cmrklr or (smok'er), n. one given to the 
olilUJV-Cl smoking of tobacco; collo¬ 
quially, a railroad car for men smoking 
tobacco; also, a social gathering of men at 
which tobacco is smoked. 

cmn 1rp cforlr (smok'stak'), n. a cMm- 
DllIUxi.C-ota.UJV ney, especially of a fac- 

tory, locomotive, etc, 


ssmolr incr (smoking), p.adj. giving out 
OAAAVAAV ' AAA & smoke; used for smoking 
tobacco; as. a smoking room. 

cmnlr V ( smok 'b> adj. [comp, smokier, 
OAAA '- ,xv- J r superl. smokiest], giving out, or 
filled with, smoke; as, a smoky stove; soiled 
with smoke; hazy in atmosphere; as, a smoky 
day; grayish-black in color, like smoke.— 
adv. smokily. — n. smokiness. 

omnl H nr (smol'der), v.i. to burn slowly, 
oiuui-uci giving forth smoke without 
flame; burn beneath the surface; exist in a 
stifled condition; as, their discontent Smolders. 
Also, smoulder. 

cm nit (smolt), n • a young salmon that has 
OAAAUA1, acquired its silver scales, 
omnnttl (smooth) . adj., not rough; even 
OAAA ' AVtAA in surface or texture; perfectly 
blended; gently flowing; as, a smooth river; 
glossy; unruffled; tending to calm or soothe 
ruffled feelings; flatteiing; as, to win by 
smooth words; easy and eloquent, as in 
speech or manner; steady in motion; without 
hair, especially on the face: n. the act of 
making even in surface, texture, motion, etc.; 
that pait of anything that is not rough: v.t. 
to remove roughness from; to make even, 
steady, or calm; to soothe, as the feelings; 
to take away harshness from; to make light of; 
as, to smooth over an offense; to make pleas¬ 
ant by soft words; to remove, as difficulties 
or hindrances: with away. — adv. smoothly. 
— n. smoothness. 

Syn., adj. level, polished, sleek. 

Ant. (see rough). 

cmnrkth "horp (smooih'bor*), adj. having 

binuuui-uure a tube or bore a 

smooth inner surface: said of a gun. Also, 
smooth-bore. 

cm fine'll -fa (smooffi'fast"), adj. with- 

D1I1UUU1 ldUUU. out beard or mustache; 

calm in expression. 

cmn+P (smot), past tense of the irregular 
smuic verb smite. 

cmntVi pr (smutfi'er), v.t. to destroy the 
DJ.I1ULI1-C1 b f e 0 f b y depriving of air; 

stifle; suppress or conceal; as, to smother 
one’s anger: v.i. to be suffocated or deprived 
of air: n. stifling smoke or thick dust. 
cmmilH or (smol'der), v.i. to burn slowly 
DJJJ.uuiu.-ci without flame or beneath the 
surface. Also, smolder. 

cm 11 Hem (smuj), n. a smear or stain; 
OAiA suffocating smoke; a smoldering 
fire of damp wood, etc., giving forth dense 
smoke to keep off insects: v.t. to smear 
or stain; blacken or stifle with smoke.— adj. 
smudgy. — n. smudginess, 
cm 11 O' ( sm ug)» adj. affectedly precise or 
OAAAtA o prim; self-satisfied; spruce; neat. 
cmilO* crl** (smug'l), v.t. and v.i. to bring 
OAAAAA &“& AC in or send out (goods) to or 
from a country, secretly, without paying 
customhouse duties or taxes; to carry or 
introduce secretly.—n. smuggler, 
cm lit (smut), n. a spot or stain made by 
OAAA4A t S oot or dirt; a poor quality of soft 
coal; a disease affecting corn, wheat, etc.; 
foul language: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. smutted, p.pr. 
smutting], to soil or blacken with, or as with, 
soot: v.i. to become blackened, as by smut, 
as corn; to give off soot or dirt. 

QmiltrTl (smtmh), v.t. to soil with smoke, 
&AAA UtUil soot, or coal: n. a dirty spot. 
Qtnnf +v (smut'I), adj. [comp, smuttier, 
DJ.il U l-ly superl. smuttiest], soiled or 
stained with dirt or soot; indecent or foul 
in talk.— adv. smuttily. — n. smuttiness, 
c-narlr (snak), n. a slight, hurried repast, 
DJ.ia.UJV or meal. ]Colloq1 


■ 1. . — - . 1 —i —— - - 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = whas in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





snaffie 


588 


snobbishness 


snaf-fle 


(snaf'l), n. a horse’s bit having a 
joint in the middle and no curb: 
v.t. to put such a bit in the mouth of. 
cnacr (snag), n. a rough branch broken off 
oildg short; a jagged stump; a broken tree 
sticking up from the bottom of a river or 
lake and dangerous to boats; any sudden ob¬ 
stacle; a tooth projecting beyond the rest; a 
broken or decayed tooth: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
snagged, p.pr. snagging], to injure or destroy 
by contact with a broken, jagged stump, 
cnoil ( sna b, n - a slimy, slow-creeping little 
olldil animal of the shellfish family, having 
a'spiral shell; hence, any slow-moving person; 
a drone. 

cnfllrp (snak), n. a long, slim reptile 
olldivc without limbs, and often poisonous, 
having a winding motion; a serpent: v.t. 
slang, to draw out with a jerk, 
cnair xr (sna.k'1), adj. [comp, snakier, superl. 
olldJV-j snakiest], pertaining to, or like, a 
snake; infested with snakes; deceitful; sly; 
cunning. 

cna-n ( sna P)> [P-t- an d p.p. snapped, 
Sli-dp p.pr. snapping], to break off short; 
to snatch at something suddenly, especially 
with the teeth; to produce a sharp, sudden 
sound; speak crossly or angrily; miss fire: 
said of a gun; to flash; to crackle: v.t. to 
break off short; crack; seize suddenly and 
unexpectedly, as with the teeth; to speak to 
sharply and angrily: followed by up; cause 
to make a sudden, sharp sound; as, to snap 
the fingers: n. act of seizing or breaking sud¬ 
denly; the sudden breaking of something stiff 
or tightly stretched; a sudden, sharp sound; 
as, the snap of a whip; a spiing lock or catch; 
a sudden short period of severe weather; as, 
a cold snap; colloquially, energy or vim; 
a kind of small, thin, crisp cake: adj. collo¬ 
quially, receiving or requiring little thought; 
as, a snap judgment; a snap course of study. 

crtan Hracr nrt (snap'drag'un), n. a plant 
blldp-UI clg-Ull w ith a showy flower of 

curious shape; a game in which raisins are 
snatched from a bowl of binning brandy, 
enn-n npr (sn&p'er), n. a flesh-eating, 
olia Pr Ci edible sea-fish, found in tropical 
waters. 

cflATS Til TIP" ■flit* "tl f* (sn&p'lDg tfir'tl), a 
blictp-plllg lUX-lie large freshwater 

turtle that seizes its prey by a snap of its 
jaws. 

c-nark -nicVr (snap'ish), adj. likely to 
duap-pidll snatch with the jaws; eager 
to bite; as, a snappish dog; sharp in speech; 
peevish; easily iriitated or made angry.— 
adv. snappishly.— n. snappish::ess. 
on on tw ( sna P'I). a-dj. [comp, snappier, 
snap-pj superl. snappiest], sharp and 
irritable in speech; full of energy; brisk. 
[Colloq.] 

GTlfl-n ch/vf (snap'shbt"), n. a photograph 
onap-oiiUL mac ie without preparation by 
the subject. Also, snap sh>t. 

(snar), n. a running noose or loop 


snare 


of cord or wire, for catching an ani¬ 


mal or bird; anything that entangles or 
entraps; a string stretched across the head 
of the drum called a snare drum: v.t. to catch 
or entangle with, or as with, a noose or net. 
oriQfp Hnim (snar drum), a small 
® AAC *-*' : ' ‘-1IUII1 double-headed drum, with 
catgut strings across one head to add to its 
resonance. 

on q rl ( snar b > to make a growling noise, 
OAAClA * as an angry dog; speak in harsh, 
surly tones; to become tangled or knotted: 
p.t. to knot or entangle, as thread or hair; 
utter in a growl or a harsh, surly tone: n. the 


act of growling, or of speaking in surly tones; 
a growl; a surly tone; angry contention or 
quarrel; an entanglement or knot of thread, 
hair, etc.— n. snarler. 

c-narl incr (snarl'Ing), n. the decorating ol 
hollow metal with raised work 
by hammering with a special tool on the 
inner surface. 

cnatrVj (sna-cli), v.t. to take or seize sud- 
bllctlwi denly or rudely; to Catch hur¬ 
riedly; as, to snatch an hour of sleep: v.i. to 
attempt to seize anything suddenly: with 
at: n. a hasty catch or seizing; a small 
fragment; as, a snatch of music.— adj. 
snatchy. 

crm+Ti ( sn ^)» n - the handle of a scythe, 
olid 111 or tool for cutting hay, grass, etc. 
Also, snathe._ 

QTiPfllr ( sn ^k), v.i. to creep or steal away 
bllCcua. privately or meanly; slink; to act 
in cowardly fashion and with meanness; 
steal: n. a mean, cowardly fellow; a petty 
thief.— adj. sneaky, sneaking. 

C nppr (sner), v.i. to show contempt by an 
cjIICCI expression of the face, as by curling 
the lips, etc.; to speak contemptuously or 
with ridicule: often followed by at: as, to 
sneer at religion: v.t. to utter in a scornful 
manner: n. contempt or scorn shown in speech 
or manner; a scornful or contemptuous smile. 
— adv. sneerinsly.— n. sneerer. 
cnpA 7 A (snez), n. a sudden and brief spasm 
oliCCZ-C 0 f the breathing organs, causing a 
violent and audible rush of air through the 
mouth and nostrils: v.i. to be seized with 
such a violent and brief spasm of the breath¬ 
ing organs. 

crmrlr pr (snik'er), n. a half suppressed 
j>iil<uia.-Ci laugh; a giggle: v.i. to laugh 
slyly; giggle- Also, snigger. 

QTTtff p -*- to draw hi the breath audi- 

rihai bly through the nose, often as an 
expression of contempt: v.t. to smell or scent; 
as, a dog will sniff an enemy; to sniff danger: 
n. the act of smelling; an audible, often 
scornful, drawing in of the breath through 
the nose. 

cnicr crip* (snlg'l), v.i. to fish for eels by 
pushing the baited hook into 
their hiding places. 

ctnin ( sni P)’ V - L and VP- snipped, p.pr. 
J3AAA Jr snipping], to cut into or clip off, as 
with scissors or shears; to nip: n. a single 
cut with scissors; a clip; colloquially, a 
small, unimportant person or thing, 
cpi’pp (snip), n. a long-billed bird akin to 
OJAA F c the woodcock: usually found on the 
margin of water: v.i. and v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
sniped, p.pr. sniping], to shoot from a safe 
position, especially at individual soldiers of a 
hostile force. 

ernm p»r (sm'per), n. a person, often a 
*- >AAA P~ cl soldier, who shoots from a safe 
position at individual men of a hostile force, 
oni-n TW ( snI P'()» adj. [comp, snippier, 
OAAA P-Pj superl. snippiest], cut off short; 
colloquially, disagreeably self-assuming or 
conceited.— adv. snippily. —n. snippiness, 
cfiiv P‘1 ( snI v'l), v.i. to run at the nose; to 
cry or whine with running at the 
nose, as a child.—n. sniveler, sniveller. 

QTinll (snob), n. a vulgar person who pre- 
OAiUU tends to be better, richer, or more 
fashionable than he really is; one who 
respects position and wealth more than 
character.— adj. snobbish —n. snobbery. 

snob-bish-ness 

in one’s own position or wealth; mean respect 
for wealth and position. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, e&mpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu,' 







snood 


589 


sober 


cnnnH ( snooc b. n • a little band for binding 
siiuuu U p the h a j r G f a y 0un g woman; 

a short horsehair line to connect a fishing 
line with the hook. 

cnnn7P (snooz), v.x. to take a nap; to 
buouzc doze: «. a nap. [Colloq.] 

«nnrp (snor), v.i. to breathe audibly 
OAAc through the nose in sleep: n. a noisy 
breathing in sleep. 

(sndrt), v.i. to force the air through 
BAA ' JA A the nose with a loud sound; to 
express feeling by such a sound; as, to snort 
with anger: v.t. to utie ■ wi h such a smnd: n. 
a loud, abrupt sound made through the nose, 
cnmit ( snou t). n- the projecting nose of a 
ouuui beast, as of swine; the nozzle of a 
pipe, hose, etc. 

Qnnw ( sn °). n. frozen vapor in the form 
biiuw 0 f white, feathery flakes, or crystals, 
falling through the air or lying upon the 
earth: i.i. to fall in frozen crystals: used 
impersonally; as, it snows: v.t. to pour out 
thickly, like falling snow; to obstruct or 
shut in with masses of snow: with in or up; 
as, the farm was snowed in for tbree days. 

crm'rcr ViirH (sno'burd"), n. a small Arneri- 
BllUW-uiiU can finch, common in time 

of heavy snow. 

cnnixr Klin/I (snb'blind"), adj. having the 
SHOW Uiinu s jght injured by the glare 
of snow in sunshine. 

cnnw-hmiriH (sno'bound"), adj. shut 
bllUW UUU11U i n or confined by masses 

of snow. 

cnnw Hrift (sno'drlft'), n. a mass of 
BllUW-Ullll snow heaped up by the wind. 

cnnvrr rlrnn (sno'drop"), n. a plant with 
bIIUW-U.Iup pretty white flowers, which 
blooms in very early spring. 

cnrvur fall (sno'fol"), n. the quantity of 
blIUW-la.ll S now which falls during a given 
time or a single storm; a light s low storm. 

cnnixr flol rex (sno'flak"). n. a white feath- 
oiiu w-iictxvc e ry crystal of frozen vapor. 

li-n<a> ( snG * the lowest limit of 
bllUW llllu perpetual snow; as, the snow 
line of a mountain. 

ennw nlnw (sno'plou"), n. a machine or 
oii.UW-pj.VAW engine used to clear roads, 
tracks, etc., of heavy snow. Also, snow¬ 
plough. 

cn mir cfiorl (sno'shed'), n. a roof or 
oiiuw-oiicu- shelter to keep off snow, as 

from a railroad track in_the mountains. 
C n AW c Vinn (sno'shoo"), n. a network of 
biiuw-buuc rawhide in a flat wooden 
frame, shaped like a short paddle, to be at¬ 
tached to the foot, to enable the wearer to 
walk on the top of the snow without sinking in. 
en/v«r cto-un (snd'storm"), n. a heavy 
SIlOW-bLOi.1: A downfall of snow, usually 

with a strong wind. 

ennur \r (sno'I), adj. [comp, snowier, superl. 
oil \JW-y snowiest], white liko fresh snow; 
as, snowy linen; covered with, or full of, 
snow; pure.— adv. snowily.—n. snowiness. 
cn ..u (snub), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. snubbed, 
bllUU p^r. snubbing], to answer or inter¬ 
rupt with curt, rude, or scornful words; 
treat With scorn; ignore; slight intentionally: 
n. an inten ional slight; a check. 

c-m-i'h nocPfl (snub'nozd"), adj. haying 
bllUD-IlObeU a short, flat nose shghtly 

turned up. 

cm iff (snuf), v.t. to draw in through the 
® AA tlli nose; smell or scent; rid of the 
charred part of the wick; as, to snuff a 
candle: v.i. to snort or sniff: n. powdered 
tobacco to be inhaled through the nose; 
the burned part of the wick of a candle, 



Candle Snuffers 


cniiff Vww (snuf'bdks*), n. a small, often 
baauaa-ia, - , a. ornamental, holder for snuff, 
or powdered tobacco. 

cniiff pr (snuf'er), n. one who snuffs: pi. 
bliUli-cl a cutting instrument for removing 
the burned 
wick of a 
candle. 

snuf-fie 

(snufi), v.i. 
to speak or 
breathe 

noisily through the nose when it is obstructed: 
n. a noisy breathing through the nose when 
it is obstructed; an affected nasal twang: pi. 
obstruction of the nostrils by mucus; collo¬ 
quially, a cold in the head. 

cniiff \r ( sna f'b. a dj- soiled with snuff; of 
biiliii-y a fiufi brownish color. 

enner ( sn ug). adj. [comp, snugger, superl. 
BAlu b snuggest], lying close and warm; com¬ 
pact and convenient; as, a snug house; shel¬ 
tered; hidden; safe; cozy and comfortable: 
v.i. [p.t. and p.p. snugged, p.pr. snugging], 
to lie close and warm: with up or together. — 
adv. snugly.— n. snugness. 

enner ernr xr (snug'er-I), n. [pi. snuggeries 
bllUg(-iz)], a warm, ^ozy place. 

cniicr crln ( sn ugi), v.i. to cuddle close for 
bliUg-giC warmth and comfort: v.t. to 
hold close. 

c/v ( s °)’ a d v - ' n a like manner or degree; as. 

she is not so tall as her sister; collo¬ 
quially, very; in such a way, state, or amount 
as is indicated or known; as, he acted so; 
for this or that reason; therefore; more or 
less; as, get a dozen or so: conj. on condition 
that; if; therefore; as, it is rainirg, so we 
cannot go t •> town. 

cnnlr ( s °k). v to cause to absorb moisture; 
bUcLtv s teep in a fluid; wet thoroughly; to 
draw in by the pores or openings; as, a 
sponge will soak up water: v.i. to become 
thoroughly wet; to be steeped in fluid; to 
enter by pores or small openings; as, water 
soaks into the earth. 

cnan (sop)* n - a substance for cleansing, 
bUctp made by mixing fats or oils with an 
alkali, such as potash or lye: v.t. to cover or 
wash with soap. 

OAOT , Kot-lr (sop'bark"), n. a shrub with 
bUctp-U'o.ixV a b ar ]£ 0 f soapy quality; the 

bark of this shrub. 

cnon cfenp (sop'ston"), n. a kind of soft 
bUctp-o IU1J.C mineral having a soapy or 
greasy feel. 

c n{sn curie (sop'sudz"), n.pl. water made 
bUa.p-bU.Ub frothy by mixture with soap. 
cr . an (sop'I), adj. covered with, or like, 
bUa.p-y soap; soft and smooth.—n. soapi- 
ness. 

(sor), v.i. to fly high in the air, as a 
mount upw r ards with wings; 
thought or imagination: n. a 


[p.t. and p.p. sobbed, p.pr. 


soar fiirfi; 

rise high in 
lofty flight. 

cnVi ( s6 b), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. . _ 

w sobbing], to catch the breath convul¬ 
sively; to weep with a convulsive heaving 
of the breast; to make a sound like a catch 
of the breath: v.t. to utter with a catch of the 
breath: n. a convulsive sigh; a sudden 
catching of the breath. 

cn hpr (so'ber), adj. temperate by habit, 
bU-ucI especially in the use of intoxicating 
liquors; not under the influence of liquor; 
self-possessed; calm; steady; sedate; sol¬ 
emn; grave: v.t. and v.i. to recover from 
drunkenness: to make or become steady or 
calm.— adv. soberly. —n. soberness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = eh as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









sober-minded 


590 


Sol 


cn hi»r-.mind pH (so'bSr=min'd6d), adj. 
ou-uga AiAiAiVA-cvA grave and serious in 

disposition. 

cn "hri ps +Tr (sS-bri'S-tl), n. constant tem- 
aU-Ull-C-tj perance; calmness; serious¬ 
ness; gravity of manner. 

cn Kri mint (so'bre'ka'; s5'br!-ka), n. a 
au-uii-ijuCL nickname; a fanciful, or 

assumed name. [Fr.] 

cr\n ncfa, (sSk'aj), n. a system of land 
bUU-d.£C holding in England in the Middle 
Ages by which the tenant paid a fixod amount 
of rent, or rendered a fixed amount of labor, 
and gave no military service to his lord. 

cn rallpH (so'kold"), adj. usually thus 
au-V/ctllCLi named, but not properly so. 

cnr* re*r Csok'er), n. a kind of football 
buu-uci game. 

cn pio k 1 1 -j +tt (so"shd-bIl'I-tI), n. the 
bU-Uld-Ull-l-iy state or quality of being 
friendly and inclined to the company of others; 
disposition to associate and talk with others, 
cn ria V\1n (so'sha-bl), adj. disposed to 
ou-ua-Pic associate and talk with others; 
social; companionable; giving opportunity 
for friendly companionship; as, a sociable 
neighborhood: n. colloquially, in the United 
States, an informal party for friendly inter¬ 
course.— adv._ sociably. — n. sociableness, 
cn rial (so'shal), adj. pertaining to men as 
aU-LicU living in association with each 
other; relating to general conditions of human 
life; as, social welfare; social work; inclined 
to friendly relationship and conversation; 
as, a social disposition; pertaining to friendly 
association with others; as, she has fine 
social gifts; pertaining to the life of people 
of wealth and fashion; as, the social whirl; of 
plants, growing in groups; of insects, living 
in organized communities, as ants or bees.— 
ado. socially. 

Syn. sociable, friendly, communicative. 

Ant. (see unsocial). 

cr» rial icm (sS'shSl-Izm), n. the eco- 
QU-Gia.i-i.biii nomic doctrine that the wel¬ 
fare of society depends on government control 
of economic activities, and that economic 
opportunity should be equal for all; the 
political movement based on this doctrine; 
an organized system of government based on 
this doctrine. 

cn rial ict (so'shUl-Ist), n. one who bo- 
oU-Ual-iol lieves in government control 
of industry and in equal economic oppor¬ 
tunity for all.— adi. socialistic. 

cn ri a 1 i fir (so'shl-al'I-tl), n. the state 
au-tl-dl-l-iy or q Ua iity of being inclined 
to friendly association with others, 
cn rial i* 7 n (so'shal-iz), v.t. to bring into 
ou-blal-iAC friendly relations with others; 
to arouse to interest in the welfare of human¬ 
ity in general; to put into control of a group 
rather than of an individual; as, to socialize a 
recitation; to organize, as a state, on the 

E rinciple of government control of economic 
fe. 

on r»i cx +T 7 (sS-si'e-tl), n. [pi. societies 
bO-W-C-iy (-tlz)], an organized body of 
persons united by a common interest and 

{ mrpose; people in general, considered as 
iving in relationship with each other; as, to 
work for the uplift of society; companionship; 
people of culture and of good standing in 
any community: sometimes applied to people 
of wealth and fashion; as, all society was 
present at the wedding. 

eft PI ft 1ftP r i Pfl 1 ( sp'shl-o-16 j 'i-k5.1), 
bU-Gl-U-lUg-1-Gd.l a dj pertaining to, or 

like, the scientific study of human relationships 
and conditions.— adv. sociologically. 


oo ci ril n crief (so'shI-51'S-jIst), n. a 
bU-Ll-Ul-U-glbl student of the science of 

human relationships and conditions. 

cn ri nl n c r\r (so'shl-dl'6-jl), n. the sci- 
bU-Gl-Ui-U-gj ence of human relationships 

and conditions; social science, 
cnrlr (sok), n - a light shoe worn by the 
bum ancient actors of comedy; a short¬ 
legged stocking. 

cnrlr (sbk'et), n. a hollow into which 
bUOiv-Cl something is fitted; as, the socket of 
the eye. 

o (so-krat'Ik), adj. relating to 

OU-blal-lb Socrates, the Grecian phi¬ 
losopher, or to his method of teaching, or his 
belief. 

end ( ? od), n. that layer of the soil containing 
roots of grass, etc.; turf; a piece 
of turf, usually cut square: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
soddod, p.pr. sodding], to cover 'with turf or 
pieces of turf. 

cn da (so'dfl), n. a whito substance formed 
bU-Ud. G f the alkali sodium in combination 
with carbonate, as washing soda; with bicar¬ 
bonate, as cooking soda; or with hydrogen 
and oxygen, as caustic soda or sodium 
hydroxide. 

cn dal i +v (sS-d&l'l-t!), n. a brotherhood 
bU-Uctl-l-iy f or religious or charitable 
purposes. 

cn da lira for (so'da worter), an effer- 
OKJ-vxa. wa-ici vescent solution of bicar¬ 
bonate of soda with an acid; a popular drink 
composed of water charged with carbon 
dioxide gas and flavored. 

end dnn (sod'n), adj. soaked: heavy with 
bUU.-U.CII moisture; half cooked or baked, 
as cake; looking as if boiled or soaked; 
bloated.— n. soddenness. 

cn Hi iim (so'dl-um), n. a waxy, white. 
°u-ui-uiia alkaline metallic element, in 
nature always occurring in combination, as in 
common salt, alum, borax, etc. 
cn fa ( so 'fcj)» n • a long upholstered seat. 
bU-la. usually having a back and arms, 
enff (soft)- °dj- not hard; easily yielding 
f 0 pressuxe; easily molded or shaped; 
as, soft wax; smooth to the touch; as, the 
soft fur of a cat; net glaring; as, a soft light; 
not loud; as, soft music; courteous; as, soft 
manners; mild or gentle; as, a soft answer; 
kind; as, soft treatment; having feelings 
easily moved; as, a soft heart; of the weather, 
moist or mild; colloquially, weak or foolish; 
colloquially, containing no alcohol; as. soft 
drinks: adv. softly; quietly: inter j. gently! 
stop!— adv. softly.—n. softness. 

Syn. meek, tender, susceptible, delicate. 
Cftft pri (sof'n), v.t. and v.i. to make or 
oun-cu become less hard, loud, glaring, 
etc.; tone down; make or become less rude, 
harsh, or severe; melt. 

Cftcr frv (s^g'i) r adj. [comp, soggier, superl. 
DU b'bJ soggiest], soaked; wet; heavy with 
dampness. 

cni_di conf (swa'de'ziin'), adj. self- 
bUI Ul-bdlil styled; would-be; pretended. 
[Fk.] 

Cftil ( soi1 )* n • the loose top layer of the 
ouii earth’s surface; land; the country; 
dirt or stain; manure: i.t. to make dirty; 
stain; as, to soil the hands; mar or sully: 
v.i. to become stained or dirty, 
efti rpp (swa'ra'), n. an evening party, as 
0UJ.-1 cc a reception or ball. [Fr.] 

crx iftiim (so'jfirn; sS-jfirn'). v.i. to dwell 
Bu-juuiu f or a ti me; to stay: n. a tem¬ 
porary dwelling place; a short stay. 

C n 1 (s61), n. the sun: so called from the 
OUA Roman god of the sun. _ 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 








sol 


591 


solstice 


(s51), n 
music. 

(sol'as), 


the fifth note of the scale in 


comfort in sorrow; 






sol 

r.r.1 npp (sol as), n. 

sui-av/C lessening of pain or grief; conso¬ 
lation: v.t. to comfort in sorrow; to cheer: 
c.i. to be consoled or comforted. 
cn |„ r (so'ldr), adj. pertaining to. measured 
oU-l(U ^y, or proceeding from, the sun; as, 
solar rays; solar light: solar system, the sun 
and the planets which circle around it: solar 
year, the period during which the earth makes 
one complete journey 
round the sun, or 365 
days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 

52 seconds. 

so-la-ri-um 

a sun parlor, usually for 
invalids or convalescents. 

cnlrl past tense 

bUlU a ncl past partici¬ 
ple of the verb sell. 

c/YM e*r (sod'er), n. a 
ouiu-ci metal or me¬ 
tallic alloy used, when 
melted, to join metal sur¬ 
faces, or to mend breaks 
in metal: v.t. to join with 
such an alloy; to patch, 
cnl (sol'jer), n. a 

SUl-uim man engaged a. Solarium 

In military service; a 

private as distinguished from a commissioned 
officer; a man of military experience: v.i. to 
serve in the army; colloquially (so'jer), make 
a pretense of work.— ad), soldierly. 
er .i tt (sol'jer-I), n. military forces 

bUI-U-lCI -y collectively; an army or part 
of an army. 

c/alo (sol), n. the under side of the foot; the 
©Ole bottom of a boot, shoe, or slipper; any 
flat lower surface; a flat kind of fish: v.t. to 
furnish with a flat lower surface: adj. being or 
acting by oneself; only; single.— adv. solely. 
or .1 o ricm (sSl'S-sIzm; so'le-sfzm), n. a 
£>Ul-C-vioiiA mistake in the use of words 
or in the structure of a sentence; a blunder in 
the use of forms peculiar to some special 
language; any rude or ridiculous breach of 
manners or taste. 

1 orriri (sol'em), adj. attended with 
SOl-CIIUl sacred rites or ceremonies; as, 
a solemn feast-day; inspiring awe or fear; 
serious; devout; grave.— adv. solemnly.—n. 
solemnness. 

__ 1 br (so-lem'nl-tl), n. [pi. solem- 

SO-lem-m-ty nities (—tlz)l, a sacred rite 
or ceremony; a formal and grave celebration; 
gravity; impressiveness; seriousness of man¬ 
ner or expression. 

sol-em-m-za-tion n _ the act of per¬ 
forming according to ritual; as, the solemni¬ 
zation of a marriage. 

-rji-TCk (sQl'em-niz), v.t. to perform 
SOl-CIIl-IllxtJ m a ceremonious or legally 
formal manner, or according to ritual. 

f 0 (sol'fa'), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. sol-faed. 
SOl-ld p.pr. sol-faing], to sing the scale to 
the syllables do, re, mi, fa, etc.: v.t. to sing 
using'these syllables. . , 

__ lie if (s6-lls'lt), v.t. to ask for with 
SO-llt-ll earnestness; as, to solicit a 
favor; entreat; invito or summon; endeavor 
to obtain; as, to solicit trade: v.i. to seek 
orders, support, votes, etc. 

Syn. importune, urge. 

__ • X_ (s6-lls"f-ta'shun),n.earn- 

SO-llC-l-Lcl-LlUIl est request; persistent 
asking; invitation 


qa lip i 4*p\f- (so-lls i-ter), 
oU-ilC-l-LUI seeks trade. 


n. one who 
votes, etc.; a 
person qualified and authorized to practice 
civil law; an attorney or lawyer; the civil 
law officer of a city, town, department, or 
government; as, the city solicitor. —n. solid - 
torship. 

o/v lir niic (s6-lls'l-tfls), adj. eager; 
ou-lie-H-uuo anxious; careful; con¬ 
cerned.— adv. solicitor-sly. —n. solicitousness, 
o r, lir i Hid** (sS-Us'I-tud), n. the state 
bU-JJA/-A-iuu^ 0 f being anxious, especially 
regarding another person; concern; care¬ 
fulness. 

cnl trl (sol'Id), adj. capable of withstanding 
bUl-lU. pressure: opposite to fluia; com¬ 
pact; cubic; as, the solid contents of a mass; 
not hollow; dense; weighty; as, a solid 
argument; colloquially, continuous; as, a 
solid hour; unbroken; as, a solid line of 
defense; firm or reliable; as, a solid founda¬ 
tion: n. a body capable of resisting pressure; 
a substance not fluid: a body having length, 
breadth, and thickness.— adv. solidly. — n. 
solidness. 

orkl i r\or i fir (sbri-dar'I-ti), n. a state of 
bUl-l-U.o.1-1- iy being united in opinion 

and effort; as, the solidarity of a nation; 
firmness; single-mindedness; as, solidarity of 
purpose. 

cn 1iH i fi ra firm (so-lld"I-fl-ka'- 
SO-IlQ-1-Il-Ca.-XlOIl shiln), n. the act of 

making hard or firm; the state of being 
hardened or made firm; the process of chang¬ 
ing from a fluid to a solid state; a uniting 
or making compact. 

cr* lid i fir (s&-lld'l-fi), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. 
bU-liU.- 1 -i j and p p' solidified, p.pr. solidi¬ 
fying], to make or become hard or firm; to 
change from a fluid to a solid state; to unite. 
or» It'rl i -Hr (s6-lfd'i-tf), n. hardness; flrm- 
bU-UCl-l-iy ness; cubic contents of a body ; 
volume; moral soundness. 

on l cViz-vf (solid shot), solid projectiles, 
bvJi-lU. bliU L U scd in guns and small-arms, 
which do not explode but wound by the force 
with which they strike a surface. 

OA i:i r. ni ii 7 P (so-lfl'o-kwiz), v.i. to talk 
SO-m-U-qui^e to oneself; to think aloud 
in solitude. 

olil n niivr (sO-M'6-kwf), n. [pi. solilo- 
SO-ill-O-quy quics (-kwlz)], a discourse 

to oneself; an utterance in solitude of one’s 
thoughts. 

cr .i • frtifza (sol'l-tar'), n. a game of cards 
bUl-l-lalic played by one person; a 
precious stone set singly; as, her ring is a 
solitaire; a hermit. 

i fa rvr (sSl'I-tS-rf), adj. living by 
bUi-l- *><*.-*• y oneself; lonely; single; done, 
passed, or suffered alone; as, solitary con¬ 
finement; far removed; without inhabi¬ 
tants; as, the solitary desert; separate from 
others: n. a hermit. — adv. solitarily.— n. soli- 
taiiness. 

CA t i (sSl'I-tud), n. the state of be- 

bOi-1-LU.U.C ing by oneself; loneliness; se¬ 
clusion; a_remote and lonely place, 
orv 1/a (so'lo), n. [pi. solos (-loz)], the whole or 
bU-IU part of a musical selection played or 
sung by one person. 

c/a 1/a ict (so'15-Ist), n. one who plays or 
bO-IU-lbt sings a piece of music alone. 

Cz-,1 z-v triAti (sdl'o-mun), n. in the Bible, 
OOl-O-HlUIl the son of David, who ruled 
Israel in the tenth century B. C., who was 
noted for his wisdom, and who built the first 
temple in Jerusalem. 

czal HiVn (sSl'stfs), n. that point in the sun’s 
bUl-b llLtf p a th at which the sun is farthest 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 




















































solubility 


592 


soothe 


from the equator, north in summer, south in 
winter: summer solstice, June twenty-first 
or twenty-second, the longest day in the year: 
winter solstice, December twenty-first or 
twenty-second, the shortest day in the year. 
cr»1 11 Vkil i Gol'tl-bll'I-tl), n. capability 
oui-u-uil-i-iy Qi oeing dissolved in a 

fluid; as, the solubility of salt, 
crsl 11 "hi a (sol'd-Dl), adj. capable of being 
oUi-U-DAC dissolved in a fluid; as, sugar 
is soluble in water; capable of being solved 
or explained; as a soluble problem; a soluble 
mystery.— adv. solubly. — n. solubleness, 
co In firm (so-lu'shun), n. the division of 
oU-lu.-U.UIl a body into its component 
parts; a breaking up into parts; the state of 
being so divided; as, a substance in solution; 
the process of causing any substance to be 
absorbed into a liquid; also, the liquid which 
results from such a process; as, a salt solution; 
solving; explanation; as, the solution of a 
mystery: process of solving a problem or 
mystery: the answer to a problem, 
cnlkr q V»1 a (sSl'vd-bl), adj . capable of be- 
ov$v «.~U.iC big dissolved; allowing expla¬ 
nation; capable of payment, as debts.— n. 
solvability, solvakleness. 

cnlvA (solv), v.t. to explain; reason out to 
oUIVc a conclusion or result, as a problem; 
make clear, as a mystery. 

cnl xrA« (sol'ven-sl), n. capability of 
oUi- v cii-cj being dissolved; state of being 
able to pay just debts. 

cnl vAn+ (sol'vent), n. any liquid in or by 
oU.L-veJ.il which a substance can be dis¬ 
solved: adj. able to pay just claims or debts; 
having the power of dissolving, 
onm ViAr (som'ber), adj. dull; melan- 
oUlll-UCl choly; dark; gloomy; as, 
somber thoughts. Also, sombre. — adv. somber¬ 
ly, sombrely. — n. somberness, sombreness. 

crvm "hr a ro (som-bra'ro), n. a kind of 
oUlll-UlC-iU broad-brimmed hat, origi¬ 
nally worn in Spain and in Spanish America, 
but now also in the southwestern United 
States. 

crvm a a dj- a certain; as, some one 

^UlliC w bom I know; denoting a thing or 
person not definitely specified; as, some 
day I will come; more or less; as, she took 
some trouble: opposite to other; as, some 
people came, other people went: pron. one 
part, number, or amount, usually indefinite, 
in distinction from the rest; as, I will take 
some, but not all; any unspecified amount; 
as, give me some of your candy: opposite 
to others; as, some came, others went: adv. 
about; as, a distance of some four miles. 

c/vm a V»aH v (sum'bdd-I). n. a person 
auinc-uuu-j unknown or uncertain; a 
person of importance. 

cam a Virmr (sum'hou'), adv. in one way 
iuiuc-uuw or another; by means not 

yet decided upon. 

cAm or c an If (siim'Sr-solt), n. an acro- 
5UHl-Cr-oAU.lL batic feat in which one 
turns over by throwing the heels over the 
head. Also, somerset. 

crvm a fhino- (sum'thing), n. a thing 
“UJ.iJ.G-u.J~u.Ag no t definitely known, or not 
specified; a part or portion of greater or less 
size; an unknown amount or degree: adv. in 
an indefinite degree. 

crvm a fimp (sum'tim*), adv. at a past 
“UlliC-lliiiG time unknown or not defi¬ 
nitely stated; formerly; once; at a time not 
yet decided upon in the future: adj. former. 

crvmA fimoc (sum'tunz'), adv. once in a 
oUiuc-iiuico while; now and then; on 

certain occasions. 


cnm a wViaf (sum'hwdt*), n. an indefinite 
“Ulllc-Wlla.1 amount: adv. to an indefinite 

degree or extent; rather. 

crvm a irrVi ata (sum'hwar'), adv. in one 
auiiiC'Wiicic place or another; in a 

place not named or not known. 

crim a -ttrhifh at (sum'hwttfc'er), adv. to 
ouiuc-wniux-ti some unknown place; 

to some place or other. 

som-nam-bu-late S 6 To Sk t? one’s 

sleep. — n. somnambulation. 

som-nam-bu-lism 

which a sleeping person walks, or otherwise 
acts, as if awake. 

rjArM TIOTYI Kit llQ'f" (s5lQ-Dam 

som-nam-DU-iibi n . one W h 0 wa iks in 

his sleep; a sleepwalker. 

ervm nif ai* r\nc (s8m-nlf er-us), adj. 
SOm-HII-er-OUS causing sleep. 

cnm ha Iauca (s8m'no-lens), n. sleepi- 
ouiu-jiu-jcuoc ness; drowsiness. Also, 

somnolency. 

orvrn HA loof (s5m'n6-lent), adj. inclined 
som-no-ieni to sleep; drowsy. 

crm (s^ 11 ). n • a human male child; a boy 
oUil or man spoken of in relation to his 
parent or parents; a male descendant; a 
native of a particular country; as, a son of 
England; a graduate of a certain college; 
as, sons of Harvard: the Son, Jesus Christ, the 
Son of God; the second person of the Trinity, 
crv flout (so'nant), adj. of or pertaining to 
oU-lldill sound; having sound; vocal. 

CA -no +51 (s6-na'ta), n. a musical composi- 
“U-lia.-Ux ti 0n j n three or four related but 
varied movements, usually for one instrument, 
especially the piano. 

cnncr (sSug), n. a rhythmic and tuneful 
“Ulig musical sound uttered by the voice 
of a human being, bird, insect, etc.; a lyric 
or ballad; poetry; a poem which can be 
set to music; a musical composition to be 
rendered by the voice; a mere trifle; as, he 
sold it for a song: Song of Solomon, a poetical 
book of the Old Testament, consisting of a 
symbolic love poem: called also Song of Songs. 
Qrvncr Q+a 1* (song'ster), n. [fern, songstress], 
oung-oici one skilled in singing; asingiDg 
bird. 

CA rnf pr niic (sS-nlf'er-ils), adj. pro- 
ou-iui-cv-uuo ducmg, or carrying, sound, 

r, ati in 1 ctxxr (sun In-lo ), n. [pi. sons-in- 
“Ull—lIl-lclW law (sunz-)], the husband oi 

one’s daughter. 

cnn r»A+ ( s6n 'e fc ) - n - a poem of fourteen 
“Ull-llCl lines, arranged according to one 
of several rime schemes. 

crvn tia+ a At* (sdn'et-er'), n. a composer 
ouu-ixci-cci 0 f sonnets: v.i. to compose 

sonnets. 

ca ha r aii c (s6-no'rfis), adj. giving sound 
vj u.o when struck; resonant; giv¬ 
ing a full or loud sound; deep-toned; as, a 
sonorous voice.— adv. sonorously. —n. sono¬ 
rousness. 

cah oViin (sun'shlp). n. the state or posi- 
tion of being a son. 

cnrm ( soon )* adv - 111 a Short time; quickly; 
ouuii m the near or immediate future; 
early; without delay; willingly; as, just as 
soon as not. 

oAA+ (s66t; soot), n. the fine black powder, 
ouui consisting chiefly of carbon, formed 
by burning substances and carried by the 
smoke from them. 

caa+Ua (sooth), v.t. to make quiet or calm; 
ouuiuu to comfort or console; to make less 
painful; as, to soothe one’s grief. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 






sootnsayer 


593 


sound 


one who 
power to 


crwrtll cjav #* 1 * (sooth'sa'er), n. 
SOOm-bd.y-er claims to have 

foretell the future; a_fortune teller. 

C A/\f tt (soot'I; soot'll, adj. [comp, sootier, 
ouui-j superl. sootiest], pertaining to, 
causing, or covered with, the carbon from 
smoke; dusky; black.—n. sootiness. 
cnr» ( S ^P)< n - anything steeped, dipped, or 
softened in a liquid, especially in broth; 
something given to calm or soothe the feelings: 
v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. sopped, p.pr. sopping], to dip 
or soak in a liquid; to mop up. 

cnrvVi icm (sdf'Izm), n. a plausible but 
bUpAA-AbAAA unsoimd argument; any argu¬ 
ment intended to make the worse appear the 
better cause. 

C nT Vh ic+ (sfif'Ist), n. one of a body of 
iJUpil-lfal philosophers and teachers in 
ancient Greece, famous for their clever, 
plausible, and unsoimd reasoning: sophist, 
one whose reasoning is clever but unsound. 

cn rVhic fi rol (so-fls'tl-kal), adj. per- 
bU-piilo-tl-l/a.1 taining to, or like, an 

unsound reasoner or unsound reasoning; falsely 
clever: plausible but not sound; as, a, sophis¬ 
tical argument. Also, sophistic, 
o a aViiq ]■] a nt a (so-fis'tl-kat), v.t. to 
ou-piuo-u-uaic contrive with clever 
subtlety, as an argument; to deceive by false 
argument; to corrupt; to make knowing or 
worldly-wise.— n. sophistication. 
orvrvVi io +rw (sof'ls-tri), n. [pi. sophistries 
SOpU-lo-ll y (-trlz)], plausible but unsound 

reasoning. 1 

crenh n morp (sof'S-mor), n. a student 
OUpix-v-Aiiui c ^ his second college year. 


_ „ ■nrt-r (so'p5r), n. a deep sleep, occurring 
bU-pUi. in illness, from which a patient is 
aroused with difficulty. 

OA r :f : r (s5"p6-rlf'lk), adj. causing, or 
oU-pu-i aa-ai^ tending to induce, sleep: n. 
a medicine, drug, plant, etc., that causes sleep. 

(sbp'I), adj. soaked or saturated 
bUp-py with a liquid^ very wet. 
cr\ nr a nn (sfr-pra'no), n. [pi. sopranos, 
bU-pia.-J.iU (-n5z), soprani (-ne)], a woman s 
singing voice of high pitch; a singer wi*h 
such a voice; a musical part intended 
such a voice. 

c?r\-r ror or (sor'ser-er), n. [fem. sorceressl, 
bUl-CCl-Cl a magician, wizard, or en¬ 
chanter. 

or\r oar xr (sor'ser-I), 7i. [pi. sorceries (-Iz)], 
bUi-C/Cl-y a foreseeing or foretelling of 
future events by the aid of evil spirits; witch¬ 
craft; magic; enchantment, 
ock-r AiA (sor'dld), adj. mean; vile; base; 
bUI-vilLl as, a sordid purpose; without noble 


c At* f-pl isbr'51), 7i. 


a docklike plant; a 
reddish-brown color, or an animal 
of this color: adj L reddish-brown. 

Qnr rnw (sor'o), n. mental pain or uneasi- 
aui-AUW ness caus8c i by loss, regret, dis¬ 
appointment, etc.; grief; sadness; distress; 
unhappiness; affliction: v.i. to feel mental 
pain or uneasiness; grieve; lament; be sad. 

cnr rnw fill (sOr'o-fool), adj. full of. or 
^ *v -a ui showing, or causing, sadness 
or grief; unhappy; regretful; grievous.— adv. 
sorrowfully.— n. sorrowfulness. 

Qnr rv (sor'I), adj. [comp, sorrier, superl. 
a_A y sorriest], feeling regret for loss, dis¬ 
appointment, etc.; pained; feeling pity; 
as, sorry for a cripple; repentant; as, sorry 
for sin; mournful; dismal; as, a sorry sight; 
mean; worthless; as, a sorry excuse. 

Syn. grieved, poor, insignificant. 

Ant. (see glad). 

SOrt ( s ° rti )’ n ’ a or species; class, rank, 


Ideals; greedy of gain; miserly; as, a soraid 
wretch.— adv. sordidly.— n. sordidness. 

(s5r), adj. tender or painful to the 
oOIc touch; inflamed; painful; sensitive; 
grieved; as, her heart was sore; severe; dis¬ 
tressing; as. a sore disappointment; colloqui¬ 
ally, resentful; as, he was sore at this unkind 
treatment: adv. grievously; severely; deeply: 
n. a painful or diseased spot in an animal 
body; ulcer; wound; a bruise or break in 
the skin; cause of annoyance.— adv. sorely.— 
n. soreness. 

cr»r crhum (sor'gum), n. a canelike grass 
SOr-gnUIIl resembling broom corn, yield¬ 
ing sugar; molasses or sirup prepared from 
the juice of this grass. 

; + TT (so-ror'I-tl), n. a sisterhood; 
bO-rur-l-ty a women’s or girls’ club. 

cn rn cic (so-ro'sls), n. a woman’s club 
bO-ru-blb or association; a fleshy fruit, 
as a pineapple, growing from the union of 
many flowers 


or order; manner; nature: v.t. to 
separate and place in different divisions 
according to classes, land, etc.; to classify: 
v.i. to join or associate; to agree. 

Qnr (®>r'te), n. the issuing of a body of 
bUA-tlc troops from a besieged place to 
attack the besiegers. 

cn cn (so'so"), adj. neither very good nor 
bU-faU very bad; passable; tolerable.— adv. 
passably. Also, so-so. [Colloq.] 
cnf ( s ^t), n. a person whose powers have 
become weakened by constant use of 
alcoholic liquors; a confirmed drunkard. 

Qry f a-JqVi (sot'Ish), adj. like a drunkard; 
oUl-lib 11 stupid; drunken.— adv. sottishly. 

on* +n xrr\ res (sbt'to vo'cha), in an un¬ 
fa U l- LU VU-IC dertone, as if to oneself; 

with a moderate or low tone of voice._ [It.] 

cnn ( so °)’ n • W' sous (sooz; Fr. soo)], an 
faUU. old French copper coin; the modern 
bronze five-centime piece, worth about one 
cent. 

Qnn 'hrnttn (soo-bret'), n. a theatrical 
faU Ll-Ui C l LC term for an attractive, schem¬ 
ing lady’s maid, or a lively young woman; 
the actress whoplays such_a part in a comedy, 
cmif (s°o"fla'; soo'fla), adj. beaten 
bUUi-AAC U p light and puffy, as an omelet: 
n. a light, delicate baked dish of eggs, milk, 
cheese, etc., well beaten and baked. [Fr.] 
cmicrh ( s &f; sou), n. a hollow murmur or 
bUUgll whistling, as of the wind: v.i. to 
murmur or sigh, as the wind. 

(sot), past tense and past participle 
bOUglll 0 f the verb seek. 
cniil (sol). n - the spiritual and immortal 
bUU.1 part in man; the essential part of a 
person’s identity; that part of man’s nature 
where feelings, ideals, and morals center; the 
necessary or central part of anything; as, the 
soul of art; a person who leads and inspires; 
as, the soul of the company; any trait which 
indicates a noble nature, such as courage: a 
person; as, not a soul was there; a spirit 
separated from the body; as, the souls of the 
departed. 

bruise or break in f.,1 (sol'fdol), adj. full of 

bUUA-Aiu showing a noble nature. 

crkiil l^cc (sol'les), adj. without 
bUUi-lcbb lacking nobility of 

spiritless; dull; mean. 

cni-md (sound), adj. whole; as, safe and 
bUuAlU sound; entire; unbroken; as, a 
sound slumber; healthy; not decayed; as, a 
sound tooth; founded on truth or right; 
as, sound doctrine; morally good or honorable; 
firm; safe; strong; legal; valid; as, a 
sound title; laid on with force; as, a sound 
thrashing: n. the impression made on the 


feeling; 

a soul; 
nature; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








sounding 


594 


ear by the vibrations of the air; noise; a 
straight, fairly wide passage of water; the air 
bladder of a fish; an instrument used by 
physicians for probing: v.t. to measure the 
depth of; cause to make a noise; order or 
announce by sound; as, to sound an alarm; 
play upon, as an instrument; examine or try; 
as, to sound one’s opinions; probe: v.i. to make 
a noise or sound; be played upon, as an in¬ 
strument ; be spread or published audibly; to 
give a certain impression, when heard; as, her 
voice sounds sad.— adv. soundly.— n. sound¬ 
ness, soiinde:. 

cniitiH in cr (sound'Ing), n. the act cf 
ouuixu-mg measuring the depth of water; 
the result obtained by measuring the depth of 
water: p.adj. resounding: resonant or ringing. 

cm in Pi Ipcc (sound'les), adj. silent; mak- 
DUUliU-iC&o ing no noise. 

cm in (sobp), n. a liquid food made by boil- 
oU up ing meat or vegetables, or both 
together, in water, with seasoning, 
emir ( sour )• having an acid or sharp, 
oUUl biting taste; turned or changed so as 
to become acid, rancid, or musty; disagreeable; 
cross: v.t. to cause to become acid; to turn; 
to make cross: i.i. become cross or disagree¬ 
able; to turn from sweet to acid.— adv. sourly. 
— n. sourness. 

emir prmif (sour'krout"), n. cabbage cut 
oUlU-UUul fine and fermented in its own 
juice salted- _ Also, sauerkraut, 
cmirp p (sors). n - that from which anything 
sUUltc rises or originates; a spring or 
fountain; first cause; beginning, 
emi cA ( sous )■ n - brine, or salt pickle, for 
oUUou preserving food; anything soaked 
or preserved in pickle, especially pigs’ feet; 
a drenching in water; a sudden swoop, as of a 
hawk: v.t. to steep in brine; plunge into 
water; attack with a sudden swoop: v.i. to 
make a sudden swoop. 

cmifh ( sout h) > n - that one of the principal 
oULilli points of the compass which is 
directly opposite the north; a region lying 
to the south of another: the South, the section 
of the United States lying below the southern 
boundary of Pennsylvania; the states that 
seceded in 1861: ad), lying in the direction of 
the point of the compass opposite the north; 
going to, or coming from, any point in that 
direction: adv. away from the north.— adj. 
and adv. southerly, southward. 
cmi+Vi pa cf (southwest'), n. the point of 
oUU.lll-Ca.ol the compass halfway between 
south and east; country lying in that direc¬ 
tion: adj. lying in, going to, or coming from, 
the southeast : adv. to or from the south¬ 
east.— adj. southeastern, southeasterly.— adv. 


omii-h pact pr (south"es'ter), n. a storm 
ouum-ca.oi-ci or g a i e coming from the 

southeast. 

cnilfVt pm (sutfi'em), adj. pertaining to, 
ouuui-cni situated in, or proceeding from 
or towards, the south. 

om pi* (sufh'er-ner), n. a native 
bUUL 111- cl 11- cl of a southern land: South¬ 
erner, a native of the southern part of the 
United States; one of the Confederate army 
in the Civil War. 

south-em-most^'fS-SSfiuth.^ 

csvirfh tirckc-f (south-west 7 ), n. the point of 
bUUill-WCol the compass halfway be¬ 
tween south and west; country lying in that 
direction: adj. lying in, going to, or coming 
from, the soutlrwest: ado. to or from the 
southwest.— adj. southwestern, southwest- 
erly.— adv. southwesterly, southwestward. 


spangle 

cmitVi U 7 PC+ pr (south'wes'ter), n. a 
oUU.Ul-WCol-Cl storm or gale from the 

southwest; a painted canvas or oilskin hat 
with a flap at the back, worn in bad weather 
by sailors and seafishers. 

emi xrp -nir (soo-ve-ner 7 ; soo've-ner), n. a 
OUU-v c-lili thing by which to remember a 

person or event; a memento or keepsake, 
ervw pr pi* cm (sdv'er-In; suv'er-In), adj. 
ouv-ci-cigii royal; supreme in power; 
possessing supreme dominion or authority; 
unrestricted; as, sovereign rights; effectual; 
as, a sovereign remedy: n. a ruler, as a king, 
emperor, or queen; a British gold coin equal 
to twenty shillings, or $4.8665; called also a 
pound. 

env pr pi cm Hr (sbv'er-In-tl; suv'er-In- 
ou v -ci -Cl&ll-iy tl), n. supreme power or 

dominion. 

vi pt (so-vl-et), n. a form of political 
organization, or society, such as 
that which came into prominence in Russia 
after the revolution of 1917, the unit of 
which is a group of people, representing a 
trade, locality, etc., and which may become 
the basis of a socialistic form of government; 
any representative council, as of workmen, 
soldiers, etc. 

( sou )> n - tl 16 full-grown female of the 
oUW S wi n e species; feminine of hog. 

QfVW ( s °)- v ' t ’ tP-k sowed, p.p. sown, p.pr. 
oUW sowing], to strew, as seed, upon the 
earth: to plant by strewing; to scatter seed 
in, on, or over; to spread abroad: v.i. io 
scatter seed for growth.— n. sower, 
qnv ( s °i)> w. a kind of bean sauce used with 
fish in China and Japan: soy bean, ? 
small prect plant, cultivated for forage. 

(spa), n. a spring of mineral water; a 
opa. resort or place containing such springs. 
QTvopp (spas), n. that which has length, 
OJJctUC breadth, and height, and is unlimited 
in extension; the medium in which objects 
can exist and move; quality of unending 
extensiveness; room; distance between things; 
a length of time; a blank piece of type metal: 
v.t. in printing, to make distances between 
(lines or words) by separating them with thin 
pieces of type metal; to arrange with open 
places between. 

cna rimic (spa'shus), adj. extending far 
opa-wuus and wide; roomy; as, a spacious 
house; great in expanse; as, the spacious fir¬ 
mament.— adv. spaciously. — n. spaciousness, 
o-norlp (spad), n. a tool for digging, etc., 
opauc consisting of a broad blade of iron 
with a handle; any tool of similar shape; 
one of a suit of cards having one or more 
figures resembling a spade: v.t. to dig or work 
with a spade. 


southeasterly, southeastward. 

(south-es'ter), n. a storm cr4 o crhpf- ti (spa-get'I), n. round dried 

ojJcr-giic l-li stjeks 0 f flour paste, used, 

like macaroni, but 


when cooked, for food: 
solid and smaller. [It.] 

nppn (spal-pen 7 ; spal'pen), n. a 
o^ai-^ccn scamp or rascal; an Irish term 
for a lazy and worthless fellow, 
cncm (span), n. the distance from the end 
opaii of the thumb to the tip of the little 
finger when extended; nine inches; a short 
space of time; an extent having two definite 
ends; horizontal distance between the two 
supports of an arch, or between any two 
supports of a bridge; a yoke of oxen; a pair 
of horses similar in color harnessed together: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spanned, p.pr. spanning], to 
measure by the width of the extended fingers; 
to reach from one side to the other of. 
crinri crip (spau'gl), n. a small disk, 
a jj ail pic: triangle, etc., of shining metallic 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 








Spaniard 595 

substance; any glittering ornament, especially 
for a dress: v.t. to set or adorn with, or as 
with, small shining metal disks, or any bits of 
shining stuff; as, stars spangle the heavens. 

Span-iard figawr r f' a native or 

ant of Spain. 

cna-n icd (span'yel), 

bpdJl-lci n . a breed 

of dog with hanging 
ears and long, silky 
hair; a cringing, fawn¬ 
ing person. 

Span-ish £$%: 

{ jertaining to Spain, 
ts language, or its 
people: n. the people 
or the language of Spaniels 

Spain. 

Q-rkon ioVi -Fhr (sp&nTsh fli), a bright green 
Opctll-lbil lly beetle of the southern part 
of Europe, used in making a medical prepara¬ 
tion called cantharides. 

Span-ish Main .£>- 

{ )lied to the northern coast of South America: 
ater used of the southern part of the Carib¬ 
bean Sea and the coasts of the West Indies. 
o-rkQ-nlr (spank), v.t. to strike or slap; to 
bpcLLLH. p unis h by striking the buttocks 
with the open hand: n. a slap, 
cnonlr or (spank'er), n. one who, or that 
bp«J-lJrL-Cl which, spanks; the after-sail of 

a ship 


speak 



c-no-nlr mcr (spank'Ing), adj. moving with 
opclJ~Ln.-lJ.ig a qxiick, lively step; dashing; 
as, a spanking gray horse; fresh; brisk; as, 
a spanking breeze: n. a punishment given to 
a child, by striking him upon the buttocks 
with the open hand 


nuts on screws, 
c-nor (spar), n. a mineral having a soft 
bpdJ. laster; a general name for a mast, 
r a rd, boom, etc.; a contest at boxing, or in 
mrds: v.i. [ p.t. and p.p. sparred, p.pr. 
sparring], to box; contest in words. 

(spar), v.t. to use in a frugal or 


for igniting tlie^charge, by means of an electric 
current. 

erkor rrkw (spar'o), n. a small gray and 
brown bird of the finch family, 
numerous in most parts of the world, 
cndrcp (spars), adj. thinly scattered; not 
bpdloc dense or thick; few and thinly 
distributed; as, a sparse population; not 
abundant.— adv. sparsely. —n. sparseness. 
C^or +a ran (spar'ta-kan), adj. denoting 

- tbe most extreme group of 

radicals in Germany after the fall of the 
Hohenzollerns: so called from Spartacus, the 
gladiator who led the rebellion of slaves in 
Rome, 70 B. C.: n. a member of this group. 
O-nar fan (spar'tan), adj. pertaining to 
^P^I Sp a rta in ancient Greece, whose 

people were noted for their bravery and stern 
military discipline; hence, unflinching in 
courage and endurance.—n. Spartanism. 
cnacm (spazm), n. a sudden, violent, 
bpdoili involuntary contraction, or short¬ 
ening, of the muscles; a sudden, violent effort 
or emotion that lasts but a short time; as, a 
spasm of anger. 

o-rkoc m/vH ir (spaz-mod'Ik), adj. pertain- 
bpdb-IiIULl-lL/ j n g to, or of the nature of, a 

spasm, or sudden, involuntary drawing up or 
shortening of muscles; convulsive; as a 
spasmodic cough; violent but short-lived; 
acting by fits and starts; as, spasmodic efforts. 
Also, spasmodical, spasmaiic. — adv. spas¬ 
modically. 

crkaf ( s P&t). n - the young of shellfish, espe- 
bJJclL cially the oyster; such young, col¬ 
lectively; a kind of short cloth gaiter; a 
soldier’s legging, or spatterdash, reaching to 
the knee; colloquially, a slight blow with the 
open hand; a slap; a little quarrel: v.i. col¬ 
loquially, to engage in a petty quarrel: v.t. 
colloquially, to_slap. 

j • 1 (eno 'chnl 


(span'er), n. a wrench for crk o (spa'shal), adj. of or pertaining to 

span-ner tightening up or loosening the opa-Licu. space— adv. spatially.. 


c-naf fpr (spat'er), v.t to splash a liquid 
bpdL-lCI upon; soil by splashing; as, to 


spatter a table cover with ink; to scatter in 
drops or by splashing; as, to spatter ink over 
a table cover: to injure by slander; as, to 
spatter a man’s good name: v.i. to scatter or 

vcwcw ™__ ____ splash in drops: n. a small splash; sprinkling. 

Spare saving manner; ^ use rarelyj as, spgd!-t6r-(iclSll-6S ^ s P^ t -^ r ~ dash"ez). 


spare the rod; part with without incon¬ 
venience; refuse to punish;_ treat leniently; 
as, to spare the feelings: v.i. to live frugally 
or cheaply; forbear or forgive: adj. thin or 
lean; scanty; additional; held in reserve; 
as, a spare room; more than enough; as, 

spare cash. „ , 

(spar'rlb"), n. nbs of pork 
Spare -rib having the meat closely 
trimmed. „ 

orkar ino- (spar'Ing) p.adj. frugalor saving; 
bpdl -lllg economical. — adv. sparmgly. 

__i_. (spark), n. a tiny, burning particle 
Spain, thrown off by a body that is on fire; 
a bright, small flash of light; the first kindling 
of anything; as, the speech drew some sparks 
of enthusiasm; a small sign that indicates 
vitality; as, not a spark of life remained; 
a gay young fellow; a beau: v.t. and v.i. 
colloquially, to court or make love to. 

trick (spar'kl), v.i. to give off light m 
Spar-Kle small flashes; glisten; flash; 
twinkle; gleam: n. a gleam of light; the 



speech or manner. . . . 

(spark plug), a device in an 
SpalK plug internal combustion engine. 


.pi. leggings reach¬ 
ing to the knee, worn by soldiers as protection 
from mud. 

cna f .. 1 a (spat'vl-ld), n. a broad, flat. 
bpdl-U-ld thin knife for spreading plaster. 


paint, drugs, etc.— adj. spatulate. 
ot-koar in (spav'in), n. a disease of horses, 
bpctV -ill marked by a deposit ofi bony 
matter in the hock joint, near the knee, caus¬ 
ing lameness.— adj. spavined, 
onoum (spbn), n. the eggs of fishes, oysters, 
bpa-Wli etc.; any offspring or product: 
v.i. to lay or produce eggs: used of fish, 
oysters, etc.; bring forth offspring: in con¬ 
tempt of human beings: v.t. to lay or produce 
(eggs or spawn), as fish; bring forth: in 
contempt. 

C rk/aalr (spe k ). t-i. lP-t■ spoke, p.p. spoken. 
bpcaJV p.pr. speaking], to utter words; 
as, to speak distinctly; talk; tell; mention; 
as, do not speak of this; make an address or 
speech; as, he spoke for an hour; convey 
ideas; as, our actions speak for us: v.t. to 
utter, as a word; pronounce; to tell in words; 
as, to speak the truth; to use, or be able to 
use, in conversation; as, he speaks four 
languages; to address; hail; as, ships speak 
each other in passing; 'cause to be known; 
show or reveal; as, his actions speak what he ie. 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











speaker 


596 


speculate 


as, a specific form of a disease: n. a remedy 
tor a particular disease: specific duty, a tax 


on goods, especially on imports, definitely 
fixed, and not calculated in proportion to the 
value of the goods: opposite to ad valorem 
duty. Also, adj. speeifieal. — adv. specifically. 
cno « : -fi ra +inn (sp6s"I-fl-ka'shun) f n. 
opcU-1-J.I-Ud.-llUll the act of particulariz¬ 
ing, or naming in detail; a definite and full 
statement of particulars; as, the specification 
of a charge against an officer; one detail in 
such a statement: pi. a detailed statement of 
requirements for carrying out a contract; as, 
the specifications for a building, 
cnor i ■pTr (spes l-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

specified, p.pr. specifying], to 
mention or name particiUarly; state in full, so 
as to distinguish from other things; as, to 
specify the uses of a plant; to specify the 
contents of a trunk. 

Cflpr : mpn (spes'I-men), n. a sample; 
o^JC^-i-uicu. a part of something intended 
to show the quality, etc., of the whole; one 
of several things which represents all. 
cr .p none (spe'shus), adj. appearing right 
o^c-uuuo a t first sight but not really so; 
apparently, but not actually, fair, just, or 
right; as, a specious argument.— adv. spe¬ 
ciously.—n. speciousness. 

Qnprlr (spek), « x spot; flaw; blemish; 
opeut S p 0 t of decay, as in fruit; a very 
small thing; particle: v.t. to spot, or stain 
with small spots; speckle, 
cnprlr Ip (spek'l), n. a small spot in any- 
opctn-iu thing, different in substance or 
color from the thing itself: v.t. to mark with 
spots of a color different from that of the 
thing itself. 

as, medical Q -npr fa pip (spek'ta-kl), n. something 

displayed to view, especially 
something unusual or worthy of notice; a 
pageant or parade; a grand exhibition- 
pi. a device for assisting the sight, consisting 
of two lenses mounted in a frame, with a 
bridge to fit over the nose and bows to pass 
over the ears. 

erwfop 11 1 nr (spek-tak'ii-Mr), adj. per- 
bpeU-id.U-U-icU taining to a show or 

exhibition; marked by grand display; 
designed to excite wonder or admiration by 
scenic or dramatic effect; imposing.— adv. 

spectacularly. 

4-r\r (spek-ta'ter), iz. one who 
bpeu-ld.-IUI looks on; a beholder. 

c -npp tor (sp6k'ter), n. a ghost or appari- 
opct-ici tion. Also, spectre. 

Qnpr fral (spek'tral), adj. pertaining to, or 
opcu-uicu. like, a ghost; ghostly; produced 
by dividing a ray of light into its several 
colors; as, spectral tints; pertaining to a ray 
of light so divided; as, spectral analysis.— adv. 
spectrally. 

ctjaa -ft*o econo (spek r trS-skop), n. an 
opeu-uu-auupe optical instrument for 
dividing light into the rays of which it is 
composed, and for examining the image so 
produced.— adj. spectroscopic, spectroscop- 
ical.— adv. spectroscopically. 

enoc "tvdc: co ntr (spek-tr6s'k5-pf; spek'- 
bpUU-UOb-UU-py tr5-sko"pf), n. the sci¬ 
ence of examining rays of light by means of an 
instrument called a spectroscope. 

onor •friim (spek'trfim), n. \p>l. spectra 
opcu-UlUll (-tra)], an image formed by 
the dividing of a ray of light into parts ar¬ 
ranged according to their different wave¬ 
lengths, as in the rainbow or in the passing of 
light through a prism. 


Qn Aolr (spek'er), n. one who utters 
opceuv-ci W ords; one who delivers a 
speech or speeches in public; the presiding 
officer of the popular branch of a lawmaking 
body, as of Congress or a state legislature. 

ctyppIt incr (spek'Ing) p. adj. uttering 
speech; very expressive; 
vivid; lifelike; as, a speaking likeness: n. the 
act of uttering words; the making of addresses 
in public.— adv. speakingly. 

~ rip or (sper), n. a weapon of war having a 
op Cell pointed iron or steel head at the end 
of a long shaft, and used for thrusting or 
throwing: a lance; an instrument with 
barbed prongs for catching fish; a shoot, as of 
grass: v.t. to pierce, or kill, with a long, 
pointed weapon: v.i. to shoot up into a long 
stem, as some plants._ 

r npqr ara cc (sper gras), any one of vari- 
opceu giaoo ous grasses, as the Ken¬ 
tucky blue grass; meadow grass. 
r nQ()r m-int (sperinint"), n. a pungent, 

-inu.it spicy herb similar to pepper¬ 
mint; the common garden mint, 
cfjp (snesh'al), adj. pertaining to, or 

opC-UIdl forming, a species or sort; as, the 
special characteristics of man; designed for a 
particular purpose; as, a special course of 
study; hence, limited in range, extent, aim, or 
purpose; as, a special train; different from 
others; uncommon; particular; as, a special 
favor.— adv. specially. 

Syn. individual, specific. 

Ant. (see general). 

rnp rial iom (spesh'al-izm), «. devotion 
opc-uicti-lwixi f 0 a particular and re¬ 
stricted line of study and work; 
specialism. 

cnp> rial (spesh'al-Ist), n. one who 
ojJU-uia.i-lc»t devotes himself to a partic¬ 
ular branch of a profession, etc.; as, an eye 
specialist. 

ri a\ J txr (speshfi-al'I-tl), n. \pl. spe- 
opc-Ui-cU.-1-ty cialities (-tlz)], the special 
or distinctive mark of a person or thing; as, 
the speciality of an author’s style; an object 
possessing a distinctive quality that marks 
it off from others; as, the shop sold specialities 
of arts and crafts. 

Qnp rinl t 7 P (spesh'&l-Iz), v.t. to apply 
opc-i/icn-APC to a particular use; as, 

specialized knowledge: v.i. to pursue a par¬ 
ticular line of action or study; as, to specialize 
in science.—n. specialization, 
c-rwa rial -fir (spesh'al-ti), n. [pi. specialties 
&pe-Uld.I-iy (-tiz)], a study or work to 
which one is particularly devoted; ^ his 
specialty is music; an article dealt in exclu¬ 
sively, or receiving particular attention; as, 
the specialty of the store was fruit; an article 
of particular character and use; as, we offer 
specialties in silver; a mark of particular or 
individual character of a person or thing; state 
or quality of being particular or individual. 

pip (spe'shl), n. coin; hard money, as 
opc-uic 0 f gold, silver, or copper, 
enp pipe (spe'shez; spe'shT-ez), n. a group 
ojjc-uco of animals or plants agreeing in 
common characteristics and called by a com¬ 
mon name; a subdivision of a genus or 
class; kind; sort; variety. 

Qnp rif ir (spS-sIf-Ik), adj. of or pertaining 
opc-UU-XU to a species, or group, of which 
the members have common characteristics 
and are called by a common name; definite 
or particular; precise; as, specific information; 
having some particular curing or healing enpr 11 lor fepek'fi-ldr), adj. of or per- 
quality; as, a specific medicine; peculiar; opc^-u-icu taining to a mirror or reflector. 

con- 
sides; 


citypp 11 lotp (spek'tl-lat), v.i. to 
&pcu-U.-lalC S ider a subject on all 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, Svent, edge, novSl, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 







speculation 


597 


sphere 


meditate upon a topic and form opinions upon 
it; purchase stock, land, goods, etc., at a risk, 
with the idea of selling them at a higher 
market value; to gamble in stocks, etc.— n. 

speculator. 

11 1 a firm (sp6k"u-la'shun), n. men- 
opcv^-u-ia.-liUAi tal examination or theo¬ 
rizing; reflective, inquiring consideration; the 
purchase of stock, goods, etc., at a risk, for 
future sale at a profit; any hazardous business 
venture, with a chance for large profits. 

c-n^r 1o fiTrck (spek'u-la-tlv), adj. per- 
o^ci/-u-ia-uvo taining to, or given to, 

contemplation, reflection, or theorizing.— 
adv. speculatively.— n. speculativeness. 

ii liim (spek'fi-lum), n. [pi. specula 
UAA1 (-Id)], a mirror or reflector of 
polished metal, especially one used in an 
optical instrument; a surgical instrument used 
to examine certain passages of the body by 
expanding them and throwing 'light by re¬ 
flection within them: speculum metal, an 
alloy of copper and tin, used for making re¬ 
flectors in reflecting telescopes. 

-"rwarl ( s Ped)» the past tense and past par- 
apcu. ticiple of the verb speed. 

(spech), n. the power of uttering 
bptJGGil articulate sounds or words; expres¬ 
sion of thought in words; act of speaking; 
manner of speaking; as, his speech is indis¬ 
tinct; that which is spoken; conversation; a 
language or dialect; as, Italian is a musical 
speech; formal discourse in public, or the 
published report of it; as, to make a speech; 
oration. 

Syn. n. talk, address, utterance. 

Ant. (see silence). 

cnoo/'Ti Ipcc (spech'les), adj. being with- 
opccvU-lcoo ou t the power to speak; 

dumb; silent; not expressed in words; as, a 
speechless entreaty.— adv. speechlessly.—n. 
speechlessness. 

. j (sped), n. the act or state of moving 
SpCtU. rapidly; rate of motion, or velocity; 
swiftness; quickness; good fortune; as, he 
wished her good speed: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
sped, p.pr. speeding], to prosper; to make 
haste; move quickly; as, the bullet sped 
through the air; v.t. to prosper; send away 
with good wishes; as, to speed the parting 
guest; aid; as, God speed you on your way; 
to cause to move faster. „ , . . 

J * -r (sped'Tng), n. the act of driving 
Spectl-lilg, a motor vehicle at a greater 
speed than that permitted by law. 

a. Iqi- (sped-bm'e-ter), n. an 
Speea-om-e-ter instrument for indicat¬ 
ing speed, as, commonly in an automobile, 
miles per hour. 

i¥ 7 -ovr (sped'wa"), n. a tracx or 
speed-way course where fast driving 
or racing, as of horses or automobiles, is per¬ 
mitted. ... ,. „ 

— A ir (sped'I), adj. [comp, speedier. 
Speed-y superl. speediest], not slow; 
swift; prompt; quick; hasty.— adv. speedily 

— n. speediness. . , ... 

-oo (spis), n. a poisonous, metallic 
SpeiSS chemical compound formed m the 

smelting of certain ores. 

(spel), n. a charm; a spoken word or 
Spoil words supposed to act as a charm, 
fascination; a turn at work; as, a spell at 
the oars; time during which a person works; 
colloquially, any short period of time; as, 
mother visited us for a spell; a certain tune 
marked by a definite characteristic; as the 
hot spell: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. spelled (speld), 
or spelt; p.pr. spelling], to form words with 
letters, especially with the correct _letter^ 


either orally or in writing; as, he spells accu¬ 
rately: v.t. to write, repeat, or point out in 
ordfer the proper letters of (a word); to make 
out with difficulty; as, to spell out a cipher; 

a j* i. — ..n r. 


ingl, to hold as by a spell; fascinate; especially, 
to interest iothers intensely by an oration.— 
adj. spellbound. — n. spellbinder, 
e-ru^l lor (spel'er), n. one who spells; 
opcl-lci on e apt in spelling; a book con¬ 
taining exercises and drills for training pupils 
in correct spelling. 

e-ooll i-no- (spel'Ing), n. the act or art of 
opt/II-lilg, forming words by letters; or¬ 
thography; the way in which a word is 
spelled; colloquially, a lesson or exercise in 
spelling: spelling book, a book containing 
exercises for training students to spell. 

0f , 0 u (spelt), p.t. and p.p. of the verb 

open spell: n. a kind of wheat. 

onol tor (spel'ter), n. zinc: used in com- 

op^l-lcl mercial parlance only. 

o-no-n ror (spen'ser), n. a kind of short 

opc-U-ucx jacket for women. 

(spend), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spent, 
opcliu p.pr, spending], to lay out, as 
money; expend; squander; to exhaust by 
using; as, his violence soon spent itself; 
consume; to pass; as, to spend time: v.i. to 
incur expense; as, he spends unwisely; to waste 
away. 

cn onH thrift (spend'thrift"), adj. waste- 
SpenU-tnrilL ful; extravagant: n. one 

who spends foolishly or wastefully. 

j. (spent), adj. exhausted; worn out; 
bpcIIl without energy or force; as, spent 
steam: spent ball, a projectile which exhausts 
its force before striking, so that it neither 
passes through its object nor explodes. 

(spurm), n. the fecundating or 
sperm fertilizing fluid of male animals, 
which enables them to reproduce their kind: 
called also semen; a white, waxy solid, sperma¬ 
ceti, or an oil (sperm oil), found in the head of 
the sperm whale. „ , . 

no + 1 * (spfir'ma-se tl; spfir'ma- 

Sper-ma-ce-tl S et,"l), «. a white, waxy 

substance obtained from the head of the sperm 
whale, and used in making candles, etc. 

(sper-mat'Ik), adj. pertain- 
Sper-mat-lC j nf r to, or containing, the 
fluid in male animals which enables them to 
reproduce their kind. 

iit-Vi olo (spurm hwal), a large 
Sperm wnaio whale found in warm 
seas, whose head yields sperm oil and a wax¬ 
like substance (spermaceti), used in making 
candles, etc. 

(spu), v.t. and v.i. to vomit; cast 
Spew forth; eject. 

-noiA (sfe'noid), adj. wedge-shaped; 
spne-lioiu. as> a sphenoid crystal; per¬ 
taining to a certain wedge- 
shaped bone at the base of 
the skull. 

(sfer), n. a solid 
spnei e body bounded by 
a single surface, whose every 
point is equally distant from 
a point within called its 
center; the surface of such 
a solid; a globe or globelike 
body; a ball; the shape or 
extent of the heavens; a 
planet; extent or range of knowledge, influence, 
action, etc.; as, to seek a wider sphere for 
one’s abilities; province; place of existence; 
social position.— adj. spheral. 



Sphere 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 











spherical 


598 


spinney 



Qnhpr i pol (sfer'I-k3,l), adj. pertaining to 
opiici a sphere, or globe; globular 
or like a globe; round. Also, spheric.— adv. 
spherically. 

rir i +xr (sfS-rls'l-tl), n. the state 
opuc-l lC-l-ly or f ac t 0 f being a sphere, 
or globe; rcundness. 

cnVlP rniH (sfe'roid), n. a body having 
opuu-iuiu nearly the shape of a sphere, 
or globe; as, the earth is an oblate spheroid. 
— adj. spheroidal. 

cnVior 11 (sfer'ool), n. a little sphere; 

spner-uie a g i 0 buie. 

ssnhinr fpr (sflnk'ter), n. a muscle that 
opixuxc-ici surrounds an opening in the 
body, and can contract in order to close it. 
cnhiriY CsflrLks; n. [pi. sphinxes (-sez)], in 
opimiA Greek mythology, a winged mon¬ 
ster having the 
head and bust of a 
woman and the 
body of a lioness, 
who proposed a rid¬ 
dle to passers-by, 
and dest royed them 
when they failed to 
guess it; a monu-§; 
ment representing 
this creature, espe- ^ 

cially the famous Sp hinx 

one near Cairo, v 

Egypt; a symbol of silence and mystery; 
one whose motives, intentions, opinions, etc., 
are not easily guessed. 

cni rate (spi'kat), adj. having, or arranged 
o^i-caLC j n the form of, a spike or ear. 
Also, spicated. 

Qnirp (spis), n. any of certain aromatic veg- 
opicc etable substances, sometimes ground 
or powdered, used for seasoning, as cinnamon, 
nutmeg, pepper; a relish; that which gives 
flavor or zest; as, a spice of mischief: v.t. to 
season or flavor, as with condiments or spice. 

cniplr_qml—cnan (splk / and = span'), 

bpiciv dllCl opdll a dj m new; fresh; with¬ 
out blemish. 

Q-nir nip (splk'ul), n. a slender, sharp- 
opiC/-uic pointed body. — adj. spicular. 

Qnir V (spis'I), adj. [comp, spicier, superl. 
opic-j spiciest], flavored with, containing, 
or having the qualities of, spice; fragrant; 
aromatic; full of life and point; as, a spicy 
discussion.— adv. spicily. — n. spiciness, 
cni Hpt* (spi'der), n. an arachnid that spins 
opi-uci webs of silken fibers to catch its 
prey; anything suggestive of a spider in form; 
a kind of frying pan. 

crvioH (spid), past tense and past participle 
bpicU. 0 f the verb spy. 

opjo- (splg'ut), n. a pointed piece of 
*- , F A & _ ' JL wood used to stop the opening in 
a cask; the plug of a faucet or cock; some¬ 
times, the faucet or cock itself, 
cnilrp (sP^k)- n - a kind of large nail; any 
sharp, slender object; as, the spikes 
in a fence; anything like a spike, as, in 
botany, a certain kind of flower cluster; an 
ear of grain: v.t. to fasten or equip with 
large nails or sharp points; to run through 
with a sharp point; to close the mouth of by 
plugging: said of cannon.— adj. spiky. 


cnilrp 1^4- (splk'let), n. in botany, a very 
slender, pointed, small flower 
cluster, as in grasses. 

cnilrp ri prH (spik'ndrd), n. a fragrant oil 
c> Jr lxvt ~ Alcl - i ^ or ointment used by the 
ancients. 

cni Ip ( s P*1). n - a large timber driven into 
°r“ c the ground to give support to a 
building; a pile; a wooden pin used as a 


spigot; a spout driven into a sugar-maple 
tree to drain off the sap: v.t. to provide 
with a spigot; to drive piles into; to set up 
supporting timbers under, 
cnill (spll), n. a slender piece of anything, 
as a wooden pin, a small metal rod, 
etc.; a thin strip of paper or wood used for 
lighting a lamp, etc.; the act or state of over¬ 
flowing, scattering, falling out, or running 
over; that which has overflowed or scattered, 
etc.: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spilled, spilt, p.pr. 
spilling], to cause or permit to run over or 
fall out of a vessel; to cause to be scattered, 
wasted, lost, etc., through such action; to 
cause to pour forth, as blood: v.i. to run over, 
fall out, be scattered, etc. 

cnin ( s P* n )> v - t - [P- f - and P-P- spun, p.pr. 
opiii spinning], to draw out and twist into 
threads; as, to spin cotton; draw out tedi¬ 
ously; as, to spin a long story; form (a web 
or cocoon) by drawing out the threads of 
from a gland; cause to whirl rapidly, as a top; 
to make pass slowly by delays, as time: v.i. to 
draw out and twist fiber into threads, etc.; 
whirl; colloquially, move swiftly; as, to spin 
along the road on a bicycle; to make and 
expel a thread, as a spider: n. the act of 
drawing and twisting fiber into threads; the 
act of whirling; the state of being whirled; 
the making of threads, as by a spider, 
cnin arh (spln'aj; spln'gch), n. a common 
opjj.i-cs.^11 potherb used as a vegetable. 
Also, spinage. 

cni -rifll (spinal), adj. pertaining to the 
°Jr A_AAClA backbone; as, spinal disease, 
cnin Hip (spln'dl), n. in a spinning wheel 
’ 3 jr AAA “' J,At ' or machine, the long, thin rod 
used for twisting and winding the thread; 
in spinning by hand, a round stick tapering at 
each end, on which the thread is twisted and 
held; a slender rod or pin on which anything 
turns: v.i. to grow or shoot out into long, slim 
stalks. 

spin-dle-leg-ged 

having long, slender legs; as, a spindle-legged 
table. 

cnin Hip—^lTlfin1r<2 (spln'dl=sh5,hks*), n. 

bllclIIJlb regarded as singular , 

a tall person with long, thin legs; regarded 
as plural, long, thin legs.— adj. spindle- 
shanked. 

cnin HI in O' (spin'dllng), adj. long and 
1aA-u - a1aA & thin; especially, too t hin in 
proportion to height. 

cnin Hrift (spin'drift), n. foam or spray 
0 r ,AAA_v,AA AAu blown in from a stormy sea; 
spoondrift. 

cninp (sp* 11 )* n • the backbone; something 
°lr AAAC like the backbone; a thorn-shaped or 
pointed stiff growth on a plant or animal, 
cnin pi Cspln'el; spl-nel'), n. a hard mineral 
op AAA -c A occurring in several different colors, 
cninp Ipqc; (spin ' 16 s), adj. having no 
opuiu-iuoo backbone; invertebrate; with¬ 
out courage; without the will to resist; 
without spines; as, the spineless cactus, 
cnin pt (spto'et; spl-net'), n. a keyed 
0 r m ' cl instrument like the harpsichord, 
but smaller: now no longer in use; an early 
form of piano. 

cnin Tlf) Irpr (spin'a-ker), n. a large sail, 
bpm-Ild.-Ker triangular in shape, used 
when the vessel is running before the wind. 

cnin npr Pt (spln'er-et), n. an organ that 
opm-uci-ci spins silk, as in silkworms, 
or that produces the silk for the web, as in 
spiders. 

cnin npv (spln'I). n - a thicket; a small 
opm-ncj wood. fENQ .1 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 















spinning jenny 


599 


spitfire 



cnin fiintx iati nv (sphTIng jeni), ^ 
spin-rung jen-ny machine having sev¬ 
eral spindles, so as to spin a number of threads 
at a time: named for the wife of the inventor. 

ssnin nintx wIippI (spin Ing hwel), a 
opm-ning wneei machine with one 

wheel and one spindle, operated by hand and 

foot power, by which raw cotton, wool, etc., 

are spun into thread or yarn. 

c-ni nmic (spl'nus), ad). full of, or covered 

opi-UUU-o with, sharp, pointed thorns or 

quills, as the porcupine; thorny. Also, 

spinose. 

c-nin o x e»r (spin'ster), n. an unmarried 
®pTU—old woman, usually one no longer 
young and fair. 

c-nin v ( s Pi n 'D • ad )- full of, or covered with, 
®P111“J thorny spines; thorny. 

cnin \t a n+ pnf (spm'I ant'et'er), an 

opm-y tun ccH-ci egg-laying mammal 

of Australia, having 
a wormlike tongue, 
a tubular snout, and 
strong spines mixed 
with fur; a porcu¬ 
pinelike ant-eater. 

spir-a-cle 

n. a hole through 
which many aquatic 
mammals, including 
whales, porpoises. Spiny Ant-eater 

etC *: ^ reat ^ e (spi-re'a) n. any of several 
spi-rae-a shrubs “of the rose family, both 
cultivated and wild. Also, spirea. 

_ • —-.i (spi'ral), adj. winding around a 

Spl-rai center and gradually receding 
from it; winding and going forward, like the 
thread of a screw; winding m a cone: n. a 
curve or curved line moving continually from 
or toward the center about which it revolves. 

• , (<sr>i'rantl n. a consonant the 
spi-rant sound of which may bo continued 
by expelling the breath, as /, s, sh, v. 

• (spir), n. a slender stalk or blade, as 
Spire of grass; a body that tapers to a 
point; as, a church spire; steeple; pinnacle; 
a spiral, or single turn of a spiral; a twist. 
v.i. to shoot forth or point up, in, or as in, a 

;o. (spir'It), n. the soul; immortal, 
SpiT-lt nonphysical part of man; any 
supernatural being, as a ghost or tarry; a 
person, considered with reference to qualities 
of mind or temper; as, a noble spirit; courage, 
energy, and liveliness; as, the troops advanced 
with spirit; power of mind, moral or intel¬ 
lectual; as, “the spirit is willing ; condition 
of mind, temper, or disposition; as, the spiru 
of the army was loyal; enthusiasm tor an 
object; as, school spirit; real meaning ; as 
the tone of the words contradicted their 
spirit; a strong distilled alcoholic liquor as 
whisky, etc.; a solution m alcohol of certain 
drugs: as, spirit of ammonia; alcohol: pi. 
intoxicants, as brandy, etc.; liveliness; natu¬ 
ral liveliness; as, high spirits: v.t. to carry 
away suddenly or secretly: v 

away: Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, 

^.^•x^j^Csplr'It-ed). adj. full of vigor 
Spir-lt-ea or life; animated; lively; 
as, a spirited horse; courageous; showing a 
lofty temper; as, a spirited answer.— adv. 

spiritetUy.—n. spiritedne^s.^ ^ 

Spir-lt-ieSS or animation; as, a spiritless 
address, or speaker; listless; dejected.— adv. 

spiritless ly 


cnir if ran niricr (splr'it rap'Ing), a sup- 
ollll -XL posed communication 

with the dead by means of rapping. 
e 1t (splr'lt-u-al), adj. not mate- 

-lL-U-a.1 rial; of or pertaining to the 
mind or soul, as distinguished from matter, 
opposite to physical; pertaining to the soul 
or higher nature of man; pure; holy; heav¬ 
enly minded; pertaining to sacred or religious 
things; not lay or temporal; ecclesiastical.— 
adv. spiritually. 

otvir if ii a 1 icm (splr'it-11-al-izm), n. the 
Spil-lI-U-ai-lSm belief that nothing is 

real except soul, or spirit; the belief that 
the souls of the dead communicate with the 
living, especially through a sensitive person 
called a medium; the practice of such belief. 
Also, spiritism. 

if ii ol iof (spir'It-u-51-ist), n. one 
Spir-ll-U.-cli.-lST -who believes that the 
souls of the dead communicate with the 
living, especially through a medium. 

cnir if ii ill fir (spIr'It-fl-31-Is'tIk). 

a( jj' of or pertaining 

to spiritualism, or the belief that the souls of 
the dead communicate with the living, espe¬ 
cially through a medium. 

cnir if ii a\ i fv (splrTt-tl-alTtl), n. the 
SpiI-11-U.-d.l-l-Ly state or quality of being 

neither physical nor material; soul as apart 
from matter; unworldliness; elevation of 
mind; the quality that springs from mental 
elevation; as, the spirituality of an author, or 
of a book; that which belongs to the church 
or to religion; as, the spirituality of a religion. 

c-t-kif if ii ol 1*70 (spir'it-u-al-iz), v.t. to 
Spir-1L- U-cti-lZ, C f ree f r om the corrupting 

influence of the world; to take away material 
being from; to make lofty and pure in mind 
or soul; to animate; give a pure or religious 
meaning to.—n. spiritualization. 

0 * (spe"re"tu"el'), adj. [Jem. 

bpi-xl- III-cl spirituelle], having the higher 
and finer qualities of mind; having the 
appearance of grace, delicacy', etc.; refined; 
pure. [Fk.] 

‘a. ,, (splr'it-u-us), adj. contain- 

Spir-lt-U-OUS j n g i or of the nature of, 
alcohol; intoxicating; as, spirituous liquors, 
cm* rnm f* fpt* (spi-rom'S-ter), n. an in- 
bpi-rum-C-lCJ. strument for measurmg 

the capacity of the lungs in breathing, 
onit-f (spurt), n. a sudden jet or gush of 
Spill Uquid; a sudden outbreak or effort: 
v.i. to gush forth in a sudden jet; to make a 
sudden, brief, extreme effort: v.t. to force out 
in a jet; squirt. Also, spurt. 

(spit), n. a long, pointed rod on which 
kpiL meat is roasted; a small point of land 
or a long narrow shoal running into the sea; 
saliva; the act of ejecting saliva: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. spitted, p.pr. spitting], to push a 
pointed rod through; impale: [p.t. spit or 
spat], to eject from the mouth; hence, to 
eject or throw out from an opening; send 
forth in drops or flakes, as rain or snow: v.i. 
to throw out saliva from the mouth; come 
forth in drops or flakes, as rain or snow. 

^ (spit), n. ill will or hatred toward 

Spile another, with the desire to irritate, 
annov, or injure; petty malice; grudge: 
in spite of, or spite of, formerly, m contempt 
of; now, notwithstanding: v.t. to try to 
injure or baffle; annoy; thwart. 

omfo -fill (^Pit'f 001 )- ad J- / u11 of , lU . W1 ] 1 ’ 
Spiie-IUl nialicious; having a desire to 

annoy or injure.— adv. spitefully.— n. spite¬ 
fulness. . , 

_ (spit'fir'), n. a very quick- 

SpiT-lll C tempered person. [Coli.oq. 1 


boot foot • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages ax to xxu. 















600 


sponsor 


spittle 


cr .*j. _ (spit'l), n. saliva, especially as 
opit-txe ejected from the mouth; spit. 

cnit +r»nn (spi-toon'), n. a vessel for 
bpil-lUUix spittle, or spit; a cuspidor. 

cni+7 Hntr (spits dog), a variety of 
spitz, uug Pomeranian dog, usually white, 
with a sharp muzzle, long, silky hair, and 
bushy tail. 

-crklocVi (splash), v.t. to spatter or dash 
ojJXdoXi about; as, to splash water; to 
spatter or soil, with water, mud, etc.; as, 
the automobile splashed her dress: v.i. to 
dash or spatter about in drops; to fall or 
proceed with a dash or splatter; as, to splash 
Into, or through, a puddle: n. a spot or 
daub made by a liquid thrown upon anything; 
a noise as from water dashed up, or by any¬ 
thing striking in or upon a liquid.— ad). 
splashy.— n. splasher. 

orklaf for (splat'er), v.t. and v.i. to splash 
ojpldl-iei or spatter about; make a slight 
splashing sound. 

cnlaxi- (spla), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. splayed, 
opidj P'p r _ splaying], to dislocate, or throw 
out of joint, as the shoulder bone of a horse; 
to slope or slant, as a window opening: n. 
a sloped surface: ad), spread out; broad and 
flat; hence, clumsy: splay foot, unnatural 
flatness and turning out of the foot; a foot so 
deformed. 

crde»o»n (splen), n. a glandlike organ near 
opiccxx the stomach, supposed by the 
ancients to be the seat of anger, melancholy, 
or vexation; hence, ill-temper, melancholy, 
or spite. 

crdo-n A\A (splen'did), ad), magnificent; 
bpivll-UlU gorgeous; as, a splendid specta¬ 
cle; very bright; brilliant; lustrous; as, 
splendid diamonds; heroic; grand; glorious; 
as, a splendid triumph; colloquially, very 
good; excellent; as, a splendid opportunity. 
— adv. splendidly. 

o-rkl on r\r\r (splen'der), n. great brightness; 
5spxtJU.-U.Ui richness; magnificence; pomp. 
Also, splendour. 

en 1 fl -nof (sple-net'Ik; splen'S-tlk), ad). 
opiC-liCL-XU fretful; peevish; melancholy, 
e-nlcm i r (splen'Ik: sple'nlk), adj. pertain- 
opicll-li/ fng to the spleen, a glandlike 
organ near the stomach; as, the splenic artery, 
o-rdir ^ (splis), v.t. to unite without knots, as 
bpilUC two ropes, by interweaving or joining 
the ends of; connect, as pieces of wood or 
metal, by overlapping parts and making them 
fast together: n. the union of ropes, etc., by 
interweaving or joining without khots. 
crdinf (splint), n. a small piece split off; 
opilliL a splinter; a thin piece of wood to 
keep a broken bone, etc., in position; a 
splint bone; a disease affecting the shank- 
bone of a horse; a thin strip of wood for 
weaving baskets, etc. 

orVli-nf (splint bon), in the leg of 

opuiix uuiic the horse and similar ani¬ 
mals, one of the small, slender bones on either 
side of the cannon bone, or bone just above 
the fetlock. 

enlinf real (splint k51), a variety of coal 
opiuxt tuai with a slaty structure. 

ordi-n for (splin'ter), n. a thin piece of 
spilll-lcl wood, etc., split or torn off 
lengthwise; fragment: v.t. to split or tear into 
long thin pieces; sliver: v.i. to be torn into 
slivers or fragments.— adj. splintery, 
orklif (split), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. split, p.pr. 
5>pul splitting], to divide lengthwise; rend 
or tear apart violently; to divide or break up 
Into parts or sides, as a political party; 
divide between candidates; as, to split a 
ticket: v.i. to burst; to break apart; to 


v.i. to speak 
n. a confused 


divide lengthwise, or with the gram; to 
separate into parties or factions: n. a rent or 
crack; division or separation, as in a political 
party; rupture; a splint for weaving. 
o^1/'kfr*Vt (sploch), n. a stain; daub; 
bpiUlOXX blotch; spot.— adj. splotchy. 

o-rkliii-rro (splflrj), n. a showy display; a 
bpilXX gc conceited personal demonstration: 
v.i. to show off offensively; to make a great 
display in any way. [Colloq.] 
orkliif fe»r (splut'er), v.t. to utter hastily 
bjJlUl-iex ant i confusedly: 
or act hastily and confusedly: 
noise; stir; bustle. [Colloq.] 
ctvrkil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spoiled, 
bpuxi spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to take away 
by force; plunder; corrupt; ruin; destroy; 
colloquially, to overindulge with harmful 
effects on character; as, to spoil a child: 
v.i. to practice plunder or robbery; to 
become corrupted; decay: n. that which is 
taken from another by force; pillage; 
plunder; booty.— n. spoiler. 

cr.rd1c cvc f^m (spoil 2 sls'tem), in the 
SpOllS sys-xem United States, the dis¬ 
tribution of public official positions among the 
members of the party that has won at an 
election. 

Qnnkp (spok), p.t. of speak: n. one of the 
bpuivc bars of a wheel connecting the nave, 
or center, with the felly, or rim; a round of a 
ladder; a bar to keep a wheel from turning. 
Q-nn Irpn (spo'kn), p.p. of speak: adj. 
opu-xvcxx uttered in speech; oral. 

orwVlrck chflvp (spok'shav'), n. a kind of 
bpOxVc-bllclVt; double-handled plane for 

dressing the spokes of wheels and other 
curved work. 

crirklr^c man (spoks'm&n), n. one who 
bjjuxvc.b-xixaxi speaks f Gr another; an 

agent or representative. 

Q-nn (spo'lt-at), v.t. to rob; to 

opu-xx-cxtc plunder; despoil.—n. spoliator. 

c-nrk It o firm (spo"U-a'shhn), n. the act 
bpu-xl-cl-llUU 0 f plundering or robbing, 

especially in time of war; injury done to a 
document. 

ortrm H a ir (spon-da'Ik), adj. pertaining 
opuxx-u.cx-xu a spondee, or a poetic 

foot of two long syllables, both of which are 
accented. 

cnrvn rl (spon'de), n. a poetic foot of 
bpuxx-vxuc two syllables, both of which are 

accented. 

Qnnncrp (spunj), n. the porous, elastic 
°P vll b c skeleton of certain salt-water 
animals; the 
animal produc- 
ingit; any sub¬ 
stance resem¬ 
bling sponge, as 
raised dough; a 
mop for cleans¬ 
ing a gun after 
its discharge; 
one who, or that 
which, sucks in 
anything as a 
sponge does 
water; hence, 
a parasite, or 
one who lives upon others: v.i. to suck iu like 
a sponge; live upon others: v.t. to cleanse, 
wipe out, or dampen, with a sponge; obtain 
by mean methods without cost.— n. sponger, 
cnrvn crw (spun'jl), adj. full of small holes 
bpUXl-gy and easily compressed; having 
the quality of sucking in fluids.—n. sponginess, 
c-nrm crm (spon'sun), n. a part projecting 
bpuxx-buxx f rom the side of a vessel, to 



Sponges. A, common; 
Hand oi Neptune. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 









sponsor 


601 


sprawl 


protect some part; an air-fllled compartment 
on either side of a canoe to keep it from 
upsetting. 

cor (spon'ser), n. one who binds him- 
a^un-aui self answer, or be responsible, 
for another; a godfather or godmother.— adj. 

spoxisorial. —n. sponsorship. 

cnrm h np i -Hr (sp6n"td-ne'l-tl), n. the 
spun- Id-Xic-l- Ij q ua iity or state of act¬ 
ing from quick, natural feeling or impulse; 
tendency in animal and vegetable organisms 
to undergo changes not produced by outside 
forces. 

ct)OH tfi TIP filial (spbn-ta'nS-us), adj. 
spun- Id-liC-UUs clone or acting from 

natural impulse, prompting, or desire; as, spon¬ 
taneous applause; proceeding from internal 
impulse or natural law; not produced by 
outside force but resulting from forces within 
a thing; as, spontaneous combustion; pro¬ 
duced without human labor; natural to the 
soil; as, weeds are a spontaneous growth.— 
adv. spontaneously.— n. spontaneousness. 

Syn. free, impulsive, voluntary, 
cnnnlr ( s P° ok ). 71 ■ a ghost or spirit; an 
opuuxv. apparition: a humorous term. 

c-n/vrklr (spook'I), adj. ghostly; haunted. 
opUUzi.-y Jy so , spookish. 

cnnnl ( s P°°b, n. a hollow cylinder, usually 
opuui 0 f wood, with a ridge at each end, 
on which thread, etc., is wound; any part of 
a machine, etc., similarly shaped and used 
for winding: _v.t. to wind on a spool. 

CPbnri (spoon), n. a small utensil having a 
apuuu round, or oval, shallow bowl and a 
handle, used in preparing, serving, and eating 
food; a club used in golf: v.t. to take up in, 
or as in, a spoon: v.i. slang, to act with 
foolish fondness. 

cnnnn Hill (spoon'Ml*), 7i. a wading bird 
opUUIl-Ulil with a broad, flat bill, some¬ 
what like a spoon._ 

c-nnrvn fill (spoon'fool), n. [pi. spoonfuls 
(-foolz)], as much as a spoon 
will hold; a small quantity, 
cnnnn xr (spoon'I), n. a foolishly sentimen- 
opuuxx-y tal lover; a simpleton: adj. silly 
in lovemaking; acting with foolish fondness. 
[Colloq.J 

cnonr (spoor), n. the track or trail of any 
opuui wild animal: v.t. to follow by a 
track or footprints: v.i. to follow a track or 
trail. 

c-n/vr o H^c (spor'd-dez), n.pl. formerly, 
-«--uuo S f ars not included in any 
constellation or group; scattered stars. 

c-rwv rciH ir (spft-rad'Ik), adj. occurring 
opu-iau-it here and there, or apart from 
others of the same kind; separate; single; 
as, a sporadic case of disease. Also, sporadical. 

•— adv. sporadically. 

Syn. isolated, rare, uncommon. 

Ant. (see general, prevalent). 

spo-rad-ic dis-ease £^ rfi a 

which attacks a few here and there, and does 
not spread. _ • 

erwvrck (spor), n. a very small grain in 
flowerless plants which performs the 
part of a seed. 

orwv-r ran (spfir'Sn), n. the furry pouch 
opUi-XdXX worn in the Highland costume 
in front of the kilt. 

c nnr+ (sport), n. pastime; amusement; 
opUI l jesf or pleasantry; as, he said it in 
sport; mockery or derision; as, they made 
sport of him; a toy or plaything; as, to be 
tne sport of chance; outdoor play or recrea¬ 
tion, as hunting, shooting, etc.; an athletic 
game or other game of skill for which prizes 


are given or money staked; an animal or 
plant, or a part of either, which exhibits a 
decided variation from the usual or normal 
type; colloquially, a gambler or a cheap, 
flashy person: v.i. to play or frolic; trifle; to 
practice field diversions, such as athletic 
contests: v.t. colloquially, to show off, or 
wear, in public; as, to sport a diamond ring. 
Q-nnrf fill (sport'fool), adj. full of sport; 

t "- LUA indulging in mirth or play; 
merry; frolicsome. 

orsnrt imer (spor'tipg), a<fj. pertaining to 
i-xxi.g amusements, especially athletic 
games; as, a sporting goods store; inclined to 
moke the best of defeat or difficulty; as, a 
sporting spirit. 

cnnr fivp (spor'tlv), adj. frolicsome, 
opui-uyc merry. — adv. sportively.—n. 
sportiveness. 

tsnnrfc; xnan (^Ports^an), n. one who 
to-xiicu .1 patronizes or engages in 
field sports, as hunting, racing, fishing, etc.; one 
who is fair and honorable in sports; in a bad 
sense, one who games or gambles for money. 

sports-man-ship £ 

field sports; fairness; generosity of spirit, 
shown especially in sports, 
c-nnt ( s P st )> w * a hlot or mark; discolored 
°r ul place or stain; blemish; disgrace or 
reproach; as, a spot on his reputation; local¬ 
ity; place; as, the exact spot where he fell; a 
small part of a surface, having a different 
color from the whole; a dark place on a bright 
dis c or circle; as, a spot on the sun; mark on a 
billiard table where the red ball is placed: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spotted, p.pr. spotting], to 
mark with spots; discolor; stain; disgrace 
or blemish; mark or note so as to recognize; 
as, to spot the guilty man; detect: v.i. to 
become marked or stained; as, this silk spots 
with water.— adj. spotty.—n. spottiress. 


onnf loco (spot'les), adj. wdtheut a stain 
aput-icso or flaw; faultless or blameless. 
— adv. spotlessly.—n. spotlessness, 
n-r"\ aI c trolrci (spot strok), a stroke it 
apui oliUlvC tiiflards that drives the 
object-ball from the spot into a pocket. 

for (sP&t'er), n. slang, one who keeps 
opui-icx watch on suspicious persons; 
one who secretly keeps tally of the fares 
received and registered by conductors. 
QnA ,,op (spouz), n. either one of a married 
opuu&c couple considered in relation to 
the other. 

cnnilt ( s P° ut )> n - the projecting mouth of 
opuui a vessel; a pipe or tube for carrying 
off a liquid in a stream or jet: v.t. to throw out 
forcibly and in large amount in a jet or 
stream, as from a pipe; colloquially, to utter 
pompously; as, to spout poetry: v.i. to come 
forth with violence in a jet or stream, as 
from a pipe; to recite anything in a pompous 
manner.—n. spouter. 

cnrairi (spran), n. a severe twisting or 
apxcixxx straining of the muscles or liga¬ 
ments around a joint; the condition resulting 
from such a twisting: v.t. to overstrain or twist, 
as the muscles or ligaments around a joint. 

enramr (sprang), past tense of the verb 
opidlig spring. 

c«rs»+ (sp^t), n. a small fish, similar to the 
& P A£ *- 1 ' herring. 

cnrnwl (sprbl), v.i. to lie with the body 
apiaWX and limbs carelessly stretched out; 
stretch or toss out the limbs or move awk¬ 
wardly; spread in an irregular manner, as a 
plant: v.t. to cause to lie or move with the 
limbs awkwardly stretched out: n. an awk- 
ward lying position, or movement. _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw—wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









spray 


602 


spurn 


crirav (spra), n. a small branch of a tree or 
plant, bearing shoots, leaves, or 
flowers; as, a spray of lilac; small particles of 
water driven or dashed in the air; a jet of 
liquid in fine drops, such as medicine, per¬ 
fume, etc.; instrument for throwing such a 
jet or spray: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. sprayed, p.pr. 
spraying], to throw fine drops of liquid upon; 
to throw in small particles: v.i. be scattered 
in small particles.— n. sprayer. 
ctyrPflH (spred), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spread, 
opcau p.pr. spreading], to scatter or 
extend over a surface; as, to spread new-cut 
hay; to spread butter on bread; to cover with 
a thin layer; as, to spread bread with butter; 
to publish or make widely known; as, to 
spread a report; unfold; open; as, a plant 
spreads its leaves; stretch out; as, a bird 
spreads its wings; diffuse; as, to spread a 
disease; display before the eye; as, to spread 
out goods; set or furnish with provisions; 
as, to spread the table; extend or scatter, as 
Are: v.i. to be extended or scattered: to. 
extension; extent; the distance between the 
tips of the wings of an airplane; a covering 
for a bed, table, etc.; colloquially, a table 
set with provisions; feast.— n. spreader. 

Syn., v. disperse, diffuse, expand, scatter. 

<5m*AflH-Afl cxIa (spred'e'gl), adj. collo- 
bpi call ca.-glc quially, pretentious or 

boastful; as, spread-eagle oratory: n. the 
figure of an eagle with its wings spread and 
its legs extended: the national emblem of the 
United States. 

cryrpp ( s P re> >- n. a merry frolic; carousal; 
opicc a drunken debauch: v.i. to carouse. 
CTvricr (sPtfgh n - a small twig or shoot; a 
°r 1 A o headless nail or brad; an ornament 
in the form of a spray; as, muslin with a 
pattern of sprigs: v.t. f p t. and p.p. sprigged, 
p.pr. sprigging], to work or adorn with sprigs; 
drive brads into. 

cnricrht 1v .(sprit'll), adj. [comp, spright- 
°.r A lier, superl. sprightliest], brisk; 

animated; airy; gay.—n. sprightliness. 
«2nrtncr (spring). V.i. [p.t. sprang, p.p. 
opxxrxg sprung, p.pr. springing], to rise, as 
from a source; issue or proceed; as, great 
results often spring from small causes; origi¬ 
nate; appear; shoot up; as, the grass springs 
up; leap; bound; as, to spring over a fence; 
dart, as a rabbit; start or rise up suddenly; 
as, a breeze springs up; fly back; as, the 
bent bow springs back; warp, as a board: 
v.t. to start or rouse; to do or disclose sud¬ 
denly; as, to spring a surprise; explode; 
as, to spring a mine; crack; strain, as a mast 
or beam; cause to close suddenly; as, to 
spring a trap; leap over; cause to open; as, 
to spring a lock: n. a leap or bound; an 
elastic body that yields when pressed and 
returns to its original form when the pressure 
is removed; the elastic quality or force of a 
body; as, the spring of a bow; cause; origin; 
source; a fountain of water; the season of 
the year when plants begin to grow. 

«JTVrincr (spring'bord'’’), n. an elas- 

“*■''“* *** tic board used by acrobats 

and others in leaping, or by swimmers in diving, 
cnrinff h aIt (sprlng'bbk”), n. the South 
DjJilllg-UUik African gazelle, noted 
its ability to spring lightly into the 
Also, springbuck. 

o-nrinCTA (sprfnj), n. a snare or noose fa&- 
°P 1U1 6 C tened to a trap for small game. 
<snriticr pr (sprlng'er), n. one that leaps, 
A11 b' Ci etc.; the stone of an arch which 
rests upon its support. 

<?nrinp- +i*Ha (sprlng'tM'), n. the high 
& Jr 1 tide which happens at or 


for 

air. 


near the new and full moon; any great flood 
of feeling, etc.; season of spring. Also, 
springtime. 

o-nrino- \r (spring'!), adj. elastic; light; 
opririg-j having springs of water; wet; 
spongy.-—n. springiness. 

CTvrin VI a (sprln'kl), v.t. to scatter in 
opilll-Jilc small drops or particles; to 
scatter on in small drops or particles; baptize 
with a few drops of water; cleanse or purify: 
v.i. to rain in small drops: n. a sprinkling.— 
n. sprinkler. 

c-nri-n Vlin cr (sprln'kllng), n. a small, 
opiui-xuuig scattered quantity or num¬ 
ber; as, the hall contained a mere sprinkling 
of people. 

Qnrirtt (sprint), n. a run for a short dis- 
tance at full speed: v.i. to run at 
full speed.— n. sprinter. 

cnrit ( s P rIt ) > n - a small spar running from 
opilL the bottom of the mast to the top 
outside corner of the sail of a boat. 

Q-nritA ( s P r ft), n. an elf, goblin, or fairy; 
opine a ghost or spirit. 

c-nmrV At (sprok'et), n. a tooth, as on a 
opiUl/A-ci wheel, shaped so as to engage 
with the links of a chain; a wheel having 
such teeth on its rim. 

CTvrmit (sprout), v.i. to begin to grow; 
opiuut p U t forth shoots, as the seed of a 
plant: v.t. to cause to put forth shoots and 
begin to grow: n. a shoot; bud: pi. a vegeta¬ 
ble, called in full Brussels sprouts. 

QtvnirA (sproos), n. a fir tree of the pine 
api utc family, or its wood; a drink made 
from spruce leaves, etc.: adj. smart; trim; 
neat: v.t. and v.i. to dress smartly; to 
arrange in a neat and tidy manner: often fol¬ 
lowed by up. — adv. sprucely.— n. spruceness, 
cnri-mcr (sprung), past participle of the 
opi verb spring. 

cnrv ( s P r i) > ad i- [comp, sprier, superl. spriest], 
nimble; active; agile. [Colloq.] 
qtvmH (spud), to. a sharp, narrow spade, 
opuu. especially for digging up large- 
rooted weeds; colloquially, a potato. 

cniima (spurn), to. froth; foam; scum: 
opuiiiC p to foarm 

qtiii in mi c (spu'mus), adj. frothy; foamy. 

opu-lilUUo Also, spumy. 

cmi-n (spun), past tense and past participle 
spun 0 f fhe verb spin. 

Q-nnnV (spunk), to. touchwood, or wood 
opunn. fhat instantly takes lire; punk; 
colloquially, mettle, spirit, or pluck; also, 
anger: v.i. to flame up; colloquially, to show 
spirit or quick temper. 

^■nilflV "XT (spunk '!), adj. mettlesome; 
°r Li-urv-j plucky; touchy; obstinate; as, 


a spunky, disobedient child. [Colloq.] 
omi r OsPflr). n - a small wheel with sharp 
°r Ui points, worn on the heel of boots to 
urge on a horse; anything that urges to action; 
as, the challenge was a spur to his ambition; 
a projecting root of a tree; a mountain ridge 
running out to the side from a range of 
mountains; the stiff, sharp spine on a rooster’s 
leg: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spurred, p.pr. spurring], 
to prick with a spur; as, to spur a horse; 
excite to action; as, to spur one to greater 
effort; stimulate; urge: v.i. to travel with 
haste; as, to spur rapidly along the road; 
push on.— adj. spurjed. 

cmi ri nil<5 (spu'rl-us), adj. not genuine; 

counterfeit; as, spurious coin; 
false.— adv. spuriously. —to. spuriousness, 
srmm ( s .PUf n )• v.t. to drive away, as by 
kicking; reject with contempt ; 
treat with disdain: v.i. to show contempt in 
declining anything. 


ate, senate, rare,^cat, local, far, ask, parade] scene, event, edge, novel, refer] 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu] 







spurt 


603 


squeegee 


ctyiit*+ (spurt). n ■ a sudden or forcible 
SpUl t gushing forth of a liquid; a brief, 
sudden effort: v.i. to gush forth suddenly or 
violently in a stream or jet; make a sudden 
brief effort: v.t. to throw out in a stream or 
jet. Also, spirt. 

emit for (sput'er), v.i. to throw out small 
bpU-L-lcI particles, as sparks from burning 
wood.; to spit small, scattered drops, as in 
rapid or excited speech; hence, to speak 
rapidly and indistinctly: v.t. to throw out in 
small particles with a crackling or spluttering 
noise, as jets of steam, or as green wood 
burning; to utter in an excited or confused 
way: n. matter thrown out in small particles 
or drops: excited and indistinct talk.—n. 
sputterer. 

SpU tum (scutum), n. saliva; spittle; 

Cf ... (spl), n. a person who in time of war 
bpy enters the enemy’s camp to gain infor¬ 
mation; one who keeps watch on others; 
secret agent: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. spied, p.pr. 
spying], to discover, especially at a distance; 
gain sight of; discover by looking carefully; 
detect; examine or explore secretly: v.i. to 
examine narrowly; keep watch secretly: 
often with on or upon. 

Syn., n. detective, scout. 
cmr rrlacc (spl'glas"). n. a small telescope 
for looking at distant objects 

on earth. 

cniioV» (skwob), n. a young pigeon, espe- 
bqUdU cially one still in the nest; a short, 
fat person; a cushioned sofa; a stuffed cnii o oVi vr 
cushion: ad;, short and fat; recently hatched. J 

cni1 „U U1~ (skwob'l), n. a noisy quarrel; 
ol[UaU-UiC wrangle; dispute: v.i. to 
wrangle or dispute in a noisy manner.—n. 
squabbler. 

(skwod), n. a small party of soldiers 


with another line; to balance; make even; 
as, to square accounts; multiply by itself; 
reduce to a given standard; adjust; regulate; 
as, to square our conduct by a certain rule: 
v.i. to accord or agree: with ivith; as, his 
story does not square with mine; fit; assume 
a boxing attitude: with up or off: adj. having 
four equal sides and four right angles; forming 
a right angle; as, a square corner; having a 
broad shape with straight outlines; as, 
square shoulders; true; upright; honest; just; 
as, a square deal; balanced; settled; as, 
our account is square: colloquially, full or 
satisfying; as, a square meal; changed from a 
unit of length to a unit of area bounded by 
four sides of the same length as the original 
unit of length; as, a square yard.— adv. 
squarely.—n. squareness. 

(skwar'rlgd") , adj. hav- 


squad assembled for drill, inspection, etc.; 
the smallest of the organized groups into 
which a regiment is divided; any small 
group of. persons engaged in a common 
effort. 

omiorl rnn (skwod'rfin), n. a division of 
oquail-l un a cavalry regiment contain¬ 
ing two troops; a group of war vessels em¬ 
ployed on some particular service. 
cmi n1 iH (skwol'Id), adj. extremely dirty, 
squat-ill through neglect; foul.— adv. 
squalidly. —n. squalidness. 

(skwol), n. a sudden and violent 
bquail gust of wind, often accompanied 
with rain, sleet, etc.; a loud scream: v.i. to 
blow a sudden gust of wind, with rain or 
snow; to scream or cry violently. 

oil xr (skwol'I), adj. gusty; stormy; 
squan-y blustering. 

f.y. (skwol'Sr; skwa'lor), n. a 
Squcil-Or wretched and filthy condition; 

foulness; dirt. , . 

(skwon'der), v.t. to spend 
squan-uer lavishly or wastefully: v.t. 
to be very wasteful.—n. squanderer, 
osmoi-o (skwar), n. a figure having four 
bquarc equal sides and four right angles; 
anything of such a figure, or nearly resembling 
it; the result reached by multiplying a num- 
ber by itself; as, 4 is the square of 2; in a 
town or city, a four-sided space each of whose 
sides is a street; the distance along one of 
these sides; as, to walk three squares; an open 
space bounded by streets and used as a small 
park; as. Union Square; a body of troops 
drawn up in a four-sided array; a mathemati 
cal instrument for measuring right angles 
v.t. to form with four equal sides and four 
right angles; to cause to make a right angle 


cniiarp-rifrcrpH (skwar rlgd ) ,adj. uav- 
square riggeu. m g the sails stretched 


on yards suspended horizontally by the 

middle. _ 

oni1orfl -rnr>+ (slcwar root), that number 
bqUdlC 1UUL or quantity which, multi-r 
plied by itself, produces the given number 
or quantity; as, 2 is the square root of 4. 
oniiocVi (skwosh), n. something soft and 
bqUabil easily crushed; a mashed object 
or mass; the sudden fall of a soft body; 
a plant of various kinds belonging to the 
cucumber family; also, its fruit: v.t. collo¬ 
quially, to crush, especially into a flat mass 
or pulp: v.i. colloquially, to fall in a soft 
mass. 

(skwosh'f), adj. easily crushed; 
soft and wet.—n. squashiness, 
ortiiof (skwbt), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. squatted, 
bqUa.1 p.pr. squatting], to sit down on the 
heels, or with the knees drawn up; he close 
to the ground, as an animal; crouch; to 
settle on public land with a view to gaining 
title to it; settle on the land of another with¬ 
out permission or right: adj. sitting on the 
heels, or with the knees drawn up; crouching; 
short and thick: n. the position of one who 
squats; a small vein of ore. 

(skwot'er), n. one who settles 
bqUd. 1-lCl on public or unimproved land 
without right or permission; in Australia 
and New Zealand, one who leases government 
land for pasturing sheep. 

_ ni , 0 i f., (skwot'i), adj. short and thick; 

squax-iy dumpy. 

onuaur (skwo), n. a North American 
bquaW Indian woman or wife: squaw man, 
a white man who has married an Indian 
woman and who, therefore, has the rights of 
one of her tribe. 

t-fliiomlr (skwok), n. a loud, harsh cry. 
bqudW is. as of a duck or hen: v.t. to utter 
a loud, harsh cry. 

onii (skwek), n. a short, shrill, sharp 

bquccLn. cr y ( as of a mouse; a sharp, dis¬ 
agreeable noise; as the squeak of a door: 
v.i. to utter a short, shrill, sharp cry; make a 
sharp, disagreeable noise; slang, o break 
silence; betray a secret; confess.— adj. 
squeaky. — adv. squeakily. 

(skwel), n. a shrill, prolonged cry. 


squeal 


as of a pig: v.i. to utter a shrill, 
prolonged cry; slang, to betray a plot, or a 
companion in a crime or fault.—n. squealer, 
cmiootn icVi (skwem'Ish), adj. inclined to 
squeam-isn feel sick at the stomach; 
easily disgusted; nice to excess in taste; 
overly careful about trifles.— adv . squeamishly. 
—n. squeamishness. 

qa.ipp (slcwe'je), n. a hoe-shaped 

squee-gee tool with a rubber edge or 
plate, for cleaning pavements, removing 


bdotldbt-Jound; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 









squeeze 

water from a vessel’s deck, etc.; a similar 
smaller instrument used in photography, to 
press a film close to a mount. Also, squiegee. 
<sH 11PP7P (skwez), v.t. to press between 
two bodies; compress; press 
out of shape; draw forth by pressure; 
extract; as, to squeeze juice out of a lemon; 
force into a place by pressure; as, to squeeze 
people into a car; to procure by force; as, 
to squeeze money from a person; to grasp 
closely, as the hand; to hug: v.i. to press; 
force one’s way; push; as, to squeeze through 
a crowd: n. pressure; a crowding together; 
a hearty grasp, as of the hand; a hug.— n. 
squeezer. 

cmiplrli (skwelch), v.t. to crush; silence; 
disconcert. [Colloq.] 

omiih (skwib)* n - a firecracker broken 
041 x 1 x 1 across; a paper roll or case filled 
With gunpowder; a kind of slow match or 
safety fuse; a brief, witty speech or writing. 
cmilH (skwld), n. a name for various ten- 
°4 U1U armed cuttlefish; a kind of artificial 
fish-bait. 

cntlill ( skwfl ). a plant of the lily familv, 
4 U1U the bulb of which is used as a medi¬ 
cine; also, the bulb. 

(sk'wlnt), n. the act or habit of 
°H UUU looking obliquely or cross-eyed; 
strabismus: v.i. to see or look obliquely; 
to look with eyes half closed; to be cross-eyed: 
v.t. to cause to look obliquely; to half close 
(the eyes): adj. looking obliquely; cross-eyed, 
^miirp (skwr), n. formerly, a shield 
‘ J 4 UUC bearer or armor-bearer of a knight; 
a male attendant on a great person; a 
devoted follower; a justice of the peace; a 
prominent citizen, as a title of respect; an 
English landholder of old standing: a short¬ 
ened form of esquire. 

cinnirm (skwurm), V.i. to twist about like 

04 u.xj.Aix an ee i or a snake- to biggie- 

writhe. 

111 T t*p 1 (s^wur'el; skwlr'el), n. a small, 
04 UU-XCI active, gray or reddish-brown, 
gnawing animal with a long bushy tail. 

<56111 irt (skwurt), v.i. to gush forth in a 
04 UIA 1 . stream or jet from a small opening- 
to spurt: v.t. to force out in a quick jet: n. a 
small stream or jet; an instrument for 
squirting water, etc., as a syringe. 
cfaK (stab), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. stabbed, 

. T™ v vr% stabbing], to pierce with, or as 
with, a pointed weapon; injure secretly, or 
by malicious falsehood or slander: v.i. to 
pierce; inflict a wound: n. a thrust with a 
sharp-pointed weapon; a wound so made; 
a sly, malicious injiiry.— n. stabber. 

sta-hil 1 tv (sta-bil'I-ti), n. the state or 
Ota Uli-l-iy quakty 0 f being stable, or 

firm; firmness of character; strength of 
purpose or resolution; fixedness; the quality 
01 an aircraft in flight that causes it to return 
5 ® a .state of eouilibrium, or balance, when 
meeting a disturbance. 

stab-il-ize ’ vt to make stabl0, 

ctfltl i ll 7 pr (stab'I-lTz' r er), n. a device, 
oxa.u-x-xxz.-ci variously constructed, for 

maintaining the equilibrium, or balance , of 
airplanes, or keeping them level, 
c+a Hip (sta'ble), n. a building for lodging 
oxa.-uxc horses, cow r s, etc.: v.t. to put or 
keep in such a building: v.i. to be lodged in 
6 uch a building: adj. firm in purpose: stead¬ 
fast; constant; firmly established; fixed; 
having permanence; durable.— adv. stably, 
ctar* ro (std-ka/to), adj. in music, ab- 

oiax-xa-ui rupt, disconnected, with breaks 
between notes; with abrupt sharp emphasis 


004 


stagnation 



Stack of Arms 


c+o pb (stak), 71 . a large quantity of hay, 
oiai/jv corn wood, etc., piled up in orderly 
fashion; a number of chim- “ 
neys standing together; any 
chimney; one or more fixed 
frameworks containing 
shelves for books; collo¬ 
quially, a large amount: 
v.t. to pile up: to stack 
arms, to set up rifles or 
muskets in a cone- 
shaped group with 
butts resting on the 
ground: to stack cards, 
to arrange p 1 a y i n g 
cards secretly in order to cheat. 

0+0 Hi lim (sta/dl-fim), n. \pl. stadia (-d)J, 
o la-VAi- uiix a Greek linear, or line, measure 

equal to 606% feet; in ancient Greece, the 
course for foot races, surrounded by tiers of 
seats for spectators; in modem times, a 
similar structure, -with its inclosed space, for 
athletic games, etc. 

c+o A nm a far (std-dom'e-ter), n. a de- 
ota-u-uixi-c-LCJ. yj ce f 0r estimating dis¬ 
tances: usually employed on the drill- 
ground, to save measuring, 
q+off (staf), n. [pi. staves (stavz), staffs 
oxaax (stats)], a stick carried for support in 
walking, or for defense; support; a prop; 
a building material composed principally of 
plaster-, used instead of stone, especially for 
temporary structures; the five fines and four 
spaces on which music is w r ritten; a flag¬ 
pole; a body of officers attached to any- de- 

E artment of an army, or to a commander, and 
aving duties connected with the management 
of the army or any portion of it; a body of 
assistants serving to carry out the plans of 
a leader or manager; as, the staff of a news¬ 
paper. 

cfocy (sfc&K)* n - the full-grown male of 
various large deer._ 

stflP" Hpp tip (stag be'tl), a beetle having, 

, ocu-uc lu t be main, jaws like the 

horns of a stag. 

gtperp (staj), n. a raised platform, especially 
o m a theater; a place on which an 
orator may speak, or a play may be pre¬ 
sented; the theatrical profession; che drama; 
theater; a place of rest on a journey-; a field 
of action; degree of progress in any business, 
process, etc.; a stagecoach: v.t. to put on the 
stage, as a play. 

cfap- pr (staj'er), n. a horse for drawing 
, & a stagecoach; colloquially, one 

who has had long experience in anything: 
as, an old stager ._ 

cto nr rrpr (stag'er), v.i. to totter or reel; 

£> o'-;- 1 begin to doubt, weary, or give 
way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter or reel; 
shock; make less confident: n. a sudden 
reeling or tottering: pi. a disease of horses 
and cattle, marked by staggering and falling: 
oiten termed blind staggers. — adv. staggeringly. 
— n. staggerer. 

StaP r -inp‘ (sfcaj'Ing), 7i. a temporary struo- 
, tur ? ot boards and posts; scaf¬ 
folding; the business of running and managing 

the^ta^h 08 ’ ac ^ Putting a play on 

St3.P r -TlPT !t (stagnant), adj. not flowing; 

. • , . sta.e or foul from standing; not 

brisk or active; dull; sluggish.— 71 . stagnancy, 
m+p (stag'nat), v.i. to cease to flow 
, or run; be motionless; become 
inactive or dull; become impure or foul. 

Stae-na-tion ( st 8«-»a'shun), n. the state 

. ‘ LAUAA or quality of being inactive, 
dull, sluggis h, or stale and foul from standing . 


ate, senate, rare st, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sm, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 















stagy 


605 


stand 


stag 


y Cstaj'I), adj. theatrical.— n. stagi¬ 
ness. • 

Q+fliH (stad), p.t. and p.p. of stay: adj. 
aicuu sober; sedate; regular; steady; not 
wild, flighty, or fanciful.— adv. staidly. —n. 
staidness. 

o+oi-ri (stan), n. a discoloration; spot or 
oia.ui blot; a dye: taint of guilt or crime.; 
cause of reproach: v.t. to blot; spot; mark 
with color; to dye; soil with guilt or crime: 
v.i. to take or make a stain. 

Syn., v. soil, discolor, spot, sully. 

Q+oin lpoc (stan'les), adj. free from taint 
oia.ni-icoo or so ii; incapable of being 
tainted or soiled; as, a stainless reputation or 
name. 

o+oif (star), n. one of a set of steps for 
10.11 ascending or descending: pi. a set of 
steps. 

o+ojr poop (st&r'kas*), n. a flight of steps 
010.11 -tdoc in a house, with railings, etc. 
Also, stairway. 

ofolrp (stak), n. a post or strong stick 
otanc sharpened at one end and fixed in 
the ground; formerly, a post to which a 
person condemned to be burnt was secured: 
hence, death by such burning: that which 
is pledged, wagered, or risked for loss or gain; 
the prize in any contest; small anvil: v.t. to 
fasten, support, or defend with stakes; mark 
out the limits of, with stakes; wager or pledge, 
c+fl 1 or (std-lak'tit), n. an iciclelike 

formation of carbonate of 
time, hanging from the roof of caves, caverns, 
etc. 

c +o 1 o or rni-fva (std-lag'mit), n. a cone of 
5 lO-XOg -im LC carbonate of lime, formed, 

by the dropping of water, on the floor of a 
cavern. 

eta If* (stal), adj. not fresh or new; tasteless; 
oldie worn out by use or familiarity; trite; 
common; decayed: v.t. to make stale; 
destroy the freshness or charm of: v.i. to 
lose newness or freshness; wear out.— n. 
staleness. 

c+alo mafp (stal'mat*), n. the situation 
o Idle-Hid 1C i n chess when the king can¬ 
not move without being placed in check, and 
when no other move can be made: v.t. to 
put in the position of stalemate; bring to a 
standstill. 

c+allr (stole), n. the stem or main axis of a 
olai-tv plant; the support which attaches a 
flower or fruit to a plant or tree; anything 
like a stalk; a high, proud, stately step; the 
act of approaching game stealthily: v.t'. to 
approach quietly and under cover so as to 
kill, as game: v.i. to walk with high and 
proud steps; to creep toward game stealthily. 

c+ollr I’rtrr Vinrco (stok'ing=hors"), n. a 
StaiK-mg-nOrSe horse, or figure of a 

horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself 
from his game; a mask. 

_+ 0 11 (stol), n. an inclosed space in a 
b Idil stable where a hor§o or cow is kept and 
fed; a bench or table where goods are exposed 
for sale; a small house or shed where business 
is carried on; a seat in the choir of a church: 
in Great Britain, a theater seat in the parquet 
or orchestra: v.t. to place or keep in a stall; 
to plunge into sand, mire, etc., so as not to be 
able to get on; as, to stall a cart; to stop by 
any obstruction, or by unskilful management; 
as, to stall an engine: v.i. to stick fast in mire, 
etc.; come to a standstill by any obstruction, 
o+oll ofro (stdr&j). n. rent paid for a stall, 
bldll-dgC or booth; right of erecting a 
stall, or booth, at a fair. 

0 + 01 (stal'yun), n. a male horse kept 

Siai-ilUn fo r breeding. 


c + a 1 TTrorf (stdl'wert; stol'wert), adj. 
oicu-Wdi l sturdy; strong; tall and stout; 
brave; daring: n. a firm, loyal partisan.— 
adv. stalwartly.— n. stalwartness. 

< 5+0 -m p-n (sta'men), n. that organ of a 
oia.- 11 .xcil flower which furn i shes the pol¬ 
len, or male fertilizing element, and which 
consists of the filament and the anther.— adj. 
staminal, staminate. 

i -np (stam'I-nd), n.pl. that part of 
» 10111 - 1 - 110 . a body which supplies strength 
and firmness to the whole; backbone; power 
of endurance; as, the stamina of a nation. 
<?+nm mpr (stam'er), v.i. to hesitate or 
oioiil-lilci falter in speaking, especially 
from a defect in speech; stutter: v.t. to 
utter or pronounce with difficulty or hesita¬ 
tion: n. hesitating or faltering speech due to 
nervousness; any difficulty in pronouncing, 
or halting in speech; a stutter.— n. stammerer. 
crMm-n (stamp), n. the act of making a 
oiclliip mark or impress; a mark or design 
impressed upon a surface; as, the stamp on a 
coin; an implement or machine for making 
such a mark; a die; a small piece of paper, 
having a certain device and value printed 
on it, sold by the government, and fastened 
to a letter, document, etc., as payment of a 
fee or tax; as, a postage stamp; a revenue 
stamp; any special mark that denotes the 
ownership or quality of a thing; as, a stamp 
on a patent medicine; characteristic quality 
or nature; as, the picture bears the stamp 
of genius; sort; kind; as, avoid men of his 
stamp; act of striking downward with the 
foot; a heavy downward blow with the foot: 
v.t. to mark with a design by means of a 
die, etc.; as, to stamp a coin; impress a 
copy of on something; as, to stamp one’s 
initials on note paper; put a stamp upon; 
as, to stamp a letter; to label; brand; as, 
our acts stamp our characters; fix deeply; 
as, to stamp a scene on the memory; to set 
(the foot) down heavily; crush by such a 
motion; as, to stamp anything under foot; 
crush or grind into powder: v.i. to strike or 
beat the foot forcibly downward. 

< 2 +nm (stam-ped'), n. a sudden, 

ouuu-pcuc wild running away of a herd 
of animals, caused by fear or panic; any sud¬ 
den flight or rush, as of an army; any sudden, 
impulsive movement or action on the part 
of a crowd, etc.; as, a stampede in a political 
convention: v.t. to cause to take to sudden 
flight: v.i. to start off in a panic; to act 
together from a sudden impulse. 
ctr>r*h (stanch; stanch), v.t. to stop the 
OlOllGll f] ow 0 f. as, to stanch blood; stop 
the flow of blood from; as, to stanch a wound: 
adj. water-tight; sound; as, a stanch little 
craft; firm; constant; trustworthy; loyal; as 
a stanch friend. Also, staunch. — adv. stanchly, 
staunchly. — n. stanchness, staunchness. 

c+an rViinn (stan'shun), n. a support or 
OlOli-Giiluil p 0a t of iron or wood, as for 

a roof, an awning, etc. 

c +onrl (stand), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. stood, 
olOllli p.pr. standing], to be stationary 
on the feet in an erect or upright position; 
hence, be upright or made to rest on end; 
cease to move; as, when they tired of walk¬ 
ing, they stood; be at rest or lie stagnant; 
as, water stands in the pond; be placed or 
situated; as, the table stands in the corner; 
be a substitute; as, Esq. stands for esquire; 
become a candidate; as, to stand for office; 
remain firm; abide; as, I stand to what I 
have said; remain in existence, especially 
without injury or change; endure; last; as, 
the house still stands; take sides; as, to 


boot, foot ; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






standard 


606 


start 


stand by one’s friends; accord; agree; as, it 
stands to reason; continue in force; as, the 
rule stands good; hold a course at sea; as, 
to stand for the harbor: v.i. to set on the feet 
or on end in an upright position; place on a 
base; as, to stand a statue on a pedestal; 
put up with; endure; bear; as, to stand 
insult; pass through; as, to stand a test; 
colloquially, pay for; as, to stand treat: n. 
a stop or halt for the purpose of defense or 
resistance; interruption; station for the 
hire of vehicles; raised platform or series of 
raised seats for spectators; as, a grand 
stand; small table; any fixed station or 
position; as, to take one’s stand at the win¬ 
dow; firm or decided position; as, to make 
a stand for the right; state of perplexity or 
difficulty; as, to be at a stand what to do. 
c+cj-nH orH (stan'derd), n. an ensign or 
b loll U.-0.1 u. fl a g under which men are 
united for some common purpose; especially, 
a national ensign, that which is established 
by authority as a fixed rule or measure; 
test; an upright support: adj. established by 
rule or model; as, a standard price; having 
a recognized value; as, a standard novel. 

c+onH c\Tt\ i< 7 £» (stan'd-r-diz), r.f. to reg- 
o iauu-ai u-iec ulate by, or make to con¬ 
form to, an established rule, model, value, 
authority, etc.— n. standardization. 

cfiJ-nH inc r (standing), n. the act of stop- 
olcu.iU.-Ulg ping or of being erect on the 
feet; station; maintenance of position; 
duration; as, a habit of long standing; 
reputation; rank; as, he is in good stand¬ 
ing: adj. remaining erect, or upright; stag¬ 
nant, or not flowing, as water; lasting; 
established or settled; fixed; as, a standing 
army or rule. 

c+anH -ni-nA (stand'plp*), n. a very large 
otcuixu.-pipe upright pipe into which 

water is pumped from a reservoir, etc., so as 
to produce the necessary pressure in a 
water supply system; a water tower. 

c+cmd -nnint (standpoint*), n. a posi- 
OLcuiu-puiAii tion from which things are 

looked at, considered, and judged. 
c+artH c+ill (stand'stil"), n. a ceasing of 
olcUlU-olill action; a halt or stop; rest; 
as, business or traffic came to a standstill. 

c+an VicvnA (stan'hop; stan'up), n. a 
OLcUi-iiupc light two-wheeled, one-seated 
carriage without a top: given the name 
of the Englishman for whom the first one 
was built. 

ctan 7a (stan'zd), n. a group of lines, or 
oUUl-ia verses, usually four or more, 
forming a section of a poem, 
c+a ripe (sta'pez), n. the stirrup-shaped 
old-pco hqne of the middle ear. 
c+a r»l p> (sta'pl), n. the chief product or 
old-pie industry of a country or district; 
settled market or place for wholesale traffic; 
principal element or chief item; unmanu¬ 
factured or raw material; cotton, flax, or 
wool fiber; a loop of metal with two points 
to be driven into wood, etc., for holding a 
bolt, etc.: adj. chief; regularly produced; 
as, staple goods; established in commerce; 
as, staple trade: v.t. to sort according to the 
quality of its fiber; as, to staple cotton, etc.; 
to fasten by a staple. 

c+a rilpr (sta'pler), n. one who deals in 
old-pid the regular products of a coun¬ 
try; a sorter of wool, cotton, etc. 
c a. qt . (star), n. any of the heavenly bodies 
old! that appear to be fixed points of 
light, or of others, called planets, that regu¬ 
larly change their position; anything like a 
6tar; a figure with five or more radiating 


points; a planet supposed to influence a 
person’s life; a metal badge; as, a police¬ 
man’s star; an asterisk [*]; a brilliant or 
prominent person, especially in the theatrical 
profession: v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. starred, p.pr. 
starring], to set or adorn with stars; to mark 
with an asterisk: v.i. to shine as a star; be 
brilliant or prominent; to appear as principal 
actor in a play. 

o+o-e Kaq^ (star'bdrd; star'berd), n. the 
oldl-UUdlU rigbMiand side of a vessel 
looking towards the bow, or front: opposite to 
port: adj. pertaining to, or lying on, the right 
side of a vessel: v.t. to put to the right, or 
starboard, sido of a vessel. 

c+arr+i (starch), n. a well-known white 
bIdl Ell vegetable substance; a paste made 
of this substance and used for laundry 
purposes, etc.; a stiff, formal manner; 
stiffness; courage; backbone: v.t. to stiffen 
with starch; make stiff.— adj. starched. 

Q+o~ r'Vja-m "h or ( star cham'ber), the 
Oldi Vrildlll - U Cl highest court of Eng¬ 
land under the Tudors and Stuarts, consist¬ 
ing of members of the Privy Council, who 
sat to try civil and criminal cases, severely 
and often unjustly: abolished during the reign 
of Charles I. 

c+orrV» \t (star'chl), adj. containing, or 
bUU.CJ.i-j like, starch; as, starchy food; 
stiff; formal; precise. 

Q+fl rf> (star) ■ n - a Axed, steady look with 
b IctI C wide-open eyes, as suggesting curi¬ 
osity, wonder, boldness, etc.: v.i. to look 
with fixed eyes wide open; gaze fixedly in one 
direction; be very conspicuous or prominent: 
v.t. to gaze at.— n. starer. 

Q+pr fiQVl (star'flsh*) • n - any of various 
blal-ilbli marine animals, having a star- 
like body with five or more rays, or arms, 
c+flrlr (stark), adj. stiff; rigid; as, stark 
blOiik i n death; hence, dead; utter; com¬ 
plete; as, stark nonsense: ado. wholly; com¬ 
pletely; as, stark naked.— adv. starkly, 
o+of 1irrVi+ (star'lit*), n. the light given 
® t by the stars: adj. lighted by 

the stars only; starlit. 

qJ-jj- li-ntr (starfling), «. a bird with browrn 
blOI-illlg or i n summer, greenish-black 
plumage and yellowish-white spots, and living 
about houses or towers; one of the upright 
piles or logs driven round the piers of a 
bridge for its protection. 

Q x ; . rrp J (stard), p.adj. decorated with 
bUHleu stars; influenced by the stars: 
now, only in ill-starred; marked with an 
asterisk. 

Q+J11* rv (star'I), adj. set with stars; as, a 
ouu-lj starry crown; lighted by stars; 
as, a starry night; shining like stars. 

Stars and Stripes s '22e 

for the flag of the United States, 
o+o-r oT->^11 (star'shel*), n. a rocket, or thin 
oldl-ollcil non shell, filled with an ex¬ 
plosive that bursts into starhke lights: fired 
into the air from a light muzzle-loading gun, 
and intended to light up the enemy’s position 
at night. 

Star Span-gled Ban-ner 

gld ban'er), the national anthem of the United 
States, the words of which were written by 
Francis Scott Key. 

ofo r + (start), v.i. to move suddenly and 
& tax i quickly; spring; leap; bound; to 
make a startled movement or spring, as from 
surprise, etc.; set out; as, to start on a 
journey; begin a race, career, etc.; as, to 
start in business; become loosened: v.t. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







startle 


go 


stature 


to originate action in, or set going; as, to 
start a clock; rouse suddenly from conceal¬ 
ment; as, to start a hare; originate or begin; 
as, to start a quarrel; to draw from a cask 
or draw the contents from: n. the act of 
beginning or setting in motion; a sudden 
motion or twitch, as of pain, joy, etc.; a 
quick spring; a going forth; as, an early start; 
outset; as, get it right at the start; a begin¬ 
ning; as. a start in business; lead; as, he had 
the start of them; a flashing forth; as, starts 
of fancy.— n. starter. 

< 5 +« r tip (star'tl), v.i. to move suddenly, 
OLClA as j n alarm; v.t. to excite or 
frighten suddenly; scare._ 

tto firi-n (star-va'shun), n. the act of 
oLdl -Vet-UUIi suffering or dying from lack 
of food; state of being reduced to a condition 
of extreme hunger or killed by lack of food, 
ofo-pirp (stiirv), v.i. to suffer extreme 
olai VC hunger; die of hunger; perish 
from lack of anything necessary: v.t. to 
cause to suffer extreme hunger; cause to 
die of hunger; subdue by famine; destroy by 
want of any kind. 

ctflrvp liner (starv'llng), n. one who, or 
oioj. v c-mig that which, pines from lack 
of food; a thin, weak animal or plant: adj. 
hungry; weak; lean. 

Q to oio (sta'sis), n. a stopping of the cireu- 
o la.-oio lation of blood in the small vessels. 

(stat), n. mode or condition of exist¬ 
ed La. LU ence; condition as to riches, social 
standing, etc.; rank; style of living; espe¬ 
cially, ceremonious style or formal dignity; 
as, to receive in state; a body of people 
united under one government which they 
recognize and conform to as supreme; the 
civil powers and government of such a 
community; tho territory occupied by it; 
one of several such communities forming a 
federation: adj. pertaining to the body politic; 
as, state papers; used upon formal or ceremoni¬ 
ous occasions: v.t. to set forth clearly and for¬ 
mally; tell; as, to state the facts: State, one 
of the United States. 

o-fof (stat'ed), p.adj. fixed; as 1 , at a 
OLa.L-CU. stated time; regular; as, stated 
business hours. 

efpfa i_ r (stat'll), adj. [comp, statelier, 
oldLC-iy superl. stateliest], having a grand 
or imposing appearance or manner; noblo; 
majestic; dignified: adv. imposingly; majes¬ 
tically.— n. stateliness. 

cf of o rnptit (stat'ment), n. the act of 
ola.lc-IllCJ.AL presenting clearly and for¬ 
mally; that which is presented; a recital, 
o+o+o rvrio /on (stat priz'n), a prison main- 
oldlc JJllo-Uii tained by the government 
of a body politic: State prison, in the United 
Statas, a prison maintained by any one of 
the States for th9 punishment of felons, or 
those convicted of serious crimes. Also, state’s 
prison. , , 

Q+o+cv firrVi+G (stat r:tz) ’ the and 

Oldie llgllLo powers not given to the 

United States by the Constitution, but 
reserved to the people of the various States 
for their independent decision. 

ctfl+P room (stat'room"), n. a private 

OLa.LC-1 L/Uin sleeping room on a vessel or 

railway car. „ „ . 

state’s ev-i-dcnce S!imol! 5 

sented by the government, or prosecution, in a 
criminal case; especially, testimony given by 
one who, having had part in the crime, con¬ 
fesses his own guilt and gives evidence against 
his accomplices; colloquially, one who so testi- 
fles; as, he turned state’s evidence. 


o+o nrpn e t* (stats® jen'er—51), n. a 

oldies feCli-cl-dl legislative assembly 

composed of representatives of the governing 
classes of citizens: States General, the Dutch 
parliament, or legislative body. 

cfpfpc man (stats'man), n. [pi. states- 
oldlCo-llldll m en (-men)], one who is 

skilled in public affairs and the art of govern¬ 
ment; one who deals wisely with public 
matters. 

cfpfpc man ciTiin (stats'man-shlp), n. 
btdieS-mSLIl-Sllip distinguished ability 

or skill in dealing with questions that arise in 
public affairs. 

cf afo fri p 1 (stat trl'al), a trial for a 
oldlC Lll-dl political offense. 

o-j-of (stat'Ik), adj.. pertaining to bodies 
oiai-m a t rest, cr motionless; acting by 
weight without motion; pertaining to passive 
forces, or those in equilibrium: opposite to 
dynamic: n.pl. that branch of mechanics which 
treats of pressure, weight, etc., of bodies at 
rest. Also, adj. rtatical. — adv. statically. 
o+^ finri (sta'shun), n. a place where a 
old-LlUAl person or thing usually stands; 
as, a railroad flagman’s station; headquarters 
for a body of persons, etc., roady for service; 
as, a police station; naval station; a stopping 
place on a railway for the use of passengers or 
for freight; position; situation; as, he took 
up his station on the hill; social condition; 
rank; standing: v.t. to place in a certain 
position; post; appoint or assign, 
o-f-p f; ori p r rr (sta'shun-a-rl) , adj. not 
dux- liujj.-o.-aj moving, as machinery 
when at rest; fixed; not to be carried from 
one place to another; as stationary tubs; un¬ 
changing in state or condition; as, the size 
of the army remained stationary. 

Q+fl firm or (sta'shun-er), n. one who sells 
o Ld-Liuii-ci paper, pens, 

other writing materials. 


pencils, and 


Q +o firm or V (sta'shun-er-i), n. paper, 
ota-tJ.J.-C j. -j pens, ink, and other writing 
materials. 

cfa fic fi real (sti-tls'tl-kal), adj. pertain- 
o Ld-Llo-Ll-vdl i n g t 0 statistics, or facts 

collected and arranged for general use. Also, 
statistic. — adv. statistically, 
cfof ic fi cion (stat"is-tish'an), n. one 
o let l-lo-ll-L/lcLll skilled in collecting and 

arranging for general use facts about a given 
country, industry, etc. 

cfa fic fire (sta-tls'tlks), n.pl. classified 
o Id - LAo - LlGO facts relating to a large body 
of people, as a nation or state, or to some spe¬ 
cial industry, interest, etc., especially such 
facts as can be stated in numbers: sing, art 
or science of collecting and arranging such 
facts; as, statistics is a profession requiring 
patience. 

cfpf cr/vrm (stat' 6 -skdp), n. an instru- 
oLat-U-oGlAJpc ment to detect the distance 
of a small rate of ascent or descent: used 
in airship navigation. x 

o+a+ o nr (stat'u-a-rl), n. a sculptor; 
OLa.L-ll-a.-l y the art of carving the fuli 
form of a living being in marble, bronze, etc.; 
such carved forms, or statues, collectively, 
cfaf iip (stat'u), n. the full form of a 
olaL-UL Living being sculptured or modeled 
out of solid material, as marble, bronze, etc. 
cfof ii pcmiP (stat"u-esk'), adj. having 
&iai-u-ca 4 uc the grace, quietude, or 
formal dignity of a statue, or modeled figure; 
as, a statuesque beauty.—n. statuesquely. 
cfaf ii pffp (stat"u-et'), n. a little statue, 
O La.L-11-G LLC or modeled figure. 

cfaf iirp (stat'ur), n. the natural height of 
O LaL-Lllt; an animal, especially man. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; f/ien, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







status 


608 


" + Qonl oiq plf 

U tWjh/AVjUVXV 


o+o +11 o (sta'tus), n. legal condition of a 
bld-llio person; as, the status of a married 
woman; relative social standing or place; 
rank; position of affairs. 

o+o +11 o mirk (sta'tus kwo), a present con- 
bld-luo tJUU dition or position; state m 
which a person or matter has been, is, or 
may be. [Lat.] 

o+o+ ii+o (stat'ut), n. a law passed by a 
E>Lal-U.lC legislature, or lawmaking body; 
written law; an act of a corporation or com¬ 
pany, or of its founders, designed to be a 
permanent rule; as, the statutes of a university. 
o+o+ ii +r\ nr (stat'u-to-ri), adj. enacted or 
bUtl-U-lU-J .y imposed by statute, or law; 
depending on statute, or law, for its authority; 
as, a statutory provision. 

o+oTTO (Stav), n. [pi. staves (stavz)], one 
bid.VC 0 f the thin narrow strips of wood 
forming the sides of a cask or barrel; a pole 
or piece of wood of some length; in music, 
the five parallel lines on and between which 
the notes and rests are written; a staff: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. staved, stove, p.pr. staving], 
to break a hole in: with in; as, to stave in a 
boat; to make by breaking in the staves; 
as, to stave a hole in a boat; delay or put off; 
keep at a distance; drive away: with off; 
as, to stave off an illness or trouble. 

_+ott (sta), n. a large, strong rope, usually 
0 f wire, which holds parts together 
or gives stiffness, as one which supports a 
mast; a prop or support; abode or continu¬ 
ance in a place; as, he made a long stay in 
Paris; a stand or stop; as, a stay of judgment: 
pi. pair of corsets: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. stayed, 
p.pr. staying], to hold up or support; prop; 
to sustain; to check; hold back; to put off 
for a time; postpone; to stiffen or steady, 
as a mast, by ropes; tack: v.i. to remain; 
as, to stay at home all day; abide for a time; 
as, to stay at a hotel; to stop; stand still; to 
wait; colloquially, hold out or last; as, a 
horse stays well.—n. stayer. 
c + a . r coil (sta'sal'; sta'sl), n. any sail ex- 
b lay -bctli tended on a stay, or rope which 
supports a mast. 

o+ckorl (sted), n. the place which another 
blCctU. had or might have; as, to go to war 
in another’s stead; use; service; advantage; 
as, it will stand you in good stead. 
o+ooH foc+ (sted'fast), adj. firmly 
blCdU.-ia.bl fixed or settled; steady; con¬ 
stant; as, steadfast faith. Also, stedfasfc. 
-—adv. steadfastly, stedfastly. — n. steadfast¬ 
ness, stedfastness. 

c+aoH xr (sted'I), adj. [comp, steadier, 
blCdU-jr superl. steadiest], firm in position 
or support; as, a steady foundation; con¬ 
stant in feeling or purpose; resolute; un¬ 
wavering ; as, steady devotion to a cause; 
regular; uniform; as, the steady beat of the 
pulse; sober; industrious; as, a steady 
young man; keeping nearly upright: said of 
a ship: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. steadied, p.pr. 
steadying], to make or keep steady or firm; 
make resolute: v.i. to become steady or firm. 
— adv. steadily.—n. steadiness, 
c+aalr ( st ^)> n - a slice °f beef or other 
blCdJA meat, for broiling etc. 
c+aal (ste 1 ), v - t - IP-*- stole, p.p. stolen, p.pr. 
blCdl stealing], to take by theft; take with¬ 
out leave or right; take or get by art or sur¬ 
prise; as, to steal a kiss; to move in a secret 
or stealthy manner; as, to steal a hand into 
a pocket; gain secretly and gradually; as, 
time steals away one’s youth: v.i. to commit 
theft; slip in or out unnoticed; slip or creep 
along; as, to silently steal away: n. a theft. 
■— n. stealer. 


impure kind 
mineral sub- 


o+^o1+V» (stSlth), n. secret means used to 
Slcoltil accomplish an object; underhand 

action. ,, r , .... 

o+^o 1+Vk T 7 (stel'thf), adj. [comp, stealthier, 
STcaltll-y superl. stealthiest], acting or 
done slvly, or by stealth; secret; furtive; 
as, a stealthy tread.— adv. stealthily. — n. 
stealthiness. . 

o+^om (stem), n. vapor m to which water 
btColll jg changed when boiling; the 
visible mis t of condensed water; vapor; 
colloquially, force; energy: v.i. to throw off 
steam; as, the soup steams in the kettle; 
rise or pass off in steam; as, moisture steams 
from the earth; move by steam; as, the 
vessel steamed out of the harbor: v.t. to treat, 
or cook with steam; as, to steam a pudding. 
— adj. steamy. _ 

o+aom of (stem'er), n. a vessel or vehicle 
blColll-Cl moved by steam; an apparatus 
for steaming food, etc. 

c+otim cViin (stem'shlp'), n. a vessel 
b LCaLii-biixp moved by steam power. 

o+oofvi +iif Vkino (stem tur'bln), a steam 

Steam tur-ome engine in which the 

steam acts upon a motor, or turbine, instead of 
on a piston. 

o+o a fin (ste'e-rin), n. a white com¬ 
es LC-a-J. Hi pound contained in many ammal 
and vegetable fats, which raises the melting 
point of the fat. _ 
c+o a +i+o (ste'a-tit), n. an 
bte-a-lILc 0 f talc, or soft 

stance: called also soapstone. 
c+o or! (sted), n. a horse, especially one 
bleed which is spirited or high-strung, 
o+ool ( stel )> n - a variety of iron refined 
ol+JCM an< f combined with a small portion of 
carbon, very tough, hard, and elastic, and, for 
a given size, one of the strongest materials 
known; any instrument or weapon made of 
steel: adj. made of, or like, steel; hence, 
hard; unfeeling: v.t. to overlay, edge, or tip 
with steel; make hard, strong, or unfeeling; 
as, to steel one’s heart. 

c+pol hrnn 7 fk (stel'bronz'), an alloy 
oivCi uuMiic 0 f tin and copper, so 

hardened as to render it as strong and durable 
as steel. 

c+aal xr (stel'I), adj. made of, or like, steel; 
bfCCi-y hard; unbending; colored like steel. 

e+aal xrofrI (stel'yard; stll'yerd), n. 
dlcci-juiu a kind of balance, consist¬ 
ing of a horizontal bar or lever supported 
near one end, and marked in pounds and 
ounces, the article to be weighed being 
hung on the short arm, and a weight moved 
along the long arm. 

c+^/^n (step). a dj- having a sharp pitch or 
olCCp slope; being far from the horizontal; 
precipitous; as, a steep hill; colloquially, 
high; excessive; as, a steep price: n. a pre¬ 
cipitous place; a cliff: v.t. to soak in a liquid, 
usually heated below boiling-point, so as to 
take out the essence or flavor of; as, to steep 
tea; to imbue with something; as, to steep 
oneself in learning.— adv . steeply. — n. steep¬ 
ness. 

Syn., adj. high, abrupt, sharp. 

Ant. (see flatlow). 

(ste'pl), n. a tower or turret 
oicc-pic tapering to a point; a spire. 

c+a/a riiflQP (ste'pl-chas'), n.across- 

country horse race; 
hence, a race over a prescribed course in 
which obstructions have to be leaped, 
c+rtp rvlrt iciclr (ste pl-jak ), n. a work- 
oicc-pic-jav/n. man whose trade is to re¬ 
pair steeples, towers, or other high structures, 
and who is therefore an expert in climbing. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 










steer 


609 


sterile 


c+pp-r (ster), n • a young castrated male of 
ol,ccl the ox kind: v.t. to guide the course 
of; as, to steer a ship; control; direct: v.i. to 
guide a ship in its course; to go in a given 
direction guided by the helm; as, the boat 
steered toward shore; obey the helm; as, the 
ship steers well; conduct oneself.’ 
cfppr o<rp (ster'aj), n. the act of steering, 
aicci-agc or guiding; the effect of the 
helm on a vessel; that part of a ship, usually 
cn or below the main deck, set apart for 
those passengers who pay the lowest rates; in 
a warship, the part of the berth-deck used 
as the quarters of junior_ officers, etc. 

q fppt - o nrp xxrQTT (ster , cLj-w&”’), 7 i. rate of 
fc»Leei-dgt;-Wd.y mot ion through the 
water sufficient to render a vessel governable 
by the helm. 

of pi 1o r (stSl'dr), adj. pertaining to stars; 
oici-iai as, stellar rays; starry; as, stellar 

regions. 

of pi Ipfp (stel'at), adj. star-shaped or star- 
oLCJ.-J.dic; i^e; as, stellate leaves. Also, 

stella ed. 

stel-li-form <S f8rm> ' ad} ' star ‘ 

of pi 1ii 1o r (stel'u-ldr), adj. having the 
oiu-iu-itu shape or appearance of little 
stars; as, the stellular fireflies; set or marked 
with spots like stars. 

rfpm (stem), n. the principal stalk or trunk 
O LCJ.li. G f a t; re e or p i an t; the slender stalk 
that bears the lea ves, fruit, etc.; any slender 
support, handle, etc., resembling the stem of a 
plant; as, the stem of a goblet; a branch of 
a family; the part of a vessel’s structure to 
which the sides are fastened at the bow; the 
prow; the part of an inflected word that does 
not change; in music, the perpendicular line 
joined to the head of a note: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
stemmed, p.pr. stemming], to stop or check; 
to make headway against; resist; as, a boat 
stems the tide; to remove the stems from: 
stem-winder, a watch wound by turning a 
head or knob on the end of the stem. 

(stench), «. a strong offensive odor; 
o lcJ.J.L/J.1 disgusting smell; stink: often used 
figuratively. 

cfpn ril (sten'sll), n. a thin sheet of metal, 
oLC11-L/11 p a per, etc., cut with an open 
pattern, so that when it is placed on a surface 
and color is laid on, a certain figure or design 
is made: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. stenciled, p.pr. 
stenciling], to mark or color with a stencil. 

ctor, r, erra-nh (sten'6-graf), n. a writing 
oIcIl-U-gl cijJll j n shorthand: v.t. to write 

or report in shorthand. 

rrp ■fi/aor va tVH pt* (ste-nog rd-fer), 71. a 

Sie-nog-rd-piier shorthand writer. 

Also, stenographist. 

efet-n n erranh i \r (sten'o-graf'Ik ),adj. 
olCll-U-gLdpn-1C pertaining to, or wTit- 

ten in, shorthand, or stenography. Also, 

stenographical. — adv. s enosraphically. 

q f p r\c\cr va (st6-nog rd-fi), _ n. the 

Ste-nOg-ld.-pny ar t G f -writing in short¬ 
hand, by using abbreviations or symbols for 
words, phrases, etc.; shorthand. 

Qx „ x _ (sten'tor), n. in the Trojan War, 
Olcil-lUl a Greek herald with a very loud 
voice: stentor, any person with a very loud 
and powerful voice. 

cf^n fn ri an (sten-to'rf-an). adj. ex- 
blCll-LU-ll-ctli tremely loud or powerful; 

as, stentorian tones. 

cfon (st6p), n. a movement made by the 
olep f 00 t; in walking, running, etc.; a pace; 
the distance passed over by a single move¬ 
ment of the foot in walking or running; as, 
come a step nearer; any short distance; as. 


it is only a step to my house; footprint; man¬ 
ner of walking; gait; as, a steady step ; the 
sound made by the placing of a foot in walk¬ 
ing, etc.; a single tread in a flight of stairs; 
action; measure; as, the first step in an un¬ 
dertaking; grade; degree; as, to advance 
a step in a profession; an interval between two 
tones in a musical scale: pi. progress by walk¬ 
ing: v. i. [p.t. and p.p. stepped, p.pr. stepping], 
to move the foot backward or forward, etc., 
and put it down, as in walking, dancing, etc.; 
to walk a short distance; as, to step around 
the corner; to walk slowly or with dignity: 
v.t. to set, as the foot; measure by steps; as, 
to step off the length of a room; fix the foot 
of in its frame or block, and so erect, as a 
mast. 

cfon hrnfh pr (step'bruffc'er), n. the 
oLcp-L/iU lll-ci son 0 f one’s stepfather 

or stepmother by a marriage previous to the 
marriage with one’s own mother or father, 
cfp-n rhilrl (step'child"), n. the child 
oLcp-L/iiuu. 0 f one’s husband or wife by 
a marriage previous to marriage with oneself. 

cj’Pfi riavtcrfi fpr (step'do'ter), n. the 
otep-udugn-xer daughter of one’s hus¬ 
band or wife by a marriage previous to mar¬ 
riage with oneself. 

cfpia fa +Vip r (step'faT/ier), n. the hus- 
&LCp-la.-U.iCi band of one’s mother by a 
marriage subsequent to her marriage with 
one’s own father. 

lari (\ pr (step'lad"er), n. a portable 
oLcp-iciu.-u.cx S et of steps, having a sup¬ 
port attached to the back by hinges. 

o+prk mrvKh pr (step'mu<7i"er), n. the 
oLcp-lLLUlll-ci wife of one’s father by a 

marriage subsequent to his marriage with 
one’s own mother. 

Qtprvnp (step), n. a vast level plain without 
oteppe forests, as in Russia. 

c+p-rv ntn o r —Gtpri p (step'Ingsston*), n. a 
olcp-pjllg oLUllc stone that serves as 

a foothold, as in crossing a stream or a muddy 
road; hence, any means by which one may 
advance. 

G+d-n etc fpr (step'sis"ter), n. a daughter 
OLCp-Olo-LCl 0 f one’s stepfather or step¬ 
mother by a marriage previous to marriage 
with one’s own mother or father. 
c i pn op-n (stSp'sun*), n. a son of one’s 
olcp-J>Uil husband or wife by a marriage 
previous to marriage with oneself, 
c+prp ( ster ) - n - i n the metric system, a unit 
olclc of cubic measurement equal to 35.31 
cubic feet. 

c+pr p pm p fpr (ster'e-om'S-ter; ste'- 
olcj-c-uixi-c-lcj re-bm' 6 -ter), n. an in¬ 
strument for measuring the solid contents 
of a body; an instrument for determining 
specific gravity. 

cf’Pt* P nn r ati (ster # S - 6 p , tl-kon; 
SXcr-c-Op-Ll-L/UIl ste"r£- 6 p'tI-kon), n. a 

lantern for throwing pictures upon a screen 
by means of a powerful light, 
c+pr p p orppp (st 6 r' 6 - 6 -skop"; ste'r5-6- 
olcj -c-u-oeof»o skop), n. an instrument 
by means of which two pictures, taken from 
slightly different points of view, appear as 
one and stand out.— adj. stereoscopic, stereo¬ 
scopical.— adv. stereoscopically. 

cfpr P p -HmP (ster' 6 -o-tip"; ste'r6-5- 
bxer-e-o-iype f-p) > n _ a p T a te made by 

casting type metal into a mold taken in plas¬ 
ter, etc., from a printing surface: v.t. to make 
or cast such plates of; fix into a permanent 
form. 

:i A (ster'il), adj. not fertile; unfruitful; 
otci-lic P roducing little or nothing; as, 
sterile land; without power to reproduce; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







Sterility 


610 


stile 


barren; as, sterile seed; without ideas; as, a 

Ktpri Ip tyi inr) 

r i1 : (ste-ril'i-tl), n. the state of 

being nonproductive; barren¬ 
ness; unfruitfulness. 

ctpr i 1i 7o firrn (stfir^Tf-lt-za shun, ster - 
JSXer-1-U-Zd.-XlOn i-li-za'shun), n. the 

act or process of making fruitless or barren; 
state of being fruitless or barren. 
c+f»r i H<70 (ster'I-liz), v.t. to make fruit- 
-1-X1AC j ess or barren; deprive of the 
power of reproduction; especially, to free 
from germs; as, to sterilize milk.—n. steri¬ 
lizer. 

QtAr liner (stur'llng), adj. pertaining to 
° lCi “ 1J J - 1 & British money of standard value; 
as, pounds sterling; having full value; gen¬ 
uine; as, sterling silver; of high merit; as, a 
man of sterling character: n. the standard of 
purity of British money. 

Qj- prn (sturn), adj. severe or harsh in dis¬ 
ci CJ.ll position or character; strict; unre¬ 
lenting; as, a stern father; proceeding from 
such a nature; hard; as, a stern command or 
look; firm; rigid; unyielding; as, stern disci¬ 
pline; forbidding; as, a stem, rocky coast: 
n. the after or rear part of a vessel.— adv. 
sternly.— n. sternness. 

St6r num ( st ur' n um), n. the breastbone. 
adj. sternal. 

c + nrT1 ixro vr (stum'wa"), n. movement of 
olCIIl-Wcty a vessel backward. 

o+pr rr> no (stur'to-rus), adj. accom- 
Dici-iu-iuua panied by a snoring sound; 
as, stertorous breathing.— adv. stertorously. — n. 
stertorousness. 

cfpf (stet), v.t. a Latin word meaning let it 
oici stand: used in proof reading as a mark 
to indicate that something marked for omission 
is to remain. [Lat.]j 

q+p lb nrn p tpf (ste-thom'S-ter), n. an 
oic-tiium-c-ici apparatus for measur¬ 
ing the external movements of the walls of 
the chest during the process of breathing. 

(steth'o-skop), n. a kind 
examin- 
. by con¬ 
veying to the ear of the examiner the sounds 
produced in the body; an instrument used in 
the trenches and elsewhere to detect the 
sounds of digging or other enemy operations, 
cfp vp HfVrA (ste've-dor"), n. one who 
sz-vxkjx c loads or unloads a vessel in 
port, or stows cargo in a ship’s hold or 
interior. 

Qf AW v.t. and v.i. to boil slowly or 

etcw w ith a simmering heat; colloquially, 
to worry: n. a dish prepared by boiling slowly; 
colloquially, a state of nervous anxiety; 
worry. 

Q+AW arH (stii'erd), n. [fem. stewardess], 
o tc w -a.x u. one -who manages the household 
affairs of a family or institution; the manager 
of a large estate or farm; a person employed 
at a hotel, club, or on board ship to super¬ 
intend the buying and distribution of food; 
on board ship, a waiter or an attendant in 
staterooms; a fiscal agent; as, the steward 
of a church. 

cfpur cTiift (stu'erd-ship), n. the 

sxew-aro-smp omce or duties of a 

steward, or one who directs affairs for others; 
management of affairs for others, 
cjfirlr - n - a small branch or shoot cut 
° LA '- /IV off a tree; a long, thin piece of wood; 
something similar in shape to such a piece; 
as, a stick of candy; a rod or w r and to be 
held in the hand, as a cane; a device used 
by printers in setting type by hand; a thrust 
or stab with a pointed instrument; colloqui¬ 


V1AO VUOOV UU1UU5 VJLLVJ MI CaiJLB 

ctAth A ernn a t s teth'6-skop), n. 
olclIl-U-oLUpc 0 f apparatus for < 

ing the chest or organs or the chest. 


ally, an ignorant or dull person: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. stuck, p.pr. sticking], to push or thrust 
so as to penetrate something; as to stick, a 
pin in a cushion; pierce with a pointed in¬ 
strument; as, to stick a finger with a pin; 
stab; kill by thrusting a pointed instrument 
through; as, to stick pigs; to push or poke; 
as, to stick out one’s foot; insert; fasten on 
carelessly; as, to stick a bow on one’s hair; 
cause to adhere; as, to stick a stamp on a 
letter; compose or set up; as, to stick type: 
v.i. to be held or fixed by being thrust in; 
as, a pin sticks in a cushion; be pushed 
outward or forward; protrude; with up, out, 
from, through; to hold to a surface; adhere; 
as, dough sticks to the hands; cling closely; 
as, to stick to a cause; to be stopped from 
going farther; as, the cart stuck in the mud; 
be puzzled; hesitate: with at; as, he will 
stick at nothing to gain his ends.— n. sticker. 

ctirlr i tiacc (stlk'I-nes), n. the state or 
olicxx-l-licoo quality of being adhesive 

or gluey. 

cfirlr 1 a (stfk'l), v.i. to wrangle or contend 
liOxV-ic stubbornly, especially about some¬ 
thing of little importance; to hesitate; to 
have scruples.—n. stickler. 

o+iVIr 1 a. Karlr (stfk'l-bak"), n. a class of 
ollwi.-lc-UclL.lv scaleless fish with spines, 

or thornlike projections, on their bodies, 
ctirlr v o<y. [comp, stickier, superl. 

ostickiest], adhesive; gluey.— adv. 
stickily. 

(stlf), adj. not easily bent; rigid; 
011X1 flmi; inflexible; as, stiff cardboard; 
not easily moved; not limber; as, a stiff neck; 
not liquid or fluid; as, a stiff paste; strong; 
violent; as, a stiff breeze; not natural or 
easy; formal; as. a stiff manner; not easily 
subdued; as, a stiff opponent; difficult; as, a 
stiff climb or examination; slang, high, dear; 
as, a stiff Charge; slang, a dead body.— adv. 
stiffly.—n. stillness. 

e+if fp-n v -t- t° make unbending or 

a lii-idi inflexible; make more thick; as, 
to stiffen paste; to make stubborn: v.i. to 
become less limber; grow rigid; become 
thicker; increase in force; as, the wind 
stiffened; grow more obstinate. 

c+iff riAAlrAr! (stlf'nekt"), adj. stubborn 
ollll llCLJvClJ- and obstinate; as, stiff¬ 
necked pride. 

c+i (stl'fl), v.t. to suffocate or stop the 

hrPat.ll of** fiTYUlfllPr' Avtin miicVi r\r* 


breath of; smother; extinguish or 
put out; as, to stifle a fire; hide or conceal; 
as, to stifle a yawn: v.i. to be suffocated or 
smothered: n. the first joint above a horse’s 
hock: corresponding to the knee in man.’ 

Qti flincr (sff ,fl mg). P-adj. smothering; suf- 
focating; as, the air is stifling. 
c+icr (stfg'ma), n. [pi. stigmas (-mdz), 

stigmata (-ma-ta), a mark of 
disgrace or dishonor; a mark of taint, defect, 
blemish, etc.; a red speck on the skin; the 
upper part of the pistil of a flower, on which 
the pollen, or seedlike substance, falls, 
c+i nr tncif if* (stlg-mat'ik), adj. marked 
o tig-lira. with a stigma, or red speck 
or spot. 

(stig'ma-tTz), v.t. to mark 
or red 

specks or spots; hold up to disgrace, re¬ 
proach, or dishonor; brand with infamy; 
denounce. Also, stigmatise. — n. stigmatiza¬ 
tion, stigmatisation. 

c+i 1 a n - a set °f steps to pass from 

otnc one s j de 0 f a fence or wall to the 
other; a pin set on the face of a sundial to 
cast a shadow; an upright piece in framing 
or paneling. 


with stigmata, 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu} 








stiletto 


611 


ititch 


still 



Still 


ofi 1 pf (stl-let'to), n. a small dagger 
au-ici-LU withathin, rounded, and pointed 
blade; a pointed instru¬ 
ment for making eyelet 
holes. 

(stil). adj. being at 
rest or without 
motion; quiet; as, the 
boy is never still; calm; 
peaceful; as, a still lake; 
silent; hushed; sub¬ 
dued; as, a still night or 
voice; not sparkling, as 
wine: adc. to this time; 
nevertheless; always; 
after that; even more: 
v.t. to make calm; put at rest; as, to still the 
waves; still the passions; to make quiet; 
pacify; as, to still an infant: n. an apparatus 
for making alcoholic liquors, as whisky, etc.— 
adj. stilly.— n. stillness. 

Syn., v. lull, subdue, allay, restrain, 
ctilf (stilt)* w. a pole of wood with a rest 
ollll f or the foot: used in pairs in walking; 
a kind of wading shore 
bird having very long legs, 
three toes, and a straight 
slender bill: called also 
stilt-bird: v.t. to set or 
raise on stilts. 

c+ilt aH (stllt'ed), adj. 
oliu-cu elevated or 

raised, as if on stilts; hence, 
pompous; stiffly formal; as, 
a stilted speech.—n. stilted¬ 
ness. 

(stll'tun), n. 


Q+il f-rvn (stu'tun), n. a 
OlU-lOn kind of rich, 

white cheese. 

stim-u-lant 

that which excites or spurs stilt 

on, or which produces a 
temporary increase of vitality or energy; a 
medicine or alcoholic drink having such an 
effect: pi. intoxicants: adj. serving to excite 
or spur on: producing greater vitality or 
energy. . , 

ctim 11 lata (stlm'u-lat). v.t. to excite or 
bLim-U-lctLc rouse to activity; animate; 
spur on; encourage; produce greater vitality 
in: v.i. to act as an agent producing temporary 
increase of vitality, or as a goad.— n. stimu¬ 
lator. , . ,, 

.. In •flz-vn (stlm"u-la shun), n. the 
Stim-ll-la-tion a ct of exciting or spur¬ 
ring on, or of producing a temporary increase 
of vitality or energy in; state or condition of 

being so excited. , ,. , 

_x* ,, i 0 X- r _ (stimffl-la-tlv), adj. hav- 

Stim-u-ia-tive mg the power of exciting 
or spurring on: n. anything that excites or 
spurs on. . „ 

cfim ii In c (stlm'ft-lus), n. [pi. stimuli 
Stim-U-IUb (_]j)] ) something that rouses 

the mind or senses; anything that excites to 
action; that which produces a temporary 
increase of vitality or energy. 

mir (sti'ml), n. the position of a ball 
S ll-iny in golf when it lies directly between 
the ball of an opponent and the hole for which 
he is playing: v.t. to put a ball thus in the 

(sting), n. the sharp-pointed, often 
bllllg poisonous, organ with which certain 
animals and insects are furnished; one of the 
stiff, sharp-pointed, hollow hairs of certain 
plants; the thrust of such an organ or hair; 
the wound made by it; a sharp, smarting 
mental or physical pain; that which goads to 



action; as, the sting of conscience: v.t. [ p.t , 
and p.p. stung, p.pr. stinging], to pierce or 
wound with, or as with, a sting; cause a 
sharp, smarting pain to; as, cold stings the 
face; goad or drive, as by taunts or re¬ 
proaches; cause to suffer keenly; as, re¬ 
morse stings his soul: v.i. to inflict a sharp, 
smarting wound; as, the wasp stings; to be 
sharply painful.— n. stinger, 
c+iti cr ra v (stlng'ra), n. a fish with one or 
bLlJ.lg-i.ciy more sharp spines, or stingers, 
on the tail, capable of making a dangerous 
wound. Also, sting ray, stingaree. 
ctin crvr (stln'jl) , adj. [comp, stingier, 
blili-gy superl. stingiest], very saving of, 
and extremely eager to get, money; meanly 
ungenerous; miserly; scanty.— adv. stingily. 
— n. stinginess. 

ctin(stink), n. an offensive odor: disgust- 
b 11111a. i n g S mell: v.t. [p.t. stank, stunk, p.p. 
stunk, p.pr. stinking], to throw off a strong, 
offensive odor: v.t. to cause to have an offen¬ 
sive smell: with up: stinkpot, a shell, often 
of earthenware, charged with matter that 
burns readily, which on bursting sends out a 
foul smell and suffocating smoke, 
ctint (stint), v.t. to keep within certain 
b 11111 limits; to limit to a scant allowance; 
as, to stint the food: v.i. to be sparing or 
frugal: n. a limit or bound; amount fixed or 
task assigned. 

c+i -nanH (stl'pend), n. settled pay or 
bll-pcilU salary for services. 

c-fi non Hi a r\T (stT-pen'dl-a-rl), adj. re- 
ti-jjcii-vxi.-u.-i. y C eiving stipend, or sal¬ 
ary : n. one who performs services for a 
salary 

c+i-n rda (stlp'l), v.t. to draw or engrave by 
blip-pic means of dots; to paint by means 
of small, short touches: «. a method or 
effect in oil or water-color painting obtained 
by means of dots instead of strokes. Also. 
n. stippling. 

ct-irv ii 1 crt-es (stlp'ft-lat), v.i. to bargain or 
&lip~U-la.lC contract; to agree to do or 
not do a certain thing: v.t. to arrange or settle 
definitely; to specify, as a condition. 

c+irk ii la firm (stlp'u-la'shun). n. the 
S lip-u-id-L1U11 aC (, 0 f stipulating, or 

agreeing; a contract, agreement, or bargain; 
a special condition in a contract, 
cf-in 11 la for (stlp'ii-la'ter), n. one who 
blip-u-la.-LUi. makes an agreement or 

contract. 

o+irv ilia (stlp'ul), n. a small leaflike 
blip-Ulc appendage or stalk at the base 
of a leaf. 

0 xJ r (stur), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. stirred, p.pr. 
bill stirring], to put into motion; move; 
to change the relative position of the parti¬ 
cles of, as a liquid; as, to stir soup; agitate; 
rouse; as, to stir men to devotion: v.i. to 
move or exert oneself; be in motion; change 
place; colloquially, rise in the morning: n. 
bustle; activity; agitation; tumult; noise; 
public interest; excitement.— n. stirrer, 
o+i-r a Vvrmt (stOr'd-bout"), n. a thick 
bill -d-UUUl S oup or porridge made of oat¬ 
meal or corn meal boiled in water and stirred; 
a hasty pudding. 

„x.v tHfirr (storing), n. the act of moving; 
olli-ling aaj. busy; bustling; exciting; 
stimulating; as, stirring events. 

0 x-V -t-tirv (stlr'up), n. a kind of iron ring or 
bill-I up boop fastened to a saddle to 
support a rider’s foot: stirrup cup, a cup of 
liquor drunk by a horseman about to depart; 
hence, a farewell cup. 

0 x;x~Vi (stitch), n. a single pass of a needle 
b 11 lull and thread through anything, as m 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw -wh as in when 
zh = z as in azurej kh = ch as in loch.. See pronunciation key f pages xix to xxn. 

* j 












Stithy 


612 


stonecutting 


sewing; a link or loop of yam in knitting; a 
particular arrangement of threads in needle¬ 
work; a sudden, sharp pain; as, a stitch in 
the side; a furrow; colloquially, the least por¬ 
tion of clothing; as, he had not a clean 
stitch: v.t. to unite or trim by passing a needle 
and thread through; to form (land) into fur¬ 
rows: v.i. to practice stitching or sewing. 

T 7 (stttft'I; stlthfi), n. a blacksmith’s 
blilil-j s hop or forge; an anvil. 

-j.; (sti'ver), n. a Dutch coin worth 

bll-Vci about two cents; hence, anything 
of little value. 

ctAat (stot), n. the European ermine or 
blUdl weasel, especially in its summer coat 
of reddish-brown; any ermine or weaseL 
c+rvf'lr (stSk), n. the trunk or stem of a tree 
blUCK or plant; a pillar, log, or post; 
a trunk or plant in which a graft is placed; 
race, line of descent, family, or relationship; 
domestic animals raised on a farm, etc.: 
called live stock; a garden flower with a 
woody stem; the wooden part of a firearm 
to which the barrel and lock are attached; 
as, a gunstock; a term used in ordnance for 
various things, such as the nave, or hub, of a 
wooden wheel, the handle of a tool, a part of 
a gun-carriage, etc.; foundation of soups, etc.; 
a fund due to persons for money loaned, or 
the securities for such a fund; the capital of a 
company or corporation; also, the shares of 
capital in a company; the «apital or goods in 
a business; hence, any store or supply; a 
wide, close-fitting band of silk, etc., worn about 
the neck: pi. a wooden frame with holes in 
which to confine the legs, or hands and legs. 
Of those found guilty of minor offenses; also, 
a frame on which a ship is built: v.t. to store 
un; fill; supply; as, to stock a warehouse: 
v.i. to take in or obtain supplies: adj. kept in 
6tock, or on hand. 

ctnrlr (stok-ad'). n. a line of posts 

bLUt/Jv-cttiC or trunks of trees set firmly in 
the earth and close together, often with 
loopholes, and used as a barrier for defense 
or an inclosure for cattle: v.t. to surround 
with, or defend by, such a barrier. 

o+rkctr hr a Iror (stok'bro'ker), n. one 
b lULiv-UI U-xvcI who buys and sells 

6hares in corporations, etc., for others.— n. 

6 took broking. 

ctnrlr t> o vntr (®tok kumpd-nl), a 

blUt/Jx vUIIl-pa.-J.iy corporation, the capi¬ 
tal of which is represented by shares that may 
be bought and sold. 

stock ex-change 2SiS‘ES h l? J 'd C “ 

ers in shares of corporations who meet and 
conduct their business according to settled 
rules; a place where shares of corporations 
are bought and sold. 

StOCk fish. ( st Sk'fish <1 '), n - salted and dried 

ctAclr Vinlrl pr (stSkTidl'der), n. one who 
b lUVlx-liUAVA-d holds shares in public 

funds or in a stock company or corporation. 

e+rvclr i n ot (stok'fi-net'), n. an elastic 
blUDn.-1-lIcL fabric used for making 

Stockings, underwear, etc. 
ct/vrlr incr (stok'Ing), n. a close-fitting 
biut/jv-jj.i£ woven or knitted covering for 
the foot and leg, made of silk, wool, or cotton. 

c+rkrlr inh hot* (stdk'job'er), n. one who 
£5 deals or speculates in 

shares of corporations.— n. stockjobbing. 

otivolr m art (stok'man), n. one who has 
b lUk/iv-lilctil charge of live stock, as cattle; 

a ranchman. 

o+nrlr etill (stSk'stn"), adj. still as a 
btui/iv—btiLi post; motionless. 


stock y thl^k ^ ’ ad i' short and stout ^ 

ctrkclr warH (stok'yard"), n. a yard for 
b lOCK-yd.1 U. if ve stock, as cattle, often 

with stables, pens, etc. 

c-tri tnr (sto'gl), n. a long, coarse cigar; 
^fD-gy a coarse boot or shoe: adj. rough; 
coarse; heavy. [Colloq.] 

Qf-. • (sto'Ik), n. a follower of the Greek 
OlU-lU philosopher Zeno, who taught 
that a wise man should be governed by the 
reason, subdue all passions, and be indifferent 
to pleasure or pain: stoic, one indifferent to 
pleasure or pain: adj. pertaining to the 
Stoics; indifferent to pleasure or pain. Also, 
adj. stoical. — adv. stoically.— n. stoicalness. 
a+n -i ric-m (sto'i-slzm), n. the beliefs and 
blU-1-GlblU teachings of the Stoics, or 
those who taught that one should be indif¬ 
ferent to pleasure or pain; uncomplaining 
endurance; grim courage. 

(stole), v.t. to maintain and tend the 
blUivu flre i n; as , to stoke a furnace: v.i. to 
tend a fire in a furnace, etc. 
c+nlr or (stok'er), n. one who, or that 
blUix-cl which, supplies fuel to a furnace, 
as of a boiler; a fireman. 
ctAlo (stol), p.t. of the verb steal: n. a long, 
blUlU narrow scarf fringed at the ends 
and worn over the shoulders by bishops and 
priests. 

c f A 1 m (stolfid), adj. not easily aroused or 
^lUi-IU. excited; stupid; dull.— adv. stol¬ 
idly.—n. stolidness. 

c i A ijj • (sto-lldfi-tl), n. the state or 
blU-J-U*-l-iy quality of being slow and 
stupid; mental dulness. 

ct atti rVi (stum'uk), n. the main organ of 
blUiii-aVll digestion in the body; desire 
for food; appetite; hence, inclination; liking; 
desire; as, he had no stomach for revenge: 
v.t. to put up with; bear without displeasure, 
c+rvm nrh or (stum'uk-er; stum'a-cher), 
bium-avii-d n> an ornamental breast 

covering, worn by women. 

c+rk marli %r (sto-makfik), adj. pertain- 

to, exciting, or strength¬ 
ening the stomach: n. a strengthening 
medicine for the stomach. 

c+rk mot tr (stS-m&tfik), adj. of or per- 
b l\j-xLia 1-J.u taming to the mouth: n. 
a medicine for diseases of the mouth. 
cfA-n o (ston), n. a liard mass of earthy or 
blUHC mineral matter; rock as a material 
used for building, etc.; a small piece of rock; 
something made of such rock, as a monu¬ 
ment to the dead; a gem; as, a precious 
stone; the hard covering of the kernel of 
certain fruits; as, a peach stone; in Great 
Britain, a weight of varying value, usually 
fourteen pounds avoirdupois; a stony sub¬ 
stance sometimes found ia the kidneys or 
bladder; as, galls/ones; hardness: v.t. to pelt 
with pieces of rock; kill by hurling pieces of 
rock at; remove the stones, or pits, from; as, 
to stone cherries: adj. made of stone or earth¬ 
enware; as, a stone jar: stone age, the period 
of civilization before the introduction of 
bronze, when stone weapons, tools, etc., were 
used. 

Q+nnA-fklttlH (ston'bllndO, adj. com- 
Sione UllIlU- pietely blind, physically 

or mentally. 

cf/vno "h tiii co (ston brooz), a bruise made 
b Uiuc ui Ulbc Ay a stone, as on the foot 

from walking barefoot on stones. 

c+ntio rut tino- (ston'kut'fing), n. the 
biunc-vut-tu-ig occupation of cutting or 

shaping stone, as for building, or of cutting 
gems.— n. stonecutter. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, step, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 










stoneware 


613 


stove 


ctnn p orp (ston'war"), n. a coarse kind 
otUUC-Wdic 0 f pottery, baked hard and 
glazed. 


P (ston'wdrt"), n. a kind of 

olUUC-WUi L pi an t often covered with a 
stonelike substance. 

cfrm xr (ston'I), adj. [comp, stonier, superl. 
ot vii-y stoniest], full of, or containing 
many, stones; as, a, stony road; pertaining to, 
or like, stone; hard; cruel; pitiless; as, a 
stony heart.— adv. stonily.— n. stoniness. 

cin/vH (stood), past tense of the verb 
olUUU. stand. 

ofnnl ( sto °()> n - a seat without a back, 
°luui often having three legs; a bench for 
the feet, or for the knees in kneeling; the 
seat used in emptying the bowels; an empty¬ 
ing of the bowels; a pole to which a bird, 
as a pigeon, is fastened to decoy, or entice, 
other birds within range: stool pigeon, a 
pigeon, used as a decoy; a person used to 
entice others into a snare; a police spy. 
<5tnnn ( sto °P)* to bend the body down- 
sluu r ward and forward; descend from 
rank or dignity; submit; yield; sweep down 
on prey: v.t. to bend (the body) downward 
and forward: n. a bending downward and 
forward; habitual forward bend of head and 
shoulders; descent from dignity; fall of a 
bird upon its prey; stairway, veranda, or 
porch with,seats; a vessel of liquor; a stoup. 

<5+nn ( sfc bP)> v IP*** an d VP- stopped, p.pr. 
oiup stopping], to close, as a hole or opening, 
by filling, covering, etc.; close the opening of; 
hence, to stanch (a wound); to hinder, check, 
or impede; as, sobs stopped her utterance; 
make impassable; as, to stop a passage; to 
arrest the progress of; prevent from going on; 
as. to stop a car; to cause to cease; as, to 
stop a noise; desist from; regulate the 
sounds of; v.i. to cease from any motion or 
action; as, all work stopped; to come to an 
end; as, the noise stopped; colloquially, to 
tarry; stay: n. the act of stopping; state of 
being stopped; a hindrance or check; a 
pause or delay; a regulator for the motion 
of a machine; a device for regulating the 
pitch of a musical instrument; one of a series 
of organ pipes; mark used in punctuation, 
c+nn rnolr (stop'kok"), n. a faucet or tap 
olup-UUdv with a stop or valve to cut off 
the flow of a fluid. 

ctn-n crcm (stdp'gap"), n. that which 
closes or fills an opening or 
gap; hence, a temporary expedient or 
makeshift. 

ctrm nflffP (stop'aj), n. the act of ceasing 
o LUjJ-pclj^C or 0 f arresting motion or action; 
state of being stopped; as, the stoppage of 
circulation. 

ctrm rw»r (stop'er), n. one who, or that 
otup-pci which, stops up or closes; 
a plug, as of glass, wood, or cork, that closes 
a vent or hole, as in a bottle, cask, etc. 
ctr\r» r»l & (stSp'l), n. a cork or plug; 
olUp-JJiC a stopper: v.t. to close with a 
cork etc. 

wo-iv'li (stop w6ch), a watch, the 
o tup «V a. It/ll hands of which can be 
instantly stopped by pressing on a spring or 
catch: usually equipped with a large hand to 
indicate seconds or fractions of a second: used 
for timing races^ etc. 

c+r*r oryp (stor'Sj), n. tho act of placing 
olUI -age goods in a warehouse, etc.; safe 
keeping of goods in a warehouse, etc.; space 
for the safe keeping of goods; price for 
storage. _ „ 

stor-age bat-ter-y 


which electric energy in the form of a current 
is transformed into chemical energy and 
stored up for future use, when it can be 
changed back into electric energy. 
qf-Arp (stor), n. a great quantity; stock on 
olUiC hand or collected; a reserve fund; 
abundance or plenty; a warehouse; shop: 
pi. naval and military arms, ammunition, 
clothing, food, etc.: v.t. to furnish or supply; 
as, to store a building with coal; gather in 
quantities; accumulate or collect; hoard up; 
to put in a store or warehouse. 

QfAm b/■'iitop (stor'hous"), n. a building 
01 UU/-UUU 0 C where goods, especially 
foodstuffs, are stored; a warehouse, 
clnt'p lrnAn q v (stor'kep"er) , n. m the 
&LU1 C-xxCCp-Cl United States, one who 
keeps a shop. 

Qtnt*P rnnm (stSr'room"), n. a room in 
oiuic-iuum which things, especially sup¬ 
plies, are kept until needed, 
o+n (sto'rld), adj. having floors or 

°i-Cvi stories; as, a two -storied house: 
also spelled storeyed; told in, or associated 
with, story, legend, or history. 

<5+nrlr (stfirk), n. a large wading bird with 
otuixv j on g i egS( long neck, and a large 
pointed bill. 

cf nr m (storm), n. a violent disturbance of 
oiunn the atmosphere, often with a heavy 
fall of rain, snow, or hail; an outburst of 
passion or excitement; a violent commotion; 
violent assault on a fortified place: v.t. to 
attack with violence or open force; as, to 
storm a fort: v.i. to blow violently, or to rain, 
hail, snow, etc.; to rage boisterously. 

Syn., n. tempest, agitation, disturbance. 

Ant. (see calm). 

ctn-rm in cr (stor'mlng), n. tho taking of 
o IUI JJ.I-lJ.Ig a fortified place by a violent 
and open assault; p.adj. violently angry or 
raging: storming party, a body of troops 
detailed to storm a fortified place, 
cfnrm v (stfir'ml), adj. [comp, stormier, 
olUilii-j superl. stormiest], marked by, 
or accompanied with, tempests or furious 
winds; boisterous; tempestuous; as, stormy 
weather; marked by passion or fury; turbu¬ 
lent; violent; as, a stormy life.— adv. stormily. 
—n. storminess. 

Cf r . r ff»incr (stor'tlng), n. the Norwegian 
OtUi. -Liitiig parliament, or chief law¬ 
making body. 

ctn rv (sto'ri), n. [pi. stories (-rlz)], a 
olU-J. j narrative or recital of events 
either real or imagined; a short tale or 
romance; history; a report or statement; 
an anecdote; colloquially, a falsehood; a 
stage or floor of a building: also spelled 
storey; a set of rooms on a single floor; the 
space between two floors of a building: story¬ 
teller, one who relates tales or anecdotes. 

Syn. account, legend, myth, incident, 
record. 

cfnim (stoop), n. a small vessel or a cup 
MUUp f or holding liquors; as, a stoup of 
wine; a basin for holy water at the entrance 
of a church. Also, stoop, 
cfniif (stout), adj. bold; brave; resolute; 
olUUl as a stout heart; firm; tough; 

strong; as, a stout vessel; large; bulky; 
strong; as, a stout horse: n. strong, dark 
porter; any strong ale or beer.— adv. stoutly. 
—n. stoutness. 

cfn A (sto'va-Kn), n. fluid that is 

olU-v a.-liic injected into the spinal cord 
to produce insensibility during surgical 
operations. 

ctrwp (stov), n. an apparatus for contain- 
jIUVc xng a fire for cooking or heating; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









stow 


614 


strategic 


r.t. to heat or dry, as in a stove; to keep 
warm by artificial heat; as, to stove orange 
trees 

(Sto), v.t. to fill by packing anything 
blUW closely in; as, to stow the hold of a 
ship with goods; to put away compactly; 
pack; as, to stow cargo in a ship’s hold, 
o-f/vtir o rro (std'aj), n. the act or manner 
StOW-age of packing; state of being 
packed; room in which things may be packed; 
things packed away; money paid for packing 
things away. 

-j..,.. 0 „. QT . (stS'd-wa*) , n. one who 
blU W-d-W a.y hides on a vessel or railway 
train in order to obtain a free passage. 

-L. • (stra-biz'mus), n. cross- 

Slld-Ulb-lIIUb eye; squinting. — adj. stra¬ 
bismic. . „ 

(stra-bQt'o-ml), n. a sur- 
Stra-DOt-O-my gical operation for the 
cure of squinting, or cross-eye. 

A\c* (strad'l), v.t. to stand or sit 
btldll-Ulc astride of: v.i. to stand or 
walk with the legs wide apart: n. the act of 
standing, sitting, or walking with the legs 
wide apart; the space between the feet or 
legs when wide apart. 

oft-ofa (stra'fe), v.t. punish: the imperative 
b II die form: often used as slang in the 
trenches, meaning to bombard heavily. [Ger.] 
ca rQfr o-l .a (strag'l), v.i. to wander out of 
blldg-glC the direct course or way; stray; 
ramble; roam idly about; spread apart irregu¬ 
larly; move irregularly and apart from others, 
or from each other; as, they straggled into the 
room.— adj. straggly. — n. straggler, 
efraierhf (strat), adj. imt crooked or 
bLI digit L curved; extending throughout 
in the same direction; as, a straight road; up¬ 
right; as, to live a straight life; direct; not 
confused; as, straight reasoning; right; cor¬ 
rect; as, straight accounts; slang, strong in 
support of a party; as, a straight Democrat: 
adv. in a direct course; directly; at once.— 
adv. straightly. — n. straightness, 
efraierhf on (strat'n), v.t. to make free 
oil digit L-Cii of turns or curves; to put 

in order; to free from trouble: v.i. to be¬ 
come straight. 

straight-for-ward Sfc'SSZSSpU 

a direct course or manner; honest.— adv. 

straightforwardly.—n. straightforwardness. 

efraierhf wav (strat'wa"), adv. at once; 

Straigill-way immediately. 

efrain (stran), n. stock; race; line of 
bIIdill descent; inborn disposition; a 
trace or streak; as, a strain of madness; 
tune or melody; a poem or verse; tone or 
manner of speech or thought; as, to write or 
speak in a lofty strain; extreme stretching; 
as, a strain on a rope; a violent effort; injury 
due to overwork; as, nerve strain; a sprain: 
v.t. to draw out with force; stretch; as, to 
strain a rope; put to its utmost strength; as, 
to strain every muscle; injure by overtaxing; 
as, to strain one’s back; make uneasy or 
unnatural; force; as, to strain a welcome; 
embrace; as, she strained the child to her 
breast; filter; as, to strain coffee: v.i. to 
make violent efforts; pass through tiny 
holes; be filtered. 

ofrai-n or (stran'er), n. one who, or that 
birdlll-Cl which, stretches or exerts great 
tension; a device through which any liquid 
is passed to make it pure or to separate it 
from solid matter; as, a coffee strainer. 
_i ro *f (strat), n. a narrow passage of water 
bIIdll connecting two larger bodies of 
water; perplexity; difficulty; as, to be in a 


financial strait: often plural: adj. narrow; 

not broad; as, the strait gate; confined; 
tight; as, a strait- jacket; restricted; ham¬ 
pered.— adv. straitly. — n. straitness. 
of r a if ck-n (strat'n), v.t. to make narrow; 
bUdll-cli contract; confine; put into 
difficulties; embarrass. 

ofraif iarlr at (strat'jak'et), 7i. a strong, 
blldll _ Ja.Gt\.-ct tight coat put on so as to 
confine the arms of violent prisoners or 
violently insane persons: called also a strait- 
waistcoat. 

ofraif laraH (strat'last"), adj. laced 
blldll-iaccu. tightly, as corsets; very 

strict in manners or morals, 
ctrolro (strak), n. a breadth of planking or 
b II dive plating forming a continuous strip 
on the bottom or sides of a vessel, 
ofra-nfl (strand), n. the shore of a sea, 
bIIdim ocean, or lake; one of the strings 
or twists of a rope; a single thread: v.t. to 
drive or force upon the seashore; run 
aground; as, to strand a ship; leave in a 
state of embarrassment or difficulty; as, to 
be stranded in a strange city; to break one 
of the strings or twists of (a rope); to make, 
as a rope, by twisting the parts of together: 
v.i. to be driven ashore; be left helpless, 
cfra-ncra (stranj), adj. pertaining to an- 
blldllgc other country; foreign; as, strange 
lands; of or belonging to others; not one’s 
own; as, a strange cat; not before known or 
seen; unfamiliar; as, the writing is strange 
tome; odd; queer; unusual; as, strange jew¬ 
elry; reserved; shy; timid; as, to feel 
strange in company; inexperienced; as, she 
is strange to that work.— adv. strangely.— ». 
strangeness. 

efran rrpr (stran'jer), n. a foreigner; a 
blldli-gCI guest or visitor; one who is 
unknown or who is not an acquaintance; one 
who is unfamiliar with a certain thing; as, 
he is a stranger to every language but his own. 
efran crla (stran'gl), v.t. to choke; to 
s top the breath of by squeezing 
the throat; suppress or stifle; as, to strangle 
one’s desires: v.i. to be choked or suffocated: 
n.pl. a disease of horses: called also distemper. 
_ yi strangler, 

efran cm lata (stran'gfi-lat), v.t. to ob- 
ouan-gu-iaic struct or compress so as 
to stop circulation; a term used in medi¬ 
cine; as, to strangulate a blood vessel; to 
strangle.—n. strangulation, 
efran (strap), n. a long, narrow strip, as of 
blldp leather or cloth, used to fasten 
about objects; anything like such a strap; 
a narrow strip or band, as of metal; a razor 
strop: v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. strapped, p.pr. strap¬ 
ping], to fasten or bind with a strap; beat 
with a strap; sharpen, as a razor, by rubbing 
on a strap. 

efran nincr (strap'ing), adj. tall; strong; 
ou.ap-ping robust; as, a strapping fellow. 
[Colloq.] 

c i r o +o (stra'td), n.pl. of stratum, layers, 
blld- Ld- as of rock. [Lat.] 

efraf a cram (strat'a-jem), n. a trick or 
a u. a. t-a.-gem. scheme for deceiving or 
surprising an enemy, especially in war; any 
trick or plan for gaining some advantage, 
efra ± ’ r (strd-te'jlk; strd-tej'Ik), adj. 
Olid-lC-glG pertaining to, or effected by, 
clever trickery or scheming; suitable for, or 
important in, the carrying out of a diplo¬ 
matic or military plan; as, a strategic position, 
or a strategic moment; pertaining to the sci¬ 
ence of military command, or the direction 
of military movements; as, a strategic posi- 
tion: n.pl. the science of military warfare 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, £sk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 






615 


stretcher 


strategist 


Also, adj. 


the direction of a campaign 

strategical.— adv. strategically. 

cfro f p nri cf (strat'e-jist), n. one skilled in 
ouai-c-giai the science of military com¬ 
mand, and in the direction of military move¬ 
ments; a clever secret diplomatist; one skilled 
in clever trickery. 

clro + p cr\T (strat'e-jl) , n. the art or science 
DtxaL-c-gy 0 f military command, or the 
direction of military movements of great 
importance, especially with troops not actually 
engaged in battle; a show of skill in carrying 
out some special design; clever trickery. 
c+i*a + i fi pa +tnrt (strat'^I-fl-ka'shun), n. 

bird, l-l-Il-Ld-IlOIl the act or process of 
forming in layers; state of being arranged in 
layers. 

cfrcf i p/1 (strath-fid), adj. formed in 
Dtia.t-i.-ncu. layers; as, stratified rock. 
c+rn + 1 (str&t'I-fi), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and 

otiat-i-ij p p stratified, p.pr. stratifying], 
to form or arrange in strata, or layers. 

tfim (stra'tQm), n. [pi. strata (-ta), 
OLA<x ~ LU - lAA stratums (-tumzj], a layer; as, 
a stratum of rock. 

of»-o +11 q (stra'tus). n. a cloud form in a 
a rt-ttlo horizontal layer at a low level, 
o+rflw ( str ®)> 77 • the stalk of grain; such 
Dtiaw stalks when cut and threshed; any¬ 
thing practically worthless; as, he is not 
worth a straw; mere trifle; adj. made of, or 
stuffed with, straw; as, a straw bed. 

QtrflW hail (stro bal), worthless or sham 
on aw uai i security given by a person 
who pretends that he will be responsible for 
the appearance cf another person at a given 
time and place. 

cfrcjur hpr rxr (stro'ber-I), n. [pi. straw- 
btrd-W-Der-ry berries (-las)], a small, 

slightly acid, fleshy red fruit, growing on a 
vine close to the ground; the vine itself. 

c+mw Tvirl ( str ° hid), a bid, as to do a 
Dll aw uiu piece of work for a certain 
sum, by one who is unable or does not intend 
to do the work. 

o+ 1 -aw ‘h/vat-cl (stro'bord"), n. pasteboard 
blldW-UUdlU. made of straw ground to a 
pulp:,used for packing, etc. 

cfraw vnfp (stro vot), a vote taken at 
Dll aw VUcc an y gathering of people to 
test the chances of election of two persons 
who are running for office, 
ctrav (stra), v.i. to wander from the path 
Dll ay or beyond limits; to roam; to err: 
adj. gone from the right way or beyond 
limits; wandering; as, a stray dog; irregular; 
occasional; as, a stray remark: n. a domestic 
animal that has wandered beyond limits or is 
lost; a person who wanders aimlessly or who 
is lost. 

j.-!-. (strek), n. a line of color different 
Dll calk f r0 m the ground color; a trait not 
strongly marked; trace; as, a streak of 
fancy; stripe: v.t. to form streaks in; mark 
with streaks; to stripe. 

c+raalr vr (strek'I), adj. marked with 
Dllcaik-y streaks, or irregular stripes.— 
adv. streakily.^-n. streakiness, 
ctroam (strem), n. a current of water or 
Dll colli other fluid; anything flowing 
out of a source; as, a stream of words; a con¬ 
tinued current or course; as, the stream of 
life; drift or tendency; as, the stream of 
opinion: v.i. to issue or flow in a stream; run 
in a current; issue forth; as, the crowd 
streamed from the hall; float, or stretch out 
with a waving movement; as, banners 
streamed in the air; move with a trail of 
light: v.t. flow with; as, her eyes streamed 
tears: cause to stretch out. 


ctfpnm at* (strem'er), n. that which 
oucaiu-ci floats out; along, narrow flag; 
a column of light, as that of the aurora 
borealis, or northern lights. 

cfrpcmi 1a+ (strem'let), n. a little stream; 

Dllcalll-lcl a rivulet; a rill. 

c+t*AA+ (stret), n. a public way in a city or 
oucci town, lined with houses on either 
side; that part of the way reserved for 
vehicles; colloquially, that street in which 
most of the financial business of a city is 
carried on, as Wall Street in New York: 
the body of bankers and brokers doing 
business there; as, theman on the street. 
pfr aAt* oTv (stret ar / ab), a homeless 
DllCCl -rvi-dU child who lives in the 
streets; an outcast boy or girl. 

e+r A At par ( stre t kar), a car for passengers 
Diicci Crtl that runs through the public 
streets, usually on rails. 

Q+r aa+ rati xurct^r (stret ralwaO, a rail- 
blieei rd-11-Wd.y W ay on the surface of 

the streets of a city, as apart from a railroad, 
elevated road, or subway road, 
e+r Art cr+Ti (strength), n. the state or quality 
Dti eng in C f being strong; power; muscu¬ 
lar force; vigor; as, the strength of a man; 
power of resistance; toughness; as, the 
strength of a rope; power to withstand attack; 
as, the strength of a fort; numbers or amount 
of any body, as an army; boldness or vigor, 
as of style; intensity, as of light or color; 
legal or moral force; as, the strength of testi¬ 
mony; mental or moral power of endurance; 
as, strength of purpose; intensity or violence, 
as of indignation; one on whom one relies; 
support; as, God is our refuge and strength. 

QtrArt <r+h Art (streng'thn), v.t. to make 
d li eng, tii-cii stronger ; increase the power 

or security of; encourage: v.i. to become 
stronger.—n. strengthened 

rfrpn It nil Q (stren'u-us), adj. urgent or 
DUCii-U-UUo eagerly pressing; ardent; 

bold; earnest; as, a strenuous reformer; 
calling for strong effort or exertion; as, to 
lead a strenuous life.— adv. strenuously.— n. 
strenuousness, strenuosity. 
c+fAcc (stres), n. strain; pressure; as, the 
dlicdd stress of circumstances; importance; 
significance; emphasis; as, to lay stress on a 
particular fact; force of utterance; as, the 
stress falls on the last syllable; compulsion; 
mechanical pressure of any kind, such as a 
force that changes the shape or size of a 
body: v.t. to accent; emphasize; subject to 
mechanical pressure. 

c + r p l f r 'U (strech), v.t. to draw out to a 
aliciui greater length or width; as, to 
stretch rubber; hence, to draw tight; as, 
to stretch a tent; extend or reach out; as, to 
stretch out the arm; extend between two 
points; as, to stretch a rope across a street; 
strain; as. to stretch every nerve; exaggerate; 
as, to stietch the truth: v.i. spread; reach; 
as, the rope stretches across the street; to 
admit of being extended; as, that cloth 
stretches; to extend or spread the body or 
limbs; sail by the wind under press of canvas: 
n. the act of straining or extending; state of 
being strained or extended; effort; extension; 
overstrain; a continuous line, space, or time. 

cirptcll at (strech'er), «. one who, cr that 
Dllcll/ll-cl w hich, extends or draws cut; 

a frame, usually covered with canvas, for 
carrying the sick, wounded, or dead, as from 
the field of battle; a footboard used in row¬ 
ing: stretcher bearers, men whose special 

duty in war time is to carry the wounded 
from the field of battle to ambulances, wagons, 
or field-hospitals, usually on stretchers. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







strew 


616 


stroke 


a 

as 


c i r „„. (stroo), v.t. to scatter, or let fall 
DlIcW loosely; as, to strew flowers on a 
path; to cover by scattering something over; 
as, to strew a path with flowers; to lie loosely 
upon; as, flowers strew the path, 
oft-i a (stri'ri), n. [pi. striae (-e)], a very small 
o LI l-cL groove or channel; a fine, threadlike 
line; as, striae on a shell; a narrow stripe or 
band, as of color. [Lat.J 

c+rt Q+c* (stri'at), adj. marked with very 
bli i-a.lt? small grooves or fine lines of 
color. Also, striated. 

o+rirlr cm (strlk'n), p.p. of the verb strike: 
blill/lk-cii p.adj. struck down; wounded; 
as, the stricken deer; worn out; as, he is stricken 
in years. 

_x r * x (strikt), adj. exacting; severe; as, 
oil id strict laws; extremely careful and 
thorough; as, strict honesty; accurate; precise; 
as, the strict sense of a word; stretched tight; 
as, strict bandages.— adv. strictly.—n. strict¬ 
ness. 

x 1ir „ (strik'tur), n. a contraction or 
blilU-lliitJ tightening of any passage of 
the body; severe censure or blame, 
eft-id (strid), n. a long step: r.i. [p.t. 
bliiUC strode, p.p. stridden, p.pr. striding], 
to walk with long steps: v.t. to pass over with 
one step; to straddle. 

o+ri r\ onf (stri'dent), adj. harsh; shrill; 
blil-Udil grating; as, a strident voice.— 
adv. stridently. 

eft-id 11 lotp (strid'u-lat), v.i. to make a 
biriU.-u-J.cllC shrill, creaking noise, as 
locusts, crickets, etc.— n. stridulation. 

cf-rid 11 Irmc (strld'u-lus), adj. making 
oiuu-u-iuuo shrill, creaking noise, 

locusts, crickets, etc. * 

otrifex (stiff), n. a contest to gain some 
bliliC advantage; contention for superior¬ 
ity; discord; conflict; quarrel; enmity; war. 
ctrilrf* (strik), v.t. [p.t. struck, p.p. struck, 
bllkn-C stricken, p.pr. striking], to hit with 
force; inflict a blow upon; as, to strike a 
child; to give or deal; as, to strike a blow; 
dash against; collide with; as, the ship 
struck the rocks; lower or take down; as, 
the ship struck her colors; cause to sound; 
as, to strike a gong; produce, as by a blow or 
by friction; as, to strike a light or a match; 
coin or stamp with a die; to take down the 
tents or huts of, as a camp; affect suddenly 
and strongly; as, to be struck with pity; 
light upon; make, as a bargain: v.i. to deal 
a quick blow or thrust; make an attack; 
hit; collide; to run against a rock, etc., 
as a ship; sound as a result of a blow, as a 
clock; to lower ta flag or sail, as a sign of 
respect or submission; cease from work in 
order to secure better conditions: n. a stop¬ 
ping of work in order to secure higher] wages, 
shorter hours, etc.; an instrument for leveling 
a measure, as of grain; an unexpected or 
complete success; as, a lucky strike in 
mining; in baseball, an unsuccessful attempt 
by the batter to hit the ball, or a ball so 
pitched that the batter should have struck 
at it. 

cfi-itra Vtroalr pr (strikbrak'er),awork- 
bliiivC UlcctJV-d man who takes the 

place of one who has left his work in order to 
force his employer to agree to some demand; 
a person who supplies such workmen, 
cfrilr pr (strik'er), n. one who, or that 
bllih-Cl which, strikes, especially one who 
stops work to gain better conditions. 

cfrilr in O' (striking), adj. very noticeable; 
bliixv-liig as, a striking resemblance; re¬ 
markable; surprising; as, a striking fact.— 
adv. strikingly.— n. strikingness. 


strik-ing dis-tance tlus> kl the d dt 

tance at which a force is effective when 
directed against any target. 
c x (string), n. a small cord or line; 

bliiiig, the cord of a musical instrument; 
as, a violin str ing; a cord on which things are 
strung or arranged; as, a string of beads; 
a series of things in, cr as in, a line; as, a 
string of cars; a string of oaths: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. strung, p.pr. stringing], to furnish with 
slender cords or threads; as, to string a 
bow; make tight the cords of; hence, to 
make tense; as, to string one’s nerves; 
thread on a cord; as, to string beads; extend 
in a line or series; as, to siring out a speech; 
to hang: with up; take strings from, as 
beans: v.i. to form into cords or threads; 
stretch out into a line or series.— adj. st in?ed. 

cH-i-n ffPTi rv (strln'jen-sl), n. the state 
blilii-gcii-cy or quality of being severe 

or tight; strictness; as, the stringency of the 
law; closeness; as, the stringency of one’s 
financial affairs. 

„j- r * Q-p—x (strln'jent), adj. making strict 
bum—&C1H requirements; severe; rigid; 
as, stringent rules; tight; having little ready 
money; »as, the money market is stringent. — 
adv. stringently. — n. stringentness. 

Q x_.* q. (strmg'er), n. one who strings; 
b tl Ilig-Ci a heavy horizontal timber or 
plank supporting other parts of a structure, 
cjx-i—o- (strlng'holt"), n. a jerky af- 

blllllg-llctll fection of a horse’s hind legs. 
Q x • „~ __ (string'!), adj. consisting of. or 
bU.iJ.ig-j like, fibers, or threads; as .stringy 
meat; gluey; ropy.—n. stringiness. 

(strip), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. stripped, p.pr. 
bllip stripping], to make naked; deprive of 
a covering; skin or peel, as an orange; to 
pull off; as, to strip bark from a tree; to 
deprive; rob; as. to strip a man of his riches; 
deprive of; plunder; as, to strip riches 
from a man; milk dry, as a cow: v.i. to 
undress: n. a long, narrow piece; as, a strip 
of cloth or wood. 

_x r * _ (strip), n. a line upon, or a long, 
bliipt? narrow division of, a surface, of a 
different color or finish from the ground; a 
strip of different color or material attached to 
anything; a discolored line or streak on the 
skin made by a blow of a whip; a blow made 
by a whip; particular sort; kind; as, they 
are persons of the same stripe: pi. a term 
sometimes applied to the chevron on the 
coat of a noncommissioned officer, or, after 
the World War, on the sleeve of any soldier 
who had seen service: v.t. to mark with lines 
or bands of different color, finish, or material. 
— adj. st .iped. 

strip-ling i st i£?' 1Irig) ’ n - a mere youth; 

cfrivf* (striv), v.i. [p.t. strove, p.p. striven, 
auivc p.pr. striving], to make efforts; labor 
hard or earnestly; as, to strive for success; 
struggle in opposition; to be a rival; to com¬ 
pete; as, to strive in a race. 

Strode P ast tense of the verb 

stn de. 

ctrnlr£> (strok), n. the act of making a 
ouiv/xvc: blow, or the blow made; as, the 
stroke of a hammer; a powerful or sudden 
action suggesting a blow; as, a stroke of 
lightning; a strong effort to bring about a 
result, or the result brought about; as, a 
stroke of business; ill effect caused by, or as 
if by, a blow; as, a sun stroke; a stroke of 
misfortune; a gently moving touch; as, a 
soft stroke of the hand; a movement with an 
instrument, as a pencil or pen, or the mark 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






stroll 


617 


studious 


made; sound of a clock in marking the time, 
or the time marked; as, on the stroke of nine; 
one of a series of movements, or its extent or 
rate, as the length of the motion of a piston, 
or the sweep of an oar; the principal oarsman 
in a boat, who sets the time to the rowers: 
v.t. to rub gently with the hand; as, to stroke 
a cat. 

off-nil (sfcrol), n. a ramble; a wandering: 
oti uu jj.j. to wander on foot; ramble or 
rove idly.—n. strolleT. 

Qtrnntr (str6ng), having bodily or 

a living muscular force; powerful; as, a 
strong arm; having power of endurance; 
robust; healthy; vigorous; as, a strong con¬ 
stitution; moving with force; violent; as, a 
strong wind; striking or convincing; as, a 
strong argument; very able or capable; as, a 
strong character; ardent; as, strong affections; 
deeply earnest; as, a strong partisan; deeply 
rooted; as, strong faith; keenly meeting the 
senses; as, a strong light or odor; firm; 
tough; as, a strong plank; having great 
resources; able to attack or resist; as, a 
strong fort, fleet, or bank; having great 
numbers, or a definite number; as, they 
marched five thousand strong; moving 
steadily upward; as, the market closed with 
prices strong; not mild or weak; as, strong 
coffee; containing much alcohol; as, strong 
drink; showing tense by changing the root 
vowel; as, strong verbs. 

ctrnn a VirdH (strong'hold"), n. a fort or 
o u. uiig-iiuiu fortress; a place of security; 

a refuge. 

ctrnn ( str °P) • n - a Strip of leather for sharp- 
ollup ening a razor: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
stropped, p.pr. stropping], to sharpen on a 
strop. 

c+rn -nil (stro'fg), n. in the ancient Greek 
olx vJ-pilC drama, a movement of the dance 
performed by the chorus in which they moved, 
while singing, to the right of the stage; 
hence, the part of the choral ode sung during 
this movement; sometimes, a stanza of 


past tense of the verb 


past 


modern verse._ 

strove SgST } - 

c+riirlr (struk), past tense and 
oti U.GXV participle of the verb strike. 

c+mr +11 r ol (struk'tfir-al), adj. oforper- 
oll Ut-lUl-al taining to the construction 
or formation of a thing, or to the special way 
in which a thing is made or put together.— 
adv. structurally. 

c+nir fiir<=k (struk'tflr), n. that which is 
bllUl/-lUlC built, as a bridge or building; 
construction; manner or form of building; 
arrangement of parts in a vegetable or animal 
substance; the special way in which a thing 
is put together; as, sentence structure. 
o+m cr o-l o (strug'l), n. a violent effort or 
oil Ug-glC great endeavor; contest; strife; 
sometimes, war or battle: v.i. to put forth 
great effort; labor; contend; strive.— n. 
straggler. 

c ^ riirn (strum), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
oil Util strummed, p.pr. strumming], to 
play badly and noisily on a stringed instru¬ 
ment; as, to strum a waltz, or to strum 
on a piano. 

c x ri1TT1 — —i. (strum'pet), n. a woman of 
o 11 U1U-|1C l j ow moral character, 
c+riino- (strung), past tense and past 
a 11Ullg participle of the verb string. 

(strut), n. a proud or affected step 
oil 111 or W alk with the head erect; a brace 
or bar for keeping two parts of a framework 
from coming nearer together: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
strutt e d, p.pr. strutting!, to walk with a pom- 


pous or cone Ited a,r, or with affected dignity: 
v.t. to brace or support. 

off-i/pli ri]o p (strik'nin; strlk'nen), n. a 
j very powerful poison ob¬ 

tained from certain plants and used in medi¬ 
cine to stimulate the nerves and the action 
of the heart. Also, strychnin. 
c+ii"k (stub), n. the stump of a tree; the 
oluu short, blunt part of anything after the 
larger part has been broken off or used up; 
as, the stub of a pencil; part of a leaf left in 
a check book after a check is torn out, and 
serving as a memorandum of the check; a 
pen with a short, blunt point: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. stubbed, p.pr. stubbing], to dig up, as 
roots; dig roots from; strike against some 
fixed object; as, to stub one’s toe. 
c+nK T-waH (stub'ed; stubd), adj. cut off 
DlUU-Ucu short, like a stump; full of 
stumps or roots; hardy; rugged.— n. stubbed- 
ness. 

c+ii"K KT<a (stub'l), n. short stalks or 
oLUU-Uld stumps of grain left in the 
ground after reaping.— adj. stubbly. 

ctii’h hnm (stub'ern), adj. very head- 
oiuu-uuni strong; determined to have 
one’s own way; unreasonably obstinate in 
will or opinion; hard to deal with; not easily 
overcome; persistent.— adv. stubbornly. —n. 
stubbornness. 

cfu’+i Utt (stub'l), adj. full of stumps or 
olUU-Uj roots; as, a stubby field; short, 
stiff, and thick; as, a stubby beard; short 
and strong; as, a stubby pencil. 

C+11K -noit (stub nal), a short, thick nail; 
oluu nail an old horseshoe nail. 

«+lir rCi (stuk'o), n. [pi. stuccoes (-oz)], 
oiut-tu a fl n e plaster used as a coating 
for walls, or for inside decorations; work 
executed in such plaster: v.t. to overlay, or 
decorate, with stucco, or fine plaster, 
c+iiolr (stuk), past tense and past par- 
oium ticiple of the verb stick. 

c+iiolr iiTk (stuk'up'), adj. colloquially, 

o l Illy lv — 11 JJ conceited. 

Q+11H n. an ornamental button; as, 

oiuu a s hirt stud; a large-headed orna¬ 
mental nail or knob; a post, or scantling, 
used in building, as in a partition; a collec¬ 
tion of horses and mares for breeding; place 
where they are kept; a number of horses 
kept for racing, hunting, etc.: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. studded, p.pr. studding], to adorn with, 
or as with, studs or bright knobs; to be set 
thickly in or upon; as, stars stud the sky; 
to support with a post. 

C+11H Hina (stud'Ing), n. material for the 
oluu.-u.liig studs, or joists, used to sup¬ 
port the floors, etc., of a building; studs, or 
joists, collectively. 

c+nH Hina coil (stud'Ing sal; stun'si), 
SlUU-Uing bd.ll a lig ht sail set at the 

side of a square sail of a vessel to increase 
her speed. 

of 11 Hpnt (stu'dent), n. one who is en- 
DLU-uciil gaged in study; one who at¬ 
tends school; one devoted to books or learn¬ 
ing; a close observer; as, a student of human 
nature. 

c+iiH Virvrcfi (stM'hors"), n. a stallion, 
oiuu-nuioc or horse kept for breeding. 

C+11H i<=kH (studid), adj. designed; planned; 
blUU-lcU as> a studied compliment; made 
the subject of study; as, a studied speech.— 
adv. studiedly. —n. studiedness. 

Stll di O • n> the workroom of an 

c+11 Hi rmc (stu'dl-us), adj. given to 
oiu-ui-uuo study, or to the gaining of 
knowledge; careful in using means; earnest 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


41 









818 


study 


style 


and attentive; as, studious endeavor to please. 
— adv. studiously. — n. studiousness, 
c+iirl 17 (stud'I), n. the application of the 
olUU-j mind to the gaining of knowledge; 
any particular form or case of mental work; 
any particular branch of learning; a par¬ 
ticular product of study, as the sketched 
Ideas of a painter, etc., to be referred to or 
finished later; a piece of music for special 
practice; a thoughtful state of mind; earnest 
desire or endeavor; a room set apart for mental 
work: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. studied, p.pr. study¬ 
ing], to devote oneself closely to books and 
learning, or to any subject of inquiry; to use 
thoughtful care in planning; to reflect: v.t. 
examine closely in order to learn thoroughly; 
to memorize; as, to study a speech; devote 
one’s thoughts to; look at closely and thought¬ 
fully. 

cfiiff n - the material out of which 

olull anything may be made; the funda¬ 
mental part or essence; as, the stuff of which 
brave men are made; raw material; woven 
fabrics or cloth; household goods; refuse or 
waste matter; nonsense: v.t. to fill by crowd¬ 
ing something into; as, to stuff one’s pockets; 
press or pack into a small space; fill with 
specially prepared material; as, to stuff a 
chicken; fill (the skin of a dead animal) 
so as to keep in its natural form; obstruct by 
filling up; put dishonest votes into; as, to 
stuff a ballot box: v.i. to eat more than 
enough; to cram. 

, 7 (stuf'l), adj. close or badly ven- 
o LU-LL -y tilated; as, a stuffy room. — n. 
stuffiness. 

o-fnl ti ra firm (stul'tl-fl-ka'shun), n. 

blUi-ll-n-Cd-llUIl the act of making 

foolish; the state of being made foolish. 

0 + 111 fir (stul'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
olui-ll-iy stultified, p.pr. stultifying], to 
make foolish; as, to stultify oneself by 
reversing a previous decision, or conduct, 
c+iim (stum'bl), n. a trip in walking 

oLUIil-Uic or running; failure or blunder: 
v.i. to trip or fall in walking; to walk in an 
unsteady or clumsy manner; to fall into error 
or crime; to come upon something by chance: 
with on, upon, or against. — adv. stumblingly. 
— n. stumbler. 

stum-bling-block S tQ Sl™fi?g bl th2t 

hinders or prevents; something that may 
cause one to err or fall. 

Q+iimn (stump), n. that part of a tree 
olUiiip which remains in the ground after 
the trunk is cut down; the part, as of an 
arm or leg, remaining after a portion has 
been cut off; an artist’s soft pencil or rubber; 
one of three posts of the wicket at cricket; 
a place for political speaking: formerly, a 
tree stump; hence, political speaking: v.t. 
to lop; reduce to a stump; colloquially, to 
strike, as the toes, against a stone or some¬ 
thing fixed; to travel over for the purpose of 
making political speeches: v.i. to walk 
heavily and stiffly. 

cfirrrm nr a for (stump 5r'd-ter), one 
olUIlip w ho, from a stump or 

temporary stand, addresses people on some 
current question, usually political. 

stump speech cS'See?h. gch) ’ a politi " 

o+iirrm v (stum'pl), adj. full of stumps; 
OLUHip-j as, a stumpy field; colloquially, 
short and thick; as, stumpy fingers. 

Qtlin (stun), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. stunned, 
diuii p.pr. stunning], to make senseless by, 
>r as by, a blow; confuse or daze with noise; 
/erpower with astonishment; astound: n. 


an overpowering blow or shock; condition of 
being so overpowered. 

cfii-ncr (stung), past tense and past par. 
olUllg^ ticiple of the verb sting. 
c+itnlr (stunk), past tense and past par¬ 
ts l uiixv. ticiple of the verb stink. 

cf-i-m -nincr ( stfin,i[n S)» ad i- overpowering 
oiUAi.-iJ.ii.ig the senses; as, a stunning 
blow; slang, handsome; as, a stunning dress, 
cfirnt (stunt), v.t. to check the growth or 
oLulll development of; to dwarf: n. a 
check in growth; something of which the 
growth has been checked; colloquially, a 
feat or performance: slang, in aeronautics, 
any feat that is original and risky, such as 
looping-the-loop, nose diving, etc. 
ctiin*-* (stup), n. flax, flannel, etc., soaked 
oiupc tn W arm water or some healing 
liquid, and applied to a hurt or sore. 

ctn n#a -far firm (stu'pg-fak'shun), n. 
SXU-pe-Id-C-ClOn the act of dulling or 

deadening the senses of; state of being 
deadened or made dull; stupor. 

ctn -na fir (stu'pS-f I), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
oiu-pc-ij stupefied, p.pr. stupefying], to 
dull the senses of; make stupid or torpid.— 
n. stupefier. 

ctn npti Hone (stfl-pen'dus), adj. over- 
oiu-pcu-uuuo coming the senses by 

enormous size or greatness; astonishing; 
wonderful; amazing.— adv. stupendously.— 
n. stupendousness. 

ctn niH ( stu 'P(d), adj. wanting in under- 
oiu-fiiu standing; foolish; insensible, or 
incapable of feeling; showing lack of thought; 
senseless; dull. — adv. stupidly. — n. stupidness. 

ctn -niH i tv (stfi-pld'l-tl), n. great dul- 
oLu.-pivA.-x-uj ness of mind; slowness; 

foolishness. 

ctn -nrvr (stu'pSr), ti. suspension or great 
biu-pui lessening of the capacity for 
feeling; numbness, as from cold; mental 
insensibility. 

ofi-ir Hv (stflr'dl), adj. hardy; robust; 
otui-ujr stout; strong; vigorous; as, a 
sturdy countryman; resolute; firm and un¬ 
yielding; as, a man of sturdy faith.— adv. 
sturdily.— n. sturdiness. 

c+iir (rpon (stfir'jun), n. a large fish 
“&CvAAl found in fresh and salt waters 
of the north temperate zone: the roes, or 
eggs, are made into caviar, the air-bladders 
into isinglass. 

o+iit fpr (stut'Sr), n. act of hesitating or 
omi-ici stammering in speech; a stam¬ 
mer: v.i. to speak with hesitation or stam¬ 
mering: v.t. to utter with hesitation or stam¬ 
mering.— n. stutterer, stuttering, 
cfv (sti), n. a pen for swine, or hogs; a 
filthy or vile place; a small inflamed 
swelling on the eyelid. 

i o-n (stlj'I-in), adj. pertaining to 
the Styx, the river of Hades, 
in ancient mythology, over which the dead 
were ferried by the boatman Charon; hence, 
infernal or hellish. 

cf’vl ( sti 8 - n - a pointed instrument used 
by the ancients for writing upon 
wax tablets; a pen; an engraver’s tool; a 
surgical instrument; the pin of a sundial; 
manner of writing or speaking with regard 
to the choice of words, etc.; mode of ex¬ 
pression or execution in art; as, the Renais¬ 
sance style; manner of conduct or action; 
as, a graceful style of dancing; fashion; as, 
the latest style; form of address; title; a 
method of reckoning time; as, according to 
the Old Style or New Style calendar: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. styled, p.pr. styling], to term, 
name, or call; as, he styled himself a prophet. 


ate, senate, rare, c£t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 8bey, cord, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 








stylet 


619 


sublime 


Qtv Ipt (sti'let), n. any slender, pointed 

otj-lCL instrument. 

cfvl ]qVi (stfl'Ishl), adj. very fashionable; 
° a-ioxj. modish. — adv. stylishly.— n. styl¬ 
ishness. 

ofvl let- (stil'ist), n. a master or a model 
oiji-ibi 0 f the art 0 f S p ea ki n g G r writing; 
one who pays careful attention to form and 
to choice of words in writing and speaking, 
cfv In err a nh (stl'15-graf), n. a stylo- 
graphic pen, or pencil-like 
writing instrument with an ink barrel from 
which ink is fed to the pen point. 

c+v In OTflnVl ir (stl^lS-graf'lk), adj. per- 
B dpn-lt/ taining to stylography, 

or the art of writing with a style or with a 
stylographic pen: stylographic pen, a pencil¬ 
like writing instrument with an ink barrel 
from which ink is fed to the pen point, 
cf-tr liic (stiius), n. a sharp-pointed instru- 
oij-iuo ment for making copies of writing 
by means of carbon paper; an ancient instru¬ 
ment for writing on wax tablets, 
cfvn fir (stlp'tno, adj. able to stop bleed- 
ing; as, a styptic pencil used by 
barbers: n. a substance that stops bleeding. 
ciiq cirm (swa'zhun), n. persuasion; as, 
oua-oiun moral suasion. 

cno civp (swa'slv), adj. having power to 
Bua-aivc persuade; persuasive. 

Q11«VP ( swav : swav), adj. pleasant in man- 
auavc ner; easy; gracious.— adv. suavely. 
CHOTT i tv (swav'I-ti; swa'vi-tl), n. agree- 
Duav-i-i^ ableness; pleasantness; bland¬ 
ness. 

QllV» (sub-), prefix meaning under, beneath, 
auu- below, slightly: n. a familiar abbrevia¬ 
tion used in the British army to signify a 
subaltern or any inferior officer. 
ciiVk o/» \A (sub-as'Id), adj. slightly sour, 
aUU-dt-iU as fruit; slightly sharp, as 
temper: n. a mild acid. 

ciiV» o 1 te*m (sub-61'tern), n. a military 
oUU-ai-lclll officer under the rank of 
captain: adj. of inferior, or lower, rank. 

ciiK a niiA otic (sub-a'kwe-us), adj. be- 
oUU-a-l[Uc-OUB ing or formed under 

water; intended for use under water. 

"hfiop (sub'bas"), n. the lowest part 
of a base when it is divided 

Into layers. 

C 11 V| mn ccmuc (sub-kon shus), adj. be- 
bUD-COn-bClOUb ing in the mind, but 

not present or uppermost in thought or 
attention.— adv. subconsciously. — n. subcon¬ 
sciousness. 

ciiVk rnn trart (sub"kon'trakt), n. a con- 
auu-tun-uaei tract, or formal agree¬ 
ment, subordinate to, or under, a previous 
co ntract 

ciih Hi iriHp (sub'di-vid'), v.t. and v.i. 

t 0 separate the parts of 
into parts; divide again. 

ciih Hi vi cirm (sub'dT-vIzhffin), n. the 
oUU-Ul-Vl-olUIi separation of the parts of 

into parts; a part of a larger part. 
ciiVi Hup (sub-du'), v.t. to overcome or 
aUU-UUc conquer; vanquish; as, to 
subdue an enemy; reduce; lower; as, to 
subdue a fever; make gentle; tame; as, to 
subdue the passions; tone down; soften; 
as, a dark shade subdues the light, 
ciilv ia cpTif (sub-ja'sent), adj. lying di- 
rectly under or below; 
situated lower, but not directly beneath; as, 
hills and subjacent valleys. 
ciiV» i<=»pf (sub'jSkt), n. one who is under 
aUU-JCtl the power or control of another; 
one who owes allegiance to a monarch; as, 
the rights of subjects; one who, or that which. 


is subjected to an operation or treatment, 
especially a dead body for the use of medical 
students; that which is treated in writing, 
speaking, etc., or concerning which anything 
is said or done; topic; the word or word 
group in a sentence, denoting that of which 
anything is affirmed: distinguished from pred¬ 
icate, the thing affirmed; a substance; the 
thinking agent or principal; the mind; in 
music, the theme of a movement: adj. being 
under the power or control of another; as, 
to be subject to a king; disposed; exposed; 
liable: with to; as, subject to temptation; 
subject to change: v.t. (sub-jekt'), to bring 
under power or control; to make subordinate 
or secondary; render liable; expose; as, to 
subject a person to unpleasantness: to cause 
to undergo; as, to subject a substance to heat. 
cnTv \e*r -firm (sub-jek'shun), n. the act 
auu-jet-umi of subduing or of bringing 
under the rule or power of another; state of 
being under the power or control of another 
or of some thing. 

crih ior +iT 7 o (sub-jek'tiv), adj. pertain- 
ouU-jcO-liv c ing t 0 the subject as op¬ 
posed to the object; relating to, or derived 
from, one's own consciousness or mind, as 
distinguished from outward or material 
things; based upon one’s own feelings; as, a 
subjective view of life.— adv. subjectively.— n. 
sub j ectiveness. 

CillVi ipp fiy i +17 (sub"jek-ttv'i-ti), n. the 
bUU-JtJL-llV-l-iy s t a te or quality of 

being related to the mind, 
oull inin (sub-join'), v.t. to add after 
auu-juin something else has been said or 
written: to affix. 

ciiK in crate* (sub'joo-gat), r.t. to conquer 
auo-ju-gaic arK ] bring under power and 

rule by force; to subdue. 

Qiih in era firm (sub"joo-ga'shun), n. the 

oLlU-J U.-^ct-LlUll ac t of conquering and 

bringing under power and rule; state of 
being conquered. 

Qiih in nr +ivp (sub-juhk'tlv). adj. not- 
bUU-JUIlL-llVe ing a form of t he verb 

expressing action or state not as a fact, but as 
a doubt, condition, or assumption: n. the 
subjunctive mood. 

onV, Ipf (sub-let'), v.t. to give out to an- 
auu-ici other (work that one has agreed 
to do); ro lease to another (property that 
has been leased to oneself). 

Qiih-Upii fpti ant (sub"lu-t 6 n'ant), n. a 
bUU iieu-ieil-dlll subordinate, or sec¬ 
ond, lieutenant. 

ciiVi li mate* (sub'll-mat), v.t. to cause (a 
auw-ll-liiaic solid) to pass directly into 

vapor, and back again directly to the solid 
state; as, to sublimate sulphur; to refine and 
elevate: adj. having been changed by heat into 
vapor, and having again become solid; refined: 
n. (sub'll-mat) a deposit of a substance ob¬ 
tained by sublimating.—n. sublimation, 
on]-) limp (sub-lim'), adj. causing a feel- 
auu-umc } n g Q f awe and reverence; 
filling the mind with a sense of greatness, 
power, or grandeur; as, a sublime sacrifice; 
sublime music; exalted in nature; noble: said of 
persons; elevated in style; very high in degree; 
as, sublime faith or trust in another: n. that 
which is grand or awe-inspiring in works of 
nature or art as distinguished from tha 
merely beautiful: with the: v.t. to dignify or 
exalt; to make noble; to cause to pass from 
solid to vapor form and thence back to 
solid: v.i. to pass from a solid to vapor, 
and again change to solid form without 
showing a liquid form.— adv. sublimely.—n. 
sublimeness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xLx to xxii. 





sublimity 

ouK 1-i-rv* i -Hr (stib-llm'l-tl), n. state or 
oUU-llIll-l-Ly quality of being exalted; 
loftiness or majesty of character; a feeling 
of awe aroused by that which is grand, lofty, 
or majestic; that which is exalted. 
c-iiV* In -nar (sub-lu'nar), adj. situated 
oUU-lU-llal beneath the moon; per¬ 
taining to this world. Also, sublunary. 

(sub"ma-ren'), adj. grow¬ 
ing, done, or used under 


620 


subsidize 


sub ma-rme 

water in the sea; 
as, submarine 
plants or guns: 
n. a war vessel 
which can remain 
long under water, 
and which carries 
and fires torpe¬ 
does; an under¬ 
sea plant or 
animal: subma¬ 
rine gun, a gun 
for firing a tor¬ 
pedo below the 
surface of the 
water: subma¬ 

rine mine, a mass 
of explosives 
sunk, as in a 
harbor, to de¬ 
stroy enemy ves¬ 
sels: submarine 
diving bell, a hol¬ 
low chamber sup- 



= sub 


Submarine Diving Bell 


plied with air, in which men may work under 
water without danger. 

morrro (sub-mflrj'), v.t. to put 
bUD-IliCigC under water; cover with 
water; flood; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or lie, 
under water; be hidden, or lost to sight. 

oi-i'h mom 1 ViIp (sub-mur'jl-bl), adj. ca- 
SUD-II16rg-l-Di6 pable of being put 

under water: n. a submarine boat capable of 
going completely under water. 

more i KIp (sub-mfir'sl-bl), adj. ca- 
SUD-merS-l-Die pab le of being sub¬ 
merged, or put under water: n. a submarine 
boat capable of going partly under water. 

011 U rrtpr cirm (sfib-mfir'shun), n. the 
bUU-lucx ac t of submerging, or 

putting under water or other liquid, or of 
causing to be overflowed; the act of plunging 
under water; state of being put under water 
or other fluid, or of being overflowed. Also, 

submergence. 

oiiVv mio ei/vn (sub-mTsh'un), n. the act 
aUU-liUo-olUU 0 f yielding to power or 

authority; obedience; humility or meek¬ 
ness. 

ciiVi mic civ** (sub-mls'Iv), adj. yield- 
SUU-mib-blve jug to authority; obedi¬ 
ent; as, a submissive child; humble.— adv. 
submissively.— n. submissiveness. 
ciiVi mif (sub-mlt'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. sub- 
bUU-lllil mitted, p.pr. submitting], to 
yield to the authority or will of another; 
surrender; to present for, or refer to, the 
judgment of another; as, to submit a ques¬ 
tion to others; to offer as one’s own opinion: 
v.i. to be obedient; yield or surrender. 

ciih mill ti (sub-mul'tl-pl), n. a 

auu-liiUl-Li-pic number or quantity 

which is contained in another an exact 
number of times; as, 4 is the submultiple of 
28. 

ciiVk nr /I i riofp (sflb-or'dl-nat), adj. 
SUO-Or-Ul-Ilctie lower in rank, value, 

power, or importance; subject to another; 
in gr ammar , denoting the less important clause 
of a complex sentence, or the conjunction which 


introduces it: n. one who is below another in 
rank, etc.; one who serves under another: v.t. 
(sub-or'di-nat), to place in a lower order; to 
make subject or obedient to.— adv. subordi¬ 
nate^.— n. subordinateness. 

on Vi nr Hi n a firm (sub-or'dl-na'shfln). 
SUD-Ol-Ql-na-TlOH n . the act of placing 

in a lower rank or of treating as inferior; 
state of being lower in rank, position, etc.; 
subjection to one of higher rank or position; 
obedience or submission. 

(sub-orn'), v.t. to induce (another) 
-UIII £o take a false oath; as, to suborn 
a witness; to induce to do an evil act.—n. 
suborner. 

eiih nr m j +inn (sub'dr-na'shfin), n. the 
oUU-UI -M-LIUJJ. ac t of inducing a person 

to take a false oath, as by persuasion or by 
payment of money, etc. 

ciiK -nm -net (sub-pe'na), n. a writteD 
ouu-pic-ua or der commanding the at¬ 
tendance of a person in court as a witness, 
under a penalty for failure to obey: v.t. to 
serve or summon with such a written order. 
Also, subpena. 

ciiVi crriViP (sub-skrib'), v.t. to write or 
oUU-oUiUC pu t (one’s name) to a paper 

or document; give or promise (a sum of 
money) for some object, by writing one’s 
name; to give consent to, by writing one’s 
name; to bear witness to, by signing one’s 
name; as, to subscribe a will: v.i. to sign 
one’s name to a letter or other document; 
to give consent; to set one’s name to a paper 
in token of promise to give a certain sum, or 
to take and pay for something, as a book.— n. 
subscriber. 

ciiVi errin tinn (sub-skrlp'shfln), n. the 
bUU-bCIip-LlUli aC £ G f putting one's 

name to by way of agreement; that which 
is agreed to; a signature; a formal agreement 
entered into by signing one’s name; an order 
for a book or periodical; an amount pledged 
by the signing of one’s name. 

enh ep nupnrp (sub'sd-kwSns), n. the 
bUl>-bC-HU.cilCC condition or state of 

being after in time or order. Also, subse- 
auency. 

Giih cp miPtit (sub'sS-kwent), adj. fol- 
auu-oc-qucin lowing, or coming after, 

in time or order; as, subsequent events; suc¬ 
ceeding.— adv. subsequently. 

ciiVi cprvp (sub-sflrv'), v.t. to be subject 
auu-acivc to; to advance or promote, 
as, to subserve another’s interests. 

qiiVi opr VI PT1PP (sub-sfir'vl-ens), n. 

“Vl-c.IIt/C quality or state of 

being subordinate; fitness to promote some 
end: servility or obsequiousness. Also, sub¬ 
serviency. 

ciiVi opr vi pnf (sub-sflr , vl-8nt ) , adj 
bUU-bcI-Vl-CIll fitted to promote some 
end; being of service; servile; obsequious. 
oiiVi oirlck (sub-sld'), v.i. to sink or fall 
oUD-olUc to the bottom; settle; to sink 
to a lower level; as, the swollen river will 
subside; become quiet or calm; abate, as a 
storm.— n. subsidence. 

qiiVi ciH i o r\j (sflb-sId'I-S-rl), adj. fur- 
bUU-blU-l-d-ry jfishing aid or help; 

assisting, especially in an inferior position; 
of the nature of a subsidy, or money granted 
by one nation to another, or by a govern¬ 
ment to an individual: n. one that give* 
aid or supplies; helper; an assistant. 
ciiVi ci H i-rp (sub'sl-diz), v.t. to furnish 
bUU-bl-UUc with a subsidy, or financial 
help; to purchase the assistance of by the 
payment of money; to aid or promote, as » 
private enterprise, with public money. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer, 
right, sin: cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu, 


























































subsidy 


621 


succession 


ciiV) el /Itt (sub'sl-dl), 
buu-bi-uy (_<i l2 )] t mo] 


n. [pi. subsidies 
money granted by one 
government to another, especially for war 
expenses, or for cooperation or neutrality 
during war; a government grant of money to 
aid a private enterprise which serves to 
benefit the public. 

Syn. aid, bonus, bounty, grant, tribute, 
onh oicf (sub-sist'), v.i. to have existence; 
ouu-oioi to remain in existence or keep a 
certain state; continue; to exist or be; to 
be supplied with food, etc.; to live: v.t. to 
provide with food, etc.; support.— adj. sub- 
sistent. 

ctih cicl onro (sub-sTs'tens), n. means 
ouu-oiol-ciU/C of support, as food and 

clothing; maintenance; livelihood; act of 
existing; state of being existent. 
ci,K cnil (sub'soil"), n. the bed or layer 
oUU-oUU 0 f earth just beneath the sur¬ 
face soil: v.t. to plow or turn up the under 
soil of. 

ciih c+a-npia (sub'stans), n. that which 
suu ‘ a c j s real; matter or material 
of which anything is made; the main part 
expressed briefly; as, the substance of a speech; 
the vital part of anything; as, faith is the 
substance of religion; wealth or property; 
as, a man of substance. 

ciiK o-fo« (sfib-stan'shal), adj. per- 

oUU-bld.J.l-lIa .1 taining to that which is 
real or material; containing enough of the 
proper material; solid; strong; as, a sub¬ 
stantial building; not imaginary; real; true; 
of real worth; valuable; as, a substantial gift 
to charity; having considerable wealth or 
property; as, a substantial business man; 
considerable; as, substantial gain: n. that 
which is real or material, or which is of value; 
the necessary part.— adv. substantially.— n. 
substantialness. 

sub-stan-ti-al-i-ty 

quality of being real or material, or of being 
strong or valuable. 

ci-iV* c+on +i a+» (sflb-stan'shl-at), v.t. to 
^U-U-oLdll-tl-dLC make good; to estab¬ 
lish the truth of by proof or reliable evidence; 
as, to substantiate a charge of theft.—n. sub¬ 
stantiation. 

ciih c+an (sub'st&n-tlv), adj. ex- 

ouu-oicui-live pressing existence; as, 

the verb to be is the substantive verb; being 
used as a noun; as, a substantive phrase; essen¬ 
tial or necessar/; real; lasting: n. that part of 
speech which expresses the existence of any¬ 
thing; a noun, or a phrase, clause, etc., used 
as a noun. 

oitK o+i +ii+ck (sub'stl-tut), n. one who, 
OtlU-oll-LULC or that which, is put in the 

place of another; a man who enlists in the 
army to take the place of a drafted man: v.t. 
to put in the place of someone or something 
else; exchange. 

ciiH efi +11 +inn (sub'stl-tu'shun), n. the 
SUD-Stl-IU-IlOIl act of putting in the 

place of another; state of being exchanged, 
or put in the place of another. 

oiiVk o+T-a +nm (sub-stra'tum), n. [pi. 
SUD-SlXcl-XUIIl substrata (-to); substra- 

tums (-tiimz)], an under layer, as of soil or 
rock; hence, that which forms the ground- 
work. [Tja t.] 

C1 .U (sub-t 8 nd'). v.t. to extend 

dUU-LCIIU under, or be opposite to; as, 
the line of a triangle which subtends the right 
angle- , . , 

ciiVi +or -fiicrip> (sub'ter-fuj), n. a trick, 
buU-lci-lUgc plan, etc., for escape or 

concealment; a false excuse. 


sub-ter-ra-ne-an <5“ b b'etogb'etowthe 

surface of the earth; as, a subterranean cave; 
hence, hidden; secret. Also, subterraneous, 
cilh tilp (sub'tll; sut'l), adj. thin; finely 
owu-iuc formed, as a spider’s web; deli¬ 
cate; refined, as a perfume; describing qualities 
of concrete objects, as distinguished from 
subtle, which describes abstract qualities.— 
adv. subtilely.— n. subtileness, 
qilh flp (sut'l), adj. artful; crafty; cun- 
ouu-uc ning; as, a subtle scheme; keen; 
nicely discriminating; as, a subtle mind; 
delicate; elusive; as, a subtle odor; not 
appea-ing on the surface; as, a subtle mean¬ 
ing; skilful, or done with skill; as, a subtle 
workman or work.— adv. subtly. 

ftp, +T7 (sut'l-ti), n. keenness of mind; 

cunning; artifice; elusiveness; 
obscurity of meaning. Also, subtleness, 
oii'k fra rf (sub-trakt'), v.t. to withdraw, 
ouu-uatt or take away, as a part from 
a whole; as, to subtract five from ten; deduct. 

ciiK fran +irvn (sftb-trak'shun), n. the 
ouu-lXctU-liUll ac t or process of taking 

away, as a part from a whole. 

sub-trac-tive gab-trsk-tw. a<y. 

take away; negative. 

fra Vipnd (sub'trd-hend"), n 
oUU-li ct-iiciltl quantity or number to be 
taken from another. 

cuV. 1ir K (sub'urb), n. an outlying district 
auu-uiU 0 f a C ity or town; outer part; 
as, the suburbs of New York. 

ciili iii- Kan (sub-ur'ban), adj pertaining 
bUU-Ui-Udll to, in, or living within, the 
outlying districts of a city or town; as, 
suburban residents. 

enh vpn +irm (sub-ven'shun), n. help 
oUU-V Cli-lIUll or support; financial help 

from the government, as a grant or subsidy, 
especially for the advancement of art or 
learning. 

Cllh vpt cimn (sub-vfir'shfin), n. the 
auu-vci-aiun act of overturning; over¬ 
throw; utter ruin; as, the subversion of a 
government. 

sub ver sive ( s ^ b - vQr,s][v )’ ad i- tending 


tend- 

or having power, to 
the 


sub-vert 


to overthrow or ruin, 
(sub-vurt'), v.t. to turn upside 
down; overthrow from the 
foundation; bring to ruin; as, to subvert a 
government; corrupt; as, to subvert a man’s 
principles.— adj. sibvertible —n. subverter. 

QlllVi WPV (sub'wa"), n. an underground 
ouu-wa) passage, used for a railway or 
other purpose. 

cur* cppH (suk-sed'), v.t. to take the 
oUt-l/CCU place of; follow: v.i. to follow 
in order; to come next in the possession of 
anything: with to; as, to succeed to a throne; 
accomplish something attempted; as, he suc¬ 
ceeded in whatever he did; meet with success; 
prosper; as, all his plans succeed. 

QtlP coco (suk-ses'), n. favorable end or 
blib-bcbb resuit of any undertaking; one 
who accomplishes that which is desired or 
intended; that which prospers. 

cup pp»cc fill (suk-ses'fool), adj. result- 
oUb-bCob-Ul. } n g or ending favorably; 

as, a successful business; obtaining what is 
desired or intended; as, a successful business 
man; prosperous; fortunate.— adv. success, 
fully.— n. successlulness. 

prtri cinn (sfik-sesh'iin), n. the act 
MU/-bca-oiuii 0 f following in order; a 

series of persons or things that follow accord¬ 
ing to a fixed order; as, a succession of letters 
or kings; act of taking or right to take the 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; ebase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







successional 


622 


sugar 


place of another; as, succession to an office 
or an estate; rotation; as, a succession of 
crops. 

cur cpc cinn al ( suk-sesh'Gn-al)), adj. 
oUb-Lcb-blUli-aJ. pertaining to a follow¬ 
ing of things in order; existing in a regular 
order; consecutive, or following in order.— 
adv. sueeessionally. 

ciir r&c ci xta (suk-ses'lv), adj. following 
out-tca-aivc in a series, or in regular 

order; consecutive.— adv. successively. — n. suc¬ 
cessiveness. 

ciir- roc enr (sfik-ses'er), n. one who 
out-tCa-oUi follows, or takes the place of, 
another, as in office: correlative of predecessor. 
ciir rinrf (suk-sfnkt'), adj. clearly ex- 
OUI/- 1 /JLLJA /1 pressed in a very few words; 
concise; brief.— adv. succinctly. — n. succinct¬ 
ness. 

oiir rnr (suk'er), v.t. to help or relieve 
oUL-tUi when in difficulty or distress; 
aid: n. relief; aid; help. 

oiir rr» fach (suk'6-tash), n. a dish of 
aut-tu-iaan green corn and beans boiled 

together. 

oiir rm IIonro (suk'd-lens), n. juiciness; 
auw-tu-icutc as> the succulence of an 

orange. Also, succulency. 

our ru lout (suk'u-lent), adj. juicy: said 

suc-ca-ieni Q f P i an ts. 

oiir Mitnh (su-kum'), v.i. to yield; sub- 
aut-tumu mit; as, to succumb to a 
disease. 

onrlh (such), adj. of that or the like kind; 
buLll iik e; similar; as, never before was such 
a victory; having the particular quality or 
character named; as, be content to remain 
such as you are; the same that, or as referred 
to; as, such are his orders; indicating a 
pertain person or thing; as, such a man 
should be avoided; being the same in quality: 
pron. such a person or thing, or, usually, such 
persons or things. 

ciiclr v - t - to draw in (a liquid) with 

bUCix t ]j e m outh; to draw a liquid from 
with the mouth; to drink in or absorb; as, a 
sponge sucks up water; draw in or engulf; as, 
a quicksand sucks anything in: v.i. to draw 
milk from the breast or udder: n. the act of 
drawing into the mouth, or of absorbing or 
engulfing; milk drawn from the breast, 
cuclr or (suk'er), n. one that sucks, or 
OUAIV-CJL dr a ws in with the mouth, as a 
young pig or whale; a shoot or sprout 
of a plant from the lower part of the stem; 
any of certain fishes that suck in food, or 
have mouths shaped for that purpose, 
curtr ip, (suk'l), v.t. and v.i. to nurse at 
oULlv-IC the breast; to suck, 
cm/'Hr linn’ (suk'lmg), n. an unweaned 
SUCK-liXlg child or animal. 

ciif* ft An (suk'shun), n. the act or process 
SUt-uuil 0 f drawing a fluid into an empty 
space by removing the air; ahy like act or 
process of sucking, or drawing in. 

cn Ha ri 11 m (su"dd-t5'rl-um), n. a 
SU-aa-XO-n-um sweating bath. 

C 11 Ha tn nr (sfl'da-t6-rl), adj. exciting 
ou-ua-iu-iji perspiration or sweat; sweat¬ 
ing; perspiring; as, a sudatory bath: «. any¬ 
thing that causes sweating; a sweating 
bath. 

ciiri Hati (sdd'n; sud'gn), adj. happening 
bUU-UCil unexpectedly; without notice; 
as. a sudden death; quickly done; hasty; as, 
a sudden leave taking.— adv. suddenly. — n. 
suddenness. 

on HIa-** if ir (su"d6r-!f'flc), adj. causing 
su-uui-u-n- perspiration or sweating: 
n. a medicine producing such an effect. 


on Ho (sudz). n.pl. soapy water, especially 

bUUb w hen in a frothy condition. 

0110 (su), v - t - to seek after : to endeavor to 
but; win; to seek justice or right from, at 
law: v.i. to entreat, beg, or petition: with 
for; as, to sue for peace; pay court; as, 
to sue for her hand; to begin a lawsuit; 
as, to sue for damages. 

ci i aH a (swad; swed). n. undressed kid, used 
bucUc for gloves, shoes, etc. [Fr.] 

011 of (su'et), n. the hard fat around the 
bu.-tJl kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen: 
used for cooking and for making tallow, 
ciif for (suf'er), v.t. to feel with pain; 
blll-lci undergo; bear; as, to suffer a 
wrong; to feel or endure; as, to suffer pain; 
be affected by; experience; as, to suffer a loss; 
suffer wrong; tolerate; as, they would no 
longer suffer his evil deeds: v.i. to feel pain 
or punishment; be in distress; endure loss 
or injury.— n. sufferer. 

oitf for o Vklo (suf'er-a-bl), adj. that may 
SU.I-ICr-d.-UlC he allowed or tolerated; 

endurable. 

ciif for onro (suf'er - ans), n. patience 
oUJ-iCJ -ante under pain; endurance; 

toleration; permission; leave. 

ciif for in a (suf'er-Ing), n. the bearing of 

SUl-lCi-lug physical or mental pain; 

the pain borne; distress; loss or injury 

endured. 

ciif firo (su-fis'; su-flz'), v.i. to be enough 
SU1-UCC or sufficient: v.t. to satisfy, 
ciif-fi /'ion /"ir (su-flsh'en-si), n. the state 
bUi-11-ClCil-Cy or quality of being suffi¬ 
cient or enough; skill or ability; enough 
substance or means; supply equal to wants; 
self-confidence; conceit. 

ciif fi riont (su-flsh'ent), adj. equal to 
bUi-ii-ciciiL an y end or purpose; equal 

to the need; enough.— adv. sufficiently, 
ciif fiY (suf'Iks), n. a letter or letters, 
bUI-llA syllable or syllables, added to the 
end of a word or root to alter the meaning; as, 
-ant is the suffix in defendant v.t. (su-flks'), 
to add, as a letter or syllable, to the end of 
a word. 

ciif fA ret if* (suf'o-kat), v.t. to kill by 
stopping the breath; smoth¬ 
er; stifle; to extinguish; as. to suffocate a 
fire: v.i. to become choked or stifled, 
ciif fA ret fiA-n (suf"6-ka'shun), «. the 

act of choking, or stop¬ 
ping the breath; state of being choked or 
stifled; death due to smothering, etc. 

Ciif fret vetTt (s&f'ra-gan), n. an assistant 
oui-iia. o<xij bishop: adj. assisting; assist¬ 
ant; auxiliary. 

ciif fratrA (suf'raj), n. a vote; assent; 
oui-nage the right or act of voting, 
especially in political matters, 
oiif fi*o o"Aff a (suf"ra-j6t') t n. a woman 
who believes in, and works 
for, the right of women to vote in political 
matters. [Colloq.] 

Ciif fra trict (suf'ra-jlst), n. a voter; one 
Dui-ua-gxai who supports or pleads the 

cause of suffrage, or the right to vote; espe¬ 
cially, one who favors voting by women. 

ciif flic a ( s ’j-f uz '), v.t. to spread over, as 
oui-iusc with a fluid or a color; as, tears 

suffused her eyes. 

Ciif fll ClAn (su-fu'zhun), n. the act of 
oui-iu-oiun spreading over, as color in 

the cheeks; state of being spread over; that 
which spreads_over. 

dip- ar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crystalline 
OLA o _CAA substance obtained from sugar 
cane, sugar beets, etc.; any sweet substance 
like sugar, as glucose, or sugar of lead; flat- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






sugary 


623 


sumac 


tertag words: adj. like, made of, or yielding, 
sugar: v.t. to sprinkle or cover with sugar; 
sweeten; to make less disagreeable by flattery. 
QUO - i\T V (shoog'er-I), adj. like, made 
su b" ai “J of, or fond of, sugai; sweet; 
honeyed. 

Q 110 " crpcf (sug-jest'), v.t. to present or 
introduce indirectly to the mind 
or thoughts; hint: v.i. to give rise to thoughts. 

—n. suggester. 

Clio- crpc firm (sug-jes'chfin), n. the act 
ou &“& co “ u ' JA1 of presenting an idea 
indirectly to the mind; an idea introduced 
indirectly to the mind or thoughts; hint; 
insinuation. 

Clio - 0-PC ti-u-p (sug-jes'tiv), adj. tending 
ou -5 _ S c '* 3-l - lv c to excite thought; contain¬ 
ing, or full of. thoughts; tending to bring into 
the mind what is improper.— adv. sugges¬ 
tively. — n. suggestiveness. 

cii i /'irl o 1 (su'i-sld"al), adj. pertaining 
SU.-1-ClU.-cll or 0 f the nature of, 

suicide, or self-murder; fatal to one’s own 
interests; as, suicidal plans.— adv. suicidally. 
cii i rirlp (su'I-sid), n. the act of inten- 
& U-1-C/1UC tionally taking one’s own life: 
self-murder; a person who kills himself 
intentionally; ruin of one’s own interests. 
Ciiit ( sut )> n • ft 16 act of seeking favor or 
olllL justice; the process by which one tries 
to gain an end or an object; petition or 
wayer; courtship; an action or process at 
iiw for the recovery of a right or claim; a 
number of things used together; as, a suit 
of clothes; things that follow in a series or 
succession, making a set; as, a suit (or suite) 
of rooms; one of the four sets of a pack of 
Cards: v.t. to fit; adapt; as, suit your words 
to the occasion: to be proper or suitable to; 
become; befit; as, your behavior does not 
suit your position; please; satisfy; as, I hope 
this will suit you: v.i. to correspond or 
accord; agree: with with or to. 

ciiif o Vkil i fir (sut'd-bll'I-tl), n. the state 
bUll-a.-UJJ.-1-iy or quality of being proper 

or fitting. Also, suitableness. 

011 if a hip (sut'a-bl), adj. fitting; be- 
o Ull-tt-uic coming; appropriate or proper. 

—adv. suitably. 

ciiifp (swet), n. a company of attendants 
blillc or servants; as, a king and his suite; 
a series or set; as, a suite of rooms, etc.; 
in music, a series of dance movements in the 
same key, written originally for one instru¬ 
ment, but now written also for an orchestra. 
Sllit Of ’ n - one . w ^° sues ’ petitions, 

lawsuit. 

Gilllr ( s ^lk), v.i. to be 
bUi-tv sullen or silently 
obstinate: n. a sullen 
mood or humor: often 
plural. 

tt (sul kI), adj. 
ouixv-y f comp, sulkier, 
superl. sulkiest], silent¬ 
ly sullen, cross, or ill- 
humored: n. a light 
t w o-w heeled . ^ 

carriage, seat- -. C 

tag but one „,. 
per so n.— adv 
s u 1 k i 1 y.— n 
sulkiness. 

oiil Ipti (sul'en), 

^Ul-ICll adj. in- Racing Sulky 

dined to be alone; 

gloomily ill-humored; as, a sullen disposition; 
dismal; heavy; gloomy; as, a sullen sky. adv. 

sullenly.— n. sullenness. __ 


or entreats; a lover; a party to a 



dll 1v ( s ukl), v.t. Ip.t. and p.p. sullied, p.pr. 
bUI-iy sullying], to tarnish or soil; to dirty 
or stain; as, to sully a mirror; figuratively, to 
lessen in purity or reputation; as, to sully one’s 
fame: v.i. to become tarnished or soiled: n. 
soil; stain; tarnish. 

on! iVhflfp (sul'fat), n. a salt of sulphuric 
bUl-pilcLLC a cid, used in medicine and 
chemistry. Also, sulfate. 

oiil -niliH p (sul'fid), n. a compound of 
o Ui-piiiuc sulphur with a metal or other 
element. Also, sulfide, sulphid, sulfid. 
oiil i-vlii-f a (sul'fit), n. a salt of sulphurous 

bul-pill Lc acid. Also, sulfite. 

Giil iVhiir (sul'fur), n. a pale-yellow non- 
blil-piilli metallic substance which is used 
in making powder, matches, etc., and in 
bleaching cloth, etc., and which burns in air 
with a flame and suffocating odor; a yellow 
color. Also, sulfur. 

ciil iVhiir ofp (sul'fu-rat), v.t. to com- 
bUI-piiUl -dLC bine with, or subject to, the 

action of sulphur, a pale-yellow nonmetallic 
substance: adj. composed of, or of the color of, 
sulphur. Also, v. sulfurate, sulphuret, sul- 
furet.— adj. sulfurate. 

oiil -nViii rp pug (shl-fu'rS-us), adj. made 
SUl-pnU-re-OUS of, mixed with, or like, 

sulphur, a pale-yellow nonmetallic substance. 
Also, sulfureous, sulphurous, sulfurous. 
out -mi-ill fot (sul'fu-ret"), v.t. to combine 
bUl-pilU-rtJL -with, or subject to, the 
action of sulphur, a pale-yellow nonmetallic 
substance. Also, sulfuret, sulphurate, sul- 

f UX£tt0* 

ciil nVm rir (sul-fu'rfk). adj. of or per- 
oui-piiu-iiV/ taining to sulphur, a pale- 

yellow nonmetallic substance; obtained from 
or containing sulphur: sulphuric acid, a 
heavy, burning liquid, a compound of sulphur, 
oxygen, and water; oil of vitriol. Also, sul¬ 
furic. 

(sul'fur-us; sul-fu'rus), adj. 

to, or con- 
nonmetallic 
substance; fiery; heated: sulphurous acid, 
an acid made of two parts of oxygen and 
two parts of sulphur. Also, sulfurous. 

ciil •n’hiir v (sul'fur-i), adj. like sulphur, 
b ui-pii ui -y a pale-yellow nonmetallic sub¬ 
stance. Also, sulfury. 

ciil fan (sol't&n; sool-tan'), n. f fem. sul- 
bUl-Lctll tana], the title of a Mohammedan 
ruler: Sultan, the ruler of the Turkish Empire, 
ciil tfl-n a+p (sul'tan-at), n. the rule, 
& ia.xi.-a. ic authority, or territory of a 
sultan, or Mohammedan ruler. 

giiI f-o-n cViim (sul'tan-shlp), n. the office, 
bUl- Idll-bllip ran k, or authority of a 

sultan, or Mohammedan ruler. 

ciil frv (sul'trl), adj. [comp, sultrier, superl. 

sultriest], very hot, close, and 
oppressive; close and heavy, with a moist 
heat; as, a hot and sultry day.— adv. sultrily. 
— n. sultriness. 

cum (sum), n. the total of two or more 
bUlll things; a quantity, as of money; 
the whole; all; substance; as, that is the 
sum of the evidence; utmost degree; highest 
point; as, the sum of happiness; In arith¬ 
metic, a problem: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. summed, 
p.pr. summing], to add into one amount; 
condense into few words; usually with up; 
as, to sum up a case: v.i. to make a brief 
restatement of all the facts: usually with up; 
as, and now, to sum up. 

cii mar* (su'mak; shoo'mak), n. any 
^U-IIiUL/ plant or shrub cf the cashew 
family; the dried leaves and roots of certain 
kinds of the plant, used in tanning, dyeing. 


sul-phur-ous (.fpertfSing 1 

taining, sulphur, a pale-yellow 


boot, foot,; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










summarize 


624 


superannuate 


and in medicine: some kinds, as the poison 
sumac, produce a severe skin rash. 

qiiyti trio t"\ r 7 P‘ (sum'd-rlz), v.t. to state 
ouiu-iua-u^c briefly or concisely; sum 
up. Also, summarise. 

cum win vtt (sum'd-rt), n. a brief ac- 
o lxxxx-xxxci-x y count containing the sum 
or substance of a fuller account; an abridg¬ 
ment; as, a summary of a law case: adj. giv¬ 
ing the general idea; brief; concise; quickly 
performed; done without delay; as, the crime 
deserves summary punishment.— ado. sum¬ 
marily. — n. summariness. 

cum met firm (sum-a'shun), n. the act 
bUm-IIld-LlUIl of adding, or finding a 

total amount; that which is added up; a 
total. 

Ciim m pr (sum'er), n. the season of the 
®Dlil-iiicl year in any region when the 
sun shines most directly; the warmest part 
of the year; that part of the year which 
composes the hottest months, June, July, 
and August, now estimated to extend from 
about June 21 to about September 22; 
a horizontal girder or timber which serves as 
a support; a stone to support an arch or 
arches: v.i. to pass the summer; as, to 
summer abroad: v.t. to feed or keep during 
the summer; as, to summer the cattle on a 
well-watered tract.— adj. summery. 

cum mpr TinilCf* (sum'er-hous"), 71. a 
bum-mer-noube sma n rustic open 

building in a garden or park. 

ciim mit (sum'It), n. the top or highest 
ouxxx-xxxxl point; as, the summit of a 

mountain; the summit of one’s hopes, etc. 

ciim mrm (sum'un), v.t. to call by au- 
a txxii-xxxuxx thority; command to appear 

in court; to send for; call; bid; invite; 
rouse to exertion; as, to summon all one’s 
strength: n.pl. an order or notice to appear 
in court on a certain day; a paper or docu¬ 
ment containing such a notice; an official 
call.— n. summoner. 

Clirrm fpr (sump'ter), n. a burden-carry- 
ouxxxp-icx ing animal; a pack horse or 
mule. 

ciimn 'fii et vxt (sump'tfi-a-rl), adj. per- 
o U1XIJJ-1tl-d-i y taining to, or regulating, 

expenses, or the spending of money: sump¬ 
tuary laws, laws to limit the amount of money 
spent on dress or other luxuries, and to 
regulate prices, wages, etc. 

currm +u nuc (sump'tfi-us), adj. expen- 
oixxxxp-lU-UUo sive; costly; luxurious; 

magnificent; as, a sumptuous feast.— adv. 
sumptuously. — n. sumptuousness. 

C1irl (sun), n. the round, shining body 
around which the earth and other 
planets, etc., of the solar system revolve; 
the source of light and heat to the earth; 
any center of a system of worlds; anything 
like the sun in brightness or power; sunshine: 
v.t. f p.t. and p.p. sunned, p.pr. sunning], to 
expose to the sun’s rays; as, to sun oneself; 
warm or dry in the sun. 

oii-n ‘hckcim (sun'bem*), n. a ray of sun- 
SUn-DetUll light: pi. sunlight. 

oii-n Vnim (sun'burn"), n. an inflamma¬ 
ble* - *■* ei tion of the skin caused by 
exposure to the sun: v.t. and v.i. to tan or 
discolor by the sun. 

Qi-rn rlerxr (sun'da), n. the first day of the 
OU.II-tidy week; the Christian Sabbath, 
or Lord’s Day: adj. pertaining to, or hap¬ 
pening on, Sunday. 

Clin Hpr (sun'der), v.t. to divide or rend; 
oun-uci break; separate: v.i. to become 
separated or broken apart: n. separation 
Into parts 


enn rlpw (sun'du'). 
^Uli-tXCW loaves are c( 


n. a plant whose 
leaves are covered with a dew¬ 
like sticky fluid. 

sun-di-al ^ s 4) n n. 

a device to show the 
time of day by the 
shadow of a pin or tri¬ 
angular pointer.usually 
called a style or gno¬ 
mon, on a dial. 

sun-dries 



Sundial 


driz), n.pl. many different or 
small articles or matters. 

enn Hrv (sun'drl), adj. various; several; 
buil-uiy aSi sundry reasons. 

enn -ficVi (sun'flsh"), n. a large sea fish, 
bUll-lloli peculiar in shape; an American 
fresh-water fish with brilliant coloring, 
cun flmir or (sun'flou'er), n. a tall. 
bUIl-IiU W-CI straight plant of the aster 
family, with large yellow-rayed flowers and 
large leaves. 

enner (sung), past participle of the verb 
oUXXg, s i n g_ 

cimlr (sunk), past tense and past participle 
oUXXXV G f the verb sink. 

cimlr on (sunk'n), adj. lying on the bot- 
buixxv-cii tom of the sea or other body of 
water; fallen or pressed down, 
din loee (sun'les), adj. without light and 
oUll-iCob teat from the sun; dark; cheer¬ 
less.— adv. sunlessly.—n. sunlessness. 

Cimn ( s *^ n )> n • an East Indian plant, the 
b UXlil flher of which is used as a substitute 
for hemp. 

Clin nv (sun'll, adj. pertaining to, or like, 
DUU-ll) the sun; bright; warm; cheerful; 
as, a sunny disposition; filled with, or 
exposed to, the warmth and light of the sun; 
as, the sunny side of the street.— adv. sunnily. 
— n sunniness. 

Clin ricp tsunriz'), n. the appearance of 
b UJJ —xxoC the sun above the horizon in the 
early morning; the brightening of the sky at 
that time; the time at which the sun appears. 
Clin cpf (sun'set"), 7i. the disappearance 
oufi-oci 0 f the sun below the horizon in 
the latter part of the day; the brightness of 
the sky at that time; the time at which the 
sun disappears. 

cun cViarlck (sun'shad*), n. anything used 
&u e-&ixau.C to protect from the light or 
heat of the sun, as an awning; especially, a 
parasol or sun umbrella. 

enn cViinck (sun'shin'), n. the light or 
auu-oumc rays of the sun, the space 
that they fill, or place where they fall; 
warmth; brightness.— adj. sunshiny. 

Clin ennt (sun'spdt'”), n. one of the dark, 
Dixxx-opuL irregular spots appearing at 

certain periods on the surface of the sun. 
enn ctrolrp (sun'strok*), n. a prostration, 
&UU-OUUA.C often fatal, due to exposure 
to the sun or to other intense heat, 
cim (sup), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. supped, p.pr. 
OLi F supping], to take into the mouth a little 
at a time, with the lips or in spoonfuls; sip: 
v.i. to take the evening meal, or supper: n. 
a small mouthful of liquid; sip. 
oil npr ( su 'p6r-),a prefix meaning over, 
ou-pci- above, beyond, in excess. 

su-per-a-bun-dance S£ft ban a „ 

amount much greater than is sufficient; excess. 

su-per-a-bun-dant Sf r 4; b £ g 

much more than is sufficient; excessive. 

cii npr fm mi flfp (su'per-S.n'ti-at), v.t. 
bU-pci-d.Ii-IlU-d.ie to impair, or render 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 









superannuation 


625 


supervene 


unfit, by age; to retire and give a pension to 
on account of old age or weakness, either 
mental or physical. 

su-per-an-nu-a-tion S 5r ‘n n ' 4 le 

state of being too old or too infirm for office 
or business; a becoming too old or too infirm, 
on tmrh (stl-pfirb'), adj. grand; proud; 
ou-pci u stately; as, a superb residence; 
rich; elegant; as, superb attire.— adv. superbly. 
—n. superbness. 

on -n^ r rc xr c rr\ (su'pSr-kar'gS), n. an 
SU-pei-Cdi-gU officer of a merchant 

ship who has charge of its cargo and business 
affairs during the voyage. _ 

on npr ril i <^110 (su^per-sll , I-fis), 
oU-pci-eu-l-ouo a( ij_ contemptuously 

haughty; proud; overbearing; as, a super¬ 
cilious air or manner.— adv. superciliously.— 
n. superciliousness. 

su-per-er-o-ga-tion 

formance of more than is required by duty. 

su-per-e-rog-a-to-ry ts?5f r ^} r6 pcj: 

formed beyond what is required by duty; 
superfluous. 

on riol (sfi'per-flsh'al), adj. per- 

oli-pci-ii-V/icu. taining to, or being on, 

the surface; not deep; shallow; reaching or 
understanding only what is apparent or on 
the surface; lacking depth of understanding 
or wisdom; as, a superficial mind.— adv. 
superficially.— n. superficialness. 

; x Tr (su"per-flsh'l-§.ri- 

SU-ner-n-Cl-al-l-ty tl), n. the state or 

quality of being shallow, or on the surface 
only; shallowness; that which is shallow, 
on rmr fin** (sfl'per-fln), adj. of the very 
t>U-pc± choicest quality; very fine 

or good; very delicate; ovemice.— n. super¬ 
fineness. 

oil nor fill i Hr (su'per-floo'I-tT), n. [pi. 
SU-per-nU-l-iy superfluities (-tlz)], state 
of being more than is needed or wanted; 
something beyond what is needed or wanted. 

cn npr fill nilQ (stl-pfir'floo-us), adj. be- 
oU-pci-llU-UUo in g more than is needed 

or wanted; excessive; needless.— adv. super¬ 
fluously.— n. superfluousness, 
on rmr Vmnf (su'per-het'), v.t. to heat to 
bu-pcl-lloa.L an extreme degree; heat 

(steam) until it resembles a perfect gas. 

_V.,-. (su'per-hu'man), adj. 

SU -p er-llU -man above or beyond what 
is human, or like tho nature of man; as, 
superhuman skill or strength. 

(su*per-Im-p5z'), v.t. 
su-per-im-pose to lay (something) on 

something else. , _ , 

su-per-in-cum-bent bfnt)?cSiy™g 

or resting on something else. 

(su'per-Yn-dus'), v.t. to 
SU-per-in-QUCe bring in, as an addition 
to something else; give rise to in addition to 
something else; superadd. 

_ *• i^A (su'pgr-Yn-tSnd'). v.t. to 

SU-per-in-tena bave, or exercise, the 
charge or oversight of; direct or control; 
as, to superintend a business or school. 

su-per-in-tend-ence S, e n! n a1t n of 

managing or directing; supervision; over¬ 
sight; control. _ K „ 

su-per-in-tend-en-cy £ 

the office, or period of holding office, of a 
superintendent, or one who controls, directs, 
manages, etc. 


su-per-in-tend-ent dS “n.’one'tho 

manages or controls; an overseer; director: 
adj. managing; directing; overseeing, 
cn n** ri nr (sti-pe'rl-er), adj. higher or 
above in place, position, 
rank, dignity, office, or excellence; finer; 
stronger; preferable; exceeding others; 
too fine or great to practice, or to feel tho 
influence of: with to: as, superior to petty 
jealousies: n. one who surpasses another, as 
in rank or ability; one of higher rank or 
Position; head of a religious house; as, a 
Mother Superior. — adv. s ipe iorly. 

cn up ri nr i fir (su-pe'rl-of'f-tl), n. the 

SU-pe-Il-Or-l-iy state or quality of 

being finer or preferable, or above in ability, 
rank, dignity, or excellence. 

cn npr let film (sff-pur'ld-tlv), adj. supe- 
bU-pei--d.-llVc r i 0r to all others; highest 

in degree; as, a man of superlative wisdom; 
in grammar, expressing the highest degree or 
amount: said of a form of adjectives and 
adverbs: n. the highest degree of excellence; 
the highest degree of comparison of an 
adjective or adverb; a word expressing the 
highest degree.— adv. superlatively.—n. super- 
la.iveness. 

cii apr nal (sfl-pfir'nSl), adj. pertaining 
to, or situated in, a higher 
place or region; celestial or heavenly. 

cii ner Ti?if ii rnl ( su^per-nat^fl-ral), 
bU-per-nd.t-U-rd.1 being outside, or 

exceeding, the forces or laws of nature; mirac¬ 
ulous: n. that which exceeds or is outside the 
usual course of nature.— adv. supematurally. 

su-per-nu-mer-a-ry 

pernumeraries (-rlz)], a person or thing beyond 
the stated number, or beyond what is neces¬ 
sary or usual; especially, a person employed 
in a tneater as one of a mob, threng of guests, 
etc.; as, a supernumerary in a ballroom 
scene: adj. exceeding the number stated or 
reouired. 

cii rw*r errifm (su'per-skrib'), v.t. to 
ou-pci-ooiiuc write or engrave on the 

outside or top; to direct or address, as an 
envelope containing a letter. 

on -nor- errin firm (su'per-skrYp'shun), 
SU-per-SCrip-TlOn the act of writing 

or engraving on the outside or top; that 
which is written or engraved on the outside; 
especially, the address on a letter or envelope. 

cii -rmr c**d*> (sa'per-sed'), v.t. to come 
bu-per-bcue into or take the place of, as 
by superior right or worth; to set aside and 
put another in place of; as, to supersede an 
officer; to replace; supplant.— n. superseder, 
supersedure, supersession, 
on nor efi firm (su"per-stlsh , un), n. rev- 
SU-pol-bll-llOIl erence for, and fear of, 

that which is unknown or mysterious; religious 
reverence for obsects not worthy' of worship; 
false worship or feligion 

cii n**r efi firmc (su'per-stlsh'us). adj. 

-au-uuuo pertaining to, marked 

by, or disposed to, belief in that which is 
unknown or mysterious; as, a superstitious 
person.— adv. superstitiously.— n. supersli- 
tiousness. _ . 

su-per-struc-ture ^ sG aSnhiS| k 

or founded on something else; that which is 
raised on a foundation; a building above the 
basement. 

cn rmr won** (su'per-ven'), v.i. to come 
bu-pd-vdlt gtg something additional; 

happen with reference or relation to something 
else; follow closely upon something. _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 









supervise 


626 


supremacy 


C11 r»enr Trie a (su'per-viz'), v.t. to oversee 
ou-pci-viDC or superintend. 

qii vi cinn (su'per-vlzh'un), n. the 

bU-pei-Vl-blUIl a ct 0 f inspecting with 

authority; the act of overseeing or superin¬ 
tending; superintendence, 
cn npr vi cnr (su"per-vi'zer), n. anover- 
DU-pci-vi-aui seer or superintendent. 

cii npr vi <;n rv (su ff per-vl , z6-r!), ad). 

pertaining to, or exer¬ 
cising, general oversight. 

cii TMtifs (su-pin'; su'pln), ad), lying on the 
oU.-JJIJi.Jlc back: opposite to prone; careless; 
indifferent; listless: n. (su'pin), a Latin 
verbal noun, ending in turn , or tu. — adv. 
supinely.— n. supineness. 

Qim mupr (sup'er), n. the evening meal; 
&up-pCJL fbe last meal of the day, some¬ 
times following dinner, sometimes taking the 
place of it. 

oiiv\ nlort'f (su-plant'). v.t. to displace and 
oUp-piaJ.il take the place of, as by craft 
or cunning. 

Qivrt -nip* (sup'l), ad), easily bent; flexible; 
Oup-piC as> supple joints; submissive; 
yielding; as, a supple nature; meanly bending 
to the humor of others; flattering: v.t. to 
make soft and flexible; to make obedient and 
submissive: v.i. to grow soft and flexible.— n. 
suppleness. 

ci i n nil a m pn t (supdS-ment), n. that 
Oup-piC-liiCiiL w hich completes, or adds 

something to, something already made; 
especially, a part added to a book or paper 
to complete it, or to correct its mistakes: 
v.t. to complete by supplying what is lacking; 
to add something to. 

Clin nip TTiPtl fol (sup'IS-men'tal), ad). 
bUp-pie-IIieil-lcU serving to provide 

what is lacking; additional; as, a supple¬ 
mental clause in a document. Also, supple* 
mentary. 

ciin nli fibre (supil-ans), n. the act of 
oup-pu-anv/C entreating, or asking, ear¬ 
nestly and humbly; state of being humbly 
entreating; humble entreaty, 
cnn nli ont (sup'll-ant), n. one who 
25 up-pjl-clli l entreats, or asks, earnestly 
and humbly: ad), asking earnestly and 
humbly; beseeching; entreating; suing. 
Also, supplicant. 

cnn nli /»on + (sup'lt-kant), n. one who 
o up-pil-l^ail l entreats, or asks, earnestly 


and humbly: 
suppliant. 


ad), asking humbly. Also, 


ciin nli r«»+A (sup'll-kat), v.t. to ask or 
oUp-pil-Lctlc; beg for humbly and ear¬ 
nestly; address in prayer; beseech; implore: 
v.i. to pray or beseech humbly and earnestly. 

ciin nil firm (sup^ll-ka'shun), n. the 
oUjp-pil-Ld.-llOIl act of entreating, or 

asking, earnestly; humble and earnest 
prayer or entreaty. 

ciin nli pa ■fn rv (sup'll-ka-tb-ri), ad). 
o up-pu-va- lu -1 y expressing earnest and 
humble entreaty, or asking; as, a supplicatory 
letter. 

ciin nlv (sfi-pli'). t>.<. [p.t. and p.p. supplied, 
Du.p-pij p_pr. supplying], to furnish with 
what is required; provide; as, to supply a 
people with food; to give; furnish; as, to 
supply food for a people; to fill temporarily; 
as, to supply a pulpit; make up for; as, to 
supply a loss: n. [pi. supplies (-pliz)], the act 
of providing or furnishing; that which is 
needed or furnished; amount of any article 
on hand to meet a demand; one who serves 
for another for a time, as in a pulpit: pi. 
reserve stores to be given out; as, the base of 
suvvlies for a fleet: supply train, in the army. 


a train including all vehicles, animals, and 
persons employed in transporting the divi¬ 
sional ration and grain reserve, or in bringing 
these provisions from the refilling point to 
the distributing pomt. 

ciin nrvrf (su-port'), v.t. to bear the weight 
oUJJ-JJUI l of; bear up; uphold; as, 
columns support the roof; endure; bear; 
suffer; as, to support pain; to keep from 
sinking; encourage; as, to support the spirits 
or courage; to act with; as, to support a 
star; to verify; make good; as, to support 
an accusation of theft; to aid, favor, or 
defend; as, to support a political party; 
carry on; as, to support a conversation; pro¬ 
vide for; as, to support a family: n. the act 
of maintaining or upholding; that which 
maintains or upholds; maintenance; liveli¬ 
hood; aid; one who furnishes means of sup¬ 
port, as to a family; one person or a com¬ 
pany acting with a star.—n. supporter. 

ciin nnrf a hi a (sfi-por'td-bl), ad), bear- 
"UP-pOll-a.-Wit? able; endurable; main¬ 
tainable.— adv. supportably. 

cnn nnc a "hi a (sh-poz'd-bl), ad), capable 
oup-puo-a-uic 0 f being assumed; not 
altogether unlikely.— adv. supposably. 
cnn nncA (su-p5z'), v.t. to represent to 
aup-JJUoc oneself or another to be true 
or real; to imagine; believe; think; assume 
as true; to require to exist or be true: v.i. 
to think; imagine. 

cnn nn oaH (sfi-pozd'), p.ad). thought to 
oup-puscu be true; imagined: often 
with the idea of false belief.— aav. supposedly. 

ciin nn ci firm (sup'8-zish'fln), n. the 
bup-pO-bl-llOn act of imagining, or of 

considering as true or existing, what is known 
to be not true, or what is not proved; opinion 
or belief without proof.— adj. suppositional. 
— adv. suppositional^. 

ciin noc i fi tinnc (s5-p5z , ’l-ttsh , ils), 
SUp-pOb-l-ll-IlOUS ad p assumed or im¬ 
agined; not genuine; counterfeit.— adv. sup- 
posititiously. 

cnn anc i fn -»*Tr (sfl-pdz'f-tb-rl), n. a 
bUp-pUb-l-lO-ry conelike mass, contain¬ 
ing medicine, for putting into some cavity or 
passage of the body, where it dissolves, 
piip nrACC (su-pr8s'), v.t. to subdue; 
oup-pi coo crush; as, to suppress a re¬ 
bellion; keep in; restrain; as, to suppress a 
smile; conceal; as, to suppress the facts 
in a case; stop the publication of; as, to 
suppress a magazine; cause to cease; check; 
as, to suppress a hemorrhage.— n. suppressor, 
suppressor. 

ciin nt*AC ci nn (sii-prSsh'iln), n. the act 
oUp-Jh cb-olUll 0 f crushing, checking, or 
concealing; state of being crashed, checked, 
or concealed; restraint; concealment; a a 
omission, as of a letter or word. 

ciin nr ac cii/A (su-pres'Iv), ad), tending 
bup-pieb-bwe to crush, Check, or con¬ 
ceal; subduing; concealing. 
eilTj nii rA+A (sup'6-rat), v.i. to form pus; 
° u - -i - as, an abscess suppurates. 

Clin nil iinn (sup"ll-ra'shun), n. the 
o up-p U.-I a.- Hull act of forming pus, or 

foul matter; pus, or foul matter, formed in an 

abscess, etc. 

Clin mi rA fi vp (sup'tl-r3,-tlv), ad), tend-* 
bup-pu-ra-nve ing pr0 duce, or 

produced by, pus, or foul matter: n. a 
medicine to promote suppuration, or the 
forming of pus. 

cii nr Am a cxt (stl-prSm'd-sI), n. the state 
ou-pi Clli-d-Ly 0 f being supreme, or In 

the highest station of power; the supreme or 
highest authority. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, fibey, c6rd, stop, edmpare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, foefis, menu; 





supreme 


627 


surrendei 


C 11 nrpmp (sfi-prem'), adj. highest in 
power or authority; as, a 
supreme ruler or court; highest in degree; 
greatest possible; utmost; as, supreme sac¬ 
rifice. — adv. supremely. — n. supremeness. 
C1ir (sur-), a prefix meaning over, beyond, 
above^upon. 

Qil TC *\1 ( soo ' r ^'> su'rd), n. a soft twilled 
ou-ldu material, for women’s gar¬ 
ments. Also, surah silk. 

ciir rpQCP (sur-ses'), n. final end; stop: 
sui-bcaoc to cease finally. 

ciir rVifirap (sur-charj'), n. an excessive 
dui-uiaigc charge, load, or burden; a 
charge beyond what is just and right; an 
additional or secondary printing on a stamp 
or document; v.t. to charge more than is 
due; overload; overburden. 

ciir pin alp (sfir'sln'gl), n. a girth, belt, 
oux-x,ixx-gxc or girdle for passing around 

the body of a horse or other animal to secure 
the saddle, blanket^ etc. 

ciir mat (sur'kot"), n. a coat worn over 
S>UI -tual another coat or garment; espe¬ 
cially, the long, loose garment of knights, 
worn over the armor. 

ciirH (sfird), n. a quantity that cannot be 
blllU. expressed by rational numbers, as 
the square root of 2 ; a consonant sound 
made without voice or tone, as /, p, s: adj. 
not capable of being expressed in rational 
numbers; linvolving studs; uttered, as cer¬ 
tain consonants, without voice or tone, 
ciirp (shoor), adj. certain; knowing and 
bUlc believing; confident beyond doubt; 
as, I am sure it is true; certain to find or 
retain; as, he is sure to succeed; fit to be 
depended upon; reliable; as, this is a sure 
investment; firmly fixed; not likely to change 
or fail; stable: adv. colloquially, certainly. 
ciifP frkrkf pH (shoor'foot"ed), adj. not 
Siire—IOOX-CU. likely to fall or stumble. — 
adv. sure-footedly. — n. sure-footedness. 
c , iro i- 7 (shoor'li), adv. certainly; without 
bUIC-iy risk or doubt; firmly; securely. 
e ,. ro mpcc (shoor'nes), n. the state or 
bUI c-licos quality of being certain, firm, 
or secure; certainty. 

on-rp -Hr (shoor'tl), n. [pi. sureties (-tlz)], 
bUItJ-iy state of being certain; certainty; 
security or guaranty against loss or damage; 
security for the payment of a debt or for the 
performance of some act; bail; one who 
becomes bound, or agrees to be responsible, 
for another, as for payment of a debt, 
on TP Hr oil in (shoor'tl-shlp), n. the state 
bill c-ly-bllljp of being answerable for 
another; the duty of one who is bound to 
answer for another. 

_ (sfirf), n. the swell of the sea where it 
Sun breaks and foams upon the shore or 
rocks. 

out -fo op (sfir'fas), n. the outside part 
bur-ldbC of anything that has length, 
breadth, and thickness; a space-form that 
has only length and breadth; the upper face 
of a soiid; outside; hence, outward appear¬ 
ance; as, all looks well, on the stirface. 
oiiTf Hnot (surf'bot"), n. a strong, light 
SUri-UOd.1 boat for landing through the 
surf, or swell of the sea that breaks upon the 
shore. ... . 

out -fpi-f (sGr'fit), n. excess, especially in 
bill-1 Cl l eating or drinking; fulness or 
sickness caused by such excess; indulgence 
in anything to excess- v.t. to feed to excess; 
cloy: v.i. to partake of food to excess; in¬ 
dulge in anything to excess.—n. surfeiter. 
oiiTrrp (sfirj), n. a large wave or billow; a 
bulge great roll of water: swell; a great 


rolling motion; sweep; rush; as, the surge 
of a mob: v.i. to rise high and roll; swell, 
ciir trpnn (sur'jfin), n. one who treats 
alU-gCUli injuries, deformities, or dis¬ 
eases by manual operation, or the use of 
the knife; a staff officer of the Medical 
Department of an army: surgeon -general, the 
chief of the Medical Department in the 
United States army. 

ciir apr V (sur'jer-I), n. the act, art, or 
bUl-gCi-j science of treating injuries, 
deformities, or diseases by manual operations, 
or the use of the knife; the place where a 
surgeon operates, or gives advice or treat¬ 
ment. 

ciir crJ pal (sur'jT-kal), adj. pertaining to 
o Ul surgery, or the art of healing 

by the use of the knife, or to surgeons.— 
adv. surgically. 

out 1 /m’« (sur'loin"), n. the upper portion 
oUI-lfilll 0 f a loin of beef. Also, sirloin, 
ciir Txr (sfir'II), adj. [comp, surlier, superl. 
bUI-iy surliest], gloomily ill-humored; mo¬ 
rose; rough; uncivil; ill-natured; rudely 
abrupt.— adv. surlily.— n. surliness, 
ciir mi cp (sur-miz'), n. a thought or sup- 
oUi-liUoc position based upon little 
evidence; a guess: v.t. to imagine without 
certain knowledge; suppose; guess. 

ciir mnnnt (sur-mount'), v.t. to rise 
bUi-muum above; overcome; conquer; 
vanquish: as, to surmount one’s difficulties.— 
adj. surmountable. —n. surmounter. 
cut namp (sur'nam"), n. a name added 
bUi-llcllllC to a baptismal or Christian 
name, and used as a family name; as, in the 
name John Smith, Smith is the surname: v.t. 
to give a family name to; call by a family 
name. 

ciir nocc (sur-pas'), v.t. to exceed; excel; 
bUl-paob g Q beyond in excellence.— adj. 
surpassable.— p.adj. surpassing, 
ciir -nlir-p (sfir'plls). n. the outer linen 
bill -pileC garment with wide sleeves, 
worn especially by the 
priests and choir members 
of the Roman Catholic and 
English Churches. 

ciir-nine (sur'plfis), n. 

SUl-piUb that which re¬ 
mains over and above what 
is required; excess: adj. ex¬ 
ceeding what is used or 
needed; as, surplus sup¬ 
plies.—n. surplusage. 

ciir rvricp (sur-priz ), n. 
bUl-pribC theact of com¬ 
ing upon or attacking un¬ 
expectedly; state of being 
taken unawares; a feeling 
excited by what is sudden 
and strange; wonder; aston¬ 
ishment; a sudden or unex¬ 
pected event or fact: v.t. to take unawares; 
to attack without notice; as, to surprise the 
enemy; to strike with wonder by something 
sudden or unexpected; astonish; to lead to 
do something suddenly and unexpectedly: 
with into; as, to surprise a thief into admitting 
his guilt.—n. surprisal. 

cut uric in a (sfir-prlz'Ing), adj. causing 
bUl -pj.xb-iJ.lJ 5 wonder or astonishment; 
unexpected; extraordinary; as, surprising 
news.— adv. surprisingly. 

cut ran Hot (su-r 6 n'der), n. the act of 
oUl-icil-UCl yielding, or giving up, one¬ 
self or a thing into the power or possession of 
another: v.t. to yield, under pressure, to the 
power of another; give up possession of on 
compulsion or demand: as, to surrender an 



Surplice 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wn as in when; 

zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







surreptitious 


628 


suzerainty 


army or arms; to resign possession of; give 
up; as, to surrender one’s claim to property; 
to yield to any influence, emotion, or power; 
as, to surrender oneself to sorrow: v.i. to 
yield; give up oneself or a thing into the 
power of another. 

<11 it* rpn ti timi<5 (sur'ep-tlsh'fls). adj. 

bur-rep-u-uoub doue by stea i t h or 

fraud, or without proper authority; as, a 
surreptitious departure.— adv. surreptitiously. 
<511 r rPV (sur'i), n. a light four-wheeled 
otii _A X ~'J pleasure carriage with two seats. 

ciir rn troto (sur'6-gat), n. one appointed 
out -i u-g,a 1C b y a b i sb op to act in his 

place; a court officer who deals with the 
probating, or proving, of wills, and the 
settlement of estates. 

cut- -rrsii-nrt (su-round 7 ), v.t. to inclose on 
15UA uAAaA '- a a u sides; to lie or to be on 
all sides of; to encircle. 

<51 ir rrmnH fncrc (su-round'Ingz), n. the 
bur-rounu-mgs things or conditions 

that make up an environment, 
ciir +C5Y (sflr'taks"), n. an extra tax: v.t. 
oui-tciJV. (sur-taks 7 ; sfir'taks), to impose, 
or add, an extra tax on, as in railroad rates, etc. 
cur foilf (sur-toot 7 ), n. a wide-skirted 
oiu-iuui coat reaching below the knees; 
an overcoat, especially when long and tight 
fitting. 

ciir lonrp (sur-val'yans; sfir-val 7 - 

bui-veil-lcllice ans )t n . close watc h; 

oversight; inspection; as,_police surveillance . 
Ciir vpy (sur'va; sur-va 7 ), n. the act of 
out-V KZy examining carefully, or of deter¬ 
mining the features of, as of land; a careful 
view or examination; a measured plan and 
description of any portion of country, etc.: 
v.t. (sur-va/), [p.t. and p.p. surveyed, p.pr. sur¬ 
veying], to inspect, or take a view of; as, to 
survey the landscape; to look at closely; as, 
she surveyed me coldly; examine closely; 
as, to survey a subject or a building; measure 
and determine the features of, as land, 
cur ypy -fyi qt (sur-va'Ing), n. the science, 
ia ui - v art, or business, of measuring 

and determining the various features of land, 
ciir nr (sur-va'er), n. one whose 

otAA “ VC J '■'-' A business is to measure land; 
one who examines anything closely in order to 
find out its character, condition, etc.; an in¬ 
spector of customs. 

Ciir viv fll (sur-viv'al), n. a living or con- 
aui-viv-at tinuing longer than, or be¬ 
yond the life of, another person, thing, or 
event; any ancient use, custom, or belief 
continuing to the present day. 
ciir 171 TTp (sur-viv 7 ), v.t. to live longer than 
aui-vivc (another); to outlive; outlast; 
to live beyond or through (an event, state, 
etc.): v.i. to remain alive or in existence.— 
p.adj. surviving. 

Ciir viv nr (sur-viv 7 er), n. one who out- 
aui-viv-ui lives another person, or any 

time, event, or thing; as, a survivor of a 
wreck; the one of two persons having a com¬ 
mon interest who outlives the other. 

ciiic: rpn fi IliT i tv ( s ti-sep / ’’tI-bIl 7 I-tI),w. 
bUb-CCp-11-UU-l-iy the state or qua i ity 

of receiving impressions, or of being easily 
affected; capacity for deep feeling or emo¬ 
tion; sensitiveness. Also, susceptibleness. 

cue rpn ft hip (su-sep'tl—bl), adj. capa- 
bUb-Cep-U-Die ble of being changed, 

influenced, or easily affected, etc.: with of 
or to; tender; sensitive; easily acted upon. 
Also, susceptive. — adv. susceptibly, 
cue -nprt (sus-pgkt 7 ), v.t. to imagine to 
oua-pct-l exist; to believe in the possible 
guilt of, without having proof; to doubt: 


mistrust: v.i. to imagine guilt, etc.; be 
suspicious: n. a person believed, but not 
proved, to be guilty of some crime. 

Cl 1C riPTlH (stis-pend 7 ), v.t. to fasten to 
auo-jJCUU something above so as to hang 
down; to hang, or to hold as if by hanging, 
as particles of dust in the air; to delay; hold 
undecided; as, to suspend judgment; inter¬ 
rupt; to cause to cease for a time; as, to 
suspend a rule; debar, or keep out for a time; 
as, to suspend a pupil from school. 

cue -no-nrl or- (sus-pen'der), n. one who, 
bU.b-pcllu.-Cl or that which, holds, holds 
back, or withholds: pi. braces to hold up 
clothing, especially trousers. 

ciic npticp (sus—pens 7 ), n. a state of un- 
ouo-pcnoc certainty, doubt, or anxiety; 
indecision; act of withholding, as judgment; 
pause; cessation. 

cue -non cion (sus-pen'shfln), n. the act 
bUb-pCil biUll G f hanging from a sup¬ 
port, or of stopping, delaying, or interrupting 
for a time; state of being hung, delayed, 
etc., especially", a brief stop, delay, or inter¬ 
ruption; a stopping of payments in business; 
a floating, as of particles, in a fluid. 

sus-pen-sion bridge ffijt p a 6n bridg“ 

of which the roadway is stretched, without-, 
support from below, from hanging cables. 

die np-n co 117 (sus-p 6 n's 5 -rl), adj. flt- 
ouo-pcu-DU-iy ting or serving to sustain 
or suspend; as, a suspensory muscle; serving 
to delay: n. that which holds up. 

die ni rirm (sus-pish'un), n. the act of 
ouo-pi-ciUll doubting, or of imagining 

on slight evidence; mistrust; imagination of 
something wrong, on slight or insufficient 
proof; colloquially", a very small quantity; 
hint; as, just a suspicion of humor. 

C 11 C ni piniic (sus-plsh'us), adj. apt to 
oua-pi uuua imagine without proof; full 
of, or inclined to, doubt of mistrust; open to, 
or exciting, mistrust; questionable. 
oiiq tnill (sus-tan 7 ), v.t. to hold up or sup- 
0U,0_l ' CAAAA port; as, to sustaiYi a weight; 
maintain or keep up; as, to sustain an argu¬ 
ment; support, or keep alive; as, food 
sustains life; undergo; as, to sustain a 
money loss; bear; endure without failing; 
as, to sustain a blow; keep up the courage 
or spirits of; as, his faith sustained him; 
prove; strengthen; as, to sustain a charge, 
at law; support or admit as just and true. 
quo ■foif'lfi/d (sus-tand 7 ), adj. held up to, 
ouo-iamcu or kept at, a certain pitch 
or level; uniform; as, sustained efforts. 

die fp none a (sus’te-nans), n. act of 
£>ua-ic-lldllCC maintaining; that which 

supports life; food; maintenance or support. 
< 51 lt Ipr (sdt'ler), n. a person who follows 
oul ‘ iCA an army and sells food, liquor, etc. 
to the troops. 

<51 if fpp (su-te 7 ), n. a Hindu widow burned 
ou.t-i.ee to dea th on the funeral pile of 
her husband; also, such an act. 

<511 til TP (su'tur), n. the act of sewing; a 
ou-iuio seam or that which resembles a 
seam; the drawing together of the edges 
of a wound by stitches; the lines or seams 
where bones, as those of the skull, are united. 

di 7P i*o in (su'ze-ran), n. a lord of the 
bU.-4.e-Id.lll Middle Ages, who had au¬ 
thority over others and to whom loyalty and 
service were due; a state holding sovereign 
power over another state. 

on 7p Tflin tv (su 7 ze-r 3 .n-tl), n. the office, 
bU-£C-l<im-iy or dignity, of a suzerain, 
or lord of the Middle Ages who had authority 
over others; very high authority. _ 


ate, een&te, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, biirn, cut, focus, menu; 








swab 


629 


swear 


oxxrolv (sw6b), n. a mop for cleaning decks, 
bWdU floors, etc.; a sponge attached to a 
handle, for cleaning the barrel of a gun, etc.; 
a bit of sponge or cotton fastened to a handle 
to clean, or apply medicine to, the mouth, 
throat, etc.; v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. swabbed, p.pr. 
swabbing], to rub or clean with a mop, sponge, 
etc.—n. swabber. 

oixrorl rllck (swfid'l), v.t. to swathe, or wrap 
bWdU-Uic closely, with a bandage; as, 
to swaddle a baby: swadaling band or swad¬ 
dling cloth, a bandage, or long strip of linen 
or cotton, wrapped around an infant, espe¬ 
cially one newly born. 

eurorr (swag), n. property obtained by 
bWdg theft; booty; plunder. [Slang.] 
exrrorro (swaj), n. a tool for shaping metal 
bWdgc work, as wrought iron, by pound¬ 
ing with a hammer, or by pressure: v.t. to 
6hape with a swage or swage block, 
cwacr cr^r (swag'er), v.i. to boast noisily; 
swag-ger bitter; bully; to strut or 
walk with affected superiority: n. noisy 
boastfulness; an affected or insolent manner 
of walking: swagger stick, a light hand-stick 
carried by military men and others, when 
without arms or equipments, in order to 
occupy one or both hands. — n. swaggers". 
otTrolti (swan), n. a young man living in the 
SWain country; especially, a country gal¬ 
lant or lover. „ , , 

low, marshy 

seasons. 


(swal), n. a piece of 

oWdic ground, wet at certain- 

1/>xxr (swol'5), n. a well-known bird 
SWai-lOW noted for its swift and graceful 
flight; any of a class of swifts resembling the 
swallow; as, the chimney swallow; the gullet, 
or esophagus, or the passage between the 
mouth and the stomach; as much as can be 
taken through this passage at once; the act 
of taking through this passage: v.t. to take 
into the stomach through the esophagus, or 
gullet; to absorb or take in; cause to dis- 
appear; as, tlie crowd swallowed mm- up, to 
retract or take back; as, to swallow ones 
boasts; put up with; as, to swallow an insult. 
v i to perform the act of taking anything 
through the gullet.—n. swallower. 

1 i 4-nll^A (swol'o=tald ), adj. 

SWal-lOW-taiieQ being forked, like a 
swallow’s tail; having tapering or forked 
skirts; as, a swallow-tailed coat. , 

ru (swam), past tense of the irregular 
SWa-IIl V erb swim. . . 

(swbmp), n. wet or spongy land, 
SWaillp soft low land soaked with water, 
marshy land: v.t. to plunge, or sink, into 
6Pongy or marshy land; cause to fill, or t 
sink bv filling, with water; as, to swamp a 
boat; to overwhelm; ruin, as with difficulties 
or numbers: v.i. to All with water and sink, 
to stick or sink in spongy or marshy land; 
be overwhelmed or ruined by difficulties. 

TT (swom'pl), ad), soaked with 
swamp-y water; spongy and marshy. 

. (sw6n), n. a web-footed bird of the 
SWail goose family, with a very long neck, 
and noted for its 
grace in the water; a 
poet or singer. 

swan’s-down 

(swbnz'doun*), n. the 
soft, fine feathers of 
the swan, often used 
as trimming, as on an 
evening cloak; a very 


ers on it; a kind of soft cloth called canton 
flannel. 

oxxron cAnrr (sw6n song), the song that 
SWan SOIlg the swan is fabled to sing 
just before its death; hence, a last beautiful 
utterance or writing; as, a poet’s swan Sony. 
ouro-rk (swfip) v.t. [p.t. and p.p. swapped, 
Swap p.pr. swapping], to exchange or 
barter: n. an exchange. [Colloq.] 

(sword), n. a stretch of land cov- 
SWaiU ered thickly with grass; turf.— adj. 
swarded. 

c ,,. orfl (swar), the old form of the past 
bWaie tense of the verb swear. 
oxxrot*m (sworm), n. a large number of 
bWctllll insects in motion; as, a swarm of 
ants; a hive of bees, or a large number of 
them, with a queen, leaving one hive to 
find another; a crowd or multitude in motion; 
as, a swarm of people: v.i. to throng together 
in a crowd; move about in great numbers; 
as, people swarmed everywhere; to be 
crowded; as, the street swarms with people; 
to leave a hive in order to make a new colony, 
as bees; colloquially, to climb a tree, etc., 
by using the arms and legs: v.t. to throng or 
crowd; as, people swarmed the streets. 
....o-i (swort), adj. of a dark or dusky 
bWd.lt b U e or color; dark-skinned. Also, 
swarthy. _ , , „ 

oxxro-r+ln xr (swbr'thf; swor'fhl), adj. of a 
SWdnil-y dark or dusky hue or color; 
dark-skinned. Also, swart.— ado. swartliily. 
—n. swarthiness. - 

(swbsh), n. a dashing or splashing, 

swasn as of w ■ ■ ’ - 



Swan 


soft, thick cloth of fine wool; cotton flannel. 

1 • (swon'skfn"), n. the skin of a 
SWan-SKin swan with the down or feath- 


as of water: v.i. to dash or wash 
with a splashing sound; dash or splash water 
about; hence, to bluster or brag: v.t. to 
dash or splash about, as water. 

swash-buck-ler noisy, blustering bully 

or ruffian; a swaggerer. 

+; ho (swas'ti-ka), n. a certain 
Swas-Tl-Kd. symbol, or mark, signifying 
health, or good omen, and sup¬ 
posed to represent the sun in its 
daily couise. Also, swastica. 

CTxrci+fa (iswoth; swoth), n. a 
bWd.Ul une or row of grass or 
grain as cut down by the mower; 
the whole sweep or cut of a scythe 
in mowing; the space cut by a g wa stika 
scythe or machire in one course. 

<^xxro+Vx£k (swath), v.t. to bind with a band 
SWdlllt or bandage; to wrap, as a band¬ 
age, about something: n. a band or bandage 
for wrapping about something.— n. swather. 
oxiroxr (swa), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. swayed, p.pr. 
bWdy swaying], to cause to bend or to move 
backwards and forwards; as, the wind 
sways the trees; move with the hand; swing; 
as, to sway a sword; influence by power or 
moral force; direct; rule; as, to sway .he 
lives of a people; cause to leau to one side; 
as to sway opinion: v.i. to incline to one 
side- to move or swing from side to side: 
n. the act of leaning or swinging, or of turning 
from side to side; rule, dominion, or control; 
weight, influence, or authority that causes to 
lean to one side. 

(swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, p.p. sworn, 
SAVCclI p.pr. swearing], to make a solemn 
declaration, with an appeal to God for the 
truth of what is affirmed; to make a solemn 
vow or promise; to give evidence on oath; 
to use profane language: v.t. to utter or de¬ 
clare with an appeal to God; t 9 vow or promise 
solemnly; cause to take, or bind by, an oath, 
as, to swear witnesses; to utter profanely, n. 
swearer. 


boot feibt ’ found ■ boil; f unct ion; chase; good; joy ; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
zh = ) as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciat.cn key, pages nx to xxn. 
























sweat 


630 


swift 


QWP 23 + ( sw 8t), n. the moisture which is 
owtai given off through the pores of the 
skin; perspiration; moisture given off by 
any substance; act of giving off moisture; 
state of one who gives off moisture; toil; 
drudgery: v.i. to give off moisture through 
the pores of the skin; to perspire; to give 
off moisture, as plants; form moisture in 
drops on the outside, as a glass of water; to 
labor hard; drudge: v.t. to cause to perspire 
freely; to send forth through the pores; to 
wet with perspiration: to force the moisture 
out of by heat; force moisture out of by 
fermentation, as tobacco; colloquially, to 
employ at hard work for very low and unfair 
wages.— adj. sweaty. 

<?WPat or (swet'er), n. a person who over- 
o w ca t-ci works and underpays those who 
work for him; a heavy outside jacket or 
jersey: in the army, an article of clothing 
that is part of a so Liar’s equipment. 

emoaf cfann ( svv ®t'shop"), n. a workroom 
owcai-auujj where persons work very 
hard for very low wages. 

sweating sys-tem m oi 

labor by which people do piecework, some¬ 
times at their own homes, for very low and 
unfair wages. 

Swe-den-bor-gi-an 

ing to the doctrines of Swedenborg (1688- 
1772), a Swedish philosopher, and founder of 
the New Jerusalem Church: n. a member of 
this church or a believer in its doctrines. 

— n. Swedenborgianism. 

Q’lrjipri tch (swed'Ish), adj. of or pertaining 
vjwcu-iou to Sweden, its people, or their 
language: n. the language of Sweden, 
cnrppn (swep), v.t. ( p.t . and p.p. swept, 
o v> '-v.p p pj.' sweeping], to brush, pass 
over, or clean, with a broom, etc.; as, to 
sweep a carpet; remove or clean away with 
a broom, etc.; as to sweep up the dirt; drive, 
flow over, or carry along or off with force; 
as, waves swept the deck; the epidemic swept 
off people by thousands; the wind swept the 
house away; to brush against or over; as, 
to sweep the strings of a violin; to carry in 
a stately or proud fashion; as, she swept 
her skirts aside: v.i. to clean or clear away 
dirt with a brush, broom, etc.; to pass with 
speed or force; move with stateliness or 
dignity; to lie or extend for a long distance; 
as, the lawn sweeps away to the right: n. the 
act of sweeping; a clearing out or away; 
as, to make a clean sweep; range; extent; 
as, the sweep of a storm or an epidemic; a 
bend or curve; as, the sweep of a drive; 
rapid survey with the eye; extent of a stroke; 
as, the sweep of a scythe; one who makes a 
business of cleaning chimneys; as, a chimney 
sweep; a long oar.—n. sweeper, 
ewppn in ry (swep'Ing), p.adj. carrying off, 
owcop-mg or clearing away, as -with a 
broom or by force; as, a sweeping wind; 
carrying all before it; as, a sweeping triumph; 
inclusive; comprehensive; as, a sweeping 
assertion: n.pl. a collection of dirt and par¬ 
ticles swept up; refuse; as, street sweepings. 

c\A 7 P>iPV 4 Q-tolrpsc* (swep'staks"), n.pl. the 
DWCCp-alan.ca whole sum of money or 

other prize put up to be won at a horse race 
or in gaming; a race for the whole sum 
staked. 

QWppt (swet), adj. pleasing to the senses; 

tasting like sugar; not stale or 
sour; as, sweet butter or milk; fresh; not 
salt; as, sweet water; fragrant; as, sweet 
honeysu ckl e; pleasing in sound; soft; as. 


or nuts 
sugar; 


a sweet voice; fair; lovely; as, a sweet face; 
pleasing to the mind; attractive; mild; 
gentle; as, a sweet manner; containing sugar: 
n. quality of being sweet; something sweet; 
one dearly loved; darling: pi. confectionery 
or candy; homemade wines.— adv. sweetly. 
—n. sweetness. 

cwpq+ hr&ori (swet'bred"), n. the pan- 
oWcU-UicaU creas, or gland lying be¬ 
hind the stomach, of a calf or a lamb, and 
used as food. 

Kri or (swet'bri'er), n. a thorny 
aWcci-Uil-al shrub of the rose family 

bearing single pink flowers. 

mm ( swet korn), a kind of maize. 
owccl or corrli of a sweet taste, 

much used as a table food, 
cmppf pi-n (swet'n), v.t. to make sweet; 
owcci-cu t 0 make mild, kind, grateful, 
or pleasing; render less painful, difficult, or 
laborious; to make pure; as, to sweeten the 
air of a room: v.i. to become sweet.—n 
swee: ener. 

ccot (swet fflrn), a shrub about 

owccl icill two feet high with long, 

fragrant, fernlike leaves. 

QTX-floor (swet flag), a fragrant plan,) 
owccc with sword-shaped leaves. 

Vifior-f (swet'hart"), n. a lover; 
Dwcci-ncan Q ne who is the object of r 

lover’s affection. 

cn/ppt i ch (swet'Ish), adj. somewhat sweet, 
owcci-ion — n sweetishness. 

cnrppf tnpgt (swet'met"), n. fruit 
awcci-iuccu preserved with 

candy. 

tiwppt rin -to fo ( sw et pS-ta'to), a tropi- 
bweet po-ia-io cal plant of the morning 

glory family and its eatable root; a yam. 

SWPPf Wil 1 153 m ( sw et wIl'yAm), a 
owed VV ii-ilctlll beautiful flowering 

plant of the pink family. 

<sWp 11 (swS b> v -i- [ P-t■ swelled, p.p. swelled. 

swollen, p.pr. swelling], to expand or 
enlarge; increase in size, volume, or force; 
heave; be inflated, or bulge out; rise and 
increase by degrees; be puffed up; as, to 
swell with importance; grow louder and 
fuller; as, the music swelled: v.t. to cause to 
rise or increase; inflate or fill; puff up- 
make to grow louder and fuller; as, their 
voices swelled the chorus: n. act or state of 
swelling; increase in volume, force, value; 
gradual increase and decrease of sound: 
a long continuous wave or billow; gradual 
elevation of land; colloquially, a very 
fashionable person. 

cwpII in cr (swfil'Ing), n. the act of expand- 
mg, or increasing in bulk, etc.; 
state of being so increased; a boil or any 
enlarged sore part of the body: p.adj. be¬ 
coming inflated or filled; as, swelling sails, 
ourpl fpt* (swel'ter), v.i. to perspire, or 
7 , sweat, very freely; to be faint 

from heat.— p.adj. sweltering, 
owpnf (swept), past tense and past par- 
o cpi ticiple of the verb sweep. 

RWPrVP (swurv), v.i. to turn aside from 
^ , v ^ any certain line, or any course 

or rule of duty: v.t. to turn aside: n. a turn¬ 
ing aside suddenly. 

dwiff (swift), adj. moving far in a short 
time! rapid; speedy; fleet; as, a 
swift train or horse; passing or coming 
suddenly or quickly; as, the swift hours; 
swift decision; acting quickly; prompt; as 
swift to answer: adv. rapidly: n. a bird of 
the humming-bird family, but resembling 
the swallow; a kind of moth.— adv. swiftly.— 
—n. swiftness. 


ate, senate, rare,^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, barn, cut, focus/menti: 











swig 


631 


swordsmanship 


cwicr ( swir S), v.t. and v.i. to drink in deep 
swl o drafts; to gulp: n. a deep drink, as 
of liquor. 

Qwill v.t. to drink or swallow greedily 

bwijj. j n i ar g e quantity; guzzle; to fill with 
drink: n. drink taken in large quantities; 
liquid food for animals, particularly the 
refuse or leavings of the kitchen, as given to 
swine. 

Qwim (swhn), v.i. [p.t. swam, swum, p.p. 
owii.li SW um, p.pr. swimming], to float, as 
on water or other liquid; to propel or push 
oneself forward in the water with the hands 
and feet, or fins and 1ra.il; to be carried along 
by, or as by, a current; to glide smoothly; 
overflow; as, the eyes swim in tears; to have 
great abundance; as, to swim in luxury; be 
dizzy; as, the head swims: v.t. to cause to 
swim or float; to pass or move over, or 
through, by swimming; as, to swim a river: 
n. the act of swimming.— n. swimmer, 
oiiri-n rJI/a (swln'dl), v.t. to cheat deliber- 
bWlll-U.lt ately; to defraud: n. the act 
of cheating or defrauding; a fraud; a cheat. 

Ji„ r (swln'dler), n. one who schemes 
bWUl-Ultl to defraud; a cheat. 

cwin Hlincr (swindling), n. act of one 
b w iii-uiiiig who defrauds or deliberately 

cheats. 

cwt-n** (swTn), n. any animal of the hog 
bWillt family, with bristly skin and long 
snout: usually used collectively, 
cwitio Vi (swin'hurd"), n. a tender or 

DWlliC-nciU keeper of swine, or hogs. 

cwincr (swing), v.i. f p.t. and p.p. swung, 
bwmg p.pr. swinging], to move to and fro 
while hanging, as the pendulum of a clock; 
to turn on, or as on, a hinge, or axis; as, the 
gate swings open; to go along with a loose, 
free, swaying gait; as, the soldiers swung 
around the corner; to use a swing; to turn 
or wheel round, as a ship; colloquially, to be 
hanged; as, to swing on the gallows: v.t. 
to cause to move to and fro; as, to swing 
a pendulum; wave to and fro; brandish; 
as, to swing a cane; cause to turn or wheel 
about; as, to swing a ship about; put up so 
as to hang freely; as, to swing a hammock; 
hang on hinges; as, to swing a gate: n. the 
act of swinging; swaying motion from side 
to side; distance through which an object 
swings; loose, free gait; an apparatus, 
usually a rope bearing a seat, for swinging 
to and fro; full course or freedom; as, to 
give full swing to imagination. 
eiiM-nrro (swlnj). v.t. to whip or thrash; 
SWing tJ t 0 we ld together. 

• c i 1 (swinish), adj. pertaining to, or 
SWUl-lbll nke, swine, or hogs; beastly.— 
adv. swinishly.—n. swinishness. 

(swip), n. a vigorous blow, as with 
SWipc a bat or club: v.t. to give a strong 
blow to; hit with great force, as a ball in a 
ball game. [Colloq.J 

(swurl), v.i. to rush along with a 
bWlIl circular or wheeling motion: v.t. to 
cause to wheel, or whirl: n. a whirling or 
eddying motion; a curve or twist. 

‘-Vi (swish), v.t. to cause to move with 
bWlbil the rushing or whistling sound indi¬ 
cated by the word “swish”: n. such a rustling 
or whistling sound, or the movement that 
makes it; as, the swish of her skirts; the 
swish of a cane. 

Cixrioo (swis), adj. pertaining to Switzer- 
OWlbb land, its language, or its people: 
n. a native or inhabitant of Switzerland. 
oiTTi'-f/'Vi (swlch), n. a small, thin, flexible 
b W1ILII rod; a movable section of rail for 
shifting cars from one track to another;. 


inhabitant of Switzerland; a 


a device for making, breaking, or shifting 
electric circuits; a tress of false hair, used by 
women in hair dressing: v.t. to whip or lash 
with a thin, flexible rod; to swing or jerk; 
as, to switch a cane; to shift to another track; 
as, to switch a train; shift to another circuit, 
or on or off a circuit; as, to switch off the 
electric light. 

crun+rVi harlr (swlch'bak*), n. a railway 
b f or going up and down a 

steep incline by way of zigzag tracks; an 
amusement railway with steep ascents and 
descents. 

ciinfr'Vi r\orr\ (swlch'bord'), n. a board 
b Wlldl-UUclIU. •with many switches for 

connecting, disconnecting, or combining 
electric currents. 

ewi+rh mcm (swlch'man), n. one who 
bWlLCll-lllctil attends to shifting the 

movable rails or tracks of a railroad. 

Swit zer ( s - w *t ,s ® r )*. n • a na ti ve ° r 

Swiss. 

cixTW ol (swlv'l), n. anything that turns 
bWIV-Ci on a beaded bolt or pin; as, the 
swivel of a watch chain; something fixed in 
another body so as to turn round in it; a 
twisting link in a chain: v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and 
p.p. swiveled, p.pr. swiveling], to turn on a 
swivel, or pivot: swivel gun, in artillery, a 
gun fixed on a swivel, or pivot, either on the 
back of an animal, such as a camel, or on a 
wall or other commanding position, so that 
it may be turned in any direction, 
oxxrrtl 1cm (swol'n), past participle of the 
bWOl-ien ye rb swe n 

c?xir/-\cm (swoon), v.i. to faint: n. the act of 
bWOOIl fainting; a faint. 

Qworm (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and seize; 
bwuup as> the eagle swoops up its prey; 
to catch up: v.i. to sweep down swiftly and 
suddenly while on the wing; as, the eagle 
swoops down on its prey: n. a sudden sweep¬ 
ing down and seizing. 

QWnrrl (sord), n. a long, keen-edged, 
b w Ul U sharp-pointed offensive weapon 
with one or two cutting edges, such as the 
small sword, rapier, saber, scimitar, etc.; 
hence, the symbol of military power, of 
justice, or vengeance; conflict or war; as, 
an appeal to the sword: sword arm, the right 
arm, as symbolic of strength: sword belt, 
a belt of suitable material worn over the right 
shoulder of an officer, and supporting his 
sword: sword cane, a cane which conceals the 
blade of a sword or dagger. 



Swordfl9h 

cwnrH ficVi (sord'fish'), n. a sea fish of 
bWUIU.-J.lblJ. the mackerel family, having 

t?ie bones of the upper jaw formed into a 
swordlike beak. 

oxxrcwrv1 -^Iott (sord'pla"), n. fencing, or the 
swora-piay art of attack and defense 

with the sword or foil. 

swords-man skll ' ed 

fencer. 


in the use of the sword; a 


swords-man-ship n s5 the S Q or sh sidii 

of one who is a master in the use of the 
sword.. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function: chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









swore 

swore 


632 


synchronous 


(swor), past tense of the verb 


swear. 


Qwnm (sworn), 

oWUlll hnnnri hv 


p.adj. 

sworn 


p.p. of swear: 
bound by an oath; as, a 

enemy. 

Cyh o rifp (slb'd-rit.), n. a person de- 
\jy u-ct-lltc voted to luxury or pleasure: 
from the inhabitants of Sybaris, Italy, an 
ancient Greek city noted for its luxury and 
wealth. Also, sybarite. — adj. Sybaritic, syb¬ 
aritic. 

fiTr/% o fMoro (sik o-mor), n. a tree of 
oyC-tl-IIIOre Syria, related to the fig; 
in England, a kind of maple; the American 
buttonwood. 

a vili Jin f*\r (sfk'6-fan-sl), n. thechar- 
acter or practices of a 
servile flatterer; mean or servile flattery; 
fawning. 

err r\ rdr o «-f (sik'6-fant), n. a mean or 
.byC-U-piicUlL s e. vile flatterer, especially 
of great men. 

eve a vxTi o vi t"ir* o—fan^Ik), adj. like 

oj C-G - JJxiclli- U C a meau or servile flat¬ 
terer; meanly flattering; cringing. 
o V p, nifck (si'S-nit), n. a rock of heat 
»J*C-1UIC formation, much like granite, 
but containing very little quartz, and con¬ 
sisting chiefly of feldspar. 

CV 1 loK ip (sl-lab'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
oj'i-icnj-iV/ or consisting of, a syllable or 
syllables; as, syllabic shorthand.— adv. syl- 
labically. 

qtt! 1 o tv 1 pj1 "fiATl (sf-lab'Tt-ka'shun), n. 
byi-ld.U-1-Ld.-llOII the act of forming or 

separating into syllables. Also, syllabifica¬ 
tion. 

Ctrl Tcj "hi a (sfl'a-bl), n. that part of a 
oyi-iol-UlC WO rd which can be clearly 
spoken by a single effort of the voice; in 
writing and printing, such a part of a word 
separated from the rest of the word. 

ctzl Icj hiilt (sll'a-bub), n - a dish made of 
oy milk or cream mixed with 

wine or cider, forming a curd and flavored. 
Also, sillabub, sillibub. 

CT7 1 Ip V»iic (sfl'a-bus), n. a brief state- 
oyi-la-UUo ment of the main points of a 
subject, book, course of study, etc. 
owl In aiQ-m (sll'6-jlzm), n. an argument 
stated in a logical form, con¬ 
sisting of three propositions, the first two 
being called the premises, and the last the 
conclusion, which contains the matter to be 
proved.— adj. syllogistic, syllogistical. — adv. 
syllogistically. 

owl-nil tsllf). n - an imaginary being living 
oyxpAA j n the air; fairy; a slender, graceful 
young woman. 

ov1 vpra (sd'van), adj. pertaining to woods 
ojA-vaiA or groves; rustic; woody; shady; 
as, a sylvan retreat. Also, silvan, 
ovm hnl (slm'bol), n. something, not a 
oyiiA-UGA likeness, that stands for some¬ 
thing else, and in some way brings it to mind, 
as by resemblance; an emblem, or sign of an 
idea, quality, or another thing; a type; a 
mark, character, or letter representing some¬ 
thing; as, a symbol in mathematics. 

QV-m llfbl ip (slm-bol'Ik), adj. pertaining 
to a symbol, or sign, or to 
symbols; serving as a sign; expressing by 
signs: n.pl. the study of creeds, or religious 
beliefs. Also, adj. symbolical. — adv. sym¬ 
bolically. —n. symbolicalness. 

cvm hnl iQtn (slm'bol-Izm), n. represen- 
byili-UUl-loIIl tation by symbols, or 

signs.— 71 . symbolist 

Qvm I"in1 17 A (slm'b51-lz), v.t. to represent 
ojfni-uui-uc or s how by symbols, or 


signs; to be representative of; as, the Kon 
symbolizes courage: v.i. to use symbols, or 
signs. — 71 . symbolization. 

cvm mpf ri pal (sl-mgt'rl-kal), adj. reg- 
ojaaa-aaacl-aa-A/CIA u i ar or even; having 

harmonious parts; well-balanced; as, a sym¬ 
metrical design. Also, symmetric. — adv. sym¬ 
metrically. 

cvm m a trv (sim'8-trl), n. harmony, bal- 
ojaaa-aaac-laj ance , or right proportion 

of the several parts of a body; similarity of 
parts on two sides of a dividing line. 

nirrM tip 4‘Vi aI ir* (slm pa-thet Ik), adj. 
kyill-pd.“tllcl-lC resulting from, or ex¬ 
pressive of, fellow-feeling or similar feelings; 
compassionate; as, sympathetic words; being 
in harmony with; congenial; as, sympathetic 
tastes. Also, sympathetical. — aav. sympa¬ 
thetically. 

qvtti tip (slm'pa-thlz), v.i. to feel 

ojrAAA-pa-iAAA / ,c i n consequence of what 

another feels; share the feelings or mental 
state of another; agree; harmonize; be 
affected or suffer because of another part; 
colloquially, to express one’s feeling, as for 
another’s sorrow.— n. sympathizer, 
cirm r»p -fhvr (slm'pa-thl), n. a feeling like 
that which another feels - 
harmony or agreement of affections or tastes 
which makes persons pleasing to each other; 
fellow-feeling; kindness of feeling toward one 
who suffers; compassion or pity. 

cvm TillGTl ip (slm-fon'Ik), adj. agree- 
aaa-jjaagaa-aa, m g j n sound; harmonious; 

relating to, or in the manner of, a musical 
composition called a symphony. 

ovm r\h /-j -r»Tr • tt. [pi. sym- 

byill-pilU-Iiy phomes (-nlz)], harmony 

of sound; an agreeable blending of any kind; 
an elaborate musical composition, consisting 
of three or four movements, for a full orches¬ 
tra; instrumental introduction or ending of a 
vocal composition. 

cvm r»n ci nm (sim-po'zi-fim), n. [pi. 
byill-pu-bl-uill symposia (-«)], a drink¬ 
ing together, or a banquet at w r hich there is 
brilliant and entertaining conversation; 
a collection of essays in which various writers 
express their views on some given topic. 

ovmn fnm (simp'tfim), n. that which 
ojAAip-LUAiA shows the existence of some¬ 
thing else of which it is the effect; a token or 
sign; as, symptoms of unrest in a country; 
any noticeable change in the body or its func¬ 
tions, as indicating disease. 

evmA fnm a+ ip (slmp'tum-at'Ik), adj. 
byilip-LOIIl-dt-lC according to symp¬ 
toms, or noticeable changes in the body; in¬ 
dicative, showing, or pointing out. Also, 
symptomatical.— adv. symptomatically. 

Qvn opt* a cto (sln-er'S-sts), n. the draw- 
oj aa-cca-c-oIo i n g together into one syl¬ 
lable of two vowels that are ordinarily in 
two syllables, as e’er for ever. Also, syneresis. 

cvn a a - a mi a (sln'a-gftg), n. an assembly 
°jAA-a-guguc or gathering of Jews for 
worship; also, the place used for such 
worship. 

cvti rliTA niem (sln'krft-nlzm), n. same- 
b^ii-Gmu-mbm ness in time 0 f two or 

more events; arrangement in a table of his¬ 
torical events and personages, according to 
dates. 

cvrti pTvrn Tl 17A (sln'krS-nlz), v.t. to as- 
At-GiAiu-llAZiC sign f 0 t he same date or 

period of time; to make to agree in time or 
speed: v.i. happen at the same time; agree 
in time.— n. synchronize’ - . 

svn-chro noils (s^'krS-nfis), adj. hap- 

QjAA-liXiiU-AIUIAo pening at the same 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer-, 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, menu, 






synclinal 


G33 


syzygy 


time or rate. Also, synchronal. — adv. syn¬ 
chronously. 

cvn rli n fll (sln-kH'nal; sTn'kll-nal), adj. 
ojii-v/u-uai sloping downward from op¬ 
posite directions so as to meet; dipping 
downward on each side to a common line: 
said of strata. 

cyti p a nQ+fi (sTh'ko-pat), v.t. to con- 
pdtc tract by omitting a letter or 
letters from the middle of (a word); in music, 
to begiji (a tone) on an unaccented beat, of a 
measure and end on an accented beat; as, a 
syncopated waltz. 

cvn rn firm ^in-kb pa'shun), n. the 
byil-cu-pd-uon beginning of a tone on 

an unaccented part of a measure, and ending it 
on an accented part; syncope, or the cutting 
out of a letter or letters from the middle of a 
word. 

cvn (stn'ko-pe), n. the cutting out 

°.y xx-wU-pc of a letter or letters from the 
middle of a word, as e’er for ever; fainting, or 
a fainting fit. 

cvn flip (sln'dlk), n. a government officer 
OJIA-VJ.1U having varying powers in different 
countries; a business agent of a corporation or 
body of men. 

cvn Hi pcil io-tn (sln'dl-kal-Izm), n. a 
oyJX-U.l-LdJ.-J.oIIl pi an G r theory by which 

labor unions seek to gain control of the means 
and processes of production by the general 
strike, or even by violence.—n. syndicilis). 
<5Vn Hi raff* (sln'dl-kat), n. an associa- 
tion or company of persons 
who combine to carry out some special 
business project or plan, often requiring 
large capital; as, these syndicates fixed prices 
and crushed competition; the office of a syndic, 
or government office or agent; an association 
of persons for the purpose of buying manu¬ 
scripts and selling_ them to numerous period¬ 
icals: v.t. (sln'dl-kat), to form into, or manage 
by, a syndicate; to obtain for a syndicate; 
to sell or offer for sale (a literary work) to 
numerous periodicals; as, to syndicate a 
novel: v.i. to form a syndicate. 

cvn op Hrv rho (si-nek'do-ke), n. a figure 
oyJl-“L-UU-LIlC 0 f speech in which the 

whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole, 
as fifty sail for fifty ships. 

cvn or o cic (sln-?r'6-sls), n. the uniting 
ojll-Ci -C-olO j n fo one syllable of two 

vowels that are ordinarily in two syllables, 

as e'er for ever. Also, synae’ esis. 

cvn r\c\ ( sIn 'ud), n. a church council, or 

ojii-UU. meeting to consult on religious 

matters; any assembly or council. 

cvn nH ir (sf-nod'ik), adj. pertaining to, 

oyii-uu-lL or transacted by, a synod, or 

church council. Also, synodical. — adv. syn- 

odically. 

cvn n nvm (sln'6-nlm), n. a word having 
v>y LL-v-liy ill the same or nearly the same 
meaning as another, as sharp and keen. 
Also, synonyme. 

cvn nn v mmic (sl-non’I-mus), adj. 
syn-on-y-mous having the same or 

nearly the same meaning. — adv. synonvmouiv. 
cvn on cic (sf-nbp'sls), n. [pi. synopses 
oyu-up-oio (-sez)], a general view, as cf 
any subject; a summary or abstract; as, the 
synopsis of a book or play, 
cvn e\r\ fir (sf-ndp'tlk), adj. giving a gen- 
oyii-up-Liv^ era i view of the whole, or of 
the principal parts of a thing; as, the Synoptic 
Gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Also, 
synoptical.— adv. synoptieally. 
oxrn n tti o (si-no'vl-a), n. the oily fluid 
syn-o-vl-d. j n the joints of the body.— 
adj. synovial. 


cvn fop fir (sln-tak'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or arranged according to, 
the rules of syntax, or that part of grammar 
that treats of sentences. Also, syntactical. 
— adv. syntactical!/. 

cvn fct (®tn'taks), xi. that part of gram- 
ojn-icui. mar which treats of the proper 
construction of sentences; sentence structure, 
evil f jip cic (sln'the-sis), n. [pi. syntheses 
oyil-LIIC-blb (-sez)], the putting of things 
together to form a whole; composition or 
combination: opposite to analysis; a process 
of reasoning from the whole to its par s. 

cvn +"h ir* (sm-thet'ik), adj. pertaining 
ojtJ.l-lXi.ol-lL to, or 0 f the nature of, syn¬ 
thesis, or the putting of things together to 
form a whole. Also, synthetical. — adv. syn¬ 
thetically. 

cvn +n ni 7 P (sin'to-nlz), v.t. to tune or 
xiiz,c turn (wireless telegraphic 
messages) in ascertain direction, 
cvn +n nv (sm'to-nl), n. the electrical 
tuning of wireless transmitters 
and receivers to each other. 

Cv nVmn n. a bent pipe or tube 

-pAion having one end longer than the 
other, used for drawing off liquids from a 
higher to a lower level; a bottle fitted with 
such a tube; v.t. to draw off by such a tube. 
Also, siphon. 

1 np (sir'I-ak), adj. pertaining to 
-i-ae Syria, or to its language: n. the 
language of Syria. 


Syr 


Syr-i-an 


(sir'i-an), adj. pertaining to 
Syria, or to its people: n. a 
native of Syria, especially of the native 
Semitic race. 

cv Tin era (si-rin'gd), n. a class of garden 
oj-llli-ga. shrubs of the olive family, 
including the lilac and the mock orange, 
cvr incr^ (sir'lnj), n. an instrument for 
oyi-ux^c injecting a liquid in a jet or 
stream into the body; any of various devices 
for this purpose, as a bulb or a bag fitted 
with a tube and nozzle: v.t. to inject or 
cleanse by the use of a syringe, 
cvr tin (sfr'up). n. a thick, sticky liquid 
oji - up made from the juice of fruits, herbs, 
etc., boiled with sugar; a healing liquid con¬ 
taining medicine, sugar, and water. Also, 
sirup. 

cve t<am ( sIs 'te m ). n ■ orderly combination 
o-lClli of parts into a whole; a group 
or assemblage of objects forming a natural 
whole and arranged or acting according to 
some common law; as, the solar system; 
a school system; orderly collection of rules and 
principles; as, a system of laws; orderly group¬ 
ing of facts and objects; as, a system of clas¬ 
sification or of filing; regular method of 
transacting business; orderliness. 

ovo tom of ir* (sis"tem-at'ik), adj. of, or 
Oy O-lClll-cll-lL pertaining to, or of the 

nature of, a system, or orderly whole; acting 
according to a regular method or plan; 
methodical; as, systematic study. Also, 
systematical. — adv. systematically, 
cve fpryi o (sis tem-d-tiz), v.t. to 

oj o-iciu-a-uoc reduce to a system, or 
regular method. Also, systematise, sys- 
temize. —n. systematization, 
cvc fn 1** (sis'to-le), n. the shortening of a 
oy o-LU-IC i on g syllable; the regular con¬ 
traction of the heart that forces out the 
blood to circulate through the body. 
cv7 xr o-v (slz'f-jf), «. [pi. syzygies (-jlz)J, 
~t>J the point at which the moon or a 
planet is in conjunction with, or opposition to, 
the sun when seen from the earth; times of 
new and full moon. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


42 







tab 


634 


taciturnity 


tab 


(t&b), «. a small flap or tag attached 
to a garment, etc., usually to the edge, 
for use or ornament; a loop for pulling or 
lifting something; colloquially, account; as, 
to keep tab on someone’s behavior. 
i Q t ckrA (tab'rird), n. formerly, a short, 
LaU-ctlU. coarse outer coat worn by the 
poorer classes; a loose garment or mantle 
worn over armor; the coat of an ancient 
herald or messenger, often embroidered with 
the arms of his sovereign, etc. 

^ 1,0 0 rr . (ta-b&s'ko). n. a very peppery 
-uao-tu Mexican sauce. 
i, Q i. (t&b'I), n. a taffeta silk or moreen, 
laU-uy with a wavy marking: often called 
watered silk; a very hard substance, made by 
mixing equal parts of lime, water, and stone or 
shell; a gray and black striped Cat; hence, any 
domestic cat; colloquially, an old maid or a 
gossip: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabby¬ 
ing], to put a wavy marking into: adj. having 
a wavy marking; brindled. 
frgaV. fxt* net (t&b er-n&-kl), n. a tempo- 

U2.U-C1 -ua-uc rary dwelling; a movable 
residence, or tent; the human 
body as the temporary dwel¬ 
ling of the soul; the movable 
tent used as a place of worship 
by the Israelites in the wilder¬ 
ness.—Exodus xxvi; a 
Jewish church or temple; 
a place of worship, espe¬ 
cially one erected tem¬ 
porarily for special serv¬ 
ices; a small box or cell for 
holding anything precious 
or holy. 

(ta'bez), n. a 
-uco gradualwast- - 
ing away of the body; 
a decline or wasting 
away. 

fr a Kick (ta'bl), n. a 
la-UiC piece of furni¬ 
ture consisting of a flat, 
smooth top supported 
by legs; a flat surface 
or tablet suitable for 
an inscription; as, two tables of stone con¬ 
tained the ten commandments; persons sitting 
around a table; fare; as, the table at the 
hotel is good; supply of food; entertainment; 
index or summary; an arrangement of words, 
facts, figures, etc., in systematic order for 
reference; as, the multiplication table; a 
table of statistics: v.t. to catalog or index; 
to lay aside, as a report, for future considera¬ 
tion; to lay on a table, as a card or money. 
a-i. ioon (t&b'lo; ta'blo'), n. [pi. tableaux 
VaD-16ciU (t&b'15z; ta'blo'), or tableaus 
(t&b'loz)], a striking 'and lifelike representa¬ 
tion; a picture; a scene like a picture, show¬ 
ing persons properly dressed and grouped, and 
remaining silent and motionless. 

tab-leau vi-vant 

ture represented by one or more silent and 
motionless performers suitably costumed and 
posed; a tableau. [Fr.] 

4-q rlnfh (ta'bl-klQth*), n. a cover, 

la-uxc-i/iULii. of linen, cotton, etc., spread 
upon a table, usually for the serving of a meal. 

(ta'bi dot'), a plan used 
-Die U. 11UIt; by hotels, restaurants. 



Tabernacle 


etc., by which a meal consisting of certain 
fixed courses is served to all guests at a fixed 
price: opposite to d la carte. [Fr.] 

4-q Klo Ian A (ta'bld&nd'), n. a plateau, or 
Va.-UIC~icU.itl broad, elevated piece of land. 

in hi a cnnnn (ta'bl-spflBn'), n. a large 
la-UlC-oputui spoon for use in preparing 

and serving meals, holding four times as much 
as a teaspoon. 

Vvl q fill (ta b 1 -sp(5on fdbl), 

ta-Die-SpOOn-IUl [ p i tablespoonfuls 
(-fdblz)], the amount of anything that a 
tablespoon will hold, equal to four times as 
much as a teaspoonful. 

fah 1#afr (tao'lgt), n. a small flat surface, 
la.U-J.Cl especially one used for drawing, 
writing, etc.; a set of blank sheets of paper 
fastened together at one end and used for 
writing upon; a writing pad; in classic 
antiquity, one of a number of thin, flat pieces 
of ivory, wax, etc., fastened together and 
used for memoranda; a flat panel, often of 
stone, brass, bronze, etc., fastened in a wall 
and containing an inscription; medicine in the 
form of a small flat disk; a small flat cake, as 
of soap, candy, etc. 

■fra hnn (ta-boo'), n. a religious system 
Ict-UUU or practice, in use among the 
Polynesians and other savage races, by 
which certain acts and things were made 
sacred and therefore forbidden; ban; pro¬ 
hibition: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tabooed, p.pr. 
tabooing], to forbid approach to, or use of: 
adj. set apart or sacred by religious custom; 
prohibited by social custom. Also, tabu, 
fra hnr (ta'ber), n. a small drum, beaten 
la.-UUI with one stick. Also, tabour. 
frah n r#afr (tab'6-rgt), n. a small tabor, 
WU-U-iCl or drum; a 6mall stand or 
stool. Also, tabouret. 

froh ii lai* (tab'll-ldr), adj. arranged in the 
IdU-U-icu form of a table, or systematic 
outline; set down or arranged in schedules or 
columns; as, the report w r as in tabular form; 
reckoned or arrived at from sets of figures or 
facts arranged in systematic order; having a 
broad flat top, as a mountain. 

+oVk ii 1a+** (tab'fl-lat), v.t. to reduce to, 
lau-u-iaic or arrange in, a systematic 
outline, usually in columns; as, to tabulate 
election returns; shape with a flat surface.— 
n. tabulation, tabulator. 

fra dintn o frf^T* (td-kfim'6-tSr), n. a de* 
la-wiuin-o-ici V j ce for measuring veloc¬ 
ity; a device for in¬ 
dicating the revolu¬ 
tions per minute of 
an engine: used to 
give engine speed in 
airplanes. 

frar i+ (tas'It), adj. 

given or ex¬ 
isting in silence; im¬ 
plied, but not stated 
outright; as, tacit con¬ 
sent.— adv. tacitly. 

tac-i-tum 



Tachometer 


tflrn), adj. net apt to speak; 
habitually disinclined to talk. 

Syn. mute, reticent, reserved, silent. 

Ant. (see unreserved). 

a i friii - ini frtr (tits 1-tflr nl-tl), n. habit- 
-ixi-cy ual silence; reserve in 
speaking. _ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare;'unit, unite, burn, cut, focu3, menu; 















































tack 


635 


tale 


farlr (t 8 k), n • a small broad-headed nail; 
laLxv a r ope for holding down the lower 
corner of certain sails; the corner of the sail 
so held down-; direction of a ship in regard to 
the trim, or position, of her sails; a change in a 
ship’s direction; hence, any course or method 
of action: v.t. to fasten with small nails; as, 
to tack, down matting; fasten slightly; attach; 
as, to tack, a bow on a dress, or a sequel to 
a story; to change the course of (a vessel) 
by using the helm and shifting the sails: v.i. 
to change the course of a vessel by shifting 
the position of her sails. 

iarlr Ip. (tak'l), n. the ropes, pulleys, etc., 
LdLlV-lc; 0 f a vessel; an apparatus for 
raising or lowering heavy weights, consisting 
of pulleys and ropes; equipment; gear; as, 
hunting or fishing tackle: v.t. to harness; 
seize or lay hold of; in football, to meet and 
try to stop (an opposing player); colloquially, 
grasp or attack vigorously. 

i.n (takt), n. sympathetic understanding; 
Ld.Lt delicate skill in saying and doing 
exactly what is best or most suitable in 
given circumstances; ability to manage 
others with consideration for their feelings. 

(takt'fool), adj. full of syrnpa- 
IdLl-AUI thetic understanding; wise and 
kind in managing others.— adv. tactfully. — 
n. tactfulness. 

--i (tak'tl-kal), adj. having to do 
ld.L-Ll-Ld.1 -with military or naval science; 
marked by adroitness or clever management. 

+i Ai on (tak-tish'Sm), n. one skilled 
la.L-Ll-Liw.i .1 jj! managing troops or ships 
in warfare; a skilful manager. 

(t&k'tflcs), 11 . the art or science of 
ld.L-li.Lo naval and military movements in 
actual warfare; hence, any clever means or 
method of accomplishing an aim. 

4 .,,,, (tak'tll), adj. pertaining to the 

ld.L-i,liC/ sense of' touch; capable of being 
touched.—n. tactility. 

+0 (takt'les), adj. wanting in sym- 

IdL i-lcoo pathetic understanding; not 
skilful in managing others; blundering.— adv. 
tactlessly. — n. tactlessness. 

4 -r.o tn ol (tak'tu-al), adj. pertaining to 
Id.L-LU.-cU. touch or the organs of touch; 
giving the sensation of, or caused by, touch. 

j — Ala (tad'pdl"), n. the larva of certain 
tad-pOle Animals, as the frog, which 
dwells in water and possesses external gills 
and a long tail. 

■ I (tai), n. a Chinese monetary unit of a 
xaei value of about seventy-three cents; a 
Chinese weight of IK ounces. 

taf fe ta n - a flne -. thin. gipssy 

taffety. 


silken fabric or cloth. Also, 


x. n ce _ *1 CtS.f'ral), n. the rad round a ship s 
iail-rd.li stem, or rear end. Also, tafferel. 
+ _r f. r (taf'i), n. a well-known candy made 
Lai-IV Qf brown sugar or molasses boiled 
down, and often flavored with butter, nuts, 
etc.; colloquially, flattery. , . 

a. (tag), n. a card or label to be attached 
tag to a box, package, etc.; a loose end or 
rag, as of clothing; a metal binding at the 
end of a string or lace to make it stiff; a 
children’s game in which one chases the others 
in order to touch, or “tag” them: v.t. [p.t. 
and v.p. tagged, p.pr. tagging], to fix a tag 
to; append or tack on; in the game of tag, 
to catch by touching; colloquially, t 9 follow 
closely and persistently: v.t. colloquially, to 
follow another closely: with after. 

■foil (tal), n. the end, or a prolongation of the 
X3.ll end, of the backbone of an animal s 
body, usually hanging loose; the back , last . 


or lesser part of anything; as, the tail-end 
of a storm; anything hanging or apparently 
hanging; a plane or planes at the back of an 
airship to give it balance; in law, a limitation 
of ownership; v.t. to supply with a loose, 
hanging attachment; to follow close behind, 
■fail knardi (tal'bord"), n. the movable 
Ldli-kJUdi u. board at the rear of a cart or 

wagon. 

fail in a- (taking), n. tho part of a project- 
IcU.l-Hig, ing stone or brick inserted in a 
wall: pi. refuse of stamped ore thrown behind 
the tan of the washing apparatus; chaff, 
fai Inr (ta'ler), n. [fern, tailoress], one whose 
Lal-lUi business it is to cut out and make 
outer garments for men and women. 

+oi 1 /m- Kii-rl (ta'ler burd), an African and 
IcLl-lOi Dim Asiatic bird, of the warbler 
family, which hides its nest by stitching 
leaves together. 

fail nipod (tal'pes*), n. something added 
LcLUL-picLC a £ the end; the piece to which 
the strings of certain instruments, as the 
violin, are attached; a decorative drawing or 
design at the bottom of a page of a book or 
magazine._ 

fai-nf (taut), n. corruption; infection; a 
LcLU.lL trace, as of decay or corruption; a 
moral spot or stain; disgrace; v.t. to fill with 
something unpleasant or poisonous, as a dis¬ 
ease; to infect or corrupt; v.i. to become 
spoiled, as meat. 

falro (tak), v.t. [p.t. took, p.p. taken, p.pr<. 
laxve taking], to lay or seize hold of; as, to 
take the enemy’s position; obtain; as, to take 
a prize; receive into one’s hold or possession; 
as, to take six yards of silk; capture; engage 
or interest; as, to take the eye; choose; as, 

I shall take the smaller box; employ; assume; 
as, to take another name; quote; as, to take 
a passage from a Shakespearean play; sub¬ 
tract; transport; require or demand; as, it 
takes time to learn to swim; to contract by 
infection; as, to take a fever; to regard or 
look upon; as, to take a man for a detective; 
to observe; to gather; as, I took this meaning 
from what he said; to experience; as, he took 
much comfort in his home; to make or per¬ 
form; as, to take a journey; to resort to; 
as, she has taken up music; to find out; as, 
to take his measure; to take the depth of 
the water; to accept; as, to take an oath; 
to take a woman in marriage; to take money 
from one who cannot afford to give; to carry; 
as, she took the package with her; to do; as, 
to take precautions, measures, etc.; to receive 
into the body; as, to take medicine; to make a 
photograph of: v.i. to have recourse; as, the 
man has taken to drink; colloquially, prove 
attractive; as, she will take in society; have 
the intended effect: as, the inoculation took: 
n. the amount or quantity received or caught, 
especially fish.— n. taker. 

•fair in/r (taking), adj. attractive; allur- 
ld.xV-l.iig, j n g ; pleasing; as, taking manners: 
n. the act of gaining possession; seizure: pi. 
that which is accepted or received; receipts, 
fal ’kz-vf (tol'but), n. an extinct breed of 
Ldl-DUL hunting dog with quick scent, from 
which the bloodhound is supposed to have 
descended. 

fala (talk), n. a soft mineral, appearing in 
Ld.lL the form of soapstone, French chalk, 
etc., and used in making soap, paper, toilet 
powders, etc.— adj. taleose, talcous. 
fal a (tal), n. that which is told; a narra- 
xaie tive or story; fable; anecdote; a 
false report or piece of gossip; a count or 
reckoning; as, the tale of bricks made by the 
Israelites in Egypt. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then. thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










talebearer 


636 


tameless 


tale-bear-er 


(tal'bS.r"er), n. one who 
carries false reports; one 
who delights in spreading gossip, scandal, 
etc.; a gossip. 

fal A-nf (t&l'Snt), n. among the ancients, 
ictl-cill a weight or a coin of varying value; 
as, the Hebrew talent of gold was worth 
832,640; mental capacity or ability; skill; 
cleverness; a special gift, fitting one for a 
particular business, art, or profession; as, he 
has a talent for painting; collectively, persons 
with such gifts: with the. 

•fol out (tal'ent-ed), adj. having su- 
IcH-CIlL-CU. peri or ability; gifted; skilful 
along some special line. 

fa 1 ac (ta'lez), n. (regarded as a singular), 
la- 11.0 a writ, or court order, for summoning 
additional jurors for a session of court; (re¬ 
garded as a plural), persons who are so sum¬ 
moned to fill vacant places in a jury, 
faliac man (talz'man), n. [pi. talesmen 
Idlco-lllctli (_ m gn)], a person summoned to 

fill up a jury when the regular panel, or group 
of persons from which the jury is chosen, is 
used up before the jury is complete, 
fal ic man (tal'Is-man; tal'Iz-man), n. 
lai-Io-j.ila.il [p/. talismans (-ruanz)], a fig¬ 
ure cut in metal or stone supposed to possess 
magical powers in averting evil or bringing 
good luck; something that produces an 
extraordinary effect; a charm; an amulet, 
fol ic man if* (tal'Is-rnan'Ik;tal"iz-man'- 
iai-lo-llldll-llr jk) t a dj_ having power to 

avert evil or bring good luck; magical. Also, 
talismanical. 

fallr (h>k), v.i. to utter words; speak 
lain, familiarly; converse; express thoughts 
in speech; to confer; to consult; as, to talk. 
with a teacher about one’s progress; prattle: 
v.t. to utter; make a subject of conversation; 
as, to talk business; to discuss favorably; as, 
to talk socialism; to speak (a language) freely; 
as, to talk French; to affect by talking; as, 
they talked him over to their side; to use or 
spend in talking: with away; as, to talk away 
an evening: n. the act of expressing thoughts 
in words; speech; familiar conversation; 
as, an evening of friendly talk; subject of dis¬ 
course; as, the talk of the town; rumor; as, 
there is talk of a strike; a conference; as, 
talk about future plans; an informal address; 
as, a talk on food conservation.— n. talker. 

fallr a ftvA (tok'd-tiv), adj. given to 
lci jjx-cl-lj v t much speaking; loquacious. 


— adv. talkatively.—n. talkativeness. 

Syn. communicative, voluble, fluent, glib, 
garrulous. 

fallr mo* (Poking), n. conversation or 
Idllv-lllg speech: adj. given to speaking; 
able to speak; talking machine, any of various 
machines that reproduce voice and other 
sounds. 

fall (tol), °dj- high in stature; of a certain 
tail height; as, six feet tall; lofty or high; 
as, a tall building.— n. tallness, 
fa 1 1 nw (t&l'o), n. the melted fat of oxen and 
IclI-lUW sheep; suet; fat or grease used 
for making candles: v.t. to cover with tallow; 
to fatten, as sheep. 

fal Iv fr&l'I), n - tallies (-lz)], originally, 
ldi-iy a stick notched as a means of keeping 
accounts; one of two books in which duplicate 
accounts are kept; any account or score kept 
by marks; a mark recording a score; a dupli¬ 
cate : v.t. to keep score of -with marks, notches, 
etc.: v.i. to match; to correspond; as, make 
your account tally with mine; to keep score, 
fal Itt bnarfl (tall b5rd), a board used 
toLl-ly UUcu u. to keep score upon, as with 

chalk-marks, etc. 


M lw rarH (t&H kard), a card on which 
-ly t/di cl a score is kept in playing a 

game. 

fnl Itt 1m (tali-ho"), interj. the huntsman s 
iai-iy-IIU cr y to urge on his hounds: n. a 
four-in-hand coach. 

fal Iv man (t&lj-m&n), n. [pi. tallymen 
tdl-Ij -mail (-mSn)j, one who keeps a 

shop where goods sold are paid for by instal¬ 
ments, accounts being kept in duplicate 
books. . , . . 

fal Itt oliAAf (tall shet), a sheet on which 
LOI-iy oiled a score or account is kept. 

fal 1-iT- dion (tall shop), a shop where 
iai-iy ollUJJ goods are sold on the tally 

system, or instalment plan, accounts being kept 
in duplicate books. 

ini Ixt cure f Am (t^l I sis tern), the prac- 
1 <U-Ij oj o-lClil tice of selling goods on 
credit, to be paid for by instalments, buyer 
and seller each keeping an account in a 
duplicate book. 

Tol rviiirl (tal'mud), n. the book which 
X ai-iliuu contains the whole body of the 
Jewish civil and religious laws and traditions, 
fal ati (tal'un), n. the claw of a bird of 
IOI-U11 prey; as, the talon of an eagle; 
a kind of decorative molding or house decora¬ 
tion, usually called an ogee molding, whose 
curve is in the form of an 9. 
fa liic (talfis), n. [pi. tali (-11)J, the ankle 
Id-IUb or ankle-bone; a sloping heap of. 
broken rocks at the foot of a cliff or steep 
hill; the front slope of a fortification, 
fam a T\1a (tam'd-bl), adj. capable of 
being subdued, made gentle, 
or rescued from wildness or savagery. Also, 
tameable. 

fa m a 1 a (td-ma'lg), n. a kind of dumpling, 
la-Iiia-lC m ade of chopped meat and corn 
meal, seasoned with red pepper, wrapped in 
com husks, and boiled or steamed: of 
Mexican oiigin. 

fam a rarlr (tam'd-ra.k), n. the Ameri- 
Idlll-a-I ai/Jx can black larch of the pine 
tree family; the hackmatack. 

fam a riti (tam'd-rin), n. a small South 
lcu.il-a-1 III American marmoset, or kind of 
monkey, which runs about like a squirrel, 
fam a rinfl (tam'd-rlnd), n. a tall tropl- 
LOlii-a-i mu. ca i tree having yellow flowers 
striped with red, and pods containing an 
acid pulp: used for food and drink, and to 
fix colors in dyeing. 

fam a -riclr (t&m'd-rlsk), n. a tropical 
ld.lil-d.-I loll Asiatic tree or shrub with 
small pink or white flowers, 
fam finnr (tSin'boar), n. a kind of small 
laiu-uuui military drum; a drumlike 
embroidery frame, usually consisting of two 
closely fitting hoops, over which the material 
is stretched; embroidery made on such a 
frame; v.t. and v i. to embroider with, or 
upon, such a frame. 

fam Vw-vii rm a (tam*bo5-ren'). n. a small 
Idlll-UUU-rme hand-drum, having little 

metallic disks or jingles fastened in the hoop or 
rim, and played by striking, as with the 
knuckles; a lively old French dance, 
fam A ( tam )- a ° 7 j- [comp, tamer, superl. 
lcljj.Uw tamest], altered from native wild¬ 
ness; made useful to man; subdued; harm¬ 
less; gentle; lacking in spirit; dull: v.t. 
to bring from a wild to a gentle state; sub¬ 
due; make harmless; as, to tame a wild 
animal; remove spirit or courage from; 
make quiet.— adv. tamely. —n. tameness, 
fam a Iaco (tamfles), adj. wild; not capa- 
lOIiiC-ICbb ble of being subdued; high- 
spirited^ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 






tam-o’-shanter 


637 


tantamount 


fam-f» , -c'han for (tam"6=shan'ter), n. a 
UlIU u bnan-xer Scottish cap with a 

tight fitting headband and a loose, round top: 
popularly called a tarn. 

f anon (tamp), v.t. to block up (the blast-hole 
icu.xxp m a rock) with clay or similar ma¬ 
terial, in order to direct the force of the explo¬ 
sion; drive in or down by repeated gentle 
strokes. 

tam npr (tam'per), v.i. to meddle so as to 
t ' A injure or alter anything: followed 
by with; as, to tamper with a lock; to use 
unfair influence, especially to bribe; as, to 
tamper with a jury; to experiment foolishly; 
as. to tamper with stocks, 
tam nrvn (tam'pdn), n. a round stopper, 
tcuix-puix made of cotton, used to cleanse 
a wound or to stop its bleeding. 
f a tn -ism (tam'tam"), n. a drum used by 
taAiA tcu-ii .higglers, etc., in Turkey, Persia, 
India, etc. Also, tom-tom. 
fan (t&n), n - oa ^ bark, or other bark con- 
ACAAA tabling tannic acid, broken into small 
bits and used in making leather; a yellowish- 
brown color, like that of such bark; a brown 
color given to the skin by exposure to the 
sun; as, “barefoot boy, with cheek of tan”: 
v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. tanned, p.pr. tanningl, to 
convert (a hide) into leather by soaking in 
bark water; to make brown by exposure to 
the sun: v.i. ito ibecome brown in the sun: 
adj. yellowish-brown. _ 

fn*i o nrpr (t&n'a-jer), n. a bird of the 
finch family, usually of brilliant 

color. 

tan tiarlr (tan'bark'O, n - oak or other 
bark containing tannic acid, 
used in making leather, and. when spent, for 
circus rings, etc. 

tan Hpni (tan'dem), adv. one behind 
another; adj. arranged one 
behind another: 
n. a pair of horses 
harnessed one be¬ 
fore the other; a 
bicycle or tricycle 
for two, with one 
seat placed before 
the other. 

(t&ng), n 



Tandem 


tang a strong taste or flavor; especially, a 
taste that is unusual or does not belong to the 
thing itself; as, the peas have a tang of the 
can; a sharp flavor or tinge; as, a tang of 
bitterness in a remark; that part of a knife, 
fork, tool, etc., which is inserted into the han¬ 
dle; a sharp, twanging sound: v.t. to Cause 
to sound with a vibrant, ringing noise. 

rrtkn (tan'jen-sl), n. act of touch- 
tctll-gtll-Cy ing; state of being in contact; 
especially, the touching of a curve by a 
straight line. 

fern rrt^nf (tan'jent), adj. touching; in 
l '* AAA- tb'- /AAA geometry, meeting a curve only 
at one point, but not cutting it: n. a 
straight line that meets or touches a ’circle 
or curve, but does not cut it; any line or 
course leading abruptly away from the 
usual course; one of the trigonometric func¬ 
tions; in a right-angled triangle, the ratio 
between the side opposite and the side adja¬ 
cent to an acute angle. 

fan rmn fia\ (tan-jen'shal), adj. pertain- 
jijjg to, or in the direction 
of, a tangent, or straight line that touches a 
circle or curve, but does not cut it.— adv. 

tangentially. 

fan rrer (t&n'jer-en; tan'jer-en'), n. a 

-1116 kind of small, rather flat, 
red-skinned orange of high flavor. 



Tank 


fan nrj kil •* jbr (tan’jl-bll'I-tl), n. the 
'' <aAa- &*-*“'**"•*■-•v state or quality of being 
actual or real; capability of being touched, 
tan cri ’hi** (tan'jl-bl), adj. capable of be- 
tcui-gi-wic j n g touched; perceptible to 
the touch; capable of being possessed or real¬ 
ized; evident;, real; as, tangible proof.— adv . 
tangibly. —n. tangibleness, 
tan ctIa (tan'gl), v.t. to knot or snarl so as 
UAAA_ & AC to make difficult to unravel; to 
involve or implicate; as, to tangle oneself in 
excuses: v.i. to be entangled or involved: n. 
a knot woven confusedly together; a snarl; 
perplexity; a confused and puzzling situation; 
as, his affairs were in a tangle. 
tan cm (tan'gb; tan'go), n. a dance 
i£U.i~£U in two-four time marked by a great 
variety of steps. 

tan(tank). n. a large cistern or basin 
uum. built to hold water or other liquid; 
as, a swimming tank; a large, often circular, 
building for stor¬ 
ing a fluid, as gas, 
gasoline, etc.; an 
armored motor 
truck, used as an. 
engine of destrue-p. 
tion, adapted^^ 
from the cater-~ 
pillar tractor and 
equipped with 
guns, remarkable 
for its power to5go ahead over obstacles; 
first used by the British army in the World 
War. 

fanlr a cm (tank'&j), n. the contents or 
capacity of a receptacle for 
liquid; the price for putting or storing liquid 
in a tank. 

fan\r at-A (tSAk'3,rd), n. a large drinking 
lalJLA-cilU. vessel with a lid. 

fanlr rlrnmp (tank'drom"), n. a field for 
LaJ.i_£V-u.i cunc storing and repairing mili¬ 
tary tanks. 

fanlr or (tSfik'er), n. a naval or merchant 
lallii-Ci ship which supplies other ships 
with oil. 

fan tioln (tan'&t), n. a salt of tannic 
tiHl-Ild.te acid, or tannin. 

fan -nor (t&n'er), n. one whose trade is to 
make leather from hides. 
fan -nor V (tan'er-I), n. [pi. tanneries (-Iz)], 
Idli-llCl-j a place where hides are made 
into leather. 

fan nir (tan'Ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
A<AAA_AAAA/ obtained from, any bark, as oak, 
etc., which produces tan. 

fan nir* or id! (tan'Ik as'Id), a strong acid 
uui-niis ac-iu obtained from tea, sumac. 

gallnuts, etc., and used in tanning, dyeing, 
medicine, etc.: called also tannin. 
fan nin a (tan'Ing), p.pr. of tan: n. the 
L<AAA_AAAAA & process of converting hides into 
leather; a browning of the skin by exposure 
to the sun or weather. 

fan cv (tan'zl), n. a plant of the aster 
lali-oy family, with a bitter taste, a sharp,, 
spicy odor, and small yellow flowers. 

fan fa 1i 7 a ft on (tan^tc-ll-za'shfin), ft, 

toXl-Xd-ll-Zcl-LlOIl the act of teasing by 

exciting false hopes; the state of being so 
teased. 

fan fa Hta (tan'ta-liz), v.t. to tease or 
icui-ia-iLLC torment by exciting hopes or 
fears which will not be realized; to provoke. 

fan fa li'T in or (tan'td-lIzTng), adj. teas* 
IcUl-Xa-llZ-Ulg j n g or tormenting; 

voking.— adv. tantalizingly. 


pro¬ 


fan fa mminf (t&n'td-mount'), adi 
*' cA " AAAA 'tJXl. I equivalent or equal to In 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii 








tantrum 


638 


tart 


, n. a sudden out- 
temper or passion. 


value; as, your wish is tantamount to a 
command. 

tan-trum ££?*?> 

[COLLOQ.] 

fart xrarA (tan'yard"), n. an inclosed space 
uui-jraiu where hides are made into 
leather. 

fan (t&P). f V-t‘ and p.p. tapped, p.pr. 

*' a P tapping], to strike or touch lightly; 
as, to tap one with the hand; to give a light 
stroke or touch with; as, to tap a pencil on 
the desk; put a new sole or heel on; as, to 
tap shoes; make an outlet from; as, to tap 
a barrel; bore into in order to draw something 
out; as, to tap 
a maple tree for 
its sap; hence, 
to draw out of; 
as, to tap a Tap for Cutting Screw Threads 
source of infor¬ 
mation: v.i. to strike a light blow: n. a gentle 
blow or touch; pat; place where liquor is 
drawn and retailed; pipe through which 
liquor is drawn from a cask; faucet for draw¬ 
ing water; a piece of leather nailed or sewed 
on the bottom of a boot or shoe in repairing; 
a tool for cutting screw threads on an inner 
surface, as in a nut: pi. in the army and 
navy, a signal given with drum or bugle to in¬ 
dicate the hour for retiring: on tap, ready for 
use, as beer, in a cask. 

fa-no. (t a P)< n - a narrow woven band of linen 
la.pt; or cotton; the narrow strip of paper 
used on a printing telegraph or stock ticker; 
the line held to mark the finish of a race; a 
narrow strip of steel marked with dimensions 
so as to be used for measuring length. 
far\o Tina (tapiln"), n. a strip of fabric 
Idpc-illlt; or of metal, marked with inches, 
feet, etc., and used for measuring. 
fa r.or (ta'per), n. a small wax candle; a 
id.-pci sm all light; a gradual lessening of 
thickness toward a point; as, the taper of a 
cone: adj. growing smaller towards the point, 
or from the bottom to the top: v.i. to be¬ 
come gradually more slender: v.t. to narrow 
to a point. 

^ nor in tr (ta'per-Ing), adj. gradually 
-pci-Ulg growing smaller towards a 
point; as, tapering fingers. 

♦an oc fr\r (t&p'Ss-trl), n. [pi. tapestries 
lap-tJb-iry (_trlz)], a fabric in which 
colored threads of wool or silk are so woven 
as to form a picture or design: originally 
woven by hand, later by machine, and 
used for hanging on walls, etc. : v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. tapestried, p.pr. tapestrying], to hang, 
or adorn, with tapestry. 

tap-es-try car-pet pt^km^of 

carpet somewhat resembling Brussels. 

♦ana worm (tap'wfirm*), n. a long flat, 
Ictpc-WUIIIl parasitic worm often found 

In the intestines of man and animals. 

tap-i-o-ca 

(tapT-o'ka), 
n. a coarse, 
grainlike 
foodstuff . 
made from 3^ 
cassava, a 
nutritious 
starch,and 
used in pud¬ 
dings, etc. 

fa ntr (ta'per), n. a South American animal, 
la-pil 0 f the rhinoceros family, having short 
hair, short legs, and a long snout. 



Tapir 


fa nic (ta'pls; t&p'Is; ta'pe'), n. tapestry, or 
Id-pio similar material, used for wall hang¬ 
ings or floor covering: originally, the cover of 
a council table: on the tapis, on the table; 
up for, or under, consideration. 
fan naf (tSp'St), n. in a machine, a small 
tap-pci lever or projection, touching, or 
touched by, some other part of the machine, 
and used to regulate motion, as in the open¬ 
ing and closing of valves in steam pumps. 
fan rnnm (tap'room"), n. a place where 
lap-lUUiil liquors are kept ready to be 
drawn and sold; a barroom. 
fan rr\nf (tap'root"), n. the main root of a 
ta|J-I UU l plant, growing straight down¬ 
ward and sending off smaller roots. 
fan cf or (tap'ster), n. one whose business 
lap-old i s to draw liquor from a cask or 
barrel; a bartender. 

4 .of (tar), n. a thick, dark-brown, oily, 
tai sticky substance obtained from pine or 
fir trees, coal, etc.; a sailor or seaman: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. tarred, p.pr. tarring], to smear 
with, or as with, tar. 

fa rart f a 1 la (ta rin-tSl u)» n. a wild, 
la-Iali-ld-Ia ra pid Italian dance; the 

music for such a dance. 

fa ran hii 1 a (td-ran'ttl-ld), n. a large 
ta-uui-iu-ia poisonous spider usually 
found in warm countries. 
far Hv (tar'dl), adj. [comp, tardier, superl. 
UU.-U.jf tardiest], moving with a slow pace 
or motion; not swift; not prompt; late.— 
adv. tardily.— n. tardiness. 
faro (tar), n • an allowance of weight made 
lal C to a purchaser by deducting the weight 
of a container; as, the tare of a barrel of sugar 
is the weight of the empty barrel; in the 
Bible, a kind of weed growing in grainflelds, 
supposed to be the darnel. 
far crof (tar'get), n. a small shield: a 
loi-gCl mark set up for archery, rifle, or 
artillery practice; one who, or that which, 
is made an object of criticism, remark, etc.; 
as, he was a target for their ridicule. 
far iff (tar'If), n. a schedule or table of 
lal-111 duties or taxes placed by a govern¬ 
ment on goods coming into, or going out of, 
the country; any schedule or system of 
rates, charges, etc.; a tax or duty levied or 
charged according to such a schedule. 
far 1 a fan (tarid-tan), n. a kind of thin, 
tai -!«■-toll stiff, open-meshed dress-muslin. 
farn (tarn), n - a small lake or pool in the 
taili mountains or forests. 
far (tar'nlsh), v.t. to dull the bright- 

lai-liloxi ness 0 f. to gully or stain: v.i. to 
lose luster or brightness; become dull: n. 
dulness; lack of polish; stain. 

far nan Tin (tar-p6'lln), n. stout Water¬ 
loo.-pa u-iixi proof canvas used for cover¬ 
ing a ship’s hatches, boats, etc.; a hat or 
coat of waterproof canvas. 
fa r nnn (tar'pon), n. a large sea flsh found 
uu-pun i n West Indian waters. 
far rv (tar'l), *'•*• IP- 1 - and P-P■ tarried, 
UU-AJf p.pr. tarrying], to live in a place for 
a time; stay; stay behind; delay; linger. 
far rv (tar'l), adj. covered with, or caused 
iai-I y by, tar: like tar. 
far cal (tar'sSI), adj. pertaining to the ankle 
lai-oax or it s bone: n. an ankle bone. 
far ciic (tar'sus), n. [pi. tarsi (-si)], the 
lal-&Uo ankle; the ankle bones; the in¬ 
step; the plate of tissue which stiffens the 
eyelids of man and many animals: called 
also the tarsal plate. 

farf (t ar t)* adj. sharp to the taste; acid; 
tail severe; keen; as, a tart answer: n. a 
small open pie filled with custard, fruit, jelly, etc. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, st6p, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfrrn, cut, focus, menu; 











tartan 


639 


tax 


far fori ^ tar tSn), n. woolen cloth, woven 

ICU.-UUJ. with a checkered or crossbarred 
pattern of narrow bands of various colors; 
such a pattern; any material, as gingham, of 
such a pattern: adj. made from, or in the 
pattern of, tartan; as, a tartan plaid. 
far far (t&r'tar), n. a white substance often 
icu-icu. found encrusting the teeth; the 
salt of tartaric acid, found in grape juice and 
forming a reddish crust on the inside of wine 
casks. 

f Tar far (tar'tdr), n. a resident of Tartary: 
J.CU.-UU. better called Talary: tartar, a 
person of irritable or savage temper; a person 
who is too strong for one who attacks him. 
Also, Tatar. 

far far a in(f&r'tdr S-m<3t'lk), a 
lcii -ia» c-iuct-iw poisonous white sub¬ 
stance used to induce sweating or vomiting. 
far far in (tar-tar'Ik), adj. pertaining to. 
lcu-lcu-ivs or derived from, the crystallized 
sediment of grape juice, or tartar. 

fct‘t m far if* of* Jfl (tar-tar'Ik 5s'Id), an 
Icti-lctl -11, dU-lU. acid found in the juice 

of grapes, mountain-ash berries, etc., and 
used in dyeing, calico printing, photography, 
medicine, etc. 

Tat* fa me (tar'td-rus), n. in mythology, 
lai-ia-iuo the infernal regions; a place 
of punishment for wicked spirits; Hades. 
fa ctr (task) • n • labor, work, or study imposed 
LdoJa. by another: usually a certain amount; 
a lesson to be learned; duty; undertaking; 
work: v.t. to impose a certain amount of work 
upon; burden. 

foclr mac fc>r (t&sk'm&s'tSr) , n. one who, 
Ulon-iuao-ici or that which, sets a piece 
of work for another and oversees it. 


■foclr xjtYr\r\r (taskwork*), n. a definite skin and rubbing a stain or dye into 
Idoxv- wUI x\. piece of work set to be done; wounds; the_designs so made on skin 

• 4 /1A ' l-v \ -VI A ( 2, AT^TVl n +TTTV 


piecework. 

+oc col (tSs'l), n. a hanging ornament con- 
Ido-oCi sisting of a bunch of threads or 
cords of silk, wool, etc.; the hanging flower 
or head of certain plants; as, com tassels: 
v.i. [p.t. and p.p. |tasseled, p.pr. tasseling], to 
put forth hanging flowery head3: v.t. to trim 
with, or make into, tassels. 
t&S sel°d V- a dj. decorated with 


tassels, or hanging ornaments 
©f silk, wool, etc.; as, a tasseled curtain; 
bearing hanging blossoms or heads, 
foefd (fast), v.t. to perceive or know by 
Idolc the tongue and palate; to test by 
eating or drinking a little of; to find out the 

flavor of by eating or drinking a little; to f ai1 f n 1r%cr i col (to ff t6-15j'T-k?Ll 
participate in or experience; as, to taste to- wui-iu-iug-i-cax full of needless 
to enjoy: v.i. to try food by the tongue 


morse; 

or palate; to have a certain flavor; to eat or 
drink sparingly; to partake; to have experi¬ 
ence or enjoyment: with of: n. the flavor of a 
substance as perceived by the tongue and 
palate; act of taking into the mouth to find 
out the quality or flavor; a little bit or piece; 
a small quantity tasted; the one of the five 
senses which perceives the flavor of sub¬ 
stances by the tongue and palate; liking or 
inclination: with for; as, he had from his 
youth a taste for reading; ability to see and 
admire what is beautiful; critical judgment; 
habit or manner in relation to that which is 
refined or elegant; as, she dresses in good 
taste. —n. taster. . _ . 

(tast'fobl), adj. marked by, 
or showing, refinement, good 
Judgment, or sense of the beautiful; as, a 
tasteful arrangement of pictures on a wall. 
adv. tastefully.—n. tastefulness. 

Syn. dainty, delicate, tasty, nice, artistic. 
Ant, (see distasteful), 


taste-ful 


fa cf o lose (tastlfe), adj. without flavor; 
laolc-lcoo insipid, as food; lacking 

refinement.— n. tastelessness, 
fjsof v (tas'tl), adj. having a fine flavor; 
taot-y savory; as, a tasty dish of food; col¬ 
loquially, showing artistic refinement.— adv. 
tastily.— n. tastiness. 

fnf (tat), v.t. and v.i. to make (trimming or 
l(Xl lace) by looping and knotting thread 
wound on a shuttle. Also, tatt. 

To f ar (ta'tar), n. a member of one of the 
X <x- tell tribes of Tatary (Tartary), or 
central and eastern Asia. Also, Tartar. 
faf far (t&t'8r), n. a loose-hanging rag 1 : 
lai-ici pi rags: v.t. to make ragged; to 
rend or tear: v.i. to become ragged. 

tat-ter-de-mal-ion 

fellow; a ragamuffin. 

faf fdrdH (tat'erd), p.adj. ragged; torn 
to pieces; raggedly dressed; 
hanging in shreds. 

faf finer (t&t'Ing), n. a kind of narrow lace 
f or edging, made with a small 
hand-shuttle; art of making such lace. 
faf fl<a to chatter; to talk idly 

Lett- Lie or trfflingly; to tell tales or secrets: 
n. trifling or idle_talk; gossip n. tattler. 
faf f nn (ta-too ). n a beat of drum, or 
Idl-LUU other signal, especially for warning 
soldiers to retire to their quarters; marks or 
figures made by puncturing the skin with a 
needle and rubbing a stain or dye into the 
wounds: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tattooed, p.pr. 
tattooing], to mark (the skin) permanently by 
puncturing (it) and staining the wounds. 
faf fnn in tr (ta-too'Ing), n. the operation 
ldl-LUU-lli£> or practice of puncturing the 

the 


fan Kp (to'be), n. a German type of air- 
Idu-UC plane having a single supporting 


past parti- 


plane; a monoplanp, 
fono-lif (tdt), Past tense and 
IdUgllL cipie of the verb teach. 
foilnf (tant; tont), n. a bitter or sarcastic 
LdUi.lt reproach: v.t. to reproach with bitter, 
sarcastic, or insulting language; to revile 
jeer at.— adv. tauntingly. — n. taunter. 

'1*3.11 rus - n * a c° ns tellation. 


or 


or 

containing the 
of the zodiac 


taut 


as, a 


cluster of stars, 

Pleiades; one of the signs 
called the Bull. [Lat.] 

(t6t). adj. tight; stretched; 
taut rope; snug; secure. 

(to " t5-16j 'I - k5.1), adj . 
_ full of needless repeti¬ 

tion; tending without necessity to repeat the 
same idea in different words.— adv. tautologi¬ 
cally. 

frt f n l r\ rr\T (tfi-tdl'o-jl), n. \pi. tautolo- 
LdU-LUi-u-gj gies (-jiz)], a useless repeat¬ 
ing of the same idea in different words; 
needless repetition which adds nothing to the 
sense or sound; as, a panacea for alleills. 
fa\r dm (tav'ern), n. an inn or public 
Ldv-CIil house; a hotel; a house licensed 
to sell liquor in small quantities, 
foixr (to), v.t. to soften and bleach (skins) 
IdW ready for finishing: n. colloquially, a 
game of marbles; a marble to be played with, 
foixr f\rxr (fo'drt), adj. showy without ele- 
IdW-Uiy gance; cheap and gaudy; as, a 
tawdry dress.— adv. tawdrily. —n. tawdriness* 
four nv (tS'nl), adj. of a yellowish-brown 
La W-11 j color; as, the tmony lion. 1 
fov (t&ks)* n. a charge or duty on income 
LaJi. or property, imposed by government 
for the use of the public; a heavy or oppres- 
sive burden: as. a tar on one’s strength: v.tf 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







taxability 


640 


to impose a rate or duty upon for state, or 
city purposes; as, to tax the use of luxuries; 
burden or oppress; as, to tax ones memory; 
accuse; as, to tax a man with crime or dis¬ 
honor. , . , . ... 

Syn., n. custom, duty, unpost, excise, toil, 

assessment, rate. . „ ^ _ 

x_„ _ i-ii ; x TT (taktsa-bH'I-tl), n. the state 
taX-a-DU-l-Xy of being liable to have a 
duty levied upon. 

_ i-1^ (tak'sd-bl), adj. subject .or 
taX-a-Die liable to have a duty levied 
upon; as, taxable property, 
x „ x- „ (tak-sa'shfin), n. the act of 
taX-a-TlOn imposing a charge or duty 
on persons or property; rate or sum imposed; 
a system of raising money for public use; as, 
the business of taxation. 

(tak'sl-kab"), n. a motor cab 


having a mechanical device for 


tax-i-cab __ 

registering time and distance traveled, the 
rate of fare being based on these. 

- v (tak'si-dflr'mlst), n. one 

taX-l-aei-miST -who is skilled in the art 

of preserving, stuffing, and mounting the 
skins of animals so as to show their natural 

rmr (t&k'sl-dllr'ml), n. the art 
tax-l-aer-my of preserving, stuffing, and 
mounting the skins of animals so as to rep¬ 
resent their natural appearance. 

. _ i—f. (tak-sIm'S-ter). n. an auto- 

iaX-ini-e-Lei matic device for measuring 
the distance traveled by a cab in order to 

6how the fare due. .. 

x„^ • _ (tak'sln; tak'sm), n. a narcotic 

tax-nie drug obtained from the leaves 

and seeds of the yew tree. . . 

x_„ (tak-son'o-mT), n. the classi- 

tax-on-o-iny fleation of animals and 

plants: a branch of biology. 

, (te) n. a shrub or small tree cultivated 
16a i n China, Japan. India, etc., for its leaves; 
the dried leaves of the tea plant; the drink 
obtained by pouring hot water on these 
leaves; in England, a late afternoon meal at 
which tea is served; in the United States, 
6 upper; an afternoon reception; a drink made 
of some other substance, as beef tea, etc. 

__ (tech), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. taught, p.pr 
W0S.LI1 teaching], to make to know or under¬ 
stand; hence, to train in some line of ac¬ 
tivity; to give knowledge of; as, to teach 
Latin; give knowledge to; as, to teach a 
pupil; instruct; inform; cause to learn or 
acquire skill in: v.i. to give instruction. 

Syn. drill, educate, train. 

(tech'a-bl), adj. open to 
T6o.CIl-a.-DIC instruction; able to learn; 
willing to receive knowledge, 
x „t- ^ (tech'er), n. an instructor; one 
T6oCU-Cr w ho gives knowledge to others 
4 .^ _ _i_ (tech'Tng), n. the act or busi- 

TGoCll-lIlg ness of giving knowledge to 
others; instruction; that which is taught. 
4-o-a run (te'kup"), n. a cup in which the 
T6o-CU.p beverage tea is served; a teacupful. 

(te'kup"fc>bl), n. [pi teacup- 
t6a.-Cup-IUl f U i s (foblz)]. as much of any 
substance as can be contained in a teacup. 

0 1 _. (tek), n. a tall East Indian tree whose 
t T6oK leaves yield a red dye; the hard, 
durable timber of this tree, used for ship¬ 
building, and yielding a medicinal oil. 

(te'ket"l), n. a kettle, of tm. 
Tco-lktit-llc copper, etc., with a handle 
and a spout, used for boiling water for tea, 

5®). n - a klnd of sma11 - wild> frestl - 

X“dl water duck 


technicality 

TTTZT (tern), n two or more homes or 
Team other beasts in one harness; .the ani¬ 
mals, with their harness and the vehicle that 
they draw: often, a single animal in harness, 
and the vehicle; a group or brood of young, 
especially of ducks; a number of persons 
working or playing together, as to form a side 
in a game, to raise a sum of money, etc. 
x_-,~ 0 +^, 1 r (tem'ster), n. the driver of a 
team-Ster team of horses or other ani¬ 
mals; one whose business is hauling. 

Tiri-wr-lr (tem'wurk"), n. wmrk done 
team-WOrK by a pair of ammals in 
harness; efficient work done in harmony b> a 
group of people for a common cause, no one 
seeking his own interest. , . , 

_- x I'te'pdt"), n. a vessel with a spout. 
tea-pOX handle, and cover, in which tea is 
drawn, or made, and from which it is served, 
x _ (ter), n. a small drop of the watery 
Tear flujd secreted or given forth by a 
gland of the eye; any drop of a similar shape. 

(tar), 7 i. a rent; a hole made by pull- 
iear j ng apart: v.t. [p.t. tore, p.p. torn, 
tearing], to pull apart; to separate by 


79 777* iicnmi - i w* . r . T . ^ «*!/**» »»y _ 

violence or force; rend; scratch; as, the 
thorns mil tear your hands; fill with distress; 
separate by disagreement; as, the state is 
torn by civil war: v.i. to part on being pulled 
or roughly handled; to move or act with 
force or agitated haste. 

X_ 0 „ (ter'fool), adj. full of tears; given 

10d.I-I UI to weeping; causing tears. —a dr. 
tearfully.— n. tearfulness. J „ T 

x„_ /-roo (ter'gas"), n. m the World War, 
xear-gd-b a gas released from a bomb or 
shell, which caused the eyes to water and thus 
brought on temporary blindness. 

Xloco (ter'les), adj. not given to weep- 
lUcil-iCbb hig; not able to weep; dry¬ 
eyed. , . 

(tez), v.t. to comb or unravel, as 
XUdbtJ wool or flax; to separate the fibers 
of; to roughen, as cloth, with a teasel; annoy; 
to persist in making petty requests of or to; 
to Vex by good-natured ridicule: n. collo¬ 
quially, one who annoys by petty requests or 
by ridicule. 

eel (te'zl), n. a prickly plant whose 
Kid-bci flower head is covered with hooked 
burrs; one of these flower heads dried and 
used to raise the nap of woolen cloth; a sub¬ 
stitute for this head. Also, teazel. 

enonn (te'spoon"), n. a spoon used 
tLd.-bjJUUU. for stirring tea; the spoon of 
ordinary size for table use. 

civnrvn flit (te'spoon"fool), n. [pi. 
xea-spoon-iul teaspoonfuls (-foolz)], as 

much of any substance as a teaspoon will 
hold. 

x 0 x (tet), 7 i. the nipple of the female 
I 6 clt breast, or the long nipples of the ud¬ 
der, or bag, of an animal, as a cow. 

■f-onli nir (tek'nlk), adj. pertaining to the 
LCHl-llIL mechanical arts; relating to 
art, science, or to a particular profession: 
7 i. manner of performance in an art: pi. those 
branches of learning which relate to the arts; 
doctrine of arts in general. 

■fo/'ti -ni rot (tek'nl-kal), adj. relating to 
Lt/Lil-lll-LCU. the mechanical arts, or any 
art or science: having to do with the exact 
or mechanical part of any branch of learning. 
— ado. technically. 

tArh ni-Tfll i tv (tSk'nl-k&l'I-tt), ti the 
XULIl-IU-LcLL-I- ly state or quality of per¬ 
taining to the mechanical or exact side of any 
art or science; anything pertaining to the- 
mechanical or exact side of any art or science; 
sometimes, a small point, well taken, but fre- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, &sk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 












technique 


641 


telephone 


quently of a trifling or quibbling nature; as, 
he was acquitted on the strength of a tech¬ 
nicality. 

•torli riimm (tSk'nek'). n. the method of 
performance in any fine art. 

■tnrli nn loo* i cf ll (tSk n6-loj i-k§,l),cny. 
xecn-no-iog-l-cdl pertaming to tech¬ 
nology, or the science of the industrial arts. 

tech-nol-o-gist'Ll^'^^ctaoio 0 ” 

or industrial science; one versed in the knowl¬ 
edge of industries, etc. 

•frorVi -nnl n crvr (tek-nol'o-jl). n. the sci- 
xecn-noi-o-gy ence of the industrial 
arts; the science which treats of industries 
and manufactures. 

x-._i_ it (tech'I), adj. [comp, techier, superl. 
ItiL/H-y techiest], fretful; peevish; irritable; 
easily offended. Also, tetchy. 

A-Jj (ted), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tedded, p.pr. 
IvJU tedding], to turn or spread for drying, 
as new-mown hay. 

a - J A o-r tted'er), n. a machine for spread- 
XCti-tlCl tng hay; one who spreads some¬ 
thing for drying. 

'T. r\ D 11 m de'Gm), a hymn of praise 
AC J-JC-UlIl or thanksgiving beginning, 
*‘We praise thee, O God”; music for this 
hymn. [Lat.] 

x- mic (te'dl-fis; ted'yfis), ad), weari- 
VC-Cll-Gtio some; tiresome; as, tedious work 
or hours.— adv. tediously.— n. tediousness. 
a ~ j* 11TY1 (te'dl-um), n. wearisomeness; 
tC-U’-UIil tiresomeness; monotony. 
x_ vte), n. the mark aimed at in the games 
tee of quoits, curling, etc.; a little mound of 
earth from which the ball is struck in golf; a 
short piece of pipe shaped like the letter T: 
v.t. in golf, to place (the ball) on the mound 
of earth called the tee. 

(tem), v.i. to be very productive; be 
It;Clll f u ii; be stocked to overflowing; as, 
the river teems with fish. 

• _ (tem'Ing), p.adj. producing 

teem-ing freely, as young; fruitful; full; 
overflowing; as, a brook teeming with trout, 
tonne (tenz). n.pl. years of one’s age 
ICCllo marked by numbers ending in -teen; 
as, a girl in her teens. 

. _ _ _ (te'pe), n. one of the cone-shaped 

Icc-pee tents or dwellings of the Indians. 
±. (te'ter), v.t. and v.i. to seesaw: n. a 

icC-XCl seesaw. 

f al, (teth), n. plural of the noun tooth; as, 
LCCXIl clean teeth never decay. 

(teth), v.i. 1 p.t. and p.p. teethed, 
IcClllC p.pr. teetning], to grow or cut the 

(tem'Ing), n. the process of 
IcClll-lllg growing or cutting teeth. 

- x_ x -1 (te-to't&l). adj. colloquially. 
tee-XU-UU entire or total; pertaining to 
those who do not drink intoxicating liquors.— 
idv. teetotaUy. . . . 

4 - 0 1 Qf (te-to't51-er), n. a total 
C66-XU-L«*l-Ci abstainer, or one who does 
aot drink intoxicating liquors. Also, tee¬ 
totaller. 

< __ x_ x-i ; pn1 (te-to'tS,l-Izm), n. the 

l6G-tO-t9i-lSni principle or practice of 
lot drinking intoxicating liquors, 
i. i A A, trr % (te-to'tum), n. a kind of top, 
cee-xo-xum often a flat circular p’ate with 
i peg through the center, spun by the fingers. 

„ _,__x (tSg'fl-mSnt), n. a natural 
.eg-U-ment covering or envelope; skin, 
j i| (tel), n. the linden, or lime, tree of 
tell Europe; the terebinth. 

1 _ (t6r6-f6r'I-kd), n. a cable- 

tel-e-ier-l-ca wav built through the air, 


on the principle of an overhead ore tramway; 
used by the Italians in the World War to carry 
men and supplies to high mountain positions. 
4. 0 1 oi err am (tel'S-gram). n. a written 
tci-c-gi cun message sent, and received at 
a distance, by means of electric current passing 
over wires. 

+ck1 o rrrcrnh (tel'6-graf), n. an instrument 
ICi-C-glcipn or system for sending and 

receiving written messages at a distance by 
means of electricity: v.t. to send by means of 
electricity passing through wires, as a message; 
to send such a message to; to signal: v.i. to 
send a message by means of electric current 
passing through wires. 

x_ jpg- ra r»V»pr (t8-18g ni-fer, tel S-gTaf 
LC-lCg-lct-piid er), n. one who sends or 
receives messages sent by means of electric 
current passing through wires. 

+£k1 o erranh ir (tel"e-gr&f'Ik), adj. of or 
Xei-e-gld-pil-lG pertaining to the instru¬ 
ment or system for sending and receiving 
written messages at a distance by means of 
electricity.— adv. telegraphically. 

Icktr -nViict (tS-16g'rd-fIst; t61'8- 
xe-ieg-ra-pmsx graf'lst), n. one 

skilled in the art of using the instrument for 
sending and receiving written messages sent 
at a distance by means of electricity; a 
telegrapher. 

too- rn -nhnnp <t6-teg'rd-fon), n. an 
Xo-Icg-I ct-pilUliv; instrument connected 

by a magnet with the receiver of a telephone, 
so that it records and reproduces the sound 
transmitted. 

tel-e-graph-o-scope & S 5p*'.*«.« 

instrument by which a picture may be trans¬ 
mitted and reproduced by the telegraph. 

+<=k loo- ra iVhtr (tS-Mg'rd-fD, n. the science, 
IC-lCg-l cl-piiy ar t;, or process of making 

and using instruments that send or receive 
messages sent at a distance by means of 
electricity. 

■fckl o 1 or +rir (tSl'S-lSk'trik). adj. per- 
Xcl-“-ict-U lG tabling to the transmission 

of sound to a distance by electricity. 
x_ l QtYI 0 (tS-lSm'S-ter), n. an instru- 

Ic-lclII-C-lCl ment for measuring tha 
distance of some point from the person 
observing, as the distance of a star from a 
telescope; an instrument to record measure¬ 
ments (as of a thermometer) at a distance, 
•fol onlAin; (tfil"6-01'ft-jl; te'lS-51'fr-jI). 
X61-6-0l-0-gy n. the idea or doctrine that 
the existence of everything in nature can be 
explained in terms of purpose; the philo¬ 
sophical study of evidence of a creator’s 
design in nature.— adj. teleological, 
to 1 An 4-hv (tfr-lep'd-thl), n. the trans- 
ference, or sending, of 
thought from one person to another, without 
words, consciously or unconsciously.— adj. 
telepathic.— adv. telepathically. 

■fol o nil rm A (tel'Afon), n. an Instrument 
ICl-C-piIUliC for sending and receiving 
speech or other sounds at a distance by means 
of electricity: v.t. and v.i. to communicate 
or talk bv such an instrument. 

X~1 0 Tillrm ir (t81'8-f6nTk), adj pertain- 
tei-e-pnon-ic Jjjg to, or carried by, the 

instrument for sending and receiving speech 
or other sounds at a distance by means of 
electricity; as, a telephonic communication: 
carrying sound to a distance. 
x_i o -nilnr* icf (ter^-fonTst). n. one who 
X61-6-pilOIi-lSX j s skilled in using, or who 
operates, the instrument for sending and 
receiving speech or other sounds at a distance 
by means of electricity. 


Doot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when 
•h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn 











telephony 


642 



Equatorial Telescope 


Ion Vi o nv (tfi-lSf;*-*#: tei'S-fo'nl). n. 
le-iepn-O-ny the science, art, or process 
of sending sounds to a distance, especially by 
electricity. , Vl ,. .. , . 

tel-e-pho-tog-ra-phy flf, n. the send¬ 
ing and reproducing of photographs at a dis¬ 
tance by means of a method like that used in 
the electric telegraph; the taking of pictures 
at a distance by a camera which enlarges the 
objects so as to make them seem near by. 

4-ot o nncf (tel S-post'), n. a system of 
ICi-C-pUo l telegraphing by aid of a 
punched tape, by which messages may be 
sent with extreme rapidity. . , . 

o crnnp (tfel'6-skop), n an optical m- 
Icl-c-otUpc strument, made of a series of 
long tubes, provided 
with lenses: used for 
magnifying and mak¬ 
ing visible objects at 
a distance, especially 
the moon, stars, etc.; 
any article made of 
parts fitting within 
one another, as do 
the sections of some 
telescopes, so that it 
can be extended in 
size; as, a land of 
extensible valise is 
called a telescope: v.i. 
to force a way end¬ 
wise one within an¬ 
other, as cars in a 
railway collision. 

tel-e-scop-ic 

(tel w g-sk6p'Ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or to 
be seen by, an instrument for magnifying and 
making visible objects at a distance; as, t^lc- 
scopic study of the stars; farseeing; as, a 
telescopic eye; having the power to extend or 
close up, by sliding one part into another. 
Also, telescopical.— adv. telescopically. 
a i (tS-les'ko-plst), n. one 

TC-ICS-CO-pioL w jjo is skilled in using the 
instrument which magnifies and makes visible 
objects at a distance, or in making such 
instruments. 

Ioq ro nv (t&-les'k&-pl), n. the art or 
IC-iCo-t/U-py science of making or using 

telescopes. 

x A ii (tel), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. told. p.pr. telling], 
Vdi to count; to mention one by one; as, 
to tell one’s beads; to disclose; to relate; to 
inform; to express or make known by words; 
narrate; explain; communicate; decide; as, 
I cannot tell what is best to do; order; as, I 
told the officer to report; confess; recognize; 
as, I cannot tell who she is at this distance: 
v.i. to give an account; report; play the 
informer; take effect; as, the continued 
attacks began to tell upon the enemy’s defense. 
x_ii (tel'er), n. one who discloses, nar- 
XCIl-CI rates, communicates, etc.; a bank 
clerk who receives and pays money over the 
counter; one who counts the votes in a legis¬ 
lative body, assembly, meeting, etc. 

(tei'lng), n. the act of relating or 
tcli.-li.l3 making known: p.adj. effective; 
as, his words had a telling effect, 
fckll (tfirtal*), n. a talebearer; an in- 

VCll-La.it; former; one who betrays secrets 
or makes known private affairs; anything 
that gives information or warning; as, the 
snow is a great telltale: adj. betraying; giving 
information of what should be kept secret; 
as. a telltale blush. 


temporary 

~ (tSl'8-tip ), n. an electric tele- 

tel-O-type gra ph that prints the message 

recei vcd 

. ‘ ‘ x_ r (tS-mgr'I-tl). n. foolhardiness; 

te-mer-l-iy rashness; unwise willingness 
t/O t^ke risks. 

Syn. heedlessness, audacity, hastiness. 

Ant. (see caution). 

(tem'pcr), v.t. to change or 
xem-per regulate; to soften; as, to temper 
a rebuke with a smile; make gentle; to mix 
to the proper degree of firmness or softness, 
as clay; bring to a proper degree of toughness 
or hardness; as, to temper steel: n. state ot a 
metal as to its hardness or toughness; the 
degree of firmness or softness in a properly 
proportioned mixture, as of clay or mortar; 
mental disposition; as, a mild temper; mood; 
heat of mind or passion; readiness to anger; 
self-control; as, to keep one’s temper.~ 
i + (tem'per-a-ment). n. 

tCHl-pCr-3.-II16Ilt disposition; the nat¬ 
ural mental and physical character or make r 
up of a person. , 

tem-per-a-men-tal 

from, or pertaining to, the natural mental or 
physical make-up; as, a temperamental peculi¬ 
arity; of changing temper; sensitive; easily 
irritated; as, she is so temperamental that she 
is hard to get along with.— adv. tempera- 
men! ally. . 

(tem'per-Sns), n. modera- 
tem-per-ance tion; habit of avoiding 
extremes; self-control, especially in the use 
of alcoholic liquors and of food; soberness. 

nor a to (tem'per-at), adj. moderate; 
xem-per-cue no t a pt to go to extremes; 

not inclined to eat or drink to excess; calm; 
not liable to excess of heat or cold; mild in 
climate or temperature; as, the temperate 
zone.-— adv. temperately. —n. temperateness. 

0 (tgm'per-a-tur), n. de- 

tem-per-a-ture gree or amount of heat 
or cold; state as to heat or cold. 

norpH (tgm'perd), adj. haying some 
XGIH-pCIcU special kind of disposition; 
as, sweet -tempered or ill -tempered; hardened; 
as, tempered steel. . , 

fam noct (tem'pest). n. a very violent 
LGlIl-pGoL storm; -wind rushing with great 
force, usually accompanied by rain, hail, etc.; a 
hurricane; any violent tumult or commotion. 

tem-pes-tu-ous ve“"stormy a . S pert2in: 
ing to, or like, a furious storm: as, a tempestu¬ 
ous sea; violent.— adv. tempestuously. — 
n. tempestuousness. 

'Tom nl or (tgm'plar), n. one of a religious 
■L Glll-pial an d military order; a member 
of the order of Freemasonry, which claims 
to be descended from the ancient Templars. 
'Tom nlo (tem'pl), n. a building for relig- 
-L Clil — piC ious worship; the flat part of the 
head, at the side, above the cheek bone. 

■fom idiot (tem'plet), n. a flat pattern of 
Iclll-picl WOO d or metal; a short stone 
or timber for distributing weight in a build¬ 
ing; a wedge under a ship’s keel. Also, tem¬ 
plate. *• 

tom -no (tSiti'P 0 )* n • i n music, the time- 
lclll“pu ra t, e j n which a composition is ren¬ 
dered; time. 

tom -no ral (tem'po-ral), odj. not eternal 
LGIll“pU“Ial or everlasting; pertaining to 
the present life; secular; of the world; relat¬ 
ing to civil or political matters, as distinct 
from religious.—n. temporality, 
tom -no rs*-r\7 (tem'pS-ra-rl), adj. tran- 
pu i<x i.y S ient. or passing; not 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 
























temporize 


643 


tense 


permanent; existing or continuing for a limited 
time; as, temporary relief, or a temporary con¬ 
dition.— adv. temporarily. —n. temporariness. 
f prn r^n ri'/p* (tem'pd-riz), v.i. to yield to 
tdxx-pv-J.xz,c current opinion or circum¬ 
stances so as to gain time; delay; try to 
please both parties.— n. temporizer, 
ipmnt (tSmpt), v.t. to try to persuade; to 
ICxlipt lead, or try to lead, into evil ways; 
as, the serpent tempted Eve; entice; allure; 
defy; as, to tempt fate or fortune, 
t-omn fn firm (temp-ta'shhn), n. the act 
Idbip-la.-llUll 0 f leading, or the state of 

being led, into evil; persuasion, especially to 
evil; enticement; that which allures. 
fpkTTvnt or (temp'ter), n. [fern, temptress], 
l-Cl one who seeks to lead into evil, 
especially the devil. 

fprnnf i-ncr (tempting), adj. alluring; at- 
ICiiipL-JULig tractive; as, a tempting meal. 
— adv. temptingly.— n. temptingness. 

+f»r» a( lj- one more than nine; twice 

lt;ll five: n. the sum of five and five; ten 
units; a sign for ten units, as 10 or x. 

+£»« q Kil i tv (ten"a-bll'I-tl), n. the state 
ICIl-ct-Uli-l-Lj or quality of being capable 
of being defended or held. 
t<an o 'hl/a (tgn'a-bl), adj. capable of being 
Idl-cl-UIC field, maintained, or defended; 
as, a tenable argument or position.— adv. 
tenably. —n. tenableness. 

rirvitc (te-na'shus), adj. holding fast 
IC-lia-blUUo or firmly; as, the tenacious 

grip of a bulldog’s jaw; tenacious of one’s 
rights; sticky, as glue; tough, as steel; capa¬ 
ble of holding or retaining; as, a tenacious 
memory.— adv. tenaciously, 
to rtnr i tv (tS-nas'i-tl), n. the state or 
ic-lldc-l-iy quality of being able or 
inclined to hold fast; as, tenacity of memory 
or purpose; stickiness; toughness, as of metal. 

OT , ~, 7 (ten'an-sT), n. [pi. tenancies 
Icll-all-ty (-slz)], temporary holding of 
land or houses; the period of possession of 
one who rents property; in law, a holding of 
lands and houses by any title; ownership. 

X _ ont (tenant), n. one who holds pos- 
ICll-dill session of real estate by any sort 
of title or right; one who holds lands or 
houses from another; an occupant: v.t. to 
hold by rent from another. 

(ten'ant-rl), n. [pi. tenantries 
len-anx-ry (-rfz)], the entire group of 
tenants occupying land and houses on one 
estate. 

i at1 J (tend), v.t. to care for; attend; 
icllU .-watch over or protect: v.i. to attend 
or serve: with on or upon; move or go in a 
certain direction; as, the path tends down¬ 
ward; be directed, or be an influence, to any 
end or purpose; as, study tends to solitude. 
1 Q „ Ann no. (ten'dans), n. act of caring for 
Idi-Ll or wa tching over: attention. 

an (ten'den-sT), n. \pl. tendencies 
TGI1Q-6I1-Cy (_slz)], inclination; as, he 
showed no tendency to study; aim; direction 
or course. 

Syn. aptitude, drift, scope. 

+<anr1 or- (tSn'der), n. one who takes care 
Icllu-cl c f or guards a person or thing; 
a vehicle containing coal and water attached 
to a locomotive; a smaller vessel attending 
and supplying a larger one; a rowboat used to 
laud passengers from a ship; an offer or 
proposal for acceptance; offer of service, 
or of a sum due in money, under certain 
legal conditions; money offered in payment; 
as, legal tender is money which must legally 
be accepted in payment of a debt: v.t. to 
offer for acceptance: as. to tender one’s 


services: adj. easily cut or chewed, as meat; 
soft; not hard; not tough; weak in body; 
easily hurt or injured; sensitive; easily- 
touched by pain, grief, love, kindness, etc.; 
sympathetic; gentle; kind; immature; deli¬ 
cate: said of colors, sounds, etc.— adv. ten¬ 
derly.—n. tenderness. 

A nr frwvf- (ten'der-foot"), n. [pi. ten- 
t clA- tid-±vuL derfeet], one who is new to 
the life in a mining region or newly settled 
district. [Colloq.] 

ten-der-heart-ed £dT' d rildy* r to &d be 

touched by the pain or grief of others; kind; 
sympathetic; of loving disposition. 

+*vn <4 nr mu (ten'der-loin"), n. the ten- 
'-wll-U-Cl -IULL1 Merest part of the loin of 
beef or other meat; a strip of tender meat 
under the short ribs, in beef, pork, etc. 

rlnn (ten'dun), n. a tough cord or 
Idl-tlUii bundle of cords of fibrous tissue 
attaching a muscle to a bone, another muscle, 
or an organ of the body. 

j._ri Hril (fen'drU), n. the slender, twining. 
Idl-Ulil leafless part of a plant which 
attaches itself to a support, thus enabling the 
plant to climb or to hold itself up. 

+ck-n n m(ten g-ment), n. a house, a 
shop, land, etc., rented by 
one person from another; a dwelling house; 
suite of rooms, or apartment; dwelling or 
Sibodc 

ten-e-ment house ^ n i^ n bumm 

containing suites of rooms, each occupied by 
a family as a dwelling: used commonly of 
such buildings in poor sections of large cities, 
occupied by many people of small means, 
f nf (ten'et). n. a doctrine, dogma, opin- 
ICil-CL ion, or belief, maintained as true; 
as, the tenets of the Christian religion. 

Syn. position, view, conviction, doctrine. 
+<a-n fnlH (ten'fold"), adj. and adv. ten 
Icll-lUlU times as much or as many. 

flic (ten'Is), n. a game played with 
Idl-IIio rackets and balls, on a lawn or in 
an inclosed court of earth or gravel. 

(ten'fln), n. a projection at the end 
of a timber cut so as to fit into a 
hole in another timber: v.t. to cut a projec¬ 
tion at the end of (a timber); to fit such a 
projection into. 

nr (fen'er), n. usual manner; general 
Idl-UI tendency or drift; as, the tenor of 
his conversation; purport; the highest of 
adult male voices; a part written for this 
voice; one who sings the part written for the 
highest adult male voice, or the instrument 
that plays it: adj. pertaining to, or adapted 
for, the highest adult male voice; as, the tenor 
part in a choir. 

nr rl ni (ten'er kief), the C clef, when 
ICII-UI C1C1 so placed as to govern the 
scale from D in the bass clef to E above 
middle C. 

-n*vn nv (ten'pen-I), adj. worth ten 
I'Cii-JJCii-J.ijr pence; specifying a certain 

size of nail. 

+zvn -nine (ten'plnz"). n. a bowling game 
LCli-pilIo played with ten pins set up at 
the farther end of a bowling alley, 
iprico (tens), adj. [comp, tenser, superl . 
Idiot; tensest], draw-n tightly; not lax; 
severely strained; rigid; as, a tense rope; 
tense nerves; a tense expression: n. a change 
in the form of a verb, showing the time of the 
action expressed; a verb form which indicates 
a certain distinction of time by changing its 
form or by the help of auxiliaries.— adv. 
tensely. —n. tenseness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; funct ion; chase; good; joy; fhen, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh =-ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






tensile 


044 


terrain 


A- n oilck (ten's!!), adj. of or pertaining to 
1611 -oIie tightness or strain; capable of 
being stretched or strained; as, the tensile 
strength of wire. 

(ten'shfin), n. the act of stretch- 
1611 -olUll j[ n g or straining; the state of 
being stretched or strained; mental strain; 
strong excitement of feeling; strained rela¬ 
tions; in machinery, a device to loosen or 
tighten the thread on a sewing machine; the 
condition or stress due to pulling. 

■fcvn cor (tSn'sSr), n. a muscle that stretches 
16 I 1 -&UI a p ar t of the body. 

ip- c+rtlrpk (tgn'stnk), n. in bowling, a 
Idl*"® LI live knocking down of all the pins 
with one throw of the ball; colloquially, a 
successful performance. 

a^-a (tent), «. a shelter usually made of 
IGlll canvas, supported by poles and ropes; 
v.i. to camp out; pitch a tent; v.t. to cover 
with, o’ as with, a tent. 

fern a- -t- (ten'ta-kl), «. a threadlike 
lcll-ld-UC sense organ of certain back¬ 
boneless animals; a feeler; as, the tentacles 
of a spider or a devilfish; a feeler on the leaf 
of a plant. 

ton ta tivo (t6n'td-tlv), ad;, of or pert-ain- 
ICli-ia-UV c jng to an experiment or trial; 
used in experimenting; provisional; as, a 
tentative offer.— adv. tentatively, 
font pH (tent'ed), p.adj. covered with 
16111 -GU. tents; as, the tented field; sheltered 
by a tent; like a tent. 

ton for (ten'ter), n. a frame on which to 
IGI 1 - 16 I stretch cloth by hooks to prevent 
shrinking in drying: v.t. to hang or stretch 
on such a frame. 

ton tor Tinnlr (tSn'ter-hdok"), n. one of 
Itjll- Lei -HUUxV the sharp, hooked nails 

set on a tenter, or frame for stretching cloth: 
on tenterhooks, under a strain; in suspense, 
tontli (tenth), adj. next in order after the 
Idl111 ninth; being one of ten equal parts; 
the ordinal of ten.—n. one of ten equal parts. 
— adv. tenthly. 

|o (t$-nu'I-t!), n. thinness; as, 

16-11 U-A-ly the tenuity of a leaf; slender¬ 
ness; as, the tenuity of a hair; rareness; as, 
the tenuity of the air; rarity; lack of sub¬ 
stance; as, the tenuity of the blood, 
fon 11 one (ten'u-us), adj. slender; thin; 
IGll-U-UU© as> tenuous wire is very thin 
and fine; not dense or heavy; as, tenuous air 
or oil. 

ton nro (ten'toO. n - the conditions under 
IGIl-UI 6 w hich a house or real estate is 
held; the right or manner of holding real 
estate; the period during which anything is 
held and enjoyed; as, the President’s tenure 
of office is four years. 

to noo (te'pe; tep'e), n. an American 
IG-pGG Indian wigwam or tent. Also, 

teepee. 

ton o fv (tep'S-fi), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. 
tcp-c-Aj tepefied, p.pr. tepefying], to 
make moderately warm: v.i. to become 
moderately warm. 

ton irl (tep'Id), adj. moderately warm; 
Icp-lU- lukewarm; as, tepid water.—n. 

tepidness. 

to nirl i tv (t6-pld'l-tl), n. moderate 
LG-piu.-1-iy warmth; state of being luke¬ 


warm. 


tot* r on ton a rv (tfir-sen t§-n§.-rl), adj. 
IC1 -^CAi-tCAA-o-Ajr comprising or includ¬ 
ing 300 years: n. anniversary of an event 
three centuries old; as, the tercentenary of the 
discovery of America. 

tp rp fin (te-re'do) 

X6-l6-vlU which bo 


n. the shipworm, 
which bores into ship timbers. 


tarm (turm), n. a limit or boundary; 
v'^AAll fimited time; as, a term, of five years; 
a division of a school year; the time of a 
court’s session; a word or expression, espe¬ 
cially one belonging particularly to one art, 
business, etc.; as, a legal term: pi. condition 
or arrangement; as, terms of a sale; relation¬ 
ship or condition; as, to be on good terms 
with a person; conditions or stipulations; 
as, the terms of an agreement: v.t. to name, 
point out, or call. 

Apr ma crant (tfir'md-g 5 nt), n. a noisy, 
lei -Illd-gdll l violent woman: adj. noisy 

and quarrelsome; as, a termagant wife. 

mi net Klo (tfir'ml-nd-bl), adj. capa- 
I6l-inj.-Ila.-DlC ble of being limited or 

ended; certain to end at a given time. 
a — — mol (tfir'ml-nal), adj. pertaining 
Id-1111-llcti to the end or boundary; 
forming the end; as, the Pennsylvania Rail¬ 
road terminal station in New York; pertaining 
to a fixed length of time: n. a limit or bound¬ 
ary; an end; the limit or end of a railroad 
line, including the station, switches, etc.; 
either end of an electrical circuit. 
a mi -nob** (tur'ml-nat), v.t. to limit or 
IGI-Iiil-lldlG bound; as, a wall terminates 
the garden; bring to an end; finish; as, to 
terminate a wa n v.i. to be limited or bounded; 
as, his property terminates at the river; come 
to an end; as, his career terminated in disaster. 

+ pr rni na firm (tflr'ml-na'shOn), n. the 
tCI-IIll-Ild- 11U11 ac t of limiting or end¬ 
ing; a bound or limit; end; conclusion or 
result; final syllable or letter of a word. 

+0-1* rni nnl crxr (t(h , ’’m!-n <51 6-jI), n. the 
ler-mi-noi-o-gy special or technical 

expressions used in a science, art, business, etc. 
mi rmc (tur'ml-nus), n. [pi. termini 
(-nl)l, a limit or boundary; 
either end of a railway line; also the town, 
station, etc., at that place. 

A„ r miff* (tfir'mit), n. the tropical white 
CCi -IxlilC an t t destructive to wood, furni¬ 
ture, etc.; any pale-colored, social insect. 
iArn (turn), n. a water bird belonging to 
16111 the g U n family and commonly known 
as the sea swallow. 

t<ar nil rv (thr'nd-rl), adj. proceeding by, 
tci-iia-Aj or consisting of, threes; as, 
a ternary compound is a mixture of three 
chemicals, etc.: n. the number three; three 
things together. 

Apr rtpip (tur'n&t), adj. arranged in threes, 
161 - 110.16 or consisting of threes; as, 

ternate leaves. 

terp-si-cho-re-an id“ r Sf o^Snlng 

to dancing; as, the terpsichorean art: from 
Terpsichore, the muse of dancing. 

r npp (ter'Ss), n. a raised level space 
1.^1-iOuC or platform of earth with sloping 
sides; a slanting bank of earth; the flat roof 
of an Oriental or Spanish house; a row of 
houses set along tbe top of a bank or slope; 
hence, often, any street or row of houses: v.t. 
to form or build in a terrace or terraces. 

T n rr\i +a (tSr'd kot'a),- pottery of 
tci -i a i- La. baked clay or earth, espe¬ 

cially that of a reddish-browm color: adj. 
of the color of, or made of, terra cotta; as, 
a terra cotta vase. 

Ap r TCk fir m«i (ter'a ffir'ma), dry land; 
161 -Id 111-Hid mainland; solid earth; land, 
as opposed to water. [Lat.] 

Apr rain (tS-ran'; tfir'an), n. a geological 
-i. a.u.1 formation; ground considered for 
i f s fitness for military use, as for a battle, aline 
of trenches, a fortification, etc., or for other 
purposes. Also, terrane, 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 








terrapin 


045 


tete-a-tete 


f pr fo nitl (t8r'a-pln), n. a kind of fresh- 
_ - Jrwater tortoise or turtle used as 
food; its cooked flesh as a table dish. 

i*p niip sytiq (t§r-a'kwS-us), adj. con- 
ici -i a-quc-u Uo sisting of land and water; 
as, the earth is a terraqueous globe. 

Ypt* |*pc fri pi (te-res'trl-al), adj. per- 
ici-ico-iu-ai taining to, existing on, or 
consisting of, earth; belonging to the present 
world; not celestial or heavenly; living or 
growing on land, in distinction to water.— 
adv. terrestrially. 

rpf (ter'St), n. one of the rings on a 
tci-xci harness pad, through which the 
driving reins pass. 

+PT ri hip (ter'I-bl), adj. exciting or caus- 
ACA “ AA “ WAC ing fear or awe; as. a terrible 
6 torm; dreadful; appalling.— adv. terribly. 
— n. terribleness. 

fpr ri pr (ter'l-er). n. one of any of several 
*' CA “ AA_CA breeds of small, intelligent dogs, 
used as pets and for hunting game, killing 
rats. etc. 

fpr rif ir (tS-rTfffk), adj. very alarming; 
lCA-AAA-A ^ causing fear; dreadful; as, a 
terrific explosion.— adv. terrifically, 
fpr ri fv (tSr'I-fT), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
lCA_AA_A J terrified, p.pr. terrifying], to 
frighten or alarm exceedingly. 

♦pr rl rj pi (ter w I-to , rI-5.1), adj. per- 
fc ^' A " AA “ l,v “ AA_CAA taining to a given region 
of land; as, territorial disputes; limited to a 
particular district; as, territorial laws: Terri¬ 
torial, pertaining to any one or all of the 
Territories of the United States: n. a soldier 
in the militia organization of Great Britain. 
— adv. territorially. 

*-r T (ter'I-t6-rl), n. [pi. territories 
Icr-ri-lO-iy (-riz)], a large tract of land; 
region; district; as, the unexplored territory 
In South America; entire extent of land and 
water under the control of one ruler or govern¬ 
ment; as, British or French territory: Terri¬ 
tory, in the United States, a region, some¬ 
times undeveloped, under a temporary govern¬ 
ment, that may become a State; as, Alaska 
Territory. 

fpr rnr (ter'er), n. extreme fear; fright; 
lei -1 Gi one who, or that which, causes 
extreme fear. 

fpr rnr icm (t£r'er-Tzm), n. a system of 
ICl-1 Ul-lolJJ. government by methods 
which excite fear; a revolt against govern¬ 
ment, in which the methods used excite fear, 
fpr rnr icf (ter'er-Ist), n. one who governs 
-A L by impressing with fear, espe¬ 

cially one of the revolutionary party during 
the Reign of Terror in France; one who 
seeks any end by arousing fear, 
fpr rnr iVp (ter'er-iz), v.t. to intimidate, 
ICi -I UI-IZ.C or make timid by fear; to 
put into a state of extreme fear, 
i pr (tgr'i), n. a cloth of silk or wool, 
ici-iy woven like velvet, but with the 
loops uncut. 

fprep (Mrs), adj. [comp, terser, superi. 
ICloC tersest], concise or brief; short: 
exactly to the point; as, a terse style of 
writing.— adv. tersely. — n. terseness, 
fpr fion (tfir'shin), adj. occurring every 
ICl - 1X011 other day, as certain fevers: n. 
fever returning every other day. 

T pr fi o nr (tflr'shl-a-rl; tflr'sha-ri), adj. 
a ci. - li-a-l y jn geology, pertaining to the 
earlier period of the Cenozoic era, between 
the Mesozoic era and the Quaternary period: 
n. the earlier period of the Cenozoic age. 
fpc cpI lafn (tes'e-lat), v.t. to form into 
ica-sci-lalc squares or checkers; as, a 
tessellated floor.— n. tessellation. 


fpcf (test), n. proof; a close examination 
or a decisive trial; as, he stood the 
test; means of proving the strength or worth 
of a person’s character; as, trouble is often 
a test of nobility; standard; in chemistry, 
an experiment for discovering the presence 
of any particular substance in a compound: 
v.t. to put to the proof; to try to find a par¬ 
ticular substance in; as, to test rice for starch; 
to compare with a standard; to refine; as, to 
test gold or silver in a furnace.—n. tester, 
fpc fa (tes't a), n. [pi. testae (-te)], the 
ICo-ia outer integument, or covering, of a 
seed; the shell-like covering of certain ani¬ 
mals: called also a test. 

+o m o-n-f- (tes'td-ment), n. a written 
ltJo-la.-IIlcI.il will; as, last will and 
testament: Testament, either of the two 
main parts of the Bible, as the Old Testament 
and the New Testament. 

fpc fa mpn fa tv (tes'td-mgn'ta-rl), 
UJb - ia.-IHCIl-ld.-ry ad j_ of or pertain¬ 
ing to a will, or the administration or settle¬ 
ment of a will; as, letters testamentary. 
fpc faff* (tes'tat), adj. having left a will; 
ICO-laic as> he died testate. 
fpc fa fnr (tes-ta'tor), n. [fern, testatrix], 
ICO-ia-lUi one who leaves a will at his 
death; one who makes a will. 
f P c fpr (tes'ter), n. a flat canopy or cover- 
ICO-lCi ing over a bed, supported by the 
bedposts; any flat canopy, 
fpc ft fv (tSs'tl-fi), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
ICO-ll-ljr testified, p.pr. testifying], to 
bear witness; make a solemn declaration; 
give evidence; as, to testify at a court trial: 
v.t. to affirm or declare solemnly on oath; 
bear witness to. 

fpc fi mn rn a\ (tes'tl-mo'nT-ai), n. a 
ICO- 11-lllU-lll-cU writing or certificate in 

favor of one’s character, ability, etc.; a 
token of respect; as, they presented the 
retiring president with a gold watch as a 
testimonial ; acknowledgment of services ren¬ 
dered: adj. pertaining to, or containing, rec¬ 
ognition or acknowledgment of worth or 
services; as, a testimonial speech, 
fpc ft mr» nv (tes'ti-mO-nl), n. [pi. tes- 
igo-ii-iixvx-xaj timonies (-niz)], evidence; 

proof; a solemn statement made to establish 
or prove some fact; affirmation; the entire 
proof given in a case. 

facf inff (tes'tlng), p.pr. of test: n. the 
ICol-illg operation of refining gold and 
silver; proof; trial. 

fpcf r\a -npr (test Pa'per), paper so pre- 
ICoi jj<x-pcx pared that it changes color 
when touched by certain chemicals, thus 
showing the nature of a given substance, 
fpcf fii'hp (test tub), a narrow thin glass 
icol IUUC tube, used in making chem¬ 
ical tests. 

fpc fii rln (tSs-tu'do), n. [pi. testudines 
ICo-lU-UU (-dl-nez)], a protective cover¬ 
ing used by the ancient Roman soldiers in 
attacking a city, made by overlapping their 
shields; a screen to shelter miners in places 
likely to cave in; a kind of flat tumor under 
the scalp; a land tortoise, 
fac A v (tes'tl), adj. [comp, testier, superi. 
ICo-ljr testiest], peevish; morose; easily 
irritated or angered.— adv. testily. —n. testi¬ 
ness. 

f p f n riiic (t£t'a-nus), n. lockjaw; a dis- 
IC L-d.-lJ.Uo ease causing muscular spasms, 
especially the setting of the lower jaw. 
fofrh v (tech'I), adj. fretful; peevish; 
IClCll-Jr irritable; cross. Also, techy. 
+Af p a fnft* (tat'a=tat'; tg’tastat'), n. 
1C ic-a- 1C 1C private conversation between 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw = wh as in when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





tether 


646 


theater 



two persons; a kind of settee or sofa for two 
persons: adj. face to face; confidential; 
private between two persons. [F R.] 

1.4.1. (teth’er ), n. a rope to fasten an 
IcUl-vl animal: v.t. to confine, as an 
animal, within certain limits bounded by 
the length of a rope. 

4.^4. rVmrrl (tet'rd-kfird), n. in music, a 
tei-ra-cnora series of four tones forming 
half of the octave, as the notes from C to F, 
Inclusive, in the key of C major. 

*0+ ret rrnn (tet'rd-gon), n. a plane figure 
tet-ra-gon W jth four sides ana four 

angles.— adj. tetragonal. 

tet-ra-he-dron n h§ 'a 

solid figure bounded by four tri¬ 
angular plane surfaces.— adj. tet¬ 
rahedral. 

♦nf ram p fpr (tgt-ram e- —. - . -» 

ICl-lcUii-c-LCX ter),n.averse. Tetrahedron 
or line consisting of four measures. 

1. 4 -ra-rrh (te'trark; tet'rark), n. a Roman 
t“ - tia.idX governor whose authority ex¬ 
tended over the fourth part of a province; 
an inferior prince or king; an inferior officer 
in the Greek army.— n. tetrarchy. 
fd-fr rck o+xrla (tet'rd-stH), n. a building or 
VCl-id-oLjXC portico with four columns or 
pillars in front: adj. having four columns. 

tor (tet'er), n. a skin disease marked 
ICl-lfcJX ^y itching and redness; herpes or 
eczema. 

'T',. (tu'ton), n. a person belonging to 

•X CU.-LUXX that division of the Indo-Euro¬ 
pean race, or parent race of Europe, which in¬ 
cludes the ancient Franks, Goths, etc., and 
the modern Germans, Swedes, Danes, Nor¬ 
wegians, and Anglo-Saxons; loosely, a Ger¬ 
man. 1 .... 

,, Fen ic (tu-ton'ik), adj. denoting, or 
AclX-lGll-XG pertaining to, that one of the 
three great divisions of the Indo-European 
race, or parent stock of the races of Europe, 
which inhabits central and northern Europe 
and includes the ancient Franks, Goths, etc., 
and the modern Germans, Swedes, Danes, 
Norwegians, and Anglo-Saxons; denoting the 
language group to which these people belong: 
n. the language group to which these peoples 
•belong. . - 

Tail t'em rtAtOn-Izm), n. a German- 

•X Cix-Luxx-X&xix ism; an expression, act, 
or custom characteristic of the German*; the 
state of being German. 

1 Y oc (tek'sas), n. the pilot house, etc., 
ICA-cto on the hurricane deck of a steamer. 

(tfikst), n. the printed or written words 
ICAl 0 f a book, treatise, poem, play, etc., 
used as a basis for notes or critical discussion; 
as, to comment on the text of a play of Shake¬ 
speare; the original words of an author; a 
verse of Scripture forming the subject of a 
6ermon; topic; argument; the main body 
of any piece of written or printed matter; 
the printed part of a book in distinction from 
the illustrations; black-letter or Old English 

F^vF (tekst'book"), n. a standard 

XeXL-DOOK. book of instruction, used by a 
teacher and a class 


(tSkst'h&nd*), n. a large, clear 
TcXl-IlclXlU. s ty] e 0 f handwriting. 

(tfiks'tll), adj. pertaining to weav- 
ItJA-LIXC ing; aSi textile machinery; formed 
by weaving or capable of being woven; as, 
textile fabrics: n. goods manufactured by 
weaving, such as cotton and woolen. 

4-, 0 1 (teks'tfl-Sl), adj. serving for a 
iCA-llX-OX text, or topic; pertaining to, or 


contained in, the printed or written words of 
a book or manuscript; as, textual criticism? 
a textual inaccuracy. 

. (teks'ttlr), n. manner of weaving. 
teX-Iure the arrangement or connection 
of threads, etc., that are woven together; as, 
a cloth of close texture or weave; a web; 
structure of any substance. 

\~r (ta'ler), n. a German silver coin 
tna-ier WO rth three marks, or about 
seventy-two cents. Also, taler. 

.t (than), conj. a particle used before the 
Ulan second member of a comparison. 
xt_ 0 (than). 7?. a title of honor or dignity 
tXld.il 6 among the Anglo-Saxons, held by a 
free man attached to the service ot a lord, 
and equivalent to knight or baron in later 
times. Also, thegn. .. 

11 c-Vit-rk (than'shlp), n. the dignity, 

tXiaHe-SIlip state, or property of a thane, 
or minor nobleman, in early England. 

FVionlr (thank), v.t. to express gratitude or 
IHallK obligation to. 

(thank'fool), adj. feeling or 
manK-IUl expressing gratitude; grateful; 
feeling conscious of blessings received from 
God.— a( jv. thankfully.— n. thankfulness. 
FV.o-r.lr locc (thank'les), adj. ungrateful; 
tX 13 JlK.-l“bo no t appreciative ot favors; 
as, a thankless child; not gaining or deserving 
gratitude; as, a thankless task.— adv. thank¬ 
lessly.— n. thanklessness. 

Syn. ungracious, profitless, unthankful. 
+V«o-nlrcj (thanks), n.pl. an expression of 
ind.Ilivb gratitude or obligation. 

FV.o-r. 1 rc rri-17 in rr / thanks''glv , tag), n. thi 
tllclIll£S-gj.V-lIlg ac t of expres-ing grati¬ 
tude for favors and mercies; a public cele¬ 
bration of divine goodness; a day set apart 
for such a celebration. „ , 

Thanks-giv-ing Day tag da), in the 

United States, a day set apart each year, 
usually the last Thursday in November, for 
gratitude and praise to God for national 
mercies. Also, Thanksgiving. 

FV»oF (that), r.di. and adj. pron. [pi those 
Ilia l cthoz)]. not this but the other; pointing 
to what is more or less distant; as, that house 
across the street; denoting something that 
has been spoken of or pointed out previously; 
as that w r as what he meant: rel. pron. used 
for who or which: coni, introducing a noun 
clause; as, he said that he would come; intro¬ 
ducing a clause of purpose or result; as. work 
hard, that you may succeed; act so that you 
need not be ashamed; introducing an excla¬ 
mation; as. Oh, that you were here! 

FV,oFr>Vi (thach), n. straw, reeds, etc., used 
LilclCCI 1 f or covering the roofs of cottages, 
straw stacks, etc.: v.t. to cover with, or as 
with, a roof of straw, etc.— n. thateher. 

FTioii ma fur cnr (th6'md-tfir /, jl), n. the 
tnau-ma-iur-gy act of performing so- 

called miracles; legerdemain; magic. 

FV» o ur (tho), v.t. to melt or become liquid, 
ind.W as ice or snow; to become warm 
enough to melt ice and snow; to become 
milder or more genial: v.t. to cause to melt or 
dissolve: n. the melting of ice or snow by 
temperature above freezing point; state of 
the weather when ice and snow are melting. 
+Vtc (tfie; th&\ th&) . definite article, denoting 
lllv? some particular object: a dr. by so much; 
by that; as, the sooner, the better. 

FV»o o tor (the'd-ter), n. a public building 
liltJ-a-lci where plays or dramatic per¬ 
formances are given; a place where events 
or things of importance take place; as, the 
theater of war. Also, theatre. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





















theatrical 


647 


the at-n cal (thS-atrf-kal), ad]. of or 
UiC- at 11 l/dl pertaining to a theater or a 

dramatic performance; suitable in style or 
maimer for the stage; affectedly emotional; 
hence, artificial or lalse: 7i.pl. dramatic per¬ 
formance, especially by amateurs. Also, adj. 
theatric.^nde. theatrically, 
ttipp (.the), prom, the singular objective of 
the pronoun of the second person, 
grave form. 

fVjpff (th6ft), n. the act of stealing; rob- 
bery; the property stolen, 
thp in P (the'In; the'en), n. the bitter sub- 
stance of tea, identical with caf¬ 
feine in coffee. Also, thein, theina. 
thpir (th&r), pron. of or belonging to them: 

the plural possessive of the pronoun 
of the third person. 

theirs (thSLrz), pron. the form of the pos- 
° sessive their used alone without a 
following noun. 

thp icm (the'Izm), n. the belief in the 
uie-ioiu existence of a god or gods; belief 
in the personality and sovereignty of one 
lighteousGod: opposite to atheism. 
thp i<?t (the'Ist), n. one who believes in the 
uic-ioi existence of a god or gods: the 
opposite to atheist. 

thp ic fir (thg-is'tlk), ad}, pertaining to 
tiic-ia-u.^ those who believe in a god or 
gods, or to their belief. Also, theistical. 
thpm (them), pron. the objective plural of 
(.Ait ;aii th e pronoun of the third person. 

th PTTl P , n. the subject or topic of a 

(.limine conversation, speech, essay, etc.; 
a short essay or composition on a given sub¬ 
ject: in music, a series of notes forming the 
subject of a composition. 

am oo,1t7oc> (the m-s61vz'), pron. the 
plural form of himself, her¬ 
self. and itself; the emphatic or reflexive form 
of they or them. 

thpri (then), con), in consequence; there- 
uicii fore; in that case: adv. next; at 
that, or at another, time; immediately after, 
thpnpp Wens), adj. from that place or 
time; as, a week thence. 
tlionro fz-kW-Vi Wens'forth'; thgns'forth), 
UlClltC-Ufl til from that time, or place, 
forward. 


thereon 


thp ra rv (fh4-6k'rd-sl), n. [pi. theoc- tive: n.pl. the science of curing 
uic-uu-ia-^ racies (-siz)], the govern- called also therapy. 


ment of a state by the immediate direction of 
God; hence, government by an organized 
church; the state thus governed. 

p o if* (the"6-kr&t'Ik), adj. per- 

uic-u-eiat-u. taining to a theocracy, or a 
government by direction of God; adminis¬ 
tered under the im¬ 
mediate direction of 
God; as, the theocratic 
government of the 
ancient Hebrews. 

Also, theocratieal. 

the-od-o-lite 

(thS-od'6-lit), n. a 
surveying instrument 
for measuring hori¬ 
zontal and vertical 
angles, and some¬ 
times distances and 
heights. 

the-og-o-ny 

(th&-bg'6-ni), n. [pi. 
theogonies (-nlz)J, 
that branch of mythology 



fho n In tri cm (the"6-io'jI-&n), n. one 
llie-O-lO-gl-dll S k n e d in theology, or the 

science of religion: a professor of di\inity or 
theology. 

c* | Anf { />o 1 (the'8-16j'i-k&l), adj. per- 
LHC-U-lUg-l-GoJ. taining to theology, or 
the science of religion.— adv. theologically. 

+V| o a 1 a q-tt (thfi-Ol'd-jl), 7 i. [pi. theolo- 
uic-ui-u-gy gj es (-ji z )] t the study of the 
existence, nature, and powers of God, espe¬ 
cially of man’s relations to God; divinity; 
the science of religion. 

flip n rpm (tfie'6-r5m), n. that which can 
(uic-u-iciii be shown to be true, and has 
been established as a piincipleor law; in math¬ 
ematics, a proposition which can be proved. 

flip n rnf i rol (the"6-ret'i-kal), adj. per- 
nic-(j-i ct-1-t.cu. taining to, or depending 

on, an abstract principle; based on ideas 
rather than on fact or experience; not 
practical; speculative or uncertain. Also, 

theoretic.— adv. theoretically. 

tVlP n rict (the'S-rlst), n. one who draws 
tnc-w-ilot conclusions from abstract prin¬ 
ciples, not from facts; an impractical person. 
tVlP n ri'7P (the'6-riz), v.t. to draw con- 
tuc-o-iiic elusions from abstract prin¬ 
ciples, not from facts; to speculate mentally; 
to form impractical ideas.— n. theorizer. 
flip rv (the'd-rl), n. [pi. theories (-rlz)l, 
mc-u-ij abstract or general principles of 
a science or art considered apart from prac¬ 
tice; hypothesis; a general principle intended 
to explain observed facts; individual idea. 
Syn. speculation, scheme, plea, conjecture. 

+V»p ec f\ (th$-bs'o-fIst), n. a be- 

lilC-Ub-U-JJiilbl ii e ver in theosophy, a 

mystic philosophy similar to the religions of 
India. 

■fH p no a *V 1 yv (thfr-ds'd-fl), n. [pi. theos- 
UlC-Ub-U-pny ophies (-flz)J, a philosophy 
which claims to put man into direct touch 
with God and the spiritual world by physical 
processes and extreme spiritual inspiration; 
a philosophy similar to the religions of India, 
whose chief feature is a belief in reincarnation, 
or the passing of the soul at death into 
another body.— adj. theosophic, theosophleal. 

fhp-r -npii fir* (ther"a-pu'tlk), adj. per- 
UiCI-ct-pCU-UG taining to healing; cura- 

diseases: 


there 


Theodolite 


which treats of 
the origin or descent of ancient gods; a poem 
treating of such histories. 


War), adv. in that place; at that 
point or stage; in that matter or 
relation, etc. 

+1-1 atp o TvAiii - War'a-bout*), adv. near 
C-ct-UUUt that place, time, number, 
etc.; nearly. Also, thereabouts. 

■4*Vipt*p ci'f'f' pi* W&r-af'ter), adv. after that; 
lucio-au-oi afterward; accordingly. 

th A-p a air (th ar-at'), adv. at that place; as 
lllClt-cU, a resu it 0 f that. 

thprp Kv WSr-bi'), adv. by that means; 

uioio-ujf connected with that; near by. 
ffiAt-p fnr W&r-for'), adv. for that or this; 
uiwc-iyi as> we pri ve thanks_ therefor. 

fVip-rp fprp W&r'for; thtir'for). adv. and 
LuCiC-iUiC conj. for that or this reason; 
for that reason or purpose; as a result of that. 

Syn. accordingly, consequently, hence, 
fh pt*p from W&r-fr<5m') , adv. from this 
uiici c-nuiu or that place, time, cause, etc. 

ffnarp fn W&r-In'), adv. in or into this or 
luci c-iii that place, time, etc.; in that 
respect. 

there of W&r-ftv'; fMr-Of'), adv. of 

this cause. 


concerning that or this; 


or 
from 


rm (th&v-dn '), adv. on that or this 
moio-un place, date, circumstance, etc. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick ;hw = wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 















thereto 


648 


thin 


there-to 


(Mar-too'), adv. to that or this 
time, place, etc.; in proof of tins. 
(fh&,r*t<J6-for'), adv. up to 
inere-io-iore that time; previously to a 
given date. 

f~ (tWtr-ttn-tTO' . ad®- thereto; 

tnere-un-to to that or this. 

ir--. (t/iar'u-pon'), adr. there- 

Uiere-up-Ull fore; thereon; upon that; 
by reason of that; immediately; without 

d e i a y # 

wJ+V» tth&r-wfth'; thar-wlth'), adv. 
Uiere-WlUl ^ith that or this; immedi¬ 
ately; together with this. 

_ T *+v» o 1 (thkr"wUh- 6 V), adv. over 
tnere-Wltn-ai anc ; above; besides; there¬ 
with; in addition. . . . 

(thur'mal), adj. of or pertaining 
iner-IIld.1 to heat; as, thermal units; 
warm; hot; as, thermal baths. Also, thermic. 

ther-mo-dy-nam-ics JS&?£5 ^nii. 

the science of the relations between heat and 
mechanical action. ^ 

ther-mo-e-lec-tric-i-ty^^ns^u)' 

n. electricity generated, or produced, by the 
action of heat. 


Thes-pi-an <thfafl,,inl ' 


ther-mom-e-ter n. an instrument” for 

3 AA' 





measuring 
changes of tem¬ 
perature; as, 
the Fahrenheit 
thermometer, in 
which the freez- 
ing point of 
water is 32 de¬ 
grees and the 
boiling point 
212 degrees; 
and the Centi- ; f< 
grade thermome- |Li 
ter, in which Thermometers. 1 , bouse; 
the correspond- 2 bath; 3 , maximum and mim¬ 
ing points are 0 jaum; 4 , horticultural; 5 , soil, 
(zero) and 100. . . „ . w ,, . 

__.. • (thfir"m6-met'rik). 

ther-mo-met-nc a£ y. pertaining to, or 
found by, a thermometer. Also, thermomet- 
rical. — adv. thermometrically. 

(thfir'mus b6tl), an 
ther-mos DOt-tie air-tight receptacle 
for liquids, so prepared as to keep them at the 
game degree of heat or cold as when .~ey 

are put into it. , , A - x 

a-l o/»/-vrk/* (thfir'mo-skop), n. an 

tner-mo-scope instrument for showing 
differences in temperature without exact 
measurement in degrees. 

0+0+ (thflr'mft-st&t), n. an auto- 
tner-mO-blclL ma tic apparatus for regu¬ 
lating temperature. . . . 

4.k a t tviA+ic (thfir-mdt'Ik). adj. pertain- 
iner-mot-ic i ng to, or produced by, heat; 
n.pl. the science of heat. 

4.1I- ~ 10 (thS-so'rfis), n. [pi. thesaun 

ine-S<iU-rUb (_ r i)] t a storehouse or place 
where treasure is kept; a lexicon or diction¬ 
ary; as, a thesaurus of the English language. 
iL oe , fl (thez), plural of the demonstrative 
XXlcot? pronoun and adjective this: opposite 

cic (the'sls). n. [pi. theses (-sez)l, an 
ilic-olo essay or composition on some 
particular subject; a long essay, based on 
original research work, and offered by a can¬ 
didate for an advanced degree; in logic, a 
statement which is to be maintained and 
proved by argument 


w __ pertaining 

_ x . to Thespis, the founder of 

Greek drama; hence, dramatic. • 
mi __ i_ • orio (th 8 s a-lo nl- 3 ,nz), 

Tnes-sa-lo-m-ans n- pi, either of two 

books of the New Testament, consisting of 
epistles, or letters, written by the apostle 
Paul to the people of Thessalonica in Greece. 
+V»ox*re (thuz), n.pl. muscles; smews; 
lilcWb hence, muscular power or strength. 
xi_ ( tha, ), pron. nominative plural of the 

iney pronoun of the third person. 
iL.-.i. (thlk), ad7. not thin; having con- 
IH 1 GK siderable distance between two oppo¬ 
site surfaces; as, a thick book; not slender; 
as, a thick staff; closely set, as trees; dense; 
as, a thick cloud; crowded; not clear; as, 
the air was thick; misty; muddy; dull or 
stupid; as, thick- headed; colloquially, very 
intimate; as, friends who are constantly 
together are said to be very thick; indistinct: 
as, thick speech: adv. closely; as, thick and 
fast they came: n. the densest part; as, the 
thick of the fight.— adv. thickly.— n. thickness. 

Syn., adj. close, solid, tumid, foggy. 

Ant. (see thin). 

.1 • i_ (thlk'n), v.t. to make less thin or 
lIllCK-cIl slender; to make dense; as. to 
thicken gravy with flour; to set more closely; 
to make dark or obscure: v.i. become more 
dense or closer together, as trees; become 
dark; as, night thickens; lose thinness or 
slenderness. 

iner (thlk'n-Ing). n. something 
tUlCK-CH-Ulg a dded to a liquid mass to 
make it more dense; as, flour or cornstarch 
is used as thickening for soups, sauces, etc. 

(thlk'et), n. a dense wood or 
XJUGK-ei cluster of trees; a closely set 

tangle of bushes, etc. .... , , 

1- (thlk'set'), adj. closely planted; 

miCK-SeX as , a thickset hedge; having a 
short, stout body; as, a thickset man: n. a 
close, thick hedge; a dense growth of trees 
and bushes. . 

fViJ/'lr clrinnpH (thtk'sklnd'), adj. hav- 
tillCK-SivlIlIlcU. jjjg thick s kin ; not sen¬ 
sitive; not affected by criticism. 

(thef), n. [pi. thieves (thevz)], one 
Xmei w ho steals or robs by stealth. 
ikiaTTa (thev), v.t. and v.i. to steal: to rob 
Ulieve by stealth; to practice stealing. 

or rr (thev'er-I), * 1 . [pi. thieveries 
xmev-er-y (_i Z )], act or habit of stealmg, 
practice of robbing by stealth. 

+liio*7 icVi (thev'Ish) adj. given to steal- 
liilcv-lon ing; dishonest; resembling a 
theft.— adv. thievishly. — n. thievishness. 
+V»irrVi (thi), n. the thick muscular part of 
Xillgil the leg between the knee and the 
body. 

icjii (thll). n. one of the two shafts of a cart 
or carriage; the floor of a coal mine. 
■ 4 -Viim Vdcx (thlm'bl), n. a metal cap to 
Xiiliil-UIC protect the finger in sewing; 
anything shaped like a thimble; an iron ring 
belonging to a sail, fitted to receive a rope. 

"hl/a Vi<vr t\t (thlm'bl-bSrT). n. [pi. 
mim-Die-Der-ry thimbleberries (-Iz)l. 

an American raspberry whose fruit is shaped 
like a thimble. 

Vlnim V» 1 o ri cr (thTm'bl-rlg''), n. a sleight- 
imm-Die-ng of-hand trick in which a 

pea is supposed to be hidden under one of 
three thimbles: also known as the shell game: 
v.t.[p.t. and p.p. thimble rigged, p.pr. thimblerig¬ 
ging), to swindle by means of this trick; hence, 
to cheat by any trick.— n. thimblerigger. 
+V»ir» (thin), adj. [comp, thinner, superl. thin- 
nestl. not thick; slim; slender; of little 


ate, senate, rare, c&t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 









































thine 


649 


diameter; as, a thin tree trunk; not dense; 
as, thin smoke; not close or crowded; rare, as 
the air-; slight; meager; not fully or well 
grown; flimsy, as cloth; wanting substance; 
shrill, as the voice: adv. not thickly: v.t. to 
make less thick; v.i. to grow less thick.— adv. 
tliinly.— n. thinness. 

Syn., adj. lean, scraggy. 
t*hinP (thin), pron. of or belonging to thee: 
tii.jj.xt, t ^e possessive singular of the pro¬ 
noun of the second person, grave form, 
thin O’ (thing), n. that which has a separate, 
ulul o individual existence; inanimate or 
lifeless matter, as a stone; any object of 
thought; as, to talk of many things ; an event 
or act; as, great things are done by great men; 
a creature; as, poor thing; an indefinite 
object; as, a thing of beauty: pi. possessions, 
such as clothes, furniture, baggage, etc. 
thinlr (tolhk), v.i. [P-t. and p.p. thought, 
Liiiiixx p.pr. thinking], to occupy the mind 
with some subject; to work with the mind; 
to form an opinion; to meditate; to reason; 
believe; judge; intend or purpose; as, I 
think to start to-morrow; imagine; recollect; 
as, to think of the past; consider or reflect; 
presume: v.t. to imagine; to occupy the mind 
with; as, to think beautiful thoughts; to 
believe; as, I think it is not so; to suppose. 

Syn. consider, ponder, conceive, fancy, 
fhinlr a hi#* (thlnk'a-bl), adj. conceiv- 
Liilll±V-a-UlC able; imaginable; possible 
to be believed. 

thin If pr (tolhk'Sr), n. one who uses his 
mind actively or seriously; a 

philosopher. 

thin If incr (thlAkffng), adj. having the 
liixiuv-iiig power of thought; capable of a 
regular train of thought: n. meditation; 
judgment. 

thin-elfinn pfl (thln'sktod'O, adj. having 
ozvjjiiicu. thin skin; sensitive; easily 
hurt by criticism. 

fhir/1 (toftrd), odj. the next after the scc- 
u.111 u. ond; the ordinal of three; denoting 
one of« three equal parts: n. one of three 
equal parts; a third part of anything; in 
music, an interval of three diatonic steps, 
thirct (thflrst), n. great desire for drink; 
11111 oL drought; eager wish; as, a thirst for 
knowledge: v.i. to desire to drink. 
fViircf XT (thflrs'tl), adj. [comp, thirstier, 
llUlol-jf superl. thirstiest], feeling an eager 
desire for drink; without moisture; parched. 
— adv. thirstily. —n. thirstiness. 

♦hit* fppn (thflr'ten*; thdr^ten'), adj. ten 
Lilli-lCCi.1 anc i three: n. the sum of ten 
and three; a sign for thirteen units, as 13 or 
xiii. 

■fVii-r -foo-nfli (thflr'tenth"; thfir'tenth'), 
11111-teeil111 a ^j next in order after 

twelfth; the ordinal of thirteen: n. one of 
thirteen equal parts; a thirteenth object or 
unit. 

flvir -ft (thflr'tl-eth), adj. next in 

luu-li-ciu order after the twenty-ninth; 
the ordinal of thirty: n. a thirtieth part, or a 
thirtieth object or unit. 

-fVti-r (thfir'ti), adj. three times ten: n. 

the sum of three tens; a sign for 
thirty units, as 30 or xxx. 
iU.‘ Q (this), pron. and adj. [pi. these (thez) ], 
llllo a demonstrative word, pointing to that 
which is present, or near; as, this is my 
house; denoting that which is just now or 
last mentioned; as, this is what I mean: 
opposite to that. 

fViic fie* (thls'l), n. any of [various plants 
Llllo-lie 0 f the aster family with a prickly 
stem and leaves. 


thoughtful 


tViitVi of (thlth'e r), adv. to that place or 
uniii-ci end; in that direction. 

fhi+Vi or urard (thlth'e r-werd), adv. in 
Lllim-er-WclIU. that direction; toward 

that end. Also, thitherwards. 

tVinlp (tool)’ n • a P in used in a boat as a 

liiwic rowlock to keep the oar in place. 

'Vi owti qc (tbm'asj, n. the one of the 
x iiuiiA-a.o twelve apostles who doubted 
the resurrection of Jesus until he had seen him, 
and who therefore is often called “doubting 
Thomas.”—John xx. 24 - 29 . 
tVmn cr (toong), n. a thin leather strap or 
LAiuiig string for fastening something; the 
striking part of a whip. 

T v hnt* (thor), n. in Norse mythology, the 
xiiui g 0 d 0 f thunder, who always carried 
a hammer, and foiMvhom Thursday is named, 
•fhn fan t r (thft-r&s'Ik), adj. pertaining to 
laau-a au-ll/ the thorax, or part of the body 
above the abdomen. 

fU/*. r o v (tho'raks), n. in the human body, 

inu-iaA the chest, containing the heart, 

lungs, etc.; in insects, the middle of the three 

main sections of the body. 

thnrn (toorn), n. a prickle, spine, or sharp 

luuiu point, as on a plant or an animal; 

a prickly tree or shrub; hence, anything that 

troubles or annoys; care. 

tVl nrn v (toflr'nl), adj. full of sharp points 

L1AV7XXi -"j' or prickles; harassing; painful. 

fhnr micrii (thur' 5 ), adj. going on to the 
LiiUA-UUgJ.1 en d- perfect; finished; com¬ 
plete; not leaving work half-finished. Also, 
thoro.— adv. thoroughly, thoroly.—n. thor* 
oughness, thoroness. 

Syn. accurate, trustworthy, reliable. 

Ant. (see superficial). 

thnr nilf/h cic; (tour'o bas' r ), loosely, 
LllUl-UUgll Uctoo the science of har¬ 
mony; in particular, a method of indicat¬ 
ing chords by means of figures placed be¬ 
low the bass staff. 

thor-mipll hrpr! (thur'6-brSd"), adj. 
111 U 1 UUgll-UicU. 0 f pure and unmixed 

breed; as, a thoroughbred horse; well brought 
up; accomplished;] high-spirited: n. an ani¬ 
mal of pure breed: used also of persons. 

flint* micrh fai**» (thfir'd-f&r*), n. a pas- 
mor-ougn-idxe gage through from one 

street to another; an open passageway for 
traffic. Also, thorofare. 

thor-ough-go-ing £;“g S 'an’ Iri &3S; 

complete; entire; extreme, 
flinm (toorp), n. a small cluster of houses; 
Liiviip a hamlet or village. Also, thorpe. 
fVloco ( thoz ), plural of the demonstrative 
pronotm and adjective that: opposite 

to these. 

ffinil (thou), pron. [pi. you], nominative 
lxhj Li. singular of the pronoun of the second 
person, grave form. 

ffimioh (tho), con}, granting or supposing 
lliuugil that; notwithstanding the fact 
that; if: used after as; and yet: adv. never¬ 
theless; however. Also, tho. 
fV, rmcrVif (toot), p.t. and p.p. of think: n. the 
act of using the mind; that with 
which the mind is occupied: meditation; men¬ 
tal activity; study; a trifle; the intellect or 
understanding; care. 

Syn., to. idea, conception, consideration, 
opinion, reflection, deliberation. 

fTiniirrVif ful (thbt'fbol), adj. full of men- 
lllUUglll-lul tal activity; attentive; con¬ 
siderate for others; anxious or careful; as, the 
thoughtful boy always helps his mother.— adv . 
thoughtfully.— n. thoughtfulness. 

Sun, reflective, cautious, heedful. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









thoughtless 


650 


throstle 


••Hiniia-ti* luce (thot/ISs), adj. unuiinking; 
lIlUVlgllL-lC&w> heedless; careless; incon¬ 
siderate.— adv. thoughtlessly. —n. thought- 
lessness 

PI* (thot red'er), one who 
lllUUgllj I Cdvl-Cl possesses the power to 

read another's thoughts. 

thought read-ing <£ 6 ‘ r 

ing what another person is thinking of; mind¬ 
reading. „ . 

At,-.-- (thou'z&nd), adj. consisting of 

UiUU-belli U ten times one hundred: n. ten 
hundreds; a sign for one thousand units, as 
1000 or M; indefinitely, a large number. 
+hA11 Oo-nr!4-Vi (thou'z&ndth), adj. the 
XUOU-bdllLl Lll next in order after nine 
hundred and ninety-nine; the ordinal of one 
thousand: n. one of a thousand equal parts. 

(throl'dum), n. serfdom or 
UlId. 1 - UUili slavery; a condition of 
bondage. Also, thralldom. 

•fVivoll (thrdl), n. a slave or serf; thraldom 
Ilird.ll or bondage; as, held in thrall. 
j.u ro oVi (thrash), v.t. to beat out (grain) 
Ulldbll f r om the hull or husk; colloquially, 
to beat or flog soundly: v.i. to beat out 
grain; to move violently: often with about; 
as, the sleeper thrashed. Also, thresh. 
iViroc-h (thrash'gr), n. one who beats 

tllldbil-Cl out grain; a kind of shark 
which kills with its great tail the small fish on 
which it feeds; a machine for beating out grain. 
Also, tnresher. 

thrach trip- (thrashing), n. the act of 
till doll-ill^ separating gram from the hull 

or husk; a sound flogging or whipping. Also, 

threshing. 

4-1ii-oor? (thrgd), n. a very thin line or cord 
till cau G f f] ax , cotton, silk, or other 
flberlike substance twisted and drawn out; 
a filament or fiber; something running 
through and connecting the parts of anything; 
as, the thread of a story; the spiral ridge of a 
screw: v.t. to pass something through the eye 
of; as, to thread a needle; to string, as beads; 
to pass or pierce through; as, to thread a 
narrow street; to make (one’s way) with 
difficulty; as, to thread one’s way through a 

+V>r»aH harp (thrSd'b&r'), adj. worn to 
UlI cdvi-UdiC the threads; as, a thread- 
hare garment; poverty-stricken; shabby; 
as. a threadbare appearance; hackneyed or 
worn-out; dull; as, a threadbare story, 
a. (thrSt), n. a menace; an announce- 

mrtJdt, nient of coming evil or danger. 

4 -VirPCit p« (thrgt'n), v.i. to utter menaces; 
mredl-CU give notice of coming evil or 
•danger: v.t. to utter evil intentions against; 
be dangerous to; menace; foretell (evil). 

-Hirpat pn in <r (thrgt'n-Ing). n. the act 
till Cdl-Cll-mg 0 f one w ho menaces; a 

menace: p.adj. indicating a menace or some 
approaching evil.— adv. threateningly. 

(thre), adj. denoting the sum of two 
xnree an d one: n. the sum of two and one; 
the sign for three units, asl |3 or iii. 

frAA (thre'fokT), adj. three times 
Xliree-lUlU over; of three thicknesses; 
triple: adv. triply. 

tliroo npnrp (thrip'Sns; thrSp'Sns), n. a 
xnree-pence small British silver coin 

worth six cents. 

+hrPP r»Pn nv (thrlp'Sn-I; thrgp'Sn-I), 
till CC-pCil-liy a( ij' worth three pence; 

hence, of little value; worthless. 

41,1-00 -nlvr (thre'pli"), adj. consisting of 
ill! cc-piy three parts, interwoven or 
otherwise made one. 


three-score (tlu^koo .adj. three times 


twenty; sixty. 


threnodies 


thi*on n rlw (rhren $-dI), Ipl. 
mreil-u-uy (-dlz)J, a dirge or funeral 

song; a lament in verse or music. 
i-Viroek (thresh), v.t. to beat out grain 
Lilicbll from; to beat or flog soundly: 
v.i. to beat out grain. Also, thrash. 
4-TvrocVi or (thresh'er), n. a shark of 
till Cbll-Cl tropical seas, with a very 
long tail used as a weapon; one who beats 
out grain; a machine for beating out grain. 
Also, thrasher. 

4-lirooVi 1-ncr (thrashing), n. the act of 
till CDll-llig beating out grain; a beating 

or flogging. Also, thrashing. 

4-tii-ooVi olH (threshold), n. the stone, 
XIUGbll-UIU plank, or piece of timber 
under a door; a door-sill; entrance; door; 
place or point of entrance. 
tVircmr (throo), past tense of the irregular 
Uil cw verb throw. 

fh-rirp (thris), adv. three times; in a 
till lbC threefold manner; hence, repeatedly. 
■frVtriff (thrift), n. frugality; a saving habit; 
limn economical or careful management; 
profit; a class of plants, including the sea- 
pink, and especially those bearing heads of 
pink or white flowers. 

44vri-f+ d-amn (thrfft'stamp' 1 '), n. a stamp 
inrilt-bldllip sold by the United States 
government during the World War, to encour¬ 
age the investment of small savings in loans to 
the government: exchangeable for war savings 
stamps, issued in larger denominations. 

vr (thrif'ti), adj. [comp, thriftier, 
1111 X 11 -j superl. thriftiest], economical; 
frugal; saving; as, the thrifty housekeeper; 
prosperous through industry and economy; 
as, a thrifty village; growing quickly and 
vigorously; as, thrifty trees; thriving— adv. 
thriftily.—n. thriftiness. 


At_ *it (thrll), v.t. to fill with intense emotion; 
till 111 fo s tir deeply; cause to have a 
shivering, tingling sensation: v.i. to penetrate, 
as a keen emotion; to feel a sharp tingling or 
quivering sensation; to quiver: n. a tingling 
sensation; tremor; quivering excitement. 

ro (thriv), v.i. [p.t. thrived, throve, 
tillIVC p p thrived, thriven, p.pr. thriving], 
to prosper by industry, economy, and good 
management; to increase or prosper in 
business; grow rich; to grow vigorously; to 
increase or flourish. 

■fhriw incr (thriving), p.adj. increasing in 
uiiiv -mg wealth; prosperous or success¬ 
ful; growing. 

■fhrnnf (throt). n. the front part of the 
till Ucll neck; the passage through it; a 
narrow entrance or passagew r ay; as, the throat 
of a cannon. 

+V» mat t t (throtl). adj. harsh in sound; 
lill vdl-j guttural; hoarse of voice. 

fVirnVi (throb), v.i. to beat, as the pulse, 
till UU -with more than usual force; to 
palpitate: n._a strong pulsation or beat. 

rnfv (thro), n. agony; extreme pain; 
till UC the keenest kind of anguish, 
fhrrvnp (thrdn), n. the state chair of a 
lill UliC king or bishop; sovereign or 
kingly power and dignity: v.t. to place in a 
position of kingly power; to exalt or elevate, 
•fhrrmcr (throng), n. a multitude, or great 
1111 Ullg number; a crowd: v.t. to crowd or 
press together: v.i. to come in multitudes, or 
great numbers. 

Syn. n. host, jam, concourse. 

■fhrnc tic* (thrds'l), n. the song thrush: 
till Uo-lie called also throssil; 
for spinning wool and cotton. _ 


a machine 


ate, sen&te, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, nov£l, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









throttle 


651 


Tibetan 


thrnt tip (thrSt'l), v.t. to strangle or choke 
by pressure on the windpipe; to 
shut off, as steam from an engine; shut steam, 
etc., off from: v.i. to choke; strangle: n. the 
throat or windpipe; a valve to control the sup¬ 
ply of steam, etc., to an engine.—n. throttler. 

Wvri’vf tt«"> 1 tt<-> (thrbt'l valv), a valve 

inroi-lie valve in the steam pipe of a 

boiler for controlling the flow of steam to the 
engine. 

tVi mii o-V, (throo), prep, from end to end of; 
AAAA u o AA as, through life; between the 
sides of; into at one point and out at another 
point; as, to bore through a plank; in the 
midst of; as, to walk through the woods; by 
the agency of; as, I obtained the note through 
the influence of a friend; over all the steps of; 
as, through pleasant and through cloudy 
weather: adv. from end to end; as, to pierce 
a thing through; from the beginning to the 
end: adj. going from one place to another 
without change; as, a through train. Also, 
thru. 

WirrnicrVi nii+ (throo-out'), adv. every- 
uuuugn-oui where in; in every part; 

as, the jewelry is gold throughout: prep, dur¬ 
ing; in every part of; as, throughout the year. 

Also, thruout. 

Wi rnvp (throv), past tense of the intransi- 
AAAA " V ' : ' tive verb thrive. 

Wirnw (tk 1-0 )- [P-£* threw, p.p. thrown, 

L 111 UW p p r . throwing], to fling or hurl; 
cast to a distance; cast in any manner; as, 
to throw a ball; to throw dice; to unseat or 
upset: to lay flat, as in wrestling; put on 
hastily or carelessly, as clothing; to spin, 
as filaments of silk, into thread: v.i. to cast 
an object to a distance by force; fling: n. 
the act of flinging or hurling; a cast of dice; 
as, to stake one’s fortune on a single throw; 
a venture; the distance an object can be 
hurled; as, within a stone’s throio; stroke, 
as of a slide valve; a piece of drapery for the 
back of a chair, a couch, etc. 

Wvnim (tbrum), n. the end of a weaver’s 
AAAA UIIl W arp thread; the row of such 
threads on the loom after the web has been 
removed: pi. coarse yarn waste: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrumming], to 
fringe or put tufts on; to play on (a stringed 
instrument) idly and unskilfully: v.i. play idly 
or unskilfully on a stringed instrument with 
the fingers; as, to thrum on a piano; to 
strum; drum. 

WinicVi (thrush), n. a songbird; a mouth 
IIII Ubll diseas? of infants; an affection of 
the feet in certain animals, as the horse. 

+Vimet (thrust), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. thrust, 
fill Ubt p.pr. thrusting], to push or shove 
with force; as, to thrust a person off the side¬ 
walk; drive or impel; fierce; as, their swords 
thrust him through: v.i. attack some one or 
something with a pointed weapon; as, to thrust 
with a dagger: n. a violent or sudden push; a 
stab; as, the thrust of a sword; a strain tend¬ 
ing to push a part of a structure outward; as, 
the thrust of a roof. 

Wimcf in cr (thrusting), n. a pushing with 
1111 Ub t-ing force or violence. 

Wine? (thud), n. a dull sound produced by 
lllUU a body falling; a thump. 

Win cr (thug), n. one of a band of religious 
lllug robbers and assassins in India; hence, 
anv assassin or ruffian.—n. thuggery. 

TV111 Ip. (thu'le), n. the name given by the 
HU-- 1 C ancient geographers to the most 
northern part of the world as then known. 
■fViiimVi (thum), n. the short, thick digit 
U 1 U 1 UU 0 f the hand; the part of a glove 
which covers this digit: v.t. to play, as a 


musical instrument, awkwardly;! soil with the 
thumb; as, to thumb the leaves of a book: v.i. 
to play a musical instrument awkwardly. 
WiiimVi crrpw (thum'skroo"), n. a screw 
AAAAAAAAA '“ &A ' A ' : ' W made to turn by means 
of the forefinger and thumb; an instrument 
of torture for squeezing the thumb. Also, 
thumbkin. 

Wmmn (thump), n. a hard, heavy blow; 
Liiuiiip a heavy fall, or the sound of it: 
v.t. to pound; to strike or beat with dull, 
heavy blows: v.i. to pound or throb, as the 
heart. 

fViii-n /lot* (thun'der), n. the noise follow- 
AAAUAA_AACA ing a flash of lightning; any 
similar loud noise; as, the thunder of the 
guns; a loud utterance: v.i. to produce 
thunder; send forth a similar sound; to utter 
violent threats: v.t. to utter with a loud and 
threatening voice. 

tVnrn Hpr Vinlt (thun'der-bolt"), n. a 
mun-aer-DOlt shaft of lightning and 

the thunder accompanying the discharge; 
something resembling lightning and thunder 
in suddenness and terror. 

tVmn Hpr Han (thun'der-klap"), n. the 
lllu.ll-U.Ci -ClaJJ quick, sharp, crashing 

noise accompanying a flash of lightning. 

tVinn fjpf (thun'der-kloud"), n. 

UlUil-UCr-CiOUU. a s torm cloud which 

produces thunder and lightning, 
fhrm flpr ino- (thun'der-Ing), adj. mak- 
UV/i ing, or producing, a great 

noise like thunder; very great: n. the report 
or sound following a discharge of lightning. 

Winn dpt* nnc (thun'der-us), adj. likely 
lllUIl-UCI-UUb to produce thunder; ex¬ 
ceedingly loud and heavy in sound.— adv. 
thunderously. 

tVmn dpi* Qdfvnn (thun'der-stdrm*), n. 
lllUll-UCI-fclOIIIl a Storm, with light¬ 
ning and thunder. 

Wlllfl dpt* dtrnrlr Cthtin'der-struk"), 
UiUU-U.CI-bUUC.tt. p.adj. astonished or 

struck dumb by sudden amazement, etc. 

/4 o xt (thurzda), n. the fifth day 
J.I 1 UIb-Uciy 0 f the week: named for 
the god Thor. 

Will Q (thus), adv. in this or that manner; 
liiub as, write it thus; to this degree or 
extent; so; therefore. 

Wi \XTCt rtr (thwak), v.t. to strike with some- 
uiwath thing flat and heavy; to thump: 
n. a heavy blow with something flat; a thump 
or bang. 

Wiwart (tbwort), adj. crosswise or side- 
luwou wise: adv. across: n. a seat in a 
boat from side to side: v.t. to oppose or baffle; 
rim counter to; hence, outwit or defeat; as, 
to thwart an enemy or his schemes. 
fVltr (thi), pron. pertaining or belonging to 
AAA y thee: possessive singular of the pro¬ 
noun of the second person, grave form. 

Wi vm p ( tirQ )» n - a fragrant herb of the 
iiijAixc mint family used for seasoning. 

Wl V I'PI fl 0"1 ci n fl (^bl x’oid gland), a large 
my-roiu gldlia gi and of the throat, an 

enlargement of which is known as goiter. 

Wvw cplf (^i-selfO, pron. an emphasized 
uiy-bcii f or xn Q f the pronouns thee and 
thou. 

ft n r p (tl-a'rd; te-a'ra), n. the triple crown 
U-a-l a. worn by the Pope; a form of head¬ 
dress worn by the ancient Persians; a crown¬ 
like ornament for the head; a diadem or 
coronet; as, a tiara of diamonds. 

Xi V»pf art (tl-bet'an; tlb'et-an), adj. of 
il-tJCt-a.il or pertaining to Tibet or the 
inhabitants of Tibet: n. one of the people of 
Tibet; the language of these people. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






tibia 


652 


tile 



+ 51 % 1 o (tib'f-a), n. [pi. tibiae (-e)], the inner 
XlD-l-d. an d larger of the two leg bones from 
knee to ankle; the shin bone. 
x:~ (tlk), n. a constant jerking or 
tit' twitching of certain muscles of 
the face. [Fr.] _ 

tic dou-lou-reux 

neuralgia in the face, often with 
twitching and jerking of muscles. 

[Fr.] 

•firlr (tlk), n. a small, bloodsucking /-• 
llt/li insect; the case that holds 
the feathers, hair, etc., in a mattress 
or pillow; as, a, bed tick; a small 
mark or check; a smail, quick, clear 
sound, or beat: v.i. to make a small, 
quick, distinct sound; as, the clock 
ticks: v.t. to mark off by a tick or „ ni>win 
small check. Tibia l 

■Hrlr or (tlk'Sr), n. a telegraphic s A Di ” 2 ’ 
UV/it-ci instrument used to receive s ^ y l’o i d 
and print news on a paper strip, or process; 3, 
“tape”; a similar! instrument in a inner tu- 
broker’s office, which receives and berosity; 
prints reports of the stock market: 4 , tube r- 
so called because of the sound it cle; 5 , tib- 
makes. oT 

firlr of Ctik'St), n. a marked label 
TlCK-cI or card showing that its jp?uia’ ‘’ 
possessor has some special privilege, 
such as admission, a reserved seat, transporta¬ 
tion by rail or boat, etc.; as, a theater ticket; 
a card or label stating price, etc., of goods; 
a printed list of candidates to be voted for; 
as, an election ticket: v.t. to distinguish or 
mark by a label; as, to ticket goods with 
prices, etc. 

-+irlr in tr (tlk'Ing), n. a strong, closely 
~ -woven cloth, usually striped, 

used for mattress covers, etc. 

firlr 1** [P- L and p.p. tickled, 

UCIV-IC p^r. tickling], to touch lightly so as 
to produce a peculiar thrill or tingle; to please 
or amuse: v.i. to produce a peculiar thrill or 
tingle by a light touch: n. a peculiar thrill or 
tingle or the touch causing it.— n. tickler. 
+io 1 r licVi (tlck'llsh), adj. sensitive to slight 
touches; delicate to handle or 
achieve; as, a ticklish undertaking; risky; 
doubtful as to outcome. 

fiH a 1 (tid'S. 1 ), adj. pertaining to, or ebbing 
llll-dl a nd flowing like, the rising and fall¬ 
ing of the ocean; as, a tidal basin. 
xlJ ol TiroT7Ck (tid'al wav), a wave which 
llU.-dl Wave follows the sun and moon 
over the oceans, causing the tides; also, in¬ 
correctly, a great sea wave after an earth¬ 
quake; a very high rise of the sea along a 
shore. 

ijjp (tid), n. time or season: rare except in 
line: Eastertide, Christmasiide, etc.; the 
regular rise and fall twice every day of the 
surface of the ocean and the waters connected 
with it; a stream or flood; the natural tendency 
of events: v.t. to be moved, as a ship, in or 
out of a river or harbor by drifting with the 
tide; to carry along; as, the money will tide 
him over his difficulties. 

x:. 4 0 -1X70 if o.r (tld'wat'er), n. an officer 
title-Wall-Cl who watches the landing of 
goods from ships to secure the payment of 
duties or taxes. 

firlo xx70 for (tid'w6"ter). n. water af- 
XlU.c-Wd.-lcr fected by the rise and fail 
of the ocean; land bordered by such water. 
+i Hincrc (ti'dlngz), n.pl. news; as, I bring 
u-umgo y ou glad tidings of great joy. 

(tl'dl), adj. [comp, tidier, superl, 
tidiest], trim; neat: orderly: v.t. 


and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to 
make neat; put in proper order; as, to tidy 
a room: n. an ornamental cover for the back 
of a chair, etc.— adv. tidily. —n. tidiness. 

+ * (ti), n. a knot or fastening; a knot of 

XI t? ribbon, silk, etc., used as a finish to the 
dress; a plank or rod for holding two partp 
together; as, railroad rails are held together 
by ties; equality in number of votes in an 
election, counts in a game, etc.; a bond or 
connection; as, ties of blood; In music, a 
curved line joining two notes of the same 
pitch, indicating that the note is to be 
sounded once, but held the length of both: 
pi. low, laced shoes: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tied, 
p.pr. tying], to fasten by making the ends into 
a knot; draw together to form a knot; make 
(a knot) by drawing or weaving something 
together; bind; to knot a cord, string, etc., 
around; as, to tie a package; restrict; as, she 
was tied down by family cares; unite or connect 
firmly; in music, to unite, as notes; to 
make an equal score with, in a contest: v.i. 
to make a knot, equal score, etc. 
f* t. (ter), n. a row or rank; a series; as, 
Xlcl a tier of seats. 

f i err & (ters), n. a cask or barrel of forty-two 
llcll/C gallons; a set of three playing cards 
in the same suit; as, a tierce of ace, king, and 
queen; in music, a third; in fencing, a cer¬ 
tain thrust or position. 

fick ivn (ti'up)t a. a complete stoppage: 
lie-Up commonly used of obstruction of 
traffic or transportation. [Colloq.] 
x*jpr (tlf), n. a fit of anger; a slight quarrel; 

AAAA a disagreement. 

t i <re±r (ti'ger), n. a large, fierce beast of 
prey, of the cat family, having 
tawny yellow fur with black stripes; a ser¬ 
vant-boy in livery; an added cheer after 
three cheers. 

t i cror r of (ti'ger kat), any of various 
tcu kinds of wild cat, similar to the 
tiger, but smaller and of different coloring. 

t i cr&r icV» (ti'ger-Ish), adj. savage; fierce; 

-loll cruel; as, the tigerish cruelty 
of the Huns. Also, tigrish. 

111 V (ti'ger lil'I), a”handsome lily 
AAA "j having orange-colored flowers 
spotted with black. 

rror urnnrl (ti'ger wood), a valuable 
Il-gtJl WUUU. wood from a tree of British 

Guiana. 

ticrh+ (tit), adj. not loose; fastened firmly 
liglll together; close; as, a tight knot; 
closely built; as, a tight barrel; fitting close 
to the body; as, a tight shoe; not leaky; as, a 
water -tight ship; taut or stretched; as, a 
tight rope; not easily obtained: said of 
money; colloquially, stingy; as, he is 
tight with his money; slang, intoxicated: 
n.pl. closely fitting garments for the lower 
limbs, worn by actors, acrobats, dancers, etc. 
— adv. tightly.— n. tightness, 
x* t-x (tit'n), v.t. and v.i. to make or 
ligxil-di become close or firm; to draw 
together; to stretch taut. 

crrpcc (tx'gres), n. the female of the 
AA © A tiger, a beast of prey of the cat 
family. 

filrp (tlk), n. a dog or cur; colloquially, a 
ixxvc mischievous child, or, playfully, any 
child. 

til hil rv (HFber-I), n. a two-wheeled 

iii-uu-x y carriage without a cover or top. 
fil rip (til'de), n. the diacritical mark used 
iii-uc j n senor, canon, etc. 
flip (til), n. a thin slab of baked clay, 
tAAC stone, etc., used for roofing, floors, 
wall decoration, etc.; colloquially, a stiff hat: 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 












tiler 


653 


tinder 


v.t. to cover with tiles; to drain by tiles; to 
guard (the door of a Masonic lodge). 

-til p»f* (til'er), n. one who roofs houses, lays 
™ fl°°r s - etc., with tiles; the doorkeeper 
of a Masonic lodge: sometimes spelled tyler. 
till (til), n. a money drawer in a desk or 
*' AAA counter: prep, to the time of; as, wait 
till one o’clock: conj. until; to the time when; 
as, wait till I return: v.t. to prepare for seed, 
etc.; cultivate; as, to till the land: v.i. to 
cultivate the soil. 

till hip (tll'a-bl), adj. capable of being 
llll-d-Uie cultivated. 

till a crp (til aj), n. the art or business of 
improving land for raising crops 
etc.; husbandry; agriculture, 
till pr (tfl er). n. one who cultivates land; 
nAi-tA a f armer; handle or lever for turn¬ 
ing the rudder of a vessel; the shoot of a 
plant. 

■4"j1+ (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth covering of a 
. AAt cart or wagon; cover for a boat; awn¬ 
ing- a slanting incline; an ancient mili¬ 
tary contest w r ith lances or spears; a tourna¬ 
ment: v.t. to cover with an awning or tent; 
to point or thrust, as a lance; to forge or 
work (metal) with a machine called a tilt 
hammer; to raise on end; as, to tilt a stone; 
to lean or incline; as, to tilt a chair back: 
v.i. to lean or tip; to ride on horseback and 
thrust with a lance; to charge ahead. 

■f-jl+'U (tilth), n. cultivated land or land upon 
in which good crops can be raised. 

filf hom mar (tilt ham'er), a heavy 
Lilt llcUIl-IIier hammer at the end of a 

lever, used in forging or working metal, and 
operated by steam or other power; a trip 
hammer. 

tim hpr (tlm'ber), n. the body or stem of 
Lilli-uci a tree; wood suitable for car¬ 
pentry, buildings, shipbuilding, etc.; a large 
piece of wood prepared for use in building or 
already in place; wooded land, as forests: 
v.t. to furnish or construct with wood suit¬ 
able for building, etc. 

fim "hpr lonrl (timber-land"). n. land 
*' AAAA-lACA -i«~iiLi covered with trees whose 
wood is suitable for use in carpentry and 
building. 

tim V>rp (tlm'ber; Fr. tan'br), n. quality, 
tAAAA_ UA c or tone-character of musical 
sound; as, the timbre of the voice, or the 
timbre of a violin. 

tim hrpl (tlm'brel), n. a kind of small 
AAAAA-,JA y A drum or tambourine, 
timp (tim). n - measure of duration, whether 
Lillie past, present, or future; a certain 
period of duration; as, a long time; length of 
a person’s life; a fixed hour for some event; 
period in which anything occurred or a person 
lived; present life or existence; season; age; 
date; era; as, the time of the Reformation; 
proper date; system of measurement by 
hours, days, weeks, etc.; system by which 
music is divided into measures of a given 
number of notes; colloquially, a term of im¬ 
prisonment; as, he has done time; repetition: 
pi. a portion of time characterized by the 
occurrences within it; as, these are great 
times in which to live: v.t. to adapt to the 
occasion; as, I will time my visit to your 
convenience; do at a particular season; to 
regulate or measure; as, to time the speed 
of a machine - v.i. to keep or beat time, 
timp Vkja 11 (tim bol), a ball on a pole, 
LU.J.i.c ua.iL ai ranged to drop at a given 
time of day, usually noon. 

tim p V\or crfiin (tim bar'gln), a com- 
LU.iic; ua.i -gain mercial agreement which 

is to be carried out at a certain time. 


timp hill (tim bfl). a bill payable at some 
Lillie mil future time, usually specified. 

timp rlnrlr (tim klok), a clock at the 
Lime liula entrance of a factory, office, 
etc., on which employees coming to work 
must indicate the time of their arrival. 

timp H p tpp tpi* (tim d6-tek'ter), a 

lime ae-iec-ior clock which proves 

that a watchman has visited certain given 
places at certain regular times. 

timp draft (tim draft), a draft payable 
Lime vii pi L iu the future. 

timp flictp ( tim fii z )» a fuse arranged so 
Lime iiioe as explode a charge a cer¬ 
tain length of time after it is lighted. 

time-hon-ored «S2i: 6 SteeS. % 

reverenced because of age or long continu¬ 
ance; as, a time-honored ceremony. 

(tlm'kep"er), n. one who 


time-keep-er 


time; one who gives a signal, as in a game, 
when a given time has passed. 

timp 1i npoc (tim'll-nes), n. seasonable- 
Liiiic-li-iicoo ness; suitableness to the 
occasion. 

timp 1v (tim'II), adj. [comp, timelier, 
univ~ijr superl. timeliest], seasonable; op¬ 
portune; suitable to the moment or occasion. 

timp rmtp ( tJm not )« a note payable at 
liiiic no ic some specified future time. 

timp -nippp (tim'pes"), n. a clock or 
Liiii^-^iiCL/C; watch; any instrument that 
records the time. 

timp opi*v pr (tim'sfir"ver), n. one who 
Liiiic-oci v-ci weakly or basely fits his 

action to suit the occasion or the wishes of 
influential persons. 

timp cpri 7 in a (tim'sfir"vlng), adj. weak- 
lUiic-oCl v-xiig iy fitting one’s action to 

suit the occasion or to please influential 
persons: n. such servile conduct. 

timp ta 'hip (tim'ta"bl), n. a systemati- 
UlilC- let- UIC cally arranged list of the 

dates and hours for events; especially, a list 
of trains with their time of leaving and 
arriving. 

timp wnrlr (tim'wfirk"), n. work paid for 
LUiic-wum by the hour or day: opposite 
to piecework. 

tim id (tlm'Id), adj. shy; wanting in 
tAAAA ” AU - courage; faint-hearted; fearful.— 
adv. timidly. — n. timidness. 

ti-mid-i-ty want of cour ‘ 

■fi-t-v-i et" pile (tlm'er-us), adj. fearful of 
tAAAA-VAA " vlAO danger; lacking in courage; 
timid; indicating fear or alarm; as, a timorous 
look.— adv. timorously. — n. timorousness. 
'Tim n tTw (tftn'6-thJ), n. in the Bible, a 
A AAAA- ' J_l ' AA J' companion and follower of 
St. Paul; the person to whom were written 
the letters contained in the New Testament 
books, First and Second Timothy, 
tim A tflV (fI m '6-thi), n. a valuable grass 
*' AAAA_tAA J with long round heads, used 
for hay. Also, timothy grass. 

(tin), n. a silvery-white, soft metal from 
LAAA which many useful articles are made; 
as, boxes, cans, pans, etc.; thin plates of iron 
covered with this metal, or wares made of 
it: v.t. \p.t. and p.p. tinned, ppr. tinning], 
to cover with tin, or with tinned iron; to put 
into tins, as food.— n. tinner. 

tinr tiirp (tffik'tfir), n. a tinge of color; a 
LJ.J.11/-LU1 c slight flavor; a solution of a 
drug: r v.t. to color; tinge; imbue. 

tin dpr ( tIn 'der), n. any quick-burning 
im-ucx material used to kindle a fire from 
a spark, as rotten wood or scorched linen. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







tinder box 


654 


Titan 


ting 

tinge 


x-* y._. v (tin'der bdks), a metal box 

Xin-aer DOX for holding tinder, equipped 
with a flint and steel for lighting it; anything 
very easily set on fire. 

(tin). n - a tooth or spike; a prong; as, 
the tine of a fork. 

x* f *1 (tin foil), tin beaten into thin leaf: 
TUI I Oil used for wrapping cigarettes, 
chocolate bars, and many small articles. 

(ting), n. a sharp, bell-like sound: 
v.t. and v.i. to sound or ring sharply, 
(tlnj), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tinged, p.pr. 
tingeing, tinging], to stain or color; 
to dye faintly; to give a slight flavor or touch 
of something else to: n. a slight degree ot 
some color; a tint; touch; trace. 

+i« (tin'gi), v.i. \p.t. and p.p. tingled, 

Tm-gie p,pr. tingling], to feel or have a 
stinging sensation or pricking pain; as, his 
Angers tingled with the cold: n. a stinging 
sensation or pain, as from cold or a sharp 

(tlAk'er), n. a mender of metal 
TlIlK-er pota , kettles, etc.: v.t. to mend 
in a bungling way; to patch up: v.i. to mend 
metal ware; to work at anything in a bun¬ 
gling or careless manner. . , 

1-1 _ (tlh'kl), n. a small, quick sharp, 
ringing sound; as, the tinkle of a 
cowbell: v.i. [p.t. and 'p.p. tinkled, p.pr. tin- 
kling], to make such a sound: v.t . to cause to 
give out a sharp, ringing sound. 

(tlnd), adj. covered with tin; 
millCU packed or put up in tins; as, 
tinned vegetables. , 

man (tln'man), n. a worker in tin; a 
TlIl-IIlclll dealer in tinware; a tinsmith, 
x* „ TT (tln'I), adj. pertaining to, or con- 
Tlll-Iiy taining, tin; having a flat taste, as 
of tin; as, these canned peas taste tinny. 
x* _i 0 x~ (tin plat), thin sheet iron or 
Till pidltJ steel coated with tin. 
x; _-l (tln'sel), n. a ldnd of gauzy cloth 
Ull-oci covered or woven with gold and 
silver threads; thin, glittering, metallic mate¬ 
rial in strips or sheets, used for inexpensive but 
showy decoration, as of a Christmas tree; 
something showy but of little value; some¬ 
thing cheap and gaudy; as, the tinsel of the 
stage: adj. showy to excess; superficial or 
cheap: v.t. to decorate with, or as with, 
cheap imitation gold or silver trimming; make 
outwardly gaudy. 

x* ptnl+h (tin'smith"), n. one who works 
Till-bllll111 -with tin or tin plate; a tinman. 
X* X (tint), n. a slight coloring; a tinge; a 
mil delicate hue or shade: v.t. to give a 
slight coloring to. . 

tin-tin-nab-u-la-tion i ( S fi nj“ a £ a 

tinkling sound, as of bells. 

X* 4_ rr , „ (txn'tip'O.n. a photograph taken on 
Tin-type a thin iron plate. Also, ferrotype, 
x* (tin'war"), n. household articles 

TUl-Wd.1 C made of tin, or tinned iron, as 
pans, cups, spoons, etc. 

- 7 (ti'nl), adj. [comp, tinier, superl. 

-Iiy tiniest], very small; puny; wee; 
as, a tiny baby. 

x* (tip), n. a point or end of anything 
Up small; as, the lip of a finger; nozzle; 
as, the tip of a gas burner; colloquially, a 
small fee or present; as, a tip to a waiter; 
colloquially, a private hint, especially in 
betting; as, a tip on the races: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. tipped, p.pr. tipping], to slant or tilt; 
as, to lip over a chair; to form a point to; 
cover the end of; strike lightly; colloquially, 
to give a private hint to; as, tip me off on the 
price of stock s: colloquially, give a small 


present to; as, to tip a waiter or servant. 

v.i. to lean, slant, or fall over; as, the boat 
tipped dangerously. _ 

Syn., v. lean, dip, incline, 
x* _ x (tlp'gt), n. a neck scarf or small 
Tip~PCl shoulder-cape made of fur, or other 
warm material; a muffler of wool or silk, 
x* -rkl^k (tlp'l), v.i. to drink alcoholic liquors 
Tip-piC constantly in small amounts: v.t. to 
take (strong drink) in sips or almost contin¬ 
ually: n. liquor in small amounts.— n. tippler. 

c+cff (tlp'staf"), n. [pi. tipstaves 
Tip-ST9.II (-stavz; -stavz) ; tipstaffs 
(-stafs)], a constable or police officer of a 
court; a staff with a metal top. 

+i*-rv c+ck*- (tlp'ster), n. one who supplies 
Lip-b Lcl private information about race 
horses, stock markets, etc. [Colloq.] 
x- OTT (tip's!), adj. [comp, tipsier, superl. 
Tip-by tipsiest], intoxicated or drunk; weak 
or foolish from the effect of liquor, adv. 
tipsily. — n. tipsiness. , _ ,, 

■ft’rk tno (tlp'to"), n. [pi. tiptoes (-toz)]. the 
lip- LUC end or point of a toe or the toes. 
adj. being on the ends of the toes; stretched 
to full height; stepping softly; hence, cau¬ 
tious: adv. on the ends of the toes; cautiously; 
eagerly: v.i. to walk or stand on the ends of 
the toes; to step softly; to strain upward; 
hence, to be on a strain or on the alert. 

+^rk (tip'top'), n. the highest point or 
lip-iup degree; the best of anything: adj. 
fine; without equal. [Colloq.] 

ti ~ c . A c ± (tl-rad'; ti'rad), n. a long, violent 
-I ctU-C speech, especially of blame or 
cibuse. 

X* _ (tir), n. a band or hoop of iron or rubber 
lire on ^0 rim or tread of a wheel: v.t. to 
supply (a wheel) with a rim of iron or rubber; 
to make weary; exhaust or wear out the 
patience of: v.i. to become weary or exhausted. 
Syn., v. harass, weary, fag. 

Ant. (see refresh). 

+it(tkd), adj. weary; exhausted; fa¬ 
ll! CU tigued; worn out.— adv. tiredly.— 
n tiredness. 

+irck Ipcc (tlr'les), adj. unwearying; not 
lllc-icao to t, e wearied; having no tire: 
said of a wheel. — adv. tirelessly. 

„ ccvmo (tir'sum), adj. wearisome; 
llltJ-bUIilC tedious; fatiguing; as, a tire¬ 
some journey; annoying; as, tiresome talk.— 
adv. tiresomeiy.—n. tiresomeness. 
t: ro .TT/vm on (tir'woom"an), n. a woman 
111 c-W UHl-dll who acts as an attendant 
in the dressing room of a theater; a lady’s 

maid. _ 

fir i-n cr rnnm (tir'Ing=room"), n. former- 
lit -ntfe - 1 uuiii jy t a dressing room in a 

theater. 

cii p. (tlsh'tl), n. a woven fabric or cloth, 
llb-bUC especially thin, transparent silk 
used for veiling, formerly woven with gold 
or silver threads; that which forms the struc¬ 
ture and substance of any organ or plant; as, 
muscular tissue; any thin or delicate texture 
or fabric; as, tissue paper; a closely woven 
network. 

fie quo r\a -n*M* (tish'ff pa'per), very 
llo-oUC pct-pci thin, gauzelike paper 

used to wrap up delicate articles, protect 
engravings in books, etc. 

xix (tit), n. a morsel or bit; a tap; a kind 
of small bird called the titmouse; the 
name for various other kinds of small singing 
birds.—tit for tat, a fair return; this in pay¬ 
ment for that. 

'Tj fp-n (ti'tan), n. one of the fabled giants 
A. 1-lclll who fought against Jupiter; hence, 
a man of enormous strength. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menii; 










Titanic 


655 


toddy 


Ti fern ir» (ti-tan'Ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
A1-Ldii-iC the Titans: titanic, huge; 

of enormous strength. 

fi tfl Til urn (ti-ta'nl-ilm), n. an extremely 
*' A ” tcl_Ai - A ~U. 11 A hard metallicsubstance, found 
in small amounts in clay and many minerals, 
and used, now and then, in alloys. 

"Ui-4- (tit'blt"), n. a choice morsel or a 
lil-uil tender piece, as of anything eatable: 
used figuratively, as of gossip, 
f jfU p (tiff?), n. the tenth part of anything, 
ti liic especially the tenth part of one s 
income given to the support of the church or 
to charity; small part: v.t. \p.t. and p.p. 
tithed, p.pr. tithing], to tax or levy a tenth of. 
tit"h incr (tiding), n. the levying or taking 
LiLii-iiig Q f a tenth of one’s income for the 
church or charity. 

tit il Ip(tlt'T-lat), v.t. to tickle; to rouse 
iiL-ii-i.ciLC pleased excitement in: v.i. to 
tickle.—«. titdlaticn. 

lo-rlr (tlt'lark"), n. a small singing bird 
Ul-lalh. 0 f the lark family; the pipit, 
ti fit* (tl'tl), n. the inscription or name of a 
vi-tic hook, poem, etc.; a heading; a namo 
of dignity, rank, or distinction, as Your Honor, 
etc.; a claim or right; as, a title to respect: 
the legal right to property, especially real 
estate; as, a title to land; the paper giving 
such right: v.t. to entitle, or give a name to. 

^ +1^.4 (tl'tld), p.adj. having an honorary 
-L1CU. £ erm attached to one’s name; espe¬ 
cially, belonging to the nobility. 

Hp*p*p1 ded), a document giving 

-tic uccu written evidence of light of 
ownership of property. 

+i +1 p* rr\ Ip* (ti'tl rol), the part, or char- 
Li-Lic idle acter, in a play for which it is 
named; as, the title role in “Hamlet.” 

ti* tip* -hpo-p* (ti'tl=paj"), n. that page of a 
Li-Lic-jJcigc book giving its name, author. 

publisher, and date. 

tit niftiioo (tlt'mous"), n. [pi. titmice 
llL-inOUbc (-mis)], a small, active bird 
with gray, black, or white feathers. 
x:x x ‘ (tit'er), v.i. to laugh or giggle, in an 
LIL-Lci affected or hysterical fashion: n. a 
little laugh; a foolish, hysterical giggle. 
x*x xi 0 (tlt'l), n. a small particle; an iota 
Li L-lie or j 0 t ; a mark over a letter to show 
pronunciation. 

tit tip* tpt tic* (tit'HtatT), n. trifling talk; 
HL-Lic-LclL-Llc senseless chatter; gossip: 

v.i. talk foolishly; gossip. 

tit ii 1 or (tlt'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, 
LiL-U-icil having, or resulting from, a title; 
existing in name or title only; nominal; as, a 
titular duke: n. one who holds the title of an 
office, but does not possess the power and 
authority belonging to it.— adj. titulary. 

T'i tiie (trtfis), n. a short book of the New 
^ A- LUo Testament, consisting of the epistle, 
or letter, written by Paul to Titus; one of the 
Roman emperors, the conqueror of Jerusalem. 
x_ (too), prep, in a direction toward; as, 
Id fhe sun moves from east to west; into 
a destination; into a certain place; as, he 
went to school; he went to church; the rail¬ 
road runs from Albany to Buffalo; as far as; 
as, come to my office and wait: to occurs in 
many senses that are idiomatic; as, be true 
to yourself; keep your private affairs to your¬ 
self; he took a sudden liking to me; he went 
to court with the case; ho took this woman 
to wife; he refused the advice, to his lasting 
regret; I played up to his lead; this family 
lived from hand to mouth; she was very dear 
to me; he showed the goods to me; the 
scenery did not appeal to me, etc.: denoting 
the infinitive verb; as. to know; to show. 


toad 


toad-fish 


(tod), n. a tailless, leaping animal re¬ 
sembling the frog: it breeds in water, 
but in the later stages of its development 
lives for the most part on land; it eats 
worms, flies, etc.; one despised for currying 
favor by fawning, etc._ 

tnflfl Pflt pr (tod'et"er), n. a mean flat- 
iuau-caL-ci t erer; one w ho curries favor. 

(tod'flsh"), n. a salt-water fish 
with a large head and wide 

mouth. 

tnflfl flfJY (tod'flaks"), n. a weed akin to 
Luau-lictA. ti^ cultivated snapdragon, with 
yellow and orange flowers: commonly called 
butter-and-eggs. 

tnnrl ctnrVl (tod'stool"), n. an umbrella- 
LUciU-oLUUl shaped poisonous mushroom. 

toflrl V (t°d'I), n. [pi. toadies (-Iz)], a mean 
LUaU-j flatterer; one who caters to the 
rich or powerful for the sake of gain or favor; 
a toadeater: v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. toadied, 
p.pr. toadying], to Jlatter for selfish reasons. 

ir io-m (tod'I-Izm), n. selfish or 
LUdLi-j/ -loill mean flattery; the habit of 
currying favor with the rich or great. 

(tost), n. sliced bread browned by 
LUdoL the heat of the fire; an after-dinner 
speech; one who is named when a health is 
drunk: v.t. to brown or heat at the fire; as, 
to toast bread; to show honor to in drinking; 
to name when a health is drunk.—n. toaster. 

toilet tn a c fpt* (tost'mas"ter), n. one 
LUdoL-llido-LCI w ho presides over the 

drinking of healths after dinner, or who intro¬ 
duces after-dinner speakers. 

•fn 'har* rn (to-b&k'o), n. [pi. tobaccos 
LU-uaL-Ld (-oz)], an American plant of 
the nightshade family, tho dried leaves of 
which are prepared and used for smoking and 
chewing, or as snuff. 

tn Kor rn Kucr (tft-bak'o bug), a small 
LU-UdL-LU u ug, insect which destroys 

the leaves of the tobacco plant by sucking 
the sap. 

har rn hnarf (to-bak'5 hart), a dis- 
lu-ua^-tu aiccla l ease marked by irreg¬ 
ular action 'of the heart, caused by too con¬ 
stant use of tobacco. 

Ka r rn nict (t6-bS,k'6-nist), n. a 
lO-UdL-CU-lllol dealer in tobacco, ci¬ 
gars, etc. 

Kr*cr crcin (t6-bog'an), n. a kind of 
LU-DOg-gd.Il long, flat sled, holding one or 
more persons, used for sliding down snow- or 
ice-covered hills: v.i. to slide downhill by 
means of such a sled; to slide rapidly as if 
coasting. 

to-bog-gan slide 

prepared for coasting on a toboggan. 

-fr* "hir ( to 't>I), n. a small jug or mug in the 
IU-Uj f or m of an old man with a three- 
cornered hat. 

x_ p (tok'sln), n. an alarm bell or the 

LUC-olll sound made by it; any warning 
signal. 

fiv (too=da'). n. the present day; the 
1'JU.ciy present time: adv. on the present 
day; at the present time, 
fnrl rllp* (tbd'l), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. toddled, 
lUU-Ulc p.pr. toddling], to walk with short, 
uncertain steps like a child: n. a walk marked 
by short, uncertain steps. 

x_ J H1iP*r (tdd'ler), n. one who walks with 
lUU.-U.icl gflort, unsteady steps; a ymrng 
child. 

i„4 J..- (tod'i), n. a sweet juice obtained 
LUU-uy from certain palm trees of East 
India; a sweetened mixture of liquor and 
hot water. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






to-do 


656 


to-morrow 


fi-w (to6=doo'), n. bustle; stir; fuss; as, 
LO-UU make a great to-do about nothing. 
iColloq.] 

x_ (to), n. one of the five digits of the foot; 
lOc the front of the foot, or of a stocking or 
other foot covering: opposite to heel; the fore 
part of a horse’s hoof; anything resembling a 
toe; a projection: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. toed, 
p.pr. toeing], to touch, reach, or strike with 
the tip of the foot; as, to toe the mark before 
starting a race; to attach the foot of (an 
upright timber) to a beam by nails driven 
slantwise. , , , 

-noil (to'nal"), n. the horny scale that 
lUc-Iid.il protects the end of the toes on the 
human foot. 

fan (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; molasses 
XOI-lcc taffy. Also, toffy. 

(tog), v.t. and v.i. to dress up; as, he 
was all togged up. [Slang.] 


togs 

toil 


tol- 


tog.._... . 

rro (to'ga), n. [pi. togas (-gdz), togse 
lU-gd. (_jg)], the loose outer garment worn 
by the ancient Romans. 

+rv or (tbb-geJ/i'er), adv. in company 

tU-g,C Lii-Ci or association; as, to live 
together or walk together; mutually; as, to 
weep together; in union or concert; as, 
to mix things together; in succession; as, his 
troubles all came together. 

rrckr* -tr (tog'er-I), n. clothes; articles 
t-Ug-gci-y 0 f dress or finery. [Slang.] 
+^rr rrlo (tog'l), n. on shipboard, a small 
i'Ug-glc wooden pin or key to fasten a rope 
or a chain into a loop or ring; on clothing, 
a button or frog; in machinery, a device with 
an elbow-shaped joint. 

■frier /rlo inint (t6g ' 1 j° int h a 1°*“* in 

joint machinery liko an eloow 

or knee joint. 

(togz), n.pl. toggery; clothes, espe¬ 
cially new or showy ones. [Slang.] 
(toil), n. labor or work that tires, 
especially the body; exertion that tires 
the min d or body; pi. a snare or net: v.i. to 
labor or work with pain or fatigue; to be 
busy or work hard, usually with the body; 
to make slow and labored progress; as, he 
toiled up the hill.— n. toiler. 

Syn., n. task, drudgery. 

(toi'let), n. a dressing table; the act 
XUl-lCl G f dressing, including bathing, etc.; 
style or manner of dressing; attire or dress; 
a room for dressing, bathing, etc.; a lavatory. 
Also, toilette. 

1 ot lira tor ( toi ' 16t wo'ter), a fragrant 
TOl-iei Wa-Xcl liquid used in the bath; 

perfumed liquid. 

cnm<=» (toil'silm), adj. laborious on 
•'Ull-oUllAC tiresome; wearisome; wearied 
with labor; as, the toilsome and patient oxen. 
— adv. toilsomely.— n. toilsomeness. 

TTr* 1raw (to-ka 7 ), n. a kind of large, sweet, 
X U-iVclj white or purple grape; a rich 
wine, originally from Tokay, in Hungary. 

(to'kn), n. a mark or sign; a 
lU-iVCll memorial or souvenir; as, a 
token of affection, respect, etc.; a symbol 
or sign of authority, right, pledge, etc.; a 
piece of money whose face value is more 
than its real value. 

i n l4 (told), past tense and past participle 
tOlU. 0 f the verb tell. 

r Vr\ lev (tft-le'do), n. a sword or sword- 
x U-lc-UU blade of the finest temper, 
made originally at Toledo, Spain. 

+r»1 or q kip (tol'er-a-bl), adj. capable of 
lUl-Cl-d-UAC being borne or endured; 
as, his conduct was scarcely tolerable ; endur¬ 
able; supportable; fairly good; as, the work 
was tolerable. — adv. tolerably. 


pr npfP (t61 7 er-ans), n. endurance; 
-cl-dJIUC willingness to bear with 
others; as, a lack of tolerance is often the 
cause of religious disputes. 

X-.1 OT1 + (tol'gr-ant), adj. willing to 
LU1-cl-cU.lt endure; willing to bear with 
others; forbearing; as, a tolerant attitude; 
able to take without harm large doses of dan¬ 
gerous drugs.— adv. tolerantly. 

or (tdl'er-at), v.t. to bear or en- 

lUl-Cl-ctLC fiure; as, to tolerate a person 
one does not like; endure without harm, as a 
dose of a poisonous drug; permit; allow with¬ 
out hindering; as, to tolerate abuses. 

+ _ 1 0 (tol"er-a 7 shfin), n. the act 

LUl-cl-d-UUil 0 f bearing or enduring; 
the allowing of that which is not wholly 
approved, especially of the right of private 
judgment in religious matters, 
l-ii (tol), n. the sound of a bell slowly and 
XU11 evenly repeated, as during funerals; 
a duty or tax on travelers or goods passing 
along a public road or bridge; a tax or duty 
paid for some privilege; pay taken for serv¬ 
ices; as, a miller takes toll for grinding grain: 
v.i. to sound or ring slowly, as a bell: v.t. to 
ring with slow, heavy strokes; announce by 
slow strokes; as, to toll the hour; to ring slow, 
even strokes for, as during a funeral; as, to 
toll a departed bishop; in hunting, to entice 
(game) by arousing curiosity, 
x i ti (to 15o'), n. a fragrant medicinal 
XU-1X1 balsam obtained from a South 
American tree. 

x i 11 n l (tol'u-ol; toru-51), n. a chemical 
LU1-U-U1 compound similar to benzene, 
obtained from balsam, coal tar, etc., and used 
in manufacturing dyes, explosives, etc.: 
called also toluene. AJso, toluole. 

'Trvm (f5m), n. a shortened form of Thomas: 
X UI11 tom, the male of certain animals, 
especially the cat. 

+rvtv> a b avoir (tom'd-hok), n. a hatchet 
XUm-d.-Ild.WlX use d by the North Ameri¬ 
can Indians in war and the chase: v.t. to 
strike, or kill, with such a hatchet. 

ma (t^-ma'to; tb-ma'to), n. [pi. 
lU-llld-lU tomatoes (-toz)], n. a garden 
plant of the nightshade family; the red or 
yellow edible fruit of this plant, 
irvm'h (t°3 m ). n ■ a grave, or vault; a 
lUIIiU monument erected to the memory 
of the dead: v.t. to put in a grave or vault, 
inm hnv (tOm'boi 77 ), n. a wild, romping 
lUlU-UUjr girl with_boyish ways; a hoyden. 

e+rvn (toom'ston 77 ), n. a stone 
iLM.ii. u-oujiac; marking a grave; a monu¬ 
ment to the dead. 

tnm rat (tom'kat"), n. a full-grown do- 
‘-'“'lll-Ccll mestic cat of the male sex. 

+ AtT , nr\A (tSm'kod"), n. a small eatable 
XOm-XUU fish of the cod family. 

trvm#* (tom), n. a large book; a weighty 
LUIIiU volume; one volume of a work. 

+/VTV 1 -P/~v/~vl (tom'fSbl'), n. a great fool; a 
XUm-lUUl s iiiy trifler. [Colloq.] 

+nm fnnl pr V (tbm'fool'er-I), n. non- 
luiu-iuoi-ci -y sense; ridiculous trifling; 


silliness. 


a 

for 


Tom-my At-kins ‘SK?- 

the British private soldier, frequently short¬ 
ened to “Tommy.” 

Tom-my-waacs 

popular name for the British “ Women’s Army 
Auxiliary Corps”: a word spelled from the 
initials of the organization^ 

tn-tnflf l*fNXT (t^ =m or , 5), n. the day 
111UI-1UW a ft er the present day; the 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, Sdge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









TOOLS 

657 




































































































tomtit 


658 


top 



next coming day: adv. on or for the day after 
to-day. . . , 

xix (tbm'tlt"; t6m'tlt'),n. a small bird 
XUlIl-llL -with either black, white, or gray 
feathers; the tit¬ 
mouse; in England, 
the wren. 

tom-tom 

n. a kind of drum 
used in Africa, the 
East. Indies, and other 
Oriental countries. 

Also, tam-tam. 

+rm (tun), n. a meas- 
LUll ure 0 f weight, 

usually twenty hun¬ 
dredweight; the 
weight of 2,240 
pounds, used in Great 
Britain, commonly 

called a, long ton, Chinese Tom-tom 

the weight of 2,000, 

pounds, used in America, often called a short 
ton; a uni t, of measurement for cargo space 
in ships, equal to one hundred cubic leet; as, 
a ship of 6,000 tons burden. 

+/-W-M ol (ton'ai), adj. pertaining to a special 
LUIl-d .1 quality of sound; as, the tonal 

qualities of a piano. 

(tft-nal'i-tl) 9 n. quality of 
lU-licU.-J.-tj sound in a musical composi¬ 
tion; the principle of key relationship in 
music; the relation to each other of the 
shades of color in a picture or design. 

cx (ton), n. sound, or quality of sound; 
tUlic note; accent; key; quality of the 
voice; as, a high tone; interval between 
two successive whole sound-steps in the major 
scale: opposite to semitone; condition of the 
body; as, a healthy tone; the quality and 
harmony of the colors of a painting; a hue, 
tint, or shade of color, etc.; as, a brown tone; 
the general character or tendency; as, the tone 
of the rebuke made it acceptable; the sound 
of the voice as expressive of feeling; as, there 
was contempt in her tone: v.t. [p.i. and p.p. 
toned, p.pr. toning], to bring to a required 
shade or color: v.i. to harmonize in color; as, 
the wall paper tones with the curtains.— 
to tone down, to soften or lessen in sound or 
color.— to tone up, to heighten in sound or 
color; to strengthen in health. 

+n«rro ttbngz), 7 i.pl. a metal instrument 
lUIigo -wifh fwo legs joined by a hinge, 
used for grasping anything; as, fire tongs. 
+ A „ miD (tung), n. the fleshy organ in the 
LUllgUC mouth of mammals, used in tast¬ 
ing, and also, in man, for speech; a language; 
as, the French tongue; manner of speaking; 
as, he spoke in a broken tongue; discourse; 
the clapper or hammer of a bell; the strip 
of leather under the lacing of a shoe; the 
pole of a two-horse vehicle; as, the tongue 
of a wagon; the pin of a buckle; the point 
of a flame; a point of land extending into 
the water.— adj. tongued. 

-twntnio ti#*H (tung'tld"), adj. unable to 
lUAiguc hcvj. S p ea k clearly because the 

connecting membrane beneath the tongue is 
too short. 

i A _ (tdn'ik), adj. pertaining to sounds; 
LUII-IU tending to strengthen; bracing: n. 
the keynote of a scale or composition in music; 
a strengthening medicine. 

iY cnl fa ( t6n,Ik soFfa'), in music, 
XOH- 1 C SU 1 Id a system of notation for 
the scale, in which the usual staff symbols 
are discarded for letters and the syllables 
do. re. mi, etc. 


-ntrrVi't (tOO*mt'), n. 
XO-nignt present night 


the coming or 
adv. on the 

present or coming night. 

+rvn n a cr(* (tta'ftl), n. the weight of goods 
lUIl-IldgC carried in a boat or ship; the 
carrying capacity of a vessel; the duty or 
toll on vessels; the entire shipping of any 
port or country. Also, tunnage. 

■fz-v-r, nooti (t6*no'; tun-o'), n. the rounded 
LUll-llcd U re ar section of a passenger auto¬ 
mobile, having sides inclosing one or more 
seats, and entered by doors on either side; 
also, the entire body of an automobile of 
this land. [Fr.] 

4. *i (ton'sfl), n. one of two almond- 

XOIl-bll shaped masses of tissue at the 
sides of the throat. 

oil li tic (tdn'sf-li'tls), n. mflamma- 
lOIl-bll-11- Lib tj on 0 f the tonsils, or the two 

almond-shaped glands at the base of the 
tongue. Also, fonsilitis. 

+zvn o/v i-i al (ton-so'rf- 3 , 1 ), adj. pertain- 
LUlI-bU-J. J.-CU. j n g to a barber or his work; 

as, a tonsorial parlor. 

x 0111-0 (ton'shur), n. the act of cutting 
LUll-bUIC the hair, or of shaving the 
crown, of the head, as by persons entering the 
priesthood; the part of a priest’s head left 
bare by such shaving.— adj. tonsured. 

+zvr> lino (ton'ten; ton-ten'), n. an an- 
LUI 1 -LlliC nuity shared by a number of 
persons, or a loan raised on life annuities, on 
such a plan that the shares of those dying 
first go to the last survivors; such a policy; 
the subscribers collectively. 

+00 (too)* a ^ v - more than enough; as, too 
LUU long; likewise; in addition; as, he is 
going too; over and above; as, it is too heavy; 
also. 

frwvlr (t 55 k), past tense of the transitive 
LUUh a nd intransitive verb take. 
fnrkl (fob 1 ). n - an instrument used by the 
LUU 1 band, as a chisel, hammer, saw, etc.; 
a machine for shaping; one who is used as 
the agent of another: v.t. to shape with a 
chisel, saw, file, etc. 

Syn. n. utensil, implement. 

4~~1 cc (tool'Ing), n. work done with a 
LUUl-lIlg hand implement. 

(toot), v.t. to cause to sound, as a horn 
LUUL or fl u te: v.i. to sound shortly and 
rapidly: n. a blast on a horn; a short, sudden, 
repeated sound, as from a horn, whistle, etc. 



any projection resembling such a bone; as, 
a gear -tooth; a taste or fondness for a certain 
kind of food; as, she has a sweet tooth: v.t. 
to indent or form into jagged points. 

orVm (tooth'ak"), n. pain in a 
lUUlIl-d.CIlc tooth or in the teeth. 

+r»n+li Vi 111 oil (tooth'brush"), n. a small 
Xoum-Drubll brush with a long handle 

used for cleansing the teeth. 
trwvtVi (tootht), adj. having teeth of a 
LUULJ.J.CU. given sort; as, sharp -toothed. 
+/'wv+Vi loco (tobth'les), adj. without teeth; 
LUULIl-lcbb having lost the teeth. 

•fnrri-li nir*lr (toSth'pIk'), n. a sharp-pointed 
LUULii-piUJA instrument of wood, quill, 

etc., used to clear the spaces between the 
teeth. 

4-rkzvfVi com o (toSth'sfim), adj. palatable 
LUUHl-bUlIlC or pleasing to the taste.— 

adv. toothsomely. —n. toothsomeness. 

trm (tbP)* n - the highest part; the summit; 
lUP as, the top of a mountain; the upper 
side or surface; as, the top of a table; the 
highest person, place, or rank; the crown 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, f&r, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 













topaz 


659 


torso 


of the head; a small platform at the head of 

the lower mast of ships; a child’s toy which 
can be made to spin upon its point: v.t. \p.t. 
and p.p. topped, p.pr. topping], to put a 
cover over; to rise to the highest point of; 
to surmount; to excel or surpass; cut off 
the upper part of, as a plant: adj pertaining 
to the highest part; highest; chief. 

+r> -nfl 7 (to'paz). n. a yellow, brown, or 
lu r ai greenish semiprecious stone; the 
yellow sapphire. 

tnn-hnntc (thp'bootz"), n.pl. high boots 
uvjyjio having tops which are often 
light-colored, used for riding. 

+rvn (tbp'kot"), ?i. a coat for outside 

iup-V/Uai wear; an overcoat. 

(top'er), n. a drunkard; one who is 


habitually intoxicated. 


top-er 

ryol In-n-f- (t6p"gal'ant; t5-gal'ant), 
-&**■*■ ~ adj. situated above the top¬ 

mast of a vessel: as, a topgallant sail: n. such a 
mast or sail. 

Vwaoir i t (thp'hev*!), adj. heavier at 
lUp Xlt?d.V-y the top than at the bottom. 

top-heaviness. 


T n nVipf n. a place of uncertain 

i.u-pnci location in the Holy Land, pos¬ 
sibly in the Valley of Hinnom, where human 
sacrifices by fire are supposed to have been 
made in honor of a god called Moloch; hence, 
hell. Also, Topheih. 

tnn ir (top'Ik), n. a subject of discourse, 
IUJJ-XL conversation, or argument; also, 
the general or main subject of a conversation 
or composition. 

Syn. theme, question, issue, 
frm i po 1 (top'I-kal), adj. of or pertaining 
lUp-i-LclX to a special subject; as, a topical 
recitation; relating to a place; local, not 
general.— adv. topically. 

■fr/vn lrrwvf (top'not"), n. the crest or tuft 
lUJJ-.rYJ.IU L G f feathers on a bird’s head; 
a knot of hair worn on the head, as by women, 
■f/vn maci (top'mast), n. the second mast 
lUp-lilcic) L feoin the deck of a ship. 

mod (tdp'most), adj. highest; at 
lOp-mUbl the summit. 

nncr ra rthnr (t&-p5g'rd-fer), n. one 
lO-pOg-rd.-pner w i 10 has scientific un¬ 
derstanding of the geographical features of 
any region, or of the earth’s surface in general. 

frvn n crrct nVi ir (t6p"6-graf'Ik), adj. de- 
tOp-O-grapil-lC scriptive of the geo¬ 
graphical features of a particular place, or 
of the earth’s surface. Also, topographical. 
— adv. topographically. 

f*o r\kir (to-pog rd-fl), n. the sci- 
lo-pog-ra-pxiy entifle description of a 
particular region or place; the geographical 
features of the earth’s surface; the art of 
making a map on which are shown the physi¬ 
cal characteristics of any place. 

-nincr (tOp'Ing), aaj. rising above or 
tup-ping overlooking; as, topping moun¬ 
tains: n. the act of cutting off the highest 
part; as, the topping of plants. 

(tOp'l). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. toppled, 
iup-pxc p.pr. toppling], to overturn: v.t. 
to fall forward; tumble down; to project, as 
if about to fall. 

coil (top'sal"; top'sl), n. the second 
lUJJ-oct.il S{ m f r om the deck of a ship. 

r?ot* orooof (top sar jent), n. the 

top-ser-geant sergeant of the highest 

rank in a company. 

+on QT 7 _tii »* xt\t (fSp'sistfir'vI), adv. up- 
lup-oy LUl-vy side down; m confusion: 
adj. being upset; disordered; confused, 
t/venm (tok), h. a kind of bonnet; a wo- 
tmjuC man’s close-fitting hat with no brim. 


—- - - 

tor-pe-do 


trt rflVl (to'ra), n. in Jewish tradition, a 
lu-iau precept or law; divine revelation: 
Torah, the Pentateuch or Law of Moses. 
Also, thorah. 

tnrrtl ( t ^ rc k). n. a flaming light, made of 
ivsxi/XX ’wood, waxed tow, etc., and carried 
in the hand; a lamp on the end of a pole to 
be carried in a procession. 

tnrrli lio4it (torch’lit"), n. the illumina- 
tuxuxx-xxgxxi, tion given by torches. 

fnr rTirk-n 1 opp (tor'shon las; Fr. t6r"- 
IU1-LilUIl ld.Lt? s hQn') ( a strong linen lace 

made in geometrical patterns. 

(tor), past tense of the transitive and 
xux c intransitive verb tear. 

to t . <a o Hor (to"ra-a-dor'; tor'e-d-dor'). n. 

-i c-d-U-Ui a bullfighter, especially one 
who rides a horse. 

f/vt" tnord (tor'ment), n. extreme pain; 

“xiit?llt the infliction of torture: an¬ 
guish; that which causes pain or anguish: 
v.t. (tor-ment') to put to extreme pain of mind 
or body; to torture; colloquially, to tease.— 
n. tormentor. 

torn ( torn )' past participle of the transitive 
tux xx an d intransitive verb tear. 

+r\r -n a rln, (tbr-na'do), n. f pi. tornadoes 
“xld-U-U (_doz)j, a violent and de¬ 
structive whirlwind, in the form of a funnel- 
shaped cloud moving along a narrow path for 
long distances. 

(tor-pe'do), n. [pi. torpedoes 
(-doz)], a cigar-shaped, self- 
moving, under-water projectile, 'carrying 
explosives, which blows up a ship on contact 
with it: usually fired from a submarine or 
torpedo boat; any shell or case filled with 
explosives, as an undersea mine, a signal 
cartridge on a railroad, etc.; a kind of fire¬ 
work which explodes when thrown against a 
hard surface, as a pavement; a kind of fish: 
v.t. to destroy or blow up by a torpedo; as, 
to torpedo a warship. 

for rip fj/~v VvAof (tor-pe'do bot), a 
LUl-pc-UO UUdX small, rapid war vessel 

for firing torpedoes, carrying light guns and 
torpedo tubes; a submarine. 

tor-pe-do-boat de-stroy-er 

bdt dS-stroi'er), a large, very rapid torpedo 
boat equipped to pursue and destroy torpedo 
boats and submarines, as well as to fire 
torpedoes. 

tnr nidi (tdr'pld), adj. numb; sluggish; as, 
tux-jjxu. a torpid liver; inactive; as, a 
snake is torpid in winter; dull; stupid.— adv. 
torpidly.— n. torpidness, torpidity, 
tnr nnr (tor'por), n. loss of feeling or 
tux-pux motion; dulness; numbness, 
tnrnnn (twkO, n. a twisted collar or neck- 
IU14UC i ace W orn by certain early bar¬ 
barians, such as the Gauls and Britons, 
tnr rnnt (tdr'ent), n. a violent and rapid 
tux-xexit fl 0w; as, a torrent of water; a 
torrent of abuse, etc.; heavy fall or down¬ 
pour; as, a torrent of rain; a violent stream, 
rising suddenly and rushing rapidly along; 
as, the brook becomes a torrent after a heavy 
rain.— adj. torrential. 

tnr rid dSr'Id), adj. dried with heat; 
lux-xxu. extremely hot; as, a torrid desert; 
burning; parching; as, a torrid climate. 

Syn. scorching, sultry. 

tnr cinr» (tdr'shfin), n. the act of turning 
IUX-dXUXX or twisting; the wrenching or 
twisting of a body by lateral force, or side 
motion; the state of being twisted.— adj. 

torsional. 

tnr cn (tor'so), n. [pi. torsos (-soz); torsi 
lUX-ou (-se)^ the trunk of a human body; 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








tort 


660 


tournament 


the trunk of a statue, especially one having 
the head or limbs broken off. 

(tort), n. in law, any wrong, injury, 
lUl L or damage for which a civil suit can 
be brought, 

+/vr +mc** (tor'tus; tor'tls), n. a turtle, 
LUi-LUioC especially one that lives on 
land or in fresh water. 

•f/vt* (tbr'tus shel; tor'tls 

TOr-IOlbe bllGII s hel), the horny outer 
covering of the turtles; this shell prepared for 
use in the manufacture of articles for orna¬ 
ment and use. 

+11 ah c (tor'tu-fis), adj. crooked; 
*<Gi-LU.-UU& twisted; winding; as, a tortu¬ 
ous path; underhand; indirect; deceitful; 
as, a tortuous business policy.— adv. tortu¬ 
ously. — n. tortuousness. 

Syn. roundabout, devious. 

Ant. (see direct, straight). 

+nr fiiri^ (tor'tur), n. agony of mind or 
lUl-llUC body; extreme pain; infliction 
of pain as a punishment; as, the rack was an 
instrument of torture: v.t. [ p.t . and p.p. tor¬ 
tured, p.pr. torturing], to punish with, or as 
with, torture; put to the rack.—n. torturer. 

Syn., n. torment, anguish, agony. 

TVi rxr (to'rl), 71 ■ [P l - Tories (-iiz)], formerly, 
X G-Iy j n English politics, one who upheld 
the full rights of the crown: opposite to 
Whig; in the American Revolution, an 
American who favored yielding to Great 
Britain: hence, often used to designate those 
who are opposed to change. 

- Tr : orn (to'ri-izm), n. the principles 
-*■ G-ly-lolll 0 f the Tories, now called 
Conservatives, of England. 

+ncc (tSs), v.t. to throw with the hand; to 
lUbo throw upward; to pitch; lift or 
throw up, as the head, quickly; put into 
violent motion; to cause to rise and fall; 
as, the waves tossed the vessel: v.i. to roll or 
tumble; be made to rise and fall: n. a throw¬ 
ing upward; a pitch; a fling; as, a toss of the 
head. 

+ncc in a (tos'ing), n. the act of throwing 
lUbb-lilg upward, as a ball; a rolling or 
tumbling; as, the tossing of the waves. 

(tbt), n. anything very small, especially 
vliL a little child. 

tcil (to't§,l), adj. whole; not divided; as, 
lU-tdl the total amount; complete; utter; 
as, total darkness: n. the whole sum or amount: 
v.t. to find the sum of; add; as, to total a 
column of figures: v.i. to amount to a certain 
sum, number, etc.— adv. totally, 
fn +o1 i +v (to-tali-tT), n. the state or 
IU- 10 . 1 - 1 -ly q ua hty of being whole; the 
entire quantity, amount, or sum. 

+*vm (to'tem), n. an animal or object 
LU-LClil conceivedfamong savages, as Amer¬ 
ican Indians, as being closely related to a 
tribe or clan ; a carved or painted representa¬ 
tion of this relationship, as a totem pole. 

+n+ for (fot'er), v.i. to shake as if about to 
LUl-lCI f a ii; as, a house will totter in a 
storm if its foundation is not firm; be un¬ 
steady on one’s feet; lose strength and firm¬ 
ness, as a tree. 

for v (tot'er-i), adj. shaking as if 
IU 1-lCl -y about to fall; unsteady; as. 
the old man is_very tottery_ on his feet. 

+mi poll (too-kan'; too'kan), n. a tropical 
IU U-Ca.ll American fruit-eating bird with a 
large beak and bright-colored plumage. 
+mir+i (tuch), v.t. to come in contact with; 
IUUI/11 as, to touch something with the 
hand; to perceive or know by feeling; to 
handle slightly; to concern; to refer to in a 
light manner; as, in conversation, to touch 


a subject briefly; add a light stroke to; 

reach; affect the senses or feelings of; as, an 
act of kindness will touch a person; meddle * 
with; disturb; injure or hurt; to affect to a I 
slight extent; as, plants touched by frost: v.i. 
to be in contact; as, the two forms touch; to 
speak of a subject lightly: with on or upon; 
as, in the course of his talk, he touched upon . 
the gravity of such an offense; to call at a 
port: with at: n. the act or state of coming 
or being in contact; contact; sense of feel¬ 
ing; sensation; the manner of action of the 
hand, as on a musical instrument; as, she has a 
light touch; the peculiar manner of execution, 
as of a painting, etc.; as, the touch of an 
expert; a single stroke on a painting, etc.; 
close understanding or sympathy; as, in close 
touch with a friend; a light attack of a disease; 
as, a touch of rheumatism. 

+rkiipVi o Til (tuch'a-bl), adj. capable of 
XOU.CJl-a.-DlG being felt or handled; fit 

for contact. 

+/\iir»1i rlmim (tuch'doun"), n. in foot- 
toucn-aown ball, the forcing of the ball 
through the opponents’ goal. 

+/mipVi imr (tuch'tng), p.adj. affecting; 
IU UUll-liig pathetic; as, a touching scene 
in a play: n. the act of coming in contact 
with: prep, with respect to; concerning; as, 
touching the matter referred to in your letter. 

foiicli mo nn+ (tuch'membt'), n. a 
IU U.G11 - Hie uui plant whose npe seed 

containers burst open and scatter the seeds; 
the squirting cucumber; the balsam. 

+rMipli c+o-no (tuch'ston"), n. a kind of 
lUU.Gll-oLGJ.ic black stone used for testing 
the fineness of gold and silver by the streak 
left on the stone when rubbed by the metal; 
hence, a criterion or test. 

+0110+1 wnoH (tuch'wood'),n. decayed 
luuen-wuou. wood which easily catches 
fire and burns slowly; tinder. 

+0110+1 v (tuch'l), adj. irritable; peevish; 
IU UClI-y easily offended.— n. touchiness. 
+011 o'+i Guf), adj. standing great strain 
lUUgil without breaking; not easily broken 
or separated; as, tough wood; tough meat; 
able to endure hardship or strain; strong; 
firm; sticky; as, tough pitch; colloquially, 
difficult; as, a tough problem; hard to influ¬ 
ence; stubborn; colloquially, rough and bad: 
n. colloquially, a rough fellow; a rowdy.—- 
adv. toughly. —n. toughness. 

tmicrh P>n Guf'n), v.t. and v.i. to make or 
LUUgll-Cii become hard to break or sepa¬ 
rate; make or_become strong, stubborn, etc. 
+rmi riAA (too-pe'), «. a small wig; a curled 
lUU-pcc front of false hair, 
tmir (t,oor )> n - a journey, especially one 
IUU1 that begins and ends in the same 
place; an excursion or trip; a long journey; 
a circuit, for inspection, etc.; as. the watch¬ 
man made his tour of the building: v.i. to 
make a journey: v.t. to make a circuit of or 
journey through; as, to tour the country by 
motor car. 

fmir incr rar (tSBr'Ing kar), a large pas- 
luui-uig vai senger automobile, suitable 

to be used for_long trips, 
fmir ict (toor'Ist), n. one who makes a 
lUUi-loi journey, usually for sightseeing; 
an excursionist; a traveler. 

+<~kiif mo li-rna (toor'ma-lin), n. a mineral 
LGU.I-lllcl-llllG that is usually black, but 

sometimes red, blue, green, or even without 
color; a semiprecious stone, of a very trans¬ 
lucent pale lavender color. Also, turmaline. 
+mir no mon+ (toor'nd-ment), n. in the 
LUUl -lid.-HIGH L Middle Ages, a contest, or 
series of contests, with blunt lances and swords. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 





tourney 


661 


tracing 


by knights on horseback; a trial of skill in 
sports; as, a golf tournament. Also, tourney, 
tmir -pov (toor'nl; tur'nl), n. a tourna- 
lUUi -licy ment or trial of skill: v.i. to take 
part in a tournament, or knightly contest. 

■fruit* ni nnof (tobr'ni-ket), n. a device 
XUU1-Ul-lJUcl f or stopping the flow of 

blood when an artery in the arm or leg, etc., 
is cut. 

fmi clo (tou'zl), v.t. to pull about roughly; 
LUU-aiC p U t in disorder; rumple; tumble. 
Also, touzle. [Colloq.] 

fmif (tout; toot), v.i. to look out for cus- 
IU 14.1 tomers; secretly to watch race 
horses in training, in order to give private 
information to customers to guide them in 
betting: n. one who looks out for customers; 
one who gives tips on horses in a race. 
[Colloq. and Cant.] 

fmif o-n com Klo (too'tan" san'bl), the 
XOUX en-Sem-Die general effect; all 

parts of something together. [Fr.] 

frvwr (to)> n - the coarse part of flax or hemp; 

IUW something dragged, as through water 

by a rope; act of dragging; state of being 

dragged: v.t. to drag, as a vessel, through the 

water by means of a rope. 

fnw acre* (to'&j), n. the act of pulling 

lUW-agc through the water by a chain or 

rope; the price paid for towing, or pulling, 

a boat, etc., through the water. 

frw wrorrl (to'erd; tord), prep, in the direc- 

lU-Wdlu tion of; with a tendency to; 

approaching to: adj. close in time; at hand; 

as, great events were toward; ready to learn; 

apt; as, a toward child. Also, prep, towards. 

fr»ii 7 - kna f (to'bot"), n. a boat, especially 

lUW-UUal a powerful steam vessel, used 

for pulling other vessels; a tug. 

f/vwr c»1 (tou'el), n. a cloth for drying any- 

lUW-ci thing wet, as dishes. 

frvwr o,1 i-ncr (tou'el-Ing), n. material from 

LU W-Cl-Ulg, w hich drying cloths are made. 

frkw or (tou'er), n. a high structure, square 

IUW-CI or circular, rising - 

roundings, and either 
standing alone or at¬ 
tached to a building; 
as, a watch tower; a 
church tower; a cita¬ 
del or fortress: v.i. 
to rise to a great 
height; to overtop 
other objects; to 
soar, as some birds. 

tow-er-ing 

(tou'er-Ing), p.adj. 
very high; lofty; as, a 
towering tree or build¬ 
ing; extreme or vio¬ 
lent; as, he was in a 
towering rage. 

tow-head 

n, a person, usually 
a child, having ex¬ 
tremely pale yellow, 
almost white, hair. Leaning Tower of Pisa 

. i* (to'linO. 

tOW-ime n . a line or rope used for pulling, 
or towing, vessels. 

(toun), n. any collection of houses, 
XOWI1 making a distinct place with a name, 
larger than a village but not organized as a 
city; the citizens or voters of such a place; 
in New England, a unit of local government 
of a certain definite character; in other states, 
a unit of local government more or less simple 
in character than that in New England; a 


above 



closely populated place as contrasted with 
the country. 

fnixm rlprtr (toun klfirk), an official who 
IUW1I UCin. acts as secretary for a town 

organization. 

f mim Via 11 (toun hoi), a public building be- 
IUWII Ildll longing to a community, con¬ 
taining public offices and used for public 
meetings. Also, townhouse. 

frvumc fnllr (tounz'fok"), n. the people 
lUWiiD-ioiiv 0 f a town or community. 

fmxm chin (toun'ship), n. a district, or 
LUWIl-ollip unit of local govermnent; a 
rural community organized as a unit of govern¬ 
ment; a division of land, six miles square 
divided into thirty-six sections, of one square 
mile each; in Canada, a section of a county. 

■frvxTT-t-i o -m on (tounz'mSn), n. a citizen of a 
lOWIlb-IIldll town; a fellow-citizen. 

+mxmc npn nlf* (tounz'pe'pl), n. the 
lOWIlo-pcU-piC people of a town; towns¬ 
folk. 

■fnw nafh (to'path"), n. a path beside a 
LU W-pdlll canal or other stream along 
which men or animals walk in towing boats. 
i ftY ~ rni ja (t6k-se'ml-d), «. blood poi- 
LUA-C-lIU-d sorting. Also, toxaemia, 
fnv ip (tok'slk), adj. of or pertaining to 
lUA-lt poison; poisonous. 

tcv i p a] r\ oric'f’ (tok"sI-kol'o-jIst), n. one 
t'-'A-l-L/UI-U-glbl skilled in the science of 
poisons and their effects, etc. 

tnv i rnl n crtr (tfik'sl-kfil'ft-jl), n. the 
tUA.-x-vui.-v-gj science of poisons and 

their effects, etc.— adj. toxicological. 
friY ir» (tok'sln), n. a poison produced by 
lUA-ill secretion in animal or vegetable 
organisms. Also, toxine. 

tnv ( to b» n - a child's plaything; something 
'’Vy of no real value; a bauble: v.i. to trifle; 
as, to toy with another’s affections; to play 
with something or handle something lovingly; 
as, she toyed with the child’s curls, 
tfopp (tras), n. a mark left by a past 
Li dtc event, or by the passing of a per¬ 
son or thing; a footprint; a remainder; a 
small quantity; as, the food contained 
a trace of poison: pi. the straps by which a 
horse is attached to a vehicle: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. traced, p.pr. tracing], to form carefully, as 
letters; to delineate or show by marks; as, 
to trace a design on cloth; to follow and seek 
to find by tracks or indications; as, to trace 
a thief; to make out; find out the course or 
development of; follow exactly; copy, 
especially a drawing, by covering it with a 
transparent sheet upon which the drawing is 
reproduced; to follow out the course of; as, 
to trace the development of a nation. 

Syn., n. track, token, sign, mark, vestige. 

o kip (tras'a-bl), adj. capable of 
litttc-a-bic being followed, copied, etc. 
trap pr (tras'er), n. a shell or bullet whose 
lldL-d smoky course can be seen after 
firing; one whose business is to try to locate 
lost letters, packages, etc. 

\rc\c p»r v (tras'er-I), n. a fine, delicately 
LlaL-ci -y executed design, as in carved 
stone. 

•fra rV*o ck (tra'kS-a; tra-ke'a), n. [pi. 
Lia.-LHC-a. tracheae (-e)], the windpipe; 
the main air-tube leading to the lungs, 
fra rfm ma (tra-ko'ma), n. inflamma- 
II d-LlIU-lIia. tion or soreness of the eye¬ 
lids; granular conjunctivitis, 
fra r incr (tras'Ing), n. the act of one who 
UaL-lllg follows up or copies; that which 
is traced, or marked out, as the copy of the 
lines of a drawing made by marking on thin 
paper over the original 


Hi vwv --s-£- ' — ■ — » ■ ~ — 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









track 


662 


tragi-comedy 


rlr ( tr &k), n. a mark or impression left 
IIdGn. | 3 y the foot; a trace; a beaten path; 
a road; a course or way; as, a race track; a 
pair of metal rails for cars or trains to run 
upon: v.t. to seek or follow by means of traces 
or signs left by someone; to traverse; to 
make footprints upon or with; as, to track 
mud into the house; to wear into a path or 
beaten road; as, constant passing has tracked 
a road through the woods.—n. tracker. 

+ 1*0 r\r acrck (trak'Sj), n. lines of railroad 
Li cU/JV-<tgC tracks; the right to use the 
tracks of another railroad. 

+rorlr Ipcc (trak'les), adj. pathless; with- 
Lictuiv-iCoo ou t a road; without foot¬ 
prints; as, the trackless desert or forest. 
+1*510+ ( tr &kt), n. a short pamphlet or leaf- 
Li <X\j L j e t, usually on some moral or religious 
subject; a large area of land; as, the desert 
is a vast tract of sand. 

frar fa Tvil i fir (tr&k'td-birj-tl), n. the 
LX at- Ld-UII-1- iy quality of being easily 

managed or led. 

fro r +o K1 p, (trak'td-bl), adj. docile; easily 
LictL/-La.-UlC i e( j or managed; as, a tractable 
child; easily handled or worked, as some 
metals.— adv. tractably. 

+ror+ o+p (trak'tat), n. a small book or 
Lictd-dLC treatise; a tract. 

+ror +i!<^ (trak'til), adj. capable of being 
LIcLG-LAlC drawn out or lengthened; as, 
tractile metal. 

+roP firm (trak'shun), n. the act of draw- 
LlcLG-LIUIl mg or pulling a body along a 

surface; as, electric traction. 

+i*o p +irm pn rrinp (trak'shun en'jln), 
U clG-HUlI cli-gilic a locomotive which 

runs on a road or field, not on a track. 

+rop +irvn (trak'shun hwel), a 

UcUy-UUIl Wilt;til friction wheel which 

drives a locomotive or a machinery belt, 
fro p fni* (trak'tor), n. that which draws, 
LlcLLs-LUl or i s used in drawing; as, a 
farm tractor is a locomotive or gasoline engine 
used for drawing farm machinery; motor- 
driven containers used to draw loads about 
factories, stores, railway stations, etc. 

+ 1 * 0 (trad), n. an occupation; business; 
Li dUC a particular means of livelihood 
learned and engaged in; buying and selling 
for money; commerce; traffic; as, the wheat 
trade, or the cotton trade; persons engaged in 
a particular business; as, the clothing trade: 
pi. the trade winds: adj pertaining to, or 
carried on by, a special business or firm; 
commercial: v.i. to conduct a business; to 
buy and sell goods; to carry on commerce: 
followed by with: v.t. to exchange; as, to 
trade knives. 

Syn., n. commerce, dealing, employment. 

+i*aHo_marlr (trad'mark"), n. a mark 
Li civic maria. used by a merchant or 

manufacturer on his goods to distinguish 
them from the goods made or sold by other 
merchants or manufacturer. 

«dtna (trad nam), the commer- 
LldUc Udine c j a i name of an article; the 
business name of a firm. 

f r o A fkf (trad'er), n. one engaged in com- 
UUU-Ci merce; a merchant or store¬ 
keeper; a vessel engaged in commerce; 
one who barters or exchanges goods; as, a 
fur trader among the Indians. 

+raHo cpTirwvl (tradskool), an institution, 
LI dUC oUIUUl often public, where boys 

and girls, usually those who have been grad¬ 
uated from grammar schools, may learn trades, 
fy/iipn rnart (tradz , mSn), n. [pi. trades- 
LA dUCb-liidli men (-men) ], one who en- 

gages in buying and selling; a shopkeeper. 


+i* 5 iH#>c (tradz'pe'pl), n.pl. the 

employees in a store; 
people engaged in buying and selling com¬ 
modities. 

+r5iHf»-iin inn (trad'un'yftn), n. a so¬ 
li due U11-1UI1 c iety of workmen in any 

particular branch of industry, organized for 
the protection of their interests. Also, 
trades-union. 

trade-un-ion-ism 

and practices of members of organized 
societies of workmen. 

+i-aHo uri-nH (trad wind), a wind in or 

WU1U near the torrid zone which 
blows steadily in the same course, or trade, 
toward the equator, from an easterly direction. 
+rflH in O' (trad'Ing), adj. pertaining to 
Lidu-mg commerce or business; as, a 
trading company. 

+r« Hi +irm (trd-dlsh'iln), n. the oral 
Lld-Ul-Liuii handing down of informa¬ 
tion, opinions, doctrines, practices, etc., 
through successive generations, or from 
father to son; that which is so handed down; 
as, the tradition of King Arthur and the 
Round Table; an ancient custom or story; 
a story relating to historical characters but 
not itself based on fact; as, the tradition of 
George Washington and the cherry tree; any 
belief which owes its general acceptance to 
habit rather than to reason. 

+ 1 -H Hi +irvn ill (tni-dlsh'un-al), adj. of 
li d-L*i- Liuii-di or pertaining to a cus¬ 
tom, story, belief, etc., handed down from 
father to son; as, it is traditional to have 
fireworks on July 4th; not historically reli¬ 
able; as, many of the Robin Hood stories 
are traditional, not actual. Also, traditionary. 
— adv. traditionally^ 

+i*ii Hiipa (trri-dusO. v.t. to defame or 
Lld-UUL/C slander; to expose unjustly 
to shame.—n. traducer. 

+ 1*51 f fir* (trank), n. business or trade; 
LA< - lA_AA '^ commerce; the business done by 
a railway, steamship line, etc., in carrying 
persons or goods; the congestion of passing 
of vehicles in a city street; as, it demands 
steady nerves to drive a car through the 
traffic: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. trafficked, p.pr. 
trafficking], to barter; to buy or sell goods: 
with in; to bargain; to do business in a mean 
spirit.— n. trafficker. 

+1*51 o' 51 f*5in+Vi (trag'd-kanth), n. a gum, 
tAcl & _cA-A/ClAAl ' AA obtained from certain Asi¬ 
atic or European trees, from which a thick 
mucilage is made. 

rrp Hi 51 n (trd-je df an), n. a "writer of 
Li.o.-^c-u.i.-a.ii drama that presents the 
sad, solemn, or terrible aspects of life; an 
actor of such a play. 

+t*o nrp Hietm p (tra"zha w dyen'; trd-je*dl- 

ira-ge-aienne en'; tra-je'df-en"), n. an 

actress of sad, solemn, or terrible drama. [Fr.] 
+**<i or ci Hw (G'aj 6—di), n. [pi. tragedies 
CA & -c-AA j (-diz)j, a drama of which the 
outcome is bad. often fatal, for the hero or 
heroine; any work of literature of a similar 
character; a melancholy or fatal event: that 
quality which places grief or catastrophe on 
a plane which commands deep sympathy and 
respect. 

trap" if* (traj'Ik), a &i- pertaining to, or like, 
tACl & -JA/ tragedy; as, a tragic play, or a 
tragic death; fatal; terrible. Also, tragical. 
— adv. tragically. 

+i*5i cr i-rnrr* o Hu (traj"I=k6m , &-dT), n. 
*"*a play combining 
tragic and comic scenes and not having 
a fatal end. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, loc&l, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu: 





trail 


663 


transcript 


trail (tral), v.t. to draw or drag along the 
tACLAA ground; to hunt or follow by track¬ 
ing; as, to trail a rabbit: v.i. to fall or hang 
down or extend behind; as, her dress trails 
on the floor; to grow or climb at great length; 
as, the vine trails along the fence; to follow; 
as, the child trails after its mother; to go 
along in a leisurely fashion: n. a track left 
by a person or an animal; as, a bear’s trail; 
a footpath or track through a wilderness; as, 
a blazed trail is made by chipping the bark 
of trees; anything drawn out in length or 
dragged on the ground.— n. trailer, 
fra in (tran), n. a connected line of rail- 
LAcAAAA road cars; something drawn or 
dragged behind; as, the train of a dress; 
a retinue, or body of servants; a company 
or procession; the line of motor trucks, 
army wagons, etc., which carry supplies to an 
army; a series of connected things; as, a 
train of ideas; a course or process; a line of 
gunpowder laid to fire a charge; a heavy 
kind of Canadian sledge drawn by dogs: 
v.t. to instruct by practice; drill; discipline; 
educate; to aim or point at an object; as, 
to train a cannon upon the enemy; discipline 
or tame for use; as, to train a -wild animal; 
to prepare for athletic contests or horse 
racing; to direct the growth of, as a plant: 
v.i. to prepare oneself for a contest of strength 
or skill; to drill. 

■frain a-r (tran'er), n. an instructor, espe- 
llalll-Cl cially one who prepares men or 
horses for exercise of skill, races, etc. 

■fro in in o' (tran'fng), n. process of being 
XTdXIl-lIIg drilled or prepared for an 
athletic contest, etc.; the state of being 
thus drilled; thorough instruction and ability 
along some special line; as, his training as an 
engineer was excellent. 

fi-ai-n nil (tran oil), oil obtained from 
II all I U1JL whales and other sea animals, 
fra if- (trat), n. a stroke or touch; a peculiar 
lXd.ll feature or characteristic; as, a trait 
of character. 

-f-roi fwr* (tra'ter), n. [fcm. traitress], one 
Hd.l-lUI who is guilty of treason, or the 
betrayal of his country to an enemy; one 
who in time of war gives aid and comfort to 
the enemy; one who betrays a confidence or 
is false to a friend. 

■frai for nuc (tra'ter-fls), adj. capable or 
XiaJL-IOX-lHlo guilty of treason or of the 

betrayal of any trust or confidence; faithless; 
treacherous; false; characterized by treason. 

— adv. traitorously. 

+t-a ioc rir (trd-jek'to-rl), n. [pi. tra- 
ira-jec-xo-ry jectories (-rlz)], the curve 

described by a body moving through space, 
as a ball or stone when thrown, or bullets, 
etc., discharged from guns. 

■ft-a-m (tram), n. a kind of coal wagon used 
llftlii jxi mines; a railway; in England, a 
street railway car. Also, tramcar. 

(trSm'Sl), n. a net used for 
iram-mei catching birds, fish, etc.; a 
kind of shackle for controlling the motions 
of a horse; anything that hinders progress, 
action, or freedom, as a net or shackle: v.t. 
[v.t. and p.p. trammeled, trammelled, p.pr. 
trameling," trammelling], to hamper or hinder; 
to shackle or bind. 

San., n. fetter, bond, chain, impediment. 
4-ro tnnti fo-rna (trd-mOn'tSm; tram'on- 
tr3.-H10H-t3.I16 tan), adj. beyond the 

mountains; coming from the other side of the 
mountains; hence, foreign or savage: n. a 
foreigner or barbarian. 

+(tramp), v.t. to step upon forcibly 
ird-lllp a nd reneatcdlv: colloquially, to 


travel over on foot; as, to tramp the highway: 
v.i. to wander on foot; to walk with a heavy 
step: n. a penniless foot traveler; a vagrant; 
a journey on foot; the sound of heavy foot¬ 
steps; as, the tramp of soldiers.— n. tramper. 
f-ra-m -rda (tram'pl), v.t. to tread under the 
II ctlil-jJiC f ee t; to tread down, as dirt 
in a hole: v.i. to tread rapidly and repeatedly 
with the feet; to tread roughly, so as to hurt, 
crush, etc.; as, to trample upon a sore toe; 
to stamp: with on or upon; as, to trample 
on one’s feelings.— n. trampler. 
fvam rnaH (tram'rod"), n. a roadway 
IX ctili-I Uau equipped -with rails for wheeled 

vehicles; a railway in a mine. 

■f-rom Tirou (tram'wa"), n. an English 
Halil-Way street railway; also, a metal 
track for cars. etc. 

-ft-anra (trams), n. a state in which the 
II ollX sou ] appears to be absent from the 
body or to be rapt in visions; a deep, 
abnormal sleep while the heart and lungs 
continue to act; a swoon; a state of mental 
vacancy due to shock, etc. 

■f-ran nmil (tran'kwll), adj. calm; quiet; 
11 cxli-quii a tranquil mind; undis¬ 
turbed; not agitated; as, a tranquil lake in 
the mountains.— adv. tranquilly. 

Syn. unruffled, peaceful, hushed. 

Ant. (see noisy). 

til Wa (tran'kwfi-Iz), v.t. to make 
fXdXl-qXllI-l^t? peaceful or calm. 

-ft-a-n mill 1i -Hr (tran-kwll'1-ti;trah-kwll'- 
iran-quu-ll-xy i-tl), n. calmness; quiet; 

peace. 

franc arf (trans-akt'; tran-zakt'), v.t. to 
lldIlo-a.l/1 conduct or manage; as, to 
transact business; to carry through; to per¬ 
form or do.—n. transactor. 

•franc ar firm (trans-ak'shun; tr&n-zak'- 
lidJ.io-aix-Liuii shun), n. the management 

of any business or affair; that which is done 
or performed; a proceeding; affair; as, a 
dangerous transaction: pi. the report of the 
proceedings of a society, etc. 

Syn. negotiation, occurrence. 

franc at lan fir (trans^at-lan'tlk). adj. 

XlaHo-dA-ldll-lll/ beyond the Atlantic; 

crossing the Atlantic; as, a transatlantic 
voyage. 

tran crpnrl (tran-send'). v.t. to rise 
lActAA_& '- /CAAU - above; to surpass; surmount; 
excel; exceed. 

tran crpnri ptipp (tran-sen'dens), n . 
Lldll-ol/Cllll-cIll/C the state or quality 

of being superior. Also, transcendency. 

i-rcrn cconH ant (tram-sen''dent), adj. sur- 
u ou-ov/cuu-cii i passing others in excel¬ 
lence; superior or supreme; as, transcendent 
worth or ability— adv. transcendently. 

tran-scen-den-tal 

that which lies beyond the limits of human 
experience; vague; unknown; imaginary; 
fantastic; speculative; transcendent.— adv. 

transcendent ally. 

tran-scen-den-tal-ism dlnqai-fznp" 

n. in philosophy, the going beyond human 
experience to find the main principles of 
knowledge; the theory that the spiritual side 
of h um an life rides over the actual facts of 
experience; impractical idealism.— n. tran¬ 
scendentalism 

fran crriTia (tran—skrib ), v.t. to copy or 
11 all-ou me make a copy of; as, to 

transcribe shorthand notes on a typewriter. 

fran crrinf (tr&n'skript), n. a copy from 
LIail-oUlipi an original; a copy; an 

imitation. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 








transcription 


664 


transmitter 


+j-o-fi cpfiTi tinn (tran-skrlp'shun), n. a 
f A dli-oV/I lp-LIUli copy; the act of copying. 

+rnn cp»r»t (tran'sept), n. that part of a 
lldii-oCpL cruciform church crossing at 
right angles the main body of the building, 
franc f pr (trans-fur'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
uajao-ici transferred, p.pr. transferring], 
to convey or carry from one person or place 
to another; in law, to convey, as a right, title, 
etc.; as, to transfer a piece of land; to copy from 
one surface to another: n. (tians'fur), the con¬ 
veyance or making over of a right, title, 
property, etc., from one person to another; 
the writing or deed by which such an exchange 
is made; a removal; the exchange of a 
soldier from one troop or company to an¬ 
other; a drawing or writing copied off from 
one surface to another. 

franc fpr o hip (trans-fur'd-bl), adj. 
Li aiio-ici -a-UiC capable of being carried 

to another place, or made over to another 
person; as, the ticket is transferable. 

+ 1 * 0 tic fpy* ptipp (trans fer-ens; trans— 
11 dllo-iCl -dice fur'ens), n. act of carry¬ 
ing, or state of being carried, from one place 
to another; a making over of property to 
another person. 

trans-fig-u-ra-tion SS”, s n f 'I '“hfnge 

■of form or appearance: Transfiguration, the 
wonderful change in the personal appearance of 
Jesus Christ on the mount.—Matt. xvii. 1-0; 
the festival, August 6, celebrating this change, 
franc lire (trans-flg'ur), r.«. to change 
uallo-llg-urc the outward form or ap¬ 
pearance of; to change or transform to some¬ 
thing high and glorious. 

tra n Q fl Y (trans-flks'), v.t. to pierce through 
AAcAAA&-AAA with a pointed weapon; as, to 
transfix a body with a spear; to make stop 
as if pierced through; as, the sight that met 
his eyes transfixed him. 

franc fnrm (trans-form'), v.t. to change 
LicLHo-njiJ.il the shape or appearance of; 
change the character of; as, to transform 
water into ice; to change the heart or mind 
of; to convert; as, to transform the nature of 
a child by kindness; change the form of (an 
algebraic equation) into another of different 
form without altering its value: v.i. to be or 
become changed. 

trans-for-ma-tion^n" s n f3 t r h‘e m !« 

of changing the appearance of; the state of 
being changed in appearance; change of char¬ 
acter, heart, etc. 

+■** o o f Ami p i* (trans-for'mer), n. a do— 
tA tuio-ivji ui-ci vice for raising or lower¬ 
ing the potential of an alternating electrical 
current circuit. 

franc fiiCA (trans-fuz'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
11 o.iio -1 uoc transfused, p.pr. transfusing], 

to pour out of one vessel into another; to 
transfer, as blood, from the veins of one per¬ 
son or animal to those of another. 

franc fn cinn (tr§,ns-fu'zhfin), n. the 
Li ctllo-1 u-olUll aC (; 0 f transferring blood 

from the veins of one body to those of an¬ 
other: the transference of a liquid from one 
vessel to another; a mingling, as of liquids, 
franc (tipcc (trans-gres'), v.i. to break 
* ,A<lAAa_ & A Coo a ] aw> rule, etc.; to sin: 
v.t. to break, sin against, or violate; as, to 
transgress a law. 

trflric prrpc cinn (tt&ns-grfsh'fin), w. the 

*' A cAAA ^ o A Co-blUll act of breaking any law 
or rule of moral duty; a fault; an offense; sin. 

franc crr^c enr (f rans-gr8s'er 1, n. one 
1,1 CO-&LJ1 who breaks a rule or law; 

an offender; a sinner. 


fran ci <=mf (tr&n'sh$nt),ad;.fleeting;brief; 
AA clll-DlClll passing; as, a transient view 
from the windows of a train; transient hopes; 
temporary; as, transient lodgers.—n. tran¬ 
sience, transiency. 

franc if (tr&u'slt), n. a passage through 
AA <Xlio-lL or over; as, the transit of goods 
through a state or country; conveyance; the 
passage of a heavenly body across the sun; 
an instrument used in surveying to measure 
angles: called in full a transit theodolite. 

fran ci firm (tran-slzh'un), n. the pas- 
Liclll-dl-LiUll s a ge from one place, period, 

or state, to another; as, the transition from 
youth to old age; a change, as of a key in 
music, or of the subject of a speech or dis¬ 
course. 

fran ci firm al (txan-slzh'un-al), adj. of 
LlaXl-Dl-lliUX-cli or pertaining to the 

passage from one state, time, or place, to 
another; as, the end of the 19th century 
was a transitional period.— adv. transitionally. 

fran ci fivr* (fran'sl-tlv). adj. able to 
liciii-oi-liv c make a passage across; in 

grammar, carrying action to a receiver; 
expressing action received: said of certain 
verbs.— adv. transitively. —n. transitiveness, 
fran ci fn r\r ttran'sl-tft-rl), adj. brief; 
l,AclAA-&A_l '' J-A j continuing but a short 
time; fleeting; passing.— adv. transitorily, 
franc lafn (trans-lat'), v.t. to change from 
tAClAA ‘ :> " Acll ' c one language into another; as, 
to translate French into English; to interpret 
or make plain; as, to translate a cipher or 
code message; to remove suddenly to another 
place or position; remove to heaven without 
dying; as, Enoch was translated, that he 
should not see death. 

franc la finn (trans-la'shun), n. the act 
tA «-J. io-acl-livjh of changing or removing; 

the act of changing from one language to 
another; a book, article, etc., changed from 
one language into another; a change or 
removal. 

franc la fnr (trans-la'ter), n. one who 
AAa ’ AAO “ AC, - _l ' UA changes books, articles, etc., 
from one language into another; as, a trans¬ 
lator of French into English. 

franc In remf (trans-lu'sent), adj. seml- 
Liaiio-iu-LyCJlL transparent or capable of 

letting light through so as to allow objects to 
be indistinctly visible; as, translucent glass; 
allowing light to pass through. 

franC-Tni erra firm ( tr & I js"mI-gra'shun), 
lx 0.110 Jill & A ct-llUII n the going from 

one country, state, or condition, to another; 
especially, the passing of the soul at death 
from one body into that of another. 

trans-mis-si-ble S r P ?wf IS 'of bl) ' wj; 

passed from one to another, or through a 
body or substance. 

franc mic cirvn (trans-mlsh'un), n. a 
Li olio-lllls-olUll passing on from one to 

another; the act of passing, or the state of being 
passed, through or over, as the transmission of 
telegrams, news, etc.; that part of the mechan¬ 
ism of an automobile which transfers the power 
from the engine to the driving shaft. 

franc mif (trans-mlt'), v.t. i p.t. and p.p. 
Li.«ai.o-x.iAiL transmitted, p.pr. transmit¬ 
ting], to cause or allow to pass over or through; 
as, to transmit news by wire; conduct; as, 
to transmit heat; to send from one place or 
person to another: as, to transmit a package 
by post.— n. transmittal, 
franc mif for (trans-mft'er), n. one that 
tAa " llo " AAAAl ' -l ' CA sends over or through; es¬ 
pecially, the mouthpiece of a telephone or the 
sending instrument of a telegraph. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c$inpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 






transmutable 


66-5 


traveled 


trans-mut-a-ble‘“ n a ^e at o^efn rf 5 

changed from one form or substance into 
.another. 

- (tians'mu-ta'shun), 

trans-mu-ta-tion n- a change from one 

form, nature, substance, or class, into another; 
as, the transmutation of metals. 

4Tono TTMI+Ck (trans-mut'), v.t. to change 
Lidllo-lAf from one form, nature, sub¬ 
stance, or class, into another; as, the chemist’s 
dream is to transmute base metals into gold. 
>*•0*1 0/vrn (tran'sum), n. a crossbeam in 
tran-oUIU a -window or over a door; a 
window over a door, set on hinges so as to 
.swing horizontally. . r , 

nor c-n nir (trans-par'en-si),n. [pi. 

trans-par-en-cy transparencies (-slz)], 
the state or quality of being easily seen 
through; that which is easily seen through, 
as a picture, placard, etc., shown by light 
shining through it from within; figuratively, 
simplicity; as, th ^transparency of one’s nature. 

(trans-par'ent), adj. hav- 
LraJlS-pd.r-cIlL j n g the property of allow¬ 
ing rays of light to pass through, or capable 
of being easily seen through; as, transparent 
gauze; easy to understand; frank. 

4~ran (tran-spir'), v.i. to pass off 

iran-spire as vapor; to breathe out; 
to become known or leak out: v.t. to throw 
off, as vapor or moisture; to exhale or 
breathe out. 

(trans-plant'), v.t. to remove 
trans-plant and fix or settle in another 

place; as, to transplant trees; to remove and 
establish; as, to transplant inhabitants or 

x x* _ (trans"pl&n-ta / - 

trans-plan-ta-tion shun), n. the act 

of removing and settling in another place; 
the state of being thus removed and settled, 
■ffot-io Twvr+ (trans-port'), v.t. to carry 
trans-pur l aC ross or from one place to 
another; as, to transport goods or soldiers; 
in England, to banish to a penal colony 
across the ocean; to carry away by violence 
of passion, or by pleasure; as, rage or joy 
transports the soul: n. (trans'port), a con- 
vevance for baggage or stores; a vessel 
employed for carrying troops, stores, etc., 
from one place to another: as, the transports 
were accompanied by war vessels; a violent 
display of anger, passion, rapture, or any 
emotion; as, the good news threw her into 
a transport of joy. 

x — L 4 (tr&ns por-ta shun), 

trans-por-ta-tion n> the act of carry¬ 
ing, or state of being carried, from one place 
to another; as, the transportation of goods, 
soldiers, etc.; the act of ba nishin g, or sending 
to another place, for crime; as, the criminal 
was sentenced to transportation; means ot 
conveyance; colloquially, a railway or steam¬ 
ship ticket or pass, etc. , 

< (trans-poz'), v.t. to change 

trans-pose the place or order of by put¬ 
ting one in the place of the other; as, to 
transpose letters or words; in music, to change 
the key of; in algebra, to change (a term) 
from one side of an equation to the other 


tran-sub-stan-ti-ate £t&S'sh!-at)“ 

v.t. to change into another substance. 

tran-sub-stan-ti-a-tion iXfn*iVl- 

a'shun), n. a changing into another substance; 
a transformation; the doctrine held by the 
Roman Catholic Church that the bread and 
wine of the Eucharist, or Holy Communion, 
are changed into the body and blood of Christ 
by being consecrated. 

4-fcrn c vprep (tr&ns-vttrs'), adj. lying or 
Ti dllo-VcI &C bemg across or crosswise; 
as, transverse lines: n. anything that lies 
crosswise.— adv. transversely, 
x (trap), n. a device, such as a snare or 
Xiap spring, to catch animals; as, the 
mousetrap; an ambush or snare; as, the 
soldiers were caught in a trap; a bend m a 
drain by which the liquid prevents the escape 
of sewer gas; colloquially, a light, two¬ 
wheeled carriage; a machine for shooting 
into the air clay pigeons, balls, etc., to be 
shot at by sportsmen; a kind of rock: pi. 
colloquially, baggage; portable articles: v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. trapped, p.pr. trapping], to 
catch in, or as in, a snare or spring; as, to 
trap a fox or rabbit, etc.; hence, to ambush 
or ensnare, as the enemy; to take by trick 
or stratagem; as, to trap a thief; to furnish 
with a trap, as a drain; colloquially, to dress 
up; adorn; v.i. to set snares, etc., for game. 


T'.' (trap'ddr'), n. a door which 

irap-uour lifts up in a roof or floor to 
show an opening beneath. . , , 

+*•« -rm'TA (trd-pez'), n. a swinging hori- 
Tlcl-pUZe zontal bar suspended by a rope 
at each end and used by athletes in gym¬ 
nasiums, etc. „ 

x,. rt rr\ (tra-pe'zl-fim), n. a plane 

tra-pe-Zl-Uin figure bounded by four 
straight lines, of which no two are parallel; 
a bone of the wrist at the base of the thumb. 
x,„_ — ^ nrAr 1 (trap'£-zoid), n. a plane 
trap-e-ZOlU figure with four sides, having 
two sides parallel to each other. 

X__„ (trap'er), n. one who catches 

Trap-pci a nimals, especially to obtain 
their fur. v , , 

Wctn ni-mre (trap'Ingz), n pl. ornamental 
Trap-pillgb harness of a horse, especially 
fancy saddle cloths, etc.; hence, ornaments 
or decorations in dress. 

i l (trash), n. that which is worthless 
Trasn or useless; refuse or rubbish; in¬ 
jured parts cut or lopped off, as leaves, twigs, 
corn husks, etc.; also, a worthless person. 

tt (trash'I), adj. [comp, trashier, 
Traoll-jf superl. trashiest], worthless; use¬ 
less; as, a trashy novel.— adv. trashily. — n. 
trashiness. /v , . . . 

x. 0 „ 0 ,*1 (trav'al), n. the suffering endured 
Trav-au j n childbirth; physical or mental 
agony or severe pain; as, a mind in travail: 
v.i. to suffer in childbirth. 

(trav'el). v.i. [p.t. and p.p., traveled, 
TraV-Cl travelled; p.pr. traveling, travel¬ 
ling], to journey; to move or proceed: v.t. 
to journey over or through; as, to travel a 
hard road: n. the act of journeying; a journey; 
progress of any kind; number of persons. 


x —« (tr&ns"po-zish un), n. 

trans-po-si-tion the act of changing 
the place or order of; the state of being 
changed in order or place. 

. (trans-ship'), v.t. to move 

trans-snip from one ship, car, etc., to 

.another for further conveyance. Also, 

tranship. —n. transshipment, transhipment. 


irorn uiio siuu ul a/j-i ^A 4 u«»w*v« ,^ - 1 vehicles etc nassing over a certain road; as, 

by using the opposi e sl ^* ans /; p5 . z!s j 1 /Q n ) > * n# heavy travel; in mechanics, movement or 
+rar»C_-nO_S1-t.lOIl r,f rhamrins; stroke, as of a piston: pi- an account of things 


un.o, ao vi at . r,' - --.- 

seen or experienced in journeying. 

+*-ot 7 (trav'eld), p.adj. having made 

Tid-V-UicU. journeys; hence, experienced; 
as, a much -traveled man; much frequented, 
walked or ridden over; as, a much -traveled 
road. Also, travelled. 


transnip.— n. — - ■ = -——-. . . , 

boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


44 













CHERRY 


APPLE 


CHESTNUT 


HICKORY 


BIRCH 


BLACK 

WALNUT 


LOCUST 


DECIDUOUS TREES 
666 






BLACK 

SPRUCE 


HEMLOCK 


WHITE PINE 


BALD 

CYPRESS 


ARBOR VITAE 
(White Cedar) 


JUNIPER 
(Red Cedar) 


YELLOW 

PINE 


BALSAM 

FIR 


REDWOOD 

(Sequoia) 








traveler 


668 


tree frog: 


f r oTr pt py (trav'el-er), n. one who jour- 
lAclv “ CA-CA neys; one who goes from place 
to place; as, a commercial traveler . Also, 

traveller. 

trnxr orcp (trav'ers), adj. .lying or being 
tACAV-CAOC across: adv. (trav'ers; trd- 
vflrs'), athwart or crosswise: ft. a crosspiece; 
something lying or placed across something 
else; a communication gallery or passage 
across a large building; in military use, a 
parapet across an exposed place, or a part of a 
trench at right angles„to the main line: v.t. (trav'¬ 
ers), [p.t. and p.p. traversed, p.pr. traversing], 
to iay or place crosswise; to thwart or cross 
in opposition; to cross in traveling; to travel 
or pass over; as, to traverse Pennsylvania 
in going from New Jersey to Ohio: v.i. to turn, 
as on a pivot; to walk or move across, 
frav pr finp (trav'er-tln), n. a porous 
AAa - v_c:A “ AAAAC rock consisting of white 
calcium carbonate deposited from springs, 
streams, etc. 

j r{) TT pkj 4-rr (trav'gs-tl), ft. [pi. travesties 
*' AcAV " c&_l 'J C-tfz)], a burlesque or parody; 
a burlesque translation or imitation of a 
literary work, etc.; also, any absurd or 
grotesque likeness: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. traves¬ 
tied, p.pr. travestying], to burlesque or parody; 
to represent or show so as to make ludicrous, 
trawl ( tr ol). n. a large net of peculiar con- 
lldWI gtruction used in deep-sea fishing; a 
very long fishing line to which are attached 
many short lines with hooks: v.i. to fish with 
such a net or line. 

trawl or (trol'er), n. one who fishes on 
LI ct Wl-Ci the ocean with a large net called 
a trawl; a fishing vessel used in deep-sea 
fishing with a net. 

tvawl in rr (trol'ing), ft. the act or process 
II dWl-lllg 0 f flshing with a net which 
drags alonjr the bottom of the sea. 
trav ( tra )’ n - a flat or shallow plate of 
AAcA y wood, metal, porcelain, etc., with a 
raised edge or rim. 

trav fill (tra'fdSl), n. [pi. trayfuls (-foolz)], 
Li. a.y -I U1 as much as a tray will contain; 
as, a trayful of dishes. 

troorli pr on o (trech'er-us), adj. betray- 
ucaLii-ci-uuo ing a trust or a pledge; 

apparently good, strong, sound, honest, etc., 
but in reality the opposite; as, a treacherous 
friend; a treacherous smile; [ treacherous ice, 
etc.; faithless.— adv. treacherously. — n. treach¬ 
erousness. 

Syn. traitorous, disloyal, false-hearted, 
ffoopt, or v (trech'er-I), n. [pi. treacheries 
LI Cddl-Ci-y (-las)], treasonable or disloyal 
conduct; betrayal of faith or confidence; 
falseness to one’s friends or country, 
frpa rip (tre'kl), n. the English term for 
Li. ca-UC molasses; the syrup which drains 
from the sugar-refining molds, 
frparl v.i. [p.t. trod, p.p. trodden, 

ucau p.pr. treading], to step or walk: v.t. 
to walk on; crush under the feet; subdue or 
overcome; dance: n. a walking or stepping; 
the upper horizontal part of a step; manner 
of stepping; as, a heavy tread; the part of a 
wheel or tire that touches the road, 
frpa Hip (tred'l), ft. a flat leverlike device 
li. cct-uic moved by the foot to operate a 
machine; as. the treadle of a sewing machine. 

trpaH mill (tred'mll"), n. a mill kept in 
li ca.u.-iiiin motion by persons or animals 

walking on a wheel or endless belt, 
frpa cnn (tre'zn), n. the crime of betray- 
Li. Cd-oun j n g or attacking the state or the 
government of the state to which the offender 
belongs; as, Benedict Arnold was guilty of 
treason ; treachery; falseness to trust or 


pledge; in time of war, any act or utterance 
which gives aid and comfort to the enemy. 

frpa cnn a hip (tre'zn-a-bl), adj. tend- 
AA Cd-oun-a-u 1 ^ ing to, or characterized 

by, falseness to pledges, friends, or country;. 
as, treasonable speech or acts.— adv. treason¬ 
ably.— n. treasonableness, 
frpac iirp (trSzh'flr), n. money, jewels, 
llcdo-uic etc., hoarded up; abundance- 
or wealth; something highly valued, or of 
great value: v.t. to lay up or collect for future 
use; hoard; value highly, 
frpac iir pr (trezh'fir-er), n. one who has 
llcdb-Ul-cl charge of receiving and 
expending public or collected funds. 

frpac iir pr chin (trezh'tir-er-shlp), n - 
Licdo-ill-cl-ollljp the office or positlon. 

of a treasurer. 

frpac iirp-frnvp (trezh'lir = tr5v'), n. 
ircaS-uic trove gold, silver, jewels,. 

etc., found in a hiding place and not claimed 
by an owner. 

; rci nc ii f-TT (trezh'ur-I), n. [pi. treasuries 
Llcdb-U-iy (_i z )], a place where wealth is 
stored; especially, a place where public funds 
are kept and paid out; that department of a 
government which has charge of the finances, 
or public funds; the officials of such a- 
department. 

frpac iir v unto (trgzh'tlr-1 not), a note 
iredb-ur-y noie or bill issued by the- 

United States treasury and used as money 
instead of gold, silver, etc. 
frpaf (^et), v.t. to handle, deal with, or 
Lit-'O.L manage; as, the speaker treated his 
subject cleverly; to behave towards; as, to 
treat others kindly; to cause to undergo a 
process for a special purpose; as, to treat a 
photograph with chemicals; to pay the cost, 
of entertainment for; as, I will treat you to 
ice cream; to care for; as, a doctor treats 
his patients: v.i. to discuss a subject; to speak;: 
to discuss or deal with a certain topic: with 
of; as, the paper treats of the ills of poor 
sanitation; negotiate or arrange; agree; give 
entertainment: n. an entertainment given as- 
an expression of friendship or esteem; some¬ 
thing which affords great pleasure; as, the- 
opera is a great treat. —ft. treater, 
frpa ficp (tre'tls), ft. a rather long written 
uca-Lisc discussion of some particular 
subject; a long and formal essay on a serious 
subject. 

frpaf -mpnf (tret'ment), n. the act or 
li cui-incii l manner of handling, or behav¬ 
ing toward; management; usage; as, the 
prisoner was given kind treatment. 
frpa fv ( tre 'tt), ft. [pl- treaties (-Iz)], an. 
uoa—ijf agreement or contract between 
nations, either at the close of a war, or in 
time of peace, for the adjustment of differences 
or arrangement of commercial relations. 
f r p 'hip (treb'l), adj. threefold or triple; 
uc-uic belonging to the highest vocal or 
instrumental part of music; as, a treble violin: 
n. the highest vocal or instrumental part of 
music; as, she sings treble; a soprano: v.t. to 
make threefold: v.i. to become threefold.— 
adv. trebly. 

fypp (tre), ft. any large perennial woody 
plant having a single trunk or stem, 
usually over ten feet high; anything shaped 
like a tree; a piece of timber or something, 
usually made of timber; a cross: v.t. to drive 
up a tree; as, to tree a cat. 
frpp fp-rn ( tr ® fftrn), a large fern with a 
ucc aciii W oody stem or trunk. 

frpp frncr ( tr ® frSg), a creature shaped 
ucc AAU & like a frog or toad and living: 

in a tree: called also tree toad. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer;; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu,; 





treeless 


669 


trial 


ff-pp loco (tre'les), adj. without trees; 
tA cc ‘ lcso bare of woods or forests; as, 
a treeless plain. 

-frPP nail (tre'nal'), n. a pin of dry wood 
ucc-uau which swells in its hole when 
wet, and is therefore a secure fastening for the 
planks of a ship. Also, trenail, 
frp fnil (tre'foil), n. any three-leaved 
uc-iuu plant, such as the clover; an 
ornament used in architecture resembling a 
leaf with three divisions, 
trplr in South Africa, to travel 

U.CJA by wagon, especially in search of a 
new settlement; to draw a load; in the 
World War, to transfer army equipment and 
supplies from one place to another, 
frpl lie (trSl'Is), n. a kind of wood or 
uci-uo metal network or lattice, making 
a wall or roof for climbing vines: v.t. to pro¬ 
vide with a lattice for vines; interlace. 
f r p 1 i: c Txmrlr (trel'Is-wfirk"), n. small 
- WUIlV bars of wood or metal 
fastened together in a lattice; latticework. 
iTPTn "hip (trem'bl), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 

trembled, p.pr. trembling], to 
shake, as with fear, cold, or weakness; to 
shudder; totter; shiver; quaver, as sound: 
n. an involuntary shaking; a shiver; a 
shudder.— n. trembler. 

frprn Vdincr (trSm'bllng), p.adj. shaking 
la L/AiA-^AAAAg, as fear; quivering: n. 

condition of shaking; a fatal disease of sheep 
accompanied with a violent shaking of the 
muscles. 

•frp mpn rlrnic (trg-mgn'dfis), adj. excit- 
C 7 J. 1 tCAl-U.UU 0 i n g fear or terror; dread¬ 
ful; terrible; as, a tremendous blow or crash; 
arousing wonderment or awe; as, a tremen¬ 
dous battle; exceedingly great or large.— adv. 
tremendously. 

+rpm n In (trem'o-15), n. a trembling or 
U. Clll-U-lU quivering soimd of a tone in 
vocal or instrumental music; a device in an 
organ by which such an effect is produced. 
+ T ci rnnr (tre'mor; trem'or), n. a trem- 
ll C-liiUl bling; a quivering; a quick vi¬ 
bration, or shaking; as, the tremor of a leaf. 

trpm 11 Iniic (trem'u-lus), adj. trembling ; 
ucm-u-iuuo quivering; shaking; showing 

fear or timidity; as, a tremulous voice; marked 
by unsteadiness; as, tremulous writing.— adv. 
tremulously.— n. tremulousness. 
trpnrH (trench), n. a long, narrow ait or 
*'* dll'll ditch in the earth; open ditch 
for draining; a deep ditch dug along the 
front line of battle and held as a defensive 
position or as a base from which to attack 
the enemy; as, American troops helped the 
French to hold the trenches before Rheims: 
communication trench, a zigzag ditch leading 
from the rear to the front-line trenches, 
through which troops, ammunition, and food 
are brought up: v.t. to cut a ditch in; to 
intrench, as an army: v.i. to encroach. 

pk oti AT? (trgn'chan-sl), n. sharp- 
iicucu-cui-cy ness; keenness; biting di¬ 
rectness. 

h-ptirfi o«f (trgn'chSnt), adj. sharp; keen; 
*>i dldl-a-lll biting; cutting; as. a, trench¬ 
ant criticism. 

>ronrli or (trgn'cher), n. a large wooden 
11 CJ.it/ll-ci t ra y or platter on which food 
was formerly served. 

frotiph or mon (tren , ch§r-mS.n), n. [pi. 
LiClll/Il-Ci-IIlcUl trenchermen (-mSn)], a 

person fond of eating; a table companion. 

fronrln fo wor (french fe'v§r), in the 
LICllLIl lo-vcl World War, an infectious 

fever induced by conditions of life in the 
trenches. 


tfPfl f VipI m pt (tr&nch hSl'mSt), 
LiCllLIl IICl-mCL a st eei hat, usually 

shaped like an inverted saucer, used for a 
protection from the head wounds frequent in 
trench warfare. 

•f-j-otipli Irn tfp (trench nif), a broad- 
CllCii Willie biaded knife, used for 

hand-to-hand fighting in a raid on an enemy’s 
trench. 

frpnrl ( trg nd), n. inclination in a certain 
ij.cj.iu. direction; as, the trend of public 
opinion; general tendency: v.i. to have a 
particular direction or course; as, the coast 
trends eastward; to tend or stretch. 

+TP rtan (IrS-panO, n. a surgeon's cylindri- 
uc-pcui. cal saw f or making a hole in the 
skull: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. trepanned, p.pr. 
trepanning], to perform the operation of 
making a hole in the skull with a trepan, 
or cylindrical saw: v.t. to perforate or make 
a hole in (the skull) with a trepan, or cylindri¬ 
cal saw. 

frp r»cm nine- (trS-pan'Ing), n. a surgical 
Li e-pdll-Illllg operation on the skull to 

remove pressure on the brain. 

frp tVhinp (t’ r §-fi n '). n. the crown saw of 
ti c-piiiiic a surgeon: v.t. to operate on 

(the skull) with such a saw. 

■i-rck-n i do b’nn (trep"I-da'shiin), n. trem- 
liCp-l-Ud-llUll bling or vibration; state 
of nervous alarm; as, the news of war caused 
trepidation in many families; fear mingled 
with uncertainty. 

frpo -nocc (trgs'pds), v.i. to commit any 
llCO-pado offense; sin; enter unlawfully 
upon the property of another; intrude; as, 
the sign “do not trespass,” means “keep out”: 
n. the voluntary commission of an offense; 
any injury done to the person, rights, or 
property of another; transgression; sin. 
f-rpc -nacc pr (tres'pas-er). n. one who 
u Co-paoo-CJ. offends or sins; one who 
enters unlawfully upon the property of an¬ 
other. 

tTPQQ (tres), n. a braid, curl, lock, or ringlet 
la coo G f human hair; as, her golden tresses 
were in confusion. 

trpQ flp n. a movable frame, or 

Ll Co- Lie horse, made of a horizontal beam 
and several legs, for supporting anything; 
the frame supporting a table; a strong frame¬ 
work of timbers or steel over which a bridge 
is built across a ravine or gully. _ 

frpe f1p_hn<n*H (tres'l^bord*), n. a 
11 Co-lie UUdiU draftsman’s drawing or 

designing board. 

frpe flp frpp (tres'l-tre"), n. one of two 
lica-lic-u.ee stout bars of timber fas¬ 
tened horizontally to a masthead to support 
the crosstrees. 

frpe flp wmrlr (tres'l-wfirk'), n. a series 
UCa-LlC-WUIW 0 f trestles built to sup¬ 
port a bridge, viaduct, etc. 

+t*pf (tret), n. an allowance to purchasers to 
u c L cover waste in transporting goods. 
tr(±-tT (tra), n. a three at cards or dice; a 
c j card with three spots. 

(trl~), a prefix meaning three, threefold; 
m - as, in angled: adj. having three angles, 
fri ad (tri'ad), n. a group or union of 
ui-«.u. three; three united; as, a triad 
of virtues; three of a kind; in music, a 
chord of three tones; a tone together with 
its third and fifth. 

(tii'3.1), n. the act of testing or prov- 
ing; state of being tested; an 
attempt or endeavor; an experiment; an 
examination by test or experience; as, the 
man was engaged for a week on trial; hard- 
ship; suffering or temptation: that which 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





trial balance 


670 


trifle 



Triangle 

(Musical) 


puts to the test faith, mercy, patience, etc.; 
proof; a judicial examination; as, a trial in 
court. 

•fi-i a 1 "hoi onrp (tri'al b^l'5,ns), in 
Lxl-dJl UcU-dlll/C double-entry bookkeep¬ 
ing, the statement of footings which tests 
whether the two sides of the ledger balance. 
i-J 0 1 I,. ~, T (tri'&l jOO'rl). a jury called to 
LIT-d.1 JU-Iy try a case in court: opposite 
to grand jury. 

+ri an crip, (tri'&A'gl), n. a plane figure 
til-dJl-glC boimded by three straight lines 
and having three angles; a 
musical instrument consisting 
of a steel rod bent in the form 
of a triangle, sounded by being 
struck. 

tri-an-gu-lar 

having three angles; three- 
sided ; three-cornered; con¬ 
cerned with or comprising 
three persons, things, etc. 

tri-an-gu-late ‘ to divide 

triangles; to make three-cornered. 

fri on ail la firm (trl-ah"gft-la'shvin).n. 

iri-an-gu-ia-iion the act of dividing 

into triangles, especially for surveying pur¬ 
poses: the division of a district or a country 
into three-cornered portions. 

■H-iVi a\ Ctrlb'S-l), adj. pertaining to, or like, 
lllU-dl a clan or group of related families; 
as, tribal customs or characteristics, 
frilvp (trib), n. a family, race, or clan 
L11UC descended from a common ancestor; 
as, the tribe of Judah; a group of uncivilized 
people under one chief; as, a Tartar tribe; 
a group of people made akin to each other by 
some common trait. 

friVkPC man (tribz'm&n), n. [pi. tribes- 
uiuco-iiieui men (-men)], a member of 

a clan or race-group. 

ii la fi/vn (trTb*tl-la'shfin), n. severe 
LllU-U-lct-UUii affliction or distress; deep 
sorrow; acute trial. 

fri* Viii rml (trI-bu'nS.1), 

Ul-DU-lUU iiiHota: a. c.a 


into 


trib- 


n. the seat of a 
judge; a court of justice, 
ill'll (trl'o'un), n. an ancient Roman 
-UHC magistrate elected by the people 
to protect their liberties; a raised stand or 
platform from which speeches were delivered 
during ancient Roman times. 

■frih imp chirk (trlb'un-shlp), n. the office 
ITlU-UIlC-bllip or authority of a tribune, 

or ancient Roman magistrate; the period 
during which such a magistrate held office. 

frih ii fa r\T (trfb'd-ta-ri), adj. paying 
xxxu-u.-ta.-xy tribute or taxes to another; 
contributory; subordinate: n. [pi. tributaries 
(-riz)], a state or government which pays 
taxes to, or is under control of, a superior 
government; a stream or river flowing into 
a larger body of water. 

frih itfp (trlb'ut), n. an annual or stated 
LliU-ULC sum G f money paid by one state 
or ruler to another for peace or protection, 
or on account of a treaty; an acknowledgment 
of worth, service rendered, etc. 
fri pa n - an instant: used only in the 

Line phrase, in a trice: v.t. to haul up and 
tie with a small rope, as a sail. 

fri pp n -ni a\ (tri-sen'I-§,1), adj. pertain- 
Lll-ccxx-xxx-ax j n g to thirty years; occur¬ 
ring once in thirty years; as, a tricennial 
exposition or fair. 

•fri ppii fp na r\r (tri-s5n , t^-n§.-rf), adj. 
iri-cen-ie-lld.-ry including or relating 

to a period of 300 years: n. the 300th anni- 
versary of any event. Also, tercentenary. 


fri none (tn'sfips), n. the great extensor 
Lll-CCpo muscle having three heads, at the 
back of the upper arm. 

fri rhi na (tri-kTnd), n. [pi. trichinae 
III-CI11-lid (-ne)], a small, slender, para¬ 
sitic worm which lives in the muscles of 



ence of trichinae, or small parasitic worms, in 
the muscles and intestines. Also, trichiniasis. 
frir*1r (trlk), n. an artifice or fraud; a 
LlldV crafty or deceitful device or action; 
as, a trick in trade; a puzzle, to amuse or 
annoy; a deception or imposition; a juggler’s 
feat; a sleight-of-hand feat; a mischievous, 
sometimes annoying, prank; the entire num¬ 
ber of cards falling to the winner in one round; 
a peculiarity of manner; as, she has a trick 
of lifting her eyebrows; a particular skill; as, 
he soon learned the trick: v.t. to cheat; impose 
upon; to deceive by cunning; to adorn fantas¬ 
tically. 

frir*1r or T 7 (trik'er-I), n. [pi. trickeries 
lIlCxi.-CI-y (-iz)], the act or practice of 
deception; cheating; fraud; imposture, 
ft-ipl r icVi ftrlk'ish), adj. full of craft. 
11 it/iv-lbil deceit, artifice, mischief, etc. 

frirlr Ip (trlk'i), v.i. to flow gently down 
IIldv-lc or in a small stream; to run down 
in drops; as, drops of water trickle through 
the walls of a cave: n. a small, gentle stream, 
frirlr of pr (trfk'ster), n. a cunning or 
Uldv-olCi crafty cheat or deceiver. 

frirlr cv (trlk'sl), adj. full of mischief; 
lllt/xx-oy prankish; playful. 

frirlr frarlr (trik'trak"), n. an old game 
li Iv/xV- Li a. vxv resembling backgammon. 

frirlr xralirP ( trIk valv), a sliding valve In 
liidv. v txi vc a steam engine. 

frirlr \r (trik'I), adj. [comp, trickier, superb 
LlldV-y trickiest], given to deceit; knavish; 
slflfty; artful; cunning; not to be trusted. 
— adv. trickily.— n. trickiness, 
fri ml nr (tri'kul"er), n. a flag of three 
Lil-CUl-Cl colors arranged in equal strips; 
especially, the national flag of France, of blue, 
white, and red vertical strips. Also, tricolour, 
fri rnf ( tre 'ko), n. material of wool, silk, or 
LH-lsUL cotton resembling a knitted fabric; 
a soft, ribbed dress goods. 

fri piic rviH (tri-kus'pid), adj. having 
ua-cuo - pxvx three cusps, or points, as 
certain teeth, or the tricuspid valve in the 
right side of the heart. 

fri pv pip (tri'sl-kl), n. a light three- 
wxx-cy *vic wheeled vehicle, with a single 
seat, made to go by pedals: usually of a size 
suitable for a child; a three-wheeled motor 
cycle: v.i. to ride^in a three-wheeled vehicle, 
fri rlpnf (tri'dent), n. a spear with three 
l-ucxxt prongs, especially that carried by 
the god of the sea, Neptune; hence, a three¬ 
pronged fish spear. 

fri rlpn fafp (tri-den'tat), adj. having 
Lll-U.Cll-la.LC three points or teeth. Also, 
tridentated. 

friprl (trid), p.t. and p.p. of the verb try: 
laav; ex p.adj. proved; tested; trustworthy; 
faithful; as, a tried and true friend. 

tfi PT1 r»i ql (trl-en'I-al), adj. continuing 
Lxx-txA-xxx-ax tnree years; happening every 

three years; as, a triennial meeting: n. an 
event occurring every three years; the third 
anniversary^ of an event.— adv. triennially. 
fri pr (tri'er), n. one who makes experl- 
lxx-cx ments; a judge who hears a case in 
court. 

fri flp (tri'fl), n. anything of little value 
LAA-xxy, or importance; a dessert made of 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








trifler 


671 


trip hammer 


sponge cake covered with jam, cream, etc.: 
i\i. [p.t. and p.p. trifled, p.pr. trifling], to act 
or talk without seriousness; to dally; as, she 
trifled with her necklace as she talked: v.t. to 
waste or fritter away; as, to trifle away one’s 
time or money: a trifle, a little; slightly, 
x • (tri'fler), n. one who makes light 

lil-iiei 0 f serious things; one who talks 
or acts idly and uselessly; one who wastes 
his time. 

x • fli-no- (tri'fllng), adj. of small value or 
LI1-1I1II& importance; as, a trifling matter; 
thoughtless or shallow; as, a trifling character; 
insignificant; as, a trifling sum.—ad*;, triflingly. 
tri fn 1i ato (tri-fo' 1 i-at), adj. three- 
Hl-lU-li-dtc leaved, as clover; having a 
leaf divided into three parts. 
trier (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
LH& trigged, p.pr. trigging], to stop; as, to 
trig a wheel by putting a stone in the way: 
n. a stop, as a drag or block. 
trier „ (trlg'er), n. a lever which, when 
Lllg-gei pulled by the finger, releases the 
hammer of a gun; a 
catch doing similar 
work, as on a trap or 
other device. 

+Y*i crr\T\ Ctri'gOn), 
irl-goil n . a trian¬ 
gle; a kind of three- 
cornered harp. 


trig-o-nal gftf; 



A, Trigger of Military 
Rifle 


adj. three-cornered or 
triangular. 

trier nrvm P +TV (trlg'S-nbm'S-trl), 
trig-o-nom-e-iry n . mathematics which 

treats of the relations between the sides and 
angles of triangles; a text treating of this 
science.— adj. trigonometric, trigonometrical. 
— adv. trigonometrically. 

-f-rt rrrotVh (tri'graf), n. a group of three 
Lll-falo-pil letters representing one sound; 

as, eau in beauty. 

X • Aral (trl-he'drSl), adv. havmg three 
XIT-IltJ-LII cii sides qr faces, 
x • i„ /Iron (tri-he'dron), n. a figure 
Li 1-llC-vii Oil having three plane sides or 

fSiCCS* 

tri iat er al (tri -1 at'er- 3 , 1 ), adj. three- 


sided, or having three sides. 



syllable: n. such a word or syllable, 
x-jti (tril), n. a shake or vibration of the 
Lilli voice on a letter or musical tone; as, 
the trill of a bird; in music, a shake; any 
sound suggesting a trill: v.t. to utter Avith a 
A'ibration; as, to trill one’s r’s: v.i. to make 
the voice vibrate. 

X. "1 1* (trll'yun), n. in the French sys- 
L111-UU11 £ e m of munbering, followed in 
the United States, a unit followed by twelve 
ciphers; in the English system, a unit fol- 
loAved by eighteen ciphers.— adj. trillionth. 

X *1 i; (trfl'I-um), n. a plant of several 

L1U-11-U1I1 varieties, having three leaves 
Avith one large flower in the middle of them. 

(tri-lo'bat; tri'lo-bat), adj. 
Xll-lO-DcLLC having three lobes, or rounded 
•divisions. , . „ 

+ril r, <x\r (trll'ft-jl), n a senes of three 
LITl-U-gy dramas, each complete m itself, 
but fonning one connected Avhole; similarly, 
three musical compositions, three noA r els, etc. 
x • (trim), adj. [comp, trimmer, superl. 
LilIIl trimmest], neat; compact; as, a 
trim, slender figure; being in good order; as, 
her hair Avas neat and trim: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 


trimmed, p.pr. trimming], to decorate or 
adorn; as, to trim a dress; make neat; 
cut the edges of; adjust or balance; as, to 
trim a ship by making it sit even in the water; 
make ready for sailing; as, to trim the sails; 
make smooth; as, to trim lumber by planing 
it; clip, as a plant; colloquially, to lecture 
or reprove: v.t. to take a certain position in 
the water: said of a vessel; to try to please 
two sides or parties at the same time; to 
compromise: n. order; adjustment; dress; 
style; gear; fitness for sailing: said of a ship; 
suitable condition; as, they found everything 
in trim for the start.— adv. trimly.—n. trim- 
ness. 

•frrirri o (trlm'e-ter), n. a verse, or line 

LI 1I11-C-LCI G f poetry, having three meas¬ 
ures: adj. having three measures, as verse. 
trim mor (trlm'er), n. one who arranges, 
IIIHI-Illcl decorates, etc.; as, a hat 
trimmer or windOAV trimmer, etc.; a machine 
for finishin g lumber; one who tries to please 
two parties at once. 

trim -m im rr (trlm'Ing), n. adornment, esr- 
LIUll-lillilg, pecially for articles of dress: 
pi. parts removed by cutting off the edges; 
as, the trimmings of a piece of meat. 

T-ri-n i +o ri on (trlnT-ta'rl-an), adj. 
1 rm-1-Xd.-Il-clIl pertaining to the Trin¬ 
ity, or the doctrine of the Trinity: n. one 
who believes in the doctrine of the Trinity, 
or that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost 
unite in one Godhead. Also, trinitarian. 

T* • ; x„ (trln"l-ta'rl-3n- 

1 rin-l-ta-n-an-ism j zm ) t n. the doc¬ 
trine or belief that there are three persons in 
the Godhead. 

TVi-ti J r (trin'I-tl), n. the union of the 
irm-l-Ly Father, the Son, and the Holy 
Ghost in one Godhead: trinity, any union of 
three in one; a trio. 

Trin-i-ty Sun-day the Sunday next 

after Pentecost or Whitsunday. 
x r » i_ 0 x (trtn'k^t), n. a small ornament 
XTlU-lXcL or jewel; a trifle or a toy; 
something of little worth. 

+-ri -nr\ rm al (trI-no'mI-51). n. a mathe- 
LII-liU-iAii-cLA matical expression consist¬ 
ing of three terms, connected by the sign 
plus [ -j- J or minus [—] or both, 
tri r\ (tre'o; tri'o), n. [pi. trios (-oz)], a 
LH-G se t of three; three imited; in music, 
a composition for three voices or instruments. 

("trip), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. tripped, p.pr. 
LIip tripping], to run or step lightly or 
nimbly; take short, quick steps; to skip; 
to make a misstep; to stumble; as, to trip 
over a board; to make a mistake or error, 
mentally or morally; as, he tripped in giving 
his ansAver: v.t. to execute Avith light, agile 
steps, as a dance; to cause to stumble; as, 
the loose board tripped him so that he fell; 
to cause to halt by getting in the way of; to 
catch in a mistake or deception; as, the 
laAvyer tripped the witness under cross- 
examination; in machinery, to set free, as by 
pulling a catch, trigger, etc.: n. a quick, short 
step; a misstep or false step; mistake; jour¬ 
ney or excursion; in machinery, a device that 
unfastens, or releases. 

tri -not- + 1+0 (tri-par'tit; trlp'ar-tit), adj. 
iri-pur-XlLc divided into three parts; 
made or concluded between three persons 
or groups of persons; as, a tripartite agree¬ 
ment.^— n. tripartition. 

+ 1 - 1 TA 0 (tnp), n. the lining of the stomach of 
Xnpc beef, prepared for use as food. 

X Uarn t-n or (trip h&m'gr), a large 
trip nam-mer hammer, consisting of a 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 















triphthong 


672 



lever with a head, and moved by cams, or 
projections on a wheel; a heavy tilt hammer. 
i 1-. 4.1(trlf'thbng), n. a combina- 
Iripn-Lnoilg tion of three separate and 
distinct vowels pronounced by one effort; 
as, oya in royal, eau in beau. 

n l Qrto (tri'plan'), n. an airplane hav- 
IT1-piallc jug three 
planes. 

1 p (trlp'l), adj. 
threefold; con¬ 
sisting of three joined; 
as, a triple knot, a tnple 
tie, etc.; three times re¬ 
peated; as, a triple knock: 
v.t. and v.i. to increase 
threefold.— adv. triply. 

•frir* la-fr (trtp'ISt), n. a 
llip-lcl set of three of 
a kind or three united; 
in poetry, three lines 
riming together; in mu¬ 
sic, three notes sounded 
in the time of two or four; 
one of three children at 
one birth. 

•frri rdav (tri'plSks; Triplet 

iri-pieX trlp'lSks), P 

adj. having three parts; threefold: n. in 
music, triple time or measure. 

4-fJ-rk H ralo (trlp'H-k&t), n. something 
UAp-lA-GalC -which matches two others of 
the same kind: adj. threefold; made in three 
copies; as, a triplicate agreement: v.t. (trlp'll- 
kat), [p.t. and p.p. triplicated, p.pr. tripli¬ 
cating], to triple or treble; to increase three¬ 
fold.— n. triplication. 

4-t-i rmA (tri'pfid), n. a three-legged stand 
111-pUu or support, as for a camera; a 
pot, kettle, etc., with three legs. 

ni-n cr (trlp'lng), p.adj. stepping lightly 

Lixp-pxxig or gracefully.— adv. trippingly. 

tri-reme 

n. a galley, or an¬ 
cient ship, with 
three banks of oars. 

tri-sect 

v.t. to divide in¬ 
to three parts, 
especially, i n 
geometry, into 
three equal 
parts; as, to 
trisect an angle. 
a. ; (tri-s8k'shtin), n. the division 

iri-sec-uou of anything into three parts, 
especially the division of an angle into three 
equal parts. 

x-.; oTfl la hlo (trl-sll'd-bl; tri-sll'd-bl) , n. 
XXl-byi-Xcl-UXC a word of three syllables. 

— adj. trisyllabic. 

x *x_ (trit), adj. worn out; stale; common- 
UAltS place; as, a trite remark.— adv. tritely. 
—n. triteness. 

Syn. old. ordinary, hackneyed. 

Ant. (see novel). 

11 +0 (trlt'u-rat), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

till-IX-i atC triturated, p.p r . triturating], 
to rub, grind, or bruise to a fine powder.—n. 

trituration. 

x-: iim-rdi (tri'iimf), n. great joy for suc- 
Vi X-Ulixpxx cess; exultation; in ancient 
Rome, a grand parade in honor of a victorious 
general; conquest or victory; as, the triumph 
of knowledge: v.i. to rejoice over success; to 
obtain a victory; to be successful. 

Syn., n. achievement, ovation. 

Ant, (see defeat, failure). 



Trireme 


trolley line 

x • t-kViol (tri-fim'f&l), adj. of or per- 

xn-um-pnai taining to a victory or its 
celebration; as, a triumphal precession in 
honor of victory. ... 

+-ri 11m tVhant (tri-um'f&nt), adj. rejoic- 
Xri-Um-pncUU hig for victory; exultant;. 

victorious; successful; as, a triumphant cause.. 
— adv. triumphantly. 

4-rJ 11m vrir (tri-urn'ver), n. [pi. triumviri 
Xll-uXIl-Vii (-vl-ri)], in ancient Rome, one 
of three men equally sharing authority and 
rule. . v 

+r*i tirri in* raff* (tri-fim'vi-rftt), n. a gov- 
in-um-Vl-lcUC ernment by three men 

having equal authority, a group of three. 

X • „ (tri'un), adj. being three in one: 

Lll-UliC a s, the triune God. 
x * T7 . ~x (trlv'gt), n. a three-legged stand 
XriV-cl for holding a kettle, etc., near the 
fire; anything supported by three legs; a. 
tripod. 

-K-iir i al (triv'K-5,1), adj. trifling; common" 
LXlv-l-aX ordinary; of little worth or 
importance: as, the trivial affairs of everyday 
work.— adv. trivially. 

+riir 4 al i fir (triv'I-ai'I-ti). n. [pi. trivi- 
XriV-1-aJ.-l-ty alities (-tlz)], the state or 
quality of being of little worth or importance: 
slightness or shallowness of character. 
ft*4 unfair lir (tri'wek'lT), adj. coining three 
Lli-WCCXi.-xy times a week or every three 
weeks: adv. three times a week. 

oVia 4r (trd-ka'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
llU-Glia-AG or consisting of, a metrical 
foot of two syllables, the first long and the 
second short, with the accent on the first. 
x r _ (tro'kfc), n. a tablet or small 

LiU-CIie round cake containing medicine. 
frr» rViaa (tro'ke), n. a metrical foot of 
IIU-C/IICC two syllables, the first long and 
the second short, with the accent on the first. 
+ rr .A (tr5d), past tense and past participle 
11UU 0 f the verb tread. 
trod den (tr ^' n )-^past participle of the 

trncr In rivta (trbg'16-dlt). n. a prehistoric 
1 ic caveman; an anthropoid, or 

manlike ape, such as the chimpanzee. 

TVn 4ar» (tro'jin), adj. of or pertaining to 
•XXtF-jaxx the ancient city of Troy, in Asia 
Minor, whose inhabitants fought bravely for 
ten years to defend their city from the Greeks: 
n. a brave and fearless person; as, he worked 
or fought like a Trojan; an inhabitant of 
Troy. 

frnll (trol), n. in folk tales, a giant or 
U.UAA dwarf of the caves or mountains; a 
round, or part song; a reel on a fishing 
rod: v.t. to sing the parts of in succession*; 
to sing lustily; as, to troll a song; to fish for 
or in by dragging a line from a boat; as, to 
troll a lake: v.i. to share in a round, or part 
song; to be sung, as a song; to fish, as for 
pike, with a hook and line drawn along 
through the water.—n. troller. 

| rn i i~, r (trol'I), n. in England, a small 
MUi-XCy cart or truck; a kind of truck 
running on an overhead track and carrying 
a suspended load; as, the money-carrying 
trolleys in large stores; a grooved metal 
wheel traveling in contact with a live electric 
wire; as, the car stopped because the trolley 
was off the wire; in America, an electric car. 
Also, trolly. 

■frni lair rar ( tr &l'I k&r), a car moved by 
uiri-xcy tat means of a trolley and an 

electric motor; an electric car or a street car. 

+rrkl lair 14«a ( tr51 '* lin ). a system 01 
u-vx-icy luxe electric cars; a route taken 

by an electric car. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 









































































trolley pole 


673 


truckle 


a large brass 
the trumpet 


"trnl Ipv nnlp (tfW'I pol), the Slanting 
u ui-icj puic pole attached to the roof 

of an electric car and having the trolley at 
its top, touching the wire. 

trnl Inn ( tr fil'ttp)> n - a carelessly dressed 
uui-iup woman; a woman of slovenly 
appearance; a prostitute. 

from hnnp Itrdm'bon), n. 

LIU1I1-UU11C instrument of 

kind, having a complete chro¬ 
matic scale. 

+rnrvn ( tr ®bP). n. a collection 
LlUUJJ 0 f people; a com¬ 
pany; a number; as, a troop 
of children going to school; 
a company of cavalry com¬ 
manded by a captain; a 
company of actors: pi. armed 
forces; soldiers collectively: 
v.i. to march in a body; to 
collect or move in crowds. 

+rnnn pr (troop'er), n. a 
cavalryman; his 
horse, or charger. 

troop-ship 

carrying soldiers across the 
ocean; a military transport. 

frnnp n - a figure of 

uu r c speech, especially a 
metaphor; as, in the sen¬ 
tence, the wise man is a fox, 
the word fox is a trope. 



Trombones, 
slide; 2, key. 


pk tt (tro'fi), n. [pi. trophies (-fiz)J. 
** 1,u r^V anything taken and preserved in 
memory of a victory; as, arms, flags, etc.; 
a memento or memorial; that which reminds 
one of deeds, achievements, etc.; as, a trophy 
of the hunt; in ancient Greece and Rome, 
a monument or other memorial raised in 
celebration of a victory; a prize in an athletic 
contest; as, a silver cup was the trophy won 
by the tennis champion. 

fmn ir (trOp'Ik), n. one of the two small 
liup-xw circles, running around tho earth 
parallel to the equator, at a distance of 23 ]4 ° 
on each side of it, between which as limits 
the sun moves in its yearly course.— tropic 
of Cancer, the circle to the north.— tropio of 
Capricorn, the circle to the south: pi. the 
region between these two circles, which has a 
very hot, damp climate. 

trr»n \ m 1 (trop'I-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
11 dp-i-tai produced in, or situated within, 
the tropics; as, tropical fruit, tropical heat, 
etc.— adv. tropically. 

f rn f (trot), n. that gait of a horse by which 
ll UL .moves faster than at a walk, and in 
which the right forefoot moves with the left 
hindfoot; a jogging pace; a brisk walk or 
run with short steps: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. trotted, 
p.pr. trotting], to move faster than at a walk; 
to run with a jogging pace; v.t. to cause to 
move faster than a walk. 

t-rntVi (troth; troth), n. faith or fidelity; 
UUlll truth to one’s word; as, I pledge my 
troth ; betrothal. 

f rr ,f f~ r (trot'er), n. a trotting horse; the 
LlUL-LCl f 00 t of an animal used for food; 
as, pigs’ trotters or sheep’s trotters. 

trrm Via Hniir (troo'ba-door), n. one of 
ITOU-Da-UOUr a c i ass of French or 

Italian poets and singers of love songs, who 
flourished during the twelfth and thirteenth 
centuries 

+TYYI1 (trubfl), n. mental excitement, 

klUll-UlC distress, or worry; that which 
causes such distress; inconvenience; exertion; 
pains; as, to take a great deal of trouble; 
annoyance or uneasiness: illness; as, stomach 


trouble: v.t. to excite, distress, or worry; to 
cause inconvenience to; to stir up, as water: 
v.i. to take pains. 

+f*nii hi p Qofn p (trub'l-sum), adj. caus- 
uuu-uic-oomc ing distress, annoyance, 
or worry; disturbing; as, a troublesome child; 
a troublesome cold in the head; tiresome. 

trmiVi Inuc (trub'lus), adj. disturbed; 
uuuu-iuua full of distress or annoyance; 
as, troublous times followed the war. 
•Hwiicrh (trof), n. a long, shallow vessel 
llGUgli f or holding a liquid, food, etc., for 
the use of animals; anything hollowed out; 
any long channel; as, the trough between 
ocean waves. 

•frrn 1 r p (trouns), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. trounced, 
lldUlitc p.pr. trouncing], to beat soundly; 
to whip or flog. 

frniinr i-ncr (troun'slng), n. a severe beat- 
LIULUIG-llig ing or whipping. 

frnirnp (troop), n. a company of actors or 
Liuupc theatrical performers. 

trrm epre (trou'zerz), n.pl. an outer gar- 
llUU-acia ment worn by men and boys, 
covering the body from the waist to the knee 
or ankle, and so divided as to cover each leg 
separately. 

■ff/vi-ia coon (troo'so'), n. [pi. trousseaux 
tIGtlb-ocd.U. £_ S q Z )] ( a bride's outfit, such 
as clothes, jewelry, etc. 

tr/Mit (trout), n. a small fresh-water game 
L1UUL p s h of the salmon family. 
trr» vor (tro'ver), n. an action at law to 
LIU-VCI recover goods found and not 
delivered on demand. 

trnw (tr°) > v.t. and v.i. an ancient verb 
LIGW meaning to think; suppose, 
trow pi (trou'el), n. a flat implement or 
UUW-Ci hand tool used for spreading 
mortar; a gardener’s tool 
for digging up or setting out 
small plants. 

troy weight aS-lSof 

weights with twelve ounces 
to the pound, used_for gold, silver, etc. 
tril an rv (troo'an-si), n. the act or habit 
Li u-ctii-L/jr 0 f staying away from business 
or any duty, especially of staying out of 
school without permission, 
frit a-nf (troo'ant), n. one who stays out 
Ll u-clii L 0 f school without permission ; 
one who remains away from any work or 
duty; a loafer: adj. pertaining to, or like, a 
truant; idle^_ 

tmiPP (troos), n. a temporary peace or 
LI UtC stopping of war by agreement; an 
armistice; a brief cessation or pause; a tem¬ 
porary respite. 

tmrlr ( u 'fik), n. a wheeled vehicle for carry- 
ll UL/iv big heavy goods; a strong frame on 
wheels, used for baggage in railroad stations, 
etc.; a frame mounted on wheels to carry and 
guide one end of a locomotive, a railroad car, 
or a street car; a large motor vehicle used for 
the delivery and transportation of goods; as, 
the motor truck has taken the place of the 
army mule; a small wooden cap on the top 
of a flagpole, usually having holes for the 
ropes that control the flag; vegetables raised 
for the market; as, garden truck; system of 
paying wages in commodities, not in money; 
colloquially, useless articles or rubbish: v.t. to 
carry by means of such a vehicle; peddle or 
sell, as from door to door: v.i. to barter or 
exchange goods, etc. 

tmrlr oryp (truk'aj), n. cost of transport- 
Ll ucn.-ctgc i n g goods by truck; freight. 

triirlrJ<=> Ct> r u.k: , l), n. a small wheel or 
tlk/ix-ic caster: v.t. to cause to move on 


Trowel 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






























G74 


truth 


truckle-bed 


rollers: v.i. to yield submissively to another’s 
will; as, to truckle to a lord.— n. truckler. 

triirlr (truk'l=bed"), n. a bed 

ix UL/iv-ic ucu with a very low frame 

mounted upon rollers, so that it may be rolled 
under a high bed. Also, trundle-bed. 

+1*11 rlr -man (truk'mSn), n. [pi. truckmen 
II LiOIV-IIIclII (_ m en)], one who drives a 

truck; one who sells goods, especially vegeta¬ 
bles, from door to door; one who barters, 
fmr 11 Ip-riPP (truk'il-lens; troo'kii-lens), 
Li UL/-U--XCXXX/C ii' ferocity; cruelty or 

fierceness; quarrelsomeness. Also, truculency. 
+m ir ii 1 pti+ (truk'll-lent; troo'kfl-lent), 
Ll LK/-U-XCXXL a dj' fierce, savage, or fero¬ 
cious; cruel; barbarous.— adv. truculently. 

+rnHcrp v - i - IP-*- and P-P- trudged, 

tx lxlx^c P'pr, trudging], to travel on foot, 
especially with labor or fatigue; as, he 
trudged along through the woods. 

+ri ip (troo), adj. [comp, truer, superl. 
HUG truest], according to fact; as, a true 
statement; faithful or loyal; genuine; right¬ 
ful; correct; certain.— n. trueness. 

Syn. actual, sincere, honest, accurate. 

Ant. (see false). 

+11 if (truf'l; troof'l; troo'fl), n. a 

U Ui-llG fleshlike kind of food that grows 
underground and is shaped somewhat like a 
potato. 

+fii icm (troo'Izm), n. an old and accepted 
UU-lolU truth; as, “Honesty is the best 
policy.” 

+ril (troo'll), adv. in agreement with 
1,1 U-lj truth or fact; precisely; sincerely; 
honestly; as, it was truly spoken; in fact; 
indeed. 

fnirnn ( trdm P)» n - a horn or trumpet; 
ix uxxxp slang, a genuine, good fellow; a win¬ 
ning card; any card of the suit which, for the 
time, can take any card of any other suit: 
pi. the suit itself: v.t. to take, as a trick, with 
such a card: v.i. to play such a card.— to 
trump up, to devise by unfair means. 
+riirrm pr V (trum'per-I), n. worthless 
LX UiilJJ-Ci-jr finery; rubbish: adj. having 
a showy appearance, but worthless; hence, 
deceiving or delusive. 

triiTTvn pf (trum'pet), n. a metal wind 
AA uxxxp-c l instrument formed of a single 
curved tube with a flare at the end: a sound 
like that of this instrument: an instrument to 
aid the deaf to hear. v.t. to publish by, or as 
by, the sound of such an instrument: noise 
abroad: praise extravagantly: v.i. to utter a 
sound like that of a trumpet. 

+riimn P+ Pr (trum'pgt-er), n. one who 
AA Uxxxp-GL-Gi sounds a trumpet; one who 

proclaims or noises abroad; a kind of pigeon; 
a wild swan of North America; a large South 
American bird. 

+rirn ra+p (truii'kat), adj. appearing as 
lx uxx-i^cllg if CU f squarely off; having a 

top plane, as if cut evenly off; v.t. to lop or 
cut the top or 
end from. 

trim-cat-ed 

(trun'kat-ed), adj. 
cut off squarely; 
as, a truncated 
cone or pyramid 
is one whose top 
has been cut off. 

trun - cheon 

(trun'shun; trun'- 
chun), n. a short 
staff or cudgel; a baton, or staff of authority: 
v.t. to beat with a staff or cudgel. 



Truncated Cone'and Trun¬ 
cated Pyramid 


+i-iii*i rllo (trun'dl), v.t. and v.i. to roll 
lxU.II-U.IC along; roll on small wheels: 
n. a kind of low-wheeled truck; a caster; a 
trundle-bed. 

+nin HIp-hpH (trun'dbbed"), n. a low 
Li 1 X 11 -LliC UCU that runs on casters 

or rollers, so that, when not in use, it may 
be rolled under a high bed. Also, truckle-bed. 
+i-iinIr (trunk), n. the upright stem, body, 

11 UIUA or stock of a tree; the body of an an¬ 
imal, without the head and limbs; the central 
or most important part of anything which has 
branches or projections; an elephant’s 
proboscis; a large traveling box or chest to 
hold personal belongings: pi. short, tight 
breeches; formerly, full breeches reaching 
about half way to the knee: Galled also trunk 
hose: adj. pertaining to a chief line; as, 
trunk lines of railroad. 

+i-iin ni/vn (trun'yun), n. one of the two 
LI LU-X-lilUix pivots or axles that support a 

cannon, etc. 

+ni cc (trus), n. a bandage or support for 
Li. Libo ru pture; a bundle or package; a 
measured mass of hay, straw*, etc.; timbers 
or bars fastened together to form a framework 
for any structure: v.t. to bind or pack into a 
bundle; skewer; as, to truss a chicken with 
pointed sticks; make fast; tighten, as laces; 
to support by a brace, framework, etc. 

+nic+ (trust), n. confidence; faith; belief 
LI Lib L someone’s truth and goodness; 
hope; basis of confidence or belief; credit 
granted because of belief in one’s honesty; 
as, he lent his friend the money on trust; 
a duty or responsibility; as, he committed 
to me the solemn trust of carrying out his 
wishes; a combination of business men or 
firms engaged in the production of some com¬ 
modity or related group of commodities, 
designed to regulate the supply and price of 
their goods and to prosper by cooperation 
rather than by competition: often, such a 
combination formed to crush out smaller 
competitors and thus control an industry 
and raise prices; as, the Sherman anti -trust 
law was intended to do away with combina¬ 
tion in restraint of trade; an estate left in 
someone’s charge to be held and managed for 
another’s benefit; the guardianship of such 
an estate; as, he left his property in trust 
for his grandchildren: v.t. to place confidence 
in; believe; rely upon; entrust to some¬ 
one’s care; risk; sell upon credit to: v.i. to 
have confidence; to hope: adj. held in 
charge for someone else; as, a trust fund.— 
n. truster. 

+ril<2 tpp (trus-te'), n. a person to whom 
LiUb-LCC property, or the management of 
property, is committed for the benefit of 
others. 

+i*iic +<*<a chin (trus-te'ship), n. the office 
li Ub-LCC-biup or duties of one who takes 
charge of the property of others. 

+ 1*11 c+ fill (trusi/fool). adj. full of hope and 
UUbL-xux confidence; ready to believe in 
others.— adv. trustfully. —n. trustfulness. 

+rii c+ wnr +hv (trQst'wfir'thl), adj. re- 
llUbl-WUI-LIlj liable; meriting trust and 
confidence.— adv. trustworthily.— n. trust¬ 
worthiness. 

+r*11<N+ V (Xrus'tl), adj. [comp, trustier, 
LX UbL-j superl. trustiest], worthy to receive 
confidence; faithful; reliable; as, a trusty 
servant: n. a convict found worthy of special 
privileges.— adv. trustily. — n. trustiness, 
truth (t_ro°th), n. [pi. truths (trooi/iz; 
lxulxx trooths)], the quality of being accord¬ 
ing to fact; correctness; accuracy or exactness; 
something real and actual: a fact; a genera l 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bhrn, cut, focus, menu; 












truthful 


675 


tug 




statement of something proved to be always the 
case; as, that wastefulness brings poverty is a 
well-known truth; faithfulness; loyalty; sin¬ 
cerity; a moral, religious, or scientific principle. 
+i-irfV» fill (trooth'fool), adj. according to 
llUlii-ilii facts; as, a truthful statement; 
given to saving only what is the fact; reliable. 
— adv. truthfully. —n. truthfulness. 

+1*V (tri), v - t - [£•*• and V-V- tried, p.pr. try- 

ing], to prove by experiment; test; as, 
the bird tried its wings; prove; make a test 
of; as, to try an experiment; purify or refine, 
as metals; melt out, as fat; put through a 
trial or test; as, the times that try men’s 
souls; examine judicially; as, the court will 
try the prisoner; subject to strain; as, the 
light tries the eyes; subject to trouble or 
affliction; as, a sadly tried people; test the 
strength or endurance of; as, to try the 
patience; decide, as by argument, contest, 
etc.; attempt to do; as, try to say it; use as 
an experiment; as, to try a new way: v.i. to 
endeavor; to make an effort; to try an ex¬ 
periment: n. [pi. tries], an attempt; an effort; 

incr (trl'Ing), p.adj. annoying; hard to 
bear; difficult; severe. 

+i-Tr coil (trl'sar; tri'sl). n. a fore-and- 
liy-aali aft sa ii se f on a gaff, or small boom, 
on the foremast or mainmast of a sailing 
vessel 

+rv cmiiirp (tri'skwar"), n. a tool for 
Xiy oLJUclitJ laying off right angles and 

testing work for squareness, as in 
carpentry. 

fi-ircf (trlst; trist), n. an engage- 
LIjoL me nt to meet at a certain 
place and time; a meeting; as, a 
lovers’ tryst; a rendezvous, or place 
of meeting: called also try sting place. 

+ooir (tsar), n. a king; an emperor; 
loctl formerly, the title of the ruler 
of Russia. Also, czar, tzar. 

tsar-e-vitch ) - v,ch) • ”• 

merly, the crown prince 
of Russia, or eldest son 
of the emperor, 
frifli* i o (tsa-re'na), 
lodi-l-Ila n.formerly, 

the -wife of the emperor Try-square 

of Russia. Also, czarina. . . „ . 

co (tset'se), n. an irritating African 
LotJl-ov? w hose bite causes a disease in 
oxen and horses. , , 

T emiorp (te skwar), n. a T-shaped ruler 
-i blJUd.it; -used by draftsmen m making 

mechanical drawings. 

(tub), n. a circular open 
IUU wooden vessel, or low 
cask, used for washing, hold¬ 
ing butter, and other house¬ 
hold purposes; a large, deep, 
stationary receptacle, metal 
or porcelain lined, built into a 
laundry, kitchen, or bathroom, 
and used for washing, bathing, 
etc.; the amount of water 
held in such a receptacle: 
v.t. to place in a tub; to 
wash or bathe in a tub. _ .. 

tu-ba «3£i liVSE T WSSJsk. ed ’ 

ment similar to the trumpet or saxhorn. 
‘fuKz* (tub), n. a hollow cylinder of glass, 
LUUt? metal, etc., through which fluids may 
pass; an instrument having Such a cylinder 
as an important part of it; a pipe; a subway 
or tunnel for an underground railway: v.t. 
t. and v.v. tubed, y.vr. tubingl. to furnish 


with a cylinder, tunnel, etc.; to put into a 
cylinder, tunnel, etc. 

+11 Kor (tu'ber), n. a thick, roundish, often 
LU-UCI edible, underground stem or root- 
bearing small buds or “eyes,” as the potato; 
an edible fungus, or truffle. 

+ii Vior clo (tu'ber-kl), n. a small knob- 
lu-UCl-CiC like growth, especially on an 
animal or plant; a tiny unhealthy growth 
appearing in the tissues of the body; espe¬ 
cially one found in the lungs and causing 
tuberculosis, or consumption. 

+11 Vwai- on lor (th-bur'kil-ldr), adj. full 
lU-OCr-tU-ld.1 0 f hke, or pertaining to, 

the small growths called tubercles; affected 
with tuberculosis, or consumption. 

+11 Vk/vr ni lin (tfi-bur'ku-lln), n. a liquid, 
lu-UCi -t/U-iiii free from disease-produc¬ 
ing organisms, which is of such a nature that 
it can be used in testing cattle for tuberculosis. 

+11 "h/^r m In cic (tu-bfir"ku-lo , sls), n. 
lU-UCI -tU-id-ois an infectious disease 

characterized by the growth of tubercles in 
the tissues of the body; especially, this 
disease affecting the lungs, called consumption. 

+11 her m iniic (tu-bur'ku-lus), adj. af- 
IU-Der-CU-IOUS fected with, or like, 

tuberculosis; full of tubercles, or small un¬ 
healthy growths. 

+ 11 + 1 / 2 , fAcp (tub'roz"; tu'ber-os"), n. a kind 
lUUC-IU&C 0 f plant that bears heavily 
fragrant white flowers growing on a spike. 

+ii Kpr nuc (tu'ber-us), adj. covered with 
LU-UCi-UUb knobs or swellings resembling 
warts; consisting of, producing, or like, a 
tuber, as the potato. Also, tuberose. 

+ 11 K incr (tub'Ing), n. material for tubes; 
lUU-liig, a number of tubes; the act of 
making tubes. 

+11 Vkii 1 or (tu'bu-lar), adj. pertaining to, 
lU.-UU.-icU. shaped like, or consisting of, a 
hollow cylinder or pipe. 

+ii/'Ir (tuk), n. a sewed fold, as in a dress: 
lliisll. V 'i_ to thrust or press into a small snug 
opening; to gather or turn up; fold under 
and sew; as, to tuck a dress; cover snugly; 
as, to tuck a child into bed.—Tuek, the friar 
of Robin Hood’s band. 


(tuk'd-h.5), n. an American 
plant whose root, when 


l£ 


tuck-a-hoe 

cooked, was formerly used by the Indians 
of Virginia as food. 

+ 11 /'tr (tuk'er), n. a piece of lace, 
UH/h-cl linen, or other thin material, 
folded across the front, or fastened into the 
neck, of a woman’s dress; a machine for 
stitching folds into cloth. 

Tii Ae\r (tu'dor), adj. pertaining to, or of 
J. U-UUi the time of, ona* of the royal 
families of England, which occupied the 
throne from 1485 to 1603, and whose reign¬ 
ing members were Henry VII, Henry VIII, 
Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth: n. a member 
of this family. 

Tiiz*o A air (tuz'da), n. the third day of the 
X UCb-Udy wee k; named for the Norse 

god Tyr; the day after Monday. 

frt (tbo'fd), n. porous volcanic rock; 
LU-lct ^ft or porous stone usually deposited 
from springs or streams. 

+irf+ (tuft), n. a knot or bunch made of 
LU.it long, slender parts; as, a tuft of grass; 
a cluster or clump; as, a tuft of plants: v.t. 
to divide into, or decorate with, such clusters. 
+I 1 ++ hun +£> 1 - (tuft'hun'ter), n. one who 
lUil-iiUii-lCl courts or invites the ac¬ 
quaintance of persons of rank; a toady, 
■hio- (t^S). n - a P ul1 'with great effort; a 
tUg steam towing vessel; a rope or chain 
used for pulling: a trace of a harness: v.t. 


o.t. and y.p. tupeq, v.yr. tuomiti, immon i ivi n ... ^ - —_• 

>oot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 































tuition 


676 


turbid 


{p.t. and p.p. tugged, p.pr. tugging], to pull 
or draw with great effort; tow: v.i. to use 
great effort in pulling, etc.— tug of war, a 
contest in which two equal groups pull on 
opposite ends of a rope; hence, any violent 
and evenly matched struggle, 
fit i firm (tu-Ish'un), n. instruction; teach- 
lli-i- 11U11 j n g. charge for instruction, 
fii lin (tu'llp), n. a plant of the lily family, 
LU-Iip bearing brilliant flowers in spring; 
also, a bulb or flower of the plant, 
fit li-n frr»r> (tu'lip tre), an American 
lltJC tree of the magnolia family, 
having large red and yellow flowers resembling 
the tulip. 

fullr* (tool), n. a delicate silk open-meshed 
lUllc or netlike material, used for veils, etc. 
film (tum'bl), v.i. [p.t and p.p. 

llilil-UlC tumbled, p.pr. tumbling], to fall 
suddenly and hard; as, to tumble downstairs; 
roll about; to execute gymnastic feats, such 
as springs, somersaults, etc.; move in a dis¬ 
orderly fashion; as, the children came 
tumbling into the room: v.t. to throw down;- 
turn over; rumple; disorder: n. a fall; 
a rolling over. 

fiim Klo V»ii«t (tum'bl-bug"), n. any of 
111111-UItJ-UU.g certain beetles which roll 

up balls of dung and use them as places in 
which to deposit their eggs, 
fiim ViIai* (tum'bler), n. one who per- 
lUlil-UiCl forms feats of rolling, somer¬ 
saulting, etc.; an acrobat; a cylindrical 
drinking glass without a stem; a kind of 
pigeon; one of the parts of a lock which 
must be moved to a certain position, as by a 
key, before the bolt can be moved; a child’s 
toy weighted at the bottom so that it rolls 
about but will not fall over. 

fiim "hi** xxraaA (tum'bl-wed' r ), n. any of 
Xum-Ulo-Wceu certain weeds, which, in 

the fall, become readily unfastened from their 
roots and are blown about by the wind, 
fiim (tum'brel), n. a cart that may 

mill - *-'- 1 be tilted up; such a cart 
used in the French Revolution to take 
prisoners to the guillotine; a kind of two¬ 
wheeled covered cart for hauling tools, 
ammunition, etc., in an army. Also, tumbril. 

fii m<^ far firm (tu'me-fak'shun), n. a 
lU.-IllC-ld'b-llUil swelling; a tumor. 

+11 m*=» fir (tu'me-fl), v.t. and v.i. to in- 
TU.-H16-iy fl a t e ; puff up; swell. 

fii miH (tu'mld), adj. bulging; swollen; 
111-mill f u p 0 f high-sounding words: said 
of style.— adv. tumidly. —n. tumidness, 
fii mm* (tu'mer), n • an abnormal swelling 
or growth within or upon the body. 
Also, tumour.* 

fii miilf (tu'mult), n. the noise and con- 
tl* _ i-l- LUA l fusion made by a number of 
excited people; a violent agitation or dis¬ 
turbance; great excitement; riot. 

fn mill fii mic (til-mu 1 ' tu-fls), adj. 
lU-mUl-lU-OUb marked by, or full of, 

noisy confusion; as, a tumultuous crowd of 
people; disorderly; agitated, as the feelings; 
rough; as, a tumultuous sea.— adv. tumul¬ 
tuously. —n. tumultuousness. 

Syn. turbulent, riotous, disturbed, con¬ 
fused, unruly. 

Ant. (see orderly). 

fn mu Inc? (tu'mll-lus), n. [pi. tumuli 
lU-mU-lUS (-li)], a manmade hill or 
mound, as over a grave.— adj. tumular. 
fun (tun), n. a large cask; a measure of 
LUXl w j ne formerly equal to 252 gallons. 

tivn.fi (tun'a-bl), adj. capable of being 

lull a uic made harmonious; as, the 
strings of a violin. 


Tuning Fork 


+im rli-o (tdon'drd), n. a stretch of mossy. 
lUIl-Urd. marshy, flat land in northern 
Siberia or the Arctics. Also, toondra. 
fii-no (tun), n - a series of musical notes 
lUIlc having rhythm and forming a con¬ 
nected theme; air; a melody; condition of 
giving forth tones of the proper pitch; as, the 
piano is out of tune; agreement of sounds; 
state of harmonious adjustment; fitting mood: 
v.t. [p.t. and p.p. tuned, p.pr. timing], to cause 
to produce the proper sounds; to adjust, as a 
voice or instrument, to a certain musical pitch; 
as, to tune a piano. 

+nn<i fnl (tun'f 551), adj. full of music or 
lUllc-lUI melody; musical; harmonious. 
— adv. tunefully. —n. tunefulness, 
hmo locc (tun'16s), adj. without har- 
t UliC-ICOa mony; without melody ; hence, 
sometimes, monotonous; not producing 
music; silent; as, a tuneless lyre.— adv. tune¬ 
lessly. — n. tunelessness. 

fun (tun'er), n. one who adjusts musical 
tliil-cl instruments to their proper pitch; 
as, a piano tuner. 

fii ntr cfon (tung'sten), n. a rare, hard, 
lullg-olcll brittle, grayish-white metallic 
element, much used in making steel and 
electric lamps. 

fn nir (tu'nlk), n. an undergarment worn 
by both the men and women of the 
ancient Romans; a loose kind of frock worn 
by women and boys; a kind of military coat. 

fn n incr fnrlr (tuning fork), a fork- 
IU11-111& luila. shaped piece of steel with 

two equal prongs which, 
when struck, vibrate at a 
certain rate and give a cer¬ 
tain fixed tone: used to test 
the pitch of musical tones 
and instruments, 
fun -npd (tun'el), n. an underground pas- 
IU11-11C1 sage cu t through a hill or under 
a river; as, a railroad tunnel; the shaft of a 
chimney: v.t. to form an underground pas¬ 
sage through or under; as, to tunnel a 
rock, hill, or river: v.i. to make a tunnel, 
fiin (tun'I), n. [pi. tunnies (-Iz)], a 

lllll-liy large salt-water fish of the mackerel 
family. 

+n np (tu'p6-lo), n. [pi. tupelos (-loz)]. 

lu-pc-io a North American tree with red 

berries and a very hard wood. 

fii mi a (tuk), n. a cap shaped like a long, 

lllljUC round bag with one end tucked in: 

worn in Canada as part of a winter sport 

costume. 

Til i*A ni qn (tff-ra'nl-Sn), adj. pertain- 
x u-i a.-lii-dii j ng to, or denoting, those 

languages and peoples of Europe and Asia 
not included in the Aryan and Semitic 
families, as Chinese. 

tiir W tar ' bd )’ n ‘ * n a P ass i° n play, the 
LUi- Ud C borus which represents the crowd 
of Jewish common people. 

knn (tur'ban), n. the men’s headdress 
tui - Udii worn by Orientals, consisting 
of a cap around which a scarf or sash is 
wrapped; any similar headdress, as that 
worn by women of rank early in the 19th 
century; a small, close-fitting brimless hat, 
or one with the brim turned up close to the 
round crown, worn by women and children. 

tiir VipVi (tur'be), n.1 a small building re- 
lui-ucii sembling a dome, built over the 
tomb of a Mohammedan saint or person of 
high rank. 

tiir hiH (tflr'bld), adj. having the sediment 
lui-uiu stirred up; hence, muddy; impure; 
thick; as, turbid waters; unsettled; confused. 
— adv. turbidly. —n. turbidness. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









turbinal 


677 


turnip 


tur-bi-nal ^ urb 3r^M 1)> adj - in zool ogy, 

• ,V aA shaped lake a spiral; rolled in 
a spiral-shaped coil. 

fur hitlP (tfir'bln; 

LUl-UUlt; tflr'bin), 

7i. a rotary motor 
driven by water or 
steam. 

fiir bnt (^hr'bStl.n. 

IU1-UUL a large flat 

flsh found in European 
waters, used as food. 

tur-bu-lence 

(tiir'bfl-lens), n. a state 
of disturbance; dis¬ 
order; noisy agitation. 

tur-bu-1 e nt 

(tflr'bll-lent), adj. dis¬ 
orderly ; uncontrollable 
as, a turbulent nature; 
agitated; wild; as, a 
turbulent stream; rest¬ 
less; noisy; riotous; 
disturbing; as, a tur¬ 
bulent crowd of people. 

tu-reen £Vdip s 

vessel for holding soup 
to be served at table. 

4-. ir f (thrf), n. the 
lulA grassy surface of 

ground; sod; peat: the turf, the race course: 
v.t. to cover with grassy sod. 
fii-rf V (tfir'fl), adj. having a grassy sur- 
lw A V face^ well-sodded.— n. turfiness, 
fiir oriH (tur'jld), adj. distended or swollen 
t,w ' x “o AVA beyond the natural size; bloated; 
as, a turgid stream of water; turgid veins; 
inflated; bombastic; pompous; as, a turgid 
style in writing.— adv. turgidly. —n. turgidness. 
+ti-t* orirj t frr (tur-jld'I-ti), n. the state of 
11 being swollen beyond the 
natural size. 

Turk <t0rk) ' 



Steam Turbine. 1 , 
view of wheel; 2, com¬ 
plete machine. 


n. a native of Turkey; 
member of the Turkish race. 


any 



Turkeys. A, domestic; B, wild. 

fiir Ttpv (tur'kl), n - IP 1 - turkeys (-kiz)], a 
lui-ncjf large wild or domestic American 
bird of the pheasant family, used as food. 

tur-key buz-zard 

South America and the southern United 
States, that lives on the dead bodies of 
animals. 

/ Tiir*lr icVi (tur'kish), adj. of or pertaining 
A tllJA-loli to Turkey or the Turks; as, 

the Turkish empire; Turkish customs: n. the 
language of the Turks. 

T'nrlr icVi hafh (ttir'klsh bath), a kind 
U-E-K--AOI1 Ud.Ul G f b a th, originally Ori¬ 
ental, in which the bather is made to 

S erspire freely in an overheated room, and 
then bathed and rubbed down. 


tlir mpr IP (turmer-Ik), n. an Australian 
* tree and its aromatic root, 

used as a dye and as a condiment, 
tur-mnil (tur'moil), n. wearisome or trou- 
AAUAA blesome work; confused move¬ 
ment; disturbance; tumult or agitation, 
film (turn), to make to revolve or go 
, round, as a wheel; to do by means of 
a revolving motion; as, to turn a handspring, 
a somersault, etc.; to change the direction or 
position of; as, to turn one’s back; to turn 
an automobile; to change from one state to 
another; as, churning turns milk into butter; 
upset; as, success has turned her head; to 
cause to become; as, the shock turned her 
hair white; to nauseate; as, to turn the 
stomach; to guide or direct; as, he turned the 
horse toward home; to give into the hands of 
another: with over; as, turn the matter over to 
your lawyer; to bend or fold up, down, or 
over; as, to turn down the leaf of a book; 
to go around; as, to turn a comer; to shape 
in circular form, as by holding a revolving 
piece of wood against a sharp edge, or lathe; 
hence, to make or mold; as, he turns many 
a pretty compliment; to revolve in the mind; 
as, he turned the plan in every direction; to 
ponder; translate; as, he turned the Latin 
into English: v.i. to have a circular motion; 
revolve; become; as, her hair turned white; 
be changed; as, the syrup has turned to 
sugar; to start in another direction; as, 
the road turns sharply to the east; to change 
the behavior, especially to revolt; as, the 
people turned against their rulers; to depend; 
as, my action turns on yours; to incline to 
one side or the other: said of scales; hinge; 
to change from ebb to flow or from flow to 
ebb: said of the tide; to become spoiled, 
acid, or sour, as milk; to be nauseated, as 
the stomach; to become dizzy; as, my head 
turns; to result; as, the experiment turned 
out well: n. the act of revolving; circular 
motion, as of a wheel; a bend or curve; as, a 
turn of the road; change of direction; a 
good or evil act; as, to do a good turn; a 
single twist of a rope about a post; a critical 
change in the progress of a disease; collo¬ 
quially, a startling surprise or shock; a 
short walk for air and exercise; as, to take 
a turn in the park; time for some act which 
one does in rotation with others; as, it is 
your turn to do the errand; special purpose; 
as, this will serve your turn; tendency; bent; 
a characteristic growing out of a particular 
cast of mind, thought, etc.; as, a man of his 
turn of mind; a short stage-piece or act. 

+ 111*11 Knrlr If* (tflrn'bukT), n. a kind of 
LUxil-U u^ix-ic catch to hold a window 

shutter, etc.; a metal loop which can be 
turned, by means of a swivel and a screw, so 
as to tighten a fastening of a rod, stay, etc. 

+ 111*11 fnflt (turn'kot"), n. one who for- 
lum-vuai sakes his principles; one who 
goes over to an opposite party; a fickle person; 
a deserter. 

+11 m rfrvum (tum'doun"), adj. intended to 
tui ai-lxu Wli k ave the upper part folded 

down; as, a turndown collar. 
tlirtl-Pr (tur'ner), n. one who turns; one 
who shapes articles with a lathe; 
a utensil used to change the position of 
something; as, a cak e-turner; a kind of 
tumbler pigeom 

fnrn in cr (tur'ning), n. the act of one who, 
cLAi.ii-ij.ic3 or that which, revolves, shapes, 
etc.; an angle or comer, 
fiir nin (tfir'nlp), n. the fleshy eatable root 
tin -nip G f either of two plants of the 
mustard family; also, either plant. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw = wh as in when; 
2h = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 




















turnkey 


678 


tweezers 


+tim Irov (tflm'ke*), n. one who has 
charge of the keys of a prison 
or penitentiary; a warden or jailer. 
iHii~n rkii+ (tfirn'out*), n. a coming forth; 
f LUIil-UUL colloquially, a pubhc gathering 
1 ' > of persons, or attendance at a meeting; a 
v. labor strike; a railroad switch or siding; 

? colloquially, a carriage and horses. 

r\ xr&r (turn'o"ver), n. the act or 
, lUUl-U-VCi result of going round, up¬ 
setting, reversing the position of, etc.; an 
) upset; a deal in the stock market; a pie or 
’ tart made by folding one-half of a circular 
crust over the other: adj. that can be bent 
over or under; made with a part folded over. 
■Him rdlrP (turn'pik"), n. a gate or bar 
tUIJLl-puvc to stop wagons, carnages, etc., 
until toll is paid; a tollgate; a turnpike road. 

1 Him -nilra rnflH (tara'p!^ rod), a pub- 
tUm-piKe I OctU jj c r oad that has, or 

once had, tollgates. 

Him crAt * (turn'sbl'), n. a plant whose 
Llllll-odc flowers and stem seem to turn 
with the sun, as the sunflower. 

Hi-m cnit (tum'spit"), n. one who turns 
LUIll-opiL a spit, or slender, pointed rod 
for holding roasting meat; a kind of dog 
that used, by means of a treadmill, to turn a 
spit holding roasting meat. 

Hi-m o+ilo (turn'stil"), n. formerly, a gate 
lUIIl-bLliC a t the entrance of a path or 
passage, made of four arms pivoted on the 
top of a post and turning to let a person 
through; a similar but more complicated 
device, as at a doorway, to regulate or record 
the number of persons passing through. 

tum-stone ”• a shore bird - 


a reptile whose body is 
in a bony shell covered 



Turtle 


the sandpiper. 

tum-ta- 

ui 0 (ttei'ta'- 
bl), n. a 
platform that 
may be re¬ 
volved or 
turned around, 
as for turning a 
locomotive or 
railroad engine. 


• to both the plover and 



Turntable 


(thr'pen-tin), n. a resin- 
-JJcIl-LlIie juice from pine and 
fir trees, used in mixing paints, varnishes, 
etc., and also in medicine; loosely, oil of 
turpentine. _ „ , 

Hit-ni H 1 H 0 (tflr'pl-tud), n. baseness; 
lUr-pi- lulic downright, shameful wicked¬ 
ness; low badness. , . . 

Hit- nnnico (tur-koiz'; tflr'kwoiz), n. a 
XUr-l^UUlbc bright greenish-blue gem or 
precious stone; the birthstone for December. 
Also, turquois. „ 

^ •*. 0 + (tur'St), n. a small tower, usually 
■icL a t the corner of a building, some¬ 
times merely 
decorative; a 
towerlike 
structure of 
thick steel, 
mounted on 
battleships or 
i n fortifica¬ 
tions and con¬ 
taining heavy 
guns that may 

be pointed in - r Gun-turret on a Warship J 
different di¬ 
rections by revolving the tower. 

(tur'et-6d), adj. furnished with, 
tm-1 CL-CLI or shaped like, a small tower. 



+iii* +1 ^ (tur'tl), n. 
iui-uc inclosed ii 
with horny shields: 
used as food, espe-_ 
cially in the form of 
soup; a tortoise. 

tur-tie-dove 

(tur'tl-duv"), n. a 
kind of Old World 
wild dove, noted for 
its gentleness and 
its soft cooing. 

Tus-can £££; 

adj. of, pertaining 

to, or belonging to, . __ „ 

Tuscany, in Italy; naming a certain type of 
architecture: n. a native of Tuscany, in 
Italy; the purest form of the Italian language. 
Hicii (tush), interj. an expression of con- 
lubll tempt, reproof, or restraint. 

Hi air (tusk), n. the long, pomted tooth on 
LLibia, each side of the upper jaw of certain 
animals; as, the tusk of an elephant or a 
walrus; hence, any very long tooth. 

Hi a aid (tus'l), n. a scuffle; a contest of 
LUb-biC strength, usually in sport: v.i. to 
straggle; to wrestle. 

Hie cnrlr (tus'fik), n. a tuft or hummock 

LUb-bCeii. 0 f grass, twigs, etc. 

(tut), inter j. hush! be quiet! an expres- 
ttlL s j on 0 f rebuke, impatience, etc. 

Hi la cro (tu'te-laj), n. the act of teach- 
Lll-LC-iagC ing and protecting; the state 
of being under a tutor or guardian; guardian¬ 
ship; protection. 

Hi 1 or (tu't§-ldr), adj. having the 
LU.-lc-i.cu. guardianship of a person or 
thing; of or pertaining to a guardian or tutor; 
protecting. Also, tutelary. 

+11 +nr (tu'ter), n. one who instructs an- 
LU-LUI other; a private teacher; a guardian; 
a college instructor lower in rank than a 
professor: v.t. to instruct or teach privately: 
v.i. to do the work of a tutor; colloquially, 
to be taught privately. 

Hi r ; ot (tfl-to'rl-al), adj. pertaining to, 
LU-LU-II-ai or done by, a private in¬ 
structor. 

+11 fnr ell in (tu'ter-shlp), n. the office or 
LU-LUI-ofiip position 01 a private teacher; 
guardianship; instruction of_a tutor. 

+11++i -fi-ii+-fi (toot'te=froot'te), n. acandy 
LuL-Ll”II UL-L 1 or confection made of dif¬ 
ferent kinds of preserved fruits: adj. made 
with, or flavored by, preserved fruits. 

Hirc»H Hid (twbd'l), n. silly talk: v.t. and 
LWctu-UIC f 0 talk in a silly or foolish 
manner.—n. twaddler. 

twflin (twan), n. and adj. two; a pair: 
twain a poetic AYord. 

twfmp' (twang), n. a sharp, quick, vibrating 
twang soimd; a sharp nasal tone in speech; 
as, a Yankee twang: v.t. and v.i. to sound 
with a sharp, vibrating noise or nasal tone, 
fwpfllr ( tw ®k), v.t. to pinch or pull with a 
iwcan jerk: n. a sudden, sharp pull or 
pinch; twitch; twist. 

fixrppH (twed), n. a soft, woolen fabric for 

LW ecu men’s wear. 

fljrppiT prc (twez'erz), n.pl. small pincers 
LWCCi-Cla for taking hold of, or pulling 


out, some- 
thing 
tiny, as 
hairs ; a 
tool used 
for grasp- 


Tweezers 


ing something: a set of surgeon’s instruments. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 












































twelfth 


679 


tympan 


twplfth (twelfth), adj. next in order after 

iwcinu the eleventh: n. one of twelve 
■equal parts; the ordinal of twelve. 

Twelfth-Nip-ht (twelfth'nit"), n. the 

i w Cli U1 INlgllt evening of the twelfth 
■day after Christmas; Epiphany. 

■Hxrpl-trp (twelv), adj. one more than eleven; 

" C V C C our times three: n. the number 
next after eleven; a dozen; a sign representing 
twelve units, as 12 or xii. 

-fvyplvp mn (twfilv'mo), n. a book having 
iwcivc-mu th e sheet folded into twelve 
leaves; a sheet so folded; duodecimo: also 
written 12mo: adj. having twelve leaves to 
a sheet. 

twelve-month ^y^ thl ' adi - and 

+WPT 1 -fi p-fli (twen'tl-eth), adj. next in 
iwcii-u-cui order after the nineteenth; 
being one of twenty equal parts: n. one of 
twenty equal parts; the ordinal of twenty. 
+mpfl -f-rr (twen'tl), adj. twice ten: to. 
v yvv^aa-*,j the number next after nineteen; 
a score; a sign representing twenty units, 
as 20 or xx. 

twpn tv-fnur mo (twen'tlsfor-mo"), n. 
LWC-LI-iy luur-mo a sheet folded into 

twenty-four leaves; a book of the size so made: 
also written Zipmo: adj. having twenty-four 
leaves to a sheet. 

+W1 Vlil (twi'bll), n. formerly, a double- 
ivvi-uu bladed battle ax; also, an axlike 
garden tool. 

■Kirjppk (twis), adv. two times; doubly; in 
i, w icc twofold measure or degree. 

■fwifl Hip (twid'l), v.t. to twirl in a light 
iwiu-uio manner; as, to twiddle one’s 
thumbs: v.i. to play or tilde. 

+urtcr (twig), to. a small shoot or branch 
lwl & of a tree. 

"twi licrht (twl'llt"), to. the faint light before 
iwi-ugm sunrise and after sunset; partial 
light; dimness; obscurity: adj. of or pertain¬ 
ing to the time before sunrise or after sunset; 
dim; obscure. 

-J-yrrjll (twll), 7i. a weave of cloth which 
l w aaa s hows diagonal lines or ribs on the 
surface; fabric woven with such ribs, as 
serge: v.t. to weave, as a fabric, with diagonal 
lines or ribs. 

+T*rif» (twin), adj. double; as, twin towers, 
lvvm made of two separate, but equal, 
parts; closely resembling; bora at the same 
birth with another; as, a twin brother: n. 
one of two born at one birth; a person or 
thing very like another. 

fwitlP (twin), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. twined, 
awaaac p.pr. twining], to twist; wind 
round; embrace; make by twisting or coil¬ 
ing; as, to twine a garland: v.i. to twist; to 
wind or coil; as, the vine twines over the 
porch: to. a kind of strong cord made of 
twisted strands; an entwining. 

twin flnw pr (twln'flou'er), to. a hardy 
iiYui-nuw-ci creeping evergreen plant 

that grows in damp, shady places, 
twin crp (twlnj), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. twinged, 
iwmgc p.pr. twinging], to feel a sudden, 
stinging pain: v.t. to cause to feel a sudden, 
stinging pain: to. a sudden, stinging pain, 
twin trip (twln'kl), n. a quick motion of 
tw aaa-ivlg th e eye; a wink or gleam of the 

eye; a quick gleam; a flash that comes and 
goes, giving the effect of winking: v.i. [p.t. 
and p.p. twinkled, p.pr. twinkling], to open 
and shut rapidly; wink; sparkle; as, his 
eyes twinkled; shine with q, gleam that 
comes and goes in flashes, as a star; to flash 
in and out rapidly: v.t. to cause to flash or 
sparkle: blink. 


twin Inline (kwh* kllng), to. the time 
i, w occupied by a wink or a brief 

flash; a moment; as, it happened in the 
twinkling of an eye; a wink or flash, as of light. 

(twurl), v.t. to move or turn around 
i.w aaa rapidly; as, to twirl one’s fingers; 
to whirl; as, to twirl a cane: v.i. to rotate 
rapidly: to. a quick, circular motion; a 
rapid whirling; a coil. 

twic;t (twist), v.t. and v.i. to unite or form 
ao t hy winding two or more strands 
together; contort; distort; to wreathe; to 
twine or wind, as hair into a knot; to wrench 
or turn; as, to twist one’s wrist; to turn from 
a direct line; as, the path down the cliff 
twists in and out: to. the act or manner of 
winding or twining; something made by 
winding strands together, as certain kinds of 
silk or cotton thread; as, buttonhole twist; 
a kind of roll tobacco; a twisted loaf of 
bread; a wrench or turn, as of a muscle.— n. 
twister. 

4-^+ (twit), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. twitted, p.pr. 
tWAt twitting], to annoy or tease by remind¬ 
ing of a mistake, weakness, etc. 

+wi+rTl (twitch), v.t. to pull with a sudden 
wwAiVsAA jerk; p.i. to move jerkily: to. a 
sudden jerk or pull; a short, jerky contrac¬ 
tion of a muscle. 

•fwri+ck (twit), to. the European mountain 
tWllv linnet or finch. 

twit fpr (twlt'er), v.i. to utter in repetition 
iwAt-icA small, sharp, broken sounds, as 
a bird; to feel a slight nervous excitement or 
tremor: to. a series of short, sharp, broken 
sounds; a nervous trembling. 

, fwiY+ (twlkst), prep, between: an abbre- 
iwiAi viation of betwixt , used chiefly in 
poetical language. 

(too), adj. one added to one: to. the 
twu number next after one; a sign repre¬ 
senting two units, as 2 or ii. 

o"pH (too ejd"; too’ej^ed), adj. 
lvvu having two edges, or one 

edge on each side; as, a two-edged saw. 
fxxrp •frklH (too'fold"), adj. double; made of 
iwu-iuiu two folds, etc.: adv. in a double 
degree; doubly. 

'f’PtTTV-.li ti H pH (too handled), adj. hav- 
IWU a1c 111U.-CU. j n g two hands; used with 

two hands; able to use either hand with 
equal ease. 

fwn npn r p (tup'ens; too pens only if 
iwu-pcAAV/C i wo words), n. the sum of 


a 


n. 

coin 


sum 
worth that 


two English pennies; 
amount. 

■Ktta TiPtl tlV (tup'en-I), adj. of the value 
iwu-pcAA-AAj of two pence; hence, cheap, 
worthless, or commonplace, 
twn-nlv (too'pli"). adj. having two thick- 
i. w va pAj nesses; woven double, as a carpet 
or other fabric. 

fwn enm P (too'sum), adj. performed or 
1 vv va-ovaaaac taken part in by two persons, 
as a game or dance; making a pair: to. a game, 
dance, etc., by two persons. 

+ W f»_,c+p-n (lob'step"), to. a kind of round 
twvA oicp dance in march or two-four 
time; the music for such a dance, 
tv rnnn (tl-kdon'), TO. the title given by 
foreigners to the shogun, or 
commander-in-chief of the Japanese army, 
who for over two centuries, till 1868, was the 
military governor, or actual ruler, of the 
nation. 

tv irtcr (tf' In g). the present participle and 
L J -AJ - A & verbal noun of the verb tie. 
tvm ‘nan (tlm'p&n), TO. in a printing press, 
i-jr AAA-paj.A a sheet of paper, parchment, 
etc., stretched between the sheets to be 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





tympanic 


680 


tzarina 


printed and the surface bearing the impres¬ 
sion to be made. 

■Hrm -non ip (tim-pan'Ik), adj. like a 
AyiAA-pclIl-lG drum or drumhead; pertain¬ 
ing to the eardrum. 

Him no mim (tim'pd-num), n. [pi. tym- 
ly Ili-pct-li uni p an ums (-numz), tympana 

(-no)], the middle ear; the eardrum; the 
diaphragm of a telephone. 

(tip), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. typed, p.pr. 
typing], to make a copy of; to repre¬ 
sent; to copy by means of a typewriter; to 
reproduce in letter-bearing metal blocks 
called type, or to make a plate impression of 
from such blocks: n. the mark or impression 
of something; an emblem; the first form of 
something, to be followed and copied; a 
model or pattern; an original design from 
which copies are to be made; a person who, 
or a thing which, stands as a foreshadowing 
of persons, things, or events which are to 
come later; a person in a story who repre¬ 
sents an abstract quality; a person or thing 
representative of a group because of char¬ 
acteristics possessed in common with indi¬ 
viduals of the group; a sample; in printing, 
a metal block bearing an impression of a 
letter, figure, etc., to be stamped in ink upon 
paper; such blocks taken collectively: 
formerly classified under names, as in the 
following table: now generally classified 
according to size, by a measure called a 
point, which equals 1-72 of an inch, each 
size corresponding to one of the names 
formerly used; as, 12-point type, formerly 
called pica, prints letters 1-6 of an inch high: 

Size. Former Name. Sample of Type. 

Great Primer. abcdef 
English. cl b C (1 6 £ 

p^a .abcdefg 


18 

point 

14 

point 

12 

point 

11 

point 

10 

point 

9 

point 

8 point 
7 point 
6 point 
5J4 point 
5 point 


Agate. abcdefghijklm 


hmp fll ( t! P m6t'&l), a kind of 

Alict-cu metal used for making 
blocks for printing. 

Hrnc* cot +»r (tip'setter), n. one who, or 
*v which, sets type, or 

arranges it in the form of words as desired; 
a compositor or printer; a machine for setting 
type, such as a linotype. 

hmA fi-ncr (tip'sStTng).n.theact.proc- 
ijfpc-aci,- LJJ - A & ess, or trade, of setting type. 
L rnp writ** (tip'rit'), v.t. and v.i. to write 
wihc with a machine; to type, 
fy-np yrt*it py (tlp'rit # er), n. an instru- 
a.j w j.al-ca ment or machine for writ¬ 
ing, by means of a keyboard, in letters similar 
to those used in print; one who operates such 
a machine; a typist. 

tyrip 'writ in o’ (t , iP , rit' ff irig) t u. the act of 
Lypc-wilL-mg using a machine which 
produces letters similar to those which are 
printed; the act or product of typing; 
manuscript made with such a machine 


•Hr r\V» r\\A (ti'foid), adj. pertaining to, or 

-pllUAU. ]ike, typhus, a contagious fever: 
typhoid fever, an infectious disease, contracted 
through the intestines, and due to impure 
water, poor food, etc., through which the 
bacillus is introduced into the system. 

Hr t-wVi (ti-foon'), n. a violent tornado 

Ty-pnoon or whirlwind. 

Hr -nVnic (ti'fus), n. a dangerous contagious 
tj -jJiiUb fever marked by great weakness, 
delirium, and a peculiar rash, or eruptions of 
red spots on the body. 

Hm t rc it (tlp'I-kal), adj. symbolic; repre- 
fy p-l-Gdl sentative of a class; showing 
the characteristics of its group; like others 
of its kind; as, a typical case, or a typical 
Yankee.— adv. typically. 

Hrr» i fv (tlp'I-fi), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. typified, 
lyp-l-iy p.pr. typifying], to represent or 
show by an image or emblem; to foreshadow; 
to show the qualities of (one’s class or group). 
in O’ (tlp'Ing), n. the act of using a 
_ -aaA & typewriter; the manuscript so 
written; the act of reproducing from letter¬ 
bearing blocks called type, or of making 
impressions from such blocks; the impression 
so obtained. 

jq-j- (tip'1st), n. one who operates a 
-lot typewriting machine; a typewriter. 

ty-pog-ra-pher printS? r< ‘' f5r) ' n ' * 

ty-po-graph-i-cal 

or pertaining to, the art of printing; as, a 
typographical error. Also, typographic.—adr. 
typographically. 

tv ■nno’ r;i rsh v (ti-pSg'rd-fl), n. the art 
ty~P'-'e> P-^-J of printing with type. 

Hr roti ni rcil (ti-ran'I-kal), adj. pertain- 
ly-AcllI-Ili tai to, or like, a tyrant; as, 

a tyrannical [master; despotic; cruel; over¬ 
bearing.— adv. tyrannically. 

Hr -ran ni rir1o> (t T -ran'I-sid), n. one who 
Ly-j.d.ll-111-GlU.C kills a tyrant, or despot; 

the killing of a tyrant. 

tyr- .f . 

and cruelly; v.t. to treat oppressively and 
unjustly. 

tvr flri nniic; (tir'a-nus), adj. arbitrary; 
iji-au-nuuo unjustly severe and oppres¬ 
sive; despotic.— adv. tyrannously. 

tvr fin nv * n - the government or 

AjA-cu.i-iiy conduct of a despot, or cruel 
and unjust ruler or master; cruel or oppressive 
government; undue severity; as, the tyranny 
of the majority. 

tv rant (ti'iant), n. an absolute monarch; 
Ay- acu.il a despot; a ruler or master who 
uses his great power to oppress those under 
him, as Nero of Rome. 

Tyr- 

color: n. a native of Tyre, 
tv rn (tl'ro), n. [pi. tyros (-r5z)], a be- 
a y -A u ginner; a novice or learner. 

Tvr n Ipca (tlr'6-lez'; t!r"o-les'), adj. per- 
A.yI-U-lC5>e taining to the Tyrol, an 
Austrian province, or to its natives: n. a na¬ 
tive of the Tyrol._ 

tv rn ma (ti-ro'md), n. a disease of the 
a y ” A u-j.ij.cl r0 ots of the hair, causing patches 
of baldness without affecting the hair around 
the bald spots. 

t-rfir (tsar), n. a king or an emperor; 
a^o-a formerly, the title of the ruler of 
Russia. Also, tsar, czar. 

+70 fin a (tsa-re'na), n. formerly, the title 
ica-AUi-a 0 f fke wife of the emperor of 
Russia. Also, tsarina, czarina. 


ori «i 7 p (txr a-niz), v.i. to act like a 
* CaAA-aaaz ‘U despot; to rule severely 


■ 1 fin (Hr'I-an), adj. pertaining to 
-A-C, - AA ancient Tyre; of a rich purple 


” - ■ ■■ 1 1 1 1 ■ - ■ ' ■ ■ ■ 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer*, 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu:: 










ubiquitous 


681 


un- 


u 


often 

any- 


Kin ill tone: (u-blk'wl-tus), exisfc- 
a-Uiq-UI-tUUO in g everywhere at one 

time; present everywhere at once.— adv. ubiq¬ 
uitously.—n. ubiquitousness, 
m iiii +tt (ft-blk'wi-t!), n. omnipres- 

U-ulq-Ul-tj ence, or existence every¬ 
where at one time. 

(u'bot"), n. a submarine boat: an 
"bUdl abbreviation for the German Uli¬ 
ter see-bool, undersea boat. 

ii rl Hoi* (ud'er), n. the bag, or milk gland, 
uU-utl 0 f certain animals, as the cow. 

•l (do; ukh), interj. an exclamation of 
cl£,11 disgust or horror. 

11 /v Itt (Ug'll), adj. [comp, uglier, superl. 
Xlg-iy ughest], displeasing to the eye; 
hideous; of a hateful or disagreeable temper; 
bad in character; as, an ugly report; ill- 
natured; quarrelsome. —n. ugliness. 

Syn. unsightly, plain, homely, ill-favored, 
repulsive. 

Ant. (see beautiful). 

nV» Ion (oo'lan; oo-lan'), n. a Prussian 
Ull-lctli cavalryman. Also, ulan. 

11 Irnno (u-kas'), n. formerly, a decree of 
U-ivclbe the Czar of Russia taking effect 
as law; hence, any official decree or proc¬ 
lamation. ^ ... 

ii 1 ™ 1 Q (u"ke-la'l£) , n. a stringed m- 

U-KtJ-itJ-iC strument, of Hawaiian origin, 
shaped like a small guitar, and popular for 
informal musical performances. 
n1 /icki- (ul'ser), n. a surface sore, 
Ul-tcl discharging matter; hence, 
thing corrupt or festering. 

ill ror n+A (ul'ser-at), v.t. [p t. and p.p. 
Ul-Ccl-die ulcerated; p.pr. ulcerating], to 

affect with an ulcer, or surface sore: v.i. to 
be affected by an ulcer. , x 

ill o firm (uRser-a'shun), n. the proc- 

Ul-CcI -a.- llUll egg G f forming into an ulcer; 

state of being affected by an ulcer. 

nl o^i- mto (ul'ser-us), adj. having the 

Ui-CcI-UUo character or appearance of a 

festering sore. 

iil -no (ul'nd), n. [pi. ulnae (-ne)], the inner 
Ul-na of the two bones of the forearm. 
— adj. ulnar. 

iil c+or (ul'ster), n. a long, loose overcoat 
Ul-o LCi of woolen cloth. 

iil i-i* ~i- (ul-te'rl-er), adj. lying beyond 
U1-X6- 11-01 or on the farther side; more 
distant; beyond what is expresssed or im¬ 
plied; as, an ulterior motive back of an act. 
— adv. ulteriorly. , , „ .. . 

nl i-mo (ul'tl-md), n. the last syllable of 
Ul-ll-md a word. 

.,1 +; (ul'tl-mat), adj. the last; as, 

Ul-U-liia 1“ a n ultimate result; utmost; 
farthest off; as, an ultimate destination; 
extreme; final; not to be discussed further; 
as, an ultimate decision.— adv. ultimately, 
n. ultimateness. „ . , 

■ it +: -ma +nin (uRtl-ma'tum), n. [pi. 
Ul-tl-ma-xum ultimata (-td),ultimatums 
(-tfimz)], the statement of a final proposition; 
a last offer of terms of agreement, not to 
accept which means a breaking off of friendly 
relations; as, Austria s ultiTfiatiiTn to Serbia, 
iil +i mn (ul'tl-mo), adv. in the month 
Ul-Xl-mO before the present. [Lat.] 

-ii +--o (ul'trd), adj. extreme; extravagant; 
Ul-tra unreasonably advanced; more than 
others: as. an ultra conservative. 


iil +i-/i i-K%o (uPtrd-mfl-ren'), n. a 

Ul-tra-ma-rine beautiful blue coloring 

matter made from lapis lazuli, 
iil 4-i-r. i-n/vn iono (ul"trd-m5n'tan), adj. 

Ul-tra-mon-tane on the other side of 

the mountains, especially the Alps: n. one 
who Uves beyond the mountains; especially, 
one who lives south of the Alps, 
iil +i-o x 7 i a lot (ul"trd=vI'o-let), adj. out- 
UI-Xrd.-Vl-U-lCl s i(j e tbe visible spectrum 

at the violet end: said of certain rays capa¬ 
ble of chemical action and of greater re¬ 
fraction than the violet rays. 

U lirc- coo (U-Ils'es), n. the Roman name ' 
-i-j o-bGo f or Odysseus, king of Ithaca, 
the wisest and subtlest of the Greek chiefs in 
the Trojan War. 

ii-m V» o v (um'ber), n. a brown earth, used 
XUU'Uer as coloring matter, containing 
iron and manganese: adj. of an olive-brown 
color; dark brown; dusky, 
iim hro (um'brd), n. [pi. rnnbrae (-bre)I, a 
UIH-UIct shade or shadow; especially, the 
dark cone of shadow cast by a planet or satel¬ 
lite on the side opposite to the sun, in whose 
limits the sun’s disk is invisible; the dark 
central portion of a sunspot. 

111 -n Vii-o era (um'braj), n. formerly, shade 
Um-DIclge or obscurity; a sense of being 
put in the shade; hence, hurt pride; sense of 
injury; jealous suspicion; pique. 

Syn. dissatisfaction, displeasure, offense. 

11 -rvi Vii-o rronuc (um-bra'jus), adj. shady; 
UIIl-Urd.-gt;UU& as, umbrageous trees.— 

adv. umbrageously. —n. umbrageousness. 

ii-m Virol lea (um-brgl'd), n. a device for 
UIII-UI ci-lct protection against ram, sun, 
etc., consisting of a collapsible metal frame, 
covered with silk, cotton, or other water¬ 
proof fabric, and carried in the hand: a small 
umbrella for protection against the sun ifi 
called a sunshade or parasol. 
ii-rvi Vn-^t 1 o +i-^d (um-brel'd-tre), a low- 

um-Drei-ia. tree growing, long* 

stemmed, widospreading tree, resembling an 
umbrella in shape. 

forearm. .. AW (bo'mT-Sk), n. an Eskimo 

U-J.iij.-cua. 0 pen boat, driven by pad¬ 
dles, and made 
of skins drawn 
over a frame¬ 
work of wood: 
often called 

woman’s boat. umiak ^ 

um-laut (Sbm'lout). n. a modified 
vowel sound, especially in German; the sign 
[••j, used to indicate such modified vowel 
sound. [Ger.] _ . , 

ii-m ni-ro (um'pir), n. a third party to 
um-pire whom a dispute is referred for 
settlement; one chosen in a game to see that 
its rules are observed and to decide disputes: 
v.t. and v.i. to settle, as a dispute; to decide 
as judge on the plays of a game; as, to um¬ 
pire a game of baseball; to umpire in a game. 
Syn., n. referee, arbitrator, judge. 

(un-), a prefix meaning not; also express- 
XIII- reversal, or undoing, of the action 
or condition implied in the word: possible 
for use before almost any adjective, parti¬ 
ciple, or adverb, thus forming an unlimited 
number of words, of which only the most 
important or difficult are here included. 



boot foot; found; boil;function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw -whasm when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


45 











unable 


682 


uncircumcised 


lin p blp (un-a'bl), adj. incapable; with- 
un-a uic ou t power enough; incompe¬ 
tent. 

1111 p Kfirl orprl (un"a-brljd'), adj. not 
Un-d.-uriU.gcU. shortened; having noth¬ 
ing omitted; as, an unabridged dictionary, 
ivn an eont (un"ak-sent'ed), adj. not 
Uii-dC ecut-cu stressed with the voice; 
as, an unaccented syllable. 

un-ac-count-a-ble 

plained; without known reason; strange.— 
adv. unaccountably.— n. unaccountableness. 

lin pc* nic tornpH (un'a-kus'tumd), 
UIl-dC-OUb-lUrLlcU a dj no t usual; not 

familiar with: with to; as, she is unaccustomed 
to the work. 

lin af fprf nA (un"a-fek'ted), adj. with- 
u.ii-ai-icet-cu ou t pretense; natural.— 

adv. unaffectedly.— n. unaffectedness. 

lin p 1 IrwpH (un"a-loid'), adj. pure; with- 
uu—ai—iujfcu ou t inferior part; unmixed; 
as, unalloyed pleasure^ 

U na ni-rn i -Hr (u'nd-nlm'I-tl), n. agree- 
-AAct imii-i-tj naent in opinion; united 
consent. 

Syn. accord, unity, concord. 

Ant. (see discord). 

U ripti -I ninnc (li-nan'I-mus), adj. unit- 
-ndn-l-moub ed in a single opinion; 
agreeing; showing that all agree; as, a 
unanimous vote.— adv. unanimously. — n. 
unanimousness. 

nn a i*m &A (un-armd'), adj. without weap- 
un-drmeu ons; defenseless.. 

11T1 ciirn in O' (tbffa-sum'Tng), adj. 

Ull - db - bum - mg without self-conceit; 

retiring; modest. 

HU p vniH P bl p (uiffa-void'd-bl), adj. 
Un-d-VOlU-a-Die not to be escaped; 

inevitable.— adv. unavoidably. 

HU a ix/pi*pc (un"a-warz'), adv. in an 
LAAA ~ cl ~ vv <XL unexpected manner; by 
surprise; as, they caught the enemy unawares. 
Also, unaware. 

nn KpI pn nnr\ (hn-bal'anst), adj. of un- 
Ull-Ddl-dllCeU equal weight; out of 

equilibrium; hence, mentally disordered: 
slightly insane. 

nn kor (un-bar'), v.t. to remove a bar from; 
Un-Ddr to uniock, 

lin bppi* p "hi p (un-bar'd-bl), adj. not 
Ull-UCdl-d-UlC to be endured; intoler¬ 
able.— adv. unbearably. —n. unbearableness. 

IITI bp COm in P - dbi''be-kum'Ing), adj. 
Ull UC CUlll-Ulg no t smtable or fit; 

improper; as, conduct unbecoming for a lady; 
not suited to ono’s appearance; as, an 
unbecoming hat.— adv. unbecomingly. — n. un¬ 
becomingness. 

Syn. unseemly, indecorous, indecent, in¬ 
delicate. 

lin hp lipf (un"b§-lef'), n. lack of faith; 
uii uc-iici as, they could not enter in be¬ 
cause of unbelief; skepticism; refusal to accept 
the teachings of revealed religion. 

Syn. disbelief, incredulity._ 

nn hp 1 1 ptt pi* (un"be-lev'er), n. one who 
Ull-uc-licv-ci doubts; one who lacks 
faith; one who refuses to accept as true the 
teachings of revealed religion.— adj. unbeliev¬ 
ing. 

lin bptlH (un-bend'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
un-uciiu. unbent, p.pr. unbending], to 

straighten; to relieve from a crooked position 
or a strain: v.i. to become straight; to 
relax; to become less stiff; hence, to become 
friendly in manner. 

im Kpnri in tr (u- n_ bend'Ing), adj. straight 
Ull-UCllu-iiig an d stiff; not relaxing: 


of determined and unyielding temper.— adv. 
unbendingly. 

iin hi pooH (un-bi'5st), adj. not inclined 
lAAA “ WA to one side more than the 

other; impartial. Also, unbiassed.— adv. un- 
biasedly, unbiassedly.— n. unbiasedness, un¬ 
biassedness. 

im biH H pn (un-bld'n), adj. not ordered 
LAAA_UA '“ , -"'- A '-' AA or commanded; not invited; 

as, an unbidden guest. 

11 n bind (un-bind'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. un- 
LAAA_l * ,1AA vi bound, p.pr. unbinding], to make 
loose; untie. 

un-blessed 

unblest. 

nn bnlf (un-bolt'), v.t. to draw back a 
UH-UUiL bolt from; unfasten.— p.adj. un¬ 
bolted. 

born; 


(un-blSst'), adj. without a 
blessing; miserable. Also, 


nn Korn (un-b6rn'), adj. not yet 
uu-uum pertainingto the future. 

nn Ka c nm (un-booz'um), v.t. tofreeone- 
UAA_u '-' & "'- ,AAA self from, as a secret; disclose 
confidentially; relieve (oneself) by disclosing; 
v.i. to free one’s mind by telling secret thoughts. 

tin hound pd (un-boun'ded), adj. un- 
U-ii uuunu cu limited; unrestrained; as. 

iinbounded goodness.— adj. unboundedly.— n. 

unboundedness. 

HU bowpd (un-boud'), adj. not bent; 
uu-uowcu not bowed or conquered; 
not beaten. 

im brpiH (un-brad'), v.t. to take apart the 
I'l-Li-u-ia.-Lcx strands of, as a plait of hair. 

nn-bn dlpd (un-bri'dld), adj. not fast- 
un un-UiCU ened with a bridle; free; 
uncontrolled; as, an unbridled tongue. 

im hro lrpn (un-bro'kn), adj. whole; not 
UJ.i-UJ.U-.tt.eil interrupted; as, an unbroken 

silence; not tamed; as, an unbroken horse- 
continuous; as, an unbroken forest. — adv. 
unbrokenly.—n. unbrokenness. 

un-rallpd-for (un-kold'f6r'), adj. not 
Ull bdlicu 1U1 needed; undemanded; out 
of place; superfluous.^ 

lin-fan-nv (fin-k&n'I), adj. weird; not 
uii ecui nj to be explained reasonably; 
vaguely mysterious; unearthly.— adv. uncan¬ 
nily.— n. uncanniness. 

im CPPQ in O' (un-ses'Ing), adj. never 
Ull UCd£>-lllg stopping; continuous; with¬ 
out interruption.— adv. unceasingly. 

nn rpr tain (u n ~ s &r th*), a ^- n °t sure; 
Ull UC1 Let 111 doubtful; as, the result is 

uncertain; not positive; not steady; as, the 
shaky platform gave an uncertain support; 
not reliable.— adv. uncertainly.— n. uncer¬ 
tainness. 

un-cer-tain tv (ttn-sfir'tin-ti), n. [pi. 
Ull tCl Lctlll-ty uncertainties(-tlz)],state 

of being doubtful; lack of assurance; unreli¬ 
ability. 

un-change-a-ble 

remaining always the same.— adv. unchange¬ 
ably.— n. unchangeableness. 

un-char-i-ta-ble SM V 

the needy; not generous; unkind; harsh in 
judging others; as, she indulged in unchari¬ 
table criticism.— adv. uncharitably. — n. un¬ 
charitableness. 

un-chris-tian (u n - krIs ' c han), adj. hea- 

un ^ A1A AO LAcUA then; not suitable for, or 
like, a Christian; as, unchristian conduct; 
not in accordance with the customs of the 
so-called Christian nations. 

un-rir-rnm ricipH (un-sfir'kfim-sizd), 

un cii-cum-Libeu ad; not of the 

Israelites; hence, belonging to the Gentiles. 


ate, senate, rare,^c&t, local, far, ask, paradej scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mparej unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, meniij 






uncivil 


683 


underhanded 


iin riv il (un-slv'fl), adj. rude; without 
UU-tiV-U courtesy; not civilized. 

■nn r\xr i livpH (un-slv'1-llzed), adj. sav- 
un-civ-l-lizeu age; barbarous. 

oloc-n (un-klasp'). v.t. to undo the 
Ull-t/ldop clasp of, as a pin or buckle. 

(un'kl), n. the brother of one’s 
Uli-Cie father or mother; one’s aunt’s 
husband; colloquially, an old man, usually 
in an inferior position; slang, a pawnbroker. 
Tin Qom sam'), a popular 

U1I-G1C vJcliAi. designation of the meamng 

of U. S.—United States. 

iin rlpan (un-kien'), adj. physically or 
Ull-UICcUl morally impure; soiled; foul. 

— n. uneleanness. 

trn cIpou (un-kler/ll), adj. not .in- 

UH-L-lCAll-iy clined to purity, physical 
or moral; habitually dirty.— n. uncleanliness. 

unxom-f ort-a-ble K’SnS: 

physically or mentally; causing uneasiness. 

(un-kom'iin), adj. not 

un-com-mon usual; out of the ordi¬ 
nary; rare; scarce. w x 

un-com-pro-mis-ing ^/mg™' pv a% r . 

not willing to make concessions; not willing 
to yield; unbending; holding rigidly to 
opinions or beliefs.— adv. uncompromisingly. 

■tin ran rpm (un'kon-sOm'), n. lack of 
Uli-tUll-tCiii interest or anxiety; m- 

fin com pH (un'kon-sfirnd'), adj. 

Un-COH-CGmed. no t disturbed or anx¬ 
ious; not interested.— adv. unconcernedly. 

««« A\ ■fi/'w-n o 1 (un"kon-d!sh'un-al), 

un-con-dl-tion-al adj. not limited; 

without modifications; without special pro¬ 
visions; as, an unconditional surrender; 
absolute.— adv. unconditionally. 

— -fir-m a A (un"kon-furmd'), adj. 

un-con-nrmea no t based on official 

information; not authoritative; as, the 
report of the victory was unconfirmed. ___ 

un-con-scion-a-ble il), adj. unrea¬ 
sonable; unjust.— adv. unconscionably. 

eeiniic (un-kdn'shus), adj. not 
Un-C0n-SC10US mentally awake; not 

in a state of ability to perceive by the 
senses; without apparent feeling or life; 
not aware; with of. — adv. unconsciously. — n. 
unconsciousness. 

un-con-sti-tu-tion-al shun-5.1), adj. 

not in accordance with the written frame¬ 
work of government of a country.— n. uncon¬ 
stitutionality. 

(un-kooth'), adj. awkward; un- 
UlX-COlltll gainly; odd; boorish.— adv. un- 
couthly.— n. uncouthness. 

ar (nn-kuv'er), v.t. to remove a 
UIl-COV-Cl cover from; to take the hat 
or cap from; to cause to appear: v.i. to take 
off the hat or cap; as, uncover for the flag. 

^ +i/vn (nnk'shun), n. the act of 
UnC-llUIl anointing in sign of consecra¬ 
tion; an ointment; anything soothing; as, 
lay this flattering unction to your soul; the 
gift of using words so as to arouse emotion, 
especially religious fervor. 

(unk'tu-us), adj. oily;smooth; 
UJIC-tU-OUS extremely bland; fervid; 
especially, insincerely gushing; as, an unc¬ 
tuous and flattering speech.— adv. unctuousiy. 
—n. unctuousness. 

Syn. suave, fulsome, smug. 

" „,„i (un-kurl'), v.t. and v.i. to straighten 
II-Cull nut. as hair, feathers, etc.__ 


nn A ontif pH (un-dan'ted; un-don'ted). 
un-udum-eu adj. not dismayed; fear¬ 
less.— adv. undauntedly. 

iin Aar ct anti (un-dek'd-gon), n. a pla.no 
Ull-UcC-cl-gUii flgm-e with eleven sides 

and eleven angles. 

Iin Ac* raUra (un'de-sev'), v.t. to set free 
UI1-U.C-UC1V c from error, mistake, or 

wrong idea; to correct in a wrong impression 
or belief. 

iin Hp ni A Kip (un'do-ni'd-bl), adj. not 
Ull-Uc-lIi-d-UIC. to be contradicted; com¬ 
pelling admission or acceptance; not to be 
disputed.— adv. undeniably, 
nn Aar (un'der), prep, beneath or below; 
all-UCI as> under a tree; oppressed or 
weighed down by; as, Belgium suffered 
under the German invasion; beneath, as 
acted upon by something; as, to be under 
treatment for a disease; inferior to; for less 
than; as, to sell goods under the market 
price: adv. below; in a lower state or posi¬ 
tion; as, the drowning boy went under for the 
third time: adj. lower in degree, rank, or 
position: usually in compound words, as 
under- officer, etc. 

Syn., prep, below: adj. subordinate, 
inferior. 

Ant. (see above). 

nn dor VdH (unMer-bid'), v.t. [p.t. under- 
un-uer-uiu bid, p.p. underbidden, p.pr. 
underbidding], to offer to sell or do for a 

lower price than. _ .. , 

iin Aar TvtpH (un'der-bred"), adj. show- 
Ull-Ucr-UI ell i n g poor character and 

training; lacking good breeding. 

nn Aar kmcVi (un'der-brush'), n. 
Un-aer-DrUSn bushes, shrubs, and 

small trees growing thickly beneath large 
trees in a forest. ,, ,, , 

nn A />1 n.+1-i aa (un'der-klofhz") , n.pl. 

un-aer-ciotnes garments worn be¬ 
neath other clothes. Also, underclothing, 
nn A nr /nil- rotif (un'der-kur'ent), n. a 

un-aer-cur-x Gill current below the sur¬ 
face of air, water, etc.; a concealed tendency 
of thought or feeling. „ „ J _ 

.in Aar A /m a (un'der-dun'; un'der- 

Un-aer-QOne dun'), adj. cooked too 
little; rare: said of meat, 
nn Aar (un'der-foot'), ddv. beneath 

Uli-ClCI-lOOl the feet; underneath. 

Aar rrn (un'der-go'), v.t. [p.t. under- 
UIl-UGr-gU W ent, p.p. undergone, p.pr. 
undergoing], to pass through or experience; 
as, to undergo an operation; to suffer; as, 
to undergo great pain. „ ,, . 

un-der-grad-u-ate it), n. a g student 

in a university or college who has not taken 
his first degree; a student in any school who 
has not received his diploma. 

un-der-ground spaceor place beneath 
the earth’s surface: adj. below the surface of 
the earth; colloquially, hidden, 
nn Aar m-rkiir+V* (un'der-grdth") , n. un- 

im-aer-growm derbrush; low shrubs 
and bushes growing beneath the trees of a 
forest. , 

AarhnnA (un'der-hand ), ad;, done 
un-UGI-iiaiiU by meanness or fraud; 

deceitful; sly; crookedly secret! re; as, 
underhand methods of doing business; in 
baseball, thrown with the hand lower than 
the shoulder, adi. unfairly. 

iin liarid pH (un'der-h5n'd6d). 

un-aer-nanu-eu a( jj. deceptive; secre¬ 
tive; dealing crookedly; sly.— adv. under - 
handedly. — n. underhandedness. 


un _ _ 

boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxi;. 









underlay 


684 


undo 


tin dpr IfllV (fiu'dSr-la'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
AAAA- ' A ’ CA_Aa -.y underlaid, p.pr. underlaying], 
to put something beneath or spread some¬ 
thing under: n. (un'der-la"), a layer of paper 
or pasteboard put under type, etc., to raise 
it to the necessary level for printing. 

Iin rlpr lie. (un"der-H'), v.t. [p.t. underlay, 
tAAA "'- ACA-AAC p.p. underlain, p.pr. under¬ 
lying!, to lie or be beneath: to be at the 
bottom of, or to serve as the basis of, as of 
an argument or theory; to be a support for. 

irn dpr linp (fin'der-lln'), v. to draw a 
uii-uei-imc line beneath, as in a manu¬ 
script to indicate italics. 

1111 dpr liner (un'der-Ifng), n. a person 
occupying a low position; 
a person obeying the orders of another, as 
a servant. 

nn Hprminp (un"der-min'), v.t. [p.t. 
chi-va^i -iiiiuc an d p.p. undermined, p.pr. 

undermining], to dig beneath; to form a 
tunnel under; hence, to weaken; as, to 
undermine one’s health; to seek to over¬ 
throw secretly or wickedly; as, to undermine 
someone’s influence. 

iin rlpr npoih (un'der-neth'; un'der- 
A '*" AA- '- a '-' a -It hid. Ill n Qth'), adv. and prep. 

beneath; below; under, 
nn dpr nin (hn"der~pln'), v.t. [p.t. and 
LAAA-AAt ' A _ ir AAA p.p. underpinned, p.pr. un¬ 
derpinning], to lay bricks, stones, etc., 
under, as for a foundation of a building to 
be erected; to support by a foundation; 
hence, to prop. 

un-der-pin-ning 

rial of a building. 

un-der-pro-duc-tion 

condition of industry in which too little of 
some commodity or article is produced, with 
the result cf raising the market price. 

Iin dpr crprp (u.n'der-skor'), v.t. [p.t. 
AAAA- '“ ACi 'and p.p. underscored, 
p.pr. underscoring], to draw a line or mark 
under; as, to underscore a word in a manu¬ 
script: n. a line drawn beneath a word or 
phrase in a manuscript. 

Iin flpr CPA (un'der-se"), adj. beneath the 
1 AAA-VACA *9 ca - suface of the ocean; subma¬ 
rine: undersea boat, a submarine boat. 

tin dpr qpII (unMer-sel'), v.t. to sell at 
4AAA ~ v - iCA -ocil a lower price than. 

Iin dpi* ctTiirt (hn'der-shurt"), n. a woven 
, 1A , 1 garment for the upper 
part of the body, worn next the skin. 

mi-der shot t&n'der-shot"), adj. driven 
* .? r by water passing under¬ 

neath : said of a water wheel; having the 
lower front teeth more prominent than the 
upper ones; having a prominent lower jaw. 

Iin dpi" *21 on Cun’der-sin'), v.t. to write 
Ull-UCJL-blgil one . s name below> as a 

petition. 

nn dpr slrirt (un'der-skart"), n. a petti- 

U 11 -UC 1 -& 1 U 11 coat , a skirt worn be _ 
neath the dress. 

un-dpr slirnpr (un'der-slung' 1 '), adj. of 
Uli UCl-blU*lg an automobile, being so 

constructed that the frame of the body of 
the car is beneath the axles. 

lit! dpr stand (un"der-stand'), v.t. [p.t. 
Ull-Uer-bUUlU and V P ' understood, p.pr. 

understanding], to perceive or know by the 
mind; be informed of; know the meaning of; 
assume or infer; know by experience: v.i. to 
know what something means; to be informed; 
comprehend. 

fin dpr stand in o’ (un"der-stand 'Ing), 
UIl-ae^-bldnq-Hlg v adj intelligent: n. 


the reasoning faculties; the mind; state of 
knowing, or power to know, the meaning of 
anything; comprehension; an agreement.— 
adv. understanding^. 

Syn. knowledge, faculty, explanation. 

,,n /Ipr d’cj'fo (un'der-stat'), v.t. to tell 
UII-Ucl-bIdle i ess than the truth about; 
as, to understate the facts; to represent as 
less important than it realty is. 

tin dpr-stran npr Ofrn'dSr-strSp'er), n. 

Uii-liv/l oLldp JJCi one who occupies an 
inferior position; an employee; a subordinate 
official. 

i-m dpr c+md (un'der-stud'I), v.t. and 
-bLUq-y r.i. to learn another 
actor’s part in a play, in order to take his 
place, if necessary: n. an actor trained to 
serve as substitute for another; hence, a 
person who is able to imitate another, 
ivn dpr tnlra (un'der-tak'), v.t. [p.t. un- 
uaa_UCa-u1a ^ ,:: ' dertook, p.p. undertaken. 
p.pr. undertaking], to take upon oneself; 
assume as a duty or responsibility; attempt 
or try; promise; as, I will undertake that 
the work shall be finished: v.i. to promise. 
Syn. agree, begin. 

dpi* PI* (un"der-tak , er), 71 , ono 

un-uci -ian-ci who assumes or attempts 
a task; (un'der-tak'er), one who makes the 
dead ready for burial and manages funerals. 
Iin dpi* ‘f’Jllr in O’ (hn^der-tak'nig), n. the 
uaa-uca ”^ a: ‘- _aAA & taking upon oneself of 
a task or responsibility; especially, the busi¬ 
ness of managing funerals; an enterprise or 
project. 

iin dpr tnnp (un'der-ton"), n. a low or 
un-uci-tunc subdued pitch of voice or 
sound; a dull or quiet color. 

Iltl d pr fnw (un'der-to"), n. a current 
uu-uc^-lUW below the surface of water, 
usually on the seashore, which moves in the 
opposite direction from the surface movement. 

Iin dpr 1 IIP (hn'der-val'u), v.t. [p.t. 
un-uer-vai-ue and p . p . undervalued, 

p.pr. undervaluing], to consider as of less 
worth than the real worth; to regard as 
unimportant or worth little; underestimate; 
depreciate.—n. undervaluation. 

Iin dpr VP*2"^ (Qn'der-vest"), n. an under- 
uu-uci-vcst shirt, usually sleeveless. 

Iin dpr fpr (hn , der-w 6 ,/ ter), adj. 

un-u.er-wd.-iei and adv _ below the su £. 

face of the water. 

IIP dpr.WPflr (un'der-war"), n. under- 
un uci wcdl clothing taken collec¬ 
tively. 

Iin dprwnrld (un'der-wurld*), n. 

un-uer-wona Hades or the pl ^ e of 

the dead; the degraded and criminal classes. 

iin der-writp (un"der-nt'), v.t. [p.t. un- 
UI1 ucl wiiie derwrote, p.p. underwrit¬ 
ten, p.pr. underwriting], to write under¬ 
neath; to write one’s name under, or sign 
(an insurance policy), in consideration of a 
premium paid, and thus become liable to 
make good a stated loss or damage; to sign 
an agreement to buy on a given date at a 
specified price (bonds or shares not yet 
issued); loosely, to subscribe to, as a project 
which requires capital: v.i. to carry on an 
insurance business. 

un-der-writ-er (utyder-rlt'er), n. one 

UJ.J. uci will, Cl whose business is to 
underwrite insurance, issues of stock, etc. 

11 TI dinp (uu-den'; un'den), n. a kind of 
".ii-viiiic water nymph said by legend to 
become human _by marrying a mortal. 

11 n dn (un-doo'), v.t. [p.t. undid, p.p. un- 
7 ., done, P-Pr. undoing], to make null 

and void; as. to overwork -will undo all tho 


-° P-aaJ- intelligent: n. ana void; as. to overwork will undo all tho 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade] scene, event, edge, novel refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu* 







undoing 


685 


unfrequented 


good you received from your vacation; to do 
away with the result of; to make of no 
effect; to act upon in a way contrary to 
previous action; as, it was necessary to 
undo all the work he had done; to destroy; 
to loosen; as, to undo a knot. 

M-n Hn incr (un-doo'lng), p.pr. of undo: 
Ull-UU-Illg n% ac t G f making some¬ 
thing of no effect; ruin; as, his family’s ex¬ 
travagance proved to be his undoing; the 
act of unfastening. 

iin Hrmck (un-dun'), p.adj. made of no 
U.I1-U.U1IC effect; altered to an opposite 
condition; ruined; as, alas! I am undone; 
unfastened; not accomplished; as, the task 
was left undone. 

Hrviilvt (un-dout'ed), adj. certain; 
Un-QOUDI-ea not to be questioned; 

sure.— adv. undoubtedly. 

„ J rpcc (un-dres'), v.t. to take clothes 

LUj.-U.Icoo or decor; 


o (un"$-kwiv'6-kS,l), adj. 

un-e-quiv-o-cai no t doubtful or un- 

certain; unmistakable. 

ii-n orr in cr (un-ur'ing; un-er'Ing), adj. 
Ull-cII-lllg no t makin g mistakes; sure 

in judgment or action.— adv. unerringly. 

_ „ T (un-e'vn), adj. not regular; 
UIl-c-vcli not smooth or flat; not equal; 
odd: used of a number not divisible by two 
without a remainder.— adv. unevenly. —n. 
unevenness. „ , ,, „ „„ 

Qrr , (un"eg-zam'pld; un"eg- 

UXl-CX-8JH-pi6CX zam'pld), adj. being 
without a parallel; like nothing that has 
happened before. 

un-ex-cep-tion-a-ble shun-d-bl), adj. 

not open to blame or criticism; irreproach¬ 
able.— adv. unexeeptionably. — n. unexcep¬ 
tionableness. 


-adv. unexpectedly. — n. 


or decorations off from; to iin py norf pH (un"eks-pek ted), adj . 
strip: v.i. to take off the clothes: n. (un'dres; uIl-6X-p6CT-e not looked for; sudden, 
un-dres'), informal, everyday costume: adj. 

(un'dres), informal; as, an undress uniform: 
undress parade, a substitute for dress parade, 
permissible in bad weather: the companies 
forming without arms, and the ceremony 
being shortened. 

iin Hup (*n-du'; un'du), adj. not requir- 
1111-Ulie mg payment as yet; as, the bill 
was undue ; wrong or illegal; more than 
proper or suitable; unreasonable; as, they 
paid undue attention to a small matter. 

adv. unduly. . , . . . 

j., (un'du-lat), v.t. and v.t. [p.t. 

Un-(JU-ld.Ic a nd p.p. undulated, p.pr. 
undulating], to wave up and down or back 
and forth; to move with a wavy motion.— n. 

undulation. 

Sun. vibrate, fluctuate. . 

' j,., i„ -f„ (un'du-la-to-rl), adj. 

UH-Clll-13.-XO-iy wavelike; having a 
wavy motion: undulatory theory, the con¬ 
jecture that light is brought to the eye by 
vibrations, or wavelike motions, of the ether- 


^ j TT (un-di'Ing), adj. never ceasing; 

un-uy-ing immortal; without end.— adv. 

undyingly. . ., 

un-eamed in-cre-ment Irkrt- 

ment), the natural increase in the value of 
land or property without, labor on the part 

of the owner. , , ,. 

(un-flrth'), v.t. to take from the 
un-earxn earth; to dig from under¬ 


ground; to uncover; hence, to bring to 
knowledge; to discover; as, to unearth a 

Itt (un-urth'll), adj. not be- 
un-earm-iy longing to earth; not ac¬ 
cording to nature; unlike anything natural; 
supernatural; hence, weird or uncanny; as, 
an unearthly sound.—n. unearthliness. 

_ TT (un-ez'i), adj. not at ease, 
un- eas-y restless; uncomfortable; anx¬ 
ious or worried; awkward in manner; con¬ 
strained; causing discomfort.— adv. uneasily. 

~ n ' “ n ^ol S! (‘un^'kwal), adj. not of the 
un-e-quai same size, strength, amount, 
ability weight, etc.; ill-balanced or ill- 
matched; as, an unequal fight; not sufficiently 
large, strong, etc.: with to; as, he was 
unequal to the task.— adv. unequally. 

Syn. uneven, irregular. 

Ant. (see even). ,. T . 

** ~ (un-e'kwSld), adj. not 

un-e-quaiea matched; without a paral¬ 
lel or rival; so perfect as to admit no com¬ 
parison. Also, unequalled. 


coming as a surprise. 

unexpectedness. . .... 

11 -n fail in cr (un-fal'ing), adj. not liable to 
Ull-iail-lllg f a n short; as, an unfailing 

supply; not growing less or weaker; reliable; 
as, a true friend is an unfailing help; con¬ 
tinuous or unending. . 

f Q1 v (un-far'), adj. not Dust; not 

llli-id.il honest.— adv. unfairly. —ft. un¬ 
fairness. 

r * + V, {..I (un-f ath'fool), adj. not true; 
Un-iaitll-IUl no t loyal; not holding to 
duty, promise, vows, etc.— adv. unfaithfully. 
—ft. unfaithfulness. 

(un-fas'n), v.t. and v.t. to 
llll-id-b-icii make or become loose. 

a (un-fa'ver-a-bl), adj. 

Un-ta-VOr-a-Die against the advantage; 
tending against; disapproving; as, an un¬ 
favorable opinion of an applicant; not con¬ 
tributing to success; as, the weather was 
unfavorable for the undertaking. Also, 
unfavourable,-— adv. unfavorably, unfavour- 

adv. itt a- (un-fel'ing), adj .cruel ; bru- 

un-ieei-ing tal; without human im¬ 
pulses or emotions; pitiless.— adv. unfeel¬ 
ingly.—ft. unfeel-ngness. 

•«itt foionpH (un-fand'), adj. not put on; 
UU-Icl^llvU. genuine; smeere; without 

* -fin ictioH (un-fln'Isht), adj. not com- 
UI1-I1I1-1SI16Q. piete; not brought to a 

conclusion; not polished. .. 

„„„ (un-fit'), v.t. to make unsuitable 
Ull-lli for; to deprive of ability, appropriate¬ 
ness, etc.; to make unable: adj. not suitable. 
— adv. unfitly.—ft. unfitness. _ _ 

(un-flejd') ,adj. withoutfeath- 
un-neagea ers: said of a young bird; 
hence, undeveloped; immature. 

-frAA (un-fold'), v.t. to spread open; 
Un-IOlU reveal by degrees: v.i. to open, 
as a flower; to be revealed. 

aH (un-formd'), adj. not devel- 
un-iormea oped; shapeless; not fully 

outlined or shaped. „ . . .. . 

* i _. 4 -_. (un-for'tu-nat), adj. not 

un-for-tu-nate i uc ky; not attended 

with success; not prosperous; regrettable; 
as, an unfortunate speech: n. an unlucky or 
unsuccessful person.— adv. unfortunately. 

_ rl ssA (un-foun'ded), adj. with- 

un-iouna-ea out basis; hence, doubt¬ 
ful; as, an unfounded rumor; not established. 

(un"frS-kw8n tfid), 

un-fre-quent-ea adj. not much visited; 
solitary; empty of people. 


Ji anSUIl. unv q u**** — _ , • V% • 

boot foot* found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in. when, 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











unfriendly 


686 


unite 


lim friptld 1v (un-frend'll), adj 
4AAA ~ AA lCJ.lU.-lj not like a friend; lacking 


hostile; 
a friend; lad 

kindness or cordiality.— n. unfriendliness, 
ain flirl (dn-furl'), v.t. and v.i. to loose 
uu-xuu from fastenings and spread out, 
as a flag, a sail, etc.; to open. 

Iin era in lv (dn-gan'li), adj. awkward; 

o c *- AXA -- L .y rude or clumsy in appear¬ 
ance and manner.—n. ungainliness. 

nn crPTl Pi* nilQ (un-jen'er-us), adj. 
iuii gcn-ci-uua stingy or mean; nar¬ 
row in judgment of others; uncharitable.— 
adv. ungenerously. 


Ui-n prod lv (dn-god'll), adj. wicked; hav- individuals or groups; a trade-union, or 
444 ojug no likeness to God.— n. association of workers in a given trade or 


ungodliness. 

un-gov-ern-a-ble^-STShfco,!: 

trolled; unruly. 

im_P"m rimiQ (un-gra'shus), adj. un- 
o A kind; discourteous; rude 

and abrupt.— adv. ungraciously. 

Hin oratf* fill (un-grat'fdol), adj. not 
Ull-grcUe-iUl thankful; not appreciat¬ 
ing favors received.— adv. ungratefully. — n. 
ungratefulness. 

Iin ail put (uh'gwent), n. an oil or salve for 
burns, sores, etc.; an ointment. 

nn ha\ Inwprl (un-hal'Sd), adj. not 
iLUl-ilclX-lUWC/U. made or kept sacred or 

holy. 

11 n fiand (un-hand'), v.t. to let go of; 
Ull-IlcUlU. to drop the hold of 

tin hand V (un-han'di), adj. clumsy; 
iiuxAiVi. j awkward; inconvenient. 

im han nv (un-hap'i), adj. not fortunate; 
uii-iia-ji-pjr not glad; sorrowful; discon¬ 
tented; unlucky.— adv. unhappily. — n. un¬ 
happiness. 

im he*ard (un-hfird'), adj. not listened 
uu-iicaiu to; not treated with attention. 

11 n bin ere* (un-hlnj'), v.t. to remove from 
uu-imigo it s hinges; to take from its 
place; to unsettle; as, his trouble unhinged 
his mind. 

im fan lv (un-ho'li), adj. not sacred; un- 
aaaa-aav-aj hallowed; profane; wicked.— 
adv. unholily. — n. unholiness. 

tin Tinrcek (un-hors'), v.t. to throw or drag 
uxi-iiuioC from the back of a horse. 

11 ni (u'nl-), a prefix meaning one; as, uni- 
4A-AAA “ cellular, having a single cell. 

11 tli conn (u'nl-korn), n. a fabled animal, 
la-aaa-l/Vaaaa resembling the horse, but with 
one straight horn projecting from its fore¬ 
head. 

11 ni fi ra firm (u'TJ-fl-ka'shun), n. the 
u_aa , A- '‘ ,i£ *'"’ 1 ' a G 1J. ac t of making two or 
more into one; the act of making, or state 
of being made, the same in form. 

11_ni fnrm (u'ni-form), adj. not changing 
_ in-i jiin fo form; the same as others 
in form, manner, or character; as, a uniform 
style of writing: n. an official or regulation 
dress belonging to a particular class or pro¬ 
fession; as, a nurse’s uniform. 

Syn., adj. regular, even, equal, alike. 

Ant. (see irregular)._ 

11 ft 1 -form i fv (u'nl-for'mi-tl), n. the 
U. HI J.UIlH.-1-iy q ua ]fty or state of hav¬ 
ing one unchanging form, or of being of the 
same form as others; resemblance, 

XI ni fv (u'nl-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. unified, 
iu.-aj.x-aj p.pr. unifying], to form into one; 
make alike in form. 

11 ni Icif pi* ni (u"nl-lat'er-al), adj. hav- 
aa-aaa-aca i-ci -cu. jug one side or surface. 

un-im-peach-a-ble 

reproach or blame; unquestionably right. 


iin im nrnvpH (unTm-proovd'), adj. 
Ull- 1111-pro VtiU not made better; not 

used to good advantage. 

nn in fnrm pH (unTn-formd'), adj. not 
Ull-lU-lUIIIlOU acquainted with: with 

of; unaware; not familiar with the facts, 
im inn (un'yfin). n. the act of joining two 
UAA-iUAA or more things in one; the state 
of being so joined; a combination; agreement 
or concord; a whole made of parts joined 
together; as, a union of states; a device 
on a national flag, signifying the joining of 
the parts of the nation; an association of 


industry, for mutual benefit and defense of 
rights. 

Syn. combination, alliance, league, concert. 
Ant. (see disunion). 

lit! inn km (un'yun-Izm), n. belief in 
U.AA-AUAA-AOAAA union; adherence to s 

union, as to that of the United States in the 
Civil War; belief that trade-unions are the 
solution of the labor problem. 

nn inn icf (un'yun-lst), n. one who be- 
uxi-xoAA-Aoi lieves in union; an adherent 
of a union; as, the people of the North in the 
Civil War were unionists; a member of a 
trade-union: Unionist, in Great Britain, a 
member of a party opposing Home Rule for 
Ireland. 

Iin inn iarlr (un'yun jak), a flag con- 
Uii-iUll Jet Civ sistiug of the emblem of 

union of a nation; as, the union jack of the 
United States is a blue field with ■white stars; 
the British military flag. 

ii ni npfl (u'nl-ped), adj. one-footed, or 
u-iii-pcu. having but one foot. 

U niniiex (fi-nek'), adj. without another 
■• AAA, i AA ^ of the same land; unlike any¬ 
thing else; loosely, unusual; as, a unique 
design; alone of its sort; unequaled in ex¬ 
cellence.— adv. uniquely.—n. uniqueness. 

Syn. unequaled, uncommon, rare, choice, 
matchless. 

Ant. (soe common). 

11 ni Qrrn (u'ni-sun; u'nl-zun), n. oneness; 
la aaa-ovxaa agreement; concord; in music, 

sameness of pitch; the sounding at once of 
two tones an octave apart; the rendering 
of the same series of tones by all the voice 
parts at once; opposite to harmony. 

11 nit ( u,nIt )* n. one person or thing of 
la-aaal a number which make up a group; 
as, each citizen, though only a unit in the 
national body, is important; a single group 
in an association made up of groups; as, a 
local Red Cross Branch is made up of a 
number of units, or small societies; the 
least whole number; in mathematics, one 
undivided number or amount, as opposed 
to a fractional one; a fixed amount, quantity, 
distance, etc., taken as a standard of measure¬ 
ment; as, a pound is the unit of measurement 
for weight. 

TT tli fa ri an (fl'nl-ta/rf-an), n. one who 
kj ah-L a-i l-cui does not believe in the 

doctrine of the Trinity; one who believes 
that God is only one person; a member of 
the Unitarian Church founded upon such 
a belief: adj. of or pertaining to Unitarians 
or their beliefs. 

TJ-ni ta ri an icm (u'ni-ta'ri-Sn-izm), 

y AAA -Ld-Il-dJl-lbm n. the system of 
doctrine of the Unitarians; the belief that 
God exists only in one person. 

11 nitP (fi-ffit'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. united, 
la-aaalc p pr, uniting], to join together; to 

put together so as to make one.; to bind 
together legally or morally, at, in marriage; 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 








united 


687 


unparalleled 


to bring into close relationship in thought, 
feeling, etc.; as, their common interests 
united them as friends: v.i. to be joined 
together; to grow into one; to act together; 
as, the great democratic nations united 
against Germany. 

Syn. combine, add, attach, merge. 

Ant. (see separate). 

11 nit pH (u-nit'ed), p.adj. joined together; 
U -lii L-CU jji agreement.— adv. unitedly. 

U-nit-ed Breth-ren 'X, b S: 

bers of a church formed in Moravia, Austria, 
about 1450, and originally known as the 
Moravian Church. 

11 ni tir (U'nl-tl), n. [pi. unities (-tiz)], the 
U-IIl-iy state of being one; wholeness; 
agreement; a whole made up of parts; the 
number one; in rhetoric, the quality of 
having all the parts of a speech or writing 
centered about one theme. 
ii ni ircki- cot (u'nl-vfir'sal), adj. pertain- 
U-lll-V Cl-octl ing to the whole system of 

created things; as, gravitation is a universal 
law; embracing or including the whole; 
general; prevailing everywhere; as, universal 
peace.— adv. universally. 

Syn. all, entire, total, catholic. 

Ant. (see sectional). 

U * iom (u"ni-vfir'sal-Izm), n 

-Ill- Ver-sai-ism the doctrine or belie: 
that all men will finally be saved 
there will be no eternal punishment. 

U * oa 1 (u"ni-vur'sal-ist), n. a 

-m-ver-sai-ist beUever in the doc¬ 
trine that all men will finally be saved. 

(u"ni-ver-sal'i-tl), n. 

u-m-ver-sal-l-iy the state or quality 

of being general; the state of prevailing 
everywhere; all-inclusiveness. 

,, • (u'nl-vurs), n. the whole 

U-IU-Veibe system of created things; 
creation; loosely, the world. 

,, C J -Hr (u ni-vur'sl-ti), n. [pi. 

U-ni-Ver-Sl-ty universities (-tlz)l, an 
institution for education in the higher 
branches of learning, divided into various 
departments, as of the arts, medicine, law, 
engineering, etc., and having the right to 


in Ii Irek lir (un-lik'll), adj. not probable; 
UU-llKC-iy n ot destined 


as. 


to succeed; 

an unlikely plan. 

nn lim it pH (un-llmi-ted), adj. bound- 
Ull-illll-Il-CU. i ess; without restrictions; 

as, unlimited freedom; indefinite; as, a note 
which runs for an unlimited term, 
nn (un-lod'), v.t. to remove a burden 

Ull-iUctU. from; as, to unload, a wagon; 
to remove from a car, wagon, ship, etc.; as, 
to unload freight. . 

nn Irtrlr (un-lSk'), v.t. to unfasten by 
U-Il-lUblv turning a key; hence, to make 
open or clear; as, to unlock a mystery. 

nn InnlrpH-fnr (un-lookt'for"), adj. not 
UU-IOOKcU.’~lUl expected or foreseen. 

nn Iavo Ur (un-luv'll), ad;., without 
llll-iOVc-lj charm; unattractive; dis¬ 
ln-i, tt (un-luki), adj. not fortunate; 
UIl-.lUCJK.-y as , an unlucky speech; tending 
to bring bad luck; as, an unlucky day.— adv. 
unluckily.— n. unluckiness. 

nn rrmn (un-man'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
Ull-IIlcU.1 unmanned, p.pr. unmanning], to 
rob of courage and strength; to unnerve; 
to make weak. , „ ,, , , 

n-n mo-n lir (un-man'll), adj. not brave; 
un-mail-iy not chivalrous; cowardly; 

__ .. weak in courage. „ ,, 

the doctrine or belief man TIPI* 1v (un-man er-li) ,aaj. 

finally be saved, or that Un-man-nci-iy rude; without courtesy, 

- - impolite: adv. rudely.— n. unmannerlmess. 

(uu-mask'), v.t. to remove a 
Ull-Illctoxv. disguise from; show the true 
nature of: v.i to take off a disguise. . 
nn mPflfi inp- (un-men'ing), adj. with- 
Ull-IIlcctll-iil& out sense or expression; 

signifying nothing. 

ful (un-mur'si-fool), adj. 
Un-mer-Cl-IUl without kindness or pity; 
without human feeling; cruel.— adv. unmer¬ 
cifully.—n. unmercifulness. 

-.-.♦I mil i +o fir (un-mll'-T-ta-ri), adj. con- 
un-mil-l-ia-ry trary to the rules of dis¬ 
cipline, especially army discipline. 

— —« l~l~ (un mis-tak'a-bl), 

Un-miS-tak-a-Dle a( jj t admitting no 
chance of error; certain; evident.— adv. 
unmistakably. .. . . 

nn mor ol (un-m6r'al), adj. having no 
Uli-mor-ai sense of, or not concerned 
with, right and wrong: in distinction from 
immoral, wrong or wicked. 

,i vo l (un-nat'u-rS.1) , adj. not nor- 
1111-lict 1-U.-I cti ma i or according to rule; 
not according to the laws of the physical 
world; unlike the usual ways of human 
beings; without the common impulses of 
humanity; as, it is an unnatural mother who 
does not care for her children.— adv. unnat¬ 
urally.— n. unnaturalness. 

iin nor PC cja rv (un-nes'e-sa-ri), adj. 
un-nec-eb-ba-iy not needed; of no use. 

— adv. unnecessarily. 

(un-nurv'), v.t. to rob of nerve 
un-nerve control; to weaken; to upset 
nervously; to disturb by a shock. 

«««, Vvot-orl (un-num'berd), adj. not 
un-num-oerea counted; countless. 

- adj. 

system- 



right- 

-,------ __ unjust 

accusation; not in accordance with legal jus¬ 
tice- as, the unjust decision of the magistrate. 
— adv. unjustly.— n. unjustness. 

trornrkf (tin-kempt'), adj. not combed; 
un-Kempt no t neat: hence, rough; per¬ 
sonally untidy.—n. unkemptness. 

IrinH (un-kind'), adj. not gentle, 
Un-KUlU. gracious, or sympathetic; harsh 
or severe in treatment of others: giving pain 
to the feelings of others; as, unkind words.— 
adv unkindly.— n. unkindness. . 

‘ i (un-las'), v.t. to undo the lacing 

HU-13.ee of, as a shoe. 

_ 1„„r -fill (un-16'fobl), adj. contrary to 
un-law-iui law; forbidden by authority; 
illegal.— adv. unlawfully.—n. unlawfulness. 

I^ofu oH (tin-1 ur'ned), adj. not edu- 
un-ieam-ea cated; without schooling; 
(un-lfirnd'), not acquired by study; as, his 

lessons were unlearned. , . ,. 

im Iqoc (un-les ), conj. if not; m case not, 
UEL-iebb on condition that not. 

_ 1^-4- (un-lgt'erd), adj. untaught; 

un-let-terett no t educated; not able 
to read and write. 

Syn 

un 


as, his un _or-gan-ized not arranged in i 
atic form. 

un-pack a~ receptacle, 


to take out from 
as a box, trunk, 
etc.; as, to unpack goods; to remove the 
contents of; as, to unpack a trunk. 

un-par-al-leled not matched^ without 

an equal: having nothing similar.. 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then thick; hw - wh as in l when; 
zh = 2 as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 










unparliamentary 
un-par-lia-men-ta-ry ^ e VtS-rf)“ 

adj. against the rules of parliamentary bodies, 
iin nin (tin-pin'), v.t. to unfasten by tak- 
Ull-pin jng ou t a pin or pins. 

iin nlpoc onf (un-plez'ant), adj. dis- 
1X11 -pieab-d.ilL agreeable; distasteful.— 

Udv. unpleasantly.— n. unpleasantness. 

un-prec-e-dent-ed 

thorized by previous custom; unexampled; 
new and unusual.— adv. unprecedentedly. 

nrpi 11 Hirprl (tin-prej'oo-dlst), ad). 
un-prej-u-uiceu. nofc influenced by 

hastily formed or premature opinions; im¬ 
partial; fair. 

un-pre-med-i-tat-ed 

not planned beforehand or in advance.— adv. 

unpremeditated!/. 

tin Tifin Pi Tilpfl (tin-prln'sl-pld), ad). 
un-prm-tl-pieu without right moral 

Ideals; careless of right and wrong. 

un-ques-tion-a-ble 

be doubted or disputed.— adv. unquestion¬ 
ably. 

••in mil pf (un-kwi'St), ad), noisy; dis- 
(un-L£Ln-C7L tin-bed; not at peace.— adv. un- 

quietly. 

Iin rflV pi (tin-rav'l), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
uu-iav-ci unraveled, p.pr. unraveling], 
to pull apart the threads of; to pull out, as 
knitting: v.i. to be pulled apart or out. 

Iin rpflfl V (tin-red'I), adj. not prepared; 
UJ.A-X C 7 an-y tardy or slow; not quick to 
act.— adv. unreadily.— n. unreadiness. 

Iin rpfll (tin-re'al), ad), not actual; imagi- 
lhj.-j.coj. nary; ideal.—n. unreality. 

un-rea-son-a-ble IZ'Xmtouh X 

reason; demanding too much; as, an un¬ 
reasonable demand; immoderate; as, un¬ 
reasonable prices.— adv. unreasonably. — n. 
unreasonableness. 

tm TP mit tinP" (tin"r$-mlt'lng), adj. 
uu-iv-iiub-ijuxg never ceasing or relax¬ 
ing; as, unremitting toil; persistent. 

Iin TP cptvpH (un"r§-zurvd'), adj. given 
'■ AAA-A c ~ OCA vcu ’ without restriction; not 
held back; as, all the seats are unreserved ; 
outspoken; keeping nothing secret; holding 
nothing back; as, unreserved confidence.— 
adv. unreservedly.— n. unreservedness. 

Iin rp<?t (un-rest'), n. lack of ease and 
uu-icoi quiet; anxiety; disturbance. 

un-right-eous Z- 

righteously.— n. unrighteousness. 

Iin ri Vfllprl (un-ri'vald), adj. unequaled; 
4AAA " AA_V CAAC ’ V - A without comparison. Also, 

unrivalled. 

iin roll (un-rol'), v.t. and v.i. to open by 
W1 ‘ 1UU unwrapping, or by being un¬ 
wrapped, on an axis. 

Iin ml v (nn-rool'I), adj. paying no atten- 
uu-i ui-jf tionto rules or commands; hard 
to manage; ungovernable.—n. unruliness. 

1 on/] /] 1 p (un-sad'l), v.t. to take off a 
UU-odU-UlC saddlefrom, as a horse. 

Iin o;o ttpt XT (un-sa'ver-I), adj. lacking 
AAAA oa-vui-j taste or seasoning; dis¬ 
agreeable to taste or smell; hence, morally 
offensive; as, an unsavory story. Also, 
unsavoury. 

jjj'i cr*i*P!XT (un-skroo'), v.t. to loosen by 
uii-obu,w taking out a screw or screws; 
as, to unscrew the handle of the drawer; to 
draw out or off by turning, as a screw, the 
top of a can, etc. 


688 


unsubstantial 


jiti cpt*ii tin ImiQ (un-skroo'pil-lus), adj. 
un-bcru-pu-ioub careless of right and 

wrong; as, unscrupulous business methods; 
without moral principles; not exact or par¬ 
ticular.— adv. unscrupulously.— n. unscrupu¬ 
lousness. 

im epot (un-sel'), v.t. to open by breaking 
un-occu or removing a seal. 

un-sea-son-a-ble 

out of season; as, thunderstorms in winter 
are unseasonable. — adv. unseasonably.— n. 
unseasonableness_. 

iin cpflt (tin-set'), v.t. to remove from a 
un-ocai seat; to take away a position 
or office from; as, he was unseated from his 
senatorial dignity. 

iirt cpP- m Ixr (un-sem'll), adj. improper; 
ull-occill-iy not fitting; not suitable: 

adv. in an unsuitable manner.— n. unseem¬ 
liness. 

im CPPn (un-sen'), adj. not perceived by 
uu-occu the eye; beyond the range of 
vision. 

Iin cpf tip (tin-set'l), v.t. and v.i. [p.t. 
uu-oci-uc and p p unsettled, p.pr. un¬ 
settling], to loosen from a firm position; to 
disturb: to be disturbed. 

,,n cpv (un-seks'), v.t. to make unlike 
uu-sca one’s sex; as, some people believe 
that to vote will unsex awoman. 

im cTiPfltTiP (tin-she^/i'), v.t. to take from 
uij.-oii.ca.LiiC7 jts scabbard, as a dagger. 

im ft prf (tin-slf'ted), adj. not having 
un-on L-C7U. passed through a sieve; not 
examined with care and thoroughness. 

nn clnl fill (tin-skil'fool), adj. without 
lin-ojxu-im. expertness; inapt; not clever 
in performance of work, especially work with 
the hands. Also, unskillful.— adv. unskilfully, 
unskillfully.— n. unskilfulness, unskillful¬ 
ness. 

im cp rio K1 p (un-so'sha-bl), ad), not 
lAll-oU-cla-Ulc friendly; not disposed to 

seek the companionship of others; uncom¬ 
panionable.— adv. unsociably.—n. unsocia¬ 
bility. 

un-so-phis-ti-cat-ed^f t n 4 d s ) 4 - ,Is ; t i; 

not experienced in the ways of the world; 
free from artificiality of manner.— n. unso¬ 
phisticatedness. 

Syn. naive, simple, artless, innocent. 

Iin cnnrarl (tin-sound'), adj. not safe or 
UIj-oUllllu. reliable; not founded on 

truth; insecure; diseased.— adv. unsoundly. 
—n. unsoundness. 

un-speak-a-ble S n 1Sf k «p!^ X 

words; too bad to be talked of.— adv. un¬ 
speakably.—n. unspeakableness. 

iin crwif fpH (tin-sp6t'ed), adj. without 
iUi-&pui-LCU stain; without sin or fault; 
pure. 

im ctfl flip (tin-sta'bl), adj. not steady; 
a.n-oia-uj.c7 easily thrown over or out of 
balance. 

nn ctrm (tin-stop'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. un- 
ixn-oLup stopped, p.pr. unstopping], to 
remove the cork or stopper from, as a bottle ; 
to open by removing an obstruction. 

11T1 Ctrl in cr (tin-strung'), adj. having a 
Lnj.-o lx lhx£ string or strings loosened or 
missing, as a harp or violin; nervously upset; 
unnerved; relaxed. 

un-sub-standiaUSf^^^ii 

form or body; inconsiderable; fanciful or 
imaginary; not strong or solid.— adv. un¬ 
substantially^^ 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 







689 


unthinking 

tin fhvnlr incr (fin-t/MAklng), adj. with- 
un- umui-llig out thought; careless; 

inconsiderate.— adv. unthinkingly. 

11 n +i rJir (fin-ti'cU), adj. not neat; disor- 
UU-U-LLy (Jerly; slovenly.— adv. untidily. 
— n. untidiness. 

1-m (fin-tfi), v-t. [p.t. and p.p. untied, 

Ull-liC P'pr. untying], to unfasten by 
loosening a knot: v.i. to become unfastened, 
iin +i1 (un-tlT), prep, to or up to: used in 
Uli-Lii relation to time: conj. to the degree 
rr place that; to the time when, 
iin +imp> Itt (fin-tim'll), adj. not at the 
LU.i-lliiJ.c-ij right moment or on the right 
occasion; happening too soon: adv. ^op¬ 
portunely: too soon. 

iin +r\ (fin'too), prep, a formal or poetic 
1111-LU -word for to. 

irn +n1r1 (fin-told'), not expressed or 
Ull-LUlLl revealed; not counted; hence, 
very great. 

iin +n xnarA (fin-t5'erd; fin-tord'), adj. 
Uli-iu-waiu wayward and stubborn; un¬ 
fortunate; as, untoward circumstances; in¬ 
convenient.— adv. untowardly. — n. untoward- 
ness. 

nn +i*iPr1 (fin-trid'), adj. not put to the 
Uil-UiCU test; inexperienced. 

(fin-troo'), adj. false: disloyal; 
un-irue faithless. 

+ t . 11 +V, (fin-trooth'), n. lack of adher- 
1111-H ULil ence to fact; falseness; dis¬ 
loyalty; a falsehood or lie. 

Syn. falsity, mendacity^ 

ii-n +m+Vi fill (fin-trooth'fool), adj. In- 
1111-Ll ULii-xuLL clined to falseness in words; 

lying.— adv. untruthfully.— n. untruthful- 
nessc 

ii-n +ii +nrnH (fin-tu'tfrd), adj. not taught; 
tlli-lLi-LUl CU having little learning; un¬ 
advised. 

iin iic-or) (fin-uzd'), adj. not accustomed; 
LlIl-uoCU. notin the habit of: with to; as, 
unused to hard labor L 

nn ii on ol ( fin-u'zhu-al), adj. not cus- 
ULl-U-oLl-dl tomary; uncommon; rare; 

extraordinary.— adv. unusually. 

nn 11 + +or o ViIa (un-fit'er-d-bl), adj. not 

Un-UL-tCl-d-UlC to be spoken; inex¬ 
pressible.— adv. unutterably. —n. unuttera- 
bility. 

nn rrol 110/1 (fin-val'ud), adj. not con- 
un-val-uea S idered of much worth; 
unprized; having jao price set on it. 

nn var -nich^r! (fin-var'nlsht), adj. not 
Un-VaX-HlSncU. having a coating of 

varnish; not polished; in its original un¬ 
decorated state; as, the unvarnished truth 
often hurts people’s feelings by its unkindness, 
nn (fin-val'), v.t. to disclose by taking 

Un-veil 0 ff a veil or covering; to uncover; 
to reveal clearly: v.i. to take off a veil; to 
show one’s own true nature. „ . 

un-war-rant-a-ble 

thority; not to be justified, or proved right; 
as, he took an unwarrantable liberty with my 
property.— adv. unwarrantably, 
nn fir (fin-wa'ri), adj. off one’s guard; 

Un-Wd-lJ heedless] incautious.— adv. un¬ 
warily.— n. unwariness, A . 

nn riVH (fin--we'rld). adj not tired; 

un-wea-neu unresting; not ready to 

ir (fin-wel'dl), adj. so large and 
un-wieia-y heavy as to be hard to 

handle.— n. unwieldiness. 

nn will luff (fin-wll'lng), adj. reluctant; 
Un-Wlii-ing i oa th.— adv. unwillingly.— 
n. unwillingness. 


upholstery 


iin Wltlfl (fin-wind ), v.t. 
UI1-WU1U nnwminri 


[p.t. and p.p. 
unwound, p.pr. unwinding], to 
loosen by uncoiling: v.i. to uncoil, 
iin wi -p (fin-wiz'), adj. not showing good 
uii-wiDC judgment; rash; foolish.— adv. 
unwisely. 

iiri 1 X 71 + +incr (fin-wit'Ing), adj. uncon- 
uu-w u-ung scious; unaware; not know¬ 
ing.— Cdv. unwittingly. 

iin lrntit or! (fin-wfin'ted), adj. not cus- 
UI1-WU1J.L-CU. tomary: unusual; not habit¬ 
ual; rare.— adv. unwontedly.— n. unwonted¬ 
ness. 

iin wnr fhv (un-wfir'tfiD, adj. lacking 
Uii-WUi-UlJ due merit, value, etc.; not 
deserving; not suitable or proper to: with 
of; as, such conduct is unworthy of your 
home training.— adv. unworthily.—n. un- 
worthiness. 

iin writ ton (fin-rlt'n), adj. not expressed 
U.JJ.-W J.1L-LCH or recorded in writing; 

verbal; due to custom rather than enact¬ 
ment; as, an unwritten law. 
ii-rw (fip). prep, to a higher place on; as, 
U P up the hill; toward the source of; as, 
up the river: adv. higher in motion, direction, 
or position: opposite to down; into being or 
action; as, to start up an argument; into 
notice; as, to bring up a matter for discus¬ 
sion; completely or to a finished state; 
as, to hunt up a number, to write up a news¬ 
paper report, to bring up a child; not behind 
or worse than: with to or with; as, to live 
up to one’s reputation, ton keep up with the 
times; away or in safety: as, to store up 
wealth, to put up a car in a garage: adj. 
leading to a higher place; as, the train was 
on the up grade; well-trained; as, he is up 
in his subject; finished; as, the time is up: 
n.pl. fortunate occurrences; used only in the 
expression ups and downs. 
ii tijic (u'pds), n. a tree, common in Java, 
U-pctb with a poisonous juice used as 
arrow poison; also, the juice. 

iin Virfiir! (fip-brad'), v.t. to reproach; to 
up-soi aiu accuse of a wrong or shameful 
act; to chide or blame: v.i. to utter reproach. 

Syn. censure, reprove, rebuke, scold, berate, 
iin hpov ai (up-hev'al), n. a lifting from 
up-ixcciv-dx below; especially, a lifting 
of some part of the earth’s crust by an inside 
force; a political or social disturbance, as 
by a revolt against a government. 

iin Vnaain* (fip-hev'), v.t. to lift up by 
up-lica.v v? force exerted from beneath; 
as, to upheave mountain ridges: v.i. to rise by 
pressure from beneath or within, 
nn Vi ill (fip-hU'). adv. to a higher point 
up-iUll ODl a ^11 or slope; on an upward 

Incline: adj. (up'hl!"), sloping upward; 

ascending; hence, toilsome; as, study is 
uphill work for him. 

iin VllYIH (fip-hold'), v.t [p.t. and p.p. 
up-JiuJ.u. upheld, p.pr. upholding], to 

support; as, pillars uphold the roof; to 
prop up or keep standing; as, the tower 
was upheld by scaffolding so that it did not 
fall; to encourage or give aid to; as, the 
council upheld the mayor in his campaign for 
reform.— n. upholder. 

ii tv Viril c+£k-r (fiP-hol'ster), v.t. to fit out 
up~J.J-tJ.L-o lcj. with curtains, cushions. 

coverings, etc., as rooms or furniture.—n. 

upholsterer. 

nn Vi nl XT (up-hol ster-I), n. [pi. up— 

Up-nOI-SLer~y holsteries (-Iz)], the busi¬ 
ness of one who fits out rooms and furniture 
with coverings, draperies, etc.; also, curtains, 
cushions, and other such interior fittings of a 
houses 


Loot, foot; found: boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









upkeep 


690 


US 


im Irppn (ftp'kep"), n. the maintaining of a 
up-nccp house, store, etc., in which 
expense is involved; cost of maintenance, 
iin IonH (up'l&nd), n. high ground; an 
u.jr elevated region bordering a low 

shore, valley, etc.: opposite to lowland. 

11 n n« (u-pon'), prep, on; resting on the 
up-Ull top or surface of; as, upon the 
floor; touching; as, upon the wall; situated 
on; as, upon the coast; judging from; as, 
upon safe evidence; belonging to; as, upon 
the committee; in a state of; as, upon sale, 
upon the defensive; at the moment of; as, 
upon arrival; to or toward; as, we came 
upon them unexpectedly; relating to; as, 
a speech upon civic betterment, 
iin npr (ftp'er), adj. higher in place, rank. 
Up-pci or degree; as, the upper story of a 
house; the upper classes; the part of a shoe 
above the sole. 

Iin npr mnQt (ftp'er-most), adj. highest 
-aa.lv/oi, j n place, rank, or authority. 

iin nic:Tl (up'Ish), adj. proud; airish; 
up-pioii haughty. — aav. uppishly. — n. up¬ 
pishness. [COLLOQ.] 

Iin ricrht (up'nt"), adj. standing erect; 
u F" AA & AAt as, an upright piano; just; 
honest; as, a man of upright character: 
adv. in an erect position: n. something 
standing straight up, as a timber supporting 
a rafter.— adv. uprightly. — n. uprightness. 
Syn., adj. vertical, erect, true, honorable. 
Ant. (see horizontal). 

im rtQ incr (up-riz'Ing), n. a rebellion or 
u P~ AAa-AAA & revolt against authority or 
government. 

Iin rnflr (ftP'ror"), n. noisy disturbance; 
up-iuo .1 confusion and clamor, especially 
of loud voices. 

iin rnnr i nnc (ftp-ror'I-fts), adj. making 
U.p-IUctI-1-UUb great noise and disturb¬ 
ance; impolitely loud; as, uproarious 
laughter.— adv. uproariously. — n. uproarious- 
ness. 

iin rnnt (up-root'), v.t. to pull up by the 
up-iuui roots; as, to uproot weeds; to 
remove thoroughly; as, to uproot a bad habit. 
Iin cpf (ftp-set'), v.t. [ p.t. and p.p. upset, 
up-oct upsetted, p.pr. upsetting], to over¬ 
throw; overturn; as, to upset a glass of water; 
colloquially, to put out of normal mental or 
physical condition; as, to have one’s nerves 
upset: n. (up'set), the act of overturning or 
disturbing; state of being overturned; col¬ 
loquially, mental or physical disturbance. 

Iin qVigT (ftp'shot"), n. final result; conclu- 
up-oAAV/L sion; summary. 

im qirlp (ftP'sId"), w. the upper part: 
lAp-oiVAc; upside down, having the top 
part at the bottom; hence, in disorder. 

iin cfire (fip-starz'), adv. toward an 
up-oiau o U pp er floor: adj. (up'starz"), 
on an upper floor; as, an upstairs sitting 
room: n. the part above the first floor, 
im etflrf ( U P'start"), n. a vulgar and pre- 
up-o tax 1 S uming person who has suddenly 
risen from a humble position to wealth or 
influence: adj. suddenly raised to a position 
of wealth and influence. 

urt afp (up'too"dat'), adj. in the latest 

up tu uaic style; as, an up-to-date hat. 
[Colloq.] 

im turn (ftp-tflrn'), v.t. and v.i. to turn 
up-LuiAx U p. as upturn sod. 

iin ward (ftp'werd), ado. in an ascending 
up-wa.Au direction; from lower to higher; 
towards a higher rank or position; as, to 
climb upward on the social ladder; toward 
the beginning; as, they followed the river 
upward toward its source; indefinitely more; 



Urseus 


as, children of three years and upward: 
upwards of, more than; as, they collected 
upwards of a million dollars for the Red 
Cross: adj. directed from lower to higher; 
as, an upward slope. Also, upwards. 

11 mi a (fi-re'ml-d), n. a poisoned con- 
U-lcc-llil-a dition of the blood due to 
diseased kidneys. Also, uremia. — adj. urae¬ 
mic, uremic. _ _ _ 

-m rc & 11C (u-re'us), n. an 
LA - ACC_Ui:> Egyptian symbol 
of sovereignty: the emblem rep¬ 
resents a serpent, and was worn 
as a headdress by divinities and 
kings. 

u-ra-ni-um ^AardniS 

white metallic element which 
possesses radioactive properties 
and is the probable basis of 
radium. 

ill* Vicm (ft^ban), adj. of or pertaining to 
UA-uail a C j ty or town; as, urban residents. 
111* Tlpmp (fir-ban'), adj. courteous; polite; 
Ui-Uauc refined; suave.— adv. urbanely. 

hi* Via-n i -Hr (fir-ban'I-tl), n. politeness; 
Ul-Uall-i-iy refinement; polish of man¬ 
ner; suavity. 

11 r rVlin (fir'chln), n. a small boy; espe- 
UA-L.AAAAA cially, a pert or mischievous little 
fellow; a roguish elf; a sea urchin. 

U -ra mi a (fi-re'ml-a) , n. a poisoned 
-AC-AAAA-cA condition of the blood, due 
to diseased kidneys. Also, uraemia. — adj. 
uremic, uraemic. 

Iircrp (fin). v -t. [p.t. and p.p. urged, p.pr. 
UA & C urging], to persuade onward; to 
drive; to seek to influence the will of; as, 
to urge one to a course of action; to present 
insistently; as, to urge a point in an argu¬ 
ment: v.i. to insist upon a statement, argu¬ 
ment, etc. 

Syn. push, drive, press, solicit, induce. 
Ill* Crptl TV (fir'jen-sl), n. pressure; in- 
LtA -fe ^ AA ~'-'j sistence; need for immediate 
attention. 

Ill* rrpnt (fir'jent), adj. pressing; calling 
LAA o CAAL for immediate attention; as, an 
urgent message; insistent or eager.— adv. ur¬ 
gently. 

Syn. important, imperative, serious. 

Ant. (see unimportant). 

11 rir (u'rlk), adj. pertaining to, or derived 
U.-J.A.U f r om, urine: uric acid, a white, 
tasteless, almost insoluble compound, found 
in small quantities in human urine. 

11 ri nal (u'rl-nal), n. a vessel for urine, 
AA_A 1 * AiaA or the fluid cast off by the kidneys. 
11 ri na rv (u'rf-na-rl), adj. pertaining to 
U - _A A-AA£A_A J urine, or to the organs that 
excrete and discharge it; 
disease. 


as, a urinary 


11 rinp (u'rln), n. the fluid cast off as 
u.-aaaxc wa ste from the kidneys. 

iim (firn), n. a vase, usually with a foot or 
U-A pedestal. 

TTr Mfl inr (fir'sd ma'jer), in as- 
Ui-ba lvxa-jur tronomy, the Great 

Bear, or most noticeable of the northern 
groups of stars: called also Big Dipper, 
or Charles's Wain, and including two stars 
which point to the North Star. [Lat.] 

TTr ca TVTi nnr (fir'sd ml'ner). the Little 
u A-oa J.VH-11UI Bear, or group of stars 

including the North Star: called also Little 
Dipper. [Lat.] 

ii r cirip (ur'sin; fir'sln), adj. pertaining 

UX-olllc f 0 or jjjjQ a fl ear . 

11 c (fts), pron. objective plural of I, the pro- 
lAO noun of the first person. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menii; 









usable 


691 


uxorious 


lie n ViIp (uz'a bl), adj. fit to be employed 
Ud*a-UlC or m ade use of.—n. usableness. 

lie ao-#* (uz'aj; us'Sj), n. the act or mode 
Uo-agC 0 f using; treatment; settled habit 
or custom; habitual employment by people 
at large; as, the usage of certain words 
differs in different localities. 

Syn. custom, fashion, practice, 
lie#* (Gs), n. the act of employing some- 
thing; state of being employed; 
application of anything to a particular pur¬ 
pose; as, the use of rags for making paper; 
employment; custom or practice; practical 
worth; as, it is of no use: treatment; reason 
for employing; as, we have no use for the 
goods you offer; v.t. (uz), [p.t. and p.p. used, 
■p.pr. using], to employ; as, to use a pen; 
to apply to a special purpose; avail one¬ 
self of; possess or enjoy for a time, as property; 
to make a habit of; as, to use economy; to 
treat; as, to use one’s servants kindly; to 
make accustomed: chiefly in the passive 
voice and followed by to; as, the dog is 
used to kind treatment: v.i. to be accustomed: 
only in past; as, they used to go to the 
mountains every summer. 

Syn., n. habit, advantage, utility: v. 
employ, exercise, occupy, accustom, inure. 

Ant. (see disuse, abuse). 

11CQ (us'fdol), adj. full of nractical 
Ubt-lUl worth, profit, or advantage; 
beneficial; as, useful work.— adv. usefully.— 
n. usefulness. 

Syn. serviceable, available, helpful. 

Ant. (see useless). 

«ico Incc (us'les), adj. having, or being 
Ubc-icoo of, no practical worth or service; 
as, useless efforts; without results.— adv. use¬ 
lessly. — n. uselessness. 

Syn. unserviceable, fruitless, idle, profitless. 

Ant. (see useful). 

iieVi 01 * (ush'er), n. a doorkeeper; hence, 
Ubll-cl on e who escorts or directs persons 
to seats in a church, theater, etc.; in England, 
an assistant teacher in a boys’ school: v.t. 
to announce; escort or accompany; show in. 

(u'zhu-al), adj. common; ordi- 
nary; general.— adv. usually. — n. 

usualness. 

Syn. customary, habitual. 

Ant. (see unusual). 

on fm rf (u'zfl-frukt), n. the temporary 
li-bll-ll UbL use an d enjoyment of profits 
from lands and buildings belonging to another. 
ii on ror (u'zhfl-rer), n. one who lends 
U-bu—rti money at a high and unlawful 

rate of interest. _ 

ii on fi nuc (Q-zu'rl-flLs; u-zhoo'rl-us), 
U-bu-Il-UUb a( ij' practicing usury, or 
lending money at an unlawful rate of interest, 
ii oiif-n (u-zurp'), v.t. to take possession 
U-buiJJ 0 f by force, or unjustly; as, to 
usurp the office, functions, powers, or rights 
of another, especially a king or ruler: v.i. to 
take possession of the office, functions, 
powers, or rights of another by force.— n. 
usurper, usurpation. 

Syn. arrogate, seize, appropriate, assume. 
11 oil frr (u'zhfi-rf), n. a high rate of 
U-bU-ijr interest, especially interest higher 
than a lawful rate; the practice of lending 
money at a high or unlawful rate of interest. 
TT+o (ut; u'tS), n. one of a western Indian 
v lc tribe, formerly found in Colorado, Utah, 
New Mexico, and Arizona 


ii +<*r» ell (d-ten'sll), n. an implement or 
U.-ld.L-£ 2 U vessel for use in practical work, 
especially one used in a kitchen; as, cooking; 

UtCTlSZlS» 

ii tor no (u'ter-us), n. [pi. uteri (-1)], the 
u-tct-Ub womb, or organ in mammals in 
which the young are carried and nourished 
before birth.— adj. uterine. 

,. fi 1 i j-n i*i o-fi (d-tiUi-ta'rl-^n), adj. per— 
U--tir-A- td-i. A-ecii taining to, or consisting 
in, utility or usefulness; valuing things for 
their usefulness rather than their beauty, 
rarity, etc.: n. one who believes that only 
useful things are right or valuable. 

ii fit i fa ri on icm (h-tll'T-ta'rl-SLn- 
U-Ui-l-ia-ri-an-lSm j zm ) f n. the ethical 

doctrine that the greatest happiness of the 
greatest number should be the goal of alt 
human efforts, and that all goodness is based 
on usefulness. 

ii til i fir (fi-tfi'l-tl), n. [pi. utilities (-tlz)J. 
U-lU-X-ljr the quahty or state of being suit¬ 
able for use; general usefulness; something 
serviceable; as, the railroad is a great public 
utility . 

ii ti ii'rck (u'tl-liz), v.t. to make useful or 
U-U-lizc profitable; to make use of.—n. 
utilization. 

nt mnc+ (ut'most), adj. greatest; most 
llL-iiiUol removed in space or times 
farthest; extreme: n. the extreme limit; as. 
he can be trusted to the utmost; all that is 
possible; as, I will do my utmost to help you. 
Syn., adj. remotest, uttermost. 

U trw ni a (u-to'pl-a), n. an imaginary 
-LU-pl-ct jsiand, described in Sir Thomas 
More’s Utopia (1515-16), where a state 
of perfection existed in government, social 
life, etc.; any conception of an ideal state; a 
visionary plan for social reform. 

U +n -ni on (u-to'pi-an), adj. pertaining to 
-lU-pi-dli the imaginary island, de¬ 
scribed in More’s Utopia, where an ideally 
perfect system of laws and institutions 
existed; hence, ideal; visionary; impossible 
to be made actual; as, an ideal world is a 
Utopian dream: n. a dweller in Utopia; 
a person who dreams of ideal social perfection. 
..a (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; un- 

Ul- lei qualified; as, utter denial; total: v.t. 
to speak; to make vocal; as, to utter a groan; 
to express in words; to put in circulation, as 
money, especially counterfeit notes or coins. 

. — adj. utterable. 

Syn., adj. extreme, sheer, pure: v. speak, 
express. 

nf f#M- onr #* (ut'er-ans), n. expression by 
lil-tci -ani/C the voice; speech; style of 
speaking; as, his utterance was indistinct; 
something, usually of importance, expressed 
in words; as, the President’s war speech 
was a memorable public utterance. 

..a +n. r Itt (ut'er-U), adv. fully; totally; 
Ul-ici-ly altogether; as, utterly useless. 

Ilf fzil- mod- (ut'er-most), adj. extreme; 
Ul-ier-IIiUbl utmost; in the furthest, 
greatest, or highest degree: n. the furthest 
extent or degree. 

ii TMi la (u'vfL-la), n. the fleshy, thimble- 
U-VU-Ia shaped body, attached to the 
soft palate, hanging above the back part of 
the tongue.— adj. uvular, 
iiv n ri /mi c (uk'so'rl-fis; ug-zo'rl-fte). 
UX-O-rl-OUb a dj foolishly fond of a wife. 
— adv. uxoriously.— n. uxoriousness. 


boot, foot; found; boil function; chase; good; joy; then, thick ;hw — wh as in when; 
«h as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages *ix tozai. 








vacancy 


692 


valedictory 


v 


\rc\ i-cm r\T (va'kan-si), n. [pi. vacancies 
va-tan-tj (-slz)j, state of being empty; 
emptiness of mind; idleness; lack of mental \rncr Virmr! (vag'a-borid), n. 
power; empty space; an office or position Vdg-a-UUiiu roams about wil 
open to applicants; a room or rooms offered 
for rent. 

jrn po-rif (va'k&nt), adj. empty; lacking 
va-t/OUi thought or reflection; as, a 
vacant stare; not occupied; as, a vacant 
building, or a vacant position; not made use 
of; as, vacant hours; free from care; as, 

Ooldsmith wrote that country life gave the 
blessing of a vacant mind. 

Syn. unfilled, thoughtless, void. 

Ant. (see occupied). 

-*ro rafp (va'kat), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. va- 
va-uaic cated, p.pr. vacating], to make 
empty; give up the possession of; as, to 
vacate a house: to nullify or make void: 
v.i. to give up a house, office, etc.; colloquially, 
to go away. 

Pfl tint! ( v S-ka'shun), n. the act of 
v d-i^a-nuii ma ldng empty or leaving with¬ 
out an occupant; a making void; a short or 
long interruption in work or business; as, he 
took only a day’s vacation; a period of leisure 
or rest; a holiday. 

»ro/> pi (vak , si-nat), v.t. [p.t. and 

v a.\s - vj.-j.ia ic p.p, vaccinated, p.pr. vac¬ 
cinating], to inoculate, or give a mild form of a 
disease to, in order to prevent a severe attack; 
especially, to make immune from smallpox, 
by injecting into the body the virus, or poison, 
ifrom the disease of cowpox.— n. vaccinator. 

xjr\r. pi nil tieti (vak"sl-na'shun), n. act 
vab-Ll-Ild-LlOIi of inoculating, or making 

Immune from smallpox, by injecting the 
virus of cowpox. 

Vfl p pi-np (vak'sln; vak'sen), adj. pertain- 
vo.^ i n g to, or obtained from, cows 

or cowpox: n. virus, or poison, obtained from 
cows affected with a disease called cowpox, 

«or vaccinia, and used to prevent smallpox; 
loosely, any substance used for inoculation 
against uisease. 

•xrar il Icifp (vSs'I-lat), v.i. [p.t. and 
Vd.b-li-id.lt; vacillated, p.pr. v 

to be changeable or uncertain in mind or 
opinion; to be unsteady; waver, 
fro p -II 1 q fipivi (vas"i-la'shun), n. waver- 
v a.o -11 id-nun ing of mind; unsteadiness; 
changeableness. 

pi i i -<-tt (vd-kui-tl), n. [pi. vacuities 
Vd-bU-i-iy (_tlz)], unfilled or unoccupied 
space; lack of intelligence in mind or ex¬ 
pression. 

tto p i-I pki(vak'u-us), adj. empty; va- 
cant; without expression. 

■trap urn ( va k'u-um), n. a space entirely 
vae-u-um empty of matter; hence, a 
space, such as the inside of a bottle, emptied of 
air by artificial means. 

vac-u-um clean-er 

for cleaning the interior of a house by means 
of suction which draws the dust into a vacuum, 
or empty bag, etc. 


a 

by 


vac-u-um pump <, v u “ p 4 1“ ,!S P) .. 

forming a partial vacuum, or empty space, 
water is forced through a pipe. 

Vfl dp mP Piim ( v ^ de me'kum), an 
va ' uv mc-uuii expression meaning, go 

with me: applied to something const a ntly 


carried with one, such as a handbook, man¬ 
ual, or book of reference. [Lat.] 

one who 
with no per¬ 
manent abode; especially, an idle fellow 
without honest means of support; a vagrant 
or tramp; colloquially, a rascal or worthless 
fellow: adj. wandering about without fixed 
dwelling place; roaming; idle and vicious.— 
n. vagabondage. 

Vfl crci t*V (va-ga'rl), n. [pi. vagaries (-riz)l, 
v a mental extravagance; irre¬ 

sponsible dreaming; a freak of fancy; a 
whim. 

\TC\ cri nfl ( v «-ji'na), n - m female mammals, 
vd-g,l-iid the passage leading out from the 
uterus, or womb. 

ttq 0 -f o n pi/ (va r gi'an—si), n. the state of 
v one who wanders without a 

settled home; the habits and life of an idle 
wanderer or tramp. 

ttq errant (va'grant), adj. wandering from 
v a.-^i cuit place to place without purpose 
and without a settled home: n. one who 
strolls from place to place without honest 
means of support; an idle wanderer; a tramp. 

Syn., n. wanderer, beggar, vagabond, rogue, 
va cm p ( v ag). adj. [comp, vaguer, superl. 
va -& u - c vaguest], not clearly outlined, 
stated, or understood; hazy; as, a vague 
idea; not sure; doubtful; as, a rumor; 
not seeing or thinking clearly.— adv. vaguely. 
— n. vagueness. 

Ant. (see definite). 

vain ( van )> ad J■ [comp. 
vcun vainest], valueless; 

as, vain words; without 

useless; as, vain efforts; _ 

accomplishments or of personal appearance; 
conceited; as, a vain person; showy; as. 
vain pomp: in vain, without success; to no 
purpose.— adv. vainly. 

Syn. futile, worthless, unavailing, proud, 
conceited. 

Ant. (see effectual, humble). 

•n vain-p-lo niic: (van'glo'rl-ils), adj. 

vacillating], * aAXA glU-Il-UUb boastful; full of exces¬ 
sive pride.— adv. vaingloiiously.—n. vain¬ 
gloriousness. 

Vflin pin rv (van'glo'ri), n. excessive van- 
mui-giu-ijf ity or pride over one’s own 
accomplishments; satisfaction with all that 
pertains to oneself; vain porno or show. 

■\rct] flnm (val'ans), n. a kind of damask 
veil cuicc iised for upholstering; also, a 
short, full curtain above a window, or around 
a bedstead from the mattress to the floor. 
Also, valence. 

VJlln (val) > n - a tract of low land between 
vaic; hills; a valley. 

val e die tion i- vai*6-dfk'shfin), n. p 
vcu. c till/ liuil farewell utterance; o 

saying farewell. 

val-e-dic-to-ri-an ( v & 1 'S-dik-to'ri-&n). 

veil A/ mi/ iu -11 cui n a person who 

makes a farewell address; especially, a mem¬ 
ber of a graduating class in a school or college, 
usually that one with highest standing, who 
makes the farewell oration at commencement. 

Val 6 die to TV ( va, 1 ”£~ ( bk'tS-rI), n. [pi. 
vcu. c UiU-lU-ly valedictories (-rlz)J, q 

farewell speech, especially a farewell address; 
at a school or college commencement; adj. 
pertaining to a farewell. 


vainer, superl. 
empty; trifling; 
force or effect: 
proud of small 


sate, senate, rare_ cat, local, far, ask, parade] scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus/menu* 







Valenciennes 


693 


Vandal 


\7jj loti pi pntipc (va''lan' l 'sy§n , ; va- 

V d-IUIl-Ul-Uimeb ig n "sl-enz'), n. a rich 

kind of lace made at Valenciennes, France: 
usually called Val lace. 

on +ino (val'en-tin), n. a sweetheart 

V di-Cll-llllc chosen on St. Valentine’s 
Day; also, a love message, real, sentimental, 
or burlesque, sent on_ February 14th. 

Vfl Ip ri an (va-le'rl-&n), n. a drug with 
va-ic-u-tui a strong, peculiar odor, ob¬ 
tained from the root of a plant, and used as a 
mild stimulant or tonic; the plant, or its 
root, from which this drug is obtained; any 
one of several other species of this plant. 

Vfl 1 (val'et; val "a'), n. a manservant who 
\ dJ.-C L personally attends a man, taking 
care of his apartment, clothes, etc.: called 
in full valet de chambre. [Fit.] 

val-e-tu-di-na-ri-anrt V IL' 4 " t „ a 'fn n S: 

valid or sickly person; a person whose chief 
interest is health: adj. in poor health; seek¬ 
ing to recover health; overanxious about 
one’s own health and that of others. Also, 

valetudinary. 

Vol Viol lo (val-hal'a), n. in Scandinavian 
* cll.-llaJ.-La. mythology, the palace of 
Odin, in which the souls of heroes slain in 
battle dwell. 

val iant (val'y&nt), adj. brave; courage- 
v dl-ldliL ous; as, valiant soldiers; done 
with bravery; heroic; as, valiant deeds.— 

adv. valiantly. —n. valiantness. 

Syn. valorous, gallant. 

Ant. (see cowardly). 

val iH (val'Id), adj. based on fact; sound; 
Vdl-lll well-grounded; as, a valid argu¬ 
ment; able to stand legally; not weak or 
defective; as, a valid agreement; not out of 
date.— adv. validly. — n. validness. 

Syn. weighty, strong, powerful, efficient, 
binding. 

Ant. (see invalid). 

val i rla+<a (val'i-dat), v.t. to make good or 
Vdl-l-Udlc sound; justify or confirm; to 
give legal force to. 

va Hr! i -Hr (va-lid'i-ti), n. the state or 
V ty quality of being founded on 
Tact; soundness; justness; legality; as, the 
validity of a claim. 

va licp (va-les'), n. a traveling bag of 
Vd-lloC leather, wicker, etc. 

val la firm (va-la'shun), n. 

Val-ia-X10Il defensive work, 

of trenches or ramparts. 

vol 1 qtt (val'I), n. [pi. valleys (-Iz)], low 
Vdi-lCy i an d between hills or mountains. 
v«1 oi- (val'er), n. strength of mind in fac- 
Vdl-Ul mg danger; bravery; courage; 
prowess, especially in fighting. 

Syn. gallantry, heroism. 

Ant. (see cowardice). 

vol ot- on a (val'er-us), adj. brave; coura- 
Vai-Ul-Uuo geous; as, a valorous foe. Also, 

valourous. — adv. valorously, valourously. 

val ii a hip (val'u-a-bl), adj. costly or 
Vd.l-U-d.-UlC worth a good price; as, a 

valuable ring; precious; of high worth; as, a 
valuable friend: n.pl. costly possessions, as 
jewels. , ... .. 

val ii a firm (^-S'shfin),. n. the act 
Vdl-U-d-LlUli of putting a price on; esti¬ 
mation; as, a valuation of property; esti¬ 
mated worth or price, 
vol -.m (val'u), n. worth; that which makes 
Vai-Ue anything worth possessing; exact 
meaning; as, try to grasp the value of each 
word; estimated worth; as, to put a value 
on property; purchasing power; as, the 
value of money: market price: fair price: 


a military 
in the form 



v.t. [p.t. and p.p. valued, p.pr. valuing], to> 
estimate the worth of; put a price on; esteem 
highly; hold dear; as, to value a friend.— n. 

valuer. 

Syn., v. assess, reckon, appreciate, estimate, 
prize, treasure. 

Ant. (see despise). 

val ii pH (val'ud), adj. highly appreciated: 
veu-ucu dearly prized; as, a valuea 
friend. 

valv afp (val'vat), adj. like, serving as, 
VdlV-dLC or having, a movable part which 
opens and closes a passage, 
val vp (v51v), n. a door; especially, one of a 
VdlVC pair of folding doors; a mechanism 
for opening and 
closing a pas¬ 
sage, and thus 
regulating o r 
directing the 
movem ent 
through it of 
gas, liquid, etc.; 
as, a valve in a 
steam radiator; 
in the body, a 
structure which 
opens and shuts 
to allow a fluid 
to flow through 
the opening in 
one direction 
only; as, the Valves of Steam Engine. 1, 
valves of the flat seat valve; 2, piston valve, 
heart; one of 

the halves, hinged together so as to open 
and shut, of the shell of a mollusk of the 
bivalve class, such as the oyster. 

val vil lar (v&l'vft-lar), adj. pertaining to> 
vdi-vu-iai valves, especially the valve® 
of the heart; as, valvular disease of the heart, 
varrvn (vamp), n. the leather of a boot or 
Vdliip s hoe next above the sole and in 
front of the ankle seam; an upper; a piece 
added to something old to give it a new 
appearance: v.t. to furnish with an upper 
leather; to patch with new material: often 
with up; in music, to make up or improvise; 
as, to vamp an accompaniment or part.—n. 
vamper. 

vam nirp (v&m'pir), n. in superstition, a 
v dlii-pii C ghost supposed to suck the 
blood of sleeping 
persons; one who 
preys on, or 
makes a living at 
the expense of, 
others, especially 
a woman of this 
sort; a kind of 
bat supposed 
to suck blood. 

van (van), n. front; the front of an army 
VcUJ. or fleet; as, the tanks moved forward 
in the van; the people who lead any move¬ 
ment; the place of those who so lead; as, he 
was in the van of all social reform; a large 
covered truck for moving household goods, 
circus animals, etc. 

xra na Hi inn (va-na'dl-um), n. a grayish- 
Vd-Ild-Ul-Ulll white metallic powder ob¬ 
tained from a chemical element. 

Van Hal (v&n'd&l), n. one of a Teutonic 
V dll-Udi r ace once inhabiting the south 
shores of the Baltic, noted for their fierceness 
and destructiveness, especially of works of 
art, when plundering Rome in the fifth 
century: vandal, one who wilfully destroys 
or injures anything beautiful, especially a 
work of art. 



Vampire Bat 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw — wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to^xxn. 

















































vandalism 


694 


various 


iro-r. /-lot iom (v&n'd51-Izm), n. deliberate 
van-aai-ism destruction of what is 
beautiful, especially of works of art; as, the 
bombardment of Rheims cathedral was an 
act of vandalism. * 

Von /twlro (van-dikO. adj. in the style of 

V an-UyKe Vandyke, the Dutch painter; 
as, a Vandyke beard is one cut in a point. 

(van), n. a movable device fastened 
vane to an elevated object to show which 
way the wind blows; a weathercock; a 
flat, fan-shaped arm projecting from an axis 
and moved around by the wind; as, the 
vane of a windmill; the web, or flat spreading 
part, of a feather. 

iron onprH (van'gard"), n. the first line 
vail-guaiu. or advance guard of an army; 
the troops who march in front; in trench 
warfare, those troops first arriving in the 
front lines of defense. 

t *i i a (vd-nll'd), n. the pod or bean of 
Vd-mi-id a tropical American plant of the 
orchid family, used to make a flavoring 
extract for confectionery, cakes, etc.; the 
flavoring so obtained. 

(vanish), v.i. to disappear; fade; 

V dll-loll lost from sight; to pass out of 

existence; be lost; as, hopes vanish away, 
'iron i +T 7 (vanl-tl), n. [pi. vanities (-tlz)J, 
Vdli-l-lj love of admiration; shallow pride 
in appearance or accomplishments; conceit; 
idle show; emptiness of real worth; as, 

“ Vanity of vanities, all is vanity lack of 
reality behind appearance; a frivolous trifle. 

Syn. affectedness. 

Von i TToir (vanl-tl far) , inBunyan’s 

V cLLI-l-ijr xa.ii pilgrim's Progress, a town 

fair where all the wares were vanities, and the 
buyers lovers of vanity; hence, worldly social 
life where the emphasis is placed on empty 
frivolities and idle show. 

wo n miich (van'kwlsh), v.t. to conquer; 
Vdli-quiOii subd ue; as, Ctesar vanquished 
Gaul; to get the better of; to defeat in an 
argument or debate.— adj. vanquishable. — n. 
vanquisher. 

won +o(ra (van'taj), n. a superior position 
Vdli- IdgC or opportunity; in lawn tennis, 
the point in the game when either side has 
scored one point after deuce. 

van-tage ground gSffi 

its holder a better opportunity than others 
have. 

170 n id (vap'Id), adj. lacking life or spirit; 
Vdp-itl fl a t; stale; tasteless; pointless; 
as, vapid talk.— adv. vapidly. — n. vapidness, 
vapidity. 

wo nor (va'per), n. the form taken by 
Vd-pUl liquids and solids under the influ¬ 
ence of heat, or reduction of pressure; gas; 
a cloudlike substance floating in the air and 
robbing it of clearness, as-* fog, smoke, etc.; 
anything impossible to seize and hold; 
something that vanishes like smoke or mist; 
as, life is but a vapor: v.i. to pass off in 
the form of gas, steam, etc.; to send out 
gas, steam, etc.; to indulge in idle talk 
Also, vapour. — n. vaporer_, vapourer. 

17 a nnr i va firm (va'per-I-za'shfin; 
Va.-pOr-1-Zd.-XlOIl vap"d-rl-za/shun), 

«. the act of changing, or state of being 
changed, into steam, gas, etc. 
ire* rmr ivf* (va'per-iz), v.t. to change into 
vd-pui-1/.c g aSi e tc., by means of heat, or 
reduction of pressure.— n. vaporizer. 

wo -nnr nnc (va'per-fis), adj. full of, or 
Va-pui-uua like, vapor, or gas, etc.; un¬ 
real; without substance.— adv. vaporously. — 
n. vaporousn ess. _ 


17 P nnr V O^'per-I), adj. full of, or like, 

V -y vapors or gas, etc.; peevish or 
melancholy. 

wo miP rn (va-ka'ro), n. [pi. vaqueros 
Vd.-que-ru (-ros)j, in Spanish America, 

New Mexico, etc., a cattleman or cowboy. 
[Span.] 

170 ri o Vkil i +17 (va'rl-d-bll'I-tl), n. the 
Vd.-Ii-d.-UiI-1-Lj state or quality of being 

changeable; tendency to alter or differ. 

170 ri o Kin (va'rl-a-bl), adj. changeable; 
Vd-Il-a-Ulc; as a variable wind; incon¬ 
stant; fickle; as, variable love: n. that which 
is subject to change; in mathematics, a 
quantity that may be given many values.— 
adv. variably.-— n. variableness. 

Syn., adj. unsteady, shifting, wavering, 
fitful, restless. 

Ant. (see constant). 

ttq <“i onm ( va ri—ictns), n. the act of 
Vd-1changing or differing; degree 
of alteration or change; a difference of 
opinion; a disagreement. 

170 ri on+ (va'rl-ant), adj. differing in cer- 
Vd-II-dllL tain details from other objects 
in the same general class or kind: n. some¬ 
thing different in details from others of its 
kind. 

170 ri o firm (va'rl-a'shun), n. the act of 
Vd-Ii-d-llUil altering or changing; a 
modification or change; a departure from a 
regular rule or course; extent to which a 
thing alters; as, there is little variation in 
the temperature; difference in details be¬ 
tween two things of the same class; in music, 
the repeating of a single melody with changes 
and decorations in time, harmony, elabora¬ 
tion, etc.— adj. variational. 

170 ri rnl orpH (va'rl-kul'erd), adj. 
Va-ri-tUl-OIcU changeable in color; 

streaked, spotted, or marked with various col¬ 
ors; as, a varicolored rose, 
vor i rncp (var'l-kos), p.adj. swollen or 
VcAA_A "'- / '-' a ~ enlarged; as, varicose veins, 
iro ri#*H (va'rld), p.adj. altered; changed; 
Vd-IlcU 0 f many different sorts. 

170 ri ao+p (va/rl-e-gat), v.t. [p.t. and 
va-u-c-gaic 2 ?.p. variegated; p.pr. vari¬ 
egating], to change the appearance of by 
marking with different colors.— p.adj. varie¬ 
gated. 

170 ri a tro +inn (va'rl-e-ga'shun), n. the 
»d-Il-C-gd-HUII ac t of streaking or 

spotting, or state of being streaked or spotted, 
with different colors or tints; difference in 
color between two things. 

iro -ri a +ir (vd-ri'e-ti), n. [pi. varieties 
* d-ri-c-iy (-tlz)], a collection of unlike 
objects; an individual differing in some 
details from others of the same general class 
or kind; a sort; as, one variety of palm 
bears dates, another coconuts; in biology, 
the group of next lower rank than a species; 
lack of monotony or sameness; as, variety 
is the spice of life.— adj. va-rie al. 

Syn. diversity, change, mixture, medley. 
Ant. (see sameness). 

V£i ri n la (vd-ri'6-ld), n. smallpox, a con- 
va-ii-u i cl tagious eruptive fever. 

\ra ri n Im’H (va'n-6-loid; var'I-6-loid), n. 
v lUIU- a mild form of smallpox, or 

variola. 

V n r j n mm ( v a"rI-o'rum), adj. contain- 
Vcl-i - A_u_1 UAAA ing comments and explana¬ 
tions by different persons: said of an edition 
of a work of literature; as, a variorum edition 
of Shakespeare. 

V o r i nil<5 (va'rl-us), adj. different; di- 
va- iA -uua verse; of several sorts; as, 
various plants; changeable; uncertain; differ- 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









varlet 


695 


veery 


ing in some details from one another; having 
several different characteristics or appear¬ 
ances; many-sided.— adv. variously.— n. vari¬ 
ousness. 


<rn r Ipf (var'let), n. formerly, a servant, 
v “ ACL footman, or page; a scoundrel. 


Vflr -nich (var'nish), n. a liquid, oily 
v a .1 -moil preparation of resin used for 
giving gloss to the surface of wood or metal 
wOrk; outside smoothness or gloss, as of 
politeness: v.t. to cover with such a liquid; 
give a gloss to; give a good outside appear¬ 
ance to; as, to varnish the defects in his 
character.— n. varnisher. 

Yyj (va'ri), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. varied, p.pr. 
vd-1 y varying], to alter or change in appear¬ 
ance, shape, substance, etc.; to make unlike 
one another; as, to vary the lessons in a 
course of study; in music, to adorn with 
variations; to relieve by changing; as, to 
vary the monotony: v.i. to alter or change; 
to undergo a change; to differ; to. depart 
from a rule or course. 


(vat), a large tank, tub, or vessel, 
va.L f or holding liquors, dyes, etc., in process 
of making. 

Vflf i ran (vat'I-k&n), n. the palace of 
v dl-l-Gdii the Pope at Rome, including 
library, museums, etc.; the papal authority, 
or the government of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 


va-tic-i-nate 


p.pr. 


(vd-tls'l-nat), v.i. and v.t. 
[p.t. and p.p. vaticinated, 
vaticinating], to prophesy or foretell.— 


n. vaticination. 


* 7 aiiHo trills (vod'vR; Fr. vod'vel'), n. a 
VdUUe-VUlC kind of theatrical perform¬ 
ance consisting of a series of songs, dances, 
acrobatic feats, short dramatic sketches, etc.; 
a variety show. 

xra nlf (volt), n. a leap over a high barrier 
VdUll us ing the hands for support; an 
arched roof or ceiling; storage space, usually 
in a cellar; a prison; a cavern; a tomb; a 
steel room in a bank, etc., for the safe-keeping 


of valuables, such as jewels or money; as. 



Vases. 1, glass vase from Jerusalem; 2, Chinese blue enamel: 3, Persian earthenware; 4, Chinese por¬ 
celain; 5, Grecian red earthenware; 6, Chinese green vase; 7, Chinese rose tea jar; 8, Grecian red earth¬ 
enware; 9, Phoenician glass; 10, French flower jar in enamel; 11, brass jar (Flanders). 


x7oo eii lot- (vas'ku-lar), adj. relating to 
»do-GU-ldi the vessels of an animal or 
vegetable body which carry or convey fluids, 
as blood in animals and sap in plants. 
wooo (vas; vaz; or Br. vaz), n. a vessel. 
Vase 0 f glass, pottery, etc., usually circular 
?n shape and of a height greater than its 
width, designed for ornament or use. 
vtoo Q lino (vas'S-lfn; vas'§-len), n. an 
Vdo-e-liliC oily, jellylike ointment or 
salve, obtained from coal oil or crude petro¬ 
leum; petroleum jelly. 

*70 0 col (vas'al), n. in the feudal system, 
Vdo-odl one who placed himself under the 
protection of another as his lord or master 
and in return rendered homage and service; 
a subject; a servant or bondsman; a slave: 
adj. under control of a superior power; as, 
a vassal state. . , , , 

vac qciI ocrp (vas'al-aj), n. the state of 
V db-odI-dg,C one who renders service to a 
feudal lord in return for his protection; ser¬ 
vices so rendered; slavery or servitude; lands 
held under control of a superior state. 

_ Q _f (vast), adj. far-stretching; very large; 
Vdbi numerous; enormous; huge; im¬ 
mense.— adv. vastly.— n. vastness. 

Syn. mighty, colossal, gigantic. 

Ant, (see confined). ____ 


a safe deposit vault ; the arch of heaven: v.t. 
to leap over; as, to vault a fence; to shape 
as a vault; to arch: v.i. to leap, over a high 
barrier, especially by aid of the hands or 
a pole; to show feats of leaping. 

T7ciii1+ or! (volt'ed), adj. arched and lofty; 
VdUil-Cll as a vaulted roof. 

xt a iint (vant; vont), v.i. to brag: v.t. to 
VdUJ.it boast of; display boastfully; as, to 
vaunt one’s courage in public: n. a boast; a 
brag; vain display.— adv. vauniingly.— n. 
vaunter. 

Syn., v. puff, hawk, advertise, flourish, 
parade. 

*70 ol (vel), n. the flesh of the calf used as 
Vcdl meat. 

Vo r\a (va'dd; ve'da), n. [pi. vedas (-daz)], 
V c-Ud one 0 f the oldest sacred books of 
the Hindus, the basis of Brahmanism or the 
Hindu religion; one of the four groups in 
which these books are arranged. 

*70 Hof to ( v e-det'), n. a mounted sentinel 
V“-LIClie or soldier stationed in front of 
the regular pickets or guards of an army. 
Also, vidette. 

Troor ( v ® r )» an< 3 to change in direc¬ 
ted tion; to shift, as the wind. 

(ver'i), n. [pi. veeries (-Iz)], a variety 
of American thrush. 


veer-y 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch.. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 
























vegetable . 696 

■KTtycr p fo "hip (vej'6-td-bl), n. a plant, 

V cg-c-ld.-Ulc especially a plant culti¬ 
vated for food; the portion of such a plant 
gathered and prepared for market, or ready 
for the table: adj. of or pertaining to plants; 
having the nature ot, or produced by, plants; 
as, vegetable fiber; composed of plants; as, 
vegetable life. 

o- +« r \ on (vej'e-ta/ri-Sn), n. one 
Vcg-c-La.-i 1-dll who lives on frmt, nuts, 
and vegetables; one who claims that plants, 
not animals, are the only proper source of 
food for man: adj. of or pertaining to those 
opposed to eating meat; consisting of vege¬ 
tables; as, a vegetarian diet. 

veg-e-ta-ri-an-ism Lm) 3 ,l"thethi?y 

and practice of eating only fruit, nuts, and 
vegetables. 

a fufcx (vej'e-tat), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
v cg-c-uuc vegetated, p.pr. vegetating), 
to grow with no more effort than a plant; 
to live a lazy, useless life; to allow mind and 
body to become feeble through lack of use. 

— adj. vegetative. — adv. vegetatively. — n. 
vege lativeness. 

-.Toff & fo firm (vej "e-ta'shun), n. the 
v cg-c- l<x- growth of vegetables or 
plants; plant life; as, tropical vegetation is 
luxuriant; plants in general. 

tt P rn Ptir P (ve'he-mens; ve'e-mens), 
vc-iic-incnv/c n passionate earnestness; 

force of words and action; violence; eager¬ 
ness; urgency. 

•\ 7 -a V«p rnpnt (ve'hS-ment; ve'e-ment), 
v c-iic-J.ii.ciiL a dj' very violent or forcible; 

as, vehement speech; passionate; ardent; 
earnest.— adv. vehemently. 

"hi pip (ve'hl-kl; ve'I-kl), n. any kind 
vc-lll-cic 0 f conveyance, as a wagon, 
carriage, etc.; any means of carrying or 
conveying or communicating something; 
hence, a substance in which medicine is 
taken, a form of literary composition, etc.— 
adj. vehicular. 

V«=»i1 ( va b. n • a thin- gauzy covering for the 
face; a curtain or covering to conceal 
something; a disguise: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, a curtain; hide; conceal; as, to 
veil one’s thoughts or intentions.— adj. 
veiled. 

•vpiIpH ( v ald), adj. covered by a curtain; 
VC11CU. disguised; wearing a jovering over 
the face; having the real meaning hidden or 
disguised; as, veiled speech. 

inn- (val'ing), n. thin, gauzy material, 

Veii-mg as f or V eiis. 

x/pin ( van )> n - one °f the tubelike vessels 
v Clli which carry the blood to the heart; 
one of the branching ribs of a plant or of the 
wing of an insect; a crack or seam in rock 
filled by mineral matter; as, a vein of gold; 
a mineral bed; as, a vein o 1 coal; a wave 
or streak in wood, marble, etc.; anything 
running through something else; as, a vein 
of humor ran through the serious address; 
a strain; as, he spoke in a solemn vein: v.t. 
to cover, fill, or form with veins.— adj. 
veined. — n. veining. 

vp 1H + (felt; velt), n. open or thinly wooded 

V CiUL country in South Africa; grass 
country. 

vtaI Ifjm (vSl'um), n. a fine parchment, 

V Ci-iUlIl made of the skin of an animal, 
intended for writing upon; also, a kind of 
paper or cotton cloth in imitation of such 
parchment or skin. 


veneration 


vt* 1 nr i paHp (v6-15s'I-ped), n. a light, 
ve-ioc-l-peue two- or three-wheeled 

vehicle moved by the rider’s feet: the form 


from which the bicycle and tricycle have 

developed. 

vt-o Ipp i Hr (ve-los'I-tl), n. [pi. velocities 
ve-ioe-l-iy (_tlz)], rate of movement of a 
moving object; speed; swiftness; as, the 
velocity of a bullet. 

ve lours ( vg_ioor, b n - any of various 


a pile. 


any 

woven fabrics having 
or raised surface, like that of velvet, 
vrol ura (vel'ur), n. velvet, or similar 
Vcl-lU b material; a linen or silk fabric 
with a velvety finish, used as drapery. 

Trpkl (vel'vet), n. a silk material with a 

Vci-VcL short, thick pile, or surface of 
upright cut threads; the soft skin on the 
horns of young deer; slang, money or funds 
secured without effort, as by speculation: adj. 
soft like velvet; velvety; as, a velvet touch, 
wal vp+ cx(±r\ (verve-ten'), n. a cotton 
vci-vci-ccn material resembling velvet; 
imitation velvet. 

T7 .~i vp+ v (vSl'vS-tl), adj. soft like velvet 
VCl-VCl-y the touch; soft and even in 
sound; as, a velvety tone. 

no] (ve'nal), adj. ready or willing to be 
Vc-ila.1 bought or bribed; to be obtained 
by purchase or hire; as, venal services: used 
especially of a base or degrading transaction. 
— adv. venally. 

Syn. salable, hireling, mercenary. 

Ant. (see unpurchasable). 

VP* -nal i +v (ve-nal'I-tl), n. willingness to 
v c-iial.-J.-Lj lower or cheapen one’s talents 
or services in order to gain money or reward; 
a mercenary spirit. 

via firm (v§-na'shun), n. the arrange- 
v C-J.J.O.-IJ.UJ.J. ment of veins, as in a leaf or 
an insect’s wing. 

upn( 4 (vend), v.t. to sell; to offer for sale, 

V CJ.JU. especially by hawking or peddling. 
vpnH pp (ven-de'), n. one to whom a thing 
v ciiu-cc i s sold: a term used chiefly in law. 
vpnH or (ven'der), n. a seller of goods. 

V CJ.iU.-cl usually a hawker or peddler, 

vpn f o (ven-det'd), n. a private feud 

vcil-UCl-la or quarrel for revenge involv¬ 
ing the shedding of blood: a custom in Cor¬ 
sica, Kentucky, etc. 

vptiH i Kick (ven'di-bl), adj. marketable or 
vciiu-i-uic salable: n. a marketable or 
salable article. 

vpnH nr (vSn'dSr), n. one whosells; op- 
vciiu-Ui posite to vendee, and used chiefly 
in law. 

wem H 11 a (ven-du'), n. a public sale by 
VCri-UUC auction. 


vp nppr (vS-ner'), v.t. to overlay with a 
vc-Jicci thin surface of more valuable 
material, as a piece of furniture with better 
wood; hence, to cover or conceal (something 
bad or common) with a surface polish; give a 
gloss to: n. a thin surface of fine wood overlaid 
above that of a poorer quality; outside show; 
pretense; surface elegance.—n. veneering. 

xrpn pr bl p (ven er-d-bl), adj. so old 
v cn-ci -a-uic an d wise as to be worthy of 
reverence; as, a venerable old man; sacred by 
reason of associations of a religious or historic 
nature; as, in the venerable cathedral at 
Rheims the kings of France were crowned.— 
adv. venerably.—n. venerability. 

Syn. grave, sage, wise, old, reverend. 

VPTl pr fl+P (ven'er-at), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
vcn-ci-aic venerated, p.pr. venerating], 
to regard as sacred; regard with the highest 
respect; revere because of age or wisdom.— n. 
venerator. 

vp-n Pr a firm (ven"er-^'shun), n. the 
v cii-ci-a-Liuii highest degree of respect 

and reverence; respectful awe; worship. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









venereal 


697 


verbatim 


vp TIP rp a\ (ve-ne'rS-al), adj. due to im- 
v c-cu, moral relations with an in¬ 

fected person: used of certain diseases usually 
contracted from immoral living, but also 
transmitted by infection from public dr inking 
cups, towels, etc. 

VPn Pr V (ven'er-I), n. formerly, the art of 
hunting; the pleasures of the 

chase. 

Vp tip Haw (v£-ne'sh§n), adj. of or per- 
* ^"HC-LlcUl taining to Venice, in Italy, or 
Its people; as, Venetian lace: n. a native of 
Venice. 

Ve-ne-tian blind ‘'tSSow^aK 

blind made of long, thin, horizontal slats 
of wood, fastened together and drawn up and 
down by cords. 

Vp TIP Hart Hnnr (ve-ne'shan dor), a 
v c -iic - nail uoor door with long nar _ 

row side lights. 

vpnerp onrp (ven'jans), n. revenge, usu- 
v ally just; righteous repay¬ 

ment of an injury or offense; retribution; as, 
“ Vengeance is mine, saith the Lord.” 
vpno-p fill (venj'fool), adj. revengeful; 
v inclined to inflict stern punish¬ 

ment for an injury or offense; as, a vengeful 
spirit.— adv. vengefully. — n. vengefulness, 
vp ni a\ (ve'nl-al), adj. not beyond for- 
v o-iu-ai giveness; pardonable; excusable; 
as, venial sins.— adv. venially. — n. venialness, 
veniality. 

vp ni rp (ve-ni're), n. a legal writ or 
vc-iu-ic judge’s order for the summoning 
of a jury for a court trial: called in full venire 
facias. 

vpn i o/vn (ven'I-zn; esp. Br. ven'zn), n. 
v cii-i-DUii deer’s flesh used for meat. 

VPTI om (ven'um), n. the poison of certain 
vcil-viii animals and insects, which makes 
their bite or sting injurious and often fatal; 
hence, anything which poisons or makes 
bitter; as, the venom of bitter speech; spite. 
Syn. virus, malice, malignity. 

VPT1 ftm /y|ic (v6n um-us), adj. full 
v 0 f poison; poisonous; as, 
a venomous sting; having poison glands; as, 
a venomous snake; baneful; spiteful; as, 
venomous speech.— adv. venomously. — n. ven¬ 
omousness. 

vp none (ve'nus), adj. of or pertaining 
v c-uuua f 0 veins; as, venous blood is 
that found in the veins, not in the arteries. 
ve»n+ (vent), n. a small opening for the 
VcilL escape of air, liquid, etc.; hence, an 
outlet; a passage; an utterance; as, to give 
vent to one’s thoughts is a relief; the opening 
at the breech of a firearm, through which Are 
is communicated to the powder of the charge: 
v.t. to let out through a hole; to utter or 
express; as, to vent one’s spite; to furnish 
with an outlet; to relieve by speech, etc.; as, 
to vent oneself in angry words. 

1 n+a, (ven'tl-lat), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

V C1I-Li-la LC ventilated, p.pr. ventilating], 
to supply with fresh air; as, to ventilate a 
room; to utter or express publicly. 

xron H la +irvn (ven^tl-la'shun), n. the act 
VGil-ll-id-LIOII 0 f supplying with fresh 

air; the state of being supplied with fresh air. 
+1 1 0 (ven'tl-la'ter), n. a con- 

V cli- Ll-ld- LUI trivance for admitting fresh 
air and letting out foul air. 

xro-n -fx-ol (ven'tral), adj. of or pertaining 

V CII-LI dl f 0 the abdomen, or belly, as of an 
animal or serpent; as, the ventral fins of a 
fish: opposite to dorsal. 

nan (vSn'trl-kl), n. either of the 

VcIl-LII-CLC two lower chambers of the 


heart which deliver blood to the arteries; as. 
the right or left ventricle. — adj. ventricular. 

v en-tril-o-quism SMSWlS’ Si 

speaking in such a manner that the voice 
seems to come from another person or place. 

ven tril-o nui^t (ven-trir&-kwist), n. 
veil till v kjuiaL one who practices the 

art of speaking in such a way that the voice 
appears to come from another person or 
place. 

VPtl tiirp (ven'tur), n. a dangerous or 
vcn-iuic daring undertaking; an enter¬ 
prise involving risk; as, a business venture; 
something risked; a hazard: v.t. [p.t. and 
p.p. ventured, p.pr. venturing], to risk; expose 
to danger; chance; as, to venture money in a 
business scheme; assume the risk of; under¬ 
take at a risk; dare: v.i. to dare; to take 
a chance; to run a risk.— n. venturer. 

Syn., n. chance, peril, stake. 

VPtl tiirp comp (ven'tur-sum), adj. dar- 

ven-cure-some ing; raS h; willing to 

incur risks. Also, adventuresome. — adv. ven¬ 
turesomely.— -n. venturesomeness. 

VPtl tiir nnc (ven'tur-us), adj. rash; bold; 
vcii-iui-uua daring. Also, adventurous. 

adv. venturously.— n. venturousness, 
xrptl IIP (ven'u), n. in a lawsuit, the locality 
vcii-uc where the events occurred that 
caused the suit; also, the place from which 
the jury is taken, and where the trial is held. 
Vp niic (ve'nus), n. a bright planet whose 
* '^“liLl& orbit is between those of Mercury 
and the earth, hence second from the sun: 
formerly called Lucifer when star of morning, 
and Hesperus when star of evening; in 
Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty 
and love, and the wife of Vulcan: identified 
with the Greek goddess Aphrodite. 

\re± ro (ve-ra'shus), adj. habitually 

Vc-IcL-LlOUb telling the truth; truthful; 
as, a veracious person; marked by truth; true; 
as, a veracious report.— adv. veraciously. 

T7Q fan i txr (ve-ras'I-ti), n. habitual re- 
Vc-IcLG-I-Ly gard for the truth; truthful¬ 
ness; as, you can rely on his veracity; truth. 
Syn. credibility, accuracy. 

Ant. (see falsehood). 

vp raw r\a (vS-ran'da), n. an open bal- 
v c-icu.i-u.ci cony, attached to the outside 
of a house and having a roof supported by 
light pillars or posts; a porch; in the United 
States, a piazza. Also, verandah, 
vprh (vflrb), n. that part of speech which 
v ex u expresses action, existence, or con¬ 
dition. 

vpr Vial (vur'bal), adj. of or pertaining to 
VCi-Ucll •words; consisting merely of words; 
as, his sympathy was only verbal; concerned 
with words more than with the ideas which 
they contain; stated or expressed in words, 
especially spoken words; hence, spoken; not 
written; as, a verbal agreement; word for 
word; as, she gave a verbal recitation of her 
lesson without understanding it; in grammar, 
pertaining to, or derived from, a verb: verbal 
noun, a noun made from a verb by adding -ing, 
and meaning the act or process of doing what 
is indicated by the verb; as, in the sentence 
“Seeing is believing,” seeing and believing are 
verbal nouns. — adv. verbally. 
r,nf Viol icm (vfir'bal-Izm), n. expression 
Vcl-UcU-l&IIl j n words without attention 
to thought; as, the frequent repeating of a 
set form of words often becomes empty 
verbalism. 

vpr \\a +im (ver-ba'tlm), adv. word for 
vci-ua-liin word; as, to report a speech 
verbatim. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh —z as in azure; kh—ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 


46 








verbena 


698 


verst 


ver-bose 


_ 7Pkr -u^ t -,0 (vgr-be'nd), n. a garden plant 
VCl-Uc-lia. 0 f many varieties, with large 
flowers of various colors and spicy fragrance. 

y.: flo . p (vfir'bl-aj), n. wordiness; the 
VCi-Ul-dgC meaningless use of many 
words. 

(ver-b5s'). adj. wordy; full of 
words; using too many words. 
— adv. verbosely. — n. verboseness. 

_ r „ r -U l xl. (ver-bos'I-tl),«. the use of too 
Vci-UUo-l-ty many words; wordiness. 

rre^r Aon rxr (vfir'd£n-sl), n. greenness; 
V Cl -Uall-cy as, the verdancy of the foliage; 
Inexperience; as, the verdancy of youth, 
vrdr At in+ (vur'dant), adj. covered with 
VCl-11 dllt fresh green grass or foliage; as, 
the verdant landscape; having the freshness 
of spring; hence, fresh and untried in knowl¬ 
edge or judgment; inexperienced; as, verdant 
youth. 

xrf*r Hirf (vfir'dlkt), n. the decision of a 
VCl-Ulcl jury on a caS e in court; as, the 
jury’s verdict was “Not guilty’’; the expres¬ 
sion of any important decision. 

A\ trric (vfir'di-gres), n. a green or 
vci-ui-giio bluish-green coloring matter 
and drug, produced by acetic acid acting on 
copper; colloquially, a greenish or bluish 
rust on copper, bronze, etc. 

Anrfi (vfir'dflr), n. greenness or fresh- 
VC1-UU1C ness, especially of grass and 
growing plants; also, green grass, growing 
plants, etc.; as the meadows were clad with 
verdure. 

(vfirj), n. a rod or staff carried as 
VClgC a s ig n 0 f authority; a limit or 
boundary; an extreme edge; as, the verge of 
a precipice: v.i. to be on the edge or border: 
with on; as, to verge on treason; to tend; 
to incline, 

\ 7 (*r c rpr (vflr'jSr), n. an officer who carries 
v a . ro( j as a s i gn of authority; 
In the English Church, an attendant on a 
bishop, a dean, etc.; in the Protestant Epis¬ 
copal Church, one who takes care of a church 
building or property; a sexton. 

i fi o V\1p (ver'I-fTd-bl), adj. capable 
v 0 f ^ing proved true. 

i pn +i nn (ver"l-fl-ka'shun), n. the 
Ver-l-n-Cd-UUIl act of provmg to be 
true; the state of being proved true. 
xr&r i fir (ver'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. veri- 
vci-l-iy fled, p.pr. verifying], to prove to 
be true; to confirm or substantiate; as, to 
verify a statement. 

xre*r i Ivr (ver'i-11), adv. in truth; in fact; 
VCl-l-lj certainly; really; truly; as, verily 1 
believe. 

«ra r t Qi mil i fiiHp (ver"I-sI-mtl'I-tud), 
Vei-l-Sl-inii-l-LUae n . the appearance 

of truth; probability; likelihood; likeness 
to the actual. 

xt nr i to hip (vgr'I-td-bl), adj. actual; 
v -i-tn-uic genuine; true; as, the rain 
was a veritable godsend.— adv. veritably. 

i +v (ver'I-tl), n. [pi. verities (-tlz)l, 
VCA " A-l 'J that which is true; a truth; a 
fact; quality of being true or correct; truth¬ 
fulness; reality; as, the verity of the Scripture 
narrative. 

V p r mi rpl 1i (vflr'm6 -s6 ri; vfir'mS- 
ver-Ull-C ei-11 chel'I), n. a paste made of 

fine flour dried in slender, round sticks; a 

small, solid kind of macaroni. 

npr mi form (vOr'ml-fflrm), adj. shaped 

vci-uu-iuiui like a worm: vermiform 

appendix, a small, useless, closed tube 
attached to the large intestine in the lower 
right-hand part of the abdomen: the seat 
of the disease appendicitis. 


,, ot . mi fvirrp (vfir'ml-fuj), n. a medicine 
vei-llil-lUgC fbat expels or forces para¬ 
sitic worms from animal bodies. 

-mil irvn (ver-mll'yfln), n. a brilliant 

V cl-11111-lUll r ed coloring matter made 
from sulphide of mercury; a vivid red color. 

min (vur'mln), n. [usually pi.], harm- 

V cl-111111 f tl i an d offensive small animals 
or insects, as bedbugs, flies, lice, fleas, mice, 
rats, etc.— adj. verminous. 

ver-mor-el spray-er 

fruit tree and vineyard sprayer intended to 
rid the trees and vines of destroying worms; 
in the World War, the same device used to 
get rid of chlorine gas in the trenches after a 
gas attack: not effective for phosgene gas. 
wot* mirfh (vfir'mooth), n. a kind of 
v Cl -111 U-tll spjcy alcoholic cordial flavored 
with wormwood and other substances. Also, 
vermouth. 

\rcir nor 11 lor (ver-nak'A-ldr), adj. per- 
Vcl-lla.v-U.-lctl taining to one s native 

country: used of a language: n. one’s mother 
tongue; the prevailing fashion of speech 
among the people in general in any locality; 
as, he could converse in the vernacular with 
his mountaineer friends; vocabulary peculiar 
to a business, profession, etc.; as, the vernacu¬ 
lar of the motion picture studios, 
xr fir nol (vur'nal), adj. pertaining to, or 
VCl-licll appearing in, the spring; as, the 
vernal equinox; springlike; hence, youthful; 
as, the vernal flres of enthusiasm. 
xr fir tit pr (vhr'nl-er), n. a scale made to 
VCl-lll-Cl glide along the divisions of 
another scale in order to obtain accurate 
fractional parts of the subdivisions of the 
fixed scale. 

vpr qo tilf* (vfir'sa-tll), adj. turning easily 
vci-oa.-u.xc from one action, style, sub¬ 
ject, etc., to another; able to do many 
things well; as, a versatile writer. 
xrnr ca ft! i fir (vflr'sd-tll'J-tl), n. ability 
v ci-oa-ui-i-Lj t 0 change easily from one 
action, style, or subject to another; power 
to do many things well. 

vpr cp (vurs), n. a line of poetry; a form 
VClOC of composition possessing rhythm; 
poetry; a short division of a chapter in the 
Bible: pi. a poem. 

(vurst), adj. thoroughly trained: 
VCl&CU taught by experience, practice, 
study, etc.; skilled; learned; informed. 
upr rip (vfir'sl-kl), n. a little verse, 
vci-oi-cic especially a short verse or 
sentence said or sung by a minister or priest, 
followed by a response from the congregation. 

Trot* qi ro ti on (vur'sl-fi-ka'shfin), n. 
VCl-bl-ll-Ccl-LlOIl the a rt or practice of 

composing verses, as of poetry; the science of 
metrical construction. 

VP r ci fv (vfir'sT-fi), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. 
vci - 01-1 y versified, p.pr. versifying], to 
express thought or feeling in verse form; 
to make verses: v.t. to express in verse; to 
put into verse.— n. versifier. 
xr fir oinn (vur'shun), n. a translation from 
vci-olUll one language into another; as, 
the revised version of the Bible; an individual 
report of an occurrence which may differ 
from others according to the narrator’s 
point of view; as, his version of the accident 
was not credited; a form taken by a story 
under particular circumstances of place and 
time; as, there is an Irish version of the 3 tory 
of Cinderella. 

.r 0rc f (vfirst), n. the Russian mile, equal 
Vclbl f 0 3,500 English feet, or 0.6629 
mile. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








versus 


699 


vexation 


np r cue (vflr'sfls), prep.llabbrev. vs. or ».], 
vci-oua against: used chiefly in legal or 
sporting language; as, the case of John Doe 
versus Richard Roe. 

« Tf xr fA "hr a (vfir'tfe-brd), n. {pi. vertebrae 
vci-ic-uia (-bre)], a single bone of the 
spinal column, or backbone.— adj. vertebral. 
XT&r hrafA (vur'tS-brat), adj. having 
vci-io-uiaic a backbone, or spinal col¬ 
umn; as, a vertebrate animal: n. an animal 
with a spinal column.— adj. vertebrated. 
vpr y (vflr'teks), n. [pi. vertexes (-t8k- 
vci-lCA s g s ) i vertices (-tl-sez)], the high¬ 
est point; the apex; as, the vertex of a pyra¬ 
mid; the top. 

vpr +: pjjl (vfir'tl-k&l), ad), pertaining to. 
vci-li-cajL or situated at, the apex or top; 
leading toward the zenith; at right angles 
with the horizon; upright; in an up and 
down direction; as, draw a vertical line from 
top to bottom of the paper: n. a line, plane, 
or circle at right angles with the horizon.— 
adv. vertically.—n. vertiealness, verticality. 

xt air +irr i -nmic (ver-tlj'I-nus), adj. affect- 
ver-llg-l-llOUo e d with dizziness; giddy; 

making dizzy; turning around; whirling. 
vpr fi crr\ (vflr'tl-go), n. [pi. vertigoes 
vci-u-gu (-goz)], giddiness; extreme dizzi¬ 
ness. 

(vfir'too), n. artistic rarity; objects 

V Cl-lu showing artistic or curious work¬ 
manship. Also, virtu. 

vptwp (vurv), n. the enthusiasm which 

V Cl V C inspires a poet or artist; quickness 
of imagination; energy; spirit. 

xrckt* st (ver'I), adj. [comp, verier, superl. 
yCL-y veriest], absolute; complete; utter; 
as, that is the very truth; especial; as, his 
very own; the same; as, that is the very one; 
for emphasis, equivalent to even the; as, the 
very thought frightens me: adv. in a high 
degree; extremely; as, she does very good 
work: not used to modify verbs, or past 
participles in the predicate, 
woe i rotp (ves'i-kat), v.t. to cause the skin 
VCb-l-CctLC of to blister.— n. vesication. 

(ves'i-kl), n. a small vessel, or 
VCa-l-UC saCt in the body, containing 
fluid; a blister; a cyst. 

,.„ c rwa-r (ves'per), ad), pertaining to the 
VCo-pci evening: n. evening; an evening 
hymn, prayer, etc.: Vesper, the evening star, 
or Hesper. 

0 noro (vgs'perz), n.pl. in the Protestant 
VCo-pCio Episcopal Church, evening 
prayer; a late Sunday afternoon service, 
often musical. . ,, , 

_ ro _ OCk 1 (ves'el), n. a hollow receptacle or 
VCa-oCi container, usually for liquids, as a 
barrel, bottle, cup, etc.; a tube or canal in 
the body through which a fluid passes or in 
which it is secreted; as, a blood vessel, etc.; 
a hollow, floating structure for conveyance 
of people and goods by water; any boat 
larger than a rowboat; a ship. 

..._i (vest), n. a waistcoat; a man’s sleeve- 
VtJbl jess body garment, worn beneath the 
coat; a woven or knitted undershirt; an 
ornamental insertion in the front of a woman's 
■waist: v.t. to dress in, or as in, a garment; 
hence, to encircle or surround; to clothe, 
with authority or power: followed by with: 
to put into the care of another: with m; 
as, the control of the city is vested in its 
officials: v.i. to be fixed; to pass or take 
effect, as a title to property, etc.: with in. 

T 7 o.e fa (ves'ta), n. a short wax match or 
Vco-ld. taper; a short wooden match. 

.„ c + 0 l (vSs'tai). adj. pertaining to, or 
Veb-Ull sacred to, Vesta, the Roman 


goddess of the hearth and home, or to one 
of the virgins who served in her temple: n. 
in the Roman religion, a virgin vowed to the 
service of Vesta; a virgin; also, a nun: 
Vestal Virgins, the six virgin priestesses who 
tended the sacred fire on the altar of the 
temple of Vesta, at Rome. 
vp>cf Arl (ves'ted), adj. clothed, especially 
vcol-CU j n priestly garments; fixed; hav¬ 
ing its rights established by law; as, vested 
interests. 

fi "hill a (ves'tl-bul), n. a small, square 
vco-u-uuic inclosure between an outer 
and an inner door of a house; an inclosed 
porch or entrance hall outside the main door 
of a building; as, the vestibule of a church; 
an inclosed entrance to a railway passenger 
car.— adj. vestibuled. 

vpc fi<T** (ves'ttj), n. a mark left in pass- 
VCo-llgC i n g ; a visible sign or trace of 
something that is gone or has disappeared or 
ceased; as, not a vestige of the house remained. 
vp>cf m Arif (vest'ment), n. a covering; 
v col-i.iiGJ.ii, a garment; an official dress 
or robe of ceremony: pi. garments or robes 
worn over the ordinary dress by priests, 
ministers, choir, etc., in the services of the 
church. 

XT-ac frxr (ves'trl), n. [pi. vestries (-trlz)], 

V CO-liy a room in a church where the 
clergy put on their vestments or robes; also, 
in some Protestant churches, a room or 
building attached to a church, and used as 
a chapel, Sunday-school room, etc.; in the 
Protestant Episcopal Chinch, a body of 
men who direct or govern the affairs of a 
parish. 

X7-AC frxr -man (v6s'trl-m5n), n. [pi. ves- 
VcS-Xry-Hla.il trymen (-men)], one of a 

group that directs or manages the affairs of 
a church and parish. 

vac fur a (ves'tilr), n. clothing; garments 
VCa-lUIC taken collectively; a covering. 
VAfrVi (vech), n. a plant of the same family 

V c ICil as the pea and bean, used for fodder. 
xrAf or an (vet'er-5n), adj. possessing ex- 
VC l-Cl-a.il perience due to age; long 
trained or practiced, especially as a soldier: 
n. a person of age and experience; one grown 
old in service; a soldier of any age who has 
seen active service in war; as, though they 
were only boys, the first soldiers to return 
from the trenches in 1918 were called veterans. 

Trof or i na rt an (vet"er-l-na'rl-5n), n. 
Ve L-6r-l-na-ri-all one ■who understands 

and practices the healing of diseases and 
injuries of domestic animals, especially 
horses, cattle, etc. 

irof or i na rxr (vSt'er-I-na-rl), ad), per- 
VcL-Ci-1-Ila.-iy taming to the healing of 

diseases of domestic animals, especially 
horses, cattle, etc.; as, a veterinary surgeon: 
n. [pi. veterinaries (-rlz)], one who treats the 
diseases of domestic animals, 
xro fn (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes (-toz)], the 
VC-IU right to stop or prevent the enact¬ 
ment of a measure as law; a prohibition by 
one in authority; the refusal of a chief 
executive to agree to a legislative enactment: 
v.t. to refuse consent to; prohibit; forbid 
with authority; as, the President vetoed the 
measure. 

xr ay (veks), v.t. to irritate by small annoy- 
*CA ances; to harass; tease; make angry. 
, mv 0 (vek-sa'shun), n. the act of 

VcX-a.-T 10 n annoying; the state of being 
irritated or annoyed; annoyance; a> cause of 
worry; displeasure. 

Syn. chagrin, mortification. 

Ant, (see pleasure). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw — wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch.^ See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 








vexatious 


700 


victoria 


T7PY a timic (vek-sa'shus), adj. causing 
vcA-a-uuua irritation or annoyance; 

troublesome; harassing.— adv. vexatiously. 

(vekst), adj. much debated or 
yCACU contested, but not settled; as, a 
vexed question. 

« (vi'a), prep, by the way of; as, he 
VA-£ * traveled from New York to Chicago via 
Philadelphia. [Lat.] 

iri n 1-|1 p (vi'a-bl), adj. capable of living or 
Vl-d-UlC rnaintaining life; used of a new- 
bom infant. 

tn a Hurt (vTa-dukt), n. a bridge for 
vi-a*uui>l carrying a roadway over a 
valley or ravine, etc., built of masonry 
arches or of short steel spans mounted on 
high steel towers. 



Viaduct 

n\ (vi'SI), n. a small glass bottle; as, a 
Vi-di rial f or medicine. Also, phial. 

rrt otiHg (vi'Sndz), n.pl. food or pro- 
vi-aiiuo visions; eatables. 

tr? at i riim (vf-at'f-kum), n. the Eucha- 
vi-dt-x-cuiiJ. r i s t, or Communion, admin¬ 
istered by a priest of the Roman Catholic 
Church to a dying person, 
vri "hront (vi'brSnt), adj. vibrating; thrill- 
v diiL jug. tremulous; resonant or re¬ 
sounding; as, a vibrant voice. 



lum; to swing; shake; quiver; waver; to 
thrill or tremble, as a voice: v.t. to cause to 
move to and fro; cause to quiver, etc. 

Syn. oscillate, sway, wave, undulate, 
hrfinn (vi-bra'shun), n. the act of 
VA-UA<1-l ' A '- ,AA swinging, quivering, or thrill¬ 
ing; as, the vibration of a piano string when 
it is struck; trembling or wavering motion or 
sound.— adj. vibrational, 
tri hra frvr (vf'bra-ter), n. one who, or 
VA_ d-LUi. that which, causes to move 
back and forth, to quiver, or to thrill: usually 
a mechanical or electrical device, 
vn Vkffl tn rv (vi'brd-t6-rl), adj. consisting 
V A -U A a-lu-ij/ 0 f ( or causing, a swinging, 
shaking, or quivering movement; pertaining 
to such a movement. 

"uir ar (vTk'er), n. in the Roman Catholic 
VJC-dl church, a member of the clergy 
representing one higher up; as, the Pope is 
said to be the Vicar of Christ, and is repre¬ 
sented by a vicar; in England, the priest of a 

E arish of which the tithes are owned by a 
lyman; in the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
a minister who is the head of one chapel in 
a large parish; also, a bishop’s representative 
In charge of a church or mission. 


vir ar nao (vfk'Sr-8j), n. in England, the 
VIC-dl -dgc office, position, or residence 
of a vicar, or minister of a parish controlled 
by a layman. . 

VI f* ci r-PPtl Pi* f) 1 ( v hr , er»j6n Sr-Sl), n. 
VlC-dl gcll-ol-dl in the Anglican 

Church, a legal officer who represents an 
archbishop in certain matters; in the Roman 
Catholic Church, a priest who represents and 
acts for a bishop in matters requiring the 
exercise of legal power or jurisdiction. 

▼ t; \ 4*] rviio (vi-ka'rl-us), adj. acting for 

vM/a-ii-uuo another; as, a vicarious 
agent; performed or suffered in place of 
another; as, vicarious suffering.— adv. vicari¬ 
ously.—n. vicariousness, 
virfi (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blemish; 
V1CC an immoral practice or habit; aban¬ 
donment to evil; immorality; an instrument 
used to hold things firmly in two jaws tight¬ 
ened by a screw: also spelled vise. 

Syn. vileness, corruption, pollution, wicked¬ 
ness, guilt, iniquity. 

Ant. (see virtue). 

virfx (vis), ffdj. entitled to fill an office in 
Vice the absence of its holder; as, vice 
president; denoting the office of one so 
entitled; second in rank; as, vice admiral, 
iri/'** <vo rorif (vis-je'rent). adj. holding 
power from another; act¬ 
ing in the place of another: n. an officer 
authorized to exercise the powers of another; 
an agent or lieutenant. 

v i rp o*o 1 (vfe're'gS-l), adj. pertaining to 

v C-gai a viceroy, or a governor of a 
province or colony ruling in the name and 
by the authority of a king or sovereign; as. 
viceregal authority. 

viro rmr (vis'roi), n. a ruler of a colony or 
VICC-iuy province, acting with royal 
authority in the place of the king; as, the 
viceroy of India. 

"ttI n p t"i"i v a 1 hr (vfe'roi'SI-tD , n. the au* 
Vice-roy-d-i-xy thority, office, or position 
of a viceroy, or royal governor of a colony or 
province. 

vi pa tt or ca (vi'sS vfir'sa), in reversed 
vi-V/C vci-aa order: with relations made 
opposite; conversely. [Lat.] 

Trip ; ti/j (ya (vis'i-naj), n. neighborhood: 
VlC-l-Ildge vicinity; locality. 

/'in i ■Hr (vf-sfn'I-tl), n. {pi. vicinities 
Vl-Clil-l-iy (_tiz)], nearness; closeness; a 
region about or near; neighborhood; as. he 
lives in our vicinity. 

vi rimic (vlsh'us), adj. faulty; as, vicious 
Vi-UUUb reasoning; corrupt: depraved; 
wicked; as, he led a vicious life; unruly; 
spiteful; not well tamed or broken; as, a 
vicious horse; impure; as, vicious air.— adv. 
viciously.— n. viciousness. 

Ant. (see gentle). 

vi ric ci fiiHp (vl-sfs^I-tud), n. a com- 
vi-ua-oi-iuuc plete, unexpected change; 

an unforeseen, usually disturbing, event; 
regular change. 

vir tim (yfk'tlm), n. a living being sacri- 
V 1 V/-LH 11 ficed in a religious rite or cere¬ 
mony; a person or thing destroyed or hurt 
by another in the pursuit of some object, or 
injured by some accident, disease, etc. 

Syn. sacrifice, prey, sufferer. 



swindle. 


vir for (vfk'ter), n. conqueror; one who 
vio-lUi -wins in a contest: adj. conquering, 
vir* tn ri a (vfk-to'ri-d), n. a kind of low 
V IP-lU-i l-q. four-wheeled carriage with a 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, ein; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 





















Victoria Cross 


701 


villain 



top that may be lowered and a high coachman’s 
seat; a very large South American water lily. 

Vip f a rt o PtYicc (vlk-to'rl-a kros), a 
ViU-lU-Il-d. V^rOSb decoration insti¬ 
tuted at the close of the Crimean Campaign 
in 1856, and granted to a soldier of any rank 
and for a single act of valor: one of the highest 
medals awarded in the British army. 

V- jp f a fi of* (vlk-to'ri-in), adj. pertain- 
»u/-io-ii-cui ing to the reign of Queen 
Victoria of England (1837-1901) : n. a per¬ 
son living during that time, especially a 
writer; as. Dickens, Thackeray, Tennyson, 
and Carlyle were among the greatest Vic¬ 
torians ; a person whose thoughts and habits 
are characteristic of the time of Queen Vic¬ 
toria’s reign. 

Vic-to.vi a TP pd a (vlk-to'rl-a rS'jl-a), 

VIC lU-Ii-ct IC-gl-d the royal water lily, 

a plant of tropi¬ 
cal South Amer¬ 
ica, remark¬ 
able for its im¬ 
mense flowers, 
often one to two 
feet in diam¬ 
eter, and for its 
peculiar leaves. 

vic-to-ri- 

A1 |C (to'- 

.. , r !" us ) • Victoria Regia 

adj. having con- 

quered in battle or contest; triumphant; as, 
a victorious army; marked by, or ending in, 
conquest or triumph; as, a victorious fight.— 
adv. victoriously.—n. victoriousness, 
vir tn rv (vik'to-rl), n. [pi. victories C-riz)], 
vit-lU-lj the defeat of an enemy in battle, 
or an opponent in a contest; triumph; con¬ 
quest. 

virt nol v t - lP-t- and P-P- victualed, 

vxtl-Ual p.pr. victualing], to supply or 
stock with food: npl. food for human beings; 
especially, such food when ready for eating, 
virt nal pr (vR'l-er.; vlt'ler), n. one who 
vitl-uai-ci provides victuals, or food, 
especially a hotel keeper. Also, victualler, 
vi rii -no (vl-kSon'yd), n. an animal of the 

VI- tU-lla high Andes, belonging to the 
llama and alpaca 
family, and fur¬ 
nishing a fine, 
long, reddish 
wool; yarn or 
cloth made of the 
wool of this 
animal. 

vi Hp (vi'dS), 

V1-U.C a term 

meaning “See”: 
used to direct at¬ 
tention ; as, vide 
supra means see 
above. [Lat.] 

vi-del-i-cet 

(vl-del'I-set), adv. 
to wit or namely: 
often abbreviated viz. [Lat.] 
vi Hpttp (vl-det'), n. a mounted sentinel 
il-UCllC stationed in front of the regular 
pickets of an army. Also, vedette. 
viV (vi). v i • U?-*- and PP- vied, P-P r - vying], 
VAC to strive for superiority; to contend or 
endeavor, jis in games, school, etc. 
vipw (vu), n • the act of seeing; sight; a 
view scene - objects, extent of landscape, 
etc., within sight; as, there is an extended 
vi.ew from the window; range of mental per¬ 


Vicuna 



ception; as, a statesman must have great 
breadth of view; outlcok, physical or mental; 
a picture of a scene or person looked at from a 
given direction; as, the view of him in the 
photograph does him justice; way of looking 
at anything mentally; opinion; as, he held 
advanced views; regard or consideration; aa, 
make your plans with a view to real success: 
v.t. to see; gaze at; look upon; survey; con¬ 
sider closely and with care.— n. viewer. 

vIpav •nnin't ( vu'point"), n. the position or 
view-puj_i.il place from which one looks 
at something; mentally, a way of regarding 
or judging eve nts, etc.; the attitude of mind 
lying at the basis of an opinion; as, our 
judgment of people’s acts is dependent on 
our viewpoint. 

vicr il (vlj'Il), n. a keeping awake; wake- 
v A o 11 fulness; a watch through the night; 
an evening religious service before a religious 
feast day: pi. devotional watching at night, 
vicr i lanrp (vlj'i-l&ns), n. watchfulness; 
v A &“ A " Aa - AAA/ ' : ' caution; alertness to avoid 
danger. 

Trip- S !or*f (vlj'I-lant), adj. keenly watch- 
v A £5 A-ACAAA L f u i discover and avoid dan¬ 
ger; alert; cautious.— adv. vigilantly. 

Syn. wary, careful, attentive. 

Ant. (see heedless). 

\r\cr i lfiTi tp (vB'T-lan'tS), n. a member of 
v A &" A “ Aa - AA "a vigilance committee, or 
group of citizens who organize themselves, in 
United States communities, to deal severely 
and promptly with crimes for which or dinar y 
legal action is not sufficient. 

VI otlpffp (vln-yet'), n. a small design 
decorating the blank space left 
at the beginning or end of a magazine article, 
a chapter in a book, etc.; any engraving, etc., 
which shades off gradually without definite 
border; a portrait of the head and shoulders 
only: v.t. to ornament with a vignette; make 
a vignette of.—n. vignetter. 
vitr nr (vlg'er) ,n. physical or mental strength 
VA o UA and energy; force or power of mind 
or body. Also, vigour. 

yjnr or r*iiQ (vlg’er-us), adj. full of physl- 

v A o“'‘ FA “VJU.O ca j an d mental strength and 
energy; full of life; powerful; energetic; 
strong; as, a vigorous constitution; a vigorous 
speech.— adv. vigorously. — n. vigorousness. 

vi Irincr (vi'klng; ve'klng), n. one of the 
v A_AVAAA S Scandinavian pirates, or North¬ 
men, who plundered the coasts of Europe In 
the 8th to 10th centuries. 

vilp (vil). ad J- l comp. viler, superl. vilest], 
viac worthless; mean; ignoble; morally 
base or impure; as, vile language; foul or 
offensive.— adv. vilely. — n. vileness. 
vil i fi nr (v!lT-fi"er), n. one who slandera 
VAA-A-AA_CA or abuses another, 
vil i fv (vfl'I-fl), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. vilified, 
vii-i -iy p.p r . vilifying], to make low and 
base by report; to slander; as, to vilify a man’s 
character; to abuse in words.—n. vilification, 
vil 1o (vll'a), n. a residence in the country 
vii-id or suburbs. 

vil Iflcrp (vMJ), n - a small collection of 
vn-iagc houses in a country district, too 
small to be organized as a town, but having 
a name, post office, etc. 

xril lo rrckt- (vll'&-jer), n. one who lives in a 
Vll-id.-ger village. 

vil lain (vfl'ln), n. one capable of great 
vu-idui wickedness; a criminal; a rascal; 
under the feudal system, a serf: usually 
spelled villein; in drama, the evilly disposed 
person who makes trouble for the hero, as 
Iago in Othello: originally this word meant a 
village peasant. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 































villainous 


702 


virago 


**:i lain nnc (vnin-fls), adj. marked by 
VU-lctm-uua extreme wickedness; as, a 
villainous character; evil; base. Also, 
villanous.— adv. villainously, villanously. 
vril loin tT (vll'In-r), n. [pi. villainies (-Iz)l, 
VU-ldUi-y the quality or state of being 
very evil; great wickedness; a very wicked 
act; a crime. 

•1 i 0 :_ (vll'In), n. under the feudal sys- 
Vli-lCill tern, a serf. Also, villain. 

vril Ion otro (vll'en-Sj), n. under the 
Vll-lclI-dgC feudal system, the position 

of a serf; the holding of land by a serf from 

his lord. Also, villanage, villeinage. 

vril lone (vfl'fis), adj. covered with long, 

VII- lUUb thin, soft hairs; downy; shaggy, 
•rim (vim), n. force; energy; spirit; vital- 
vim ity. [Colloq.] 

vrin oi errottak (vfti'a-gret'), n. a small, 
Vin-dl-greue usually ornamental, bottle 

for holding smelling salts. 

vrin r*n Inm (vln'kti-lilm), n. a bond of 
Vlil-CU.-lU.Ili union; a tie; a horizontal 
mark placed over two or more algebraic 
Quantities to indicat e that they are to be 

treated as one; as, x + a — 1 =b. 

T 7 in Hi rata (vln'dt-kat), v.t. to defend 
v ill - U. 1 -V/ 0 . tc successfully against accusa¬ 
tion; to prove right or true against censure, 
blame, etc.; as, to vindicate one’s conduct; 
to justify; to prove legally sound; as, to 
vindicate a claim. 

vri-n Hi ra firm (vln'dl-ka'shun), n. the 
vlll-Ul-l/d-UUll ac t, of proving some¬ 
thing right or true against blame or accusa¬ 
tion; the state of being so proved right; 
defense; support by proof. 

vri-ri rli ra +nr (vln'dl-ka'ter), n. one who 
V ill - Ul-l/o— IU1 defends or supports by 

proof the rightness of something or someone 
recused. 

win Hi pa +a rv (vln'dl-kd-to-rl), adj. 

VIII- Ul-Lct-lU-iy tending or serving to 

Justify; having to do with, or inflicting, 
punishment. 

win Hir tiwA (vln-dlk'tlv). adj. given to, 
v ill-mi/-live or prompted by, revenge; 

inclined to hold a grudge; as, a vindictive per¬ 
son.— adv. vindictively.— n. vindictiveness, 
win o (vin), n. a grapevine; a climbing or 
VJJ.1C trailing plant. 

win a crar (vln'e-ger), n. a sour liquid 
vui-c-gai obtained by fermentation from 
elder, wine, etc., and used to season or pre¬ 
serve food; hence, anything sour.— adj. 

vinegary. 

win** warH (vln'ydrd), n. a plantation of 
grapevines. Also, vinery. 

win nr Hi naira <van"n6r"de''nar'), a 
vlH or-ui-nd-ire cheap grade of claret; 

the common table wine of France. [Fr.] 
wi none (vi'nfls), adj. of, pertaining to, or 
vi-llUUo like, wine; as, vinous spirits, 
win taca (vln't&j), n. the gathering of 
vm-Ulgc grapes; the season for gathering 
grapes and making wine; the process of wine 
making; the yearly produce of a vineyard, 
or of the vineyards of a country; the wine 
produced in a given season; as, the vintage 
of 1872. 

win fa rr nr (vln'ta-jer), n. one who gathers 
VUJ.-La.g-Cl a crop of grapes. 

’ tipt* (vlnt'ner), n. a wine merchant, 

Vllll-llCI usually at wholesale, 
wi nl (vi' 61), n. a medieval four-stringed 
Vl-Ul musical instrument from which the 
violin was developed, and one size of which 
survives as the bass viol. 

wi n la (vfi-o'ld; vi-6'ld), n. a stringed 
Vl-U-la instrument of the violin class, 


between the violin and violoncello in eizf 
and range, and tuned below the violin. 

Tri A la Kick (vi'6-ld-bl), adj. capable of 
vi-u-la-uic being broken; as, a violable 

pledge or agreement. 

wi a latA (vi'6-lat), v.t. \P-t. and p.p. 
Vl-U-iaLC \uolated, p.pr. violating], to 
treat roughly or severely; to ill-use; to en¬ 
croach or trespass upon; as, to violate an¬ 
other’s rights or property; to profane or 
treat irreverently; as, to violate a tomb or 
grave; to transgress, as the law; to dis¬ 
regard, as a treaty; to break, as a promise; 
to outrage or dishonor.— n. violator, 
wi ftl a +irm (vr6-la'shfin), n. an injury. 
Vl-U-lct-null trespass, or infringement; 
transgression; profanation; disregard; out¬ 
rage. 

vri lanra (vTS-lSns), n. the forcible use 
Vl-U-lCllV/C 0 f great strength or energy 
force and fury; as, the violence of a storm; 
strong passion; as, the violence of grief; prof¬ 
anation; outrage; as, he did violence to his 
better nature; assault. 

• „ 1 (vi'6-lent), adj. urged or driven 
V 1-U-iClll by extreme force; improperly 
forcible; passionate; as, vio- a 
lent language, or a violent 
temper; furious; severe; as, 
a violent storm, or violent 
pain; resulting from the use 
of force; as, he met a violent 
death.— adv. violently. 

Syn. boisterous, vehement. 

Ant. (see gentle). 

wi o lot (vi'6-let), n. a 
vi-u-ici well-known low- 

growing plant with heart- 
shaped leaves, which in 
spring bears purple, white, 
or yellow blossoms; a color 
lik e that of the purple 
violet: adj. of a bluish- 

purple color. 

wi a liti CvF’o-lIn'), n. the 
Vl-Q-llIi smallest and high¬ 
est tuned of the group of 
four-stringed musical instru¬ 
ments, played with a bow; 
colloquially called fiddle; a 
violin player. 

vi-o-lin-ist i VI T‘pi'“i 

or performer on the violim 

vi-o-lon-cel-list 

chel'Ist; vI"b-lon-sel'ist), n. a 



G 

Violin. A. 
scroll; B, pegs; C. 
upper saddle; D, 
finger-board; E. 
bridge; F, tall 
pieee; G, tail¬ 
piece button; H, 
front or belly; I, 
sound-holes; J, 
back; K, aeck; 
1 , 2, 3, 4, first, 
second, third, and 
fourth strings. 


player on the violoncello: often shortened 
to ’ cellist or cellist. 

wi A Inti paI 1a (ve v 6-15n-chgl'd; vi'o-lOn- 
Vl-o-ion-cei-io S el'5), n. a large four¬ 
stringed instrument of the violin class, tuned 
below the viola; a bass violin: often short¬ 
ened to 'cello or cello. 

wi npr (vi'per), n. a poisonous Asiatic and 
V 1-jJCi Eux-opean snake of various kinds; an 
adder; hence, a 
harmful or evil 
person.— adj. vi¬ 
perous, viperish. 

vi-rage 

n. in aviation, a I 
difficult sharp 
turn with the 
motor on. 

vi-ra-go <?!: 

g5; vi-ra'go), n. [pi. viragoes (-goz)], a bold, 
quarrelsome woman; a scold. 



Viper 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 























vireo 


703 


vital 


vir p r> (vfr'^-o), n. any of a class of small 
Vli -C-u American song birds, olive-green or 
gray In color. 

trir crin (vflr'jln). «• a maid; a pure un- 
VAA o AAA married woman: the Virgin, Mary 
the mother of Jesus: adj. chaste; modest; 
as, virgin purity; pure; spotless; as, virgin 
snow; new; untouched; as, virgin gold, 
vir trin al (vfir'jl-nSJ), adj. of, pertaining 
VAA- & AAA-clA to, or like, a virgin; maidenly; 
chaste or pure: n. a 16th century musical 
instrument, in the shape of a small spinet 
without legs. 

xrif cr in i Ftt (ver-jln'I-tl), n. maidenhood; 

VlA-SlIl-l-ty virgin purity. 


\rir flp (vlr'Il; vi'ril), adj.' characteristic of, to proceed; an official signature approving 
VH-HC nr bnflttiner a man; manly; as, a document: v.t. to examine and mark a8 


or befitting, 
virile strength; masculine or manlike; force¬ 
ful; masterful. 

vir ii 1 fir (vi-ril'I-tl; vi-ril'I-tl), n. man- 
VU-11-1 -ly hood or manliness; manly 
strength and energy. 

xrir tii (vlr-tdo'; vfir'too), n. artistic rarity 
VII-IU anc i beauty; curiousness of work¬ 
manship; as, an article of virtu. Also, vertu. 
trit- -tii o1 (vfir'tfl-5,1), adj. in essence or 
Vll-lU-a.1 effect, though not in fact; as, 
his words amounted to a virtual confession of 
guilt.— adv. virtually. 

_• (vfir'tu), n. strength or effective- 

Vll-lllt ness- worth: cnndnfiss: moralitv: 


ness; worth; goodness; morality; 
purity; excellence or merit; a specific kind 
of goodness, such as temperance or patience; 
as, th ewirtues of wisdom: opposite to vice. 
xri-r tii n cr* (vKr'too-o'so; vur"tdd-o'so), n. 
Vll-lU-U-bU [pi virtuosos (-soz), virtuosi 
(-se)], one who appreciates artistic quality; 
one with a taste for objects of art; a collector 
of articles of virtu; a musical performer hav¬ 
ing excellent technic. 

Trir til mie (vur'tfl-us), adj. full of. or 
VU-IU-UUD showing, virtue; moral; chaste; 
pure; as, a virtuous life.— adv. virtuously.— 
n. virtuousness. 

Syn. upright, honest, moral. 

Ant. (see profligate). 

xrir ii Icvnm (vlr'do-lens), n. the state or 
Via -li-lcliUt; quality of being very poison¬ 
ous; extreme bitterness; malignity. Also, 

virulency. 

vrir ii lout (vlr'oo-lent), adj. very poison- 
V11-U.-1C111 ous or venomous; as, the 

virulent poison of a rattlesnake; bitter and 
malicious; as, a virulent speech.— adv. viru¬ 
lently. 

vri me (vi'rus), n. poison; the poisonous 
Vl-I Ub matter produced by disease, con¬ 
taining the germs that cause the disease; 
hence, anything that poisons the mind or 
soul, as treachery. 

Trie o era (viz'aj), n. the face or counte- 
Vlb-d.gC nance, especially of a human 
being; appearance, or aspect.— adj. visaged. 
■trio O Trie (ve'za-ve'), adj. and adv. face 
Vlb-d-VIb to face: n. one who is face to 
face with another; a settee with two seats 
so arranged that the occupants are face to 
face. [Fr.] . . x 

-vr; oo TToti (v6-sa'y5n), n. a Philippine 
V1-S3.-Y3.11 islander, of the chief native 
race; the language of these natives. 

Trie rprfl (vls'er-d) n.pl. the internal 
VlS-Ccl-d. organs of a body; as, the heart, 
liver, intestines, etc.— adj. visceral. 

Trio oi A (vls'Id), adj. sticky or gluelike; 
Vlb-l/lU aSi viscid gum.—n. viscidity. 

-.rio. (vi'kount'), n. f fern. viscount- 

V1S-count ess], in England, a nobleman 
next in rank below an earl or count and next 
above a baron. 


vie rmic (vls'kils), adj. adhesive or sticky; 
vib-t/UUb as , a viscous IU 


vri op (vis), ti. 
Vibe a two- 
jawed instru¬ 
ment for hold- 
ing objects 
firmly. Also, 
vice. 

vi-se Lvl; 

n. an official 
endorsement on 
a passport giv¬ 
ing permission 


viscous liquid.— n. viscosity. 



Bench Vise 


approved. [Fr.] 

Trio i Kil i fvr (vlz'I-bfl'I-tl), n. capability 
Vlb-l-Ull-l-ty of being seen; as, the visi¬ 
bility of the sun. 

vie i (vlz'I-bl), adj. capable of being 

Vlb-l-UlC seen; in sight; obvious; appar¬ 
ent; as, visible signs of grief.— adv. visibly.— 
n. visibleness. 

vri cirm (vlzh'fin), n. the act of seeing; 
Vl-blUll sense of sight; extent of power to 
see, physically or mentally; as, a man of 
broad vision; something seen, especially with 
the mind’s eye; a supernatural appearance; 
spiritual perception of the actually unseen. 
Syn. ghost, phantom, specter. 

vri cinu o -rvr (vlzh'fin-a-rl), adj. existing 
Vl-blUll-d.-l y only in the imagination; 
fantastic; imaginative; dreamy; imprac¬ 
ticable; as, a visionary undertaking: n. [pi. 
visionaries (-riz)], a person given to unreal 
imaginings; a dreamer; one to whom the 
unseen is real; an impractical person, 
vric if (viz'it), n - t* 10 act of coming or 
Vlb-11 going to see; a brief stay of friend¬ 
ship, courtesy, or business: v.t. to go or 
come to see; to come to with special marks 
of favor or disfavor; as, “visit us with thy 
salvation”: v.i. to go or come to see some¬ 
one; to be a guest. 

vric if o-nf (vlz'I-tSint), n. one who comes 
Vlb-ll-d.Ill £o see someone with a special 
purpose or mission: adj. paying a visit, 
vrio if a firm (viz"I-ta'shun), n. the act of 
Vlb-ll-d-LlUll going or coming to see; a 

the lengthy or tiresome visit; a special dealing 
out of divine punishment or reward; a formal 
inspection of church work by an official. 

vri e i fni* (vl z/ Fter), 

Vlb-l-LUl comes to 

visiter. 

vrio rvr (vlz'er; vTzer), n. the front piece 
Vlb-Ol G f a helmet, especially the upper 
part, arranged so as to open or lift; the front 
piece of a cap. Also, vizor, 
vrio fa (vls'td), n. [pi. vistas (-taz)], a view 
V lb—Ld. through a narrow opening or down 
a long passage, such as an avenue of trees; 
the trees, buildings, etc., forming such a 
passage; hence, a far-reaching, but not widely 
extended, mental view; as, a vista of the past, 
vrio ii o 1 (vlzh'tl-al), adj. of, pertaining to, 
Vlb—ll-«.l or used in, sight; capable of being 
seen; visible.— adv. visually. 
v io ii a 1 iyp (yizh'ff-al-Iz), _v t. to make 
Vlb-11-dJ.-lz.c visible; especially, to make 
a picture of in the mind; to see in fancy.— n. 
visualization. 

vri fal (vi'tal), adj. pertaining to, support- 
VI-tell ing, or necessary to, life; as, air and 
food are vital necessities; living; full of life; 
essential; as, things of vital importance: n.pL 
parts of animal bodies necessary to life; aa. 
the pain gnawed at his vitals. — adv. vitally. 


n. one who goes or 
see another. Also. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 





















vitality 

V? tal i fir (vi-tai'I-tD, n. living force; 

iif e . the power to keep alive 
and endure; as, a man of great vitality. 

X71 fa 1 (vTtal-Tz), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 

vitalized, p.pr. vitalizing], to 
animate or inspire; make alive; fill with life. 
— n. vitalizer. 

vi fa minoQ (vi'td-minz), n. a newly dis- 
va-ici-aaaaaaco covered group of substances, 

the nature of which is not yet fully deter¬ 
mined, that are found in largest amounts in 
milk, butter-fat, cod-liver oil, yeast, fresh 
fruits, and vegetables whose edible parts are 
green leaves, and that, while not directly food, 
are essential to the welfare of the body. 

vi fa ernrip (vl'ta-skop), n. a machine 
vi-ia-obUpc f or projecting, or throwing, 

moving pictures upon a canvas or screen; 
a cinematograph. 

VI ti afp (vlsh'i-at), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. viti- 
vi-LA-a.iv a ted, p.pr. vitiating], to corrupt 
or spoil; to make impure; as, escaping gas 
will vitiate the air; to make worthless; as, to 
vitiate a contract.—n. vitiation, vitiator. 

vif i nil fiirp (vlt'I-kul'tur), n. the act 
vn-i-eui-iui v or business of cultivating 

or growing grapes.— adj. vitieultural.— n. viti¬ 
culturist. 

tt] f rp nnc (vit'r§-fls), adj. glassy; con- 
Vlt-re-OUS sisting of, like, or obtained 
from, glass; as, vitreous rocks: vitreous 
humor, the jellylike substance filling the 
eyeball.— n. vitreousness. 

vif rip (vlt'rlk), adj. pertaining to glass: 
VAl-iiv opposite to ceramic, pertaining to 
pottery. 

it] f i*l fn c f 1 ciii (vit'rl-fak'shftn), n. the 
ar t or process of changing 
or converting into glass; state of being 
changed into glass. Also, vitrification, 
vrif -ri fipH Cvft'rl-fld), p.adj. changed into 
VAl<_AA-AACU - glass or into a substance like 
glass; given or having a glassy, or glazed, 
surface; as, vitrified brick. 

vrif ri form (vlt'rl-form), n. having the 
VAL-aa-auaaaa form or appearance of glass. 

vif ri fir (vit'rl-fi), v.t. []).t. and p.p. vitri¬ 
ol L-AA ” A y fled, p.pr. vitrifying], to change 
or convert by heat into glass: v.i. to be 
Changed or converted into glass; to become 
glass, or like glass.— adj. verifiable, 
vrif ri pi (vlt'ri-fil), n. a sulphate of cop- 
Vlt-il-Ui. per? iron, or zinc, variously 
called blue vitriol (from copper), green vitriol 
(from iron), white vitriol (from zinc); sulphuric 
acid: commonly called oil of vitriol. 
it if ri pi if* (vIt"rI-ol'Ik), adj. pertaining to, 
VAt-J-x-UA-iw or ]jbe, vitriol, or sulphuric 
acid; hence, bitter or sarcastic; as, a vitriolic 
tongue. 

iri fii nor afp (vf-tu'per-at), v.t. [p.t. and 
Vi-iu-pcx-aic p.p. vituperated, p.pr. vi¬ 
tuperating], to blame or censure abusively; 
to abuse in speech. 

vi fn ppr a firm (vl-tu'per-a'shiin), n. 
Vl-ru-per-d.-llOn the act of abusing In 

speech; wordy abuse; railing. 

vi fii npr a fivp (vi-tu'per-d-tlv), ad). 
Vl-UJ.-pei-d.-UVe abusive; expressing 

blame noisily and bitterly.— adv. vitupera- 
tively. 

vi vfl (ve'va), interj. long live! an expres- 
VJ-Vd sion of well wishing. [It.] 

iri vro oirkiio (vi-va'shils; vl-va'shfis), adj. 
Vl-Vd-ClOUb lively; gay; animated; full 
of spirits.— adv. vivaciously.—n. vivacious - 
ness. 

vi vap i fv (vl-vSs'I-tl; vl-v&s'I-tl). n. 
vJ-vcxv/-i-Lj liveliness; animation; high 

spirits. ___ 


704 


vociferate 


vji «■] 11 iri (vi-va / ri-fini), *x. a place for 
* 1-Vd-Il-UIIl the keeping of animals in 
their natural state, as a zoological garden, 
iri ira vn rp (vi'va vo'sS), by spoken 
vx-va vu-ic word; orally; as, a viva 
voce vote._ [Lat.] 

(vev), inter], long live! an expression 
Vive 0 f -well wishing. [Fr.] 

iriir iri (vIv'M), adj. brilliant; intense; as, 
V1V-1U. a vivid color; active; lively; as, a 
vivid imagination; making a strong impres¬ 
sion on, or producing lifelike images in, the 
mind; as, a vivid description.— adv. vividly.— 
vividness* 

iriir i fv (vIvl-fD, v.t. [p.t. and p.p. vivified, 
VAV_ 1 _1 J p.pr. vivifying], to make alive; to 
animate; quicken. 

vi vi-n a rniK (vi-vlp'd-rfis), adj. pro- 
Vl-Vip-d-rOUS ducing young alive (in¬ 
stead of eggs): opposite to oviparous, or egg- 
producing. 

irivr i ackr >f (vlv’I-sekt'; vlv'I-sekt), v.t. to 
VlV-1-SeCt dissect or divide (the living 
body of an animal), for scientific study; as, 
to vivisect a dog.— n. vivisector. 

viv i epp firm (vIvT-sek'shun), n. the 
VAV-A-oCL/-11UJ1 dissection, or cutting, of 

a living animal for scientific study. 

viv i <?ec tion ist ( v * v ^~ s ®k'shun-ist), 

vxv a occ- lujaa-aol n one who practices, 
or upholds the principle of, dissecting, or cut¬ 
ting, living animals for scientific study, 
viv pn (vlk'sn), n. a female fox; a quarrel- 
viA-cii some, ill-tempered woman.— adj. 
vixenish. 

Tjly (viz), adv. namely: abbreviation of. 

v videlicet. 

vi 7 i (vl-zer'J vlz'yer), n. a high officer 
Vl-Aici 0 f various Mohammedan countries, 
especially of Turkey; a minister of state; a 
councilor. Also, vizir. 

\T17 nr ( vIz 'er; vi'zer), n. the front piece of 
VAZ.-UA a helmet, especially the upper part, 
arranged so as to open or lift; the front piece 
of a cap. Also, visor. 

tt A rC t "kick (vd'ka-bl; v5k'd-bl), n. a word, 
VU-ba.-DID thought of merely for the 
sounds which compose it. 

vn Pali ii la rv ( v ^~h§,b'fi-la-rl), n. [pi. 
VD-Cd.D-U-ld-ry vocabularies (-rlz)l, a 

list or collection of words arranged alpha¬ 
betically and explained; a dictionary or 
lexicon; the stock of words at command of 
a class of people, an individual, etc.; as, his 
vocabulary was limited. 

vn ml (vo'kal), adj. of or pertaining to 
v u-vax the voice; as, the vocal cords; 
uttered by the voice; oral; as, a vocal expres¬ 
sion; produced by the voice; as, vocal 
music: n. a speech sound, as a vowel or 
diphthong.— adv. vocally, 
vn ral icf (vo'kal-Ist), n. a singer; one who 
VD-vo-A ao v makes music with the voice. 

irn pal i<rp (vo'k51-iz), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
vu-eax-Azc vocalized, p.pr. vocalizing], to 
utter with the voice; to give the quality of 
voice sound to; to use (a consonant) as a 
vowel; as, to vocalize y: v.i. to produce sound 
with the voice, as in singing.— n. vocalization, 
vn pa finn (vo-ka'shun), n. regular em- 
vo-ta-uuxA ployment; calling; occupa¬ 
tion; trade; profession; as, his vocation is 
law.— adj. vocational. 

vnp a fiirp. (vok'a-tlv), adj. relating to the 
vut-a-uve act of calling or addressing by 
name; in grammar, pertaining to the case 
denoting a person or thing addressed: n. 
the vocative case. 

and 
vo- 


UJJv V UbGitA V U IXIOU, 

n pif pi* afp (vo-slf'er-at), v.i. [p.t. 
VD-bil-bl-alc p.p. vociferated, p.pr. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 








vociferation 


705 


voluptuous 


clferating], to clamor or cry out noisily; to 

bawl: v.t. to utter with a loud voice; to 
exclaim or assert noisily. ^ 

vo cif pr a tinn (Y*V s ^*® r- ® ,s h^n), n • 

VU Gil CI -d-llUIl violent outcry; clamor; 
noisy assertion. 

va pif pi* ai i c (vo-stf'er-fls), adj. making 
vu-wi-ci-uua a i ou d outcry; clamorous 
or noisy; as, vociferous applause.— adv. vocifer¬ 
ously. —n. vociferousness. 

\rr\A 1ro (vbd'kd), n. a Russian intoxicating 
v u'a.-rva. ijq U or distilled from rye. 

VP VI IP ( v °8)> n - a fashion prevailing during 
¥U b uc a given period; style in dress; 
temporary popularity; as, the author’s works 
had a great vogue in his own time, 
vnirp ( vois ). n - sound proceeding from the 
V Uitc mouth; especially, human utterance 
in speech, cry, song, etc.; power to speak; 
as, my cold was so severe that I lost my voice; 
an expressed choice, wish, or opinion; as, 
let each member of the committee give his 
voice in the matter; the right to express a 
wish or choice; as, in an autocracy the people 
have no voice in public affairs; vote; as, he 
gave his voice for the popular candidate; a 
sound suggesting speech; as, the voice of 
the wind; teaching or instruction; as, the 
voice ot conscience; in grammar, the form of 
the verb showing the relation of the subject 
of the verb to the action that the verb 
expresses: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. voiced, p.pr. 
voicing], to express in sound; as, to voice one’s 
opinion, or to voice a cry of distress.— adj. 
voiced, voiceless. 

vnirp Ipoo (vois'les), ad), being allowed 
v UU/C-1CDO no right to decide or vote; as, 
in some states women are voiceless in the gov¬ 
ernment; soundless; silent; as, the voiceless 
desert; having no voice or tone.— adv. voice¬ 
lessly.— n. voicelessness. 

vniH ( vo *d)- a dj- empty; vacant; lacking: 
VU1U with of; without result; in vain; 
useless; as, all their efforts were void; 
unfilled, as an office; in law, having no force; 
null: v.t. to cause to be empty; to vacate; to 
send or throw out; to discharge; to annul or 
cancel, as a law: n. a vacuum; an empty 
space.— adj. voidable. 

Vn la tyiiIt (vo'ld-piik'), n. a scheme for 
v U-ld-puxv a universal language for busi¬ 
ness purposes, invented in Germany about 
1879. 

vnl d tilp (vol'd-tll), adj. easily evaporat- 
Vul-d-lilC hjg or changing into vapor; 
as, ether is a volatile liquid; hence, light¬ 
hearted; lively; quickly adaptable; also 
changeable; fickle.— n. volatileness. 

Trrkl o -fit i -Hr (vol'd-tU'i-tf), n. the state 
VUI-d-111-1-iy or quality of anything that 
evaporates, or changes into vapor; giddiness; 
fickleness. 

tta] o HI i 7 A (vol a-tll-iz), v.t. and v.i. 

[p.i. an( i p.p. volatilized, 
p.pr. volatilizing], to make or become volatile; 
to evaporate, or change into vapor.—n. 

volatilization. 

tta] c a n ir (vbl-kanfik), adj. of, per- 
vui-can-ic taining to, or produced by, a 
volcano, or mountain which sends out fire, 
melted rock, etc. 

vnl ra tip (vdl-ka'no), n. [pi. volcanoes 
vui-La- llU (-noz)], a conelike hill or moun¬ 
tain, with an opening at the top called a 
crater, from which melted rock, fire, and gas 
are often thrown out with great force, 
trp Ii fipti (v6-lfsh'un), n. the act or 
v U-ll-llUii power of using the will to 
decide, choose, etc.; state of determination; 
decision; intention. 


VP 1i ftp-n sjI (vo-Hsh'un-5,1), adj. pertain- 
v t-Av/ii-cu. j n g the power of willing; 
done of one’s free will or choice. 

VPl Ipv ( v 61 'D. n. [pi. volleys (-Iz)], the 
vvx-xcjr throwing of many missiles at the 
same time; the missiles so thrown: a rapid 
discharge of a certain indicated number of 
rounds, by each gun of a battery or other 
unit, each gun firing, without regard to the 
others; hence, a sudden burst of any sort; 
as, a volley of words; a volley of thunder; 
the return of a ball at tennis before it reaches 
the ground: v.t. and v.i. [p.t. and p.p. volleyed, 
p.pr. volleying], to discharge, or be discharged, 
suddenly and all together; as, the cannon 
volleyed and thundered. 

vpI -nla-np (vdl'plan'), n. a glide down- 
vui-pauc ward in an airplane, with the 
power shut off: v.i. to glide downward with¬ 
out power in an airplane or flying machine, 
vplt ( v °lt), n. the standard unit for measur- 
vUlt j n g electric force or pressure; as, a 
current of 110 volts: voltmeter, an instrument 
for making such measurements, 
vplt ocrp (vol't&j), n. amount of electric 
vuii-agc power in terms of volts. 

vpI fo ip (vol-ta'Ik), adj. pertaining to cur- 
vui-ia-io ren t electricity; produced by 
chemical action: said of an electric current; 
galvanic: voltaic battery, an apparatus of one 
or more cells for producing current electricity. 

vpI it hil i tv (vdl'u-bll'I-tl), n. un- 
VOl-U-Uli-l-iy checked flow of talk; too 

great ease in speech. 

vpT ii Kick (voru-bl), adj. fluent; easy In 
v ui-u-uic speech; talkative, often to 
excess.— adv. volubly, —n. volubleness, 
vpl ump (vbrum), n, number of printed 
VGl-UiiiC sheets bound together; a book; 
one of several parts of a large work, each of 
which is bound separately; amount of 
space filled; as, measure the volume of water 
in this vessel; fulness of voice or tone; as, 
volume of sound. 

vp In mi npiiQ (v6-lu'ml-nfls), adj. con- 
V U -1 U-llU-liU Ub sisting of many books or 

volumes; as, a voluminous library; having 
produced many books; as, Balzac was a 
voluminous writer; filling much space; as, in 
old times ladies wore voluminous hoop skirts.— 
adv. voluminously.— n. voluminousness. 

vpI iin ta rv (vdl'un-tS-rl), adj. pertain- 
VOl-UXl-ld-ry ing to the wju; acting 

from choice or free will; intentional; as, the 
act of offense was voluntary, not accidental; 
not forced; as, his confession of guilt was 
voluntary; free; of one’s own accord; con¬ 
trolled by one’s own will or choice: n. an 
organ solo played before, during, or after, a 
church service; any organ prelude.— adv. 
voluntarily.— n. voluntariness. 

vpI ii n fppr (vSl'CLn-ter'), n. one who 
vui-uii-icci enters into any service of 
his own free will; one who offers himself for 
military service: v.i. to offer one’s services 
freely; to enter of one’s own accord into 
military service: v.t. to offer or bestow with¬ 
out constraint or compulsion: adj. pertain- 
ing to volunteers or to their work. 

\rf\ liiii tii o 1*17 (vo-hip'tti-S-rl), n. [pi. 
VO-lup-LU.-d.-iy voluptuaries (-rlz)J, one 

who is fond of pleasures that appeal to the 
senses: adj. devoted to luxury or pleasures 
of the senses. 

Syn., n. epicure, sensualist. 

tta Kip tu piic (vS-lup'tfl-fis), adj. ap- 
vu-iup-iu-uua pealing, or giving pleas¬ 
ure, to the senses; enjoying pleasures that 
appeal to the senses.— adv. voluptuously, 
voluptuousness. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. Sef pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








volute 


706 


vying 


_ T _ 1,,-fo (v6-lut'), n. a spiral, scroll-shaped 
VO-1UIC architectural ornament or decora¬ 
tion such as appears in the Ionic capital.— adj. 

voluted. 

_ yr . rY - ix (vdm'It), v.i. to throw up the con- 
VUlll-ll tents of the stomach; come forth, 
or be sent out, with violence: v.t. to throw 
up from the stomach; to spew; to discharge 
with violence; to belch forth: n. matter 
thrown up by the stomach; an emetic. 

WAA /Irv/v (voo'doo; voo-doo'). n. one who 
VUU-UUU practices a form of sorcery or 
witchcraft among certain negroes, especially 
in Haiti; a negro sorcerer: adj. of or pertain¬ 
ing to voodooism or a voodoo; as, a voodoo 
doctor. 

icm (vob'dob-Izm), n. a bar- 
VUU-UUU-l&lii barous and ignorant super¬ 
stition, or belief in sorcery, prevailing among 
certain negro populations, especially in 
Haiti. 

r iniic (vo-ra'shds), adj. greedy in 
VU-id-WUUo eating; ravenous; mad with 
hunger.— adv. voraciously. — n. voraciousness. 
xrr\ roc i 4-tt (vo-ras'i-tt), n. the state of 
VU-lclU-I-Ly being mad with hunger; 
greediness in eating. 

+ OY (vor'teks), n. [pi. vortices (-tl-sez)], 
V Ul-lcA a i r or water with a circular cur¬ 
rent tending to suck bodies caught in it into 
a depression, or vacuum, at the center; an 
eddy or whirlpool^ 

xrr\ rpcc (vo'td-res), n. a woman vowed 
VU-la-lCoo jo some service. 

TT-n -fro t-vr (vo'td-rl), adj. promised; de- 
VU-Lct-iy voted: n. [pi. votaries (-riz)], 
one devoted by a vow or promise to some 
service; one devoted to any pursuit; as, a 
votary of pleasure or science. 

...i. (vot), n. a formally stated choice, 
VOLC judgment, or wish, of one or more 
persons, as in an election; the right to express 
such a choice or wish; as, women have long 
worked to get the vote; a ballot; the entire 
number of ballots or expressions of opinion; 
as, a presidential vote: v.t. to put into effect 
by a formal expression of a wish; as to vote 
a reform; to grant; as, to vote money for 
repairs: v.i. to formally express a wish; to 
cast a ballot^ 

pr (vot'er), n. an elector; one who 
VUL-CI bas a right to vote; one who casts 
a ballot. 

xrn +ivrp> (vo'tlv), adj. given, consecrated, 
vU-livc or promised by vow; as, a votive 
offering to the church.— adv. votively. — n. vo¬ 
tiveness. 

trrmr'Vi (vouch), v.i. to bear witness; guar- 
VUUtll antee; stand surety: with for: as, 
to vouch for a man’s honesty. 

Syn. affirm, asseverate, assure. 
vrniirVi pr (vouch'er), n. one who bears 
VUUUi-Ci witness; a book, paper, or 
the like, which confirms the truth of some¬ 
thing; especially, a receipt showing pay; 
as, a canceled check is a voucher. 
vrrmrVi (vouch-saf'), v.t. [p.t. and 

vuuui-oai^ p p vouchsafed, p.pr. vouch¬ 
safing], to condescend, or stoop, to grant; to 
concede or give; _as, to vouchsafe an opinion. 

vrniic onir (voo"swar'), n. one of the 
VUUo-dUU wedge-shaped sections of an 

arch. 

rrnxiT ( vou )< n - a solemn promise or pledge, 
VUW especially one made to God or before 
God; a pledge of love and faithfulness: v.t. 
to promise solemnly: v.i. to make a solemn 
promise. _ 


^1 (vou'el), n. a simple vocal sound; 

VUW-cl opposite to consonant; a letter 
representing such a sound - as, a, e. i, o, u, 
and sometimes w and y: adj. of or pertain¬ 
ing to a vowel; as, a vowel sound. 

, Tr ., r Qfro (voi'&j), n. a journey by water 
VUy-agC from one country or place to 
another; as, a voyage to Europe: v.i. to make 
a journey by water.— n. voyager. 

\Tf\\r a cr*»iir (vwa'ya'zhfir), n a Cana- 
VUy-ct-gCUI dian boatman or fin - trapper 

of the Northwest. [Fr.] 

vrai-sem-blance 2i 

truth. [Fr.] 

•11 A (vrfl), 7i. in aviation, an acrobatic 
Vriiie f ea t in which the airplane goes down 
with a spinning motion: v.i. to go down with 
such a motion. 

Tjr 1 _ or . (vul'kin), n. in Roman mythol- 
V Ul-Ud.Il 0 gy the god of fire and the work¬ 
ing of metals: identified with the Greek god 
Hephaestus. 

Triil ron tip (v&l'k&n-it). n. a hardened 
VUl-baii-HC compound of India rubber; 
hard rubber, made by heating with sulphur 
or oxides, or by soaking in a sulphur chloride 
solution. 

ttiiI rex-n ? 7 P (vul'k&n-Iz), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
v ui-Utiii-ix,c vulcanized, p.pr. vulcaniz¬ 
ing], to harden (India rubber) by heating 
with sulphur, oxides, etc.— n. vulcanization, 
vulcanizer. 

Tnil crcxr- (vul'gar), adj. of or pertaining to 
VUl-gd.1 the common people; common; 
general; unrefined; in bad taste; as. ain’t 
is a vulgar expression; low; mean; as, a 
vulgar fellow.— adv. vulgarly. 

vul-gar frac-tions S'*;,™!; 

fractions, expressed by placing the numerator 
above the denominator, with a horizontal 
or oblique line between. 

Trill crsi ri an (vul-ga/rf-Sn), n. a rich per- 
» ui-ga-i 1 -a.xx son with coarse or low 

ideas; an unrefined person. 
ttiiI crar icm (vul'grir-Izm), n. rudeness; 
v lack of refinement; a phrase 

or expression not in use by cultivated speakers. 

xml crcxr \ +vr (vul-gar'I-tf), n. [pi. vulgari- 
v Ul-gdX-l-Xy ties (-tlz)], coarseness of 

manners or language. 

Tnil crar i7p (vul'gar-fz), v.t. and t’.i. to 
» Ul-ga.i-iz,c make or become common, 
coarse, or low.— n. vulgarization. 

Viil crci+fi (vul'g&t), n. an ancient Latin 
V UI-gctLc translation of the Bible in use 
in the Roman Catholic Church, made 
originally by St. Jerome: adj. pertaining to. 
or contained in, the Vulgate. 

Tnil TiPr Vkil i +tt (vul*ner-d-bll'l-tl), 

vui-ner-a-Dii-i-iy n . liability to be 

wounded. 

Tnil -n pr a "hl^ (vul'ner-d-bl), adj. capa- 
VUl-IlCr-d.-UlC bie of being wounded or 

hurt; liable to injury.— n. vulnerableness. 

Trill vi pt* o rvr (vdl ner-S.-ri), adj. used or 
v ui-iici-ci-iy tending to cure wounds : 

n. a remedy for healing wounds. 

mil ninp> (vul'pln; vul'pin), adj. pertain- 

v ui-pinc j n g to, or like, a fox; cunning. 

mil fiirp (vul'tur), n. a large bird of the 
VUl-lUiC eagle family, with weaker claws 
and naked head, which lives principally on 
carrion, or the bodies of dead animals.— adj. 
vulturine. 

mr in a (vi'ing), p.pr. of vie: v.n. a com- 
vy-iiig peting or contending, as in a race. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 






wabble 


707 


waive 


w 


Wflh fvla (wQb'l). v.i. [ p.t. and p.p. wab- 
v*au-uic bled, p.pr. wabbling), to shake 
unsteadily from side to side, or back and forth; 
hence, to sway or totter; to lack firmness: n. 
a rocking or swaying motion. Also, wobble. 
—n. wabbler, wobbler. 

wok 'hlv (wob'llj, adj. rocking unsteadily 
vy<AW “- A J from side to side; wavering; 
shaky; as, a wabbly chair. Also, wobbly, 
wn (wdd), n. a small mass of soft material; 
vv O.VJ. a so ft bunch G f cotton, wool, rope, etc., 
used to stop an opening, pad a garment, etc.; 
a soft plug to hold a charge of powder or shot 
in position; as, a gun wad: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. 
wadded, p.pr. wadding], to form into, close 
by, or stuff with, a small, soft mass or bunch. 

Hitler (wdd'ing), n. soft material 
vv used for gun wads, plugs, or for 

stuffing or lining garments; cotton prepared 
in sheets for padding. 

\tjriA Hip (wod'l), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. wad- 
vvau * ulc died, p.pr. waddling], to sway 
from side to side in walking; to walk with 
short, clumsy steps, as a duck; to toddle: 
n. a clumsy, rocking gait; as, the waddle of a 
duck.— n. waddler. 

(wad), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. waded, 
wau.c p.pr. wading], to walk through 
water, mud, snow, or other substance that 
hinders progress; hence, to proceed with 
difficulty or against hindrances; as, to wade 
through a tiresome lesson: v.t. to cross by 
passing through water, mud, etc. 

Hi ( wa ' dI ), n. [pi. wadies (-dlz)], in the 
vva -~ AAA Near East, the channel of a water¬ 
course which is dry except in the rainy season. 
Also, wady. 

fpr (wa'fer), n. a thin cake or biscuit; 
wa-ici a thin cake of unleavened, or un¬ 
raised, bread used in the Communion service 
in certain churches, especially the Roman 
Catholic Church; a small, colored disk of 
adhesive paper, paste, etc., for fastening 
letters, sealing documents, etc. 

W of (wof'l), n. a crisp kind of batter 
w cake baked in an iron utensil 

whose two hinged parts close over each other. 

(waft), v.t. to cause to float along 
Wctl l through the air or on the water: n. the 
act of causing to float along; a current or 
wave; a gust or puff. 

Wflcr iV-t. and p.p. wagged, p.pr. 

wagging], to sway or swing from side 
to side with a quick, jerky motion; as, a dog 
wags his tail; to sway or swing: v.i. to move 
jerkily one way and the other: n. the act of 
jerking to and fro; a person full of jests and 
humor; a witty person, 
wsscrp ( w aj). v.t. [p.t. and p.p. waged, p.pr. 
vva & c waging], to engage in, or carry on, 
as war: n. usually pi., payment for service; 
as, he earns good wages: used of payment by 
day or week for work with the hands. 

crpr (wa/jer), n. a bet; something 
Wd-gei risked on an uncertainty: v.t. 
and v.i. to bet. 

vtracr cre>r v (wag'er-t). n. sport; jesting; 
VVCI & _ & CA -J humorous mischief; good- 
humored sarcasm. 

tirorr rrioVi (wag'Ish), adj. humorous; spor- 
tiev; full of fun: said or done in 
sport.— adv. waggishly.— n. waggishness, 
uraer crip (wag'l), [p.t. and p.p. waggled, 
wa b~& lc p.pr. wagglingl, v.i. and v.t. to 


move jerkily from side to side: n. a jerky 
movement from side to side. 

Wflfx on (wag'un), n. a four-wheeled con- 
wag-un veyance for goods or freight, 
drawn by horses, mules, etc. Also, waggon. 
Wfl cr rvn pr (wag'un-er), n. the driver of a 
vv .o wagon, especially one whose 

business it is to drive a wagon. Also, waggoner, 
■tiro nr Ati pffp (wag"un-6t 7 ), n. a light, 
wag-uii-cuc open, four-wheeled pleasure 
carriage, with two side seats facing each other. 

Wfltr rm cnl Hipr (wag'fin sol'jer), in the 
Wdg-on bOi-aier World War, an artil¬ 
leryman, riding on a gun or a gun carriage, 
or on horseback. 

WflfX nn train (w&g'fin tran), army wag- 
yy A ons used to convey ammu¬ 

nition, provisions, camp equipage, hospital 
supplies, the sick and wounded, etc. 

-tto rj foil (wag'tal' 1 '), n. a small bird with 
wag-iau a long tail which is habitually 
jerked up and down. 

Waif twaf), n - anything found, or without 
vva - AA an owner; a homeless wanderer; a 
fovmdling, or deserted child, 
wail twal), v.t. and v.i. to mourn or lament 
W<AAA aloud; to utter a loud cry: n. a 
lamentation or mournful cry; a sound like 
such a cry; as, the wail of the wind. 
wain cent (wanskdt; wan'skfit), n. a 
vvain-oeuM, wooden facing around the 
walls of a room, hall, etc.: v.t. to face with 
boards or wooden panels. 

ttto in cr*r&t in cr (wan'skdt-Ing; wan'skSt- 
WcUll-bCU l-mg i n g), n . the wooden facing 

or paneling surrounding the inner walls ot 
a house; the material of which this paneling 
is made. Also, wainscotting. 

wain-wright "■ a woeon 

waict (wast), n. the narrowest part of 
wdioL the body, just below the ribs; the 
slender middle part of anything; a garment, 
or that section of a garment, which covers 
the body from shoulders to belt; the middle 
part of a vessel’s deck, between the forecastle 
and quarter-deck. 

ttto 1 cl K o n H (wast’blind *), n. the band, 
Wdlol-UcUlU as of a skirt, which sur¬ 
rounds the middle of the body to hold up a 
garment. 

ttto j of p a q 1 (wast kot; Colloq. w6s 7 kfit), 
waioi-wai n a s bort, sleeveless, usually 
ornamental man’s garment, worn under the 
coat; a vest. 

Wflit twat), v.i. to linger or tarry; to re- 
VVCAAt main; to stay in a condition of 
watching or expecting: with for; as, we 
waited for her for an hour; to attend or 
serve; as, to wait upon a table: v.t. to expect 
or tarry for; to delay; as, to wait dinner: n. 
the act of staying in expectation; delay; 
length of time during which one stays in 
expectation; as, a long wait: pi. carol singers 
who sing in the streets at Christmas time, 
wnit p*- (wat'er), n. one who stays expect- 
wait-ci j n g something; a manservant at 
table; a serving tray for dishes, etc.; a 
kind of small elevator; as, a dumb -waiter. 

liraib roco (wat'res), n. a female servant 
WdlL-reab at table. 

Wflivp ( wav ). v -t • [P-t. and p.p. waived, 
waive p.p r . waiving], to give up a claim 
to; forego.— n. waiver. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






wake 


708 


war 


wsi lr o (wak), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. waked or 
Waive wo ke, p.pr. waking], to be awake; 
be roused from sleep; cease to sleep; become 
alert and active: v.t. to rouse from sleep; 
to excite or make active; revive; watch: n. 
a vigil; the watching of a dead body prior 
to burial; a track or trail; as, the wake of 
a storm, or the wake of a vessel, 
walrt* .r t (wak'fool), adj. free from sleepi- 
Wdhc-ILU ness; unable to sleep; watch¬ 
ful; as, a wakeful sentinel.— adv. wakefully.— 
n. wakefulness. 

Syn. vigilant, heedful. 

Ant. (see sleepy). 

Wak 611 (wak n ^’ v - t - an( t v -*‘ rouse or 


_ be roused from sleep.—n. wakener. 
(wal), n. a ridge, as on the surface of 
WctltJ cloth; a mark left by the stroke of a 
whip: pi. certain breadths of planks on the 
outside planking of a vessel: v.t. to mark 
with a wale; to whip. 

-urcilI t (wok), v.i. to go on foot; to move 
waiJV ^ steps; go at a moderate pace; 
to proceed; to behave: v.t. to traverse on 
foot; as, he walked the floor in anxiety; to 
cause to go on foot or at a moderate pace; 
as, walk your horses across the bridge: n. 
act or manner of going on foot; step or pace; 
gait; one of the four gaits of a horse; place 
for people on foot; as, the sid etvalk; circle 
of life in which one moves; as, his walk in life 
was a humble one; conduct or deportment; 
as, let your walk and conversation be without 
reproach.—n. walker. 

tTTollr (wok'out"), n. a labor strike in 

WcUK-OUL the United States. [Colloq.] 

Wcilk O ver (wdk'o"ver), n - a success or 


wall 


victory easily won. [Colloq.] 
(w 61 ), n. a solid fence of stone, brick, 
etc.; the outside structure which 
incloses a building; a partition forming the 
side of a room; a structure for defense; means 
of protection: pi. fortifications: v.t. to sur¬ 
round with, or as with, a structure for in¬ 
closure, security, or defense. 

■ami 1 (wol'et), n. a bag or knapsack for 
Wcti-IcL carrying about the person the 
necessaries for a march or journey; a folding 
pocketbook. 

wall o\ro (wol'i"), n. an eye, the iris of 
” cHl-cj c w hich is white, as of horses; 
a kind of fish with prominent eyes, 
wall ovprl (wol'id"), adj. having a whit- 
wcuj. cjfcu ish, staring, or fierce eye. 

wall flrvw or (wol'flou'er), n. a hardy 
Wdil-lIU W-t/I pjant of the cabbage family 
with sweet-scented, yellow flowers; col¬ 
loquially, one who, at a ball or party, remains 
by the wall watching the dance. 

"Wal Inrvn (w6-lo5n'), n. one of the in- 
W dl-luuii habitants of southern Belgium; 
the Belgian-French language of southern 
Belgium. 

wal Inn (wol'up), v.t. a Scotch term mean- 
Wcli-iup ing to flog or beat soundly: n. a 
blow. [Colloq.] 

wal Inw (wdl'o), v.i. to roll about, as a 
Wa.l-J.UW hog in mire; tumble or roll in 
anything soft; to flounder; live in vice or 
filth; as, to wallow in dirt: n. a muddy place 
in which an animal rolls about; as, a wallow 
for pigs. 

wall na n or (w61 Pa'per), paper for 
wan pa-pci covering the inner walls of 
houses. 

Wall Clfrnpf (wol strg t), the narrow 
▼Yan uucci street in downtown New 
York, where the most important financial 
transactions of the country have their center; 
hence, high finance or the financier class. 


Wa.1 IlUt n - a well-known tree 


of the north temperate zone; 
also, its nut and its timber, 
wal mo (wol'rus), n. a large, seal-like 
Wdl-lUo sea animal, found in the Arctic 
Ocean, and valuable for blubber, skin, and 
tusks. 

ixraIf -7 (woltz), n. a kind of round dance; 
Wall/. m usic for such a dance: v.i. to 
dance such a round dance.— n. waltzer. 

. iror v> r\oo (wom-pe'), n. an Asiatic tree 
Wolii-pcC bearing a fruit with a hard 
rind. 

WO mi -rviim (wom'pum; wom'pum), n. 
WoIIl-pUIIl beads made of shells, used 

1Y the North American Indians as money 
md for ornament. 

wan (won), adj. pale; sickly; as, a wan 
Wall child, or a wan smile.— adv. wanly.— 
n. wanness. 

wand (wond), n. a long, slender rod or 
WoIlU stick; a staff of authority; in fairy 
lore, a staff with magic power; a coniurer’s 
rod. 

•wan d or (won'der), v.i. to rove; to ram* 
Wdll-ucl ble; stroll; stray; be delirious 
or out of one’s mind; digress or turn aside; 
as, the speaker wandered from his subject.— n. 
wanderer. 

Syn. range, ramble, roamu_rove. 
wan r\or no (wdn"der-oo'), n. a large, 
W dll-UCl -UU bearded monkey of southern 

India. 

wan o (wan), v.i. to grow less; decrease: 
WcUIC sa i(i 0 f the moon; to decline in 
power or importance; fail: n. the decrease 
of the visible bright part of the moon from 
full to new; decrease in power or importance; 
gradual failure. 

wanf (wont; wont), n. lack; need; poverty; 
WcU.ll as a family in want; desire; neces¬ 
sity: v.t. to be without; have need of; desire: 
v.i. to be deficient or lacking; come short; to 
be in poverty. 

Syn., n. penury. 

Ant. (see abundance). 

wanf incr (wont'ing; wdnf'mg), adj. lack- 
wani-mg j n g. missing; short of; not 

present. 

wan fnn (won'tun), adj. unrestrained; 
Wall- IUI1 roving; sportive; trilling; as, 
wanton gambols with the wind; loose in 
morals; careless; reckless; malicious; as, 
wanton destruction of property: n. a man 
or woman of loose, immoral habits* v.i. to 
pass the time in reckless pleasure; revel: v.t, 
to spend or 
waste reck¬ 
lessly .—a d v. 
wantonly. —- n. 
wantonne s. 

wap - i-ti 

(wop'i-ti; wap'- 
i-tl), n. a vari¬ 
ety of American 
deer, often 
called elk. 

wrar (wor), n. 

Wcir the state 
of armed attack 
or defense 
against anoth¬ 
er ; a contest 
by force be¬ 
tween states 
or nations; an 
armed conflict; 
tention; as, a 
enmity: v.i. [p.t. and p.p. warred, p.pr. 



Wapiti 

opposition or contest; con- 
war of words; hostility or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, dsk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









warble 


ro9 


wasft 


warring], to engage in an armed conflict: 
fight. 

Wflr 111 a (w6r'bl), v.t. and v.i. to trill; to 
7T sin S melodiously; utter musi¬ 

cally: n. a soft, sweet flow of melodious 
sounds; a carol. 

W<3T hiPr (wbr'bler), n. one who carols; 

i j . . a sin g er ; a small, bright- 

colored smgmg bird. 

war hridp brld), during the World 
a wnuc War, a term applied to the 
bnae of a soldier, especially when the mar¬ 
riage was hastened because of the soldier’s 
departure for camp or the front. 

war rrv krl), a party, or national, 
s i 0 g an in any contest. 

IX/ard ( w brd) , v.t. to guard; to keep watch 
,7 ’ ava over; to defend from danger; turn 
aside: with off; as, to ward off an attack: 
n a political division of a city or town; as, 
the fifth ward; the act of guarding or watch¬ 
ing; a watch or guard; a person under 
guard or protection; as, the ward of a court 
or state; one section of a hospital; as, a 
surgical ward. 

Wflr d^nrp (wordans), a dance of savage 
tribes before going to Avar. 
Wflrd PH (wbr'dn), n. a guardian; keeper; 
w va-v^aa as> a prison warden; trustee; 
as, a church warden; chief officer of govern¬ 
ment in a college.— n. wardens hip. 

Wflrd pr (wbr'der), n. one who watches 
" aiu ' w or keeps; a guard or keeper; 
as, the warder of an English prison. 

ward rrfhia (word'rob"), n. a room or 
waiU-iUUc closet for clothes; one’s 
stock of wearing appareh_ 

xi/PTyI TYIOITI (word'room"), it. in a war 
»»aiu-iuciu vessel, the living quarters 
of the officers above the rank of ensign, not 
including the captain. 

ward Qlir crpnn f w ? rd sfir'jun), a med- 
w a .1 Li 1C al officer in the 

United States army, tvho is responsible for 
the professional care of the patients, for the 
condition of the wards, and for the proper 
performance of the duties devolving upon the 
nurses and attendants. 

warp ( w ^ r )’ n - an article of merchandise; 
w c articles of the same class; as, hard¬ 
ware: pi. goods; commodities, 
itrn -t*p Ti/vitco (war'hous"), n. a store - 
weuC'llUUaC house; a building for stor¬ 
ing goods: v.t. to place in a building for 
storing: warehouse receipt, a receipt given to 
the owner of goods so stored, 
war farp (wor'far"), n. a condition of 
vvcu - -J - clJ c armed conflict; contest; mili¬ 
tary operations betAveen enemies; strife; 
struggle. 

war h orcp (w6r h6rs), a horse used 
AAUJ.OC in -war; a charger; a cavalry 

steed. 

war HItp (wor'lik"), adj. fit for, or fond of, 
well -lirve rnilitary life or fighting; as, a 
warlike nation; threatening conflict in arms; 
as, Germany made warlike preparations. 
War lor*(wor'lok), n. formerly, a wiz- 
wcu-IUth ard or Avitch; a magic spell, 
warm (worm), adj. having heat in a 
Well lit moderate degree; not cold; giving 
out moderate heat; as, the October sun is 
pleasantly warm; preventing one from feeling 
cold; as, a warm coat; having little cold 
weather; as, a warm climate; earnest or 
eager; passionate; kindly; as, she has a 
warm heart, suggesting heat by color, as 
red or orange: v.t. to impart moderate heat 
to; to fill AAith interest or excitement: v.i. 
to become moderately heated; to become 


interested or excited; as, the audience 
warmed to the speaker.— adv. warmly. 

warm-blood pd (worm'blud'ed), adj. 

wailll UlUUU-cU denoting animals 
whose temperature ranges from 98° to 112° 
Fahrenheit. 

xxjci yTTAtb (wormth), n. moderate heat; 
waxxAAtAA poAver to give heat; earnestness; 
zeal; ardor. 

warn (worn), v.t. to put on guard; to 
vvcaaaa make aware of possible danger; 
foretell a risk to; adAise against something; 
to notify in advance or summon by authority. 

warn in cr (worn'Ing), n. caution against 
wcAA-iA-AAAg, danger; previous notice; a 
summons; notice to quit, 
warn (worp), n. lengthAvise thread in 
w caa p weaAung; the tow rope of a boat; 
a tAvist, as of a board: v.t. to turn or tAvist 
out of shape; to turn from the proper course; 
to tow (a vessel); to change the form of 
(an airship wing) by twisting, usually by 
changing the angle or inclination of the rear 
spar relative to the front spar: v.i. to swerve; 
to twist, as Avocd. 

war r»Jiinf ( w6r P an t). paint put on the 
wcaa jjcu. li. L f ace and other parts of the 

body by savages^ when about to go to war. 
Tiro t* ■f\o+fi (wor'path), n. the route taken 
wa.A-pa.tAA by a party going on a warlike 
expedition; usually applied to hostile Indians. 

war Tllfl-np ( wdr plan), an airplane 
v/caa pActAAv: specially designed and con¬ 
structed for warfare. 

■\xro y (wor'ant), n. an official pa,per 

¥V CU - L t giving authority; a Avrit or 
order for arresting a person; that which 
vouches for or guarantees anything; just 
ground; as, he acted without warrant; in the 
army, a certificate of rank or appointment 
issued to one of lower rank than a commis¬ 
sioned officer: v.t. to guarantee; give assur¬ 
ance to; authorize; declare as certain; make 
secure; give just ground for or to; as, the 
state of affairs warrants decided action.—n. 
warranter, warrantor. 

war-rant-a-ble £££& 

teed or authorized; justifiable.— adv. war* 
rantably. 

war-rant of-fi-cer 

officer in the army or navy. 

war ran -Hr (w5r'an-tl), n. [pi. warranties 
Wd.1 -Ictli-ty (-tiz)], authority; legal guar¬ 
antee; security; as, a warranty that certain 
property is as it is represented. 

Wfir rpn (wor'en), n. an inclosure for pro^ 
w tecting game or breeding animals, 

especially rabbits; a place where rabbits live 
and breed. 

war-rior KISi-y&e* soltUer; a ffiim 

War Sav-ings Stamp StmT)'. 1 ”” 

small government security Issued by the 
United States in 1918 and 1919. 

Wfirt (Avert), n. a small, hard tumor or 
w a .a l lump on the skin.— adj. warty, 
wo -»*v (wa'rf), adj. [comp, warier, superl. 
vv cl-a y war iest.l, careful or cautious of 
danger; as, a wary foe; marked by caution; 
as, a wary course of action.— adv. warily. —n. 
wariness. 

Syn. shrewd, Avily, careful. 

Ant. (see foolhardy). 

woo (woz), the first and third persona 
w exo singular, past tense, of the verb be. 
wp oVi (*W. v.t. to cleanse Avith water; 
wctaii cover Avith water; flow again st; as 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy, fhen, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










washboard 


water level 


710 


the sea washes the rocks; to take away by 

the action of water; as, many houses were 
washed away in the flood; to overlay with 
thin metal; to cover with a thin coat or 
color: v.i. to become clean by the use of 
water; to cleanse something by rubbing it in 
water; to endure without harm being 
rubbed in water; as, some kinds of silk wash; 
to move with a flowing, lapping sound: n. the 
act of becoming or making clean with water; 
a lot of clothing to be washed; the dash or 
sound of a body of water, as a wave; material 
deposited by water, as wreckage on a beach; 
a thin coat of water color; a liquid for cleans¬ 
ing, healing, or treating something; as, a 
wash for sunburn; the disturbed air behind an 
airplane when it is moving.— adj. washable. 

Syn., v. clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint. 

(wosh'bord"), n. a board 
W3.SH-D0a.rQ with a ribbed metal or glass 
surface on which clothes are rubbed in being 
washed. 

wooVi ar (wosh'er), n. one who, or that 
Waoli-cl which, washes; a ring of metal, 
leather, or other material, used to secure the 
tightness of a joint, screw, etc.; a machine for 
washing clothes. _ . 

, TT „ W (wosh'er-woom"an), 

wasn-er-wom-an n a woman who 

earns a living by washing clothes; a laundress, 
xxrac'h nut (wosh'out"), n. the carrying 
wasn-oux away of earth, etc., as by 
a freshet or heavy rain; also, a place where 
earth has been so carried away. 

„ roc1 , (wosp), n. a winged insect of the 
Wdbp bee family with a sharp sting; hence, 
an irritable or peevish person. 

MToork ieVi (wosp'Ish), adj. irritable; sharp 
Wdo]J-ioli toneued; peevish. 

,„„ c C oil (wos'il), n. an old form of merry- 
Wda-ball making accompanied with drink¬ 
ing, especially at Christmas time; liquor 
made of ale, spices, apples, and sugar; an 
ancient expression used in drinking a health. 
—n. wassailer. 

ixroct orrn (was'taj), n. loss through use, 
Wd.bl-d.gt wear and tear, deterioration, 

evaporation, etc. 

„. oe i 0 (wast), v.t. to lay in rums; to 
Wdblt devastate or destroy; to wear away 
gradually; as, the fever wasted his strength; 
to spend or use recklessly; as, Americans 
had to learn not to waste food: v.i. to lose 
bulk, value, or strength; as, to waste away 
with disease: adj. lying unused; desolate; 
dreary; desert; unproductive; worthless; 
as, ivaste land: n. the act of spending care¬ 
lessly; that which is discarded or unused; 
the state of being unused, squandered, etc.; 
something thrown aside in a manufacturing 
process; as, cotton waste; refuse; a desert or 
wilderness. 

,„ oc | 0 f„1 (wast'f 551), adj. spending ex- 
Wdblc-llU travagantly or uselessly; in¬ 
clined to use more chan enough; as, she is 
wasteful in cooking; destructive.— adv. waste - 
fully. — n. wastefulness. 

(woch), n. close observation; vigi- 
WdlCIi lance; attendance without sleep; 
a watchman; a guard or sentry; division 
of the night; period, usually of four hours, 
during which a given part of a ship’s crew 
are on duty on deck; a pocket timepiece: 
V.i. to be or keep awake; keep guard; act 
as an attendant: v.t. to tend; guard; keep 
In sight.— n. watcher, watchmaker. 

wra+rVi Hncr (woch'dog"), n. a dog quick 
waicn-uog to detect the approach of 

Strangers, kept to protect property from 
burglars, etc. 



Watchtower 


(woch'f551), adj. wider-awake 
WaiCn-lUi cautious; alert and attentive. 
— adv. watchfully. — n. watchfulness. 

(wSch'm&n), n. f pi. watch- 
watch-man m en (-men)], a guard; 
especially, one who guards a 
locality or building at night. 

watch-tow-er ^ c gr)“ 

n. an ancient or medieval 
tower, or high structure, 
upon which a sentinel was 
placed. , „ . , 

watch-word wflrd"), 

n. a password; a secret word 
u s e d a s a countersign; & 
rallying cry; a motto OV 
slogan. 

-lira for (wo'ter), n. a 
wa-ier colorless fluid 
composed of two parts hydro- 
gen and one part oxygen 
(H?0) ; hence, rain; a sea, 
river, lake, etc.; the luster or 
brilliancy of a precious stone; 
as, a diamond of the first 
water; a kind of wavy, shiny pattern, as in 
silk: v.t. to moisten or sprinkle with water; 
as, to water plants; to allow or cause to 
drink; as, to water cattle; to lessen the quality 
or strength of by diluting; as, to water 
milk: v.i. to obtain, or take in, water; to 
fill with water or liquid matter; as, her eyes 
watered. ^ 

„ rn «l~e, c-f (wo ter=kloz"et), n. a 

Wa-ier-CAOb-ei small room or compart¬ 
ment fitted with a hopper that can be flushed 
with water, to receive waste matter from the 
body; also, the hopper. _ 

nr (wo'ter kul'er), a land of 
wa-xer COl-UI paint prepared for use by 
moistening with water; a picture made with 
paints of this kind, as distinguished from one 
painted with oil colors. 

,,r« rniir<2P (w6'ter-kors") , n. a 

wa-xer-tuurbe Stream of water; a 

channel for water; in map reading, the line 
defining the lowest part of a valley, whether 
occupied by a stream or not. 

rrooc (wo'ter kres), a plant with 
Wd.-Lcl Ucbb pungent leaves, growing 
in running water: used for salad, etc. 

-lira 4-o-ror! (wo'terd), adj. supplied with 
Wd-lCiCli water; sprinkled; having a 

wavy appearance; as, watered silk. 

-lira fall (wo'ter-fol"), n. a very steep 

wa-xer-iau descent, or fall, of the water 
of a stream or river: a cascade; a cataract, 
-lira tar fnurl (wo'ter-foul"), n. a bird 
Wd-lcr-iUWl whose home is close to a 
river, a lake, the sea, etc., such as a wild 
duck, heron, gull, etc. 

-lira f-ar erac (wo'ter gas), gas resulting 
Wd-lcl f r om the passing of steam 

over heated carbon. 

uro rrlacc (wo'ter glas), a substance 

W d- lei gidoo made of silicates of sodium 
or potassium: often used as a preservative 
of eggs for winter use. 

ura 1 At* iti or a]o aa (w o ter-f ng p 1 as), 
wa-cer-mg pia^© a place for getting 

water; a fashionable resort for bathing, boat¬ 
ing, etc. 


ura iacl r (wo'ter jak'et), a case 

W cl-lei Jcteii-Cl f or holding water, or 

through which water circulates, or moves, to 
cool the interior. . , „ 

ura fat* Ipxr pi (wo'ter lev'el), the level of 

wa-xer lev-ei the surface of still water. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








water lily 


711 


wa-ter lil.v C^'tgp in'!), a plant which 

J grows in the water, bearing 
a iragrant, beautiful flower; the flower itself. 

Wa-ter-lop-p-pH (wo'ter=16gd"), adj. 
wa ici iUggtJU soaked or filled with 

water, so as to be unmanageable or heavy 
like a log; as, a water-logged ship. 

Wa-ter loo (wp'ter-loo'), n. a complete 
yv a ICI 1UU defeat or failure: so called 

from Napoleon s final defeat at Waterloo in 
Belgium. 

wa-ter-ma rk (wfi'ter-miirk'’'), n. a mark 

m , . i showing the height of 

water; also a faint marking or lettering made 
in paper during its manufacture, as a trade- 

IIlarKt 

wa-ter-mel rrn (wd'ter-mgl'fin), n. the 
w a ICI -Iliei-On well-known large green 

fruit of a plant of the cucumber family; also 
the plant. 

wa-ter Dow-er pou'er), the 

vv a pu w f orce G f water used to 

run machinery; a fall of water which may be 
used for such a purpose. 

wa-ter-oroof (wo'ter-proof"), adj. shed- 
.77. CA piUUl ding moisture; not ad¬ 
mitting water; n. anything which does not 
pernut water to pass through, such as a rain- 
coat made of rubber, etc.: v.t. to make secure 
against water, as a garment, roof, etc. 

wa-ter.qh pH (wo'ter-shed*), n. a height 
wa ICI Mieu of land lying between 

areas drained by two different river systems - 
the drainage area. 

WB fpr ciH P (wo'ter-sld"), n. the shore or 
wa ici-MUC e dge of a body of water. 

wa-ter-soakpd fw6'ter=sokt v ),p.ad). 

wa ICl auaACU having absorbed all the 
moisture possible; wet through. 

wa-ter stinilf (wo'ter-spout*), n. a col- 
wa ici opuui umn 0 f water drawn up 

by a whirlwind at sea to meet a descending 
funnel-shaped cloud; a roof spout for the 
discharge of rainwater. 

wq fpr-tifrht (w6'ter=tlt'), adj. permit- 
wa.-i.ci ugiil t j ng no water to enter. 

lira ter tow Pr (wfi'ter tou'er), a tower 
waii/w-cx serving as a reservoir or 
tank for holding water; a fire-fighting ma¬ 
chine having a high pressure pipe which can 
be raised to various heights. 

1 X 75 a for xxrctiT (wo'ter-wa"), n. a channel 
wa-ici-wajf f or water; a body of water 
permitting navigation. 

■itto fpt" 'ixrVieel (wd'ter hwel), a wheel 
Wd-ier wneei turned by the direct 
action of water. 

1 rro fpf wnrlrc (wo'ter-wOrks"), n. a 
wa-ici-wuina pumping station; a sys¬ 
tem for supplying water to a city, town, etc. 
Trrn fpf V (wo'ter-I), adj. pertaining to, or 
wa-ici -y like, water; transparent or thin; 
tasteless; tearful; moist; soggy. 

ii. (wQt), n. the electrical unit of power, 
wail or ra t e 0 f work done by a. current of 
one ampere with a potential of one volt. 
lX 7 fl t tip (wflt'l), n. a twig; a rod easily 
wai-nc bent; a hurdle of pliant rods; 
loose red flesh under the throat of a cock, 
etc.: v.t. to twist or interweave (twigs or 
rods) one with another; to fence with rods. 

yrof tip 1iit”r1 (wot'l-bfird"), n. an Aus- 
Wai-Llc-Uil U. tralian honey-eating bird. 

Wfltt m P tpr (wOt'me'ter), n. an instru- 
waii-inc-ici rnent for measuring electric 
power by the unit called the watt. 

WA VP ( wav )- n - a swell on the surface of 
wave water; billow; vibrations by which 
sound, light, etc., are transmitted; a curving 
ridge on any surface; an up and down or 


weak 


back and forth motion: v.i. to be moved up 
and down or back and forth; to signal by 
such a motion; to have undulations, or curves* 
as, her hair waves beautifully: v.t. to swing - 
brandish; to cause to move to and fro; to 
signal by such a movement; to give’ an 
undulating, or curved, surface to. 

Wfl-VPr (wa'ver), v.i. to tremble to and 
fro or back and forth; to wave; 
hence, to reel or stagger; to hesitate or be 
undetermined; as, to waver in one’s opinion. 
WAV V (wav'!). o.dj. rising and swelling in 
waV -y waves; full of waves; as, wavy 
hair.— n. waviness. 

WAY (waks), n. the secretion of bees from 
woa which they build their comb; any 
substance like beeswax, such as sealing wax. 
cobblers wax, etc.: v.t. to smear or rub with 
beeswax; as, to wax a floor: v.i. to increase 
in size; to grow; as, to wax great in wealth. 
WAY hill (^J^ks'bil"), n. a European bird 
of the weaver-bird family, having 
a conelike bill that resembles wax. 

WAY PT1 (wak'sn), adj. made of, or like, 

. cu wax; as, a waxen doll; soft or 
pliable. 

WAY wit!O’ (waks'wlng*), n. a small brown 
W111 & bird with a showy crest and 
waxlike red tips on its wings. 

Wax Work (waks'wurk"), n. figures 
W r JL , WUIK formed.of wax in imitation of 
animals, flowers, people, etc. 

WAY V (wak'sl), adj. consisting of, or like, 
oa-j wax; adhesive or sticky; pliable. 
— n. waxiness. 

•uffiv (wa), n. a road; route for passage; 

direction; as, turn this way, - distance; 
as, he came a long way, method; as, let me 
show you the way to do it; habitual mode of 
hfe; as, the bachelor was set in his ways; 
detail or respect; as, in other ways the plan 
was good; will; as, she was determined to 
have her own way; room or space; as, make 
way for the procession: pi. timbers on which 
a ship is built, and down which it slides when 
launched. 

Syn. method, system, means, fashion, 
course, route, habit, practice. 

WAV hill (wa'bll"), n. a document, or 
V\ J.~ . paper, describing, and containing 

shipping instructions for, goods carried by 
train or steamer. 

WAV fAT* Pr (wa'far"er), n. a traveler, es- 
J x 7 _ pecially one who goes on foot. 
WAV lAV (wa"la'), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. way- 
. •y ~ xa -J laid, p.pr. waylaying], to lie in 
wait for; to beset by the road, in order to rob. 
WAV c;ir1p (wa'sid"), n. the edge of the 
vv road m the country. 

WA V Q +51 fi nn ( wa sfa'shun), a small sta- 
oia-llUii tion between important 
places on a railroad. 

WAV frAitl ( wa fr an ). a train which stops 
w ay ii aill a p stations along the road. 

WAV WArH (va'wSrd), adj. taking one’s 
»» aj -v»aiu own way . perverse or disobe¬ 
dient; as, a wayward child.— n. waywardness. 
WAV wnm (va'wSm"), adj. tired out by 
V yf:/" VVUAAA travel or by the happenings 
of life. 

1 X 7 p ( wg )> nominative plural of the pronoun 
” ^ of the first person. 

WPAk ( wgk )- ad 3- wanting strength, force. 

or power; as, a weak, body; lacking 
mental or moral strength; simple; foolish; 
not effective; lacking power to endure; easily 
influenced; easily overcome; as, a weak de¬ 
fense or a weak argument; faint in sound; 
much diluted; as, weak tea. 

Syn. infirm. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 














weaken 


712 


wedding 


nmo 1, (wek'n), v.t. to make less strong; 
Wed.Jl-eil reduce in quality or strength: 
v.i. to become less strong. 

Syn. debilitate, enfeeble, enervate. 
nr . n i. r;-,!- (wek'flsh*), n. any of several 
WeaK-nsn kinds of sea fish with very 
tender flesh. 

'tiroair lino 1 (wek'llng), n .a person without 
WeaK-ling strength, or feeble m body or 

(wek'li), ad). feeble; not strong: 
WcaK-iy a d Vm in a, faint maimer; feebly. 


uroalr tiocc (wek'nes), n. the state or 
WeaK-neSS quality of lackmg strength; 


a fault or defect; as, a weakness of character. 
„ roo 1 (wel), n. happiness; welfare; as, the 
Wcdl i aw wa s made for the public weal. 
„ mo iJ (weld), n. a region without woods; 
Wcdltl open country; a wold. 
urAol-fh (welth), n. riches; affluence; great 
Wcdl III abundance. 


wealth y (w61 ' thI) ’ ad ^ 


- „ super!, wealthiest], having riches; 
affluent; possessing great abundance.— adv. 

wealthily. ^ 

niQn „ (wen), v.t. to cease to feed (a child) 
WCdJl f>y nursing; to alienate, or separate, 
the affections of, from any object or habit; 
to detach gradually. 


weath-er-board board' cut to form 

lapped joints with boards above and below, 
so as to make a waterproof outer wall for a 
house; clapboarding: v.t. to nail boards on 
(a building) so as to lap over one another. _ 
„„ t>,. - Qai1 ( w&th'er buro), 

63.tfl.-Cr -bu-reau that part of the 

United States Department of Agriculture 
which keeps collected statistics oi weather 
reports and foretells weather^ conditions. 

(wvth’er - kok ), n. a 
Weatn-er-COCK figure, often shaped like 
a cock, fastened to a high spire, roof, pole, 
etc., and turning with the wind to show which 
way it blows; a weather vane: especially, one 
shaped like a cock; a fickle person; one easily 
influenced. „ 

rrorm (weffl'er gaj), the situa- 

weath-er gag© tion of a vessel to the 
windward of another. Also, weather gauge. 

rrlooc? ’(w&ft'er-gl&s*), n. an 
weatn-er-glass Instrument to show the 


^ “’TIT (wep'un), n. any instrument 
WGap-OH for fighting or for defense, as a 


gun or”sword: any means of contest; as, his 
tongue was his best weapon. 
tiraQ - (war), v.t. [p.t. wore, p.p. worn, 
wear p.pr. wearing], to carry on the body; 
as, to wear clothing; bear or show; as, to 
near a careless manner; use up; make less 
in ouantity or value; as, to wear out ones 
patience; to damage by continual friction; 
as, to wear the gloss off a surface; to make 
by use or friction; as, to wear a hole m cloth; 
to wear a path through the woods; to turn a 
ship: v.i. to be exhausted or damaged by 
use* as, your coat is wearing out; to last well 
under use; as, that cloth will wear for a long 
time: n. the state of being used; damage 
caused by use; as, his garments show signs 
of wear; garments worn; as, this shop sells 
ladies’ wear. — n. wearer. 

(we'rl-sum), ad), causing 
W63-il-SUIIlt5 exhaustion or tiredness; 
tedious; irksome; as, a wearisome journey; 
fatiguing.— adv. wearisomely. — n. wearisome- 

t*Tr (we'rf), ad), [comp .^ wearier, superl. 
wea-ry weariest], fatigued; tired; worn 
out physically or mentally: resulting from, 
or causing, exhaustion; irksome: v.t. [p.t. 
and p.p. wearied, p.pr. wearying], to wear out 
or make tired; to harass or worry by some¬ 
thing irksome: v.i. to become tired or fatigued; 
become impatient.— adv. wearily. —n. weari- 
ness. 

Syn., v . harass, jade, tire, fatigue. 


condition of the at¬ 
mosphere, as a ba¬ 
rometer. 

weath-ervane 

(yteth'er xwn), a thin 
strip of wood or 
metal, often shaped 
like a bird, fish, etc., 
and fastened to a 
high spire, roof, or 
pole, where it turns 
with the wind and 
shows which way it 
blows; a weather¬ 
cock. Also, vane. 



Weather Vanes 
titoo Uh or \\t\c (weffc'er-wiz'O, ad), able 

weaxn-er-wise to foretell the state of 

the weather* 


•HT-oa+Vi or iimm (w6«7i'er-wSrn'), ad). 
weam-ei-wom damaged or altered by 


a small animal of the 


wea-sel same^fajnibr as the mink and 


ferret, having short legs and a long body, 
and destructive to poultry, rats, mice, etc. 

(weffl'er), n. the state of the 
weatn-er atmosphere as to cold, heat, 
wet, dryness, etc.: v.t. to expose to, or season 
by exposure to, the air; sail to the windward 
of* endure or resist bravely; as, to weather 
a gale at sea: v.i. to undergo change by the 
action of the air, sun, rain, etc. 

weather-beat-en ad). defaced or 
worn by the action of air, sun, rain, etc.; 
as, a weather-beaten house; toughened; as, a 
weather-beaten countenance, 


exposure to sun, rain, wind, etc. 

, I7Da .. 0 (wev), v.t. to twist or interlace, 
Wcdvc as threads, together; form, as 
cloth, in a loom; compose or fabricate; as, 
to weave a thrilling story: v.i. to practice 
making cloth with a loom; to become twisted 
together or interlaced; to wind in and out: 
n. a special pattern made in a loom. 

(wev'?r), n. one whose trade 19 
Wcav-cl making cloth, etc., in a loom. 

. ro0 T 7 ViirH (wev'er bflrd), a bird of 
W 63 V-Gx DliU. Asia and Africa that makes 
its nest by a complicated twisting together of 
twigs, grass, etc. 

(web), n. anything woven; anything 

carefully contrived, as a plan or 
scheme; tissue or texture; a cobweb; the 
skin between the toes of many water birds, 
as a duck, etc.; a large roll of paper for 
printing: v.t. [p.f. and p.p. webbed, p.pr. 
webbing], to unite or surround with, or as 
with, a web; entangle.— ad), webbed. 

Tiroh Ixinfr (web'Ing), n. a heavy woven 
WCO-UHlg strip or tape of cotton or 
linen; the membrane joining the toes of a 
bird’s foot. 

(wgb'fdot"). n. a foot with the 
WCU-lUdl toes joined by a membrane; 
any animal with feet of this kind.— ad). 
web-footed. 

•wrekfl (w6d), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. wedded or 
WCU. wed, p.pr. wedding], to marry; to 
join in marriage; unite together firmly: v.i. 
to contract marriage. 


•W 7 G.H Hina (wed'lng), n. a marriage; mar- 
wcu-um^ riage ceremony or festivities; 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer;, 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu;. 





















wench 


wedge 


713 



Wedge 


a joining together; also, the celebration of a 
marriage anniversary; as, a golden wedding. 
woHcrt* (wej), n. a piece of wood or metal, 
W cU^c thick at one end and thin at the 
other, used for splitting 
wood, rocks, etc.; anything 
of a similar shape: v.t. to 
cleave, force, drive, or fasten, 
with a wedge; press in 

pi AQftl V 

wed lock ^ gd ' 16k )- n - P 

Wctl-lOkK the state of 
being married; matrimony. 

Wednes-day 

the fourth day of the w eek. 
woo (we), adj. very small; 

WCC little; as, a wee bit of 
anything; a wee baby. 
xxrooH (wed), n. any harmful, or useless 
WCCU plant; a wild plant which hinders 
the growth of cultivated ones; anything 
useless or troublesome: pi. a widow’s mourn¬ 
ing garments: v.t. to root out; to free from 
useless or wild plants; to rid of anything 
offensive, hintful, or obstructive. 

(wed'I), adj. pertaining to, con- 
weeu-y sisting of, or abounding with, 
weeds; as, a weedy garden; ill-kept; not 
trim in shape. 

ixroolr (wek), n. a period of seven days. 
Week usually counted as beginning with 
Sunday. 

xxrxa^lr t\a\T (wek da), any day of the 
W cciv. tidy week except Sunday. 

rt-n (wek'gnd'), n. the time from 
W6CK“CIltl Friday night or Saturday 
noon to Monday morning, usually free from 
business. 

it goI Itt (wek'li), adj. continuing for, pro- 
W ccxi.-iy duced within, or happening in, 
seven days; coming every seven days: adv. 
once a week: n. [pi. weeklies (-llz)], a paper 
or magazine issued once every seven days. 

(wep), v.i. to shed tears; to cry: v.t. 
Weep to shed tears for; hence, to lament 
or mourn; bewail.—n. weeper. 
wp p n fncr (wep'Ing), n. the act. of shed- 
wccp-lllg ding tears: p.adj. crying; hav¬ 
ing drooping branches; as, a weeping willow'. 

^ *i (we'vl), 7i. a small beetle, v'hoso lar- 
Wcc-VH vos are injurious to fruit and grain. 

rx (weft), n. in weaving, the threads that 
Well cross the warp, or lengthwise threads; 
woof; a web; a thing woven. 
uriairrVi (wa), v.t. to find the heaviness of; 
WGlgll examine by a scale or balance; 
to ponder; reflect on carefully; to raise: 
used only in to weigh anchor: v.i. to have a 
given heaviness; to bear heavily; as, the 
burden of anxiety weighs on his mind; to be 
of importance; as. the common good should 
weigh heaviest in the decision.—n. weigher. 

(wat), n. the quality of being 
Wclgill heavy; amount of heaviness; a 
mass of metal used as a balance in finding 
the heaviness of other bodies; a heavy mass; 
a load; something oppressive; as, a weight 
on the mind; pressure; power; importance: 
v.t. to load down; to make heavy. 

Syn., n. heaviness, bui'den, load. 

Anl. (see lightness). . 

v (wat'I), adj. [comp weightier, 
WclgIJ.X-j superl. weightiest], heavy; im¬ 
portant; serious; as, a weighty matter, ado. 
weightily.—n. weightiners. 

(wer), n. a dam in a stream to raise 
weir the water, send it to a mill, form a 
ociid, etc.; also, a fence of brush or twigs set 
in a stream , channel, etc., for catching fish . _ 


WAirrl (word), adj. of or pertaining to fate 
w CIA If or to witchcraft; hence, uncanny 
or unearthly; as, a weird sound; strange and 
mysterious.— adv. weirdly.—n. weirdness. 
wp ,1 rrkTT »o (wel'kum), adj. received with 
W Cl-LUlllC gladness or hospitality; as, 
a welcome guest; producing gladness; as, 
welcome news; permitted gladly; as, you 
are welcome to keep it: n. kind reception to a 
guest or newcomer: v.t. to salute with kind¬ 
ness; receive v r ith hospitality. 
wa! rl (weld), v.t. to unite by heating and 
Weill hammering; to press together, as 
two pieces of heated iron; to unite closely: v.i. 
to become melted, or firmly joined, together: 
n. state of being heated and pressed together; 
a joint made by heating and hammering. 

(wel'der), n. one who joins to- 
W C1U.-C1 gether, as metals by melting and 
pressing. 

-fpt*o (wgl'far"), n. condition of health; 
W Cl-Ictl C prosperity; happiness. 

(wel'kin), n. tho vault of heaven; 

(wel), n. a spring or fountain; a shaft 
Well sunk in the earth to reach a supply 
of water or other liquid, such as oil; some¬ 
thing like a well in shape: v.i. to flow or 
pour forth as from a spring: adv. rightly; 
justly; suitably; as, the work was well 
done: favorably; fortunately; as, the 

experiment turned out well; sufficiently; 
fully; as, well under way: adj. in good 
condition or circumstances; fortunate; sound 
in body; healthy. 

vst-oII "ho incr (wel'be'Ing), n. the state of 
W U c general health and pros¬ 

perity; welfare. 

well-born “«• born of a 

xxrotl ‘hrrarl (wel'bred'), adj. refined ia 
wcu-uicu manners; cultivated; of good 

breed, as an animal. 

well-nigh <S‘oS?’ 

exhausted, 


adv. very nearly; 
as, he was well-nigh 


, ir «11 ertrina (wel'sprlng"), n. a source of 
Wcil-opuiig never-failing supply; as, a 

wellspring of joy. 

xxr»11 tn (wel't5o=dob'), adj. prosper- 
Wcll IU XIU ous; fairly wealthy. 

Wels-bach light lit), a gas burner for 
lighting purposes, in which a noncombustible 
mantle, suspended around the flame, becomes 
heated to incandescence and gives off a strong 
white light. 

(welsh), adj. pertaining to Wales, 
VY vibil its people, or their language: n. 
the people of Wales; the language of Wales. 

W^lch rah hit (w61shrab'It), melted 
W eisn raD-Oit cheese,cookedwithmilk, 

etc., seasoned, and spread upon toasted bread. 
__._lx (welt), n. an edge or border fastened 
well around something; a narrow strip of 
leather around a shoe between the upper 
leather and the sole; colloquially, a red, 
swollen mark raised on the skin by a blow: 
v.t. to put a welt upon; colloquially, to flog, 
or beat, so as to raise red, swollen marks. 

(wel'ter), v.i. to roll in mud or 
Wcl-lcl mire; to wallow, as a hog; to 
be in a state of moral corruption; to rise and 
fall with violent tossing, as waves: «. a roll¬ 
ing, as of waves, or a wallowing; a state of 
unrest and confusion; a wallow. 

. (wen), n. a painless tumor inclosed 
Wcli ia a cyst, or closed sac. 

-. 1 - (wench), n. formerly, a young girl 
Wdloli or maiden; a female servant. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 


£7 











wend 


714 


wheelhouse 


WPtlH (wend), v.i. and v.t. to proceed on, 
w cnu or joumey; as, to wena one’s way 
homeward. 

wpnt (went), past tense of the irregular 
w cxi L verb go. 

(wept), the past tense and past parti- 
vv L ciple of the verb weep. 

Timro (wur), plural form of the past tense of 
WCIC the verb be. 

wrdf (wer'woolf"; wer'woolf"), n. 
w ci c- w uxx i n folklore, a person turned 
into a wolf in form, or one who could assume a 
wolf’s form at certain periods. Also, werwolf. 
wpr f (wurt) .second person singular past indic- 
w cx t ative and subjunctive,grave form, of be. 

TXT - pc 1 pxr a n (wes'll-an), adj. pertaining to 
W eb-iey-an Jo hn Wesley ( 1703 - 1791 ), or 
to Wesleyanism or Methodism, the religion 
which he founded: n. a Wesleyan Methodist. 
•**rp qf (west), n. one of the four points 
wcot 0 f the compass, exactly opposite the 
east; the point where the sun appears to, set; 
a region lying in the direction of the sunset: 
the West, the Western Hemisphere; the part 
of the United States between the Mississippi 
River and the Pacific Ocean: adj. pertaining 
to, situated in, proceeding toward, or coming 
from, the direction of the sunset; as, a 
west wind: adv. towards the sunset. 

•mpct pt* 1 tt (wes'ter-ll), adj. and adv. 
wcoi-cx-ij toward the west; of winds, 
from the west. 

W pc+ P m (wes'tem), adj. pertaining to, 
vv coi-cxn or 0 f the west; westerly: 
Western, of the Western Hemisphere; 
the western part of the United States. 
vtt pot pm pt° (wes'ter-ner), n. one who 
vv coi-cxii-ci fives in, or comes from, a 
region toward the west: Westerner, a native 
of the western part, of the United States, 
•w/pcf ward (west'werd), adj. lying or 
V/CoL-WaiU facing towards the west: 
adv. towards the west. Also, westwards. — 
adv. westwardly. 

W pf (wet), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. wetted or wet, 
wet p^r. wetting], to cover or soak with 
liquid; to soak or moisten with water or 
some other liquid: n. water; moisture; 
rainy or misty weather: adj. containing, con¬ 
sisting of, or soaked with, water or some other 
liquid; very damp; rainy or misty; as, wet 
weather.— n. wetness. 

vrrpfU p r (weth'e r), n. a male sheep that 
wcux-cx has been made incapable of 
reproducing its kind. 

Whnrlr (hwak), n. a smart, resounding 
wnatn. blow: v.t. to strike with a smart, 
resounding blow. [Colloq.] 
tx/hfilp (hwal), n. a very large, warm- 
wxxcixc blooded, air-breathing sea mammal, 
shaped like a fish 
and valued for its 
oil and whale¬ 
bone: whale calf, 
a young whale. 


whale-back 

(hwal'bak"), n. a 
freight steamer 
having a very 
convex, or 
curved, deck, like 
the back of a 
whale. 



Whale and Calf 

wVlfllp Knnt (hwal'bot'), n. a long, nar- 
row boat, sharp and slant¬ 
ing at both ends, first used by whale fishers. 

wllfllp hnriP (hwal'bon"), n. a stiff, 
wxiaic-uuxxc springy substance found in 

the upper jaw of whales, 


(hwal'er), n. a vessel or person 
in hunting whales. 

n. a blow; 


wh 1 py (hwal'er), 

Wllcil-er employed_, 

wfiPno- (hwang), v.t. to flog: 

WilcUlg a whack. [Colloq.] 

wllflrf (hworf), n. [pi. wharfs or wharves 
wxxcxxx (hworvzd, a structure built at the 
water’s edge, for loading or unloading ships; 
a pier or quay. 

■tirl-t o yf 0 ofp (hwor'faj), n. the fee, or 
wxicxxx-agc money, collected for use of 
a wharf; the entire wharf space at a port, etc. 

xi/fioyip i-r» rypt* (hwor'fin-jer), n. the 
WIld.ll-lll-gei owner of a wharf. 

Whpf (hwot), pron. compound relative 
wxxat meaning that which; the thing that; 
as, have you found what you want? an inter¬ 
rogative; as, what are you doing? an indefinite; 
as, I do not know what happened: adj. inter¬ 
rogative; as, what trade does he follow? adv. 
how; how much; as, what does it profit? 
partly: followed by with; as, what with the 
cold and what with the darkness we could go 
no farther: conj. that; as, there is no doubt 
but what he will succeed; so far as; as well as. 

pxr pr (hwot-ev'er), pron. all that; 
Wfldl-ev-er anything that; as, give 
whatever you can; no matter what; as, we 
must have sugar whatever its cost. 

what nnt (hwot'not"), n. an article of 
wxxdt-xxut f urn iture with shelves for 
books, ornaments, etc. 

what-so-ev-er (h \ v6t ".^ 5 - gv '. gr ). vjon. 

of whatever. 


and adj. emphatic form 

^ _ _ .. __ • 

°f (hwel), n. a discolored swelling from 

WllCd.1 the stroke of a whip; a weal, 
whpat (hwef)> n - a well-known grain from 
vyucai which white flour is made; also, the 
grass that yields it. _ 

whpaf pat* (hwet'er"), n. a small singing 

wneai-ear bird> wit h a white patch at 

the base of its tail._ 

iirlippt o-n (hwet'n), adj. made of wheat; 
wiicdi-cxx as, a wheaten loaf. 

■\xrVtpp Hip (hwed'l), v.t. to flatter; cajole; 
wncc-uic C oax; as, she wheedled her 
tather into consenting; to get by coaxing or 
flattery; as, she wheedled permission out of 
her father: v.i. to coax with flattery, 
whppl (h we () ■ n - a circular frame or body 
wxxccx capable of turning on a central 
axis or axle; anything shaped like a wheel; 
a circular frame, with handles, for controlling 
the rudder of a ship; a bicycle; an old 
instrument of torture; a circular revolving 
firework; a complete turning around; that 
which makes active or which directs progress - 
as, he soon had the wheels of the business 
running smoothly; a maneuver in drill in 
which troops in line change direction without 
destroying their alignment: v.t. to move on 
wheels; to cause to turn: v.i. to turn on an 
axis or about a center; to revolve; to roll 
forward.— adj. wheeled. 

■yo-Hppl "hoy row (bwel'bar'o), n. a fight 
WIXCCI Uctl-IUW vehicle with two han¬ 
dles and usually one wheel, used to carry 
small loads. 

wVippI pr (hwel'er), n. one who pushes, 
wncci-Ci as a W heeled chair, barrow, etc.; 
the horse nearest to the wheels of a carriage. 
■wHippl f-inycp (hwel hors), the horsenear- 
w lie Cl 11UI&C est to the vehicle drawn, 
when there is a leader; hence, the person who 
bears the brimt of the hard work in an under¬ 
taking. 

wVippl Vienop (hwel'hous"), n. a small 
wxxccx-xiUU&C structure on the forward 
deck of a ship, where the steering wheel Is 
situated. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, pdradej scene, event, edge, novel, refer j 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








wheelman 


715 


whinny 


wVi oro (hwar), adv. at or in which place 
Wilclc nr nla.ccs: to what or which place. 


wViiaAl -man (hwel'm5,n), n. [pi. wheel- 
wucoi-xuau men (-men)], one who rides 
a bicycle; the steersman of a boat. 

TirVicLp,! wricrhf (hwel'rit"), n. one who 
wucci-wugm makes or repairs wheels 

and vehicles with wheels. 

\TrVi (hwez), v.i. to breathe noisily 

Wliccic with difficulty: to make a whis¬ 
tling noise; as, the pump wheezes: n. a whis¬ 
tling or gasping breath, as in asthma, 
wl-nack'r T 7 (hwez'I), ad), affected with diffi- 
wneez-y cu it breathing. 

raVicd-m (hwelm), v.t. to overpower, as with 
WIIcIlU a mass of water; engulf. 

wVioln (bwelp), n. the young of a dog, 
WIlcip ]jon, fox, etc.; a cub; a contemp¬ 
tuous term for a worthless youth: v.t. to give 
birth to (a whelp): v.i. to bring forth whelps, 
or cubs. 

■wrhian ( hw ® n )* a d v - at, or after, the time 
WIicll that; as, write when you can; at 
what time; as, when did it happen? as soon 
as; as, when the war is over, 
urlioncp (hwens), adv. from what place, 
Wllclitc source, or origin. 

iTrVitin QT 7 or (hwen-ev'er), adv. and conj. 
WIlcIl-cV-cI a t whatever time. 

which 

or places; 

places, or result; from what place or source; 
whither. 

\xrh Arfi a hniltc (hwar'd-bouts"), adv 
WIlCl C-a-UUUlo about where; near what 

or which place; about which or concerning 

which: n. sing, the place where a person or 

thing is. Also, whereabout. 

ittV. oro oc (hwar-az'), conj. considering 

Wllclc-tta that; since; it being the case 

that; when in fact or truth; while on the 

contrary; the case being that. 

nrkoro o-f (hwar-at'), adv. at which, or 

Wflcic-al upon which; whereupon; at 

what: used in a question. 

iTrVioro VkXf (hwar-biO, adv. by which: used 

wnere-uy as a relative; by what; how: 

used in a question. _ 

tirh at -q frvra (hwar'for), adv. for which 
WuciC-lUlC reason; therefore; why: used 

In a question. , . , 

(hwar-In'), adv. in which; in 
WildC-Iil which time, place, respect, etc.: 
used as a relative; in what: used in a ques¬ 
tion; as, wherein am I mistaken? 

n f (hwar-dv'), adv. of which; of 
wnere-ui whom: used as a relative; of 
what: used in a question. 

ori (hwar-on'), adv. on which: 
Wflclc-Ull used as a relative; on what: 
used as a question. . v v , 

where-so-ev-er £ v or to whatsoever 

place; wherever. , . , 

■l, ckt-ck (b war-tob'), adv. to which: 

Wilcic-lU used as a relative; to what, 
or to what end or place: used in a question. 

(hwar^u-pon'), adv. upon 
Where-Up-011 which; as the result of, 
or after, which: used as a relative; whereon: 
used in a question. 

, TT i, 0 - (hw&r-Sv'er), adv. at, from, 

Wner-cv-cl to, or in, whatever place; 

wheresoever. , , . 

(hwar-wl th'\ hwar-wlth'), 
Where-Wiin a( i c . with which: used as a 
relative; with what: used in a question. 

-.iri-fii o1 (hwa.r"wI*ft-or), adv. 
Where-Wltn-ai with which: used as a 

relative; with what: used in a question: n. 
that with which anything can be bought or 
done. Also, wherewith. 


•tirlicki- -nr (hwbr'I), n. [pi. wherries (-Iz)], a 
Wlicl-I y light, shallow rowboat; a light 
barge or fishing vessel. 

(hwet), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. whetted, 
WliCL p.pr. whetting], to sharpen by rub¬ 
bing, as a knife; to make keen or eager; as, 
sea air whets the appetite; stimulate. 
urVi o+Vi (hweili'er), pron. which (of two) 
Wile 111-Cl or which one (of two): conj. 
a particle introducing a following alternative, 
or, or or whether: as, I do not know whether 
this or that is the true reason. 

...•Upf- o+rm (hwet'ston"), n. a stone for 
w lie L-o tUiic sharpening edge tools. 

AirVt our (hwu; hu), interj. an exclamation 
W11CW 0 f surprise, disgust, or dismay; as, 
whew! how the wind blows. 

•wrVioTr (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, watery 
Wiley p ar t of milk, separated from the 
curds, as in cheese making.— adj. wheyey. 
mlitVIi (hwlch), pron. an interrogative; as, 
WHICH w hich is your house? a relative, mean¬ 
ing a particular one; the one that; as, point out 
which is yours: used of animals, ideas, or things: 
adj. interrogative; as, which house is yours? 
xirViiVh ~ T , (hwlch-ev'er), pron. whether 

wniCll-CV-Cl one or the other; whether 
one or another. Also, whichsoever. 
wViiff (bwif), n. a sudden breath or blast, 
W11U1 as of air or smoke; a light puff: 
v.t. and v.i. to puff or blow out in sudden 

brG3itlis 

wViif (hwif'l), v.i. to blow unsteadily 
Willi-11C or in gusts, as the wind; hence, 
to be fickle or unsteady.—n. whiffier. 
xx/hif flo (hwlf'l-tre"), n. a pivoted 

W1111-lie-ti CC or swinging bar attached 

crosswise to the front of a carriage or wagon 
to hold the traces of the harness. Also, 

whippletree. 

xi ru" (hwig), n. one of a former political 
W Hlg party in the United States that 
favored a.protective tariff, and was succeeded 
by the present Republican party; a sup¬ 
porter of the American Revolution; one of 
a liberal political party which originated in 
England in the 17th century, and developed 
into the Liberal party: adj. of or pertaining 
to Whigs.— adj. Whiggish. — n. Whiggery. 

*1 „ (hwll), n. a period of time; time or 
W1111C pains required to do something: 
used in the expressions, worth while, and 
worth one’s while: conj. as long as; during 
the time that: v.t. to cause to pass; spend; 
as, to while away time. 

■sirVsfm (hwlm), n. a fancy; freak; notion; 
WliHli a sudden, often unreasonable, wish, 
whim nor (hwlm'per), v.i. to cry with a 
Wllllil-jJci low, whining, broken voice: 
n. a low, broken complaint; a fretful whining. 
—n. whimperer. 

wViim cmr (hwlm'z!), n. a caprice; a 
WllUll-oCj sudden freak; an unreasonable 

notion. Also, whimsy. 

wbim oi ral (hwlm'zl-kal), adj. freakish; 
WlllIIl-ol-Cd.1 f u b 0 f odd notions; capri¬ 
cious; queerly humorous.— adv. whimsically. 

whin chat ( hwTn ' chat ")’ n ■ a sp 33 - 11 Eur °r 


yellow in color. 

(hwm), 


pean singing bird, brown and 


iTrVitn^k (hwm), v.i. to show distress by a 
Wilific plaintive, nasal cry; murmur in 
a mean or childish manner; to complain; to 
talk in a plaintive, nasal tone: v.t. to utter 
in a fretful or complaining way: n. a plaintive 
tone; the act or sound of weak, fretful com¬ 
plaining. . . . ., „ 

-mtt (hwlnl), V.i. to neigh: said of a 
wnin-ny horse: n. the usual call of a 
horse; a neigh. __ _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then , thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 









whinstone 


716 


white lead 


nrliJn cfnno (hwln'ston'), n. a miner’s 
” AAAAA ~^ lUIlt; t erm for hard, resisting 
rock. 

wliin (kwlp), ®.f. and PP- whipped or 
WAAA F whipt, p.pr. whipping], to strike or 
punish with a lash or rod; flog; to take, 
snatch, or jerk: with 014 , off, from, etc.; as, 
he whipped out his pistol and fired; col¬ 
loquially, to defeat in a contest; conquer; 
as, the home team was badly whipped ; beat 
into a froth; as, to whip cream; beat out; 
to overcast, as a 

prevent it from whipped End of Rope 
fraying out; to 

wrap regularly, as a rope; fish in with a rod 
and artificial fly; as, to whip a stream for 
trout: v.i. to move nimbly; start suddenly 
and run: n. an instrument with a lash, used 
for driving horses or other animals or for cor¬ 
rection; one who drives horses; a member of 
the British Parliament whose duty it is to 
keep the members of his party together.— n. 
whippar. 

whin rorH (hwlp'kord"), n. a kind of 
W.Ilip-COlU. hard cord, often used for 
making whiplashes. 

whin 1 a eh (hwlp'lash' r ), n. the lash, or 
Wfiip-ldbll cordi of a whip . 

npr (hwip'er=in"), n. a hunts- 
-pci”lll man who has charge of the 


whip 

hounds. 


whip 


npr on on npr (bwip'er-snap"er), 
“P^^"® AAc *-P“Pm^ n. a small, insig¬ 
nificant person, who feels that he is important, 
whin n#*t (hwlp'et), n. in the World War, 
Wiiip pc L a sma n tank, or armored tractor, 
used by the British army, 
whin nip trpp (hwlp'l-tre*), n. a swing- 
vvlu r r ic " ucc ing crosswise bar at the 
front of a vehicle, to which the traces of the 
harness are fastened. Also, whiffletree. 

whin nnnr ■’Krill (Awip poor-wil*), n. a 
wmp-poor-wm sma n American bird, 

named from its cry, which is heard only at 
night. 

whin cow (hwlp'so"), n. a long, narrow 
wmp-oaw saw with coarse, hook teeth, 
used to cut wood with the grain. 

whip-stock grwMp k ' ,> n ' the handle 

w hi r (bwfir), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. whirred, 
wiiix p.pr. whirring], to revolve or move 
quickly with a buzzing noise: n. a buzzing 
or whizzing noise caused by rapid motion; 
as, the whir of machinery, 
whirl (hwurl), v.t. to cause to turn round 
WAAAAA rapidly: v.i. to turn or move round 
with great speed; move along swiftly, espe¬ 
cially on wheels: n. a turning round with 
great speed; rapid rotation or circular 
motion. 

whirl i trio- (hwOr'11-glg'), n. a child’s 
Willi 1-1-gig that spins or whirls 

round; a merry-go-round^ 

whirl nnnl (Awfirfipool"), n. a current of 
wini l-pucii wa ter whirling round so as 
to make a hollow in the center into which 
objects may be drawn. 

whirl winH (bwurl'wind"), n. a violent 
vv n AA i~ ” nin wand moving with a circular 
current, or with a whirling, spiral motion; 
a tornado or cyclone; hence, a sudden, violent 
rush. 

wliiclr (hwlsk), v.t. to sweep or brush 
wiuoxv rapidly; move, or carry off, with a 
quick, sweeping motion: v.i. to move rapidly 
and nimbly; as, the squirrel whisked up the 
tree: n. the act of brushing with a quick 


motion; a quick, nimble movement; a small 
bunch or bundle of hair, grass, straw, etc., 
used as a brush; hence, a small-sized broom 
or brush. 

whiclr prc (whis'kerz), n.pl. the hair on 
Wllloxk-Clo the sides of a man’s face, and 
on the chin; the bristly hairs around the 
mouth of a cat, etc. 

wViic Irv (hwls'kl), n. [pi. whiskies (-klz)J, 
Wills-ivy an alcoholic liquor distilled from 
grain or potatoes. Also, whiskey. 
wVmc ppr (hwis'per), v.i. to speak in a 
wina-pci ] ow voice; to speak softly or 
under the breath; to make a hissing sound: 
v.t. to say under the breath; speak of pri¬ 
vately: n. a low, soft tone of voice; speech 
under the breath without tone; a secret or 
private utterance; a hint or suggestion; a 
soft, rustling sound; as, the whisper of the 
trees.— n. whisperer. 

wViicf (hwlst), n. a card game: interj. hush" 
Willsl a dj . hushed or quiet; as, the winds 
are whist. 

wViic + 1 a (hwls'l), v.i. to make a shrill 
wins-L 1 C sound by forcing the breath 
through the teeth or puckered lips; to utter 
or make a shrill sound by forcing air or 
steam through an opening; as, the engine 
zvhistled at the station; to go or pass with a 
sharp, shrill sound; as, the wind whistled 
through the woods: v.t. to utter by whis¬ 
tling; as, to whistle a tune; to call or signal 
by whistling; as, the hunter whistled his dog 
home: n. the shrill noise made by forcing the 
breath through the puckered lips; the sound 
of steam or air forced through an opening; 
as, a factory or locomotive whistle; any like 
sound; an instrument, large or small, for 
producing such a sound.— n. whistler. 

(hwit), n. the smallest particle; 
win l speck; jot. 

whifp (hwit), adj. of the color of clean 
w ah tc snow: opposite to black; pure; 
innocent; having silvery hair; gray with 
age; haring a fair skin; pale: n. the color 
formed by the combination of all the colors in 
the spectrum; the color of clean snow; a Cauca¬ 
sian, or white man; albumen of an egg; the 
part of the eyeball outside the iris: v.t. to make 
of the color of clean snow; whitewash; bleach. 
— n. whiteness. 

TTrk,-fp n(hwit ant), a pale-colored, 
wintc cun soft-bodied insect, living in 
an organized group which builds a very large 
hill: found largely in Africa, and very de¬ 
structive to wooden structures, books, etc. 

whiti=> "halt (bwit'bat"), n. the young of 
w in tv:-Jodi l £he herring, considered a 
delicacy in food. 

'ixrl'ipnfi (hwit'kap"), n. a wave crest 
wiiiLC-V/Ctp breaking into foam.— White 
Cap, a member of a self-appointed law and 
order committee which punishes offenders by 
lynch law: so called from the white caps or 
hoods worn by such bodies in early days. 

whiff* fpcifTi pi* (bwit felh'er), a sym- 
WllllC ICcL lll-Cl bol of cowardice. 

wllifp "fi C V| (hwit'flsh*), n. a fresh-water 
WIllLc-IlSIl fish of the salmon family, 
good for food. 

White Fri-ar a Carme,lte 

AAT 1 ii fo T-Jmiep (hwit hous), the official 
ty 1111 C XlUUoC residence at. Washington 

of the President of the United States: so 
called from its color. 

■iiT'l'ii'fp 1 porl (hwit led), a heavy white 
wiiii^ i^avi substance composed of lead 
carbonate and used in the manufacture of 
paint. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, 6bey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 







white iie 


717 


wicker 


ToVlitp lip (hwlt II), a trivial falsehood; a 
lie supposed to be_ harmless. 

white—liv erefi ^ k^t/irv^rd), adj. of 

wiiiLC ilv cl cU a palhd, feeble appear¬ 
ance; cowardly. 

Whit pr » (hwit'n), v.t. to make white; 
" A ' u - L “ c - lJ - blanch: v.i. to become white. 

UrVli+P ■nlfltniP (hwlt plag), tuberculosis, 
Willie pictgUc especially of the lungs. 

wVlifp cl A vp (hwlt slav), a woman held 
wiinc; old v c against her will in a house 
of ill repute, where she is employed as a prosti¬ 
tute for the gain of the keeper of the house. 

wVii+P fhrrkd-f (hwit'throt"), n. a small 
Wllllc-llllUcll European singing bird of 

the warbler family. 

•\ttVi Ifp wjicIi (hwit'wosh"), 7i. a white 
wimc-waoii mixture of lime and water, 
for coating walls and ceilings, fences, etc.: 
v.t. to cover with a coat of lime and 
water; to gloss over in order to hide faults; 
to make appear better than fact. 

whi+P wincrc (hwI ? wlngz), a slang term 
w iailc wniga applied to street cleaners 

wearing a white uniform. 

■orlii+p wppH (hwIt'wood"),n. a tree with 
WJJlLtJ-WUUU. light-colored wood; the 
wood of the tulip tree or of the cottonwood. 
xx/hitVi pr (hwKh'er), adv. to what place: 
will m-ci used interrogatively and rela¬ 
tively; how far; to what end. 

whith-er-so-ev-er a'lTw'^^pilSe 

whatever. 

\~nry (hwlt'mg), 71. powdered chalk 
wiiii-mg used for polishing, *as a coloring 
matter, etc.; a sea fish used for food, 
whit ish (hwit'Ish), somewhat white; 

•*TrVii+ ln-iir (hwlt'lo), 7i. a sore finger or toe; 
W11.^ l-IU W a f e i on; a foot disease in sheep. 

TXThtf cun (hwit'sun), adj. pertaining to, 
lUl-ouii or observed at, Whitsuntide, 
or the season of Pentecost. 

TirViJ-f mm Aaxr (hwit'sn-da; hwlt'sun'- 

W nit-sun-aay da), n. the seventh Sun¬ 
day after Easter, commemorating the day of 
Pentecost. Also, Whit-Sunday. 

WViit cnn +JHp (whlt'sn-tld"), n. the 
W Hlf-SUll-Tillc -week after Whitsunday; 

the seventh week after Easter. Also, Whitsun 

Tide. 

xxrhit +1o (hwlt'l), v.t. to cut, shape, or 
Willlit' sharpen with a knife; as, to 
whittle a stick; to reduce bit by bit. 

(liwlz), v.i. [ p.t. and p.p. whizzed. 


p.pr. whizzing], to make a humming 
or hissing noise, as from rapid motion; to 
move rapidly with a humming or hissing 
sound: n. a humming noise accompanying 
rapid motion; 
bang, a slang 
velocity that its whiz and its bang occur at 
almost the same instant. Also, wfflzz. 
firVi r\ (hoo), pron. an interrogative; as, who 
WI1U comes here? a simple relative, used of 
persons; a compound relative, meaning the 
person or persons that; as, who crosses this line 

, -l, _ (hwo), interj. stopl stand! hold! 

wnod. a call to a horse. 

_„n- __ T ^ (hoo-ev'er), pron. every one 
WflO-cv-CX who; whatever person; he 
or she who. 

w t, A i_ (hoi), adj. containing all the parts; 
WIlUitJ complete; entirenot defective 
©r broken; hale and sound in body; intact; 
not fractional: said of a number: n. all the 
parts of something taken together; a total; 
the sum of all the parts.— n. wholeness. 


whnlp-hpflff pH (hol'har ,l 'tikl), adj. sin- 
” uuic ucai c- v, v* cere; having one single 

purpose; energetic; done with earnestness.— 
adv. whole-heartedly.— n. whole-heartedness. 

wlinlo cq 1 p (hoi'sal"), n. sale of gocxis 
wiiv/ic-ocuc by the piece or in large 

quantity: opposite to retail: by wholesale, 
in large quantities; hence, incautiously or 
without distinction: adj. buying or selling 
in large quantities; widespread or indis¬ 
criminate. 

wli el p e otri P (hoi’sum), adj. favorable 
WliOiC-oOim? to health; healthful; as, a 

wholesome diet; denoting health; as, she has 
a wholesome look; sound; mentally or 

morally beneficial; as, wholesome advice.— 
adv. wholesomely.— 71 . wholesomeness, 
wfipl 1,. (hoi'll; hol'i), adv. in a complete 
Wliui-iy manner; entirely; fully; alto¬ 
gether. 

whom (hoom), pron. objective case of the 
W-ifUl-ll interrogative and relative^ w/io. 

tttTi otn cp pv pr (hoom"so-CY'er), pron. 

WllOIIl-SO-ev-er the objective case of 

whosoever. 

wVmrm (hoop), v.i. to utter a loud, shrill, 
wuuup and prolonged cry; to shout; to 
halloo: v.t. to drive, call, or mock with loud 
cries or shouts: n. a loud shout, as of pursuit, 
attack, triumph, excitement, etc.; the hoot 
of an owl. 

whoop-ing cough 

companied by a whooping sound: 
infectious diseases of children, 
whnn (hwop), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. whopped, 
p.pr. whopping], to thrash or beat: 
v.i. to flop down suddenly. [Colloq.] 

Wfinn -npr (hwop'er), n. something unusu- 
vYiiv/p-pci a iiy large; a he; a daring un¬ 
truth. [COLXOQ.] 

(hor), n. a prostitute; a woman who 
WA1 '- ,A c sells herself: not now used in polite 
speech. 

ix/h Pr 1 (hwflrl ; hworl), n. a circular arrange- 

W11U1X ment, of leaves riAt.nls fif.r nmnnrl 


a 
ac- 
one of the 


ment of leaves, petals, etc., around 
a common center; one of the turns of a spiral 
shell.— adj. whorled. 

ix/h qr -f 1 P V, p«* w (hwur'tl-ber'T), w. a 

wnor-Tie-uer-ry sm aii p i aut 0 r shrub 

bearing a small, edible blue fruit; the huckle¬ 
berry. Also ,h urtleberry. j 

(hooz), pron. possessive case of 
Wiiv/oC interrogative and relative who or 
which. 

Whncp CP PV pr (hooz"so-ev'er), pron. 
WAJV/OC-OV/-C v -oi possessive case of who¬ 
soever. 

iwVi p cp (hoo'so), pron: any person who; 

_ _ WUV/-OVJ whoever. 

as, the whiz of a bullet: whiz cr . (hob’so-ev'er), pron. any 

term for a shell of such high WJJV/-OV/-CV-Cl person who; whoever. 

xx/h xr (hwi), adv. for what cause, reason, 
yy iLy cr purpose; on what account; where¬ 
fore; for which; on account of which: n. 
the reason or cause. 

wfrtr n - the cotton cord, tape, etc., 

WIV/A. through which oil in a lamp passes, 
and which is lighted at tile top; the cord at 
the center of a tallow or wax candle, which 
is lighted at the top. 


wirlr pH (wlhed), adj. evil; sinful; im- 
W11/JV.-CU. moral; as, a wicked world, or a 
wicked heart; in a light or playful sense, 
mischievous; unrighteous.— adv. wickedly.— 
n. wickedness. 

wirlr pr (wik'er), n. a pliant twig; a kind 
w il'lx-Ci bending willow rod; baskets, 
etc., made from woven willow twigs: adj. 
made of plaited twigs or willow rods. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
-zh = z as in azure; kb =ch as in loch, SeeTuonunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









wickerwork 


718 


wm 


■urirlr t*r wnrlr (wlk'er-wurk"), n. plaited 
WICK-er-WOrK or woven baskets, etc., 

made of pliant willow twigs, 
xxnrlr (wlk'it), n. a small gate or door, 
especially one in a larger gate or 
door; the three upright stumps in cricket 
at which the ball is bowled or pitched; an 
arch in a croquet set. 

■wrtH** (wld), adj. stretching for a given 
WiUC space in a direction at right angles 
to length; extended far each way; broad; 
vast; far across; containing plenty of space; 
inclusive of much; distended; far from the 
point aimed at; as, the arrow flew wide of the 
bull’s-eye: adv. to a great distance; far 
apart; aside from the mark.— adv. widely. 
—n. wideness. 

wirl pn (wld'n), v.t. to make broader; 
WIU-Cil spread open: v.i. to become 
broader or larger; as, the river widens toward 
its mouth. 

xxri A cr Oij'im), n . a kind of fresh- 

WlUg-eOn wa t er duck. 

^xrirl n\KT CwM'o), n. a woman whose hus- 
W1U-UW band has died and who has not 
remarried: v.t. to bereave or deprive of a 
husband by death. 

„ • gj (wid'6-er), n. a man whose 

WlU-UW-vi wife has died, and who has 
not remarried. 

xxn’H rrar linnrl (wld'6-hood), n. the state 
Wltl-OW -IlUUCl 0 f having lost a husband 

by death; the time during which a woman 
is a widow. 

wirltVi (width), n. extent of a thing .from 
W1U.Ill s ide to side; breadth: opposite to 
length. 

xxri(weld), v.t. to use or employ with 
WlclU. the hand; as, to wield a hammer; 
have control of by influence or authority, 
xxnf p> (wif), n. [pi. wives (wivz)], a woman 
Wile joined to a man in marriage; a mar¬ 
ried woman. 

xxrif^ Vinnr? (wlf'hood), n. the state of 
WlIC-llUUU. being a married woman; 

the time during which a woman is married. 
xxrif*p (wif'h), adj. like, or becoming, a 
WilC-iy married woman; as, wifely devo¬ 
tion. Also, wifelike. 

Wrier (wlg)» n - an artificial arrangement of 
w hair for the head, worn to replace lost 
natural hair, to change one’s appearance, 
etc.— adj. wigged. 

wriw on (wig'an), n. a kind of cotton 
Wlg-ctll canvas, used for stiffening in 
garments, as coat lapels, etc. 
xxrin- rrl ^ (wig'l), v.t. and v.i. to move to 
wigand fro, or back and forth, with 
a quick, jerky motion. [Colloq.] 
xirirr rr\ (wig'ler), n. one that moves to 
Wlg-glcl and fro, or back and forth, with 
a quick, jerky motion; the larva, or young, 
of the mosquito. 

xzri crVt + (wit), n. a hrnnan being; as, he was 
WlgllL a W orthy wight. 

xxrirr nrorr (wig'wag"), v.t. and v.i. to move 
Wlg-Wclg to and fro, or back and forth; 
especially, to signal by means of a flag, or a 
movable light, changed from one position 
to another, or flashed, according to a code, 
as in the army or navy. 

writr warn (wig'worn; wlg'wom), n. a 
w ig-r/etui, cone-shaped hut made of poles 
covered with bark or skins of animals, used 
by the eastern American Indians. 

. v jU Cwild), adj. living in its natural state; 
WllU. untamed; as, a wild animal; unculti¬ 
vated; as, wild flowers; not civilized; 
savage; as, the wild men of Borneo; violent; 
las, the winds were wild; uncontrolled; pas- 


sionate; as, wild youth or anger; unreason¬ 
able; as, a wiW scheme; disorderly; reckless; 
as, he led a wild life; greatly excited; as, 
wild with joy; noisily gay; colloquially, 
eager; as, I am wild to see you: n. a desert 
or wilderness; as, the wilds of Africa.— adv. 
wildly. — n. wildness. 

wilrl hr\nr (w!ld b5r) > an untamed, sav- 
WllU UUdi age European hog, from which 

the domestic hog has been developed. 

•u _ 0 4 . (wild kat), a cat native to 
WllU. Cell Europe and untamed, similar 
in color to the tame cat, but larger, stronger, 
and more savage, with a shorter, blunter tail: 
wildcat, adj. risky; unsafe; not to be de¬ 
pended on; running without order or control: 
said of a railroad train. 

xxrilrlc* ’h^e»c>+ (wlld'best), n. a Dutch 
WllUc-Uc“>ol name for the African ante¬ 


lope or gnu. 

/lortiooc (wfl'der-nfs), n. a region 
Wll-UtJl -licao uncultivated and without 
human beings; a trackless forest; a desert 
or waste; also, an unarranged mass so great 
as to be confusing; as, a wilderness of flowers, 
wild firo (wild'fir"), n. any fire hard to 
WllU-lilc quench or put out; Greek Are; 
a skin disease of sheep. _ 

wild-goose chase 

thing which cannot be obtained; a useless 
pursuit or attempt. 

wD/d ,'n/r (wil'dlng), n. an uncultivated or 
WliU-lIlg wild plant and its fruit: adj. 
growing in a wild state; untamed or un¬ 
cultivated. 


wil«a (wil), n. a sly trick; a charming use 
WlltJ 0 f craft or cunning; as, she used her 
feminine wiles to gain her end: v.t. to lead 
on by charm; to wheedle; to beguile; to 
make time pass pleasantly: used for while. 
xxnl (wll'fool), adj. governed by the will 

W11-1 Ul without regard to reason; bent on 
having one’s own way; stubborn; obstinate; 
as, a wilful child; intentional; deliberate; 
as, wilful murder. Also, willful. — adv. wil¬ 
fully, willfully. — n. wilfulness, willfulness, 
will ( w *l)> n - the power of the mind by 
Will which one chooses or determines; as, 
if you exert your will, you can do it; deter¬ 
mination; choice; desire; as, he acted against 
his will; a determination by an authority; 
hence, a command; as, he did his master’s 
will; a legal document disposing of one’s 
property at death: v. auxiliary [p.t. and p.p. 
would], having no imperative or infinitive, 
and followed by the infinitive without to: 
used, together with shall, to form the simple 
future tense: thus, to express simple futurity, 
singular, first person, I shall; second person, 
you will; third person, he will; plural, first 
person, we shall; second person, you will; 
third person, they will: used to express 
determination in an arrangement exactly 
the opposite: used in all persons to express 
willingness: used in a question, in the second 
and third persons, according to the form 
expected in the answer; as, shall he? will 
you? etc.; often used in commands for the 
sake of courtesy; as, you will take this report 
to the colonel: v.t. [p.t. and p.p. willed, p.pr. 
willing], to wish or desire; to decide upon; 
to intend firmly; to determine; to choose; 
command; direct; bequeath or give at death; 
as, to will property to one’s heirs; to influence 
by exerting the power of determining; as, 
she trilled him to turn around; to influence 
by hypnotic power: v.i. to choose or decide; 
decree; to be willing; to wish. 

Syn. n., wish, desire. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 






willing 


719 


windy 


Will ino* (wiling), adj. inclined to do or 
™aaa-aaa^ grant; • as, willing to do your 
share; ready to act; prompt to do; as, 
willing hands; given or done freely.— adv. 

willingly. —n. willingness. 

will-n’-bhp-wicn (wil'&=tfie=wlsp'), n. 

win o me wisp a dull gi OW j ng i ig ht 

seen m the air over marshy places at night; 
a corpse candle; a jack-o'-lantern; anything 
that misleads, or that escapes one’s grasp 
in an attempt to_ catch it. 

wil low (wil'd), n - a tree of several kinds, 
vv aj .- i.kj vv usually growing near water, having 
slender limbs and twigs which are easily bent 
and twisted; the wood of this tree, 
wil low (wll'6-i), adj. abounding or 
Wll-lUW-y filial with willow trees; like 
a willow tree; hence, pliant or bending; 
flexible; swaying; as, a willowy walk; 
slender and graceful; as, a willowy figure. 

wil 1 v-tlil 1v (wIThnlTI), adv. whether I 
wu.-.iy .uu-iy win or no t; 

outside influence or authority. 


by force of 


wilt (wUtj, v -i- to wither, as flowers; to 
win, fipoop; to lose strength. 

wilt (wllfc). the second person singular, 
wnt g ra ve form, of icill. 

wil V (w* 1 ' 1 )’ ad i- cunning; crafty; as, the 
vv AA_ J wily fox.— adv. wilily.—re. wiliness, 
wim ‘hi** (wlm'bl), n. a gimlet; an auger; 
w aaAA “ an y tool for boring, 

wim -rilo (wlm'pl), n. a covering of linen, 
VVAAAA- 1 AA ' : ' silk, etc., for the neck, chin, and 
sides of the face, worn by nuns: v.t. to clothe 
or cover with such a covering; to plait; to 
cause to ripple: v.i. to lie in folds, 
win (win), v - i - [P-** a n d p.p. won, p.pr. 
VVAAA winning], to gain a victory; to prevail; 
as, to win in a battle; to succeed in reaching 
a certain place or state; as, to win to the 
other side of the stream: v.t. to get by labor; 
as, to win promotion; to obtain; to gain in 
a contest; as, he wore the prize; to conquer or 
prevail in; as, food will win the war; to 
persuade; as, try to win him over to our 
side.—re. winner. 

Syn. get, procure, effect, realize, accom¬ 
plish, achieve. 

Ant. (see lose). 

win TP (wins), v.i. to shrink, or draw back, 
WhhC as from a blow, or from pain; to 
flinch or hesitate: re. the act of drawing back 
from pain or danger. 

wtnrVi (winch), re. a crank with a handle 
Wliit/ii used to start and keep in motion a 
machine, grindstone, etc.; any of various 
devices for turning something that requires 
force, as a kind of windlass. Also, wince. 
Win (wln'ches-ter), re. a well- 

¥¥ JJi-viico-ici known make of repeat¬ 
ing rifle of various models and calibers, used 
for both sporting and military purposes, 
wind (wind), re. air in motion; a natural 
WAAAaA current of air; breeze; breath; 
anything insignificant or light as air; idle 
words; air filled with a scent; as, the hound 
got wind of the fox; hence, news; as, to 
get wind of a plot; in an orchestra, the brass 
and wood instruments played with the 
breath; gas formed in the digestive organs 
of the body: v.t. to allow the air to blow upon; 
to scent, as hounds in a fox hunt; to put out 
of breath. 

wtnrl (wind), v.i. [p.t. and p.p. wound, 
W1J.1U. p.pr. winding], to turn round some¬ 
thing; as, the vine winds around the pillar; 
twist; to bend in a course; to go a round¬ 
about way: v.t. to coil, twist, or twine; to 
set in motion by turning a crank or screw; 
as, to wind a clock; to entwine; as, to wind a 


garland; to turn, as about something fixed; 
as, to wind a bandage around a limb; to direct 
or introduce by artful means; as, he winds 
himself into favor; to blow (a horn): re. a 
bend, coil, or twist. 

WlTlfi p-p (wln'daj), re. the space be- 
nmu-agc tween the inside surface of the 
bore of a gun and the shot or shell loaded 
in it; the stir of the air caused by a moving 
shell or bullet; the force of jhe wind in 
turning aside a shell or bullet, or the distance 
it is turned aside; the surface of a ship 
exposed to the wind. 

wind Ivrpiitr (wlnd'brak"), «. a shelter or 
vy iiiei-KJi cciri. protection from the wind 

wind fall (wlnd'fol"), n. fruit blown 
WJJ.AV4.-Acm down by the wind; unexpected 
good fortune. 

wind flow P r (wInd'flou"er), re. any of 
w aaava-aau w - ci various plants of the crow¬ 
foot family; the anemone. 

wind cr£ 010-0 (wind gaj), a graduated 
waaau. feaUjjC attachment on the rear 

sight of a rifle, by which allowance may be 
made in aiming for the effect of the wind 
upon the bullet, and for drift. 

winding sheet 

wind in-stru-ment ffiSVmSa 

instrument sounded by wind, I especially by 
the breath, as a horn or \ mouth organ. 




Windlass 


Wind Instrument 

-tiri-nd iPtTi m or (wind jam'er), a sail- 
WlilLl J cllll-IIlcr j ng vessel: originally, a 

scornful term applied to sailing ships by sail¬ 
ors on newly invented steam vessels, 
wind Icscc (wlnd'las), re. a machine con- 
winu-laoo sisting of a horizontal cylinder, 
or roller, moving on its 
axis, and used for hoist¬ 
ing weights, by means 
of a crank which winds 
up a rope to which the 
load is fastened. 

wind-mill 

re. a mill operated by a 
wheel whose spokes are 
fan-shaped sails turned 
by the wind, 
win dr»w (win'do), re. an opening in the 
Wlll-UUW side 0 f a building to let in light 
and air; the sash, shutter, or other frame¬ 
work which fills such a space, 
wind nine* (wlnd'pip"), re. the trachea, or 
Will Li-pipt; breathing tube leading from 
the larnyx to the lungs. 

wind rnw (windho"), re. a row of hay 
W111U-IUW ra ked up in a long ridge to 

dry before being made into piles; any row 
for drying, as of sheaves of wheat, etc., before 
being stacked; dry leaves, dust, etc., swept 
by the wind into a long ridge on the ground, 
wind 11 n (wind'up"), re. end of an affair; 
WJ.JJU.-up conclusion; as, the wind-up of a 
meeting; result; final outcome; closing-out; 
as, the wind-up of a business, 
wind w<a*-d (wlnd'werd), re. the direction 
WlIlU.-Wd.IU. from which the wind blows: 
opposite to leeward: adj. on the side toward 
the point from which the wind blows: adv. 
toward the wind. 

wind v (win'd!), adj. [comp, windier, 
WAiiU V superl. windiest], pertaining to. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 














wine 


720 


wisdom tooth 


like, or consisting of, air in motion; breezy; 
swept by the wind; stormy; exposed to the 
wind; colloquially, noisy or boastful.—n. 
windiness. 

■urine* O’™ 1 )* n - t5ie fermented juice of 
WIllC grapes; a drink made from the juice 
G other fruits or plants; as, currant wine or 
dandelion wine: v.t. and v.i. to furnish with 
wine, or to drink wine; as, to wine and dine 
one’s friends or with one’s friends.— adj. winy. 

urine* KiVk V*Ar (wln , blb"er), n. one who is 
WUiC-UlU-UCl continually drinking wine. 

urine* crlocc (wirx'glas"), n. a small glass 
w uie-gicioa US ed for wine, or as a 

measure for medicine. 

urine* nrecc (win P r6s )> a lar ^ e vessel in 
wine pi coo w hich grapes are trodden to 

press out the juice; a machine for pressing 
out the juice from grapes. 

urine* clrin ( win skin), the skin of an 
W lllc OJviii animal made into a bag and 

used in the Orient as a bottle for wine, 
urincr Owing), n. one of the two upper limbs j 
n lllg 0 f a bird, by which it flies; one of the 5 
thin appendages of membrane by which an 
insect flies; any part projecting from the 
main body of something; as, the wing of a 
house, or the right wing of an army; one of 
the main supporting surfaces of an airplane; 
passage by means of flying; as, he gave the 
bird wing: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, 
means of flying or moving swiftly; to carry by 
flying; to accomplish by flying; as, the air¬ 
ship winged its way eastward; wound in the 
wing; as, to wing a bird by a shot: v.i. to fly. 
urinrrort (wingd), \adj. having wings; 
Winged flying; swift. 

uri-rirr loco (wlng'les), adj. without wings; 
Wing-ieSS unable to fly. 

un-n cr tin (wlng'tip"), n. the outer extremity 
Wlllg-llp G f the wing of a monoplane, or 
any movable surface at the end of a wing, 
urinlr (w 111 ^). v.i. to close and open the 
WUIlv eyelid quickly; hint by the motion 
of the eyelid; to blink; to ignore or pass 
over; as, to wink at a wrong; to flicker or 
twinkle; v.t. to cause to open and shut the 
eyelids quickly; to accomplish by opening 
and shutting the eyelids quickly: n. the act 
of opening and shutting the eyelid, especially 
of one eye; a hint thus given; the time re¬ 
quired for one such act; an instant; a gleam 
or sparkle. 

urinlr Ar (wlnk'er), n. one that winks; 
WIIIlx-ci a blinder for a horse; collo¬ 
quially, an eyelash. 

urin nincr (win'Ing), adj. attractive;charm- 
Will-lllilg ing; as, winning manners: n. 
the act of gaining or conquering: pi. that 
which one gains. 

iTrin r (win'o), v.t. to separate and 
Will-HOW flrive the . chaff from (grain) 
by the wind; to fan; to sift or separate; to 
scatter by wind: v.i. to separate chaff from 
grain by fanning.—n. winnower, 
urin enmo (win'sum), adj. attractive; pret- 
Wlii-oUiliC ty; cheerful; gay; light-heart¬ 
ed; charming.— adv. winsoniely. — n. win¬ 
someness. 

urin fpr ( w * n 'fer), n. the cold season of 
Will-Id the year when the sun is far¬ 
thest from the zenith at noon; in the northern 
hemisphere, the months of December, Jan¬ 
uary and February; cold weather; a period 
when vitality is low; as, old age is the winter 
of life: v.i. to pass the months of the cold 
season; as, snakes winter in the ground: v.t. 
to keep during the cold season: winter 
duarters, the quarters, or settled station, of 
an army during the winter. 


urin for rrropn (wln'ter-gren"), n an 
wm-ier-green evergreen plant of the 

heath family that bears red berries called 
checkerberries, and whose leaves produce oil 
of wintergreen. 

uri-n tor Trill (win'ter-kfl"), v.t. to kill by 
W 111- Lei -±vill exposure to cold weather. 

• +t ._. (wln'trl), adj. of or pertaining to 

Will- LI y the cold season. Also, win ter y. 
U7*p> (wip), v.t. to rub or dust the surface 
wipe 0 f w ith something soft; as, to wipe 
furniture; dry by rubbing; as, to wipe d shes; 
cleanse; to remove by rubbing lightly: usual¬ 
ly with away or off; as to wipe away tears: n. 
act of cleansing by rubbing.—n. wiper, 
urit-r* (wir), n. a slender rod or thread of 
Wile metal; a telegraph wire or cable; col¬ 
loquially, a telegram: pi. colloquially, unseen 
forces which can be used to gain an end; as, 
to pull wires to secure promot on: v t. to 
bind with wire; stiffen with wire; thread 
on wire; colloquially, to send a message to 
by telegraph. 

wirA Piif f at* ( wir kllt ' er )* an implement 
Wile bUL-lcl used for cutting wire and 

barbed wire entanglements. 
wirA draw (wir'drb"), v.t. to make into 
WilU-UIctW wire; to draw out very long 
and very fine; as, a wiredrawn argument. 
wirA o-la cc (wlrglas), glass strengthened 
wife giaso by a web of iron wire in¬ 
closed within it. 

wirA trailcxA (wir gaj), an instrument for 
gauge measuring the diameter of 
wire, thickness of sheet metal, etc., generally 
consisting of a metal plate with a series of 
notches of various w idths on its edge. 
wirA 1 acc (wir'les), adj. without the use 
Wllc-lCoo 0 f wires: used especially of a 
system of telegraphing, telephoning, etc., by 
means of electric waves in space without 
connecting wires. 

wire-less te-leg-ra-phy 

any form of telegraphic communication ef¬ 
fected by means of electric waves without 
the use of connecting wires: especially valu¬ 
able in military operations, in the transmis¬ 
sion of orders from the general commanding, 
and in sending aircraft information direct to 
headquarters. 

wire-less te-leph-o-ny 

telephonic communication without the use of 
wires. 

wirA -null in a (wir'pool'Tng), n. the act 
VVAA '•'“Jr uAJ.-i.AAg 0 f using secret influence 
to gain one’s ends, especially in politics. 
[Colloq.] 

wirA tan nincr ( wTr taping), in warfare. 
Wire lap-pillg ffl e aC £ or pi an 0 f making 

connection with the service wires of the enemy, 
in order to obtain valuable information; the 
act of making a secret connection with any 
message-carrying wire in order to obtain in¬ 
formation. 

wir V < wTr 'i). ad 3- made of, or like, wire; 
WAA J strong and flexible; lean and sinewy; 
as, a wiry horse; slight, but having much 
endurance.— n. wiriness. 

wic Hrvm Cwlz'dtim), n. the quality of 
wio-uuiu being wise; knowledge; the 
power of applying knowledge possessed; learn¬ 
ing; skill in affairs; power to judge cor¬ 
rectly what is best. 

TT/ic rlnm tfifith (wlz'dum tooth), the 
Wlb-uom loom name popularly given 

to the third molar, or extreme back tooth, 
on each side in each jaw, appearing between 
the ages of seventeen and twenty-five. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c5mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








wise 


721 


woebegone 


micp (wiz), adj. judging correctly from 
vvloc experience; having ability to decide 
rightly what is best to say or do; discreet; 
skilful; learned; based on good judgment; 
as, a wise plan: n. a way of acting or being; 
fashion; manner; as, in any wise, in no wise, 
etc.— adv. wisely. 

Tiriqp n pf*/* (wiz'a-ker), n. a would-be 
wj-oc-ci-v/xc wise person; a pretender to 
learning; hence, a simpleton or dunce. 

ch (wish), v.i. to have a strong desire: 
VV1 ‘ :)A ' 1 with for or an infinitive: v.t. to desire 
or long for; to crave; to express desire for; 
to desire for someone else; as, to wish one 
good fortuno: n. strong or eager desire; the 
object or thing desired; a request. 

wich hntio (wlsh'bon"), n. the forked 
wiaii-uuiiC hone in front of the breast¬ 
bone in most birds^ 

wioh -fitl (wlsh'fool), adj. having desire; 
Wibll-iUl fun G f longing; wistful.— adv. 

wishfully. — n. wishfulness. 

wish-y-wash-y 

liquids; feeble; spineless. [Colloq.] 

(wisp), n. a handful or smal' 

VVAO ir as of straw or hay. 


small bundle. 


■nrio +o -rt a (wis-ta'rl-a), n. a climbing 
Wlo-ld-Il-a. s hrub of the bean family 
with purple flowers^ Also, wisteria. 

of fill (wlst'fool), adj. earnestly thought- 
Wi.oL-J.Ul f u i; pensive; longing; wishful; 
as, a wistful egression of the face.— adv. 
wistfully.—n. wistfulness, 
wif (wit), n. mind; sense; knowledge; 

mental faculty or power; the power 
of combining ideas or words so as to produce 
a laughable effect; mental quickness; one 
who possesses power to make others laugh; 
a humorist or witty person. 

Syn. humor, satire, fun. 
witrh (wich), n. a woman supposed to 
WllV/il associate with evil spirits and to 
practice magic; a hag; colloquially, an 
attractive or fascinating young woman: v.t. 
to bewitch; enchant 

wifrh rrzrft (wlch'kraft"), n. the practice 
WlLL/ll-L/ltUL 0 f magic; magical powers; 

sorcery; dealings with evil spirits, 
wi+rh pr v (wlch'er-I), n- fascination; 
WllLll-cl-Jf compelling charm. 

xiri+oh ha 7 Pt (wlch'ha'zl), n. a shrub 
WALLdA—AAd-oCA resembling the hazel and 

having small yellow flowers which appear 
after the leaves are dead; a medicinal extract 
from the bark of this shrub, used for bruises, 
sprains, etc. 

wi+oh in er (wlch'Ing), adj. fascinating; 
W 1 LLA.a-aaa£ weird; magical. 

x'+Vi (with), prep, denoting nearness, asso- 
W1LI1 ciation, or connection; as, they went 
with us; he had been with the firm for years; 
indicating the instrument of an action; as, ho 
dug with a spade; indicating guardianship; as, 
the child was left with me; indicating agree¬ 
ment; as, he went with my permission; indi¬ 
cating opposition; as, to fight with a German; 
indicating result; as, he was left with no 

ol (wlth-olO, adv. with the rest; mad- 
WllU-cU dition; likewise; moreover; at the 
same time: no longer in frequent use. 

Am itt (whh-droO, v.t. to take away 
Wltn araw &r back; to draw back; to 
recall or take back; as, to withdraw a charge 
in court: v.i. to retire; retreat; as, to with¬ 
draw from a room. 

Avrtxzr ol (wffh-dro'al), n. the act 
WltXl-araW-cU of taking back; retire- 

ment; retreat. 


withe JX h; 


with), n. a tough, flexible 
twig, especially of willow, used as 
a fastening or for binding a fascine, or fagot 
used for filling ditches, raising batteries, etc.; 
a band made of twigs twisted together. 
wi+Vl or (whh'er), v.t. to cause to fade and 
wiLXi-cx become dry; to deprive of fresh¬ 
ness; to cause to shrivel or wrinkle: v.i. to 
become sapless; to fade or shrivel, 
with prc (wlth'erz), n.pl. the part of the 
wiLXl-ci o body lying between the shoulder- 
blades of the horse. 

with hnlrl (wWh-hold'), v.t. to hold back 
WXIA1-A1U ALA or in; to restrain; to keep 

from action; to refuse to grant; as, to 
withhold consent or approval: v.i. to refrain 
or hold back. 

with in {irtth-l n'), adv. in the inner part; 
WXlil-XXA inside; inwardly; in the house; 
indoors: prep, inside of; in the interior or 
inside part of; in the limits or space of; as, 
within an hour. 

with rtiit (wlfli-out'), adv. outside; on or 
WiliX-UUl ^ the outside; outwardly; out¬ 
doors or out of doors; with the lack of a 
given thing; as, if you have no money left, 
you must go without: prep, outside of; at 
or on the outside of; beyond; as, without 
the pale; in the absence of; as, without 
companions; lacking; as, without hope. 

with ctaoH (wKh-stand'), v.t. to stand 
waiaa-oIcu.au. against, especially success¬ 
fully; to oppose or resist; as, to withstand 
temptation; to endure; as, to withstand 
a siege. 

with v (with'!; with'!), n. a kind of willow 
twig: adj. flexible and tough, 
wit Ipcc (wit'les), adj. without under- 
WAl-AC&o standing; foolish; unwise, 
wit o pco (wlt'nes), n. the act of declaring 
WAL-AACOO personal knowledge of the truth 
of a stated fact or event; testimony; evidence; 
one who has personal knowledge that a given 
thing has taken place; a person who tells 
in court under oath what he knows of a fact 
or event; one who puts his signature to a 
document to show that he has seen it signed: 
v.t. to look on at, so as to have personal 
knowledge; as, to 'witness a signature; to 
have direct knowledge of; to testify to; to 
give evidence of, as in court; to see; as, to 
witness a performance of a play: v.i. to testify. 

wit ti riorn (wlt'l-slzm), n. a witty re- 
WAL-LA-V/AOAAA mar k; a clever saying. 

* 4 . +: r ^ rr 1 Tr (wlt'lng-ll), adv. with knowl- 
Wll-Ling-iy edge . intentionally. 

+ Tr (wit'I), adj. [comp, wittier, superl. 
WAl-ly wittiest], having the faculty of 
arousing laughter by a bright or unusual 
w r ay of expressing ideas; as, a witty person; 
marked by quickness and cleverness; as. 
witty remarks.— adv. wittily. — n. wittiness. 
wiV orrl (wiz'ord). n. one supposed to 
Wlo-a.AU. possess magical powers, usually 
from the Evil One; a magician; conjurer; 
sorcerer; wonder worker.— n. wizardry. 
wi -7 Ail ( wIz ' n )> adj. dried up; shriveled: 
WAZ.-CAA and to dry up or shrivel. 
— adj. wizened. 

WOflfl ( w 6 d). n. a plant of the cabbage 
wuau family yielding a blue dye; the dye 
obtained from its leaves. 

WTr\ Ac (wd'den), n. another name for 
” U-ucIl Odin, the chief of the Teutonic 
gods, from whom Wednesday has its name. 
Also, Wodan. 

wo a ( w ^)> n - deep sorrow; inconsolable 
WUC grief; misery. 

woo ho o-nrio (wo'b$-g 6 n"), adj. over- 
WUc-Ut?-gUIlt? whelmed with woe; full 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








woeful 


722 


woof 


of sorrow; showing grief; as, a woebegone 
appearance. Also, wobegone. 

„ f .,1 (wo'fbbl), adj. full of, or express- 
WUc-iUl ing, grief; sad; miserable. Also, 
woful.— adv. woefully, wofully. 
wnlH ( wold >> n - a Plain or open country; 
WU1U a region without forests. _ 
xiTTklf (wdolf), n. [pi. wolves (woolvz)], a 
WU11 fierce, flesh-eating, wild animal of the 
dog family; hence, a person noted for cruelty. 
nr/VI-f Virvii-n/1 (woolf'hound"), n. a large, 
WOll-IlOUnU. long-haired dog of a breed 
formerly used for hunting wolves. 

•urnlf icVs (wool'fish), adj. like a wolf; very 
WUll-lbll hungry; savage.— adv. wolfishly. 

ra-m (wool'fram; wol'fram), n. a 
WOii-IdJ.il hard, brittle, white or gray 
metal used for hardening steel and in the 
manufacture of electric lamps: called also 

tUTIQStCTl. 

•wr/vlfc (wdolfs'ban"), n. a purple- 

W Ullb-UdliC flowered plant of the crow¬ 
foot family, which yields a well-known drug 
called aconite. 

wr4 1 vpr Aripk (wool"ver-en'), n. a small, 
woi-ver-ene shaggy mammal of the 
weasel or marten family: called also the 
glutton. Also, wolverine. 

0 „ (woom'an), n. [pi. women (wlm'- 
WQIXl-dll en)], an adult female human 
being; womankind. _ 

womanhood (wS ® m '- i P-? l88d )’ n - the 

feminine character. 


state of being a woman; 


•umm on icVi (woom'an-lsh), adj. not 
W uii-i-dii-ioii manly; effeminate or weak; 

lacking force of character. 

isrrk-m crn Irinrl (woom'an-kind"), n. adult 
vv Ulll -ctii-HlIIU. female human beings col¬ 
lectively. 

wrvm a-n litr** (woom'an-Hk") , adj. wom- 
W(Jill- dll-line anly, or like a woman. 

ixrrvm on Ixr (wobm'an-ll), adj. suitable for 
WUm-clll-iy a woman; having the noble 
qualities of feminine character: adv. in a man¬ 
ner suitable for a woman.—n. womanliness. 
wrotnK (woom), n. the uterus; the organ 
W (Jill U which holds the young of mammals 
before birth; a hidden place where anything 
is produced; as, coal comes from the womb 
of the earth. 

wrr\m Kot (wom'bat), n. a burrowing 
WUlll-Udl Australian animal resembling a 
small bear. 

(wun), past tense and past participle 
WU11 0 f the verb toin. 

■urnn (wun'der), n. the state of mind 

WOII-lAci produced by anything new, 
strange, unexpected, or surprising; astonish¬ 
ment; cause of surprise; marvel; miracle; 
prodigy: v.i. to feel surprise; be astonished 
at; to feel doubt and curiosity: v.t. to be 
doubtful about; to wish to know. 

Syn., v. admire, amaze, astonish. 

•urnri Hpr fill (wun'der-fool), adj. exciting 
wuil-uci-iui surprise; strange; marvel¬ 
ous; as, a wonderful sight.— adv. wonderfully. 

Txrsvn /lor 1 onH (wun'der-land"), n. a 
WOH-Qcl-lallQ. i an d full of strange and 

surprising things. 

wnn Hpr mpnt (wun'der-ment), n. sur- 
w uu-uci pnse and astonishment. 

xxrrvn Hv/viio (wun'drfis), aar. wonderfully: 
WOIl-vlIOub a( ]j wonderful. — adv. won- 
drouily. —n. wondrousness, 
wrnn-f- (wdnt), adj. used or accustomed; as, 
W(Jill s h e i s wont to give much to charity: 
n. habit or custom. 

.„ Af ,u (wont; wunt), a contraction of will 

WOI1 l no t . 


wont-ed adi - 


accustomed; 

habitual; usual. 

__ (woo), v.t. to court; to make love to; 
WOO to seek earnestly; as, to woo success: 
v.i. to go courting. 

-I rmnrl (wood), n. a thick growth of trees; 
WUUU a grove or forest; the hard part of a 
tree, beneath the bark; sticks for making a 
Are; lumber; timber; anything made of 
timber: v.t. to supply with wood; to cover 
with trees.— adj. wooded. 

^ (wood'bm"), n. the common 
W00G.-D1I16 honeysuckle; the Virginia 
creeper; a climbing vine. 

wnnH rhiirlr (wood'chuk"), n. a coarse- 
WOOtl-dlUbii. furred, burrowing rodent 

found in America; a ground hog. 

nr . n U. (wood'kok"), n. a wild fowl 
WULRl-L/UCiv a hin to the snipe, plover, etc. 

xxr/v/vrl nrctf+ (wbbd'kraft"), n. knowledge 
W(J(JU.-v/IdIl of the woods, and how to live 
in them, especially if hunting, trapping, etc. 

nit (wdod'kut"), n. an engraving 
WWU-Ull on wood; also, a print or proof 
from such an engraving. 

(wbbd'n), adj. made, or consist- 
W(JU(J-6I1 ing, of wood; as, a wooden 
bucket; hence, stiff; awkward; expression¬ 
less; as, his face had a wooden look. 

TTT-i-wvrl lo-nH (wbod'land; woodland"), n. 
WUUU.-ld.lIU- land covered with trees; a 

forest. 

w/vnrl m o vi (wood'man), n. a forest 
W(JUU.-llldJI officer; one who cuts down 

trees; one who lives in a forest. Also, woods¬ 
man. 

'urnnrl (wdSd'not"), n. the native 

W00Cl~I10c6 ca ii C f a forest bird. 


(wobd nlmf), one of the 
deities supposed 

14# fc 


wood nymph Sen' 

to inhabit the trees; a 
dryad; a name given to 
a kind of moth. 

wood-pe ck-er 

(wood'pek"er), n. a bird 
that climbs the trunks of 
trees and taps them to find 
insects. 

wood pulp 

pulp made from wood and 
used in making paper. 

w o o d - r u ff f-Qn^n" 

a small sweet-scented herb 
of the madder family. 

wood-screw 

n. a metal screw for driving 
into wood. 

woods-man 

works in the woods; a hunter. Also, woodman. 

wnnrf wind! (wood wfnd), in an orches- 
WOOCl WIIIU. tra, the wind instruments 

made of wood, as the^flute and oboe. 

iifoournrlr (wood wurk"), n. articles or 
WOOU-WOIIv. finishings made of wood, as 
furniture, doors, etc. 

wrwifl wnrlt -i-ncr ( w °°d , wArk"lng), adj. 
WOOU-WOlK-mg working or shaping 

things in wood^ 

xxT-nnrl xr (wood'I), adj. covered with, or 
WUUU-J/ full of, woods; consisting of, 
composed of, or like, wood.— n. woodiness, 
wnn (woo'er), n. one who courts or 
wuu-ci makes love; a suitor. 

wnnf ( wo °f) - n - the weft, or cross-threads 
wuui j n weaving; texture. 



Woodpecker 
one who lives or 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 








wool 


723 


wormwheel 


ixmr»1 ( wo °b. n - soft, fine, curly hair 
which covers sheep, goats, etc.; 
anything soft and downy like wool; thick, 
crispy, curly hair, as of a negro. 

. imn 1 (wool'en), adj. made of wool; 
wuui-cn n . cloth made of wool: pi. woolen 
goods. Also, woollen. 

wnd cra+h ai* itio* ("^ool g§,ih er-Ing), 

w ooi-gaui-er-ing ad j_ given to idle 

fancies; dreamy; inattentive: n. indulgence 
in idle dreaming. 

W aa 1 crrrkw pr (wool'gr5 ff $r), n. one who 
WOUi-grOW-er raises sheep for their wool. 

■UTTsnl Ixr (wool!), adj. consisting of, like, 
wuui-ly or clothed with, wool; as, a 
woolly head. 

«taa| na f'Xr Cw551 Pak ') , n . a bale of 
v\ uui-pcxu.n, wool weighing 240 pounds; 
a cloth wrapper for such a bale; a rounded 
cloud seeming to rest on a flat base. 

PoeV (wSol'sak"), n. a sack of wool; 
WOOI-Sd.LK the Lord Chancellor’s seat in 
the British House of Lords. 

c+cs taIai* O'° o1 sta'pler), a dealer 
wuui Dia-pici in, or a sorter of, wool. 

n rnrH (wflrd), n. a group of letters repre- 
WU1U senting one or more sounds and 
expressing an idea; that which is said or 
spoken, especially a brief expression; a 
statement; tidings; information; a message 
or communication; as, he received word 
to-day; a password; a command: pi. talk 
or discourse; a dispute; as, to have words; 
language: speech; conversation: v.t. to put 
into words; to group (words) so as to express 
an idea rightly.—Word, the second person of 
the Trinity; as, the Word was made flesh; the 
Holy Bible. 

wrkt-H Knnlr (wurd'book*), n. a vocabu- 
WOlLl-UOulv i ar y Q r dictionary. 

' lii HUM I the 


'hnilH fn<r l^ r d. bfl'dlng), 
WOru UUUU-Hlg formation or composi¬ 


tion of words. 


in rr (wfir'ding), n. the manner in 
WUriA-lilg which anything is expressed in 


words; as, the wording of a letter. 

T7 (wur'di), adj. full of words; ver- 
W UI U-j bose; as, a wordy argument.— adv. 

wordily.— n. wordiness. 

ximvck (work past tense of the irregular 
VvOTC verb wear. 

(wurk), n. physical or mental effort 
WOxJK. directed to some end or purpose; 
toil or labor; occupation or employment; a 
task or duty; something accomplished; as, a 
work of art; motion accomplished against a 
force tending to resist it; in physics, the product 
of the force acting on a body and the distance 
the body is moved in line with the force: pi. 
structures in civil or mechanical engineering, as 
bridges, docks, forts, etc.; a shop, factory, etc., 
where industry is carried on; the moving parts 
of a machine; as, the works of a clock; v.i. [p.t. 
and p.p- worked or wrought (rot); p.pr. work¬ 
ing], to put out mental or physical effort for 
some purpose; to toil or labor; to act or oper¬ 
ate; to be occupied in some business or profes¬ 
sion; to progress or move, etc., slowly and with 
difficulty; as, he worked up from poverty; 
to ferment, as wine: v.t. to make, fashion, 
or shape; as, to work a pattern in embroidery; 
to cause; as, to work confusion; to manage 
or operate; as, to work a machine; to set 
or keep in motion; to cause to labor; as, he 
worked his employees hard; to accomplish 
with effort; as, to work out a plan; to excite 
or provoke; to influence or control.— n. 
worker. 

Syn., n. labor, task, toil. 

Ant, (see play) 


man wno worus wun ms nanus; an 
worker; a laboring^ mam a commoi 

w/irlr -fn ct n (wurk'man), n. \pl. 
wont-mail (-men)], a man wt 


wnrtr a Aa\r Owfir'ka-da"), adj. pertain- 
w ing to working-days; every 

day; hence, prosaic or common. 

wmrlr V\acr (wurk'bag"), n. a bag for 
wuih-uag holding tools or materials for 
work, especially a bag for needlework. 

uiArl? Hcjw (wurk'da"), n. a day for em- 
wuiJh.-U.ci_y ployment, as apart from Sun¬ 
day, festivals, holidays, etc. 

ixmrlr Viaucp (wQrk'hous*), n. a work- 
wuiA-iiuuac shop; a poorhouse; a 

house of correction in which convicts are 
confined at labor; in England, a building 
where the able-bodied poor arc supported 
by the public and made to work. 

vcmrlr mcr-Aav (wfir'klng^da"), n. a day 
WOrK-mg-Ucby forwork: adj. workaday. 

wnrk incr man (wflrTdng-mta), n. [pi. 
W UrK-mg-IIld.il workingmen (-men)l, a 

man who works with his hands; an industrial 

common laborer 
workmen 
who is em¬ 
ployed in productive effort or industry; 
often, a skilled laborer. 

wnrlr mart 1 Ur a (wGrk'm5n-lik"),_ adj. 
v 7 OrK-inail-ILKe an( f ado. befitting a 

trained or skilled laborer; showing skill in 
execution; careful and thorough. 

wnrlr mart eft in (wiirk'm&n-shlp), n. 
WOrK-man-Smp manner ol execution 

of work; style of, or skill in, work; the product 
of labor. 

w/m-V vAAm (wurk'room"), n. a room in 
WUiK-iUUIIl w hich work is done. 

-iimt-lr (wurk'shop"), n. a room or 

WUIiv-oIJLUp building where manufactur¬ 
ing is carried on, or where laborers are em¬ 
ployed at a trade. _ 

work-wom-an *SS£ a S£*t. n em- 

ployed at labor with her hands. 
xxrrxr'tri (wurld), n. the earth and its people; 
WUI1U the whole system of natural objects; 
the universe; present or future state of 
existence; as, this world and the next; people 
generally; public life or society; as, to make 
your way in the world; life as concerned with 
secular, not religious, matters; as, the world, 
the flesh, and the devil; sphere or domain; a 
part or sphere of the earth, its people, or their 
activities; a planet; a large number or 
amount: World War, the great war of 1914- 
1918, which involved 28 nations of the world. 

Vrtrr (wfirld'ling), n. one who ia 
WUlIU.-J.ilIg devoted to the pleasures and 
advantages of the present life. 
nrA**1rl (wurld'll), adj. pertaining to, or 
WOHU-iy devoted to, this life and its 
enjoyment and advantages.— n. worldliness. 
. imrn . (wurm), n. any small, creeping or 
WUIHi crawling animal, usually having a 
soft, naked body; a spiral or wormlike 
thing, as a screw thread, etc.; any creature 
that is humble and abased; anything that 
gnaws or torments the mind; an implement 
used to take out the charge of a firearm: pi. a 
disease of the intestines, due to the presence 
of parasitic worms: v.i. to work slowly, 
secretly, and gradually: v.t. to accomplish 
by crooked, slow, and secret means; as, to 
worm one’s way into confidence. 

(wurm'et' 1 'n), adj. eaten. 
Y/OriH."6a,l-0Il or bored into, by a worm 
or worms; as, a worm-eaten board, 
to excite w 1iaa 1 (wurm'hweT), n. a wheel 

WOrill-WIIccA used for elevating gears, 

having teeth formed to fit into the spiral 
spaces of a screw called a worm, so that tne 
wheel may be turned by a screw. _ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw — wh as in when; 
zh—z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 








wormwood 


724 


wreck 


xxrrvrm wrwxrl (wflrm'wood'), to. a bitter 
WOllll-WOOU plant of the aster family, 

formerly used as a tonic; something bitter; 
a source of bitterness; as, remorse of con¬ 
science is wormwood to a man. 
w/vrm -it (wur'ml), adj. full of worms; 
WUIlll-jr earthy; groveling, like a worm, 
■wmrti (worn), past participle of the irregu- 
WUIIi i ar verb wear. 

WArn ^,., 4 . (wdrn'out"), adj. past repair; 
WUiIl"UUl spoiled by constant use; ex¬ 
hausted or tired out from exertion. 
xnrr\r (wtir'Id), p.adj. harassed; upset 

WUi-rieu i n mind; anxious. 

i*i (wur'I-ment), n. anxiety; 

wor-n-meiu trouble; disturbance of 
mind. 

•nrr\-r i*i oomp (wflr'i-sum), adj. causing 
WUl-ll-oUluc anxiety; annoying; dis¬ 
posed to fret. 

-nr (wur'i), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. worried, 
w UI-I_y p.pr. worrying], to shake, tear, 
or mangle with the teeth; to trouble with 
anxiety or care; to vex or annoy; tease; 
harass: v.i. to feel or express undue anxiety; 
be fretful: to. trouble; anxiety; perplexity; 
disturbance of mind.— n. worrier, 
umrcp (wurs), adj. comparative of bad; bad 
WUI oc or ill to a larger extent; more evil or 
corrupt; less good; more sick; as, the 
patient is worse: adv. in a less good manner 
or degree: n. that which is less good. 

■urnr cVn-n (wur'shlp), to. the act of paying 
W UI -ollip reverence, adoration, or homage 
to God, a god, or a sacred object; as, the 
worship of an idol; reverence; courtesy; 
excessive admiration; a title of honor used, 
especially in England, in addressing magis¬ 
trates: v.t. to pay divine honors, or religious 
service, to; admire excessively; reverence 
with great respect: v.i. to perform acts of 
homage or adoration, such as religious 
services. 

-ixrrkr cViir* or (wur'ship-er), n. one who 
wui.-oJJJ.p-cx pays homage or reverence 
to a higher power. Also, worshipper. 

\xrr\f cVii-n fill (wur'ship-fool), adj. claim- 
wui-oijjp-iu.1 mg or worthy of respect or 

honor; esteemed or honorable; a term of 
respect.— adv. worshipfully. 

... Arc i (wurst), adj. superlative of bad; bad 
WUIol or evil in the highest degree; most 
severe or dangerous: adv. in the most evil 
way possible: n. the most evil state; that 
which is most bad or evil: v.t. to get the 
advantage of in a contest; overthrow; de¬ 
feat; as, to worst jm enemy^ 

\\rr\r c+pH (woos'ted; woor'sted), n. twist- 
WUI-olCU ed yarn spun out of wool; 
also, the cloth made from such yarn; a soft 
woolen yarn, twisted or untwisted, used in 
knitting and embroidery: adj. made of 
woolen yarn: (wurst'ed), defeated; beaten; 
as, worsted in a fight. 

xxm-rt (wurt), to. new ale or beer; a potherb 
W UI l or other plant: used in compounds, 
•umr+h (wfirth), n - that which makes a 
WU11I1 thing useful or valuable; hence, 
value or price; moral value; excellence or 
virtue; as, a man of sterling worth: adj. equal 
in value to; as, the goods are worth five dol¬ 
lars; having estate or wealth to the value of; 
as, he is worth a million; daserving of; 
meriting; as, these facts are worth attention, 
wni-fh loee (wurth'les), adj. having no 
wunu-icoo value, virtue, or excellence; 
morally bad; contemptible; of no use.— adv. 
worthlessly.—TO. worthlessness. 

Syn. valueless, useless. 

Ant, (see valuable). 


+V»T 7 (wOr'lM), adj. [comp, worthier, 
wor-lliy superl. worthiest], having value 
or excellence; estimable; meriting; fit: n. 
a person of great importance.— adv. worthily. 
—TO. worthiness. 

(wood), p.t. of the auxiliary verb 
WUUiU. will; used, first, in indirect discourse 
to express simple futurity or determination 
from the standpoint of past time, according to 
the rule for the use of will in direct discourse; 
as, expressing simple futurity, I said he would 
go; he said he should go; expressing determina¬ 
tion, he said he would go; I said he should go; 
used, second, to express a wish; as, I would I 
had acted differently; used, third, to express a 
usual or customary occurrence; as, last summer 
we would often take long walks; used, fourth, 
to express what is likely; as, that would make 
trouble. 

xxr/viilrl (wood'be"), adj. pretending, 

WUU1U“UC or desirous of being thought 

to be. 

-ixrruvnr? (woond; wound), n. a cut; an 
WUU1IU injury by which the skin is divided; 
a stab; a hurt; hence, injury or harm to 
feelings, reputation, etc.: v.t. to make a cut 
or hurt in; to hurt by violence; injure; hurt 
the feelings of: (wound), p.t. and p.p. of the 
verb wind: wound chevron, a gold chevron, 
of the same pattern as the war service chev¬ 
ron, worn on the lower half of the right sleeve 
of all uniform coats, except fatigue coats, by 
each officer and enlisted man who has received 
a wound in action with the enemy. 

(wov), past tense of the irregular 
WvVc verb weave. 

xxm T 7 P»n (wo'vn), past participle of the 
W U- V CII irregular verb weave. 

xxrrsirtr ( r &h)> to. shipwreck; seaweed cast 
WldCiv ashore; ruin; destruction; a thin, 
flying cloud: also spelled rack. 
wrjii+li ( r &th), to. the ghost of a living 
WIctilll person; apparition; spirit. 

xxrrcm rrl p, (ran'gl), v.i. to argue or dispute 
WAcAAA_ & AC angrily or noisily: to. an angry 
or noisy dispute; a noisy quarrel. 

xxrriiii rrl or (ran'gler), to. one who disputes 
wxail-gxcx or quarrels in a noisy manner; 
a name given to a man who wins certain 
mathematical honors at Cambridge Uni¬ 
versity. 

(rap), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. wrapped 
wiap (wrapt), p.pr. wrapping], to roll, fold, 
or wind together; cover by folding or winding; 
to infold; to do up in a package: n. an article 
of drass to be folded round the person, as a 
fur, cloak, shawl, etc.: pi. outside garments; 
as, lay off your wraps. 

H 7 i-a-rk r\ckt- (rap'er), to. one who, or that 
WAc \t' - P CA which, folds or winds; that in 
which anything is inclosed or folded; a 
dressing gown. 

wrj a fU (rath; rath), n. deep, determined, and 
w id III violent anger; indignation; extreme 
fury; as, the wrath of God. 
wr nfk (rath'fool; rath'fool), adj. very 

wicxtii-iUX angry; furious; arising from 
or expressing great anger.— adv. wrathfully. 
wr#*alr ( re k). v.t. to execute, or do, in great 
wxca.lv anger or fury; to inflict; as, to 
wreak one’s aiiger upon anyone, 
wrpcif'h ( rettl )’ to. [pi. wreaths (rethz)], 
wxcdLXX anything curled or twisted into 
circular shape; as, a wreath of flowers or 
leaves; a garland. 

wrpflfhp (r eth), v.t. and v.i. to twist into a 
WACcAi 'iic garland: to entwine or enfold, 
wrprlr ( r ©k), TO. the destruction of a ship 
WiCClv which is driven ashore, or on a 
rock; the ruins of a ship; a railroad accident: 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, nov&, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit., unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








wreckage 


725 


wynd 


the remains of anything ruined; destruction; 
ruin; as, he became a wreck through drink: 
t.t. to destroy or cast away, as a ship, by 
violence; to ruin or destroy; as, to wreck 
one’s life. 

iTTf polr a /YA (rek'uj), 72 . the remains of a 
wictn.-agc destroyed ship, train, build¬ 
ing, etc.; act of destroying or ruining; state 
of being destroyed or ruined, 
trrprlr p-j* (rek'er), 72 . one who causes 
" 1 CCA-Ci wrecks; as, a train wrecker; 
one who rescues the cargo or passengers 
from a wrecked vessel; a ship used in such 
rescua work. 

WTf^n ( r ® n ) * n - any of several kinds of small 
VVACAA singing birds, having short wings, 
and a short tail that stands up. 

•wrAnrVi (rench), v.t. to wring or pull with 
” A Cllvil a twist; to strain or sprain; as, 
to wrench one’s ankle: 72. a violent twist; a 
sprain; a tool for turning nuts on bolts, etc.; 
as, a monkey wrench. 

(rest), v.t. to twist, wrench, or force 
WiCol by violence; as, they wrested victory 
from defeat; to turn from its natural meaning; 
pervert: n. twist; violence; the act of taking 
by force; a key used to tune a stringed musical 
instrument. 

+1a (res'l), v.i. to contend, by grap- 
wioo-uc pling with and trying to throw 
another; to grapple; to struggle; to strive 
earnestly; as, to wrestle with a problem: n. 
the act of one who grapples with and tries to 
throw another; a struggle. 

\xrrcsc. fl A-r (res'ler), n. one who, in aphy- 
WU/D-UCl sical contest, grapples with and 
strives to throw an opponent. 
rarA+icIi ( r ® c h), n - a worthless or miser- 
WJ. ell'll able person; a degraded creature. 
nn*o+r1i (rech'ed), adj. very miserable; 
Wltltll-tu. unhappy; sunk in deep 
misery or woe; worthless; of miserable 
Quality or character.— adv. wretchedly.—n. 

wrltr <t1a frfe' 1 )’ v - i - to squirm or twist, 
WA o AC like an eel; to be in uneasy 
motion: 72 . the act of twisting or squirming; 
a squirming motion.—n. wriggler. 

«rr-irrVi+ (rit), 72. a workman, especially one 
Wllglll w ho works in wood; as, a ship- 
wright; wheel wright, etc. 

, nr : flrr (ring), v.t. [p.t. and p.p. wrung, 
Wllllg p.pr. wringing], to twist; to turn 
and strain; compress; as, to wring clothes 
in washing; to extort or get by force; as, to 
wring a confession from .a criminal; to give 
pain to as if by twisting; as, her sad story 
wrings my heart. 

iTr**;-mrr or (ring'er), 72. one who, or that 
Wmig-tH -which, twists, strains, etc.; 
especially, a machine for pressing the water 
out cf clothes after washing. 

VI o (rfn'kl), 72. a small ridge or 
W1111-xVi.c furrow on a smooth surface; 
a crease; colloquially, a useful hint or idea 
or an innovation: v.t. to form or cause creases 
or furrows in or on: v.i. to become creased. 

„ T VI tt (rih'kli), adj. puckered, creased. 
Wrin-Kiy or rumpled. 

„ * 0 A (rfst), 72 . the joint between the hand 
Wllbl an d the arm; the slender part of the 
arm nearest the hand. w , 

(rist'band; ConnoQ. riz- 
wrist-oana b&nd), n. a band around the 


wrist, especially the band of a sleeve, as of a 
shirt. 

wrief 1 a+ (rist'let), n. a band worn around 
wusi-iCL the wrist for a protection from 
cold. 

(rit), 72. anything written; a written 
WAA t document; an order of a court of 
justice; Writ, scripture; as, Holy Writ. 
writ a ( rit ) » v - t • 'wrote, p.p. written, 

wine p.pr. writing], to inscribe or set down 
with a pen or pencil; as, to write one’s name; 
express in words on paper; engrave; pro¬ 
duce as an author; as, to write a book: v.i. 
to form letters with the pen; to express in 
words on paper; compose, 
writ At" (rit'er), n. one who, or that which, 
Wlll-Cl gets down words on paper; as, a 
typewriter; a correspondent; an author; a 
journalist. 

Syn. penman. 

•wrrt+ViA (ri th), V.t. to twist with violence: 
WI lU.it? v .i. fo contort or change the form 
of the body; as, to writhe with pain. 

* 4 . ^ (rit'Ing), n. the act of forming 

Will-Hig letters with a pen or pencil, etc.; 
a composition, manuscript, or book. 

■ r ,™ <vno . (rong), adj. amiss; out of order; 
Yv 1 liiig as> a t the wrong time; not morally 
right; false; unjust; not lawful; not accord¬ 
ing to truth or fact; as, his statement was 
wrong; not fit or suitable; not according to 
intention or purpose; adv. in a manner nob 
right: 72 . that which is not right; an evil or 
injury: v.t. to do evil to; to harm; as, the 
untrue statements wrong the man.— adv. 
wrongly. 

Syn., 72. injustice, injury^ 

xxnfVYnrr fin pr (rong'doo'er; rong'doo'er), 

wrong-ao-er one -who does evil; a 

lawbreaker. _ 

urrnno* fl r\ i-nor (rongklooring), sin, 

wrong-ao-ing wickedness; improper 

conduct. 

•fitl (rong'fooi), adj. full of evil, 
wiun^-uu injury, or injustice; injurious; 
unjust; as, a wrongful accusation.— adv. 

wrongfully. 

wrn+A ( r 5 t), past tenso of the irregular 
WiUlC verb write. 

'fxr-t'rvfV (roth), adj. angry; full of wrath; 
wroin furious. 

(rot), past tense and past parti- 
WlUUglll ciple of the verb work; hence, 
worked. 

wrAiirrh-f * ( r6t i'urn), the purest 

wrougni l-ron form G f iron, made di¬ 
rectly from the ore or by purifying cast 
iron; iron which can be wrought or shaped 
while heated. 

nmino' (rung), past tense and past parti- 
W 1 Ulig ciple of the verb wring. 

■wmr (rib a ^j’ twisted; turned to one side; 
wry as> to make a wry face; distorted or 
changed in meaning; perverted; as, a wry 
statement.— adv. wryly.— n. wryness. 

■xutv-kt -n oolr (ri'nek"), 72. a bird of the wood- 
W r y -licL/iv pecker family, having the 
habit of writhing or twisting its head and 
neck; a stiff condition of the neck, due to 
the position of the body during sleep. 

TinrrV olm (wich'elm"), n. a kind of elm 
wycn-eim tn northern Europe. 

ixTiT-rtri (wind), 72 . a Scotch word meaning a 
WyilU i an e; an alley, or a small court. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zn =z as in azure; kh—ck as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 






xanthein 


726 


xyster 



vn ti fVirt ; n (zan'thg-in), n. the soluble 
acu. 1 -yellow coloring matter of 
yellow flowers. Also, xantheine. 

-yon iliir* (zan'thlk), adj. having, or in- 
Aau ' ixxiio clined to, a yellow color. 

VPTI thin ( zan'thin), ft. the insoluble yel- 
**•<*■■*■ A “ AAAAAA low coloring matter in yellow 
flowers. Also, xanthine. 

•yq-fj fhmic (zan'thus), adj. yellow: used 
Aai1 " tnu uo Q f raC es having brown, flaxen, 
or red hair and blue eyes, as the Mongolian. 


YV In orfliYh (“ l&-graf ),/«. an engraving 
cipix on wood: an impression 
from such an engraving. 

YV Incr rc\ nhv (zMog'r d-fl), n. the art or 
-lug-i. cl-piiy process of making prints 

from engraving on wood.— adj. xylographic. 
YV IniH (zi'loid), adj. like wood; composed 
-luitl G f woody tissue. 

YV Ini Hin (zi-loi'din), n. an explosive 
A j -AUA-AAAAA compound produced by the 
action of nitric acid on starch. 



X Ray Apparatus. Motor generator, transformer, switchboard, X-ray tube, and operating table. 


Yp hop (ze'bek), ft. a three-masted ship oi 
the Mediterranean Sea: formerly 
used by Algerian_pirates. Also, zebec. 

Y -»*nvc (Sks'raz'), the Roentgen rays: so 
ACl j'* 3 called because of their puzzling 
character, the letter X being used to indicate 
an unknown quantity. 

TV Ip-nn (zi'len), n. a colorless oily liquid 
A J -ax^aax? j n coa i an( i wood tar. 

YV In <rnn (zl'lft-jfin), n. lignin, the essen- 
-xyy-^^AA t;ial part of woody tissue. 



xy-lon-ite 
xy-lo-phone 

(zl'lo-fon), n. a musi¬ 
cal instrument made 
of wooden bars, and 
played with sma|l 
wooden hammers. 


(zT'lon-It), n. 
celluloid. 


a substance like 


Xylophone 


c_+p r (zls'ter), n. a surgical instrument 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, pdro.de; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 



































































































































yaccawood 


727 


yellow 


ttqP Txrr»r»r1 (y&k'a-wd5d). r n. the wood 
y av-ta-WUUU of a tree of Jamaica, used 
in making furniture. 

VflpTlt n - a ^ght and quick sailing 

jra^xit or s team vessel, larger than a row¬ 
boat or motor boat, used for pleasure or 
racing: v.i. to sail or cruise about in a yacht. 




Yak 


Yachts. ; 1, sloopjyacht; 2, steam yacht. 

\ 7 cxr\yi- incr (yht'tng), n. the act of sailing 
j dull 1-JLs.lg f or pleasure in a yacht. 

vnrlltc man (y 6ts ' m ^), n. [pi. yachts- 
y clLilLo-liicti.1 men (-men)], one who owns 

or sails a yacht. 

Vo (ya'hoo), n. a savage; a degraded, 

d-IlOt) brutelike person: from the race 
of brutes in 
Swift’s Gulli¬ 
ver's Travels. 

Yah-weh 

(ya'wS), n. 
a modern 
translation of 
the Hebrew 
word trans¬ 
lated Jehovah 
in the Bible. 

Also, J a h - 
veh. 

ttoI t (y2>k), 
y <xr>. n a large, long-haired, wild or tame ox 
of central Asia. 

(y&ni), n. the eatable, potatolike 
ycllii root of a climbing plant of various 
kinds, used as a food; the sweet potato, 
trcinlr (yank), v.t. to jerk or pull quickly: 
y dllxL a jerk or twist. [Colloq.] 

Von Vpp (yah'kS), n. the popular name 
I au-&t;c f or New England Americans: 
used by foreigners for any citizens of the 
United States: adj. pertaining to, or like, 
citizens of the United States in general or 
New Englanders in particular. The word is 
probably a corrupted Indian form of English, 
xra rrl (yard), n. a measure of length equal to 
ydiu. three feet, thirty-six inches, or 0.9144 
meter; a long piece of timber attached to 
the mast of a vessel to support a sail; an 
inclosed space before or about a house, barn, 
etc.; an inclosure where a special industry 
'is carried on; as, a lumber yard, etc. 
ttotH o (yard'amU), n. either end of 
yd.rtl-d.xlil fbe spar which holds the sail 
of a square-rigged vessel. 
wat-H o-tiVlr (yard'stlk'), n. a measuring 
yd. I U.-Q lit-D. gfiek three feet in length._ 



xt am (yarn). n - heavy thread spun out of 
yd.Hl wool; colloquially, an unlikely or 
exaggerated story, especially a tale of sea 
life: v.i. to tell an unlikely story. 
xrav r/vur (y ar 'o), n. a plant of the aster 
jfdl-lUW family, having a strong odor and 
bearing small 
white flowers. 

yat-a-ghan 

(yat'a-gan), n. a 
curved Turkish * acaghan 

dagger. Also, yatagan. 

xraxfj (y^)> v-i- an d vt - to steer wildly; to 
J w move from the right course: said of a 
ship or of an airplane: n. a changing from a 
straight course in steering a ship or guiding 
an airplane. 

Trn W 1 (yol), n. & ship’s small boat; a single 
yd.Wl masted sailboat. 

xraxxm ( y on), n - an involuntary or unin- 
ya. wii tentional opening of the jaws, due 
to sleepiness; gape: v.i. to open the mouth 
wide involuntarily or unintentionally, through 
sleepiness; to gape in amazement; to open 
wide; as, the chasm yawned beneath him. 

(ye), pron. grave form of plural of thou. 
J ^ second person of the personal pronoun. 
VP a ( y ^)’ adv • yes > indeed; truly; not 
y only this, but: n. an affirmative vote. 

VP«n liner (yen'llng), n. the young of the 
y Ccxxx-xixxg, s beep or goat. 

VP At* ( y ® r )> n - tiie Period during which the 
earth makes one complete revolution 
or journey round the sun, a period of 36514 
days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 
45.51 seconds; the calendar year, or a period 
of 365 days (in leap year 366 days) beginning 
January 1; colloquially, a very long time. 

VPflT* t'W'iftkr (yer'book*), n. a book pub- 
y 'Uuujx lished once a year; an annual 
report or summary of figures. 

VP fir liner (y er 'l in £)» n - an animal of one 
y \^«,x -lxxig, year old: adj. one year old. 

VP nr Iv ( yer, ii). ad 3- happening or coming 
jcai-ij once a year: adv. annually. 

vpnrn (yf> rn ). v.i. to feel an earnest desire; 
y^a. xxx wjsh with eager longing. 

Syn. long, crave. 

VP net (yest), n. leaven for bread; an 
y cciv. t organic substance which causes 
liquor to ferment, dough to rise, etc.; fer¬ 
ment; froth or foam. 

vpo ct v (yes'tl), adj. tending to ferment 
y caot-j or ri se; light; frothy. 

vperer man (yeg'man), n. a burglar, espe- 
y v^&&“xxxcixx c ia,hy one who breaks open 
and robs safes. 

vpll ( y ®))’ n * a l°ud cry; a shriek; a cheer, 
y consisting of rhythmic words or syl¬ 
lables, used by college students: v.t. to shout 
or utter noisily: v.i. to utter a sharp cry. 

Syn. v. bellow^ cry out. 
vpl lour (yel'5), adj. of the color of gold, 
y ci-xu w sulphur, etc.; slang, cowardly or 
dishonorable; as, the slacker showed hig 
yellow streak; colloquially, sensational: said 
of some newspapers; as, yellow journals are 
not to be depended on: n. the third color 
of the rainbow, between orange and green; 
any dye or paint that colors things yellow; 
the yolk of an egg: v.t. and v.i. to make or 
become yellow.— n. yellowness. 

Syn. adj. golden, saffronlike. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
-- kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


zh = z as in azure; 
© 

























yellow bird 


728 


yuletide 


\rp1 1 nw V>tr*H (ySl'o bfird'), the Amer- 
yei-lUW U1IU ican goldfinch; the yellow- 
warbler; in England, the golden oriole. 

vpl Inw fn vpr (y gl 'o fe'ver), a danger- 
jfcwuw x c- V Cl OUSi infectious fever of 

the tropics, marked by a yellow skin, vomit¬ 
ing, etc., and carried by mosquitoes.^ 

vpl’lfvw Vipr« mpr (yel / 6-ham"er),n.a 
y ei-ioW-Xldin-mer common European 

finch, the male of which is marked with bright 
yellow. 

vpI Inur to Vi (ySl'o-Ish), adj. somewhat 
yd-lOW-lbll yellow in color. 

vpI low iarlr (yel'o jak), the yellow fe- 
jw-xuw ja^xv ver . q Uaran tine flag; 

a West Indian gold- and silver-colored fish, 
used for food. 

vpl low ifldr p-f" (y^ r o jak'gfc), a kind 
jru-iuw jcii^xv-cl 0 f American wasp, 

whose body is partly bright yellow. 

VPln (y®P)» v ‘i’ to utter a sharp bark, as 
J ^ A F a dog when hurt: n. a sharp, quick 
bark, as of a dog.— n. yelper, yelping. 

VP HI n ‘ the Japanese unit of coinage; 

J cn a Japanese coin worth about fifty 
cents. 

VPO m.q-n (yo'm5n),n. [pi. yeomen (-mSn)], 

J c v-uicux formerly, a retainer of a member 
of the English nobility; in England, a com¬ 
moner; a small landowner; one of the 
farming class; in the navy, a petty officer 
who does clerical work: yeoman of the guard, 
one of the bodyguard of the English sover¬ 
eign, consisting of one hundred yeomen, 
armed with partisans.— adj. yeomanlike. 

VPO ttipti f*v (yo^M-ri), n. yeomen col- 
j j.i.Acuii.-xjr lectively; the common peo¬ 

ple of England, especially the farming class. 

V pc (y8s), odr. aye; yea; it is so: opposite 

J to no. 

vpq fpr H ov (yes'ter-da), n. the day just 

y ca-ici pa st; recent time: adv. on 

the day last past. 

vpf adv - U P until now; as, he has not 

J CL come yet; still: in relation to time; Trniir oolf (yobr-self') 

as, I have your present yet; in addition or Jbiu-bcll selves (-se 

still; as, more important yet; finally; even 
though this is so; as, yet I cannot undertake 
it: conj. nevertheless; however; although; 
though. 

VPW n. a large cone-bearing, ever- 

J cvv green tree with dark green foliage; 
also, its fine-grained wood. 

ViH Hie:li (yid'Ish), n. a kind of mixed 
x jLU-uxou German and Hebrew language 
spoken by Jews. 

viplH (y §ld >. v - t - to Produce; as, the land 
yields wheat; concede; as, I yield the 
point; surrender: v.i. to assent: comply; give 
way; submit; cease opposition; give a return, 
or produce; to give up a thing claimed; to 
surrender: n. amount returned for labor; prod¬ 
uct; return.—n. yielder. 

Syn., v. bear, give, afford, relax, forego, 
waive, accede, succumb. 

viplH in a (yeld'Ing), adj. inclined to give 
jiciu-mg way or comply; flexible; com¬ 
pliant; obedient; as, a yielding nature: n. 
the act of producing; submission; compli¬ 
ance.— adv. yieldingly. 

Syn., adj. supple, pliant, unresisting. 

Ant. (see obstinate). 

vr» HpI (y°' dl )> rJ. and v.i. to sing with 
_yo-uci sudden changes in the voice: n. 
a song so sung: a form of music common 
among Swiss shepherds. Also, yodle. — n. 
yodeler, yodler, yodeller. 
yoke n " a wooden frame to couple 


oxen together for work; a frame 


of wood fitted to a person’s shoulders for 
carrying a bucket, etc., hanging from each 
end; a band or piece of cloth cut to fit the 
shoulders or hips to support a garment; 
that which binds or connects; a bond or tie; 
a mark or sign of slavery; hence, bondage: 
two animals yoked together; as, a yoke or 
oxen; also, a couple, or a pair that work 
together: v.t. to put a yoke on; as, to yoke 
oxen; to tie together; to couple; to place 
a yoke upon; hence, oo enslave or confine. 
Syn., v. couple, link, connect. 

vnlrp Inw (yok'fel'o), n. a close com- 
j'un.c-rci-xuw panion; an associate in 
work. 

vr» ItpI (yo'kl), n. a plowboy; a rustic; 

y U ’ JXC1 a country fellow. 

vnllr (y° k ; yolk), n. the yellow part of an 

y uixx e gg- a greasy substance in sheep’s 

wool. 

vnn H (yon'der), adj. being at a dis- 
juxx-ucx tance within view: adv. at that 
place; there. Also, yen. 
vni*P (y° r >. a ^ lK ki old time; long ago: 
y \jx c U sed only in of yore. 
vnil (y°°l. Vron. singular and plural, nom- 
j u lx. jnative and objective cases, of the pro¬ 
noun of the second person, 
vnilncr (yung), adj. being in the early part 
y u-ixg 0 f life or growth; inexperienced; 
vigorous in body, or mind; fresh; strong; per¬ 
taining to youth: of youthful appearance: 
n. offspring of animals.— adj. youngish. 

Syn., adj. juvenile, youthful. 

vniincx lino - (yqng'ling), n. a person in 
J'early years; also, a young 
animal or plant. 

vnilV)O' c+ni* (y&Hg’ster), n. a person In 
juuixg-oicx early years; a child or youth; 
a lad; slang, a subaltern recently assigned to 
a regiment or corps. 

vmir (yOBr). vron. possessive case of the 
j vu1 pronoun of the second person. Also, 
yours* 

.. pron. \pl. your- 
(-selvz')], you in your 
own person; an emphasized form for ye and 
you. 

vnilfh ty ooth )- n - IPl- youths (yobths)l. 
J UUUi the state or quality of being in early 
life; a young person, especially a young man; 
young people; the part of life between child¬ 
hood and maturity. 

Syn. boy, lad, minority. 

Ant. (see age). _ 

vnilfh fill (yooth'fdbl), adj. pertaining to 
jKUlix-iUi the early part of life; fresh; 
vigorous; immature.— adv. 
youthfully. — n. youthful- 
ness. 

Syn. young, juvenile, 
boyish, girlish. 

Ant. (see old). 

irAurl (youl), n. a howl: 
y<JYVl v i to howl or yell. 

viif* (yok'd), n. a 
yUL-Ld plant of the lily 
family, having long, 
pointed leaves, and bearing 
white blossoms. 

Vi lip* (y°° l ). n - Chrisfc- 
y uxc mas or Christmas 
time; the feast of midwin¬ 
ter, or the “turn” of the 
sun at the winter solstice. 



vule Iop- 16 &). a Yucca 

y uic lug huge log for the Christmas 

viilc "HHp (ycart-dO, 

yme-iiae foe ho i iday 


fire. 

n. Christmas timo; 
season. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 






zany 


729 


zither 


Zebra 



*//!*% 


(za'nT), n, a clown; a buffoon; a 
simpleton. 

7 P o] (zel), n. ardor in a cause, or in pro- 
Z>cdi moting some end; great earnestness; 
enthusiasm 

' 7 <aci 1 nt n. an enthusiast; a 

iCal-ul fanatic; one who goes to extremes 
in his earnestness for a cause.—n. zealotry. 

rmc (zel'fis), adj. eager in the pur- 
Zb<u-uuo su it; of an object; enthusiastic. 
— adv. zealous¬ 
ly. — n. zealous- 
ness. 

Syn. warm, 
fervent. 

Ant. (see care¬ 
less). 

ze-bec {Jg: 

n. a small three- 
masted ship, 
still seen in the 
M editerranean: 
formerly used 
by Algerian 
pirates. Also, 
xebec. 

__ t (ze'bra), n. an African wild animal 
Z6-Uld. 0 f the horse family with black 
stripes on a white or tawny body. 

ze-bu i z i)~ 

n. the Indian 
nx or cow, with 
long ears, and 
a large hump 
on the shoul¬ 
ders. 

Zech-a- 

ri * nh (zek"d- 

n-an „'<*), n. 

a book of the 
Old Testament 
containing the 
message of the 
Hebrew proph- 

et Zechariah. ^ ^ Eng i is h name for the 

Zed last letter of thealphabet. 

j. (zemst'fd), n. a local Russian 
Zem-StVO elective body, managing the 
administration of local affairs, such as roads, 

schools, C ^^ t ( ^n£ ; nd), n. in India, the part 

ze-na-na of the house set apart for the 

• o harpm. Also. zanaiiE* 
women, harem. , (z g nd , d _ v g s 'td), n. the 

Zena-A-VeS-ta sacred writings of an¬ 
cient p Jfs ia - (z g n _ dik0 , n.'in the East, a name 

Zen-UlK for an unbeliever. . 

' (ze'nlth) , n. the point in the 


its inventor, Count von Zeppelin of Germany, 
and able to fly long distances and to carry 
a large weight; used by Germany in bombing 
raids over England and France during the 
World War. 




Zebu 


•J.U (ze'nlth), n. the point in tne 

ze-nitn heavens directly overhead; oppo- 

rtndir' greatest height; summit. 

Bite to nadir,, git {z&rd _ nVd)< a book of the 

Zepn-a-ni-an Old Testament contain¬ 
ing the teachings of the Hebrew prophet 

Zephamah. , gr)( n the west wind; a soft, 
zeph-yr gentle breeze; a kind of soft, fine 
woolen yarn. p.-gjgn'), n. a cigar-shaped 

Zep-pe-llll dirigible balloon, named after 


Zeppelin Airship 

-rrk (ze'ro), n. [pi. zeros or zeroes (-roz)l. 
Zc-I U a cipher; nothing; neutral point 
(°) on a scale, of temperature, etc., from 
which reckoning begins; zero hour, the hour 
fixed for beginning a military engagement, 
as an advance, or attack. 

„ oc< i (zest), n. a spicy flavor; something 
ZtSbi fhat gives a pleasant taste or relish; 
keen enjoyment; eager enthusiasm; as, he 
went at his work with zest. 

Syn. relish, gusto, flavor. 

Ant. (see disgust). 

-raiirr-ma (zug'md), n. a figure in grammar 
ZtJUg-lIid by which a verb or adjective 
agreeing with one noun is made to refer also 
to another. _ 

(zus), n. the Greek supreme god. 
Z/tJiio corresponding to the Latin Jupiter. 
rj> r (zff), n. the second month of the Jewish 
Zju. church year (part of May-June), and 
eighth of the civil year. 

rjlr* >70 rr (zlg'zag"), n. one of a number of 
short, sharp angles or turns in a 
course; something with quick turns: adj. 
having short, sharp turns: adv. crookedly; 
with sharp turns. • . 

• _ (zlnk), n. a bluish-white metal, which 
Z 1 X 1 L can stand exposure to air and moisture: 
v.t. to coat or cover with such metal.— adj. 
zincky, zinky, zincous. 

rncr rcn tVhv (zfn-kog'rd-fl), n. the 
Zin-COg-ra-pny ar t of drawing upon, 

or printing from, zinc plates. . 

(zTnk'oid), adj. zinclike; derived 
ZII1L-G1U. from zinc, a bluish-white metal. 
rr» (zi'Sn), n. a hill in Jerusalem, the 
Zj 1-011 royal residence of King David and 
his successors and the seat of the temple; 
hence, the Church of God; the new Jerusalem. 

or heaven. „ , . .. 

rj\ : orY1 (zl'Sn-Izm), n. a plan for the 
Z/l-OH-loIIl return of the Jews as a nation 
to Palestine; the belief that they will so 

return. „ . *. 

rr‘ __ • x (zi' 5 n-ist), n. a member of a 
Z/l-On-lbl society of Jews which seeks to 
carry out the plan of colonizing their race 

in Palestine. . , . , 

• >i_ (zfth'er), n. a flat musical instru- 
ZlLll-er m ent with thirty to forty strings. 
Also, zithern. 


hoot foot • found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw - wh as in when; 
ih=zM in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xik to xm. 
























zodiac 


730 


zymotic 


•7f\ rll ac (zo'di-Sk), n. an imaginary belt 
av-ulj.-o.V' or zone j n t !j e heavens, contain¬ 
ing the paths of the moon and the planets, 
with the sun’s path in the middle, and divided 
into twelve parts, each represented by a 
symbol, as the Lion, the Crab, etc. 



ZO-dl-3_rfll a~k3,l), ad). pertaining 

„ to, or situated within, the 

rodiac, or imaginary belt in the heavens: 
zodiacal light, a cloudy light in the sky, seen 
in tne west after sunset and in the east 
before dawn. 

ZO-ic te^^kL ad), pertaining to, or con- 
nected with, animal life; containing 
rossils or preserved animals or plants: said 
of rocks. 

Zoll-VPT* Pin (ts6rfSr-in"), n. the German 
, oo-T 1 o ” CAAJ ‘ customs union, formed in 
7 a ? - gradually extended, with the aim 
of establishing uniform rates; any customs 
union. 

zon a 1 (zon'al), ad}, pertaining to, or in 
U1 the form of, a zone or zones. 
7YVI1P ( z on). n. one of the five great belts 
« mto which the surface of the earth 

is divided with regard to climate: 
including the torrid zone, which 
extends 23° 28' on each side of 
the equator; the two temperate 
zones, between the tropics and 
the polar circles, which are 23° 

27' from the poles; and the two 
frigid zones, between the polar Zone of a 
circles and the poles; an area or Sphere 
region distinct from adjoining parts; as, during 
the World War, Germany established a danger 
zone for submarine warfare; in the United 
States parcel post system, one of the areas 
into winch the country is divided with regard 
to rates of postage: zone fire, a gun fire whose 
purpose is to overwhelm a certain area with a 
storm of_high explosive shells.— ad), zoned. 
7 Ao (zoo), n. a park or other large inclosure 
m which live animals are kept for 
public exhibition; a zoological garden. 
(Colloq.] 

zo-o-ge-og-ra-phy J 

tion of the distribution of animals in different 
parts of the earth; animal geography.—ad). 

zoogeographic, zoogeographical.— n. zoogeog¬ 
rapher. 



ZO-OP’ ra nhv (z6-6g'rd-fl), n. the de- 
u &“ 1 cx.-yi.iy senption of animals, their 
forms and habits. — adj. zoo graphic, zoti- 
graphicaJ. 

7Ci HI a frv (zo-ord-trl), n. animal wor- 
yZ- ‘ a " u J ship, as the crocodile worship 

Of Egypt. 

ZO O loo* 1 ra 1 (zd"6-16j'I-k51), adj. per- 
z,u-U-AU fa -l-LclI taining to zoology, or the 

science of animal life L — adv. zoologically. 

7Cl HI Ci criof (z&-51'6-jlst), n. one skilled 
ui-u-gioi j n the science of animal life. 

7 n nl n crxr (zfi-fil'6-jl), n. the science of 
Z-U-Ul-O-gy animal life. 

7Ctfim (zoom), n. the operation of an air- 
t UUiU plane, so that it flies up and down 
like a roller-coaster. 

7Cl n -nVnrf A (zo'6-flt), n. an invertebrate 
It. animal which has the appear¬ 
ance of a plant, as coral. 

7Cl (it n rrrvr (zo-ot'S-mi), n. the dissection 
Z.G-G L-U-niy of animals, especially of 
animals other than man. 

‘7 n a Q tvi an (zo"rS-as'trt-an), ad). 

^U-I U-d-b-iri-an pertaining to Zoroaster, 
the reputed founder of the Persian religion, 
or to his doctrines. 

Zo-ro-as-tri-an-ism 8££*£ a a£~i£: 

cient religion of Persia, said to have been 
founded by Zoroaster, the lawmaker and 
prophet of ancient Persia. 

7 oil a VP (zdo-av'). n. in the French army 
<tvc until 1914, an infantryman 
wearing a brightly colored uniform simi lar 
to Algerian dress; also, one of a body of 
soldiers adopting a similar dress and drill. 
ZOIlTirl^ (zoundz), inter), an exclamation 
, expressing anger or wonder; God’a 
wounds! an_oldjoath. 

Zu-lu (zoo'loo), n. one of a warlike native 
tnbe of Natal. South Africa.. 



Zll fii (zdo'ny^), 

-CrfU-Iil p no hln In 


of 


Zulus 

-.v v’ ,. n * ono °f a tribe 
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 

ZW1P Inarlr (tsve'bak'), n. a kind of bis- 
r . ^ cuit or ro11 first baked in a 

loaf and then cut and toasted. 

ZV-mol n ov (zi-mol'6-jl), n. the science 

fermentation. _ ° r _ StUdy ° f the BrtnoiBlea of 
(zl-mo'sls), n. a fermentation; 
j oxo any contagious or infectious 

disease caused by fermentation. 

ZV.rrmt ip (zi-mot'Ik), adj. producing fer- 
7.3 * . ~ mentation; working through 

tue body like a ferment: said of an infectious 
or contagious disease. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu* 






































DICTIONARY OF 

MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 


A M-*a -foo (a-ka'tez), the companion of 
-Clld-lCo ^Eneas in Vergil’s JEneid. [Gb.| 

ArVi or rvm (&k'§r- 6 n), the “river of woe,” 
rVCLL-CJ. -Oil one of the five rivers of Hades. 
It was over this river (or the Styx) that the 
aged boatman, Charon, ferried the souls of 
the dead. [Gr.) 

A rfoil los (a-kll'ez), the greatest Greek 
hero of the Trojan War; son 
of Peleus and Thetis; hero of Homer’s Iliad; 
Greek type of youthful strength, beauty, and 
valor. In anger at Agamemnon for having 
taken Briseis, he withdrew from combat at 
the siege of Troy, but soon returned to avenge 
the death of his friend Patroclus. He was 
killed by Paris, who treacherously shot him 
in the heel, his one L vulnerable spot. 

(ak-te'Cn), a Greek hunter who 
■rlC-lcc-Cll came upon Artemis (Diana) 
bathing. In anger, she turned him into a 
stag. His own hounds killed him. 

A J +, tC (ad-me'tus), king of Thes- 

aU-iuc*iuo saly, saved from death by 
Alcestis, his wife, who offered to die in his 
stead. His old friend, Heracles (Hercules), 
however, restored her. [Gr.] 

A J. tMo (d-do'nls), a beautiful youth be- 
-UU-IHo loved by Venus. He was killed 
by a wild boar. The tears which Venus 
shed at his death became anemones and his 
drops of blood became red roses. [Gr.] 

757 _ e (e'd-kfis), a king of zEgina famous 
iij/-d.-LUo f or his justice and piety; grand¬ 
father of Achilles. After his death, he was 
associated with Rhadamanthus and Minos, 
in judging the spirits of the dead. [Gr.] 

717 v j-rto (e-e'tez), father of Medea and 
JJjj- c-lco king of Colchis, where the Golden 
Fleece was kept. [Gr.] 

7 J 7 rr\r (e'jlr; a'glr), the god of the sea. 

He entertained the gods every 
harvest-time and brewed ale for them. Also, 
X ger, Egir. [Teut.] ^ A 

__ (e'jls), breastplate of Athena (Mi- 

ctJ-glc* nerva), bordered with serpents and 
set with the Gorgon’s head. Also, egis. [Gr.] 
71? ma oc« ( 6 -ne'Ss), a Trojan prince, son 
ill/-llc-d.& 0 f Anchises and the goddess 
Aphrodite (Venus); the hero of Vergil’s poem, 
th e JEneid. _ . 

71? (S-ne'Id), Vergil’s Latin epic po- 

em> of which /Eneas is the hero. 
h? i 1ic , (e'o-lds), the Greek god and king 
xii-O-lUo 0 f the winds. 

7 »?_ 1 ,, (es'kll-la'pl-us), the 

A(S-cU-l3.-pi-US Roman god of medi¬ 
cine. and the son of Apollo, killed by Jupiter 
with a thunderbolt on account of his skill, and 
particularly for having restored Hippolytus 
to life: identical with the Greek god Ascle- 

3? Mr (e'slr; ft'slr), the chief Teutonic 
XC/-S1L gods, including: Odm or Woden, 
Thor or Donar, Tyr or Tiu, Balder, Forseti, 
Heimdall, Loki, and others. ^ Loki later 
became leader of the forces of Hel, in con¬ 
flict with whom most of the /Esir wero to be 
destroyed on the last day (Ragnarok). Asso¬ 
ciated with these gods were eighteen god¬ 
desses (Asynjur). Also, Asas 


IR cr*n (e'sSn), the father of Jason, the 
bull Argonaut; restored to youth by 
Medea, the enchantress.^ [Gr.] v 

A nr n fri otri m nil (ag^d-mem'nQn), kins 
Ag-a-mem-non Qf Mycense, brother of 

Menelaus, and commander-in-chief of the 
Greeks at the siege of Troy. 

A Mo la (a-gla'ya), brilliance, one of the 
-gAd-ld. three Graces. [Gr.) 

A a (ag'nS), the Vedic god of fire: similar 
.rig-III to the Greek god Hephaestus (Vul¬ 
can). [Hind.] 

A .]rt Y (a'jaks), the son of Telamon, and 
“Jw""- next to Achilles, the bravest of all 
the Greeks in the Trojan War. 

M foi rvn (al'bl-fin), a son of Poseidon 
-U1-U1I (Neptune), founder of a kingdom 
in Britain, slain by Heracles (Hercules). [Gr.] 
a 1 f| c (M-ses'tls), wife of Admetus; 

rll-LCo- Jong of Thessaly: permitted 

by the Fates to die in his place, but later 
restored to life by Hercules. [Gr.] 
a i (M-si'dez), Hercules (Heracles): 

iU-Ll-Ut/O so called because Alcaeus was 
the father of his mother’s husband. [Gr.] 

A t . „ (d-lek'to), one of the three Furies 
-16C-IO (Erinyes). [Gr.] 

At iic (al-fe'fis), a Greek river god 

-rll-piie-u& who loved and pursued the 
wood nymph Arethusa until Artemis (Diana) 
changed her into a stream; then their waters 
united in the fountain of Arethusa on the 
island of Ortygia in Sicily. 

Am o 7 nnc (am'a-zonz), a warlike race 
iU.U-d.-Z Gilo 0 f women from Asia Minor, 
who helped the Trojans in the Trojan War. 
am fot-r* ci a (am-bro'zhl-a; -zl -a), the 
dill - Ul G - ol - substance which with nec¬ 
tar formed the food and drink of the Greek gods 

A mAti (a'mon), the supreme Theban 
-HIGH god: identified by the Romans 
with Jupiter in Jupiter-Amon (Zeus Amon). 
Also, Ammon, Amen. [Egypt.] 

Am -r*foi mi (am-ff'on), the son of Zeus 
Lilli-pill - OH (Jupiter) and Antiope; hus¬ 
band of Niobe. He built the walls of Thebes 
by charming each stone into position with a 
lyre given him by Hermes (Mercury). [Gr.] 
Am rtfoi fri +o (am'fl-trl'te), a Nereid; 
Am-pill-iri-ie the wife of Poseidon (Nep¬ 
tune^ , and the goddess of the sea. [Gr.] 

Am r*foi ooc (an-ki'sez), the father of 
LUI -Lill-oCo /Eneas, whom /Eneas car¬ 
ded on his shoulders from the burning city 
of Troy. [Gr.] 

Am rJr/om a pfoo (5n-dr6m'd-k$), the 

Ali-UrOHl-si-Lnc loving and beloved 

wife of Hector. At his death she was car¬ 
ried off and married by Neoptolemus. son of 
Achilles. Later she became the wife of 
Helenus, a brother of Hector. [Gr.] 

Am Hrnm o An (an-drSm'e-da), a 
ixll-QrOni-6-G.cl daughter of Cepheus 

and Cassiopeia, rulers of Ethiopia in Africa; 
exposed to a sea monster that she might 
save her country from destruction; rescued 
and married by Perseus. [Gr.] 
a~ r? ira rn (an'dwa-re), the dwarf whom 
iHl-U.Vd.-ri Loki robbed of his treasure 
and of bis cursed magic ring. [Teut.] 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw =wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 

731 






Antaeus 


732 


Bellona 


gods (/Esir, Asas). 


All lie (5n-te'(Ss), a Libyan giant, in- 
xxu.-ux;-u.o vincible as long as he touched 
the earth, his mother. Heracles (Hercules) 
lifted him from the ground and then choked 
him to death. Also, Antaios. 

An ficr r\ nek (&n-tIg'o-n6), a faithful 
XVU-u^-u-liC daughter of CEdipus and 

Jocasta of Thebes. In defiance of her uncle, 
Oreon, she performed the funeral rites over 
the body of her brother, Polynices. [Gr.] 

An ti n tip (Sn-ti'S-pfi), a Theban princess. 

narrowly escaped death 
at the hands of her own sons, Amphicn and 
Zethus. They fortunately discovered her iden¬ 
tity in time, and fastened in her place Dirce, her 
persecutor, to the horns of the wild bull. [Gr.] 
A mi "hie (a-nu'bls), a jackal god of 
n-uu-uio Egypt, who conducted the 
spirits of the dead to the judgment hall. 

Anil ro rli "to (5X " ro-di ' t6)» the Greek 
xxjjj. 1 - 1 . u-vai-lc goddess of love: identified 
with the Roman Venus. 

A ni<3 ( a 'P fe )« the sacred white bull of the 
xx-pio Egyptians, supposed to embody the 
god Ptah. He was treated like a god both 
in life and in deaths 

A nnl In (a-pol'o), the son of Zeus (Jupi- 
t er ) and Leto (Latona); the god 
of the sun, music, poetry, eloquence, medicine, 
and the fine arts. Also, Hello®. [Gr.] 

A rflrfi nn (d-r&k'ne), a Lydian maiden, 
turned into a spider for com¬ 
peting with Athena (Minerva; at weaving. 
A TPQ (a'rez), the Greek god of war; 
n ' lco son of Zeus and Hera: identified 
by the Romans with Mars. 

At* P tlvii co (&r"6-thu'sd), a Greek wood 
ni-c-uiu-oa nymph, beloved of the river 
god Alpheus. To escape him, she was changed 
by Artemis (Diana) into a stream and 
emerged as a fountain in Sicily; here Alpheus 
joined her. 

Ar ern (ar'go), the ship which carried the 
Argonauts In search of the Golden 
Fleece. [Gr.] 

At* cm fioii+c (ar'gfi-nfits), the Greek he- 
to roes who sa ii e( j with Jason 

In the Argo. 

Ar otic (ar'gils), the hundred-eyed son 
f 11 o ua of Zeus (Jupiter) and Niobe; 
founder of Argos. After his murder by 
Hermes (Mercury), Hera (Juno) placed his 
eyes in the tail of the peacock. [Gr.] 

Ar i oH tlA (&rT-&d'ne), the daughter of 
. . ™ Kin S Minos of Crete. She 

loved Theseus and gave him the thread to 
guide him out of the Labyrinth. Later she 
was deserted by Theseus and married to 
Dionysus (Bacchus). [Gr.] 

A 1*1 ntl (d - rl' 5n), a Greek poet and 
xw.i-v.ix musician from Lesbos, who was 
once robbed by sailors and thrown over¬ 
board. He was immediately saved and 
carried to shore by a dolphin, which his 
music had drawn to the ship. 

Ar tp rmc (ar't6-mls), the Greek virgin 
tc ima gojdesg of wild na ture, the 
moon, maidenhood; twin sister of Apollo: 
identified by . the Romans with Diana. 

A Q (a'sas), the twelve gods who with 
. odin lived in Asgard. They were 
distinguished from the Vans (Yanir). [Teut.] 

As CH 111 IIS (as-ka'nl-us), the son and 
na ta-ux-ua companion of ASneas on his 
wanderings after the fall of Troy; founder 
of Alba Longa and supposed ancestor of Julius 
Caesar. Also, lulus. [Gr.] 

As P’arrl (as'gard), the residence of the 
XVo-gcU. U Teutonic 

Also, Asgardhr. _ 


Aclr (ask), the first man, created by 
xioix Oclin, Hoenir, and Lold from an ash 
tree. Also, Askr. [Teut.] 

A c o -no-v (as-tl'd-n5ks), the infant son 
nb-iy-a-iidA 0 f Hector, dashed by the 
Greeks from the walls of Troy. [Gr.] 

Af a 1 an ict (&t'd-lSn'td), a beautiful 
xi.L-ct-loJ.l-la. o ree i£ heroine, beloved of 
Meleager, who took part in the Calydonian 
boar hunt and in the Argonautic Expedition. 
In another legend she challenged her suitors 
to a race, offering death to the vanquished, 
her hand to the victor. All lost save Hip- 
pomenes, who threw down on tho course 
three golden apples, which Atalauta stooped 
to pick up. 

A flic* rm (d-the'nd), the Greek goddess 
xi.-iij.c-na 0 f wisdom: identified by the 
Romans with Minerva. Also, Athene, Pallas 
Athena. 

A+ lac (at'las), in Ilomer, a deity In charge 
n *' iao of the pillars of heaven; later a Titan 
who supported the hoavens on his shoulders, 
or a king changed to a mountain. [Gr.] 

A f ]% (at'16), king of Hunland. He 
treacherously slew his wife Gudrun’s 
brothers to get the treasure left them by 
Sigurd. In revenge, Gudrun slew her own 
and Atli’s children. [Teut.] 

At ro tine (5t'r6-p5s), one of the three 
xxi-i UjJUo Fates; she cut off the thread 
of life after Clotho had spun it, and Lachesls 
had measured it off. [Gr.] 

All fill 11 TT 1 1 a (ou7ftofim-la), the cow 
xxu - till Lilli. - id whose milk fed the giant 

Ymir. [Teut.] 

All prp aii (o-je'an), of Augeas, king of 
" w 'b v ' tUi Elis, whose enormous stables 
containing 3,000 oxen remained uncleaned 
for thirty years. Hercules cleaned them in a 
day by turning two rivers, the Alpheus and. 
the Peneus, through them. [Gr.] 

All rn TB (o-ro'ra), the Greek goddess of 
u ' lu ' ia tho morning: iidentifled by the 
Greeks with Eos. Also, Mater Matuta. 

A VPT line; (d-vur'nfis), a lake in Italy, 
/X-VCI-IlUis through which one entered 
the infernal regions. 

haC-diaritP (bd-k&nt'; bak'&nt; bd- 
DctG CIlcUllC kan t6), a woman follower 

of Dionysus (Bacchus). [Gr.] 

(bak'us), the son of Jupiter 
® (Zeus) and Semele. and the 
god of wine and drunkards: identified by 
the Greeks with Dionysus. Also, Liber. 

Bfll Hpt* (border), the god of the sum. 

, , ? ier sunlight, peace, of the good, 

beautiful, eloquent, and wise; the son of 
Odm and Frigg. He was slain by Hothr 
(Hoder) who was instigated by Loki. His 
dwelling was Breidablik. [Teut.] 

"Do c+ (bast), a lion- or cat-headed Egyptian 
JDclbl goddess; the “lady of life.” Also, 
Pacht, Pakht, Pasht. 

Rail 01 <3 (bo'sis), an aged Phrygian wo- 
, , ™ .7 man who with her devoted hus¬ 

band Philemon entertained Zeus (Jupiter) 
and Hermes (Mercury) unawares. As a 
reward, when their inhospitable country was 
destroyed by a flood, their house was changed 
into a temple; here they served as priest and 
priestess. At death, they were changed at 
the same moment into trees. [Gr.] 

Bel-ler-O-Dhon (be-lgr'6-f5n), a Greek 

\ 1 . bero, who killed the 

monster ( hiniera with the aid of his winged 
horse Pegasus. 

Bel-lo TIB (be-lo'nd), the Roman god- 
with Mars ° f W ”- Cl0Sely 


lo . cal > f ?. r > *4'- P“ ra de; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
nebt, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 



























































































Belus 


734 


Colchis 


Dp liic (be'HLs), the son of Poseidon (Nep- 
xj c-ius tune) and Libya; an early king of 
Babylon or Assyria; ancestor of many Greek 
heroes. 

Rif rncf (bef'rost), the rainbow bridge be- 
juii-i uat tween Asgard, the home of the 
Teutonic gods, and the world below. 

rp qc (bo'rS-as), the North Wind; son 
uu-ic-aa 0 f ASolus and Eos (Aurora); 
brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. 
[Gr.] 

Tlf-fl tri (bra'ge), the Teutonic god of po- 
etry and eloquence. Also, Brage. 
Rri « -rp no (bri-a'rg-fis)., a Greek hun- 
Jjil-ct-l C-Ub dred-handed giant. 

Rri cci ic (bri-se'Is), a beautiful girl, cap- 
.uix-DC-ia tured by Achilles in the Trojan 
War, whom Agamemnon took to replace 
Chryseis. [Gr.] 

■Rrvn VlilH (brim'hilt), a Valkyrie, whom 
Sigurd found asleep in an 
enchanted castle and waked. When he 
became untrue and married Gudrun, Bryn- 
hild procured his murder and killed herself. 
[Teut.] 

Rll ri ( b55 ' r §), a being licked out of salty 
wu ' u frost stones by the cow Audhumla; 
the ancestor of the Teutonic gods. 

Rll «*i rid (bh-si'ris), an Egyptian king, 
i/u-oi-iio who sacrificed strangers to end 
a famine; killed by Heracles (Hercules). 

Rl1 to (bu'to), the Egyptian goddess of 
the North; nurse of Horus and 
Bast: identified by the Greeks with Leto 
(Latona). 

Pa piic (ka'kfis), a crafty Italian giant, 
va-vuo slain by Hercules (Heracles) for 
stealing the cattle of Geryon. [Rom.] 

C?lH rrmc; (kad'mfls), son of Agenor, king 
V/all-lIlUb 0 f Phoenicia, who killed a 
dragon and sowed its teeth. From these 

g rew soldiers, who fought together until only 
ve were left. These helped Cadmus to 
found Thebes. 

ff-ji pa 11 c (ka-du'sS-us), the winged 
Ld-UU-LC-Ub staff of Hermes (Mercury), 
entwined with two serpents. [Gr.] 

(kal'kas), the wisest prophet 
Vycu-VAlctb among the Greeks at Troy, sur¬ 
passed only by Mopsus at Claros. 

CbI 11 fi HP (ka-li'6-pS), the Muse of elo- 
w«.a~aa-v^-iijc quence and epic poetry. [Gr.] 

lie; +a (ka-lls'to), an Arcadian nymph, 
^/cU-llb-LG attendant of Artemis (Diana), 
beloved of Zeus (Jupiter); therefore changed 
Into a bear by Hera (Juno). She narrowly 
escaped being hunted to death by her own 
eon, but was then, with him, placed in the 
sky as the Great and Little Bear. 

Cal-y-do-ni-an Hunt i«]£5 5 

pursuit of a destructive wild boar sent by 
Artemis (Diana) to punish King CEneus for 
neglected sacrifices. The boar was killed by 
the hero Meleager, who gave the spoils to 
Atalanta. [Gr.] 

Cfl 1vr> c*f» (kd-llp'so), a sea nymph, who 
f-od kept Odysseus (Ulysses) seven 
years on her island of Ogygia. [Gr.] 

Cs mil (kd-mll'd), the swift-footed 
t , maid en queen of the Volsci, 

an Italian tribe, who opposed ACneas on his 
landing in Italy. [Rom.] 

CaH-H TlPliq (kap'a-nus; kd - pa'n§ - us), 
ct Iieub one of the seven Greek 

heroes who marched against Thebes to help 
Polymces gain the throne. As he was scaling the 
walls, he was struck by lightning and killed. 

CaS san Hr a (ka-san'drd), a daughter of 
Sd-ll-Urci p na m ant | Hecuba of Trov: 


inspired by Apollo to prophesy, but later 
condemned never to be believed. [Gr.] 

Cnc inr (kas'ter), a son of Zeus (Jupiter) 
vuD-iui and Leda; champion horse-tamer." 
At his death in the Argonautic Expedition, 
his immortal twin brother Pollux also asked 
for death. His father decreed that the 
brothers should live in the upper and lower 
world on alternate days. Later, they were 
placed in the sky as the constellation 
Gemini. [Gr.] _ 

Fp rrrmc (se'krbps), a Greek hero, repre- 
V/C-Ui. sented as half snake; first king 

of Attica; founder of Athens. 
r<an fonre (sen'torz), a mythical Thes- 
tcu-lduis salian tribe, haif man and 
half horse. [Gr.] 

CptYH liie (sef'a-lus), a Greek hunter, 
whose devotion to his wife 
Procris (Procne) was so determined, that 
Eos (Aurora), who sought his love, caused 
him accidentally to kill Procris with his 
unerring javelin. 

Ivat* lie (sfirTier-fis), the three-headed 
t/ci-uei-ua dog of Hades, which guarded 
the gates to the lower world; carried away by 
Heracles (Hercules). [Gr.] 

Pp (se'rez), daughter of Saturn (Cro- 

v-'G-ico nos) and Ops (Rhea); Roman god¬ 
dess of the growing vegetation; later cf 
corn, harvest, and flowers; identified with 
the Greek goddess Demeter. 
r'Vio T-fvn (ka'rSn), the boatman who 
V/A - cl " A ferried souls across the Acheron 
(or the Styx) in the lower world. A coin 
for his fare was always placed in the mouth 
of a dead man. [Gr.] _ 

CTlflV 1 fp»c; (kar'I-tez), the three Greek 
v/iiai-i-ica Graces, goddesses of grace 

and beauty. 

Clia rvh Hi«; (kd-rib'dls), a very dan- 
gerous whirlpool on the 
Sicilian coast opposite Scylla, a rock on the 
Italian shore. 

pVli mp (kl-me'ra; ki-me'ra), a fire- 

, V „ a breathing monster with the 
head of a lion, the body of a goat, the tail 
of a dragon; killed by Bellerophon. Also 
chimcera. [Gr.] 

Chi Vfm a Greek centaur, son 

yui run of Cronos (Saturn) and Philyra; 
teacher of Achilles, Asclepius (Aesculapius), 
and Heracles (Hercules). 

Chrv Qp io. (kn-se'Is), a beautiful cap- 
C/IIiy-be-ib tive in the Trojan War. 
whom Agamemnon was forced to restore 
to her father, Chryses; to replace her, he 
took Bnseis from Achilles. [Gr.] 

Civ pp (sur'se), the noted enchantress of 
ADaea, who changed some of the 
companions of Odysseus (Ulysses) into 
animals. Odysseus, protected by an herb, 
the gift of Hermes (Mercury), secured their 
restoration. _ [Gr.] 

Cli n (klT°), the Muse who presided over 
>-/aa-v/ history. [Gr.] 

Clo fho (klo'tho), the youngest of the 
three Fates, who spun the thread 
of life. [Gr.] 

Clv-fpm nPQ f ra (kli'tem-ngs'trd). 

yiy-lcm-IlUb-ira the faithless wife of 
Agamemnon, who murdered him upon his re¬ 
turn from the Trojan War; killed for her crime 
by her son Orestes. Also, Clyteemnestra. [Gr.] 
Co CV tllQ (ko-srtfis), the “river of wail- 
„ , r V U , mg ’; one of the five rivers of 
Hades. [Gr.] 

Col-Chis country east of 

V/Ol Llllo the Black Sea, where the Golden 

Fleece was kept; the home of Medea. fpR 1 


ate senate, rare c£t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu: 







Comus 


735 


Endymion 


Co- 


TTlll (kS'mfis), the youthful Roman 
-J " lAUO god of revelry, feasting, and 
jollity. 

At - tt V»cin fpe (kdr'I-Mn'tez),, attend- 

V^UI-y-Uctll-ieb ants and priests of 

Cybele in Phrygia: often identified with the 
Curetes, Dactyli, and Telchines. Also, Cory- 
bants. [Gb.] 

11 co (kr$-u'sd,) a daughter of Priam; 
vic-u-oa fl rs i; wife of /Eneas; separated 
from her husband and lost during the flight 
from Troy on the night of its capture. 

piio (kro'kus), the beloved friend 
VAlU-LUb 0 f the nymph Smilax; changed 
into the crocus flower. [Gr.] 
r'rrn cue (kre'sus), a very wealthy king 
wtc-ouo 0 f Lydia in Asia Minor of the 
sixth century B. C. 

P rA -niio (kro'nus),a Greek Titan; father 
v^IU-llub of Zeus (Jupiter), Poseidon (Nep¬ 
tune), and Hades (Pluto). 

Oil rri£A (kii'me), an ancient Italian city 
V-'u-iiicx; near Naples; the home of the 
Sibyl who helped /Eneas and sold the Sibyl¬ 
line Books to Ring Tarquin of Rome. 

On nirl (ku'pld), the Roman god of love: 

identified with the Greek god Eros. 
Also, Amor. 

OirK a 1a (slb'e-le), a nature goddess intro- 
vjrU-c-lc duced into the West from Asia 
Minor: identified with the Greek goddess 
Rhea and with the Roman goddess Ops. 
Also, Mater Turrita. 

Ov pin nAC (si-klo'pez), one-eyed Sicilian 
'-'J-OlU-pCb shepherd giants, who may 
also have worked at the forges of Hephaestus 
(Vulcan) under Mt. Etna. 

Oim tVii a (sln'thl-ri), a name given to 
the hunting goddess Artemis 
(Diana), because she was born on Mt. 
Cynthus, on the island Delos. [Gr.] 
f'xr+U ar a o (slth"er-e'a), a name given 
vjfUl-Cl-C-tt to Aphrodite (Venus), be¬ 
cause she rose from the sea-foam on the 
island of Cythera. [Gr.] 

a Inc (ded'a-lus; de'da-lus), an 
AJ'cCU.-a.-llib Athenian artist, artificer, and 
architect; inventor of the saw, ax, gimlet; 
exiled for murder to Crete, where he built 
the Labyrinth. Later, he and his son Icarus 
were forced to escape by flight on wings. 
Daedalus reached Sicily; the son flew too 
near the sun, the wax melted and he was 
drowned in the sea named Icarian for him. 
T|o no a (da'na-e), a Greek princess of 
Ud-lld-C Argos; mother of Perseus by 
Zeus (Jupiter), who visited her in the form 
of a golden shower. 

T\ 0 no i Hac (dd-na'I-dez), the fifty 
JLJd-HcL-1-UCo daughters of King Danaiis 
of Argos, all of whom, except Hypermnestra, 
killed their husbands on their wedding night. 
They were doomed in Tartarus to pour water 
into a broken cistern, or, as some say, to 
draw it with a sieve. [Gr.] 

TlonV* nA (daf'ne), the lovely daughter 
U&yil-liC of the river god Peneus, be¬ 
loved by Apollo; to escape him, she was 
changed into a laurel tree. [Gr.] 

TIa Jo nJ -ro (de'yd-ni'rd), the deserted 
ct wife of Heracles (Hercules), 
whose death she unwittingly caused by a 
poisoned magic shirt, the gift of Nessus; 
In despair she killed herself. [Gr.] 

FIaI nV*J (del'fi), a sacred city of Greece, 
U ei-pill famous for a cleft in the rock, 
out of which came poisonous vapors. These 
overpowered a priestess of Apollo seated 
there on a golden tripod, so that she uttered 
wild words, interpreted as the will of Apollo. 


Bp mp (dS-me'ter), the Greek god- 

dess of agriculture and fruit¬ 
fulness: identified with the Roman goddess 
Ceres. 

Tl aii PQ 1i nn (dd-ka'll-6n), the son of 
U*CU-Lct-il-Uli Prometheus; like Noah, 

he with his wife Pyrrha was saved from the 
great flood. They repeopled the world by 
throwing stones behind them, as directed 
by the oracle. [Gr.] 

tSj on o (di-Sn'd; di-a'na), the daughter 
Ul-cLLL-a. 0 f Jupiter (Zeus) and Latona 
(Leto); the Roman goddess of the moon 
and chase: identified with the Greek goddess 
Artemis. Also, Cynthia, Phoebe, Selene. 
r\: (di'do), a Tyrian princess, founder 

JU1-UU and queen of Carthage in Africa; 
a cordial hostess of /Eneas on his wanderings 
from Troy. After his desertion of her by 
divine command, she killed herself. 

Tii a mArl (di'6-med), a brave Greek 
JLJi-U-lllCU. warrior in the Trojan War. 
The opponent of Hector and /Eneas; joined 
Odysseus (Ulysses) in carrying off the horses of 
Rhesus and the Palladium. Also, Diomedes. 
T\: a mr cue (di"6-ni'sfis), the Greek god 
_LfJ.-U-J.ij -o us 0 f vegetation and wine; 
known commonly among the Romans as 
Bacchus (Liber). 

T\l ao ah -ri (dPbs-ku'ri), the twin sons 
1/1-Ob-vU-Il of Zeus (Jupiter): Castor 
and Pollux; patrons of warriors and travel¬ 
ers; in Rome, of the order of knights and of 
chariot races. Also, Dioscuroi. 

Tiii* p a (dfir'se), a wicked queen of 
±>11 - tt Thebes, whom the sons of un¬ 
fortunate Antiope fastened to a wild bull. 
[Gr.] 

TiJo a At* Ai o (dls-kor'dl-a), the Roman 
U'lb-LUI -Gi-ct goddess of strife and dis¬ 
agreement: identified with the Greek goddess 
Eris. 

TiA /1 a n o (do-do'na), an ancient Greek 
±±U-l±U-lld oracle of Zeus (Jupiter), where 
priests interpreted the rustling of the oak 
leaves. 

A i*tt a Hac (dri'a-dez), [sing, dryad], 
uijf-a-uco Greek nymphs who lived and 
died with the trees which were their abode. 
Titrailo (dyous), in Vedic mythology. 
Uy dUb Heaven, the father of the gods. 
[Hind.] 

T?pVi a (Sk'o), a Greek nymph, who pined 
JC/LX1-U awa y for unrequited love of Nar¬ 
cissus, until only her voice was left. 

T7/1 /lac (ed'dz), two old Norse books: 
UrU-tld-b (a ) The E i d er Edda, a collection 
of thirty-three mythological songs from the 
10th to 13th centuries. ( b ) The Younger 
Edda, a prose mythology from about 1200. 

E Iap fra (S-lSk'tra), a daughter of 
-1CL-L1 <X Agamemnon, who induced her 
brother Orestes to avenge their father’s 
murder by their mother. [Gr.] 
aIwaq (Slvz), [sing, elf], fairies of light 
ClVCb and of darkness. The god Frey was 
the king of the light fairies; Alfheim, their 
home. [Teut.] 

E k, tiTr , (e-llzh'l-fim; e-llz'l-fim), the 
-iy-bi-Uiil eternal dwelling place of 
the happy souls after death. Also, Elysian 
Fields. [Gr.] 

Kla (em'bla), the first woman, cr >- 
JLlii-Uid ated by Odin, Hoenir, and Loki 
from an elm. [Teut ] 

TJ'n paI a /lues (Sn-sel'd-dfis), a Greek 

XLll-Ut,l-<l-GUb hundred-armed giant 

buried under Mt. Etna. 

T7n rlir-m ; (6n-dIm'I-5n), a beautiful 

-U^H.-QjIll-l-OII youth beloved by the 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







Eos 


736 


Gorgons 


moon goddess Selene (Diana), who caressed 
him nightly with her moonbeams. [Gr.] 

E nc (e'ds), the Greek goddess of dawn: 

-Uo identified with the Roman goddess 
Aurora. 

E np «i C (e-pe'us), the Greek who built 
-pc-Uo the wooden horse left as a decoy 
outside the walls of Troy. 

Eti i rnpi i'ViPiiQ (ep w I-me / thus; 8pT- 

£/p-l-me-meUb me'thS-fis), brother of 
Prometheus and husband of Pandora, the 
first woman. [Gr.] 

T3V o (er'a-to), the Muse of lyric and 
Jhl -a.-LG i ove poetry. [Gr.] 

17r kite (er'e-bus), the dark space 
lii-C-UUa through which spirits pass into 
Hades. [Gr.] 

E -ri-n Tr *sc* (6-rIn'i-ez), the Greek Furies: 

Alecto, Tisiphone, and Me- 
gaera, who relentlessly pursued with secret 
stings unpunished criminals: called by the 
Romans Diras, Furise. Also, Semase, Eumen- 
ides, Erinnyes. 

■p rio (e'ris; er'Is), the Greek goddess of 
10 discord. At the wedding of Peleus 
and Thetis, she threw among the guests a 
golden apple, inscribed “For the fairest.” 
The decision was left to Paris, the shepherd 
son of Priam of Troy. Vi To gain his favor, 
Hera (Juno) offered him power and riches; 
Athena (Minerva), martial glory; but when 
Aphrodite (Venus) promised the most beau¬ 
tiful woman in the world, Paris awarded her 
the prize. The elopement of Paris and Helen 
was the result. Identified with the Roman 
goddess Discordia. 

F (e'ros), the Greek god of love; son 

•lv-j.uo of Aphrodite (Venus): identified with 
the Roman god Cupid. 

Er v man time ( 8r ff I-mS.n / th'Qs), a 
Jir-y-man-inus mountain in Arcadia, 

where the devastating boar killed by Heracles 
(Hercules) lived. [Gr.] 

tr +ri rs ptc»o (S-te'6-klez), a king of 
ieic-u-cico Thebes, son of (Edipus and 
Jocasta. He and his brother Polynices were 
to reign in alternate years, but Eteocles 
broke the agreement and provoked the 
expedition of the Seven against Thebes; 
here the brothers killed each other. [Gr.] 
Ell mpn t dp<5 (H-men'I-dez), the “gra- 

cious goddesses,” a flat¬ 
tering name for the avenging Furies. [Gr.] 

Ell tlhrn«l V TIP (tl-fros'I-ne), joy, one of 
-CsU-piII Uo-Y-Ilt? the three Greek Graces. 

Eli rn (u-ro'pd), a Phoenician prin- 
i/U-iU-pa cess, loved by Zeus (Jupiter) 
in the form of a white bull. On his back 
6he rode to Crete, where she became the 
mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and 
Sarpedon. 

Ell rvrf i pp (u-rld'i-se), beloved wife of 
Ej U-l y U-l-tc Orpheus, the Greek poet 
and musician. _ Killed by a poisonous snake 
bite, she was in Hades only until Orpheus 
could by his persuasive strains gain permis¬ 
sion to lead her out. When almost in the 
upper world, Orpheus looked back at her, 
against the divine command, and Eurydice 
vanished forever. 

Eu-ter-pe the Muse of music. 

E«f nit* (f&v'ner), a Teutonic giant who, 
x -riii in the form of a dragon, guarded 
a golden treasure, until killed by Sigurd. 

Efl mfl (fa'md), the Roman goddess of 
x ci-AAi.cc r umor and slander. 

Efl fpc (fats), the three Greek goddesses who 
x determined the course of each life. 

Clotho held the distaff, Lachesis measured 


the thread of life, Atropos cut it off: iden¬ 
tified by the Romans with the Parcse. Also, 
Moeree. 

11 (fo'ni), [sing, faun], rural deities 
I au-lll w ith the legs, feet, and ears of a 
goat. [Gr.] 

Epn rir (fen'rer), a monster wolf, son of 
J? cll-l II Loki; bound by the .ZEsir and 
thrown into Nifiheim; at Ragnarok, to be 
loosed for the final combat. Also, Fenris* 
wolf. [TeutJ 

El A m (flo'rd), the Roman goddess of 
X" IU-I A flowers and gardens. 

Enr QPt i (for-set'e). the Teutonic god of 
X 1 Ui -SC L-I justice; son of Balder and Nanna. 
Erpv ( fra )> Teutonic god of rain, sun- 
A c y shine, and fruits. Also, Freyr. 

ErPTf £1 (f ra '“)* the Teutonic goddess of 
X'lt/j-d i 0 ve and beauty, presiding also 
over the regions of the dead; daughter of 
Njorth; wife of Odur. Also, Freyja. 

Eiricrcr ( fr Ig), queen of the Teutonic gods; 

wife of Odin; mother of Balder and 
other gods. With Odin her court was in 
Hlithskjalf. Similar to the Greek Hera and 
the Roman Juno. Also, Frigga. 

Ell ripQ (fuTIz), the three Greek god- 
A u ‘ liCS desses of vengeance: Alecto, 
Tisiphone, Megsera: identified with the 
Roman Furiae, Dirse. Also, Erinyes, Erin- 
nyes, Semnse, Eumenides. 

(floa o (je'a), the Greek goddess Earth; 
vjrcc-a.. identified by the Romans with Terra, 
Tellus. Also, Gaia, Ge. 

ri-nl ja fp o (gal"d-te'a), a sea nymph, 
uai-a-ic-a beloved by Polyphemus, a 
Cyclops, the jealous murderer of her pre¬ 
ferred lover Acis. An ivory statue of a 
maiden, the work of Pygmalion, a king of 
Cyprus. In answer to his prayer. Aphrodite 
(Venus) made her to live that he might make 
her his wife. [Gr.] 

CXctT\ vr moHo (gan'I-med), a handsome 
_ Il-CvIC Trojan lad carried off by 
Zeus (Jupiter) in the form of an eagle, to be 
his cupbearer. 

riprfh (gSr th), a beautiful young Teutonic 
kj ci ha giantess, whose union with Frey 
probably symbolized the new life of spring. 
Also, Gerthr, Gerd, Gerdh. 

(ji'ants), mythical beings of great 
size and strength. In classic myth 
they were the enemies of the gods and were 
defeated by them. In Teutonic myth there 
was less hostility, for some of the Teutonic 
giants represented kindly natural^ forces. 

Gin-nun - p*a - o*an fe^/uop^-ga-gap'; 

nuu 6“ yln'noon-ga-gap'), 

the formless void before creation. [Tf.ut.] 

Cvlfl'Hic; h PITH ( glaths'ham), Odin ’ 8 
VJld.mb-nenn dwe lling in Asgard. con¬ 
taining the thrones of the ZEsir. Also, Glaths- 
heimr. [Teut.] 

rue (glo'kfls), a Greek fisherman, 
uiau-tua lover of Scylla; changed into 
a sea deity by eating magic grass. 

Golf! Ptl EIpppp (gold'n fles), the wool 
UUlU-tHl rieece of gold covering the 

ram that bore Phrixus through the air to 
Colchis; here it was hung up in a sacred 
grove by King /Eetes and guarded by a dragon 
until it was carried off by Jason. [G'r.] 

GOT di 11 c; (gSr'dl-us), king of Phrygia; 
, V* author of a most intricate 

knot. Alexander the Great was told that, 
according to an oracle, the master of the 
knot should be master of Asia; he straight- 
way cut the knot with his sword. 

Got* PYYmQ (gor'gonz), three hideous 
-fewno mons ters, sisters, with snaky 


ate, senate, rare,^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer* 

right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu* 





Graces 


737 


locks, which turned the beholder to stone: 
Stheno, Euryale, Medusa. [Gr.] 
f'fo roc (gra'sez), three beautiful sister 
VJld-bco goddesses: Aglaia (Brilliance), 
Euphrosyne (Joy), and Thalia (Bloom); 
attendants on Eros (Cupid), Aphrodite 
(Venus), and Dionysus (Bacchus): called 
Gratiae by the Romans, Charites by the 
Greeks 

C'rrx* m (gre'e), three sisters, hoary, mis- 
VJTdJ-cC s hapen, and hideous from birth, 
with but one eye and one tooth between 
them; watchers for the Gorgons. Also, 
Graise. [Gr.] _ v 

r' 11 j ♦mit, (good'roon), wife of Sigurd, 
VJUU-lUli whom she won from Brynhild 
by a magic drink; later, wife of the Hun 
king Atli. [Teut.] „ , 

Tjo (ha'dez), the god of the lower 

world: also called Pluto; the lower 

world itself. [Gr.] _ 

-i ^(ham'a-dri"adz), Greek 
ham-a-dry-aas tree nymphs. Also, 

hamadryades. 

TT nr o (har-mo'ni-d), the wife of 

±iar-mO-m-a the Greek king Cadmus; 
famous for her wedding gift from Hephaestus 
(Vulcan) of an ill-omened necklace. 

TJnr nioo (har'plz), [sing. Harpy], rapa- 
XxcU.-jJICo cious, defiling monsters havmg 
the head and body of a maiden, the wings 
and claws of a bird. [Gr.] 


Hippomenes 

the sea named for her the Hellespont (Sea 
of Helle). [Gr.] , „ , 

TT 0 tVhcoc flic (hS-f6s'tfis), the Greek 
XlC-pilcco-LUo god of fire and master of 

the forge: identified with the Roman god 
Vulcan. Also, Hephaistos 

r n (he'rd), the queen of the Greek 
XJLC-Id. gods; sister and wife of Zeus (Ju¬ 
piter); goddess of women and marriage: 
identified with the Roman goddess Juno. 
Also, Here, Parthenos, etc. 

TJcvf r>n 1 oo (hur'ktl-lez), a famous Greek 
XlcI-LU-iCo hero, son of Zeus (Jupiter) 
and Alcmene. His remarkable physical 
strength was shown in the achievement of 
twelve great “labors”: the killing of the 
Nemean lion; the killing of the Lernean 
hydra; the capture of the Cerynean hind: 
the capture of the Erymanthian boar; the 
cleaning of the Augean stables; the capture 
of the mad Cretan bull; the taking of the 
man-eating mares of Diomed; the procuring 
of Hippolyte’s girdle; the slaughter of the 
Stymphalian birds; the capture of the red 
cattle of Geryon; the securing of the golden 
apples of the Hesperides; the bringing up 
of Cerberus from Hades. Also, Heracles, 
Hcrdiklcs* 

Unf -rrxao (hfir'mez), the son of Zeus (Ju- 
Xlcl-Illcb piter) and Maia; messenger of 
the gods; god of eloquence, commerce, and 
travelers; conductor of the dead to the lower 


Hela. [Teut.] 

TJ«1 (hSl'en), the daughter of Zeus 
Xlcl-Cll (Jupiter) and Leda; wife of 
Menelaus, king of Sparta; the most beauti¬ 
ful woman in the world. Her elopement 
with Paris to Troy caused the Trojan War. 

TJ K Jl o niic (hSre-nfls), a son of Priam 
Xiei-e-nus an d Hecuba of Troy; spared 
by the Greeks for his prophetic gift; later, 
husband of Andromache and ruler of Epirus. 
tt_ 11 f\c* (he'll-6s), the Greek sun god, 
xlc-il-Ub who drove his four-horse chariot 

through the sky. ^ „ . ... 

tTaI (hgl'e), the sister of Phnxus, with 
ilcl-ic whom she was fleeing, when she 
fell from the ram with the golden fleece into 


IJn (ha'thSr), the Egyptian goddess world: identified with the Roman god Mer- 

Jtla.-XI10r 0 f love, represented with a cow’s cury. [Gr.] „ _ . ,_ . . 

... ... ^ — tt a - —,1 „ ,, (her-mi'o-ne), the daugh- 

xlcI-Illl-O-lItJ ter of Menelaus and Helen; 
wife of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), and later, of 
Orestes. [Gr.] . 

TT. (he'ro), a beautiful priestess of 
Xie-rO Aphrodite (Venus) at Sestos in 
Thrace; loved by Leander, who swam the 
Hellespont (Dardanelles) nightly to see her. 
Leander was finally drowned and Hero 
threw herself into the sea. [Gr.] 
tt„ * (he-si'6-ne), the daughter of 

Xie-bl-O-Ilt; Laomedon, king of Troy; 
exposed on a rock to a sea monster to avert 
disaster from her country, but soon rescued 
by Heracles (Hercules), who slew the monster. 

Hes-per-i-des nymphs, daughters of 
Hesperus, the evening star; with the help 
of a dragon, they guarded the golden apples 
which Hera (Juno) received as a wedding gift 
from Gcea (Terra). [Gr.] 
tt^_ x; 0 (hSs'tl-a), the Greek goddess 
XicS-tl-d. 0 f the hearth and of intimate 
family relations; daughter of Cronus (Saturn) 
and Rhea (Ops): identified with the Roman 
goddess Vesta. 


head: similar to the Greek goddess Aphro¬ 
dite (Venus). A _ 

tTa Vvci (he'bS), the Greek goddess of 
rie-ue youth; cupbearer to the gods 
before Ganymede; later, the wife of the 
deified Heracles (Hercules), with the power 
of restoring youth. . _ 

tJaa n (hek'a-te), an ancient Greek 
XlcC/~ct-lC goddess of the moon, earth, 
and lower world, and especially of magic: 
often merged with Artemis and Selene 

A 1 ca T-T nlr a fp 

tt r x nr ("hek 'ter), son of Priam and 
nec-ior Hecuba of Troy; husband of 
Andromache; bravest of Trojan warriors 
in the Trojan War; slain by Achilles to 
avenge the death of Patroclus. 

TJoo ii Via (hSk'ti-bd), the wife of Priam 
IjIcC-U-U d. king of Troy; mother of 
Hector, Paris, Helenus, and many other 
herces 

TToim Hflll (ham'dal), the vigilant 
jneim-Ud.il W atchman of Asgard. His 
horn Gjallarhorn was to summon the gods 
on the last day (Ragnarok). Also, Heim 
dallr. Heimdal. [Teut.] 

Hel Hek ’ the lower world: similar to the I TIir\ y)q da._m.i-8. Prppk nrlncess ^daueh 1 
Greek goddess Persephone (Proserpina). Also, -“-‘P P° Greekpnn^s^ daugl£ 


ter of (Enomaus of Elis; won by Pelops with 
the aid of winged horses from Neptune. 
The wife of Pirithous, friend of Theseus; the 
cause of the battle of the Centaurs and 

Lapithse. . „ .. 

tt* TT + ~ (hl-p51'l-te), a queen of the 

Hlp-pOl-y-te Amazons; wife of Theseus; 
possessor of a famous girdle. [Gr.] , 

1 tt hie (hl-p61'i-tfls), the noble 
Hip-pOl-y-tUS S on of Thaseus and Hip- 
poly te; falsely accused and killed through 
the efforts of his young stepmother, Pnae- 
dra, whose love for him was not returned. 

tx: 1 A (hf-pom'6-nez), the 

riip-pom-e-lies Greek hero 1 who out- 
ran Atalanta and so won her for Ms bride. _ 


boot foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy ; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 










Hlithskjalf 


738 


Latona 


Rlitfl Qlrifllf (hlWft'skyair), the seat of 
tillU.I-&JS.J<U1 Odin, above Asgard, from 

Which he looked out over all the worlds 
Also, Hlidhskjalf. [Teut.] 

TTrp nil* (hu-nSr), the Teutonic god, 
strong but dull, who helped create 
Ask and Embla, the first mortals; one of the 
few survivors of the last day (Ragnarok). 

FT fi 1*1 IQ (ho'rus), the hawk-headed Egyp- 
140 tian god of day: similar to the 
Greek god Apollo. Also, Harpocrates. 

TIK +V»t* (hfi'fhr), the blind god who unwit- 
xxu Liu tingly slew Balder. Also, Hoder, 
Hodur. [Teut.] 

TTv pin tViii o (hl"d-sin'thus), a beau- 
ny-a-cui-xnub tiful Greek youth be¬ 
loved by Apollo; killed from jealousy by 
Zephyrus, the west wind; or perhaps, un¬ 
wittingly by Apollo, who caused the hyacinth 
to grow from his blood. 

TTv Hl*fl (hi'dra), a many-headed monster 
xxjr-uia i n the swamp of Lerna; killed by 
Heracles (Hercules). [Gr.] 

TTv If?<5 (hi'las), a handsome Greek lad 
beloved by Heracles (Hercules). 
While drawing water at a spring for his master, 
he was drawn in by the amorous nymphs. 

TTv mPTl (hi'men), the Greek god of 
J marriage. 

TTv mil* (hii'mSr), a Teutonic giant per- 
xxj-AiiiA sonifying the unfriendly sea. 
Also, Hymer. 

Hy-per-bo-re-ans i M n?y t hSSl rS ilopie 

dwelling beyond the north wind (Boreas) in 
everlasting bliss, free from disease and old 
age. [Gr.] 

Hy-perm-nes-tra t ( “’Sli r ™ral s of r fhe 

fifty daughters of Danaus who did not kill 
her husband. Her descendants ruled in 
Argos. [Gr.] 

Tr riIQ (jk'a-rfis), the young son of 
xv/-<x-a ua Daedalus, who tried to fly with 
his father from Crete, but rose too near the 
sun, melted the wax in his wings and fell 
into the sea named Icarian for him . [Gr.] 

?! i oH (IlT-ad), a Greek epic poem in 
XA-A—cava twenty-four books by Homer, giv¬ 
ing the events of part of the last year of the 
Trojan War, from the quarrel of Achilles 
and Agamemnon to the burial of Hector. 

K i iiiyi (il'i-um), a poetical name for Troy 
in Asia Minor. 

Tn rlra h n 'dra), greatest of the Vedic gods; 
xaa-vaa cl Beider 0 f the thunderbolt, dis¬ 
penser of rain. [Hind.] 

J n (i'o), daughter of the river god Inal- 
x_v chus; beloved by Zeus (Jupiter), who 
changed her into a heifer to escape the 
wrath of Hera (Juno). Then Io, tormented 
with a stinging gadfly sent by Hera, swam 
through the sea, named Ionian for her, to 
Egypt, where she regained her form and 
freedom. [Gr.] 

Itlll T P"P T 11 ft (IfT-jfe-ni'a), a daughter 
P a-0\x-aaa-m. G f Agamemnon; sacrificed 
to secure favorable winds for the Greeks 
in the expedition against Troy. At the 
fatal moment, Artemis (Diana) rescued her 
and made her a priestess in Tauris, where 
Orestes found her. [Gr.] 

T i*i q (Erls), the Greek goddess of the rain- 
x_AAO bow; messenger of Zeus (Jupiter) and 
Hera (Juno). 

T Q1Q (Esls), the Egyptian goddess of fruit- 
x-oao fulness; wife of Osiris. Also, Hes. 

Tc rnp TIP (is-me'nfi), the timid, practical 
xo-AAAC-Aic sister of Antigone; daughter of 
(Edipus and Jocasta. [Gr.] 


TtTi p ret (Ith'a-kd), the island home of 
xLAA-d-^a. Odysseus (Ulysses), off the west 
coast of Greece. 

T thlirm (e'^ocm). the wife of Bragi and 
x-laalaaaaa goddess of early spring; possessed 

of the golden apples of youth, which kept 
the gods young. Also, Ithun, Idun. [Teut.] 
T 11 In q (i-u'lfts), son of tineas and 
x-ia-auo Creusa; reputed ancestor of Julius 
Caesar, the Roman emperor. Also, Ascanius. 
Ty i (tk-sl'bn), father of the centaurs; 
xa-a-oaa f OI . wickedly aspiring to the love 
of Hera (Juno), he was bound in Tartarus to 
a perpetually revolving wheel. [Gr.] 

To nilQ the ancient Roman god 

jca-aalao 0 f a p beginnings; his temple in 
the Roman Forum was closed only in times 
of peace: January is named for him. 

Tp Qnn (ja'sun), the leader of the Greek 
jl a.-o wax Argonauts in the successful expedi¬ 
tion to Colchis for the Golden Fleece. 

Tn tiirm (yo'toon), a Teutonic giant. Also. 
JU-LUIlIl jotun, jotunn. 

Tn tnnn Vipim (y°toon-ham), the home 
J O-IUIin-neim of the Teutonic giants 

on the outermost edge of the world. Also. 
Jotunnheimr, Jotunnheim, Jotunnheimr. 

Tnvp Jupiter, the greatest Roman 

J uvc god:.identified with the Greek Zeus. 
Til Tin (ioo'no), the daughter of Saturn 
j u-aag (Cronus) and Ops (Rhea); sister 
and wife of Jupiter (Zeus); the queen of the 
Roman gods; goddess of marriage and 
births: identified with the Greek goddess 
Hera. 


Ju 


_pj_-£ 0 j- (joo'pT-ter), an ancient Italian 


- - god of the heavens, supremo 

ruler over all things; son of Saturn (Cronus) 
and Ops (Rhea): identified with the Greek 
god Zeus. 

TCn TP ( ko ' r ®), the name under which 
, Persephone (Proserpina), the queen 
of the lower world, was worshiped. Also 
Cora. 

T v rintTi (l&b’I-rtnth), the maze con- 
±j<xv-y -aA lim s tructed for King Minos of 
Crete by Daedalus^ to hold the Minotaur. 

T prVl P qiq (lak'6-sls), the one of the 
three Greek Fates who meas¬ 
ured off the thread of life. 

LflkQtl tnt (laksh'me), the Hindu god- 
- 1111 dess of fortune and beauty; 
wifo of Vishnu. Also, Sri. 

La-OC-n ntl (^*dk'6-on), a faithful priest 
T‘ a -y^ U " UIi of Apollo at Troy, who mis¬ 
trusted and condemned the wooden horse 
left in the shore by the Greeks. The Greek 
gods then sent two serpents out of the sea 
to kill him and his two sons. 

La-od-a-mi-a dS-dd'd-ml'd), the wife of 

, , t r 111 AT Protesilaus. a Greek hero 
killed before Troy. In answer to her 
prayer, Protesilaus was restored to her for 
three hours; then she went to the lower 
world with him. 

La-om-p dnn di-Crn'e-dOn), a king of 

e Troy; father of Priam 

and Hesione; killed by Heracles (Hercules) 
for denying him Hesione to wife, after he had 
rescued her from a sea monster. 

Ip i*pq da'rez), Roman tutelary spirits of 
AM.—A^o tho house, fields, and, especially, of 
the ancestors of the family. 

La.ti nilQ h® _ ti'nfis), king of Latium when 
.7 CEneas came to Italy; father 
of Lavima, the second wife of that Trojan 
hero. 

La trt na da-to'na), mother of Apollo and 
x/o. iD-iia Diana (Artemis): called Leto by 
the Greeks. Rqm .1I 


ate senate, rare } cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








Lavinia 


739 


Nemesis 


T o xrin i o (ld-vln'1-d), daughter of King 
lja -V 111-I-a. Latinus of Latium; engaged 
to Turnus, but finally married to /Eneas. 

J on rlor (le-an'der), lover of Hero 
JLfC-dII-viCI 0 f sestos, for whom he swam 
the Hellespont (Dardanelles) nightly, until 
drowned in a storm. [Gr.] 
t An (le'da), beloved by Zeus (Jupiter) 
X/C-Lld. j n the form of a swan;, mother of 
Castor, Pollux, and Helen. [Gr.] 

T (le'the), the “river of forgetful- 

Jbe-xne ness” in Hades. [Gr.] 

T a (le'to). a beautiful maiden beloved 
1/C-lO by Zeus (Jupiter); persecuted by 
Hera (Juno) in her wanderings to the island 
Delos in the /Egean Sea, where Apollo and 
Artemis (Diana) were born: called Latona 
by the Romans. [Gr.] 

t Vi (lo'ke), the evil Teutonic god. 
1^0-Kl contriver of constant discord and 
mischief, even to the death of Balder; father 
of Sleipnir and the Midgard serpent; finally 
bound by Thor and placed by Skathi beneath 
a venom-dripping serpent; deserted by all 
save his wife Signy. On the last day (Rag- 
narok) Loki was to lead forth the forces of 
Hel. Also, Loke. 

o A nn (men'a-dez), [sir:g. maenad], 
mcfill-d-UCb women devotees of Diony¬ 
sus (Bacchus). Also, maenads, Bacchae, 
bacchantes. [Gr.] . 1 , 

TV/Tr. io (ma'yd; mi'o), eldest and most 
IVia-ld. beautiful of the Pleiades; mother 
of Hermes (Mercury). [Gr.] „ 

noe (ma'nez), the spirits of the 
Hid.-lieo ancestors of the Romans, wor¬ 
shiped as gods. Also, Manes. 

T\/T«x-o (marz), the Roman god of war: 
lVLctrb identified with the Greek god Ares, 
w/r „_ T n c, (mar'sI-Ss), originally a god 
Mar-sy-as of nature from Asia Minor, 
punished, for competing with Apollo on the 
flute, by being flayed alive. 
tv/t _ j_ _ (me-de'd), a sorceress, daugh- 
ivie-ue-a ter of King /Eetes of Colchis. 
For love of Jason she helped him win the 
Golden Fleece and then sailed away with him. 
TV/To rlii cq (mfc-du'sd), originally a maid- 
lvie-cm-sa en, whose pride m her glori¬ 
ous hair caused it to be changed into snakes: 
one of the three Gorgons; slain by the Greek 
hero Perseus. , . ., 

TV/Tol o o cr&r (mel'6-a'jer), son of Al- 
Mel-e-a-ger thsea, queen of Calydon. 
At his birth it was foretold that his life 
would be only as long as that of the brand 
then burning on the hearth. His mother 
quenched it and hid it. Years later, after 
his success in the Calydonian boar hunt, 
Althaea decided to avenge the death of her 
brothers at Meleager’s hands; she threw 
the fatal brand on the fire; Meleager soon 
died In remorse, his mother killed herselt. 

ft;T - 1 0 (mel-pdm'e-ne), the 

Mel-pom-e-ne Muse of tragedy. [Gr.] 

^ to iic (men'e-la'us), king 1 of 

Men-e-la-US Sparta, husband of Helen. 
A/To-r, (men'tSr), the faithful friend 

Men-tor of Odysseus (Ulysses); the 
guide and teacher of Telemachus. [Gr.] 

o-m -.-xr (mfir'ku-rl), the son of 
Mer-CU-iy Jupiter (Zeus) and Maia; 
messenger of the gods; Roman ^ o- 

quence, commerce, and travelers: identified 
with the Greek god Hermes. 

•w/r; /too (mi'dds), a king of Phrygia, In 
Ml-aas answer to whose prayer, Dionysus 
(Bacchus) turned everything he touched to 
gold When even his food became gold, he 
* . „ « —- freed of the curse 


by ba-thing in the river Pactolus. King 
Mida,s had ass’s ears, inflicted on him for 
giving the preference in a musical contest to 
Pan, rather than to Apollo. 

TWTi<4 rrarH (mid'gard), the earth. The 
iYJ.lU.-gd.lU. Midgard serpent was a hor¬ 
rible sea monster, offspring of Loki; to be 
slain by Thor, whom it was destined to kill 
on the last day (Ragnarok). Also, Midgarth, 
Mithgarthr. [Teut.] 

TVTi tnir (me'mer), the Teutonic god of 
lYJLl-Iilil w isdom and knowledge. 
t\/t; nr -cro (ml-nur'vd), the Roman god- 
mi-ner-V d dess of wisdom, thought, and 
invention: identified with the Greek god¬ 
dess Athena. , , 

Tvyr: (nu'nos), king and lawgiver of 

lVll-IlOb Crete; after death, a judge In 
the lower world. His grandson, also a king 
of Crete, was the husband of Pasiphae; the 
father of Ariadne; the owner of the Laby¬ 
rinth; the oppressor of Athens. 

(min'o-t6r), a monster. 


Min-o -taur half man and half bull, 
which fed on Athenian maidens and lads, 
until slain by Theseus in its lair, the Laby¬ 
rinth in Crete. v .. 

TV/r^ ir tio (ne - mSs'f-ne), the 

Mne-mos-y-ne Greek goddess of mem¬ 
ory and mother of the Muses. 

(me're), the Greek goddesses of 
IVlCer<*J destiny: identified with the Roman 
Parcse. Also, the Fates. ^ x 

w /t __ (mor'fus; mor'fAus), the 

lVIOr-piieUb Greek god of dreams. 

(morz), the Roman personiflea- 
IVAOlb tion of death: called Thanatos by 
the Greeks. „ , ^ 

TV/Tn ooc (mu'zez), the nine Greek god- 
lYlU-ocb fiesses who presided over the 
arts and sciences: Calliope, Clio, Erato, 
Euterpe, Melpomene, Polymnia or Poly¬ 
hymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia,_and Urania. 

Mus-pells-heim one of the Teutonic 
Nine Worlds; the region of warmth and sun¬ 
light south of Ginnungagap. Also, Muspel. 

-n/r ,.1. (moot), the Theban goddess of 
AVJ.UX womanhood: similar to the Greek 
goddess Demeter. [Egypt.] 

io/lo (na'yadz; ni'adz), the nymphs 
Ild-ldUb who lived in springs, rivers, lakes, 
and fountains. [Gr.] , 

TVTo-m no (nan'na), the devoted wife of 
IN dll-lld Balder, at whose loss she grieved 

to death. [Teut.] , . . 

IVTo-r cic cue (nar-sls'us), a handsome 
IN cti-Llb-bUb Greek youth, for vam love 
of whom Echo pined away. Narcissus was 
punished, for he fell in love with his own 
reflection and also pined away, until he was 
changed into the flower narcissus. 

-jvr 0 r\ (na'strSnd), the place of 

IN d-bll UI1U punishment in Niflheim: simi¬ 
lar to the Greek Tartarus. Also, Nastrdnd. 
[Teut ] 

0 o (n5-slk'&-d; nou-slk'4-d), 
IN ciU.-blC-d.-ct the Phseacian princess who 
found Odysseus (Ulysses) after his ship* 
■wreck and brought him to the court of her 
father, Alcinous. [Gr.] 

■«~/» +o-r (nSk'tdr), the substance which 
nec-ldl with ambrosia formed the food 
and drink of the Greek gods. 

(na'Ith), the Theban goddess of 
IN c-llil the upper heaven, of wisdom and 
the arts of peace and war. Likened by the 
Greeks to Athena. [Egypt.] 

TVT/a-m o clc (ngm'e-sls), the Greeg god- 
1N Clll-C-blo 0 f righteous vengeanoe. 


waved for help and was free d of the curse -c------- 

lo&t fd6t • found; boil ; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wo as in when; 

ih = z as m azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xai. 










Neoptolemus 


740 


Palladium 


Ne-op-tol-e-mus <J , 1 f'Jr t AcMiS? s a 

Greek hero in the Trojan War; at the fall 
of Troy, he cruelly killed tne aged Priam 
and hurled the infant son of Hector from the 
walls. Later, he married Hermione, daughter 
of Menelaus and Helen. Also, Pyrrhus. 

‘N’enVh +ViTrc (nfif'thls), an Egyptian god- 
■W epn-inyb dess of the dead. 

Non tuno (ngp'tun), the son of Saturn 
liep-iune (Cronus) and Ops (Rhea); 
Roman god of the sea; represented with a 
trident in his hand: identified with the 
Greek Poseidon. 

Np rp iHq (ne're-ldz), Greek sea nymphs, 
C-XU.O daughters of Nereus and Doris; 
att niants of Poseidon (Neptune). 

No rpiic (ne'rus), a Greek sea god, father 
i.1 c-IcUo 0 f the Nereids. 

Npc ciic (n6s'us), a centaur shot with a 
uco-duo poisoned arrow by Heracles 
(Hercules) for trying to carry off his wife 
Deianira. Nessus bequeathed his blood¬ 
stained shirt to Deianira, but when she used 
it to regain the love of her husband, it fatally 
poisoned him. [Gr.] 

Npc for (nes'tSr), a Greek king of Pylus, 
xi ca-iui who fought in his old age with 
the Greeks in the Trojan War. 

Nif 1 Vi oim (nev'l-ham), the northern 
AA-A_AACAAAA region of cold and mist; the 
underworld (Hel), or even the place of punish¬ 
ment (Nifhel). Also, Niflheimr. [Teut.] 

TVirip "Worlfld wfirldz), the Teu- 

X1XX1G VV UXlUo tonic divisions of the 

universe. Five are certain: Asgard, Mid- 
gard, Jotunnheim, Muspellsheim, Niflheim. 
Ni o Vio ( n i'o-be), the daughter of Tan- 
xu-u-uc talus and Amphion; bereft of ber 
fourteen children by Apollo and Artemis 
(Diana), because she dared to compare 
herself with their mother Leto (Latona), 
who had but the two. Niobe herself was 
changed to stone by Zeus (Jupiter). [Gr.] 
Winrfh (nyorth), a Teutonic god of the 
- L1 J'“' A VAA sea and winds; protector of 
sailors; the hostage given by the Vanir to 
the 2 Esir to insure peace; he lived in Noatun 
(Noatunn). Also, Njdrthr, Njord. 

N'nrnc (nornz), the Teutonic Fates; three 
XlUllio sisters: Urth (Past), Verthandi 
(Present), Skuld (Future); possessed of abso¬ 
lute power over the lives of gods and men: 
similar to the Greek Fates. 

Nmr ( n oks), the Roman goddess of night: 

identified with the Greek goddess Nyx. 
Nut (noot), the Heavens: similar to the 
A1UI Greek goddess Rhea. [Egypt.] 

trtmrnhc (tfimfs), lesser Greek divinities 
xxjixipiio G f nature in the form of beautiful 
maidens, dwelling in streams, mountains, 
trees, sea, or ocean. 

O-ce-a-nids gg p ts nIdz) ’ Greek ocean 

O pp o tine (o-se'd-nus), a Greek Titan; 
v-i/C-a--iuo the first sea god, succeeded 
by Poseidon (Noptune). 

O Hin (° ,( l‘ n ) > the chief of the Teutonic 
v^-vxxxx gods; husband of Frigg. With 
Vili and Ve, he constructed the world out of 
Ymir’s body; with Hoenir and Lola, he 
created the first man and woman; he was the 
progenitor of kings, the lord of battle; his 
throne was Hlithskjalf. Also, Woden. 

{"V Hvc CPiic (o-dls'us; o-dis'e-fis), a 
V/-Ujfo-t>cUb famous king of Ithaca; 
the wisest, shrewdest, and most eloquent 
of the Greek chiefs who fought against 
Troy; the hero of Homer’s Odyssey : called 
by the Romans Ulixes, Ulysses 


OH VC cpv (fid'l-sl), Homer’s Greek epic 
vu-jfa-ocjf poem describing the ten 
years' wanderings of Odysseus (Ulysses) 
from Troy to Ithaca. 

fFH i nilc (ed'I-pfis; e'dl-pfis), the un- 
ixu-l-]mo fortunate son of Laius and 
Jocasta of Thebes in Greece. At his birth 
an oracle foretold that he would kill his 
father and marry his mother. He was 
exposed, but rescued, and adopted by the 
king of Corinth. Later, while on a journey, 
he unwittingly did kill his own father Laius. 
Then at Thebes he answered the riddle of 
the Sphinx, was made king of Thebes and 
given the hand of his mother Jocasta. Trouble 
and persecution followed the fulfilment of 
the oracle. At the revelation of his identity, 
he even blinded himself. Of four children: 
Eteocles, Polynices, Antigone, and Ismene, 
Antigone alone remained with him until his 
sad death in exile. 

fR tin tip (e-no'ne), a nymph of Mt. 
V - A ^ -AA,J “ AAC Ida in Asia Minor; the losing, 

but deserted, wife of Paris. 

O - lym - pi - an games gtS??, 1 ' 2 '? 

great Panhellenic festival held in north¬ 
west Greece every fourth summer, begin¬ 
ning 776 B. C. 

O lxrm rmc (^-lhn'pfis), a mountain in 
v/-iyxxx-piio Thessaly, where the Greek 

gods lived. 

On<3 ( 6 P S )- the Roman goddess of th€ 
harvest: identified with the Greek 
goddess Rhea. 

O rp (o're-adz), Greek mountain 

-iC-aUo nymphs. 

O rp<3 + pc (6-rfis'tez), the son of Aga- 
niemnon and Clytemnestra of 
Argos in Greece; in obedience to Apollo, 
he avenged the murder of his father by slay¬ 
ing his mother and ^Egisthus. Terrible 
persecution by the Furies followed this 
crime until his purification by bringing from 
Tauris, with the help of his friend Pylades, 
his sister Iphigenia and the Tauric cult of 
Artemis (Diana). 

O ri rm (o-n'Sn), a Greek hunter be¬ 
vy-xx-uxx loved by Artemis (Diana), who 
accidentally killed him. In sorrow she 
placed him and his dog Sirius in the sky as a 
constellation. 

Ot* TiVlP11Q (or'fus; or'fe-us), a Thracian 
vi-jaituo poet and musician, son of 
Apollo and Calliope, who, with his lyre 
could draw to himself beasts, rocks, and 
trees. He descended into Hades and so 
charmed Pluto with his music that he was 
permitted to bring his dead wife Eurydice 
back to earth, if only he should not look 
back at her. He did look back and she 
vanished. [Gr.] 

o cm ri<3 (p-sPris), once a good, wise 
Egyptian king, treacherously slain 
by Ins brother Set; afterward, the great god 
of the lower world and judge of the dead. 
He has many characteristics of the Greek 
gods Apollo and Dionysus (Bacchus). 

Oq Qfl (os'a), a mountain in Greece. In a 
v/o-oa va i n attempt to climb to heaven, 
the Titans piled Ossa on Pelion, and Pelion 
on Olympus. 

Pfll 1 Till rilQ (PalT-nu'rfis), the pilot of 
xr ax i-xxu-llit> A£neas. While asleep at the 

helm, he fell overboard and was murdered 
by natives on the shore of Italy, 

Pfll 1 Hi Iim (Po-la'dl-iSm), a famous 

id-ui-um statue of Athena (Mi _ 

nerva), which fell from heaven to Troy; on 
its preservation depended the safety of 


ate, senate, fare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
tight, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 








Pallas 


741 


Procrustes 


Troy, which fell only after the Palladium 
had been stolen by "‘he Greeks Odysseus 
(Ulysses) and Diomea. 

T) 0 1 1 QO , (pal'as), an epithet of Athena 
(Minerva). [Gr.] 

■pjiri (P an )- Hie son °f Hermes (Mercury); 
r the Greek god of flocks and herds: 
identifled with the Roman Faunus and 
Inuus. 

p flr , r o (pan-do'ra), a beautiful wo- 
dll-GO-i ct man whom the gods created 
and inflicted upon Epimetheus. to punish 
mortals for having received the gift of fire. 
Her sinful curiosity led her to open a certain 
box and let out into the world all the mortal 
ills and diseases. Hope alone remained. [Gr.] 
"Dot* r'ct* (par'se), the Roman Fates: iden- 
ir ctl -OcC tifled with the Moerae. 

P„ r J Q (par'Is), the handsome son of Priam 
* ctl-lo Q f Troy; judge in the famous 
beauty contest between Hera (Juno), Athena 


(Minerva), and Aphrodite (Venus). Bribed anot ^ ier name ^ or 


by her promise of the fairest woman in the 
world, Paris awarded the prize to Aphrodite. 
This woman was Helen, whom Paris soon 
stole from her husband Menelaus of Sparta. 
The Trojan War followed to regain Helen. 
Paris was fatally shot by Philoctetes with one 
of the arrows of Hercules. 

"Da-i* -noa cue (par-n&s'us), a mountain in 
iral-llao-DUo Greece sacred to Apollo 

and the Muses. 

Do c Vi a (pd-.Cf A-e), wife of King 
x d.-oipil-cl-c Minos of Crete; mother of 
Ariadne, Phaedra; alsoof the Minotaur. 

T>o -H*.-* f»1iic (pa-tro'klus), a Greek hero 
Fa-irU-l/lUo 0 f the Trojan War; devoted 
friend of Achilles, who lent him his armor and 
who later avenged his death. 

■D^rr o Olio (pSg'a-sus), a winged horse 
a cg-d-oUo belonging to Apollo and the 

Muses. [Gr.] 


father by Thetis of Achilies. 

[Or.] 

i; oe (pS'll-Ss; pSl'I-as), a Greek king 
rc-il-do for whom Jason secured the 
Golden Fleece. In vain hope of restoring 
his youth, as Medea had done that of her 
father-in-law, his own daughters killed and 
boiled him. _ „ 

"D/-. 1i i-vri (pe'll-ftn), a mountain In Greece, 
Jr 6-11-011 which the Titans vainly tried 
to place on Olympus in an endeavor to scale 
heaven. „ 

__ (pe-na'tez), the Roman house- 

P“-Hd.-lco hold gods of family and city. 
T>_ _(pS-nel'6-pe), the wife of 

-Pe-nei-O-pe Odysseus (Ulysses) of Ithaca; 
noted for her persistent faithfulness to him 
during his long absence in the Trojan War 


queen 

Amazons; slain before Troy bv Achilles. 

-*-» q (per-sef'o-ne), the 
ir'6r-S6pll-0-I16 daughter of Zeus (Jupi¬ 
ter) and Demeter (Ceres); wife of Hades 
(Pluto) and queen of the lower world: called 
by the Romans Persephone, Proserpina, Pro¬ 
serpine. Also, Kore, Cora. JGrt.j 
■Ppkr 0011 c (phr'sus; pur'sS-fls), thei Greek 
ircl-beub hero who slew the Gorgon 
Medusa, giving her head to Athena (Minerva), 
and who delivered Andromeda. 

TYU,ftrv (fe'dra), the daughter of King 

Phae-dra Minos of Crete; wife of The¬ 
seus ; a suicide for unrequited love of Hippol- 
ytus, her stepson. 

pc. . (fa'S-fchftn), the son of 

Fna-e-tnon Apollo, the sun god. At¬ 


tempting to drive the sun chariot one day, 
he lost control of the horses; the earth was 
parched and he was struck down by a thunder¬ 
bolt of Zeus (Jupiter). [Gr.] 

DVii I** mn-n (fl-le'mon), a hospitable 
xHll-lC-IIiUIl 0 jd Phrygian, who helped 

Baucis, his wife, entertain Zeus (Jupiter) 
and Hermes (Mercury) unawares; the couple 
were rewarded by being installed as priest 
and priestess in a temple, and changed at 
death into two trees. 

DViil f\ traIo (fiTo-me'ld), the daugh- 
irmi-O-me-Id. ter Of Pandion of Athens; 

sister of Procne; changed into a nightingale 
(or swallow). [Gr.] 

"PVil^cr fhntl (Aeg'e-thdn; flej'-), the 
r'meg-e-llion “river of fire” in the 

lower world. [Gr.] 

(fe'be), another name for Artemis 

the chase. 


(Diana), the Greek goddess of 


the Greek sun god. 

T>1o ia (ple'ya-dez; ple'a-dez; pli'- 

nc-ld-uco a-dez), seven beautiful 
nymphs of Artemis (Diana), beloved and 
pursued by Orion; changed by Zeus (Jupiter), 
in answer to prayer, into pigeons and then 
into stars. Six are still visible; one left 
her place that she might not behold the fall 
of Troy. [Gr.] 

"Din +*\ (ploo'to), the son of Cronus 
xrlU.-lO (Saturn) and Rhea (Ops); Greek 
god of the lower world: usually called Dis 
bv the Romans. Also, Hades. 

Plu (plob'tus), the blind god of riches. 

"Dnl lit y (pSl'uks), champion boxer; son 
rUl-lUA 0 f Zeus (Jupiter); immortal twin 
brother of the mortal Castor, with whom he 
was allowed to share alternate life and death; 
later they were both placed in the sky as the 


~ Ype'lus), king of the Myrmidons; constellation Gemini. Also, Polydeetes. [Gr.] 

3-leUS father bv Thetis of Achilles. p n 1 v V,™,^ mi « (polT-hlm'nl-o), the 

irOl-y-nym-m-a Muse of oratory and 


Also, Polymnia. [Gr.] 
(polT-fe'mus), 


sacred poetry. 

■Pnl xt tYh^ miic (PblT-fe'mfls), a Cy- 
irOI-y-pne-niUb clops w ho, confining 

Odysseus (Ulysses) and his companions in 
his cave, devoured two daily, until Odysseus 
bored out his one eye, as he lay in drunken 
sleep. The Greeks escaped by clinging to 
the stomachs of the sheep as they passed 
out of the cave to pasture. [Gr.] 

"Drkl xt -ni rpc (p61T-nI'sez), a son of 
rui-jf-iu-tco CEdipus slain in the expedi¬ 
tion of the Seven against Thebes by his 
brother Eteocles, from whom he sought to 
gain the throne. Also, Polyneiceg. 

"Dr* Iity o no (po-llk'se-na), a daughter 
vO-iyX-c-Hd 0 f Priam and Hecuba of 

Tn““° 1 (p6n'the-sl-le'd), the Troy; the aflianced wife of Achilles. After 

PeiX-tne-Sl-ie-a brave queen of the his tragic death, she killed herself at his tomb 


(or was sacrificed to his shade). 

T>r» mn rm (po-mo'na), the ancient Ital- 
IrU-IIlU-lla. j an goddess of gardens and 

fruit trees. 

T>~ coi rl nn (PO-si'dSn), the Greek god 
XT u-oci-ciuii 0 f the sea, horses, and chiv¬ 
alry: identifled with the Roman god 

Neptune. 

(pri'am), the king of Troy dur- 
-dill t n g the Trojan War; father of 
Hector and Paris. 

"Di-rtf' ric (prok'rls; pro'krls), the jealous 
riut-lio wife of Cephalus, who acci¬ 
dentally slew her. Also, Procne. [Gr.] 

Dim r*i-iio Veto (pr6-kr us'tez), a noto- 
riU-t/iUD-ico r ious Greek robber, who 

laid his victims on an iron bed, stretching 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 







Prometheus 


742 


Sigyn 


them out or cutting them off to make them 
fit; killed by Theseus. 

Pro mo fVuaiic (prft-me'thus; prO-me'- 
Jr'ro-me-ineus t he-us), a Greek Titan 

who created the human race and founded 
civilization; in punishment for his theft of 
fire from heaven for men, he passed many 
years chained to Mt. Caucasus, with a vulture 
gnawing at his liver. 

"Drrk cor ni net (pro-sur'pl-na), daughter 
Jr I O-ocr-pi-Ild 0 f Jupiter (Zeus) and 

Ceres (Demeter); carried off to the lower 
world by Dis (Hades) and made his queen: 
called Kore, Cora, Persephone by the Greeks. 
Also, Proserpine. [Rom.] 

(pro - t8s "1-1 a' fis), 


t> T7 i o (pil'd-dez), cousin and friend 

iryi-d-Uca 0 f the Greek hero Orestes. 

Pyr-a-mus Ttfisbe in ancient Babylon. 

When he arrived one day at their tryst out¬ 
side the walls, he saw only her blood-stained 
veil, which she had left behind in her flight 
from a lion. Pyramus supposed that she 
was dead, however, and killed himself. 
Thisbe presently returned, saw that she 
had lost him forever and then killed herself. 

, 4,0 (pir'a), wife of Deucalion, the 
iryr-rnd. Greek Noah. 

T>, tt . rlviic (ph*'us), a Greek hero of the 
* yi-IllU-o Trojan War; son of Achilles. 
Also, Neoptolemus. 

"Dtt -fpi rm (pi'thon), an enormous serpent 
Xr jr-tUUH which crept forth after the flood 
subsided; killed by Apollo. [Gk.] 
f'liii -s-t -rviio (kwl-ri'nus), the deified 
S' Hi-I l-liUo Romulus; Roman god of 
armed peace. 

po j(ra), the great Egyptian god of the 
■**•<*• sun, life, and right, from whom most 
of the Pharaohs claimed descent: similar to 
the Greek god Helios. Also, Re. 

Bnerua rrAr (rag'nd-rok'), the last day 
f or gods and men. Also, 
Ragnarok. [Teut.] 

■po-n (ran), the Teutonic goddess of the 
sea; wife of iEgir. 

D p crirvn ( ra 'y In )> the treacherous dwarf 
who taught Sigurd and forged 
his sword. Also, Regin. [Teut.] 
n p rrtiic (re'mfis), the twin brother of 
XYC-muo Romulus, the founder of Rome; 
slain for ridiculing the walls of the new city. 

Rhad-a-man-thus zeu”'aSS: 

ter) and Europa. Because of his justice in 
fife he became one of the three judges of the 
lower world. Also, Rhadamanthys. [Gr.] 
n (r e'a), wife of Cronus (Saturn); 
XVllc-d “Mother of the Gods”: identified 
with Cvbele and the Roman Ops. [Gr.1 


the Cn V i far (sav'I-tdr), the Vedic golden- 
OflV-l-Lal handed sun in his daily course; 
the shining wanderer. [Hind.] 

be- 
into 

a ravenous monster by the jealous Circe. 
From a cliff bn the Italian coast, opposite 
the whirlpool of Charybdis on the Sicilian 
coast, she thrust forth her long neck and 
seized sailors as they passed. 

Opl, (seb), the Egyptian god of earth 
and its vegetation: similar to the 
Greek god Cronus. 

1 0 ~ (se-le'ne), the Greek goddess 

Oc-ic-iic 0 f the moon: often identified 
with Artemis (Diana) and Hecate. Also, 
Selena. 

Qp-rn p Ip (s8m'$-le), mother of Diony- 
ociii-c-ic sus (Bacchus) by Zeus (Jupiter); 
consumed by lightning, when Zeus appeared 


PlTO-tCS-l-lxl-US first Greek hero to 
meet death in the Trojan War, in the assur- _ 

ance of thus securing an ultimate Greek Qp-trl If! ( s h'a)» a Greek sea nymph 
victory; his faithful wife was Laodamia. OWji-ici loved by Glaucus; ' changed^ 

T>rn +Piic (pro'tus; pro'tfe-us), a Greek 
jriU-LCUo sea god and prophet, who could 
change himself into any form at will. 

"Pew rlip (sl'ke; psi'k$), a lovely Greek 
xrby-l/Ilc maiden personifying the human 
soul; wooed and won by Eros (Cupid). 

Pf«"h (Pta), the chief god of Memphis 
Xr Ld.Il i n Egypt; father of gods and men. 

Also, Ptha. 

Pwcr -mo It rvn (pfe-ma'll-8n), a king and 
sculptor of Cyprus, who 
fell in love with an ivory statue of Gala- 
tea, a beautiful maiden. In answer to his 
ardent prayer. Aphrodite (Venus) gave the 
statue life and she became his wife. 


Ppm Inc (rdm'ti-lus), 
JAOm-U-lUS Mars and Ilia; 


the son of 
thrown into 
the Tiber with his twin brother Remus, but 
rescued and adopted by a shepherd; later, 
the founder and first king of Rome. 
c„ o-rt (sa/gd; sa'gd), the Teutonic god- 
Od-gd. fiess 0 f history; her home was 
Sokkvabekk. 

Ort-j. 1irT1 (sat'urn), the ancient Roman 
Od.l-U.lll g 0( j 0 f jhe seed-sowing; son of 
Uranus; father of Jupiter (Zeus): identified 
with the Greek god Cronus, 
cat vre (sat'erz; sa'terz), Greek sylvan 
od.l-j/1 o deities, represented as youths with 
the ears, horns, and legs of goats. 


to her, at her request, in all his glory. [Gr.] 
of the Greek hero Orestes. Cp -rjic (s&-ra'p!s), an Egyptian deity 
(pir'd-mus), a secret lover of OC-iel-jpio representing Osiris in the lower 

world. 

Opf (set), the Egyptian personification of 
OCL evil. 

Sev-en a-gainst Thebes ih h e §b e z i: 

pedition against the Greek city of Thebes 
of seven heroes: Adrastus, Amphiaratis, 
Capaneus, Hippomedon or Eteoclus, Poly- 
nices, Parthcnopseus and Tydeus, in an un¬ 
successful effort to wrest the throne for 
Polynices from his brother Eteocles. All save 
Adrastus were killed. 

Sev-en Won-ders of the World 

Seven noted objects of antiquity, usually: 
the pyramids of Egypt, the temple of Diana 
(Artemis) at Ephesus, the hanging gardens 
of Babylon, the Colossus of Rhodes, the 
mausoleum built by Artemisia at Halicar¬ 
nassus, the statue of Zeus (Jupiter) by 
Phidias at Olympia, the Pharos (lighthouse) 
of Alexandria in Egypt. 

Cjk V 1 (sib'll), a prophetess, especially 
vjau-j x the one who lived in a cave at 
Cumae near Naples and guided JUneas 
through Hades; the authoress of the inspired 
Sibylline Books. 

Off (sef), wife of Thor; the Teutonic god- 
V - ,AA dess of the sanctity of the family and 
wedlock. 

Cirr miinH (sig'mund; zelch'moont), the 
Olg-muna Volsung hero, fath 


father of Sigurd. 

[Teut. 

Cj criirff (ze'goort), the hero of the 
' JA o tAAAA Volsunga Saga, who delivered 
Brynhild, but deserted her for Gunnar’s 
sister Gudrun; he was treacherously slain, 
through the instigation of Brynhild, by 
Gunnar’s brother. [Teut.] 

Gi £rvr| (se'giin), the faithful wife of 
VJA “6J AA Loki, who went with him to his 
place of punishment and tried to keep the 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
'right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menii; 







Silenus 


743 


Venus 


ever-dripping venom of the serpent from 
falling on his face. [Teut.] 

Gi 1** mic (si-le'nfis), a Greek woodland 
oi-xc-iiua gqd, tutor of Dionysus (Bac¬ 
chus"'. Also, Seilenos. 

Si Tl nn (sj'non) • a wily Greek of the Trojan 
ui-iiou War, whose false tale persuaded 
the Trojans to take the wooden horse into 
the city, that he might free the Greek war¬ 
riors concealed within. 

oi rpric (si'rgnz), nymphs on an island 
near Italy, where they sang so 
sweetly that they lured many sailors to their 
destruction. 

c; r i 11Q (Slri-us), the faithful hunting 
-A-u.o (i 0 g 0 f Orion, with whom he was 
translated to the skies as a constellation. 
|Gr.] 

SlS V nhll<5 (slsl-fus), a greedy king of 
w-io-jr-pnuo CormthinGreece; condemned 
in Tararus to roll uphill a large stone, which 
constantly fell back again. 

Cl™ fhi (ska 'th&), the Teutonic goddess 
V - ,AVCJL " LAAA of winter; wife of Njorth. Her 
home was Thrymheim. Also, Skadhi, Skadi. 
C1p»; n -nir (slap'ner), Odin’s eight-footed 
Old^l-llil horse. Also, Sleipner. [Teut.] 
C nrn -ntic (sOm'nus), the Roman god of 
OUin-llUiS sleep: identified with the Greek 
god Hypnos 

Cfpn for (sten'tor), a Greek herald, whose 
vjicu-LUi voice had the strength of fifty 
men. 

OfTTY ( stIks ) - tiie river in Hades by which 
the gods swore their most irrevocable 
oaths. [Gr.] 

HTfl-n fa Inc (tan'ta-lus), a wicked Greek 
xau-m-iuo king punished in Tartarus by 
being placed in water up to his neck, with 
fruit hanging just above his head. If he 
stooped to drink, the water receded; if he 
reached for food, the wind snatched it away. 
TTflr fa rnc (tar'ta-rus), the place of pun- 
xai-ia-ius ishment in the lower world. 
[Gr.] 

Tp 1pm a rVmc (te-lem'a-kus), son of 
A C-iClII-d-GIlU-o Odysseus (Ulysses) and 

Penelope; he tried unsuccessfully to find his 
father after the Trojan War, but returned in 
time to greet him and help him avenge 
Penelope. [Gr.] 

'T'f>rn Qir*Vl n i*^ (tfirp - sxk'6-re), the 
J.erp-blCn-0-re Muse of dancing. [Gr.] 

TUn 1i p (thd-ll'd), the Muse of com- 
xiia-jLi-a. edy; one of the three Graces. 
[Gr.] 

TTVion o +rko (than'a-tos), death personi- 
llldll-d.-lUb fled; identified with the Ro¬ 
man Mors. [Gr.] 

Xll6 mis (^e/mls), a Greek Titaness of 

T'Vio cone (the'sus; the's^-us), the great 
A lic-ocuo Attic hero, king of Athens. 
He killed Procrustes; slew the Minotaur and 
doped with Ariadne; conquered the Amazons, 
carrying off their queen, Hippolyte (or Anti- 
ope); went on the Argonautic expedition; 
hunted the Calydonian boar; tried to help 
Pirithous abduct Persephone (Proserpina). 
T'Vx* (the'tls), a Nereid, wife of Peleus; 
A lie-11 o mother of Achilles. 

TU.'q Up (thlz'bg), a beautiful maiden of 
Aiua-UC ancient Babylon, who killed her¬ 
self, when she found that her lover Pyramus 
had killed himself in despair at her sup¬ 
posed death. 

r T'1 1r . r (thor), son of Odin; Teutonic god 
AAA '-' A of thunder and might; keeper of 
the hammer; defender of the earth, the 
heavens, and the gods. Also, Thorr. 


TVlV pc toe (thl-es'tez), a wicked Greek 
A AA J ' co ‘ l,ca hero, to whom his brother 
Atreus, father of Agamemnon and Menelaus. 
served at dinner the bodies of his three sons, 
and who then cursed the house of Atreua 
forever. 

Tl fpti c (ti'tanz), Greek giants who warred 
a i- lcu.j .0 unsuccessfully against the gods of 
Olympus. 

Ti fkrv fin q (tl-tho'nus), son of Laom- 
x i-inu-nuo edon, king of Troy; beloved 
by Eos (Aurora), who secured immortality 
for him, but forgot to ask for immortal youth. 
Tithonus grew old and feeble, and was finally 
changed into a grasshopper. 

TTif V no (tlt'I-us), a Greek giant so large 
AH-jf-uo that he covered nine acres in 
Tartarus, where two vultures continually 
gnawed his liver. 

TTri mnr ti (trS-moor't6), the Hindu trin- 
Au-niui-u ity, consisting of Brahma (the 
Creator), Vishnu (the Preserver), and Siva 
(the Destroyer). 

'TVj (tri'tbn), a Greek sea demigod, pro- 

a ix-lull vided with a conch shell trumpet 
to raise or calm the waves. 

TVrk ion (tro'jan), an inhabitant of the 
A1U-J ctli c ^y 0 f T'r-oy j n Asia Minor. 

TVnv ( troi )» an ancient city of Asia 
AAU J' Minor, famous for its ten years’ 
siege and final destruction by the Greeks. 
This was to regain Helen, whom Paris, 
a Trojan prince, had stolen from her husband 
Menelaus of Sparta. Also, Ilium. Ilion. 
Till* mic (tur'nus), the chief of the Rutuli, 
A UA-xiuo an Italian tribe; the unsuccess¬ 
ful rival of /Eneas for the hand of Lavinia; 
slain by /Eneas. 

(t§r), the ancient Teutonic god of war 
and the sky; son of Odin. Also, Tyrr. 
(ool), the Teutonic god of the chase; 
skilful with the bow and ski. Also, Ullr. 

U I-tto coc (ti-lls'ez), the Roman name for 
-ly S-SCo Odysseus, king of Ithaca; the 
wisest, shrewdest, and subtlest of the Greek 
chiefs in the Trojan War. 

ra r»i a (ti-ra/nl-d), the Muse of astron- 
■ AcA_aaa " £A omy. [Gr.] 

-ra-nus beaven personified. 

TT chac (Sb'shas; ob-shas'), the Vedic god- 
u dess of dawn: similar to the Greek 

Eos, or the Roman Aurora. [Hind.] 

\fa 1 1-iot Ip (val-hal'c), the hall of the 
* slain, where fallen warriors 

were entertained. [Teut.] 

Uq 1i (va'le), Odin’s precocious son, who, 
* a - _AA as soon as born, avenged the death of 
Balder. He was to rule with Vidar after 
Ragnarok. Also, Vale. [Teut.] 

Xr\TV (val-klr'I; val-ki'rl), one of a 
v exx-xxj x *iv troop of Teutonic goddesses, 
handmaids of Odin. Hovering over the 
field of battle, they woke up heroes with a 
kiss, and led away their souls to Valhalla, 
there to fight and to drink ale, as of old. 
Also, Valkyria. 

Vfl nir ( va ' n ^ r : wa'nSr), Njorth, Frey, and 
* CL ~ XLIX Freya, gods of trade and commerce, 
who lived in Vanaheim; at first enemies, 
later allies of the /Esir in Asgard. 

XT a vil (va'yoo; wa'yoo), the Hindu god 
y <x-y u. 0 f the winvls: similar to the Greek 
god /Eojus. 

Fp (va), brother of Odin and Vili, whom 
v c he helped slay the giant Ymir. [Teut.] 
Up nil<2 (ve'nfis), the Roman goddess of 
y c-nuo beauty and love; wife of Vulcan: 
identified with the Greek goddess Aphro¬ 
dite. 


Tyr 

UU 


U 

U 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







Vesta 


744 


Zeus 


tt.- (v6s't a), the Roman goddess of 

V Gb-Ld virginity, fire, and the domestic 
hearth: similar to the Greek goddess Hestia. 
ttj i; (ve'le), brother of Odin and Ve, whom 
V1-11 he helped slay the giant Ymir. [Teut.] 
ttj 4-V.o*-»* (ve'tfiar), son of Odin and the 

V 1-llld.iI giantess Grid; destined to be the 

slayer of Fenrir at Ragnarok and then to rule 
with Vali. [Teut.] , 

Viil nct-n (vul'kan), the Roman god of 

V Ul-Gdli flre and the working of metals: 
identified with the Greek god Hephaestus. 
TXT-. A (wo'den), another name for Odin, 
W O-aen the chief of the Teutonic gods. 
Also, Wodan. 

Vo -mo (ya'ma), the first man; after death 
Id.-Hid. he and Yami, the first woman, 
became king and queen of the other world: 
similar to Hades (Pluto) and Persephone 
(Proserpina). [Hind " 


tree 

sup- 


Ygg-dra-sill S5 

ports the world. [Teut.] 
tt (ii'iner; e'mer), the ancestor of 

1 -Hill the Teutonic giants; formed of the 
frost and fire in Ginnungagap; from his body 
the present world was created. His flesh 
became earth; his blood, the sea; his bones, 
the mountains; his teeth, the cliffs; his 
skull, the heavens, wherein his brains float 
in the form of clouds. 

tt me (zef'I-rus), the West Wind, 
z-epn-y-rub mildest and gentlest of all 
Greek sylvan deities. 

7 e1 i C (zus), the supreme deity of the 
IsCUb Greeks; god of nature, giver of 
victory, god of law and order, of social 
virtues; the beginning and end of all things: 
identified by the Romans with Jupiter 
(Jove). 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 














FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 

Frequently Occurring in English Literature, Including Proverbs, Colloquial 
Expressions, Mottoes of States and Nations, Current War Expressions. 


Note lor Pronunciation ol Latin Expressions. 

There are in use two methods of pronouncing Latin: one, the so-called English method, 
follows in general the principles of English pronunciation; the other, the so-called Roman 
method, follows more or less closely the pronunciation of the ancient Romans themselves. 
The English pronunciation is still generally used for Latin scientific terms, for names, phrases, 
and quotations in English context. The proper accentuation and syllabification according 
to the Roman method is here indicated for all Latin words and phrases. Then the pronuncia¬ 
tion of the word or phrase according to the English method follows in parentheses; as, di'ri-go 
\dir'i-go). A Latin grammar should be consulted for further details of the Roman pronun¬ 
ciation. 


a bas (a ba'), down with (in disapproval). 
[Fr.] 

ab-be (a"ba/), a French secular ecclesiastic 
without a benefice. [Fr.] 
ab ex'tra fab ek'stra), from without. [Lat.] 
sb in-i'tti-o (ab In-ish'I-6), from the begin¬ 
ning; originally. [Lat.] 
ab in'tra (ab In'trd), from within. [Lat.] 
a bon mar-ch§ (a bon" mar'sha'), at a bar¬ 
gain ; cheap. [Fr.] 

ab o-ri'gi-ne (ab o-rij'I-nc), from the be¬ 
ginning. [Lat.] ^ v , 

ab o'vo us'que ad ma'la (ab o'vo us'kwe ad 
ma'la), from the egg to the apples: said 
of a dinner; from beginning to end. [Lat.] 
a-bri (a"bre'), a shelter, dugout. [Fr.] 
ab'sit in-vi'di-a (ab'sit ln-vld'i-a), let there 
be no ill will. [Lat.] _ 

ab u'no di'sce om'nes (ab u'no dls'e Cm'nez), 
from one learn ail. [Lat.] 
ab ur'be con'di-ta (ab ur'b§ kbn'di-ta), 
from the founding of the city (Rome)— 
about 753 B. C. [Lat.] , , 

a che-val (a she-val'), lit., on horseback; 
on both sides. [Fr.] 

a compte (a kont'), on account; m part 
payment. [Fr.] 

ad ar-bl'tri-um (&d ar-bit'ri-um), at will. 

[Lat.] . _ .. 

ad a'stra per a'spe-ra (ad as'tra per as'pe-ra), 
to the stars through difficulties: motto of 
Kansas. [Lat.] 

ad cap-tan'dum vul'gus (ad kap-tan dum 
vul'gus), to catch the crowd. [Lat.] 

& de-ml (a de-me'), half; incompletely. 

[Fr.] ^ , „ , 

ad b'nem (ad fi'nem), to the end. [Lat.] 
ad hoc (ad hok), with respect to this. [Lat.] 
ad in"h-ni'tum (ad In"fi-ni'tum), to in¬ 
finity; without limit. [Lat.] 
ad In'te-rim (ad In'ter-Im), meanwhile, 
temporary. [Lat.] 

a-dios (a"dyos'), adieu. [Span.] _ 

ad ka-len'das Grae'cas (ad ka-len'das gre - 
kas), lit., at the Greek calends; i. e., 
never—the Greeks had no calends. [Lat.J 
ad li'bl-tum (ad Hb'I-tum). at pleasure. 

ad nau'se-am (&d n6'sh$-am), to (the point 
of) disgust. [Lat.] 


ad pa'tres (ad pa'trez), (gathered) to his 
fathers; dead. [Lat.] 
ad quem (ad kwein), at, or to, which: 

opposite to a quo. [Lat.] 
a droite (a drwat'), to the right; on the 
right. [Fr.] 

ad va-lo'rem (ad va-lo'rem), according to 
the value. [Lat.] 

ad vivum (ad vi'yum), to the life. [Lat.] 
ae'quo a'ni-mo (e'kwb an'i-mo), lit., with 

equal mind; calmly. [Lat.] _ 

af-faire d’a-mour (aTar' da"moor'), a love 
affair. [Fr.] 

af-faire d’hon-neur (a"far' db"nur'), an af¬ 
fair of honor; a duel. [Fr.] 
af-faire du coeur (a"far' dukur'), an affair 
of the heart. [Fr.] 

a fond (a f6h') r to the bottom; thoroughly. 
[Fr.] 

a for"ti-o'ri (a for"shi-o'ri; for"-), with the 
greater force: said of an argument. [Lat.]’ 
a gauche (a gosh'), to the left; on the left. 
[Fr.] 

a-geu'da (a-jen'da), things to be done 
[Lat.] 

a grands frais (a gran" fre'), at great ex¬ 
pense. [Fr.] 

a haute voix (a ot" vwa'), aloud. [Fr.] 
a la carte (a la kart'), according to the bill 
of fare; with a price given for each dish: 
opposite to table d’hdte. [Fr.] 

Si la fran-gaise (4 la fran"s&z'). in the 
French fashion. [Fr.] 
a la mode (a la mbd'), in fashion. CFr.] 
a I’an-glaise (a lah"glaz'), in the English 
fashion. [Fr.] 

a'lis vo'lat pro'pri-Is (a'lis vo'lat pro'prl-Is). 
she flies with her own wings: motto of 
Oregon. [Lat.] 

al-le-gret-to (alTa-gret'to), rather quick. 
[It.] 

al-le-gro (al-la'gre', quick. [It.] 

Al'ma Ma'ter (ai'md ma'ter), lit., foster¬ 
ing mother; a school in which one has been 
educated. [Lat.] 

al'ter e'go (41'ter e'g6), lit., a second I; 
a bosom friend. [Lat.] 

a-mende ho-no-ra-ble (a'mand' 6"nb"ra'bl), 
a reparation publicly made to the injured 
party. [Fr.] 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 

zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu^ 

745 


49 









746 


causa sine qua non 


^mor patriae 


a'mor pa'tri-ae (a'm6r p£t'rl-e), love of 
one’s country. [Lat.J_ 
a-mour pro-pre (a"moor' prS'pr), self-love. 
[Fr.] 

an-cl-en re-gime (ah"syah' ra’zhem'), the 
ancient order of things. [Fr.] 
an-dan-te (an-dan'ta; an-dan'te), moder¬ 
ately slow. [It.] 

an'guis in her'ba (an'gwls In hfir'bd), a 
snake in the grass. [Lat.] 
a'ni-mis ©"pi-bus^que pa-ra'tl (Sn'I-mls 
6 p"I-bus'kwe pa-ra'tl), prepared in minds 
and resources: one of the mottoes of South 
Carolina. [Lat.] 

an no se-ta'tis su'ae (an'o e-ta'tis su'§), in 
the year of his, or her, age. [Lat.] 
an'no Do'mi-ni (an'o dom'I-nl), in the 
(given) year of (our) Lord. [Lat.] 
an'no ur'bis con'di-tse (an'o ur'bls kon'dl-te), 
in the year of the founded city (Rome, 
founded about 753 B. C.). [Lat.] 
an'nus ml-ra'bi-lls (an'us ml-rab'i-lls), 
wonderful year. [Lat.] 
an'te bel'lnm (an'te bel'um), before the 
war (especially the American Civil War). 
[Lat.] 

an'te me-ri'dl-em (5n't§ mS-rld'I-em), be¬ 
fore noon. [Lat.] 

Si outrance (a oo"trahs'), to the bitter end; 

to the utmost. [Fr.] 

H peu prds (a pu"pre'), nearly. [Fr.] 
ak plomb (a plon')^ perpendicularly. [Fr.] 
a po-ste"ri-o'ri (a p5s-te"ri-o'rI), from that 
which follows; from effect to cause: oppo¬ 
site to a priori. [Lat.] 
ap-pli-qu£ (a"ple"ka'), put on: as patterns 
on textiles. [Fr.1 

a-prds mol le de-luge! (a"pr6 mwa' 15 
da'liizh'), after me the deluge! [Fr.J 
a prl-o'ri (a prl-o'ri; a prl-o're), from that 
which precedes; from cause to effect: oppo¬ 
site to a posteriori. [Lat.] 
akpro-posde rien (4 pr6"po'de ryan'), apro¬ 
pos of nothing; irrelevant. [Fr.] 
a quo (a kwo), from which: opposite to 
ad quem. [Lat.] 

ar'bl-ter e"le-gan'tl-ae (ar'bl-t5r 51'5-gS.n'- 
shl-e), judge of elegance. Also, ar'bl-ter 
e"Ie-gan"ti-a'rum. [Lat.] 
arfui-men'tum ad bo'mi-ncm (ar'gu- 
mSn'tum ad hom'I-n5m), an argument to 
the man (i. e., to his interests)._ [Lat.] 
a rl-ve-der-cl (a re"va-dar'che), lit., to 
seeing one another again; au revoir. [It.] 
ar-peg-glo (ar-ped'jo), a chord played in 
rapid succession. [It.] 
ar-rec'tis au'rl-bus (a-rek'tls 6'rl-bfls), 
with ears pricked up. [Lat.] 
ar-ron-disse-ment (a'’r6h"des"mah'), the 
largest division of a French department, 
serving as a “congressional district.’’ [Fr.] 
ars est ce-la're ar'tem (arz Sst se-la'rS ar'- 
tem), it is (true) art to conceal art. [Lat.] 
ars lon'ga, vi'ta brc'vis (arz lSn'ga vi'td 
brev'Is), art is long, life is short. [Lat.] 
a-te-lier (a"te-lya'L a studio. [Fr.] 
a tcm'po (a tem'no), in time. [It.] 
au con-tralre (o korfftrar'), on the con¬ 
trary. [Fr.] 

au cou-rant (o koo"ran'), lit., with the 
current; up-to-date. [Fr.J 
au fait (5"fe'), expert. [Fr.] 
au fond (6"f6h'), at bottom; fundamen¬ 
tally. [Fr.] 

auf wle-der-seh-en (ouf've'dSr-za'en), till 
we meet again; good-by. [Ger.] 
au gra-tin (o"gra-tan'), with a crust: said of 
food browned in the oven. [Fr.] 
au reste (o"r5st/), for the rest; besides; as 
for what is left. [Fr.1 


au re-voir (o*rS-vwar'), till we meet again; 
good-by. [Fr.1 

au'ri sa'cra fa'mes (o'ri sa'kra fa'mez), 
accursed greed of gold. [Lat.] 
au-tres temps, au-tres moeurs (o"tr tan', 

o"tr murs'), other times, other ways or 
customs. [Fr.] 

aut _van'ce-re, aut mo'rl (ot- vln'sS-re, 66 
mo'ri), either to conquer or to die. [Lat.] 
aux armes! (o-zarm'), to arms! [Fr.] 
a-vec per-mis-sion (a"vek' per"me"syoh'). 

with permission. [Fr.] 
a-vec plai-sir (a"vek" pla"zer'), with plea¬ 
sure. [Fr.] 

a ver'bls ad ver'be-ra (a vdr'bls ad vflr'bS- 
ra), from words to blows. [Lat.] 
a vln'cu-1© ma"trl-mo'iaI-i (a vln'kfl-13 

mat"rI-mo'nI-I), from the bond of mar¬ 
riage. [Lat.] 

a vo-tre san-te (a vo'tr san"ta'), to your 
health. [Fr.] 

ba-di-nage (ba"de"nozh'), banter. [Fr.] 
bar-rage (ba/'rozh'), curtain of fire, or of 
fire and smoke. [Fr.] 
bas bleu (ba"blu'), a bluestocking. [Fr.] 
be-a'tae me-mo'ri-se (be-a'te me-mS'rl-e), 
of blessed memory. [Lat.] 
beau monde (bo'mohd'), the fashionable 
world. [Fr.] 

bel—es-prit (bSl'es-pre'), a genius; man of 
wit. • [Fr.] 

belles — let-tres (bel" let'r), literature. [Fr.] 
ben tro-va'to (ben tro-va'to), well invented. 
[It.] 

bete noire (bat" nwar'), black beast; object 
of abhorrence. [FrJ_ 

bll-let— doux (bll'e-doo'; be"ye"doo'), a love 
letter. [Fr.] 

bis dat qul ci'to dat (bis dat kwi si'tS d&t), 
he gives tnice who gives quickly. [Lat.] 
bla-se (bla"za'), surfeited. [Fr.] 
bles-se (ble"sa') t a wounded soldier. [Fr.] 
bligh-ty (bli'tl), over the seas; home. [East 
Indian.) 

Boche (bosh), a German soldier. Also, 
boche. [Fr.] 

bo'na fi de (bo'na fl'dS), in good faith; 

without deceit. [Lat.] 
bon gre, mal gre (bon' gra", mal' gra"), 
with good grace (or) with bad grace; 
willy-nilly. JFr.1 

bon jour (bon" zhoor'), good day; good 
morning. [Fr.] 

bon mot (b6n"mo'), lit., good word; a 
witty, adroit expression. [Fr.] 
bonne (bon), a maid servant. [Fr.] 
bonne foi (bon" fwa'), good faith. [Fr.J 
bon soir (bon" swar'), good evening. [Fr.] 
bon ton (bon" ton'Ljjigh society. [Fr.] 
bonvi-vant (bon"ve*vah'), a lover of good 
living. [Fr.] 

bon vo-yage! (bon"vwa"yozh'), a good jour¬ 
ney! as a farewell. [Fr.] 
bru'tum ful'men (broo'tum ful'men), a 
thunderbolt striking blindly; an ineffectual 
display of force. [Lat.1 
ca-mou-flage (ka"moo"fiozh'), disguising (as 
by coloration, etc.); to disguise. [Fr.] 
ca'put mor'tu-um (ka'put mor'til-um; kap'- 
ut), lit., skull; worthless remains. [Lat.] 
car'pe di'em (kar'pe di'em), enjoy the day; 

make the most of the present. [Lat.] 
carte blanche (kart" blansh'), lit., white 
paper; unconditional power. [Fr.] 
ca'sus bel'll (ka'sus bel'i), an event of war 
(i. e., a cause, or an alleged justification of 
war). [Lat.] 

cau'sa sl'ne qua non (ko'za sl'nS kwa n5n), 
lit., cause without which not; an indis- 
pensable condition. [Lat.I 


ate, senate, rzire, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, menii; 







causerie 


74 / 


dies irae 


cause-rie (koz"re'; koz're), informal discus¬ 
sion. [Fr.] 

ca've-at emp'tor (ka'vS-at emp'tor), lit., 
let the buyer beware; sold without guaran¬ 
tee. [Lat.] 

ca've ca'nem (ka've ka'nem), beware of the 
dog. [Lat.] 

ce'dant ar'ma to'gae (se'dant ar'md to'je), 
lit., let arms yield to the civilian costume: 
i. e., military, to civil_ power. [Lat.] 
c’est-a-dire (se"-ta"der'), that is to say, 
namely. [Fr.] 

c’est se-ion (se"s-lon'), that depends. [Fr.] 
ce'te-ra de'sunt (set'e-ra de'sunt), the rest 
are wanting. [Lat.] 

ce'te-rls pa'ri-bus (set'e-ris par'1-bus), 
other things being equal. [Lat.] 
cha-cun a son gout (sha"kiih' -na" son "goo'), 
everyone to his taste. [Fr.] _ 

Champs E-ly-sees (shan"-za"le"za'), Elysian 
Fields; name of an avenue in Paris. 
[Fr.] 

cha-peau bas (sha"po'ba'), hats off! [Fr.] 
chas-seur (sha"sur'), one of a body of light 
cavalry or infantry. [Fr.] 
cha-teau en E-spagne (sha"to'an-nes"pan' 
ye), a castle in Spain; a castle in the air. 
[Fr.] 

chef de cui-slne (shef" de kwe"zen'), head 
cook. [Fr.] 

che-min de fer (she"mah'de far'), lit., iron 
road; railroad. [Fr.] 

cher a-mi (shar" a"m?'), dear friend (masc.). 
[Fr.] 

cher-chez la femme (sher"sha' la fam'), 
lock for the woman. [Fr.] 
chere a-mie (shar" a "me'), dear friend (fern.). 
[Fr.] 

che sa-ra'sa-ra' (ka sa-ra'sa-ra'), what will 
be, will be. [It.] 

che-va-!ier d*in-dus-trle (she-val"ya' dan"- 
diis"tre'), a swindler. [FrJ 
chia-ro-scu-ro (kya"ro-skoo'ro), pictorial 
art employing only light and shade. Also, 
chia-ro—o-seu-ro. [It.] 
cl-ce-ro-ne (che"cha-ro'na; sTs"e-ro'ne), a 
local guide. [It.] 

clr'ca (sur'ka), about. Also, cirdter. [Lat.] 
comme il faut (k<5"mel"fo'; ko"me"fo'), as 
it should be; proper. [Fr.] 
com-mu-nl-que (k6"mu"ne"ka'), official re¬ 
port. [Fr.] 

compte ren-du (kont'ran"dii'), an account 
given; a report. [Fr.] 
con a-mo-re (kon a-mo'ra), with love; 
earnestly. [It.] 

con-cours (kon"koor'). a competition. [Fr.] 
con do-lo-re (kon do-lo'ra), with grief; 
sadly. [It.] 

con-fet-ti (kon-fft'te), bonbons; tiny, bright- 
colored scraps of paper thrown at wed¬ 
dings. [It.] 

con-ge (kbn"zha'), leave of absence. [Fr.] 
con'tra bo'nos mo res (kon'trd bo'nos mo'- 
rez), against good morals or manners. 
[Lat.] 

con-tre-temps (kon"tr-tan'), an imtoward 
accident. [Fr.] 

co-pain (kd"p&n'), comrade. [Fr.] _ 
co'ram po'pu-1© (ko'ram pop'u-lo), pub¬ 
licly. [Lat.] 

cor'pus de-iic'ti (kor'pus de-lik'ti), the 
body of a crime; the essential fact of a 
crime. [Lat.] 

cor"rI-gen'da (kor"I-jen'da), things to be 
corrected. [Lat.] 

cor-tege (kor"tezh'), a procession. Also, 
cor-tege. [Fr.1 

coup de grace (koo" de gras'), lit., a stroke 
of mercy; a finishing stroke. [Fr.] 


coup de main (koo" de man'), a sudden 
movement. [Fr.] 

coup de mai-tre (koo" de ma'tr), a master 
stroke. [Fr.] 

coup de so-leil (koo" de so'la'ye), a sun¬ 
stroke. [Fr.] 

coup d'e-tat (koo" da"ta'), a stroke of 
. policy. [Fr.] 

coute que coute (koot" ke koot'), let it 
cost what it may. [Fr.] 
creme (kram). Cream. [Fr.] 
cre'sci-te e£ mul"ti-pli-ca'mi-nl (krSs'I-te 
et mul"tl-pll-kam'l-ni), increase and mul¬ 
tiply: motto of Maryland. [Lat.] 
cre'scit e-un'do (kres'it e-un'do), it grows 
by going (or as it goes): motto of New 
Mexico. [Lat.] 

Croix de Guerre (krwa' de gar'). War Cross. 

[Fr.] _ 

Croix Rouge (krwa/ roozh'). Red Cross. 
[Fr.] 

cui bo'no? fkl bo'nb), lit., to whom (is it) 
for a benefit/* to whose advantage? [Lat.] 
cui-sine (kwe"zen'), the kitchen; style of 
cooking. [Fr.] 

cuS de sac (kli" d-sak'; kul"de sale'), a 
blind alley. [Fr.] 

cum grra'no sa'lis (kum gra'no sa'lis), with 
a grain of salt; with some allowance. [Lat.] 
cu-re (kii"ra'), a parish priest. [Fr.] 
cur-ren'te ca'la-mo (ku-ren'te kal'a-mo), 
with a running (or ready) pen. [Lat.] 
d’ac-cord (da"kor'), in accord. [Fr.] 
dame d’hon-neur (dam" do"nur'), a maid 
of honor. [Fr.] 

de bonne grace (de bon" griis'), with good 
grace; willingly. [Fr.] 
de-coi-le-te (da"ko"l-ta'), leaving the neck 
and shoulders uncovered. [Fr ] 
de fac'to (de fak'to), in fact; actually; 
in rea’itv. [Lat.] 

de gus'ti-bus non est dis"pu-tan'dum (de 

gus'tl-biis non est dfe"pu-tan'dum), there 
is no disputing about tastes. [Lat.] 

De'i gra'ti-a (de'i gra'shl-a), by the grace 
of God. [Lat.] 

de iu're (de joo're), by right. [Lat.] 
de-len'da est Car-tha'go (de-len'da est kar- 
tha'gS), Carthage must be destroyed. 
[Lat.] 

de luxe (de liiks'), sumptuous. [Fr.] 
de-mi—tasse (de-me' tas'; dem'i-tas), a 
small cup of black coffee. [Fr.] 

de mor'tu-is nil ni'sl bouum (de mdr'tfi-ls 
nil ni'si bo'num), of the dead (say) noth¬ 
ing but good. [Lat.] 

de ni'bi-lo ni'hil (de ni'hi-lo ni'hll), from 
nothing nothing (can_come). [Lat ] 
de-noue-ment (da-noo'mah; da"noo"man # ), 
the outcome (of a plot or mystery). [Fr.] 
de no'vo (de no'vb), anew; afresh. [Lat.] 
De'o fa-ven'te (de'o fa-ven't§), with God’s 
favor. [Lat.] 

De'o gra'ti-as (de'6 gra'shl-as), thanks to 
God. [Lat.] 

De'o vo-len'te (de'o v5-len'tS), God willing. 
[Lat.] 

de pro-fun'dis (de pr6-fun'dls), out of the 
depths. [Lat ] 

der-nier res-sort (der"nya/ re-s6r'), a last 
resource. [Fr.] 

de trop (de tr6'), too much; in the way. 
[Fr.] 

de'us ex ma'chi-na (de'us eks mak'l-nd), 
a god (let down) from a machine (as in 
ancient theaters); an unexpected occur¬ 
rence. [Lat.] 

di'es fau'stus (dl'ez fbs'tus), a lucky day. 
TLat.] 

di'es i'rae (dl'ez I'rS), day of wrath. [Lat.] . 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 





748 


ex uno disce omnes 


Dieu defend le droit 


Dieu de-f end He droit (dyu" da"fan' le drwa'), 
God defends the right. [FkJ 
Eden et mon droit (dyd" a mon drwa'), 
God and my right: motto in British royal 
arms. [Fr.] 

Dios y fe~de-ra-ci6n (dyos' e fa"da-ra- 
th.von'). God and federation: motto of 
Venezuela. [Span.] 

dl'ri-go (dir'I-go), I direct or lead: motto of 
Maine. ]Lat.J 

dis a'ii-ter vi'sum (des al'I-ter vl'sum), to 
the gods it has seemed otherwise. [Lat.] 
dis-jecia mem'bra (dls-jek'ta mem'bra), 
scattered parts. [Lat.] 
dis-tin-gue (dls-tan'ga), distinguished; of 
splendid bearing. [Fr.] 
di'tat De'us (di'tat de'us), God enriches: 

motto of Arizona. [Lat.] 
di'vl-de et Im'pe-ra (dlv'I-de et Im'po-rd), 
divide and rule. [Lat.] 
do-cen'do das'cl-mus (do-sen'do dls'I-mus), 
we learn by teaching. [Lat.] 
dol-ce far nien-te (dol'cha far nyen'ta), 
charming idleness. [It.] 

Dorui-me, di'rl-ge nos (dom'I-ne, dir'i-jh 
nos), Lord, direct us: motto of the city 
of London. [Lat.] 

Do'mi-mis vo-Ms'cum (dbm'I-nus vo-bis'- 
kum), the Lord (be) with you. [Lat.] 
dou-We—en-ten-dre (duo'bl -an"fcah'dr), a 
word or expression admitting of two inter¬ 
pretations, one often improper. [Fr.] 
dra'ma-tis per-so'nae (dram'd-tls per-so'ne), 
the characters in a play. [Lat.] 
Drel-bund (drl'boont), a triple alliance; 
especially, that between Germany, Austria, 
and taly before the World War. [Gup..] 
du'eft a'mor pa'tr3-ce (du'slt a'mor pat'rl-e), 
love of country leads. [Lat.] 
dul'ce et de-co'rum est pro pa'trl-a mo'r* 
(dul'se et de-ko'rum est pro pat'rl-d mo'rl), 
it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s 
country. [Lat.] 

dum spi'ro, spe'ro (diim spi'ro, spe'ro), 
whiie I breathe, I hope: one of the mottoes 
of South Carolina. [Lat.] 
dum vl'vi-nras. vi-va'mus (dum vlv'I-mus, 
vi-va'mus), while we live, let us live; let 
us make the most of life. [Lat.] 

<du-o (doo'5), duet. [It.] 

«au de vie (5" de ve'). Water of life; brandy. 
[Fr.] 

«c'ee sig'num (ek'se sig'num), behold the 
sign; look at the proof. [Lat.] 

« con-tra'rl-o (e kon-tra'ri-o), on the con¬ 
trary. [Lat.] 

<e-di'ti-o prin'ceps (8-dIsh'i-o prln'seps), the 
first edition. [Lat.] 

e-ga-Ii-te (a"ga"le"ta'), equality. [Fr.] 
em-bou-polut (ah"bon"pwan'), stoutness. 
[Fr.] 

em-bus-que (an"bus"ka/), a soldier who has 
taken a post free from danger: more severe 
than slacker. [Fr.] 

cm a-mi (an"na'me'), like a friend. [Fr.] 
cm ar-rsere (an" -na"ryar'), in the rear; in 
arrears. [Fr.] 

en a-vant (an" -na"vafi'), forward; into the 
future. [Fr.] 

cm des-iia-bil-e (an" da"za"be"ya') , in un¬ 
dress. [Fr.] 

cm ef-fet (an"-na"fe'), in effect; in deed. 
[Fr.] 

en fa-miile (an"fa"me'ye), in (or with) the 
family; at home. [Fr.] 
en-fants per-dus (an"fiin' per"du'), lit., lost 
children; a forlorn hope. [Fr.] 
en-fant ter-rl-Me (ah"fan' te"re'bl), a terri¬ 
ble child; a child whose loquaciousness 
embarrasses his elders. [Fr.] 


en bn (an"fan') t at last. [Fr.] 
en masse (an"mas'), in a body. [Fr.] 
empas-sant (an"pa"sah'), in passing. [Fr ] 
en rap-port (an"ra"por'), in sympathetic 
relation. [Fr.] 

en re-gle (an"re'gl), according to rule; right. 
[Fr.] . _ 

en route (an"root') f on the way. [Fm.] 
en'se pe'tit pla'ei-dam sub If"ber-ta'te 
qui-e'tem (6n'sa pet'It plas'I-dam sub ilb"- 
er-ta'te kwi-S'tem), -wdth the sword she 
seeks cahn repose under liberty: motto of 
Massachusetts. [Lat.] 
en suite (iin"swet'), in a series or set. [Fr.] 
En-tenle (an"tant'), understanding; Eng¬ 
land, France, Russia as arrayed against the 
Dreibund at the outbreak of the World 
War. [Fr.] 

en-tou-rage (iin"too"irazh'), surroundings; 

esp. body of associates. [Fr.] 
en-fre nous (ah'tr noo'), between ourselves. 

[Fr.] _ 

e plu'ri-tous u'num (e ploo'rl-bfis u'num), 
one out of many: motto of the United 
States of America. [Lat.] 
er-ra re liu-ma'mum est (e-ra're hu-ma'num 
est), to err is human. [Lat.] 
es-ca-drille (es"ka"dre'ye), an airplane unit 
in the army. [Fr.] 

es-prat de corps (es"pre' do kor'), the spirit 
of enthusiasm and loyalty pervading a body 
of persons. [Fr.] 

es'sa quam vi-de'ri (es'e kwam vl-de'rp, to 
be rather than to seem: motto of North 
Carolina. [Lat.] 

est mo'dus fit re'bus (§st mo'dus in re'bus), 
there is a limit in things. [Lat.] 
es'io psr-pe'tu-a (es't6 per-pet'u-a), may 
she last forever; motto of Idaho. [Lat.] 
e-tat des pertes (a"ta' da part'), casualty 
list. [Fr.] 

et ta, Bru'te! (et tu, broo'te), and thou, 
Brutus! the cry of Julius Caesar when he 
saw his friend among his assassins. [Iat.] 
eu-re'Ua! (u-re'kri), I have found (it)! excla¬ 
mation of triumph: the motto of Cali¬ 
fornia. [Gr.] 

ex a'ni-mo (eks an'I-mo), from the heart; 

sincerely. 

ex ca-the'dra (eks kd-the'drd; -kafch'e-drd). 

lit., from the chair; with authority. [Lat.] 
ex-ceS'sl-or (ek-sel'si-br), higher; ever up¬ 
ward: motto of New York State. [Lat.] 
ex-cep'tl-o pro'Lat rc'su-iam (ek-sep'shi-o 
pro'bat reg'fi-lam), the exception proves 
the rule. [Lat.] 

ex-ssn' pH gra"ii-a (eg-zem'pli gra'sht-dl, for 
the sake of example. [Lat.] 
ex'e-HEU ©m'nes (ek'sS-unt om'nez), all go 
out. [Lat.] 

ex li'bris (eks li'bris), from the books (of): 
an inscription used with the owner’s name 
in a book. [Lat.] 

ex ne-ces''si-ta'te re'I (eks ne-ses'I-ta'te re'i), 
from the necessity of the case. [Lat.] 
ex nl'M-So nl'bil fit (eks ni'hl-15 ni'hSl fit). 

trom nothing nothing is made. [Lat.] 
ex ©f-fi'ci-o (eks o-flsh'I-o), from office; by 
virtue of an office. [Lat.] 
expar'te (eks piir'te), upon, from, or in the 
interest of, one side only. [I, vt.] 
ex- per' to cre'di-te (eks-pur'to kred'I-te). 
believe one who speaks from experience. 
[Lat.]^ 

ex-po-se (eks"po"za'), an exposure of some¬ 
thing discreditable. [Fr.] 
ex post fac'to (eks post fak'tbl; from what 
is done afterward; retrosnective. [Lat.] 
ex u'no di'see om nes (eks u'no dls'e om'nez). 
from one learn all. [Lat.] _ 


ate, senate, rare, eat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sm; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 









facile princeps 749 


il penseroso 


fa'ci-le prin'ceps (fas'I-le prm'seps), easily 
chief. [Lat.] 

fa'ci-Iis de-scen'sus A-ver'sti (fas'l-lls de- 
sen'sus* d-ver'ni), the descent of Avemus 
is easy; the road to evil is easy. [Lat.] 
falre sui-vre (far" swe'vr), lit., to make to 
follow; please forward. [Fr.] 
fait ac-com-pll (fe"-ta"kon"ple'), an accom¬ 
plished fact. [Fr.] 

Fa'ta ob'stant (fa'ta Qb'stant), the Fates 
oppose. [Lat.] 

fat-ti ma-schi-t, pa-ro-le fe-mi-ne (fat'te 
ma'ske-e pa-ro'la fem'e-na), deeds (are) 
males, words femal&s: motto of Maryland. 
[It.] 

fau-teuil (fo"tu'ye), an armchair. [Fr.] 
faux pas (fo" pa'), a false step; especially, 
an offense against social convention. [Fr.] 
femme de cham-bre (fam de shan'br), a 
lady’s maid; chambermaid. [Fr.] 
fe'ras na-tu'rse (fe're na-tu're), of a wild 
nature. [Lat.] 

fer'vet o'pus (fur'vet o'pus), the work boils; 

there is great activity. [Lat.] 
fe-sti'na len'te j(fe-stl'nd len'te), make 
haste slowly. [Lat.] 

fete cham-pe-tre (fat shan"pa'tr), a rural 
or open air festival. [Fit.] 
feu de Joie (fu"de zhwa'). a bonfire; a firing 
of guns in token of joy. [Fr.] 
fi'at |us-ti'_ti-a, ru'at cae'lum (fi'at jus- 
tish'I-d, roo'at se'lum), let justice be done, 
though the heavens fall. [Lat.] 
fi'at iux' (fi'at liiks'), let there be light: 

the command of God at Creation. [Lat.] 
fi'de-i de-fen'sor (fi'de-I de-fen'ser; -sor), 
defender of the faith: a title of the sover¬ 
eigns of England. _ [Lat.] 
fi'des Pu'ni-ca (fi'dez pu'nl-kd), Punic faith; 
treachery. [Lat.] 

ft'dus A-cha'tes (fl'dus a-ka'tez), faithful 
Achates; a trusty friend. [Lat.] 
hes-ta (fyes'ta), a holiday. . [Span.] 
finis co-ro'nat o'pus (fi'nfs ko-ro'nat 5'pus), 
the end crowns the work. [Lat.] 
Ha-gran'te beiio (fld-gran'te bel'o), while 
the war is blazing; during actual war. 
[Lat.] 

Ha-gran'te de-Iic'to (fld-gran'te de-llk'to), 
while the crime is blazing; in the very 
act. [Lat.] , 

forces for-tu'na ju'vat (for'tez for-tu'nd 
joo'vat), fortune favors the brave. [Lat.] 
for'ti-ter in re, sua'vl-ter in mo'do (for'ti¬ 
ter In re, swav'i-ter In mo'do), strongly in 
deed, gently in manner. [Lat.] 
four-ra-gere (foo"ra"zhar'), a decoration 
granted to an entire body of troops for dis¬ 
tinguished bravery in action, consisting of 
a braided cord of [a designated color, to 
be worn about the left shoulde~ seam of 
the coat by every man of the unit so deco¬ 
rated. [Fr.] 

ffran-c© (fran'ko), postage free. [It.] 
frap-pe (fra*pa'), frozen; a frozen mixture, 
as a water ice. [Fr.] 

Fritz (frits), a German soldier. [Ger.] 
fu'gft ho'ra (fu'jlt ho'rd), the hour flies; 
time flies. [Lat.] 

fu'it rii-tim (fu'it fl'I-fim), Troy has been 
(i. e., exists no longer). [Lat.] 
func'tus ©f-h'ci-o (funk'tus o-flsh'I-d), hav¬ 
ing fulfilled his office; hence, out of office. 
[Lat.] 

fu'ror po-e'tl-cus (fu'ror po-et'I-kus), poetic 
frenzy. [Lat.] 

fu'ror scrl-ben'di (fu'ror skrl-ben'dT), a rage 
for writing. [Lat.] 

Gal'li-ce (gal'I-s5), in French; after the 
French manner. [Lat.] 


gar-^On (gar"son'), a boy; a waiter. [Fr.] 
garde du corps (gard" du kor'), a body¬ 
guard. [Fr.] 

gauche (gosh), left-handed; clumsy. [Fe., 
ge'sai-us lo'ci (je'nl-us lo'sl), the spirit ol 
the place. [Lat.] 

gen-re (zhah'r), a species; a style, especially 
of painting, dealing realistically with every¬ 
day life. [Fr.] 

Ger-ma'nl-ce (jer-man'I-se), in German; 

after the German manner. [New Lat.] 
gla-ce (gla"sa'), smooth and glossy; iced. [Fr4 
gno-thl se-au-ton (gno'thl se-ou-ton'), 
know thyself. [Gr.] 

Gott mlt uns (got mlt oons), God with us: 
motto of the Order of the Crown, Prussia. 
[Ger.] 

gour-met (goor"me'), a-glutton. [Fr.] 
grande pas-sion (grand" pa"syoh'), great 
passion; love. [Fr.] 

grand monde (gran" mond'), great world; 
high society. [Fr.] 

guerre a ou-trance (gar" a oo"trans'), war 
to the uttermost. [Fr.] 
han-gar (han'gar"; ah"gar'), a shed for air¬ 
craft. [Fr.]_ 

haul gout (o"goo'; ho"goo'), high flavor; 
a slight taint. [Fr.] 

hie et u-bi'que (hlk et u-bl'kwg), here and 
everywhere. [Lat.] 

hie fa'cet (hlk ja'set), here lies: used in 
epitaphs. [Lat.] 

hlnc il'Ise la'cri-mae (hlnk Il'e lak'rl-me), 
hence those tears. [Lat.] 
hoc o'pus, hie la'bor est (hok o'pus, hlk 
la'ber est), this (is) the work, this is the 
labor. [Lat.] 

hoc tem'po-re (hok tem'po-re), at this 
time. [Lat.1 

hoi pol-loi (hoi po-loi'), the many; the 
populace. [Gr.] 

ho'mi-nis est er-ra're (hom'I-nis est e-ra're), 
to err is human. [Lat.] 
homme d’af-falres (om" da"far'), an agent, 
one who does business for another. [Fr.] 
homme d’es-prit (om" des"pre'), a man of 
wit. [Fr.] 

ho-ni soft qul mal y pense (o'ne swa ke 
mal 6 pans'), shamed be he who thinks 
evil of it: the motto of the Order of the 
Garter. [Fr.] 

hon-neur et pa-trie (6"n(lr' a pa"tre'), 
honor and fatherland: motto of the French 
Legion of Honor. [Fr.] 
ho'ra iu'git (ho'rd fu'jlt), the hour flies; 
time flies. [Lat.] 

hor-ri'bi-le dlc'tu (ho-rlb'I-le dlk'tu), hor¬ 
rible to relate. [Lat.] 

hors de com-bat (hor de kon"ba'; or), out 
of the fight; disabled. [Fr.] 
hors d’oeuvre (h6r du'vr; or), a side dish; 
a relish. [Fr.] 

ho- tel de ville (o"tel' de vel'), the town hall. 
[Fr.] 

hu-ma'msm est er-ra're (hu-ma'num est 
e-ra're), to err is human. [Lat.] 

I-bi'dem (I-bi'dem), in the same place; 

abbrev., ib., ibid. [Lat.] 
ich dien (Ikh den'), I serve: motto of the 
Prince of Wales. [Ger.] 

Ich und Gott (Ikh oont got), I and God: 

phrase ascribed to William II. [Ger.] 

I-cl on parle fran-?ais (e"se' on pari 
fran"se'), Frencn is spoken here. [Fr.1 
Id est (Id est), that is; abbrev., i. e. (v) 
[Lat.1 

Id ge'nus oin'ne (Id je'nus om'ne), all of 
that sort. [Lat.| 

II pen-se-ro-so (el pen"se-r5'so), the pen- 
sive (man): opposite to Vallegro. [Old It.] 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 







ils ne passeront pas 750 Petoile du nord 


ils Me pas-se-ront pas (el ne pa"se"r6n'pa), 
they shall not pass. [Fa.] 
Im-me"di-ca'bi-le vui'nus (I-med"I-kab'I-le 
vul'nus), an incurable wound. [Lat.] 
Im-pe'ri-um in Im-pe'ri-o (Im-pe'rl-iim in 
Im-pe'rl-o), a government within a gov¬ 
ernment. [Lat.] 

im-pri'mis (im-prl'mls), in the first place; 
first in order. [Lat.] 

In ae-ter'mim (In e-tur'num), forever, 
always. |Lat.] 

fin ar-ti'cu-Io mor'tis (In ar-tik'u-id mor'tls), 
at point of death. [Lat.] 
in es'se (In es'S), in existence. [Lat.] 

In ex-ten'so (In eks-ten'so), at full length; 
in full. [Lat.J 

in ex-tre'mis (In eks-tre'mls), at point of 
death. [Lat.] 

in'lra dig'nj-ta'tem (in'fra dig"nl-ta'tem), 
beneath one’s dignity. [Lat.] 

In hoc sig'no vin'ces (In holt sig'no vln'sez), 
in (or by) this sign, (the Cross), thou 
shalt conquer: motto of Constantine the 
Great. [Lat.] 

in ll'ml-ne (In llm'I-ne), on the threshold; 

at the beginning. [Lat.] 

In lo co (in lo'ko), in the (proper) place; in 
position. [Lat.] 

in lo'co pa-ren'tis (In lo'ko pa-ren'tls), in 
the place of a parent. _ [Lat.] 

In me'di-as res (In me'dl-as rez), into the 
midst of things. [Lat.] 

In me-mo'ri-am (In me-mo'rl-am), in 

memory. [Lat.] 

In om'ni-a pa-ra'tus (In om'ni-a pd-ra'tiis), 
ready for all things. [Lat.] 
in per-pe'tu-um (In per-pet'u-um), for¬ 
ever. [Lat.] 

in pos'se (in pos'e), potentially; in possi- 
bility. [Late Lat.] 

irapro'pri-aper-so'na (In pro'prl-a per-so'na), 
in one’s own person. [Lat.] 

In pu'ris na"tu-ra'Ii-bus (In pu'rls nat'u- 
ral'I-bus)_, stark naked. [Lat.] 
in re (In re), in the matter of; concerning; in 
fact. [Lat.] 

In sse'cu-la sae "cu-lo'rum (In sek'u-ld sek"u- 
lo'rum), for ages of ages; forever. [Lat. 1 
in-sculp'sit (In-skulp'slt), he, or she, en¬ 
graved it; the sculptor is. [Lat.] 

In si tu (In si'tu), in its originai position; 
in place. [Lat.] 

In sta'tu quo' (In sta'tu kwo'), in the state 
in which (it is or was). [Lat.] 
in'ter a'li-a (In'ter a'll-d), among other 
things. [Lat.] 

in'ter a'li-os (In'ter a'li-ds), among other 
persons. [Lat.] 

in'ter nos (In'ter nos), between ourselves; 

secret; secretly. [Lat.] 

In ter-rorem (In te-ro'rem), as a warning; 

to inspire fear. [Lat.] g 

In'ter se (in'ter se'), among themselves; be¬ 
tween themselves. [Lat.] 

In to'to (In to'to), in the whole; in general; 

in the entirety. [Lat.] 
in u-trum'que pa-ra'tus (In u-trum'kwe 
pa-ra'tus), prepared for either (event); 
ready for anything. [Lat.] 
in va'cu-o (In vak'u-o), in a vacuum. 
[Lat.] 

Ip se dix-it (Ip'se dlk'slt), he himself has 
said (it); hence a dictum. [Lat.] 
ip-sis'si-ma ver'ba (Ip-sIs'I-md vur'bd), the 
very words. [Lat.J 

Ip'so fac'to (Ip'so falc'tb), by the act itself; 

as a result of the mere act. [Lat.] 

Ip'so Ju're (Ip'sS joo're), by the law itself. 
[Lat.] 

f-tal-ia ir-re-den'ta (6-tal'ya er"ra-den'ta). 


unredeemed Italy: the districts adjoining 
Italy, inhabited by men of Italian stock 
and speech. [It.] 

jac'ta est a'le-a (jak'ta est a'le-Ia), the die 

is cast. [Lat.] 

Je main-tien-drai (zhe man"tyan"dra'), I 
vdll maintain: motto of Holland. [Fr.] 

|e ne sais quo! (zhe ne sa kwa'), I know not 
what. [Fr.] 

Jeu de mots (zhu" demo'), a play on words; 
a pun. [Fr.] 

Jo-aii'nes est no'men e'jus J6-an'ez gst 
no'men e'jus), his name is John: motto 
of Porto Rico. [Lat.] 

Ju"bi-la'te De'o (joo"bI-la'to de'o), rejoice 
in the Lord. [Lat.] 

ju-Iienne (zhii"lyen'; joo"lI-en'), a clear 
soup containing thin strips of carrots, 
onions, etc. [Fr.] 

Ju'pi-ter To'nans (ioo'pl-ter td'n5,nz). 

Jupiter the thunderer. [Lat.] 
jus ci-vI'Se (jus sl-vi'le), civil law. [Lat.1 
Jus di-vi'num (jus dl-vl'num), divine law. 

[Lat.] 

jus gen'ti-um (jus jen'shl-um), the law oi 
nations: international law. [Lat.] 
juste-mi-lieu (zhiist"me"iyu'), the golden 
mean. [Fr.] 

jus-ti'ci-a «m'nl-bus (jus-tlsh'I-d om'nl- 
bus), justice for all: motto of the District 
of Columbia. [Lat.] 

Ka-me-rad (ka-me-rat'), comrade. [GerJ 
Kul-tur (kool-toor'), ciAdlization. [Ger.] 
Ia"bo-ra're est o-ra're (lab"5-ra're 6st o-ra'- 
re), to work is to pray. [Lat.] 

Sa'bor ip'se vo-Iup'tas (la'ber Ip'sg v6-iup'- 
t-fis), work itself (is) a pleasure. [Lat.] 
la'bor om'ni-a vin'cit (la'ber om'nl-d vln'- 
slt), work conquers all things: motto of 
Oklahoma. [Lat.] 

lae'sa majes'tas (le'sd md-jes'tas), 'a crime 
against the sovereign. [Lat.] 
lais-sez faire (le-sa' far'), let (people) do 
(what they choose); hence, noninterference 
in industry by the government. [Fr.] 

E’ al-Ie-gro (liil-la'gro), the cheerful (man); 

opposite to il penseroso. [It.] 

Lard-stunn (liint'shtoorm"), the final re¬ 
serve military force of all able-bodied 
males between 17 and 45, not otherwise in 
the service: for use only in times of great 
emergency. [Ger.] 

Land-tag (lant'takh"), the Prussian legis¬ 
lature. [Ger.] 

Land-wehr (lant'var"), the Territorial Re¬ 
serve, composed of men between 27 and 
39, who have completed the required mili¬ 
tary training, but are liable for duty in 
war. JGer.] 

la'pis (la'pls; lap'Is), a stone. [Lat.] 
lap'sus ca'Ia-mi (lap'sus kal'a-ml), a slip 
of the pen. [Lat.J 

lap'sus Iln'guse (lap'sus lln'gwe), a slip of 
the tongue. [Lat.] 

la'res et pe-na'tes (la'rez et pe-na'tez), 
household gods. [Lat.J 
lau-da'tnr tem'po-rfs ac'ti (lo-da't6r tem'- 

po-rls ak'ti), a p^iser of time past. [Lat.J 
laus De'o (los de'o), praise (be) to God. 
[Lat.] 

leb’ wohl (lap vol'), good-by. [Ger.) 
le grand Mo-narque (le gran mo"nark'), 
the Great Monarch (Louis XIV). [Fr.] 
le pas (le pa'), lit., the step; precedence; 
superiority. TFr.] 

le roi le veut (le rwa" le vQ'), the king wills 
it. [Fr.] 

l*e-toile du nord (la twal' du nor'), the 
star of the north: motto of Minnesota. 
[Fr-1 


ate, senate, rare^cat, local, lar, ask, pcrade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
rigiit, sm, cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 









!e tout ensemble 


751 non omnia possumus omnes 


le tout en-sem-ble (le too"-tan-san'bl), the 
whole (taken) together. [FrJ 
let-tre de ca-chet (let'r de ka"she'), a 
sealed letter, especially one from a sover¬ 
eign. [Fr.] 

lex lo'ci (leks ld'si), the law of the place. 
[Lat.J 

lex non scrip'ta (leks non skrlp'ta), un¬ 
written law; common law. [Lat.] 
lex scrip'ta (15ks skrlp'ta), written law; 
statute law. [Lat.] 

rhomme pro-pose, et Dieu dis-pose (15m 
pro"poz', a dyu des"poz'), man proposes 
and God disposes. [Fr.] 

U-ai-son' (le"a"zoh')., an improper intimacy 
between a man and a woman; cooperation 
between military forces. [Fr.] 
ll-ber-tad y or-den (le"ber-ta th e or'dan), 
liberty and order: motto of Colombia. 
[Span.] 

li-cen'ti-a va'tum (ll-sen'shl-a va'tum), the 
liceuse of poets; poetic license. [Lat.] 
llt"e-ra'ti (llt"e-ra'ti), men of letters. [Lat.] 
Iit"e-ra'tim (llt"e-ra'tlm), letter for letter. 
[Late Lat.] 

lit'te-ra scrip'ta ma'net (Ht'5-rd skrlp'ta 
ma'net), the written letter remains. [Lat.] 
lo'co ci-ta'to (ld'ko sl-ta'to), in the place 
quoted; abbrev., loc. cit. [Lat.] 
lo'cum te'nens (lo'kum te'nenz), a sub¬ 
stitute. [Lat.] 

lo'cus si-gil'Ii (15'kus si-jIll), the place of 
the seal; abbrev., L. S. [Lat.] 
lon'go in"ter-val'lo (lori'go In"ter-val'o), by 
a long interval. [Lat.] 
lu'cus a non lu-cen'do (lu'kus a non lu- 
ken'do), anything illogical. [Lat.] 

1* u-nion fait Sa force (lu"nyoh' fe" la fors'), 
imion makes strength; motto of Belgium. 

[FR-] „ , 

lu'sus na-tu'rae (lu'sus na-tu're), a freak 
of nature. [Lat.] 

ma chere (ma* shar'), my dear (fem.). [Fr]. 

made vir-tu'te (mak't5 vur-tu'te), go on 
in virtue. [Lat.] 

ma-de-moi-selle (mad"mwa"zel'), Miss; an 
unmarried lady. [Fr.] 
ma foi! (mafwa/), my faith! for goodness 
sake! [Fr.] 

mag'na est ve'ri-tas, et 

(mag'na est ver'I-tas, et 
great is truth, and it 

mag'num o'pus (mag'num 5'pus), the chief 
work (of an author). [Lat.] 
mai-tre d’ho-tel (ma'tr do "tel'), a butler; 
hotel landlord. [Fr.] 

ma'la b'de (ma'la fi'de), m bad faith. 

maV^de mer (mal" de mar'), seasickness. 

[Fr.] . 

ma-na-na (ma-nya'na), to-morrow. [Span.] 
ma re clau sum (ma're klo'sum), a closed 
sea. [Lat.] , . „ „ . , 

ma-riage de con-ve-nance (ma"ryozh' de 
kdn"v-nahs), a marriage of convenience. 
[Fr.] 

mar-mite (mar"met'), a stewpot; a large 
shell. [Fr.] , . 

mau-vais gout (m5"ve'goo), bad taste. 

mehrLicht (mar llkht), more light. [Ger.] 
me Ju'di-ce (me joo'dl-se), I being judge; 

in my judgment. [Lat.]. 
me-men'to mo'ri (me-men'to mo ri), re¬ 
member that you must die. [Lat.] . 

mens sa'na in cor'po-re sa'no (menz sa ua 
In kor'p6-re sa'n5), a sound mind in a 
sound body. [Lat.] . 
me-sal-iiance (ma"zal*yans') a marriage. 


prae"va-Ie'bit 

pr6v"a-le'blt), 
will prevail. 


with one who is of inferior social standing, 
[Fr.] 

me-tier (ma"tya/), calling; profession; trade, 
[Fr,] 

mez- 2,0 (med'zo), middling. [It.] 
mi-ra'bi-Ie dic'tu (ml-rab'I-le dlk'td) won¬ 
derful to relate. [Lat.] 
mi-ra'bi-le vi-su (mi-rab'I-le vi'su), won¬ 
derful to see. [Lat.] 

mi''ra-bi'li-a (mir"d-bll'l-d), miracles. [Lat.] 
mi-tra-illeuse (me*tra"yfiz'), a machine 
gun. [Fr.] 

mo-diste (m6"dest'), one who makes, or 
deals in, articles of fashion; a dressmaker 
or milliner. [Fr.] 

mo'dus ©"pe-ran'di (mo'dus 6p'e-ran'di), 
manner of operating. [Lat.] 
mon cher (moil shar'), my dear (masc.). 
[Fr.] 

monde (mond), world; society. [Fr.] 
mon-ta'ni sem'per li'be-ri (mSn-ta'nl sem'- 
per lib'e-rl), mountaineers (are) always 
free (men): motto of West Virginia. [Lat.] 
mo're ma-jo'rum (mo're ma-jo'rum), after 
the manner of one’s ancestors. [Lat.] 
mo"ri-tu'ri_ te sa"lu-ta'mus (mor"I-tu'ri 
te sal"u-ta'mus), we (who are) about to 
die salute thee: cry of Roman gladiators 
to the emperor. [Lat.] 
mo-ti£ (m6"tef'), the theme. [Fr.] 
mul'tum in par'vo (mul'tum In par'vS), 
much in little. [Lat.] 

mu-1a’tis mu-tan'dis (mu-ta'tls mu-tan'- 
dls), necessary changes being made; with 
necessary changes. [Lat.] 
mu-ta'to no'ml-ne (mu-ta'to nom'i-ne), 
the name being changed. [Lat.] 
na-ive-te (na"ev"ta'), artlessness. [Fr.] 
na-tu'ra ab-hor'ret a va'cu-o (nd-tu'rd 
ab-hor'et a vak'u-o), nature abhors a 
vacuum. [Lat.J 

nee (na), born; to introduce a married 
woman’s maiden family name. [FrJ 

ne'ml-ne con"tra-d!-cen'te (nem'I-ne kon"- 
tra-dl-sSn'te), no one contradicting; unan¬ 
imously. [Lat.] 

ne'mo me Im-pu'ne la-ces'sit (ne'mo me 
Im-pu'ne la-ses'It), no one attacks me 
with impunity: motto of Scotland. [Lat.J 
ne plus ul'tra (ne plus ul'tra), the summit 
of achievement. [LatJ 
ne quid ni'mis (ne kwld nlm'Is), not any¬ 
thing too much; i. e., avoid excess. [Lat.1 
n'est-ce pas? (nes-pa'), isn’t that so? 
[Fr.] 

nil ad"ml-ra'rl (nil ad"ml-ra'rl), to wondei 
at nothing. [Lat.] 

nil de"spe-ran'dum (nil des"pe-rau'dum), 
nothing must be despaired of. [Lat.] 
nil sl'ne nu'mi-ne (nil si'ne nu'ml-ne), 
nothing without the divine will: motto of 
Colorado. [Lat.1 

n'im-porte (nan"port'), it’s no matter; it 
does not matter. [Fr.] 
no-hlesse o-blige (no"bles' o"blezh'), rank 
imposes obligation. [Fr.] 
no'lens vo'lens (no'lenz vo'lenz), unwilling 
(or) willing. [Lat., _ / 

no'li me tan' ge-re (no'll me tan’35-re), touch 
me not. [Lat.1 

nolle pro'se-qul (nol'e pros'e-kwi), to be 
unwilling to proceed. [Lat.] 
nom de plume (non de plum'), a name 
assumed by an author as a signature. 
[Fr ] 

non com'pos men'tis (nonkom'p5s men'tls), 
not of sound mind. [Lat.] 
non om'ni-a pos'su-mus om'nes (nonom'- 
nl-a pos'u-mus Sm'nez), we cannot all 
(do) everything. [Lat.] 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 









non omnis moriar 752 quantum suffioit 


fiioji om'nis mo'rl-ar (non om'nis mo'rl-ar), 
I shall not wholly die. [Lat.] 
non pas'si-bus ae'quis (non pas'i-bus e'kwis), 
not with equal steps. [Lat.] 
non pos'su-mus (non pos'u-mus), we cannot ; 

wo have not the ability. [Lat.] 
uo» sans droict (non"sanz"droit'), not 
without right: motto on Shakespeare’s coat 
of arms. [Old Fr.] 

non si'bi sed pa'tri-se (non slb'I sed pat'ri-e), 
not for himself, but for his country. [Lat.] 
ito'sce te ip'sum (nos'e te ip'sum), know 
thyself. [Lat.] 

ao'ta be'ne (no'ta be'ne), note well; abbrev., 
N. B. [Lat.] 

nous ver-rons (noo"ve"r6n'), we shall see. 
[Fr.] 

iflo'vus ho'mo (no'vus ho'mo), a new man: 
an upstart. [Lat.] 

nu-ance (nu"aiis'), a slight variation (of 
color, tone). [Fr.] 

nunc aut nun'quam (nunk ot nuh'kwam), 
now or never. [Lat.] 

nunc di-mit'tis (nuhk dT-mit'is), lit., now 
thou lettest depart ; departure. [Lat.] 
o'foi-lt (o'bl-it), he, or she, died. [Lat.] 
ob'I-ter dic'tum (6b'I-ter dik'tum), said by 
the way; a passing remark. [Lat.] 
ob-jet d'art (ob"zhe' diir'), an object of 
artistic worth. [Fr.] 

o-keh (o-ka'), it is so; all right. [Choctaw 
Indian.] 

om ne bo'num de'su-per (om'ne bo'num 
de'su-per), all good (is) from above. 
[Lat.] 

om'ni-a mu-tan'tur (om'ni-a mu-tan'tur), 
all things change. [Lat.] 
om'ni-a vin'cit a'mor (om'ni-a vln'sit 
a'mor), love conquers all things. [Lat.] 
on dit (bn de'), they say; it is said. [Fr.] 
on les au-ra (oh"la"-zo"-ra'), we’ll get them. 
[Fr.] 

o'nus pro-ban'di (o'nus prchban'di), the 
burden of proof. [Lat.] 
o'pus (5'pus), a work, especially a musical 
composition. [Lat.] 

o-ra e sem-pre (5'ra a sem'pra), now and 
always. [It.] 

o ra et la-bo'ra (5'rd et la-bd'ra), pray and 
work. [Lat.] 

o'ra pro ho'bis (o'ra pr5 no'bis), pray for 
us. [Lat.] 

o're ro-tun'do (o're ro-tun'do), with round 
mouth; with well turned speech. [Lat.] 
o-ro y pla-ta (o'ro e pla'ta), gold and 
silver: motto of Montana. [Span.] 

O tem'po-ra! O mo'res! (o tem'po-ra 
omo'rez), Oh the times! Oh the manners: 
in depreciation of che present. Lat.] 
o'ti-um cum dig" ni-ta'te (o'shl-um kum 
dig" ni-ta'te) . leisure with dignity. [Lat.] 
oui-dire (we"der'), hearsay. [Fr ] 
pai'Ii-da Mors (pal'I-dd morz), pale death. 
[Lat.] 

pai'mam qua me'ru-It fe'rat (pal'mam 
kwl mer'u-it fe'rat), let him bear the 
palm who has deserved fit). [Lat.] 
par ex-cel-lence (par ek"se"!ahs'), preemi¬ 
nently. [Fr.] 

par ex-em-ple (par ag"zah'pl), for example. 
[Fr.] 

par o'ne-ri (par o'ne-rl), equal to the bur¬ 
den. [Lat.] 

par'ti-ceps cri'mi-nis (par'tl-seps krim'I- 
nis), an accomplice. [Lat.] 
pa'ter-nos'ter (pa'ter-nos"ter), our father: 

the Lord’s prayer. [Lat.] 
pa'ter pa'tri-se (pa'ter pat'rl-e), father of 
his country. [Lat.] 

pa -tio (pat'yo), a courtyard. [Span.] _ 


pa-trie (pa"tre'), fatherland. [Fr.] 
pax vo-bis'cum (paks vo-bis'kum), peace 
be wich you. [Lat.] 

pen-cbant (pan"shah'; pen'chant), a strong 
inclination. [Fr.] 

pen-den'te li'te (pen-den'tb li'te), pending 
the suit. [Lat.] 

per an'num (per an'um), by the year. 
[Lat.J 

per ca'pi-ta (per kap'I-td), lit., by heads; 

for each individual. [Lat.] 
per dl'em (per di'em), by the day. [Lat.] 
per men'sem (per men'sem), by the month. 
[Lat.] 

per-mis-sion (per"me"sybh'), leave. [Fr.] 
perse (per se), by itself; intrinsically. [Lat.] 
per-so'na non gra'ta (per-so'nd non gra'td)„ 
an unacceptable person. [Lat.] 
pe-tite (pe-tet'), small. [Fr.] 
peu a peu (pu'a pu'), little by littie. [Fr.] 
peu de chose (pu"de shoz'), a trifle._ [Fr.] 
piece de re-sis-tance (pyes'de ra"zes"tahs'), 
lit., piece of resistance; the chief article 
of any collection. [Fr.] 
pince-nez (pans"na'), eyeglasses. [Fr.] 
pinx'it (pLlk'sit), he, or she, painted it: the 
painter is. [Lat.] 

pis al-Ier (pe"-za"la'), lit., to go worst; a 

last resource. [Fr.] 

po-co a po-co (po'ko a po'ko), little by 
little. [It.] 

po-e'ta na'sci-tur, non bt (po-e'td nas'I- 
tur, nbn fit), a poet is born, not made. 
[Lat.J 

Poi-lu (pwa"lu'), a French private soldier. 
Also, poilu. [Fr.] 

poi'Ii-ce ver'so (pol'I-se vQr'so), with thumb 
turned; the sign by which spectators 
condemned a defeated gladiator to death. 
[Lat.] 

po-sa-da (po-sa'f7ia), inn. [Span.] 
post me-ri'di-em (post me-rTd'I-em), after¬ 
noon; abbrev., P. M. or p. m. [Lat.] 
post mor'tem (post mbr'tem), after death. 
[Lat.] 

pour faire vi-slte (poor" far" ve"zet'), to 

pay a Aisit. [Fr.] 

pour le me-rite (poor" le ma"ret'), for 
merit. [FrJ 

pou sto (poo stb; pou sto), lit., where I 
may stand; a place to stand on. [Gr,] 
pre-miere (pre-myar', first, chief; a first 
performance. [Fr.] 

pri'ma fa'ci-e (pri'ma fa'shl-e), a first view. 
[Lat.] 

pri'mus in'ter pa'res (prl'mfis in'ter pa'rez), 
first among his peers. [Lat.] 
prin-ei'pi-is ob'sta (prln-slp'l-ls ob'std), re¬ 
sist the beginnings. [Lat.] 
pro a'ris et fo'cis (pro a'rls et fb'sls), for 
altars and firesides. [Lat.] 
pro bo'no pu'bli-co (pro bb'no piib'll-kb), 
for the public good. [Lat.] 
pro-fa'num vul'gus (prb-fa'num vul'gus), 
the unhallowed multitude. [Lat.] 
pro me-mo'ri-a (pro me-mo'rl-a), for a 
memorial. [Lat.] 

pro pa'tri-a (pro pat'ri-d), for native land. 
[Lat.] 

pro ra'ta (pro ra'ta),_in proportion. [Lat.] 
pro tem'po-re (pro tem'po-re), temporarily; 
for the time. [Lat.] 

prox'i-mo (prok'si-m5), in the next (month 
after the present); abbrev., prox. [Lat.] 
punc-ta'tim (punk-ta'tlm), point for point. 
[Lat.] 

quan tum H'bet (kwon'tum H'bet), as much 
as you please. [Lat.] 

quan tum suS'h-cit (kwon'tum suf'1-slt), 
as much as is sufficient. [Lat.1 


senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, poradej scene, event, edge, novill, refer* 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








quantum vis 


"53 


siste viator 


(kwot 

many 


quan tum vis (kwon'tfim vis), as much as 

qul^do'cet, ^ dis'cit (kwi do'set, dls'it), he 
who teaches, learns. [Lat-L 
quid pro quo (kwld pro kwo), one thing for 
another; an equivalent. [Lat.1 
quien sa'be? (kyen" sa/ba), who knows? 

qiir s’ex-cuse, s’ac-cuse (ke seks"kiiz', sa"- 
kiiz'), who excuses himself, accuses him- 

qui traiis'tii-lit, sus'tl-net (kwi trans'tudlt, 
sus'tl-net), he who transplanted, sustains, 
motto of Connecticut. [Lat.] 
qui va la? (ke va la'), who goes there? [Fr.] 
quo'ad hoc (kwo'ad hok), as to this. [Lat.] 
quod e'rat de"mon-stran'dum (kwod e rat 
dem"6n-stran'dum), which was to be 
demonstrated. [Lat.] r , . 

quod vi de (kwdd vi'dS), which see. [Lat.1 
quo Ju're? (kwo joo're), by what right? 

quot ho'mi-nes, tot sen-ten ti-se 

hom'I-nez, tot sen-tgn'shi-e), as 
opinions as men. _ [Lat.1 
rai-son-ne (re"zo'na'h logical. [Fr.] 
raison d’e-tre (re"zon' da'tr), reason for 
existence. [Fr.]. , . ,. „ 

ra'ra a'vis (ra'ra a vis), a rare bird, a 

re-cher-che (re-sher"sha ), choice. [Fr.]_ __ 

re-duc'ti-o ad ab-sur'dum (re-duk shi-o ad 
ab-sur'dum), reduction to absurdity, 
proof of a statement by showing the falsity 
of its opposite. [Lat.] . 

re-gime (ra"zhem'), a system of government, 
a social order. [Fr.] „ „ .. . 

reg'nat po'pu-lus (reg'nat pop u-lus), the 
peoDle rule: motto of Arkansas. _ [Lat.] 
re-non-dez, s'll vous plait (ra pon da sel 
v6b pie'), reply if you please; abbrev., 
R. S. V. P. [Fr.] 

re-pous-se I>0 (r§-pdo"sa'), formed in relief; 

iS he or she rest in peace; abbrev., 

res^ an-gus'ta do'mi (rez an-gus'ta do'rui), 
pinching conditions at home; financial 

res*ges'tae (rez jes'te), things done; deeds. 

re'spi-ce h'nem (res'pl-se fi'nem), regard 

rc-su-mi (SW a s ^™ > ™/ 1 l 1 1 ' y i : ise [ aLain 
re-sur gam (re-sur'gam), I shall rise a 0 ain. 

reive-nons a nos mou-tons (re-v-nM'-za 
no"moo"t6n'), let us return to our sheep, 
let us return to our subject. [Fn-j 

fastssssijpys’- su. a 

, c £a S (?i3 ? Srbre[I El [EABT Indian.] 
ruse de guerre (ruz" de gar'), a stratagem of 

rul a in Ke (rus In ur'be), the country in 

sa-hot lt (s'a'WL T l a kind of wooden shoe. 

sa-bo-tage (saWfch'). malicimis damage 
done to an employer s Property by 
ninvpp^j durinK labor troubles. . 

B aS« y rmS?fler (sal' a man'zba'). dining 

Aj,‘'ius n DO DU-il su-pre'ma Icl es'to (sa'ljjs 
non'f?U su-pre'ma leks 6s't6), let the 
welfare of the people be the supreme law. 
of Missouri. JLatJ 


sal've (sal've). Hail. [Lat.] w . . _. 

sanc'tum sanc-to'rum (sank'tum sank-to - 
riim), holy of holies. [Lat.] 
sang-froid (san"frwa'), composure. [Fr.] 4 

sans gene (san zhan'), without constraints 

[Fh.1 . ^ - 

sans peur et sans re-proche (san pur" a san 
re-prosh'), without iear and without re-- 
proach. [Fr.] , 

sanssou-ci (sansoo"se), without care. [Fr.] 
sar'tor re-sar'tus (sar'tor re-sar tus), the> 
tailor retailored. [Lat.] _ .. . 

sa'tis ver - bo'rum (satis ver-borum), 
enough of words._ [Lat.] ,„ y 

sauve qut peut (sov" ke pu ), save (himself) 

who can. [Fr.] ™ n i 

sa-vant' (sa"vah'), a man of learning. IfR-J 
sa-voir—faire (sa"vwar'far'), lit., a knowing 
how to do; ability. .[Fr.] . 

sa-voir—vi-vre (sa"vwar've'vr), lit. .a know- 
in 0 'how to live; good breeding. LfR-J 
sculp'sit (skulp'sit), he, or she, carved or 
engraved (it); the sculptor is. 
scu'to bo'nae vo"lun-ta'tis tu'ae co ro-na - 
stl nos (sku'tS bo'ne yol"un : ta tis tuo 
k5r"o-nas'ti nos), with the shield °f ^hy 
good will thou hast encompassed us. motto 

«?[ui ? dim d ar-[em' ! (sS-Wn'da m fcOSm). 

sem^f^-dim ‘fetaW e'd-dSm) al- 
ways the same (fern.): motto of Queen 

sem'per fi-de'lis' lsem'per fl-de'lfe), always 

sem'perVdem^sem'per i'dem), aiways the 
same (masculine and neuter). [Lat.J 
se-nor (sa-nyor'), Mr. [Span.] 
se-fto-ra (sa-nyo'ra), _Mrs. [Span.] 
se-no-ri-ta (sa"ny5-re'ta), Miss. . 

ses"a«i-pe-da'li-a ver'ba (ses"kwi-pe-da 11-a 
vf?“bd), words a foot and a half long. 

sic^i'tur ad a'stra (slk i'tur ad as'trd), thus 
one goes to the stars; such is the way to 
immortality. [LatJ v , T ^ r . 

sic pas'sim (sik pas'im), so everywhere. 

sic sem'ner ty-ran'nis (slk sem'per tl-ran'is), 
ever thus to tyrants: motto of Virgima. 

«4lc^tran'sit qlo'ri-a' mun'di (slk tran'slfc 
glo'rl-a mun'di), so passes away the glory 
of the world. [Lat.] 

sic'ut pa'tri-bus, sit De us no bis (slk ufc 
pat'ri-bus, sit de'us no'bls), as with our 
fathers, may God be with us: motto of 

si-gnor' 1 ’ (sebiybr), a lord or gentleman; 
Mr. [It.' 



[It.] 
you please. 


si-mTli-a st-mi'li-bus cu-ran tur (si-mil'I-d 
sl-mll'I-bus ku-ran'tur), likes are cured by 

si'ne eS 'cu'ra r ' 1 (si'ne ku'rd) without care. 

si'ne di'e (si'ne di'S), without day; finally. 

si'ne qua non (si'ne kwa non), an indispen¬ 
sable condition. [Lat.] _ 

si quae'ris pen-in'su-lam a-mce nam, cir- 
cum'spi-ce (si kwe'rls pen-ln su-lam a-me- 
nam, ser-kum'spi-se), if thou seekest a 
beautiful peninsula, look around: motto of 

sls'te vLa^tor 1 VsLs'tS vi-a't5r), stop, traveler. 
[Lat.1 
















sit tibi terra levis 


754 


Zeitgeist 


sit tl'bi ter'ra le'vis (sit tlb'i ter'd lev'Is), 

may the earth lie lightly upon thee. [Lat. 
so-bri-quet (s6"bre"ka'; sd'bre-ka), a nick¬ 
name. [Fk.] 

splen'di-de men'dax (splen'di-de men'daks), 
nobly mendacious. [Lat.] 
spur-los ver-senkt (shpoor'los fer-zenkt'), 
sunken without a trace. [Geh.) 
sta'tus quo (sta'tfis kw5), the state in 
which (it is); the existing condition. [Lat. 
stet (stet), let it stand. [Lat.] 
stra-fe (shtra'fe), punish. ’ [Ger.] 
sua'vi-tcr in mo'do, for'ti-ter in re (swav'I 
ter In mo'do, for'ti-ter In re), gently in 
manner, strongly in deed. [Lat.] 
sub ju'di-ce (sub joo'dl-sS), before the 
judge. [Lat.] 

sub ro'sa (sub rd'zd), under the rose; 
secretly. [Lat.] 

sub vo'ce (sub v5'se), under the word; 
abbrev., s. v. [Lat.] 

su'I ge'ne-ris (su'i jen'e-rls), of its own 
kind; unique. [Lat.] 

sum'mum bo'num (sum'um bd'num), the 
supreme good. [Lat.] 

ta-ble d’hote (ta'bl dot'), a meal served at 
a fixed price. [Fr.] 
ta'bu-Ia ra'sa (tab'u-ld ra'zd), a blank 
tablet. [Lat.] 

tae'di-um vi'tae (te'dl-um vi'te), weariness 
of life. [Lat.] 

tant mieux (tan'myu'), so much the better. 
[Fr.] 

tant pis (tan pe'), so much the worse. [Fr.] 
Tau-be (tou'be), a kind of airplane. [Ger.] 
Te De'um (te' de'-um), (we praise) thee, O 
God. [Lat.] 

tem'po-ra mu-tan'tur, et nos mu-ta'mur 
In II'IIs (tem'p6-rd mu-tan'tur, et nos mu- 
ta'mur In Il'Is), the times are changed 
and we are changed with them. [Lat.] 
tem'pus e'dax re'rum (tbm'pus e'daks re'- 
rum), time devouring (all) things. [Lat.] 
tem'pus fu'git (tem'pus fu'jlt), time flies. 
[Lat.] 

ter'rae b'U-us (ter'e fll'I-fis), a son of the 
earth; a man of humble birth. [Lat.] 
ter'ra br'ma (ter'd fur'md), solid earth. 
[Lat.] 

ter'ra in-cog'ni-ta (ter'd In-kog'nI-td), an 
unknown land. [Lat.] 
ter'tl-um quid (tur'shl-um kwld), a third 
something; something intermediate. [Lat.] 
fete a tete (tat" a tat'; te"-ta-tat'), privately; 

said of two persons. [Fr.] 
tiers 6-tat (tyar"-za"ta'), the third estate 
(or commonalty, in France). [Fr.] 
ti'me-o Da'na-os et do na fe-ren'tes( tim'- 
e-o dan'a-os, et do'nd fe-ren'tez), I fear 
the Greeks even (when they are) bringing 
gifts. [Lat.] 

tl-rail-leur (te"ra"yOr'), an infantry skir¬ 
misher. [Fr.] 

tor-tue (tdr'tii'), grenade. [Fr.] 
to'ti-dem ver'bis (to'tl-dem vOr'bls), in so 
many words. [Lat.] 

tour de force (toor" de fbrs'), a feat of 
strength. [Fr.J 

tout a fait (too'-ta fd'), entirely; quite. 
[Fr.] 

tout & vous (too'-ti voo'), wholly yours. 
[Fr.] 

tout en-sem-bie (t5o"-tan sah'bl), all to¬ 
gether. [Fr.] 

tu'um est (tu'fim 6st), it is thine. [Lat.] 
u'bi su'pra (u'bi su'prd), where above (men¬ 
tioned). [Lat.] 

ul'tl-ma ra'ti-o re'gum (ul'tl-md ra'shl-o 
re'gum), the final argument of kings; 
war. iLat.1 


ui'ti-ma Thu'le (ul'tl-md thu'IS), lit., most 
distant Thule; utmost limit. [Lat.] 
ul'ti-mo (ul'tl-mo), in the (month) preced¬ 
ing the present; abbrev., ult. [Lat.] 
u'na vo'ce (u'nd vd'se), with one voice; unan¬ 
imously. [Lat.] 

und so wei-ter (oont zo vi'ter), and so 

forth. [Ger.] 

Un-ter-see-boot (oon'ter-za'bot), a sub¬ 
marine boat. [Ger.] 

u'ti-le dul'ci (u'tl-le dul's!), the useful with 
the agreeable._ [Lat.] 
ut su'pra (ut su'prd), as above. [Lat.] 
va'de In pa'ce (va'de In pa'se), go in peace. 
[Lat.] 

va'de me'cum (va'de me'kum), lit., go with 
me; a manual. [Lat.] 
vae vic'tis (ve vlk'tls), woe to the vanquished. 
[Lat.] 

va'le (va'le), farewell. [Lat.] 

va-Iet de cham-bre (va"le' de shan'br), a 

body servant. [Fr.] 

va'ri-ae lec 'ti-o'nes (va'rl-e lek'shl-o'nez). 

variant readings. [Lat.] 
va'ri-o'rum no te (va"rl-5'rum nd'tS), 
notes of various commentators. [Lat.] 
ve'nl, vi'di, vi'ci (ve'ni, vi'di, vi'sl), I came, 
I saw, I conquered. [Lat.] 
ver-ba'tim et lit"e-ra'Um (ver-ba'tlm 61 
llt"e-ra'tlm), word for woi’d and letter for 
letter. [Lat.] 

ver'bum sat sa"pl-en'ti (vflr'bum s&t sap"I- 
en'tl), a word to the .wise is sufficient. 
[Lat.] 

vi'a me'dl-a (vi'd me'dl-d), a middle way; 

the golden mean. [Lat.] 
vi'cever'sa (vi'sS vur'sd), conversely. [Lat.] 
vl-de'li-cet (vl-del'I-set), namely; abbrev?, 
viz. [Lat.] 

vi'de ut su'pra (vi'dS ut su'prd), see what la 

stated above. [Lat.] 

vl et ar'mis (vl et ar'mls), by force and 
arms; by main force. [Lat.] 
vin (van), wine. [Fr.] 
vin'cet a'mor pa'tri-ae (vln'seta'morp&t'rl-e), 
love of country will nrevail. [Lat.] 
vin'cit om'ni-a ve'ri-tas (vin'sit 6m'nl-d 
ver'I-tas), truth conquers all things. 
[Lat.] 

vln'cu-Ium ma "tri-mo'ni-I (vln'kfl-liim 
mat"rI-mo'nI-i), the bond of matrimony. 
[Lat.] 

vir-gi'nl-bus pu"e-ris'que(ver-jln'l-bus pu'- 

er-Is'kwe), for girls and boys. [Lat.] 
vis a ter'go (vis a tur'gd), force from behind. 
[Lat.J 

vis—a—vis (ve" zd-ve'), opposite. [Fr.] 
vis vi tae (vis vi'te), vital force. [Lat.] 
vI * a . hre'vis, ars lon'ga (vi'td brgv'Is, arz 
lon'ga), life (is) short, art (is) long. [Lat.] 
vi'vat rex (vi'vat reks), (long) live the king. 
[Lat.] 

vi'va vo'ce (vi'vd vo'sS), orally. [Lat.] 
vive la r<§-pu-bllque (vev" la ra"pfi'blek'), 
(long) live the republic. [Fr.] 
viveie roi (vev"lerwa'), (long) live the king. 

IT R.] 

voi-la tout (vwa" la' tob'), that is all. [Fr.] 
vox, et prae-te're-a ni hil (vdks, 6t prS-te'- 
re-a mnil), a voice and nothing more. 

[LiAT.J 

vox po pu-Ii vox De'i (v5ks pSp'fi-li, V 6ks 
dei), the voice of the people (is) the voice 
of God. [Lat.] 
vul'go (vul'gS), commonly. [Lat.] 
Wan-der-lust (van'der-1 dost"), passion for 
traveling or tramping. [Ger.] 

Welt-krieg (velt'krekh"), world war. [Ger.] 
Zeit-geist (tsit'gist"), the spirit of the time. 
[Ger.] 



ate, senate, rare, c^t, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer-, 

light, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 






























































































































































































































































































































































































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NAMES AND PLACES. 


Giviag the spelling and pronunciation of the names of prominent people, together-with a 

brief^b’^g ^ spelling, pronunciation, location, size, and other items of interest of the 

important towns! cities, states, countries, etc., of the various nations, with populations of 
same in accordance with the latest census reports. 


Populations given in units of thousands. 

Examples: 50=50,000; 500=500,000; 5,000=5,000 
Special abbreviations used. See also general list ot 


abp. archbishop, 
act. actor, actress, 
adj. adjutant, 
admin, administrator, 
adven. adventurer, 
anat. anatomist, 
anc. ancient, 
art. artist, 
astron. astronomer, 
b. born, 
bet. between, 
bor. borough, 
bp. bishop, 
cap. capital, 
cen. center, central, 
clergy, clergyman, 
co. county, 
coll, college, 
com. commissioner, 
comm, commune. 
Confed. Confederate, 
depend, dependency, 
dept, department, 
disc, discoverer, 
dist. district, 
dipl. diplomat, 
dram, dramatist, 
ecclesias. ecclesiastical, 
ed. editor. 


educ. educator, 
emp. emperor, empress, 
essay, essayist, 
est. estuary, 
estab. established, 
explor. explorer, 
extrem. extremity, 
fr. from, 
gen. general, 
geol. geologist, 
geomet. geometrician, 
govt, government, 
hist, historian, 
illus. illustrator, 
indepen. independent, 
isl. island, 
jour, journalist, 
law. lawyer, 
legis. legislator, 
m. miles. 

manufac. manufacturer, 
math, mathematician!, 
mgr. manager, 
mission, missionary, 
mt. mountain, 
natur. naturalist, 
nav. naval, 
navig. navigator, 
novel, novelist. 


, 000 . 

abbreviations, page 803. 

oc. ocean, 
off. officer, 
p. population, 
pen. peninsula, 
penin. peninsula. 

Phil. Philippines, 
philan. philanthropist, 
philos. philosopher, 
polit. politician, 
protec. protectorate, 
prov. province, 
repub. republic. 

Rev. Revolution, Revolution¬ 
ary. 

riv. river, 
sculp, sculptor, 
secy, secretary, 
sen. senator. 

sp. seaport. 

sq. m. square miles, 
stsm. statesman, 
str. strait. 

tech, technology, 
ter. territory, 
theatr. theatrical, 
theolog. theologian, 
trib. tributary, 
vil. village. 

vol. volcano, volcanic. 


Abbey (ab'I), Edwin Austin. Am. painter & 
illus. (1852-1911). A . . . 

Abbott (ab'ot), Lyman. Am. clergy. & ed. 

Abd-ul-Hamld (ab'ddbl-ha-med'). Sultans 
of Turkey. I (1725-89). II (1842-1918). 
A Becket (d bek'et), Thomas. Eng. prelate 

AbfelardUb^lard; Fr. a'ba'lar'), Pierre. Fr. 

scholastic philos. & theolog. (1079-1142). 
Abercromby (ab"er-krum'bl), James. Rr. 

gen. in Am. (1706-81). 

Aberdeen (ab"er-den'), co. Scot., p. 312. 
cap. of co., p. 165.—George Hamilton 
Gordon, 4th Earl of. Br. state. (1784-1860). 
Abruzzl (a-broot'sS), Prince Iaiigi Amedeo ot 
Savt^-Aosta. It. traveler Sc Arctic explorer 

Abyssinia ) (ab*Is-sln'I-d), country, E. Africa, 
350,000 sq. m., p. 7,000; cap. Adis Ababa. 
Achin (a-chen'), Dutch depen., Sumatra, 

Adams'* (ad'dmz), Charles Francis. Am. 

dipl. & stsm. ( 1807 - 86 ).--Frank Dawson, 

Can eeol (1859- ).— John, 2d pres. U. 3., 

1 797*4 80 i (1735-1826).—John [Alexander 

Smith], founder of Pitcairn Isl. govt. (1760 
1829).— John Quincy, 6th pres. U. S., 1825 
29 (1767-1848).— MAudo K v Am. act. 

(1872- ).— Samuel , a leader m Am. Rev 


(1722-1803).—William, Anglo-Jap. pioneer 
(1575-16E0). . , 

Addams (ad'dmz), Jane. Am. social worker 
(1860- ). , 

Addison (ad'I-s5n), Joseph. Eng. essay. 
(1672-1719). 

Adelaide (ad'6-lad), cap. of S. Australia, p. 
190. 

Aden (a/den or a'den), pen. & town, Arabia. 

r) 46.— Gulf of, bet. Arabia & Africa. 
Adirondacks (adT-ron'daks), group of mts. 
in N. N. Y.; Mt. Marcy, 5,344 ft.; Mt. 
McIntyre, 5,112 ft. 

Adler (ad'ler), Fehx. Am. educ.; founder 
Ethical Culture Society (1851- ). 

Adrian, name of 6 popes, notably IV. 

Nicholas Brakspere Pope 1154-50. 
Adrlanople (a"drl-dn-5'pl), vilayet, European 
Turkey, P- 610.—city, cap. of vilayet, p. 81. 
Adrlafic Sea (a"drl-at'ik), arm of Medit., 
500 m. long, 130 m. broad. . 

AEge&n Sea (e-je'an), between Asia Minor <& 
Greece, 400 m. long. . , co _ ... 

/Eschylus (es'M-loos). Gr. poet (525-450 
B C ). 

AEsop (e'sop). Gr. fabulist 7th cent. B. C. 
Afghanistan (af-ganT-stan'), country mCen. 

Asia 245,000 sq. m.. p. 5,000; cap. Kabul. 
Africa (ff'ri-kd), continent, 11.500,000 sq. m., 
p. 180.000. 


(lo/Z— ) . jamuci, --^——-— - . . * 

as'iAtch!’ g §ee pr7n£ xix to 














Agassiz 


756 


Annapolis 


Agassis (ag'a-se), Jean Louis Rodolphe. 
Swiss-Am. natur. (1807-73). 

Aguinaldo (a'gS-nal'do), Emilio. Filipino 
leader (1870- ). 

Ahmadabad (a'ma-da-bad'), city, presidency 
Bombay, India, p. 216. 

Ainsworth (ans'werth), William Harrison. 
Eng. novel. (1805-82). 

Aisne (an), riv., N. France; trib. of Oise; 
battles, 1914-18.—dept. France, cap. Laon, 
p. 530. 

Aix-la-Chapelle (aksHa-sha/pfiP), city, 
Rhine prov., Prussia, p. 156. Also, Aachen. 

Ajaccio (a-yat'cho), sp. town, cap. Corsica; 
Napoleon’s birthplace, p. 19. 

A He in pis (a kem'pis), Thomas. Ger. theolog. 
(1380-1471). 

Akron (ak'ron), city, Summit co., Ohio, p. 70. 

Alabama (al"d-ba'ma), state of U. S., 52,000 
sq. m., p. 2,138; cap. Montgomery.—riv., 
Ala., 320 m. to Mobile riv. 

Alaska (d-las'kd), ter. U. S., 590,844 sq. m., 
p. 64; cap. Juneau. 

AlbanI (al-ba'ne), Emma. Canadian soprano 
(1852- ). 

Albania (al-ba'nl-d), state in Europe, Balkan 
pen., 12,000 sq. in., p. 2,000; cap. Scutari. 

Albany (ol'ba-nl), city, cap. N. Y. State, 

p. 100. 

Albert (al'bert; Fr. ol'ber'), formerly Ancre, 
town, dept, of Somme, Fr., p. 10; battles, 
1915-18. 

Albert I, king of Belgians fr. 1909 (1875- ) . 

—Albert (al'bert). Prince of Saxe-Coburg 
Gotha, husband of Queen Victoria (1819- 
61). 

Alberta (al-ber'td), prov. Can., 255,285sq. m., 
p. 375. 

Albert Nyanza (nl-an'za), lake E. cen. 
Africa, 110 m. long, 25 m. broad. 

Albertus Magnus (al-ber'tus mag'nus) 
[Albert the Great]. Swabian philos. (1453- 
1515). 

Alcibfades (al-si-bl'a-dez). Athenian gen. 
(450-404 B. C.). 

Alcott (ol'kut), Louisa May. Am. novel. 
(1832-88). 

Alexander (al'eg-zan'der), name of 8 popes, 
notably VI, Roderico L. Borgia, fr. 1492 
(1431-1503).—I, king of Scotland [the 
Fierce] (1078—1124).—I, Prince & ruler of 
Bulgaria (1857-93).—I, king of Serbia 
(1876-1903).—I, emp. of Russia (1777- 
1825).— II, emp. of Russia (1818-81).— III, 
emp. of Russia (1845-94). 

Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia & 
conqueror of eastern world (365-323 B. C.). 

Alexandria (aPeg-zan'drl-d), sp. city Egypt, 
on Medit., p. 400. 

Alheri (al-fya'rg), Vittorio, Count. It. poet 
(1749-1803). 

Alfonso XIII (al-fon'so), king of Spain fr. 
1902 (1886- ). 

Alfred (al'fred), the Great, king of Wessex 
fr. 871 (84S-900). 

Alger (al'jer), Horatio 2d. Am. juvenile 
writer (1832-99). 

Algeria (al-je'rl-d), Fr. colony, N. Africa, 
200,000 sq. m., p. 5,600; cap. Algiers, p. 160. 

All Pasha (&/le pa-sha'), ruler of Albania 
[The Lion of Janina] (1741-1822). 

Allahabad (al-la-ha-bad'), division N. W 
Provs., India, p. 5,757.—city, India, p. 172. 

Allegheny (al'6-ga-nl), mts., Appalachian 
system of Pa., Md., Va. & W. Va.—riv. of 
Pa., about 350 m. long; branch of Ohio riv. 

Allen (al'en), Ethan. Am. soldier (1737-89). 
—Grant. Can.-Eng. author (1848-99).— 
Ira. Am. soldier & legis. [“Father of Univ. 
Qf Vermont’’1 (1751-1814).—James Lane. 


Am. novel. (1849- ).—Jerome. Am. 
educ. & essayist; dean, N. Y. School of 
Pedagogy (1830-94). 

Allenby (al'en-bl), Sir Edmund Henry Hyn- 
man. Br. gen. (1861- ). 

Allentown (toun), city, Lehigh co., Pa.", p. 52. 
Allston (61'ston), Washington. Am. painter 
& author (1779-1843). 

Alma-Tadema (al'ma tad'$-ma), Sir Lau¬ 
rence. Eng. painter of Dutch origin 
(1836-1912). 

Alost (a'lost), town, E. Flanders, Belgium, 
on Dender riv., p. 30. 

Alps (alps), mt. system, S. cen. Europe, 
Mont Blanc the highest, 15,781 ft. 
Alsace-Lorraine (al-sas lS-ran'), Fr. prov¬ 
inces, annexed in 1870 by Germany, re¬ 
covered by Fr. 1918; 5,601 sq. m., p. 1,872. 
Altai (al-ti'), mts., N. cen. Asia, 12,000 ft. 
Altoona (al-too'na), city, Blair co., Pa., p. 52. 
Alva (al'va), or Alba, Fernando Alvarez de 
Toledo, Duke of. Span. gen. & stsm. 
(1508-82). 

Alvarado (al-va-ra'th5), Pedro de. Span, 
adv. Conqueror of Guatemala (1486- 
1541). 

Amato (a-ma'to), Pasquale. It. baritone 

(187S- ). 

Amazon (am'a-zon), largest riv. in world, 
4,000 m. long, Peruvian Andes, to Atlantic 
oc. 

Ambrose (am'bios). Latin Church Father 

(340-397). 

America (d-mer'I-kd), the western continent: 
N. Am., 8,300,000 sq. m.; S. Am., 7,700,000; 

p. 180,000. 

Amerigo Vespucci (a"ma-re'g5 v6s-poot'ch5). 
It. navig. (1452-1512). 

Amherst (am'herst), Jeffrey, Baron. Eng. 

soldier; conqueror of Canada (1717-97). 
Amiel (a"myel'), Henri Frederic. Swiss 
author (1821-81). 

Amiens (aTnyah'), city on Somme riv., Fr.. 
p. 90. 

Ampere (ah"par'), Andre Marie. Fr. physi¬ 
cist & natur. (1775-1836). 

Amsterdam (am'ster-dam), city, Nether¬ 
lands, on_Zuider Zee, p. 616. 

Amu (a-moo'), riv. in Turkestan, cen. Asia. 
1,280 m. to Aral sea. 

Amundsen (a'mun-sen), Roald. Norweg 
explorer (1872- ). 

Amur (a-moor'), riv. E. Asia, 2,500 m. to N. 
Pacific. 

Anastasius (an'as-ta'shl-us). I, pope fr. 
398 to 402.— II, pope fr. 496-498.— III, 
pope fr. 911 to 913. —IV, pope fr. 1153 to 
1154. 

Anaxagoras (an-ak-sag'br-as). Ionian philos. 

& geomet. (500-428 B. C.). 

Andersen (an'der-sen), Hans Christian. 

Dan. writer of fairy tales (1805-75). 
Anderson (an'der-sun), Alexander. Pioneer 
of wood engraving in U. S. (1775-1870). 
Andes (an'dez), mt. system, 4,500 m. long- 
Cape Horn to Panama, S, Am.; Aconcagua, 
23,080 ft. 

Andre (an'dra), John. Eng. soldier in Am. 

Rev., executed at Tappan, N„ Y. (1751-80). 
Andros (an'dros), Sir Edmund. Colonial 
gov. in Am. (1637-1714). 

Androscoggin (an"dros-kog'gIn), riv., 175 m 
long, flows to Kennebec riv., near Bath, 

Angelico (&n-jel'I-ko), Fra. Florentine 
painter (13S7-1455). 

Ann, Cape (an), E. extremity of Essex co.. 

Mass. 

Annapolis (a-nap'o-lls), sp. city, cap. of Md.. 
_ P- 9; U. S. Naval Academy. _ 


ate, senaLte, rare^cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel refer- 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus/memi; 









Anne 


757 


Austria 


Greater 
. Rom. 
[Mark 


Anne (an), of Austria, wife of Louis XIII of 
Fr. & Queen Regent for Louis XIV (1606- 
66).—of Denmark, queen of Scot. & Eng., 
wife of James VI of Scot., James I of Eng. 
(1574-1619).—of England, queen of Gr. B. 

& Ire., last Br. sovereign of the house ot 
Stuart (1665-1714).—Boleyn, 2d wife of 
Henry VIII of Eng. (1507-36). 

Annunzio (dan-noon dze-o), Gabrielle d. 

It. poet, novelist & patriot (1864- ). 

Anselm (an'selm), Saint. Abp. of Canter¬ 
bury fr. 1093 (1033—1109). „ 

Antarctic Ocean (ant-ark'tik), around S. 

pole, within Antarctic Circle. 

Anthony (an'thon-i), Susan Brownell. Am. 

woman suffrage leader (1820 1 JO 6) • , 

Antietam (an-te'tam), creek, Pa. & Md. to 
Potomac; battle in Md. 1862. 

Antigonus (an-tig'6-nus). Macedonian gen. 

under Alexander (380—301 B. C.). 

Antilles (an-til'lez), two group isls., 

& Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 

Antoninus Plus (an-to-ni'nus pi us) 
emp. fr. 138 (86-161). 

Antonius (an-to'm-us). Marcus 

Antonvl. Rom. triumvar (S3-30 B.Bd- 
Antony (an'to-nl), Saint of Thebes; father 
of Monastic asceticism (251-356) . 

Antrim (an'trun), co. of Ulster, Ireland, p 
570; cap. Belfast. . - 

Antwerp (ant'werp; Fr. Anvers), cap. o 

Bel., on Scheldt riv., p. 392. _ 

Appalachians (ap'd-la'chi-anz), mt. range in 
N A. fr. Newfoundland to cen. Ala, 
Appomattox Court House (ap-po-mat- 
tSks), vil., Va. Here General Lee surren- 

Aquinas 1 (fdrwi'nas), Thomas. It. theolog. 

Arabia \d-ra'bl'd), country. S. W. Asia, 

Asiatic Russia, 

Ararat f (a S Cd-rat), Mt. Armenia; highest peaks 

Arc^Jeanne^^zhan dark), [Joan of Arc]. 

Ar^nW near Arctic 

Archimldes^^-kl-’me'dez). Greek geomet. 

Arctic a Ocean 7 (frk'tik) a r °^ n A^°^ 0 0ft*’ 
5 , 541,600 s^. m., greatest depth i3 ^00 it. 

Argentina (ar"jen-te S Bumos 

1,131,849 sq. m., p. <,250, cap. bucuos 

Argonne (Sr'gtaO. forest, border of lorratno 
& Champagne, France; battles, 17J-, 18/0 

Ar%y'n 9th Duke of Eng sgn. & 

author; gov. gen. of Canada 1878 S3, 
Marquis of Lome (184o 1914). 

Ariosto (ar-yos'to), Ludovico. 

Aristides (ar-is-tl'dez), the Just 
stsm. (550-467 B. C-). r 

Aristophanes (ar-is-tofa-nez). Gr. 

nlavwright (445 —080 B. o.). 

Aristotle (ar'Is-totl). Gr. philos 

Arizona (ar-I-zo'n a'/, state U. S. A., 113,020 
sa. m., p. 204; cap. Phoenix. Rr -r, 

Arkansas (ar'kdn~so), state U. S A.^ ^850 
KH m t). 1,574; cap. Little Rock. „XiX*’ 
| q 000 ’mu long, rises Rocky mts., Colo., 

f ^ l ^ht Mi Sk'nt) 1 "sir Richard. Eng. 
Ar i^ntor of cotton-spinning machinery 

A,l 7 ^h 9 ?ir-ma0. co. oMUstet^Jb^e., J>- 120, 


It. poet 
Athenian 
comedy 
(384-322 


Armenia (ar-me'nl-d), country in W. Asia, 

S. W. of Caucasus mts. 

Armentieres (ar"man"tyar), town, N. Fr.. 

on Lys riv., P- 29. ^ 

Arminius (ar-mln'I-us), Jacobus H. Dutch 
theolog.; founder of Armimamsm (1560- 

Arnold (ar'nold), Benedict. Soldier ofAm. 
Rev., known as “the Traitor ( 1741 - 1801 ). 
—Sir Edwin. Eng. poet & journalist (1832- 
1904'.—Matthew. Eng. poet (1822 88). 
Aroostook (a-roos'took), riv., <?ver 100 m. 

long. Me.; flows to St. John ny. 

Arras (ar"ras')» city, dept, of Pas-de-Calais. 

Fr., p. 26; battles, 1917-18. 

Artaxerxes (arTdks-erks'ez). Name of 3 
kino’s of Persia, fr. 465 to 33S B. G. 

Arthur (jir'thur). King of Eng., ^th century. 
according to legend.—Chester Alan, 21st 

ASndlslS^country in W. Africa; 

Asia P (E'shd) a , S continent, 17,000,000 sq. m.. 

Asia 9 Minor, pen. forming W. extremity of 
Asia, part Turkish, p. 9,500. „ 

Asquith (ask'with), Herbert Henry. Eng. 

Assam &!; prov. Br. India, 53,000 

Assyria' (as-S'Ri), anc. empire W. Asia; 

its cap. was Nineveh. w ^ 

Athabasca (ath'h-bas'ko), lake N. W. Can., 
195 m. long.—riv. N. W. Can., 800 m. 

Athens (ath'enz), city, cap. of Greece, p. 167. 
Atlanta (at-lan'ta), city, cap. of Ga„ P- 155. 
Atlantic City (at-lan'tik), city & seaside- 
resort N. J. on Absecon beach; p. <j0, 

AHam«c r ’Oceln, bet. Am. & Europe & 
Africa; 31,530,000 sq. m.; average breadth 
3.000 m.; greatest depth 31,366 tt. 

Atterbury^{a 1 At 6 r'-bir"Ik^ r iidil^ni ’Wallace. 
Am. railway official; director L. S. military 
railways in Fr., 1917-18 during war (1866- ). 
At til a (it'I-ld). King of the Huns (406-53). 
Auber (o"bar'), Daniel Francois. Fr. com- 

Aucklaiid (ok'land), city & prov. New 
Zealand, p. city, 102; prov. 260. 

Audran (o'dran), Edmond. Fr. composer 

Audubon (6'du-bon), John James. Am. 

natur. (1780-1851). 

Augustine (o-gustm), ^auit. 

Latin Fathers (354-430). . 

Augustus (o-gus'tus), Octavius. 

AureUan ^reai-dn), Lucius Domitius. Rom. 

Aureiius^cSrlll-us), Marcus [Antoninus]. 

Austen ^OsTen), Jane? Eng. novelist (177o— 

Austeriitz (ous'ter-lits), town Moravia on- 
the Littawa; battle, 1805, p. 4. 

Alfred Eng. poet laureate (Iboo 
A *lffi?3)*.—-John* Eng. writer on jurisprudence 

Australasia \os"trfd-a/shd) .term applied to 
Australia & New Zealand; sometimes to 

Australia 0 (os-tS'hS)’, commonwealth within 
Br. Empire; island continent bounded E. 
>w* Pacific W. & S. by Indian oceans, 
3 063 041 sq. m., p. 5,000; cap. Canberra. 
Austria (os'trwi), iormerly pa ™ 

Hungary, cr< ated a separate state by 
nf Versailles. 1919: cap. Vienna,_ 


One of the- 
1st Rom. 

















Austria-Hungary 


758 


Austria-Hungary (hun'ga-rl), former mon- 
archycen. Europe; 241,513 sq.m., p.45,000. 

Avlona. See Valona. 

Ayr (ar), co. of Scot., p. 269. 

Azores (a-zorz'), Portuguese isls., N. Atl 
ocean, 1,005 sq. m., p. 243; cap. Ponta 
Delgada. 

Azov (a-zbf'), Sea of, 14,520 sq. m., S. Russia, 
arm ol Black sea. 


Bab el Mandeb (Mb^ 1 man'dgb), strait 
bet. Red sea & Indian ocean. 

Babylon (bab'I-lun), anc. city on Euphrates 
riv., 55 m. S. of Bagdad. 

Bacb (bakh), Johann Sebastian. Ger com¬ 
poser (1685-1750). 

Bacon (ba'kn), Francis, Baron Verulam, 
Albans. Eng. essayist (1561- 

lo2b). 

B «den (ba'den), grand duchy, Ger. empire, 
O- 2,100; cap. Karlsruhe. 

B ™ham. Eng. navig. (1584- 

Qnn 2b_ T Bay ’ ^Y' of Greenland, N. America, 
800 m. long.— Land, Br. isl. W. of Green- 
land; part of Can., 236,000 sq. m. 

Bagdad (bag'dad), city, Mesopotamia; cap¬ 
tured by Br., March 11, 1917, p. 150 

Ba a826-77) baj/fit) ’ Walter - author 

Bahama islands, (bd-ha'ma). Br. isls. W 
Indies, p. 56; cap. Nassau. 

Bahia (ba-e'a), state of Brazil, p. 2,000. 
Baikal (bi kaF). lake S. Siberia, 13,000 sq. m. 
Bainbridge (ban'brlj), William. Am. naval 
officer (1774-1833). 

Baker (ba'ker), Newton Diehl. Am. lawyer 

n™ a * b w et S ec y- of War during 

Great War_(187I- ). 

Baku (ba-koo'), cap. of Baku govt., Trans¬ 
caucasia, p. 206. 

Balboa v bal-bo'd), Vasco Nunez de. Sp 
explorer (1475-1517). P 

Ba! i*S0S-70) f ^ ’ Micbaeb Irish composer 

Ba (l f 848- ( f 1Td6r) ’ Arthur J - Br. stsm. 

Balkan (boi'kdn), mt. range S. E. Europe— 
peninsula, bounded by Adriatic, Black & 
Aegean seas, comprising Bulgaria, Serbia, 
Bosnia, Herzegovina, Albania, Roumania 
Ipntenegro & Turkey in Europe. 
Baltic Provinces (bol'tlk), countries border¬ 
ing Baltic sea: Esthonia, Livonia, Cour- 
land, p. 2,688. 

Baltic Sea, in N. Europe, inclosed by Den¬ 
mark, Sweden, Russia & Prussia, 158,000 
sq. m. 

Baltimore (boFtl—mor), city on Patapsco riv., 
Md,, p. 580. 

Baluchistan (ba-16b'"ches-tan'), country in 
Asia N. of Arabian sea, 141,600 sq. m 
p. 847; cap. Khelat. ’ 

Ba a7 a 99- ( l b #5of k,) ’ H ° n0r6 de - Fr - novelist 

Bancroft (bin'kroft), George. Am. his¬ 
torian (1800-91). 

Bangkok (bang-kolc'), cap. of Siam, on 
Menam riv., p. 630. 

Bapaume (ba"p6m'). town, dept. Pas-de- 
Calais, Fr., battles, 1871 & 1914-18 d 3 
Barbados (bar-ba/doz), Br. isl., W. Indies; 
166 sq. m., p. 172; cap. Bridgetown. 

Ba F?vmfr« b A r /i ba 7 r - I) ’ region - N - Africa, from 
Egypt to Atlantic oc. 

Barcelona (bar'sS-15'nd; Span. bar'th&-) 
city, Spain, on Medit. sea, p. 560. ' 

Barf rush (bar-froosh'), town, Persia, near 
Caspian sea, p. 50 ’ 


Belle Isle, Strait of 


Rar-le-duc (bar'IS-ddok'), town, dept. 

Meuse. France, p. 18. 

Barnard (bar'ndrd), George Grey. Am, 
sculptor (1863- ).—Henry. Am. educ. 

( lol I—19UU). 

Barnum (bar'num), Phineas Taylor. Am. 
showman (1810-91). 

(bar'I), Sir J. M. Scot, novelist 

Barrow, Cape, Br. Am., Coronation gulf.— 
Barrow ’ headland, N. extremity 

Bartholdi (bar'tolW), Frederic Auguste. 


It. 


Fr. sculptor (1834-1904). 

Bartolommeo (bar"t6-lom-ma'6) Fra 

painter (1472-1517). 

^^bar'tram), John. Am. botanist 

( 1099 — 1777 ). 

Basel (ba'zel), city on Rhine riv., Switzer¬ 
land, p. 129. 

Basil the Great (ba'zTl), one of the fathers 
of the Greek church (329-379). 

Bass Strait (bas), 80-150 m. wide; bet. 

Australia & Tasmania. 

Ba *“*?* and (bd-soo'to), Br. colony S. Africa. 

10,300 sq. m., p. 350. 

Ba * a Y ia Jba-ta'vl-d), city & cap., Java. 

Dutch East_Indies, p. 138. 

Batum (ba-toomO, Russ, town, S. E. shore 

Black sea, p. 30. 

Ba S e! Q 82 i ’ CharIes - Fr - decadent 

Bavaria (bd-va'ri-d), state of Ger.. 29 291 

sn m a C7«. a -.• „i_ * * 


-1 l-LLJ , bld/UO ui < 

sq. m., p. 6,876; cap. Munich. 

Bayard (ba"yar"), Pierre du Terrail. Fr 
kmght, famous chevalier (1476-1524) 
Bayard (bl'erd), Thomas Francis. Am. 

stsm. & dipl. (1828-98). 

Bayonne (ba-yon'), city, Hudson co., N. J. 

p. 50. 

Beaconsheld (be'kuns-feld), Earl [Benjamin 
Disraeli]. Br. stsm. & novelist (1804-81). 
-!ty_(betp, Sir David. Br. admirai 

Beauharnais (b6' / ar''na'), Hortense Eugenie 
daughter of Josephine; queen of 
Holland (1783-1837). 4 

Beaumarchais (bo"mar"sha'), de fPierre 
Augustin Caron]. Fr. dramatist (1732-99) 
Francis - Ens - 

Bi ’srss&s^sskssr G - Toutant - 

Beauvais (bo-va'), cap., dept, of Oise, France. 

Bede (bed). The Venerable. Eng. monk Sc 

writer (673-735). 8 ® 

Bedford (bed'ford), city & co., Eng., p. city 
40 county,145.—-John Plantagenet, Duke 
of Regent of Fr. (1389-1435). 

Beecher (be'cher), Henry Ward. Am 
clergy. (1813-87). 

Beethoven (ba-tb'ven), Ludwig von. Ger. 

composer (1770-1827). 

Beirut (ba-root'), chief sp. Syria d 120 
p “V (ba ' ,4s ‘>- <**• sp U^tcr lre.. 
Be ‘ fort (bel'Tor') , cap. of territory of Belfort 
ter ai l < 0l batt e ' 18 71; p. comm., 40; 

B Eurone ° r kingdom of 

iMUOpo, 11,3/2 SQ. HI.* H12Lnv hat^lPQ 

Bmssefs. 1815 & 1914 ~ 18 ’ P ' 7 *^ cap! 

Be i6 ss d f 7, £??• Serbia : battles 
n«ii 'a ! 7 ' . 789 & 1914-18, p. 90. 

"ntof«!$5 , Graham - Scot - Am - 

Belle Isle, Strait of. bet. Labrador & New- 
, --3--——--foundland, 10-15 m. wide. 80 m. long . 

° c j 1, far > P drade ; scene, event, edge novel refer- 
ght , sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, edmpare; unit, unite, burn, clt,’ focus,’menu; 
















Bellini 


759 


Bonaparte 


Bellini (bel-le'ne), Venetian painters: Jacopo 
(1400-70); Gentile (1429-1507); Giovanni 
(1430-1516).—Vicenzo. Sicilian composer 
(1801-35). 

Benares (ben-a'rgz), holy city of Hindus, 
Agra prov., on Ganges riv., India, p. 204. 
—division of India, 10,430 sq. m., p. 4,809. 

Benedict (ben'e-dlkt), name of many popes; 
notably XIV, Prospero Lambertini, pope 
fr. 1740 to 1758, & XV, Giacomo della 
Chiesa, pope fr. 1915 (1854- ).— Saint 

Benedict, It. abbot, founder of Western 
monachism (480-543). 

Bengal (ben-g61'), prov. of India, 70,000 
sq. m., p. 42,000.— Bay of, part of Indian 
ocean, bet. India and E. India. 

Benjamin (ben'jd-mln), Judah Philip. Am. 
lawyer & stsm.; Confed. leader (1811-84). 

Bennett (bSn'et), Arnold. Eng. novelist 
(1867- ).—James Gordon. Am. jour¬ 

nalist (1795-1872).—James Gordon, son 
of former. Am. journalist (1S41-1918). 

Bennington (ben'Ing-tun), township of Vt., 
home of Ethan Allen; battle, 1777, p. 9. 

Benson (ben'sun), Edward Frederick. Eng. 
novelist (1867- ). 

Bent ham (ben'tham), Jeremy. Eng. philos. 
& jurist (1748-1832). 

Bentley (bent'll), Richard. Eng. scholar & 
critic (1662-1742). 

Benton (ben'tun), Thomas Hart. Am. 
stsm. (1782-1858). 

Berditchev (ber-dye'chef), cap. of dist. in 
gov’t, of Kiev, Russia, p. 77. 

Beresford (ber'es-ferd), Lord Charles W. 
de la Poer. Br. admiral (1846-1919). 

Bergerac (ber'zha-rak'), Cyrano de. Fr. 
novel. & dram. (1619-55). 

Bergh (berg), Henry. Am. humanitarian, 
founder of S. P. C. C. & S. P. C. A. 

Bergson (berg"son'), Henri Louis. Fr. 
philos. (1859- ). 

Bering (ba'ring), or Behring, Vitus. Dan. 
navigator (1680-1741).— Sea, bet. Aleutian 
isls. & Bering strait, latter separating Asia 
& America; 878,000 sq. m. 

Berkeley (bhrk'll), George. Irish bishop & 
philos. (1685-1753).—Sir William. Colomal 
gov. of Va. (1610-77). 

Berks (bfirks), co. of Eng., p. 281. 

Berlin (ber-lln'), cap. Prussia, on Spree riv., 

p. 2,080. _ 

Berlioz (berTS'W), Hector. Fr. composer 
(1803-69). . , m t-Ll 

Bermuda (ber-mu'da), Br. isls., W. Atl. oc.; 
20 sq. m., p. 19; cap. Hamilton. 

Bern (bern), city, canton & Federal cap. 
Switz., p. of city, 85; of canton, 647. 

Bernard (ber'ndrd or ber-nard ; Fr. ber - 
nar'). Saint [de Clairvaux]. Fr. priest, 
mystic, Crusader (1091-1153). 

Bernhardt (bern'hart), Sara [Rosa], *r. 
actress of Fr. & Dutch parentage (1845- ). 

Berry-au-Bac (ba"rS"6"b6k'), town, dept, of 
Aisne, Fr.; battles, 1914-18; p_. 3. „ 

Berzelius (ber-ze'll-us; Swed. ber-tsa li-us), 
Johan Jacob, Baron. Swed. chemist; 
originator of chemical symbols (1779-1848). 

Besant (be-zant'), Sir Walter. Eng. novelist 

Bessarabia (bes'd-ra'bl-a), govt. S. W. Rus¬ 
sia; cap. Kishinev, p. 2,500. 

Bessemer (bes'e-mer), Sir Henry. Eng. 
engineer & inv. (1813-98). 

Bethlehem (beth'le-hem), town in Palestine, 
6 m. S. of Jerusalem; birthplace of David 
and Jesus; modern Beit-Lahm. 

Bethmann-Hollweg- (bat'man-hol vakh), 
Theobald von. Ger. stsm.; chancellor at 
outbreak of war of 1914—18. ( 1856— ) 


Bethune (ba'toon'), town, dept, of Pas-de- 
Calais Fr p» 

Bienville (byan"vei'), Jean Baptiste. Colonial 
gov. of La. (1680-1768). 

Bigelow (blg'e-lo), John. Am. author & 
dipl. (1817-1911).—Poultney, son of former. 
Am. historian & traveler (1855— ). 

Birkenhead (blr'ken-hed), sp. city, Cheshire. 
Eng., p. 140. 

Birmingham (blr'mlng-dm), city, Warwick, 
Eng., p. 868.—city, Jefferson co., Ala.. 

p. 160. 

Biscay, Bay of (bls'ka), part of Atlantic oc.; 

Ushant isl., Fr. to Cape Ortegal, Sp. 
Bismarck-Schonhausen (bls'mark shen' 
hou-zen), Otto Leopold, Prince. Ger. 
stsm. (1815-98). 

Bizet (bi-zd'), Alexandre Cesar Leopold 
[Georges]. Fr. composer (1838-75). 
Bjornsen (byurn'sun), Bjornstjerne. Norw. 

dram. & novel. (1832-1910). 

Black, Jeremiah Sullivan. Am. jurist 
(1810-83).—William. Scot, novel. (1841- 
98). 

Black Forest, Baden & Wiirttemberg, Ger. 
Black Hawk, Am. Indian chief (1767-1838). 
Black Sea, sea S. of Russia, bet. Europe & 
Asift* 

Blackstone, Sir William. Eng. jurist & 
law writer (1723-80). 

Blaine (blan), James Gillespie. Am. stem. 
(1830-93). 

Blake (blak), Robert. Eng. admiral (1599- 
1657).—William. Eng. engraver & poet 
(1757-1827).—William Hume. Canadian 
jurist (1809-70). 

Blanc, Mont (mSh blah), highest mt. of 
Alps, on frontier of Fr. & Italy; alt. 15,780 
ft) 

Blennerhassett (blen"er-has'et), Harman. 
Eng. co-conspirator with Aaron Burr in 
Am. (1764-1831). 

Bliss (blls), Tasker Howard. Am. gen. 
(1853- ). 

Bloemfontein (bloom'fon-tin), city, cap. 
Orange Free State; stronghold in Boer 
War, 1900, p. 27. 

Bliichcr (blukh'er), Gebhard Leberecht von. 

Prussian field marshal (1742-1819). 

Blue Ridge, the S. E. range of the Appa¬ 
lachians in Va. & N. C. 

Boadicea (bo"d-dl-se'd). Br. queen during 
Rom. occupation (?-62 A. D.). 

Boccaccio (bok-kat'cho), Giovanni. It. 

novel. (1313-75). T . . 

Boccherini (bok-ka-re'ne), Luigi. It. com¬ 
poser (1743-1805). 

Bogota (b5"go-ta/), cap. of Colombia, p. 120. 
Bohemia (bo-he'ml-d), former crownland in 
Austria-Hungary, now part of C zecho- 
Slovakia, 20,000 sq. m., p. 6,770. 

Bokhara (bo-ki-rS.), depend, of Russia in 

cen. Asia, p. 1,250. _ 

Bolingbroke (bol'Ing brook), Henry St. John, 
Viscount. Eng. premier (1678-1751). 
Bolivar (bol-e-var), Simon [“The Liberator ]. 

Venezuelan gen. & stsm. (1783-1830). 
Bolivia (bo-le'vyd), S. Am. repub., 570,000 
sq. m., p. 2,200; cap. La Paz. 

Bologna (bo-lo'nyd), city, cap. of prov.. 
Italy, p. 173. 

Bolton (bol'tun), city, Lancashire, Eng., 
P- 185. 

Bombay (bSm-ba/), sp. city & presidency 
India, p. city, 980; presidency, 19,672 
Bonaparte (bo'nd-part), or Buonaparte 

(bwo"na"par'te), Corsican family: Napo¬ 
leon I, emp. of Fr. fr. 1804 to 1815 & fr. 
March, 1815 to June, 1815 (1769-1*821).— 
bis brothers, Jerome, king of Westphalia 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxn. 











Bonheur 


760 


Buckingham 


(1784-1860); Joseph, king of Naples & 
Spain (1768-1844); Louis, king of Holland 
(1778-1846); Lucien, prince of Canino 
(1775-1840).—his son, Charles Joseph, 
Napoleon II, duke of Reichstadt [L’Aiglon] 
(1811-32).— Charles Louis, Napoleon III, 
son of Louis, emp. of Fr. (1808-73). 

Bonheur (bo"ner'), Rosa [Marie Rosalie]. 
Fr. painter of animals (1822-99). 

Boniface (bon'I-fas), name of 9 popes, 
notably Boniface VIII [Cajetan], pope 
fr. 1294 to 1303 (1228-1303).— Saint [“the 
Apostle of Germany’’], (680-755). 

Boone (boon), Daniel. Am. pioneer in Ivy. 
(1735-1820). 

Booth (booth), Edwin Thomas. Am. actor 
(1833-93).—John Wilkes. Am. actor, 

assassin of Pres. Lincoln (1839-65).— 
William [“General”]. Eng. clergy., founder 
of Salvation Army (1829-1912). 

Bordeaux (b6r"dd0, sp. city, cap. dept, of 
Gironde, Fr., p. 262. 

Borden (bor'den), Sir Robert Laird. Can. 
stsm. (1854- ). 

Borgia (bor'ja), Cesare, son of pope Alexander 
VI, cardinal & soldier (1476-1507).— 
Lucrezia, his sister, duchess of Ferrara 
(1480-1519). 

Boris (bo-res'), king of Bulgaria for one 
month; succeeded his father, Ferdinand I, 
Oct. 3d; abdicated Nov. 2, 1918 (1894- ). 

Borneo (bor'ne-o), isl. East Indies, Br. & 
Dutch; 290,000 sq. m., p. 1,731. 

Bosnia (boz'nl-a), country in S. E. Europe, 
annexed with Herzegovina by Austria- 
Hungary, 1908; p. with Herzegovina, 
1,900. 

Bosporus (bos'po-rus), strait, 18 m. long; 
bet. Black & Marmora seas. 

Boston (bos'tun), sp. city, cap. of Mass., 
p. 756. 

Boswell (boz'wel). James. Scot, lawyer; 
biographer of Samuel Johnson (1740-95). 

Botha (bo'ta), Louis. Boer gen. & stsm.; 
premier of Union of S. Africa (1862-1919) 

Botticelli (bot"ti-chel , li), Sandro, originally 
Alessandro Filipepi. It. painter (1447- 
1510). 

Boucicault (bbo'sg-ko), Dion. Irish-Am. 
playwright & actor (1822-90). 

Bougainville (bob"gan"vel'), Louis Antoine 
de. Fr. navigator (1729-1811). 

Boulanger (boo"lah"zha'), Georges Ernest 
Jean Marie^_ Fr. gen. (1837-91). 

Boulogne (boo-lon'; Fr. booTo'ny), sp. city, 
dept, of Pas-de-Caiais, Fr., p. 53.—town, 
dept, of Seine, Fr., suburb of Paris, p. 57. 

Bourget (boor'zha'). Paul. Fr. novel. & 
essay. (1852- ). 

Bowen (bo'en), Francis. Am. writer on 
philosophy <fe political economy (1811-90). 

Boyne (boin), riv. in E. Ireland; battle, 
1690. 

Braddock (brad'5k), Edward. Br. gen. in 
Am. (1695-1755). 

Bradford (brad'ferd), city, Yorkshire, Eng., 
p. 288.—William. Second gov. of Ply¬ 

mouth Colony (1589-1657). 

Bradstreet (brad'stret), Simon. Colonial 
gov. of Mass. (1603-97). 

Braga (bra'gii), Theophile. Port, author & 
pres, of repub. (1843- ). 

Bragg (brag), Braxton. Am. Confed. gen. 
(1817-76). 

Brahe (bra'hS), Tycho. Dan. astronomer 
(1546-1601). 

Brahmaputra (bra"ma-poot'ra), riv. Tibet 
& India, 1,680 m. long. 

Brahms (brams), Johannes. Ger. composer 
(1833—97). 


Brandeis (bran'dis), Louis Dembitz. Am. 
jurist (1856- ). 

Brandenburg (bran'den-boorkh'), prov. of 
cen. Prussia, p. 4,093. 

Brant (brant), Joseph. Mohawk Indian 
chief (1742-1807). 

Brazil (bra-zll'), United States of, repub. 

S. Am., 3,300,000 sq. m., p. 23,600; cap. 
Rio de Janeiro. 

Brazos (bra'zOs), riv. of Texas, 900 m. 
to Gulf of Mexico. * 

Bremen (bra'men), state of Ger. empire, 99 
sq. m., p. 300.—cap. of state, p. 247. 
Bremerhaven (bra'mer-ha'fen), sp. city. 
Weser riv., Ger., p. 24. 

Breslau (bres'lou), cap. of Silesia prov.. 
Prussia, p. 512. 

Brest-Litovsk (brestTyS-tofsk'), fortress & 
cap. of dist. Grodno, Russia, p. 47. 
Brewster (broo'ster), William. Pilgrim 
Father (1560-1644). 

Briand (brS"ah'), Aristide. Fr. premier 
(1862- ). 

Bridgeport (brlj'port), city, Fairfield co.. 

Conn., p. 102. 

Bright (brit), John. Eng. stsm. (1811-89). 
Brighton (brlt'un), city, S. England, p. 133. 
Brisbane (brlz'ban), sp. city, cap. of Queens¬ 
land, Australia, p. 140. 

Bristol (bris'tul). city, on Avon riv., Eng., 
p. 363. 

British Columbia, prov., Canada on Pacific, 
353,000 sq. m.; cap. Victoria, p. 393. 
British Empire. See Great Britain, India, 
Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New 
Zealand, Union of South Africa. 

Brockton (brok'tun). Mass., p. 57. 

Bronte (bron'te), Charlotte. Eng. author 
(1816-55). 

Bronx (brbnks), bor. of New York City, p. 

600. 


Brooke (brook), Rupert. Eng. poet (1887- 
1915). 

Brooklyn (brook-lln), bor. of New York 
City, p. 1,976. 

Brougham (broo'am), Henry Peter, Baron. 

Eng. jurist (1778-1868). 

Brown (broun), John. Am. abolitionist 

(1800-59). 

Browning (broun'lng), Elizabeth Barrett. 
Eng. poet (1806-61).—Robert. Husband 
of former^ Eng. poet (1812-89). 

Bruce (broos), Robert. King of Scot. fr. 
1306 (1274-1329). 

Bruges (broozh), city, cap. of W. Flanders, 
Belgium, p. 53. 

Brummell (brum'el), George Bryan [Beau 
Brummell], Eng. exquisite (1778-1840). 
Brunelleschi (broo"nel-les'ke), Filippo. Flor¬ 
entine architect (1377-1446). 

Brussels (brus'sels), city, cap. of Belgium, 
p. comm. 720. 

Brutus (broo'tus), Marcus Junius. Rom. 
polit.; conspirator against Caesar (85- 
42 B. C.). 

Bryan (bri'an). William Jennings. Am. stsm. 
& lecturer (1S60- ). 

Bryant (bri'dnt), William Cullen. Am. 

poet (1794-1878). 

Bryce (bris), James, Viscount. Br. stsm. 

dipl. & author (1838- ). 

Bryn Mawr (brin mar), town near Philadel- 
phia. Pa., famous for its college for women. 
Buchanan (bu-kan'an), James. 15th pres, 
of U. S. (1791-1868).—Robert. Eng. 
poet (1841-1901). 

Bucharest (boo-ka-rest'), city, cap. of 
Roumania, p. 338. 

Buckingham (buk'ing-am), or Bucks, co. of 

Eng., p. 220. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer: 
right, sin, cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menuj 






Buckner 


761 


Canute 


Buckner (buk'ner), Simon Bolivar. Am 
Confed. soldier (1823-1914). 

Budapest (boo'da-pest), cap. of kingdom of 
Hungary.jp. 880. 

Buddha (bood'dha), Gautama, Indian mystic, 
founder of Buddhism in 6th century B. C. 
Buell (bu'el), Don Carlos. Am, gen. (1818- 
98). 

Buenos Aires (bwa/'nos i'ras; bo'nus a'rlz), 
prov. of Argentina, p. 1,597.—city, cap. 
of Argentina, on La Plata, p. 1,232. 
Buffalo (buf'd-lo), city, N. Y., on Lake 
Erie, p. 423. 

Buffon (bu'fon'), George Louis Leclerc, 
Count_de. Fr. natur. (1707-1788). 

Bug (boog), riv. Russia, Volhynia to Black 
sea, 500 m.—riv. Galicia, to Vistula, 450 m. 
Bukowina (boo-ko-ve'na), crownland of 
Austria, S. E. of Galicia, 4,031 sq. m., 
p. 800; cap. Czernowitz. 

Bulgaria (bool-ga'ri-d), kingdom in Balkans, 
42,000 sq. m.. p. 5,500; cap. Sofia. 

Bull, Ole Bomemann. Norwegian violinist 
(1810-80). 

Bullard (bool'ard), Robert Lee. Am. soldier in 
command 2d Army in Fr., 1917-18 (1861- ). 
Bull Run, stream in N. E. Va.; battles, 
1861-62. 

Bulwer-Lytton (-llt'un), Edward George 
Earle, 1st Lord Ljtton. Eng. novel. 
(1803-73).—Edward Robert, 1st Eatl of 
Lytton [Owen Meredith]. Eng. poet 
(1831-91). 

Bunker Hill (bunk'er), Charlestown, Mass., 
battle, June 17, 1775. 

Bunyan (bun'ydn), John. Eng. author 
Pilgrim's Progress (1628-88). 

Burbank (bur'bank), Luther. Am. horti¬ 
culturist (1849- ). 

Burgoyne (bur-goin'), John. Eng. gen. in Am. 
Rev. (1722-92). 

Burke (burk), Edmund. Br. stsm. (1729- 

97) . 

Burma (bur'md), prov. of Br. India, on Bay 
of Bengal, 231,000 sq. m., p. 12,115. 
Burne-Jones (burn-jonz), Sir Edward. Br. 
painter (1833-98). 

Burns (burnz), John. Eng. labor leader & 
cabinet officer (185S- ).—Robert. Scot, 

poet (1759-96). 

Burnside (burn'sid), Ambrose Everett. Am. 
soldier (1824-81). 

Burr (bur), Aaron. Am. polit.; vice-pres, 
of U. S. (1756-1836). 

Burroughs (bur'oz), George. Am. clergy., 
executed for witchcraft (1650-92).—John. 
Am. natur. (1837- ). 

Bushnell (boosh'nel), Horace. Am. clergy. 
& author (1802-76). 

Butler (but'ler), Benjamin Franklin. Am. 
gen. & polit. (1818-93).—Joseph. Eng. 
theolog. (1692-1752).—Nicholas Murray. 
Am. educ. & publicist (1862- ).—Samuel. 

Eng. satirist (1612-80).—William Orlando. 
Am. gen. & polit. (1791-1880). 

Buzzard’s Bay, on S. coast of Mass., 30 m. 
long. 

By (bi), John. Can. engineer, founder of 
Bytown, now Ottawa, Can. (1781-1836). 
Byng (blng). Sir Julian Hedworth George. 
Br. gen. (1862- ). 

Byron (bi'run), George Gordon, 6th Lord. 
Eng. poet (1788-1824). 

C 

Cable (ka'bl), George Washington. Am. 
novel. (1844- ). 

Cabot (ka'bot), John. Italian navig. (1450- 

98) .—-Sebastian. Eng, navig. (1475-1557) . 


Cadiz (ka'dlz), sp. city of Spain, p. 67. 

Cadorna (ka-dor'na), Count Luigi. It. gen. 
(1850- ). 

Caedmon (kadinon), Anglo-Saxon poet of 
7th century. 

Caesar (se'zar), Gaius Julius. Rom. gen., 
stsm. & hist. (102-44 B. C.). 

Caine (kan), Sir Thomas Hall. Eng. novel. 

(1853- ). 

Cairo (kl'rO), city on the Nile; cap. of Egypt, 
p. 654. 

Calais (ka-la'), sp. town, dept, of Pas-de- 
Calais, Fr., on Str. of Dover, p. 72. 

Calcutta (kal-kut'd), cap. of presidency of 
Bengal, India, on Hooghly riv., p. 1,222. 

Calgary (kal'ga-rl), city, Alberta, Can., p. 90. 

Calhoun (kal-hoon'), John Caldwell. Am. 
stsm. & orator (1782-1850). 

California (ka'll-for'ni-d), state in U. S. 
158,297 sq. m., p. 2,378; cap., Sacramento. 
—Gulf of, on W. coast of N. Am. in Mex. 
—Lower, territory of Mex., 61,562 sq. m., 
p. 52. 

Caligula (ka-lJg'u-la), Gaius Csesar Augustus 
[Germanicus]. Emp. of Rome fr. 37 A. D. 
(12-41 A. D.). 

Calixtus (ka-llks'tus), name of 3 popes: 
219-223; 1119-24; 1455-58. 

Callao (kal-ya'o), sp. town of Peru, p. 48. 

Calve (kal"va'), Emma. Fr. soprano (1866- 

Calvin (kal'vln), John. Fr.-Swiss reformer 
& theolog. (1509-64). 

Cambon (kaiCbon'), Jules. Fr. dipl. (1845- 

Cambral (kan"bra'), city on Scheldt riv., 
Fr., p. 22. 

Cambridge (kam'brlj), city on Charles riv., 
opposite Boston, Mass., p. 105; Harvard 
Univ. & Mass. Inst, cf Tech.—town on 
Cam riv., Eng., p. 40; Cambridge Univ., 
p. 41.—co. of Eng., p. 200. 

Camden (kam'den), city, Camden co.. N. J.. 
on Delaware riv.; home of Walt Whitman, 
p. 95. 

Cameroon (k&m'er-oon), or Kameruns, dist. 
on W. coast of Africa; Ger. colony prior to 
1914, 293,800 sq. m., p. 2,542. 

Camoens (kam'6-ens), Luis de. Port, poet 
(1524-80). 

Campbell (kSm'61; kam'bl), Alexander. 
Irish-Am. theolog., founder of Disciples of 
Christ (1788-1866).—Sir Colin, Lord 
Clyde. Br. field marshal (1792-1863).— 
Thomas. Scot, poet (1774-1844). 

Campbell-Bannerman (-ban'er-man), Sir 
Henry. Br. stsm. (1836-1908). 

Campeche (kam-pa'chg), state of Mex., 
18,087 sq. m., p. 87. 

Canada (kan'd-dd), Dominion of, country 
in N. Am. within Br. empire; 3,729,920 
sq. m., p. 8,075. 

Canal Zone (kdn-al' zon), ter. surrounding 
Panama canal, owned by U. S.; 47 in. 
long, 10 m. wide. 

Canberra (kan-ber'd), new cap. of Australia. 

Canfey (kan'bl), Edward R. S. Am. gen. 
(1818-73).. 

Cannon (k&n'fin), Joseph Gurney. Am. 
polit. (1836- ). 

Casaova (kan-o'va). It. sculptor (1757- 
1822). 

Canterbury (kan'ter-ber"l), cathedral city, 
Eng., p. 25.—dist. South Isl., N. Z., p. 173. 

Cantigny (kan"te'h§"), vil., dept. Seine et 
Marne, Fr.; 1st Am. battle in Great War, 
May, 1918. 

Canton (kan'ton'). city. S. China, p. 1,250. 

Canute (kd-nut'), or Cnut, king of Eng. & 
Den. (995-1036). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


50 








Cape Cod 


762 Charlemagne 


Cape Cod (k6d), pen., Barnstable co.. Mass., 
65 m. long.— Canal, ship canal, 8 m., 
across cape. 

Cape Colony- See Cape Province. 

Cape Hatteras (hat'er-as), coast of N. C. 

Cape Horn, most southerly point of S. Am. 

Cape May, at S. end of N. J., 5 m. long. 

Cape of Good Hope, at S. end of Africa in 
Cape Colony. 

Cape Province, formerly Cape Colony, prov. 
of Union of S. Africa, 277,000 sq. m., 
p. 2,565. 

Cape St. Vincent (vln'sent), S. W. point of 
Portugal. 

Cape Town, city, cap. of Cape Province, 
Union of S. Africa, p. 263. 

Cape Verde (vurd), extreme W. point of 
Africa; disc, by Fernandez, 1445.— 

Islands, in Atlantic, 320 m. W. of Cape 
Verde; owned by Port.; p. 148. 

Capri (ka'prC), famous It. isl. in Bay of 
Naples, 5 m. long, 2 broad. 

Cardiff (kar'dlf), sp. town, cap. of Glamorgan, 
Wales, p. 188. 

Caribbean Sea (kar-I-be'dn). arm of Atlantic 
bet. Central & S. Am. & W. Indies. 

Carlos (kar'los), Don. Infant of Sp.; son 
of Philip II (1545-68).—name of several 
pretenders to Sp. crown. Present Carlist 
pretender, Don Jaime de Borbon (1870- ). 

Carlyle (kar-lil'), Thomas. Scot, essayist & 
hist. (1795-1881). 

Carmarthen (kar-mar'then), co. of S. Wales, 

p. 160. 

Carnarvon (kar-nar'vun), co. of N. Wales, 
p. 125. 

Carnegie (kar-neg'e), Andrew. Scot.-Am. 
ironmaster & phiian. (1835-1919). 

Carnot (kar^no'), Lazare Nicolas Mar¬ 
guerite [“Organizer of Victory’’]. Fr. 
strategist & math. (1753-1823).—Lazare 
Hippolyte, son of former. Fr. polit. & 
author (1801-88).—Marie Frangois Sadi. 
Pres, of Fr., 1887-94 (1837-94). 

Caroline (kar'O-lin). Br. queen, wife of 
George IV (1768-1821). 

Carolines. N. Pacific isls., bet. Philippines 
& Marshall isls.; owned by Ger. prior to 
1914. 

Carpathians (kar-pa'thl-anz), mts. in cen. 
Europe on boundary of Hungary, E. of 
Danube. 

Carracci (kar-rat'che). It. painters: Ludo¬ 
vico (1555-1619).—Agostino (1557-1602). 
—Annibale (1560-1609). 

Carranza (ka-ran'za), Venustiano. Pres, of 
Mex., inaugurated May 1, 1917. 

Carrel (kar"rel'), Alexis. Pr.-Am. biologist; 
Nobel prize 1912 (1873- ). 

Carson (kar'sun), Christopher [Kit Carson]. 
Am. trapper & guide (1809-68).—Sir 
Edward. Anglo-Irish stsm. (1854- ). 

Cartagena (kar'ta-ha'na), sp. town of Sp., 
p. 103. 

Cartier (kar'tya'), Sir George Etienne. Can. 
stsm. (1814-73).—Jacques. Fr. navig. 
(1494—1557). 

Cartwright (kart'rit), Edmund. Eng. inven. 
of power loom (1743-1823). 

Caruso (ka-roo's6), Enrico. It. tenor (1873- 

). 

Carver (kar'ver), John. 1st gov. of Ply¬ 
mouth colony (1575-1621). 

Cary (ka'ri), name of two Am. poets: Alice 
(1820-71).—Phoebe (1824-71). 

Cascade Range (kas-kad'), mts. in N. Am., 
near Pacific coast, fr. N. Cal. to Br. 
Columbia. 

Casco Bay (kas'ko), in Maine, 20 m. wide, 
contains 300 small isls. 


Casimir (kas'I-mer), the Great. King o* 

Poland (1300-70). 

Casimir-Perier (ka"zS"mer'pa"ry3), Jean 
Paul Pierre. Fr. pres. (1847-1907). 

Caspian Sea (k&s'pl-an), bet. Europe Sc 
Asia, 730 m. long; 115 to 280 broad. 

Cassius (k&sh'e-us), Gaius C. Longinus. 
Rom. stsm.; one of assassins of Julius 
Caesar (?-42 B. C.). 

Castro (ka'stro), Cipriano. Venezuelan in¬ 
surgent; pres. 1904-08 (1861— ). 

Catherine (kath'er-In). I, emp. of Russia 
(1684-1727).— II, emp. of Russia (1729— 
96).— of Aragon, queen of Eng., 1st wife 
of Henry VIII (1485-1536).— de Medici, 
queen of Fr. (1519-89).— Parr, 6th & last 
wife of Henry VIII (1512-48). 

Catiline (kat'i-lin), Lucius Sergius. Rom. 
conspirator (108-62 B. C.). 

Cato (ka'to), Marcus Porcius [The Censor], 
Rom. stsm. (234-149 B. C.).—Marcus 
Porcius [of Utica], his great grandson, 
Rom. soldier & stsm. (95-46 B. C.). 

Catskills (kats'kllz), mts. in N. Y., west of 
Hudson; highest, 4,205 ft. 

Catullus (ka-tul'us). Rom. poet (94-54 
B. C.). 

Caucasus (k6'ka-sus), mts. S. E. Russia, 
separating Black sea fr. Caspian; 18,000 
ft.—region in^S. E. Russia; p. 12,000. 

Cavour (ka-voor'), Count Camillo Benso di. 
It. stsm. (1810-61). 

Cawnpur (kon-poor'), city of India on 
Ganges, p. 175; Sepoy mutiny 1857.— 
dist. of India, 12,000 sq. m., p. 1,142. 

Caxton (kaks'tun), William. 1st Eng 
printer (1422-91). 

Cayuga Lake (ka-yoo'ga), in N. Y., 38 m. 
long; Cornell Univ. _& Wells Coll. 

Cebu (se-boo'; tha-boo), one of Philippine 
isls., 135 m. long, 30 m. wide, p. 654. 

Cecil (ses'Il), Robert, Earl of Salisbury. 
Eng. stsm. (1563-1612).—William, Lord 
Burleigh. Eng. stsm. (1520-98). 

Celebes (sel'e-bez), isl., Dutch E. Indies, 
72,000 sq. m_., p. 2,000. 

Cellini (chel-le'ne), Benvenuto. It. sculptor 
& engraver (1500-71). 

Central America, section of Am. continent 
fr. Mex. to Colombia, 180,000 sq. m. 

Cervantes Saavedra (ser-van'tezsa'a-va'dra), 
Miguel de. Sp. miter, author Don Quixote 
(1547-1616). 

Ceylon (sl-lon'), Br. isl. in Indian ocean, 
60 m. S. E. of India, 25,000 sq. m., p. 4,110. 

Chalons-sur-Marne (sha"lon'soor-marn'), 
city, dept, of Marne, Fr.. on Marne riv.; 
battles, 1870, 1914-18; p. comm. 31. 

Chamberlain (cham'ber-lin), Joseph. Br. 
stsm. (1836-1914).—Joseph Austen, his 

son. Br. stsm. (1863- ). 

Chamonix (sha/'raoTie'), Vil. in Alps, dept, 
of Haute-Savoie, Fr. 

Champagne (shan"pa'ny), anc. prov. of Fr., 
now comprising depts. of Aube, Haute- 
Marne, Marne, & Ardennes. 

Champlain (sham-plan'), a lake in U. S. 
bet. Vt. & N. Y., 110 m. long; naval battle, 
1814.—Samuel de. Fr. explorer; founder 
of Quebec (1567-1635). 

Channel Islands, in English Channel, near 
Fr., owned by Gr. Br.; comprise Jersey, 
Guernsey, & dependencies; 75 sq. m.; 
p. 97. 

Channing (chan'ing), William Ellery. Am. 
Unit, clergy. <fc author (1780-1842). 

Chantilly (shan"te"ye'), town, dept, of 
Oise, Fr., p. 6; battles, 1914-18. 

Charlemagne (shar'le-man). King of the 
Franks [Charles the Greatl. (742-814). 


ate, sen&te, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
^Ight, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








Charleroi 


763 


Coleridge 


prov. of 


Charleroi (sharl"rw6'), town, 

Hainaut. Belgium, p. 27. 

Charles, name of 10 kings of Fr.: I, the 
Bald (823-877); II, the Fat (832-888); 
III, the Simple (879-929); IV, th6 Fair 
(1294-1328); V, the Wise (1337-80); 
VI (1368-1422); VII (1403-61); VIII 
(1470-98); IX (1550-74); X (1757-1836). 
—kings of Gr. Br. & Ire.: I (1600-49); 
II (1630-85).—Charles Edward Stuart, 
the Pretender (1720-88).—I, king of 
Port. (1S63-190S).—I, king of Roumania 
(1839-1914).—XII, king of Sweden (1682- 
1718).—XIII, king of Sweden (1763.- 
1818).—XIV, Bernadotte, king of Sweden 
(1763-1844).—I, Carl or Karl, emp. of 
Austria & king of Hungary, succeeded 
Francis Joseph 1916 (1887- ). 

Charleston (charlz'ton), sp. city, S. C., p. 58. 

Charlestown (charlz'toun), city, Middlesex 
co., Mass., now part of Boston; Bunker 
Hill battle, 1775. 

Charlotte Amalie (shar-15t' a-ma/le-e), town 
on isl. of St. Thomas, Virgin Isis., U. S., 

p. 12. 

Charlottesville (shar'15ts-vfl), city, co. seat 
of Albemarle co., Va.; seat of Univ. of Va., 
p. 7. 

Chateaubriand (sha"to"brI-ah'), Francois 
Auguste, Vicomte de. Fr. author & polit. 
(1768-1848). 

Chateau-Thierry (sba/'to'tya/'re'), town, 
dept. Aisne, Fr., on Marne; battle, 1918, 

p. 8. 

Chatiilon (sha ,, te"y6h'), town on Seine, 
Fr.; battles, 1870, 1918. 

Chattanooga (chat"d-noo'gd). city, co. seat 
of Hamilton co., Tenn., p. 100. 

Chatterton (chat'er-ton), Thomas [The 
Marvelous Boy]. Eng. poet (1752-70). 

Chaucer (cho'ser), Geoffrey. Father of 
Eng. poetry (1340-1400). 

Chauny (sho'ne'), town on Oise, dept, of 
Aisne, Fr., p. 10. 

Chautauqua (chd-to'kwa), lake in N. Y., 
18 m. 

Chemnitz (kem'nits), town in Saxony, p. 
287. 

Cheops (ke'ops), Egypt, king of 4th dyn. 
(about 2900 B. C.b_ 

Cherbourg (shar"boor'), sp. town, dept. 
Manche, Fr., p^comm. 44. 

Cherubini (ka-roo-be'ne), Maria Luigi, 
composer (1760-1842). 

Chesapeake Bay (ches'd-pek), in Md. 
Va., 200 m. long. 

Cheshire (chesh'Ir), co. y>f Eng., p. 955. 

Chesterfield (ches'ter-feid), Philip Dormer 
Stanhope, Earl of. Eng. stsm., author 
of Letters (1694-1773). 

Chesterton (ches'ter-tun), Gilbert Keith. 
Eng. author (1874- ). 

Chiapas (che'a-pas), state in Mex., 27,222 
sq. m., p. 439. 

Chicago (she-ka'go), city on Lake Michigan, 
Ill., p. 2,498. „ m 

Chickamauga (chlk-d-mo'gd), trib. of Ten¬ 
nessee riv., in Tenn.; battle, 1863. 

Chihuahua (che-wo'wo"), state in Mex., 
90,000 sq. in., p. 405. 

Chile (che'la; chll'll), rep. in S. Am., 
295,000 sq. m., p. 3,500; cap. Santiago. 

Chili (che"l6'), formerly Pechili, prov. of 
China, 115,800 sq. m., p. 20,000. 

China (chl'nd), rep. in Asia, 4.300,000 sq. m.; 
total p. including Manchuria, 400,000; 
cap. Peking. , „ , . , 

Choate (chot), Joseph Hodges. Am. law. 
& dipl. (1832-1917).—Rufus. Am. law. 
(1799-1858) 


La 

It. 

& 


Choisy-le-Roi (shwa"s§T’rwa'), town on 
Seine riv., Fr., 7 m. fr. Paris, p. 12. 

Chopin (sho"pan'), Frederic Francois. Polish 
pianist & composer (1810-49). 

Christian, name of 10 Danish kings; II, 
king of Den., Nor. & Swe. (1480-1559); 
IV, king of Den. & Nor. (1577-1648); 
IX, king of Den. (1818-1906); X, king 
of Nor. fr. 1912 (1870- ). 

Christiania (kris-ti-a'nl-d), sp. city, cap. of 
Nor., p. 242. 

Christophe (krjLs"tof'), Henri, king of Halt! 
(1767-1820). 

Christopher (kris'to-fer), Saint, martyr of 
early church (about 250). 

Chrysostom (krls'os-tom), John, Saint, the 
Golden-Mouthed. Gr. father of church 
(344-407). 

Churchill (church'ill), Randolph, Lord. Br. 
stsm. (1849-95).—'Winston. Am. author 
(1871- ).—Winston Leonard Spencer;, 
son of Randolph. Br. stsm. (1874- ). 

Cicero (sis'e-ro), Marcus Tullius. Rome 
orator & philos. (106-43 B. C.). 

Cienfuegos (the"en-f5-a , gos), sp. town, Cuba,, 
p. 30. 

Cimon (si'mon). Ath. gen. & stsm. (500- 
44 ) B. C.). 

Cincinnati (sin-sin-a'ti), city on Ohio riv , 0 
O., p. 402. 

Cincinnatus (sin-sln-a'tus), Lucius Quinc= 
tius. Rom. patrician (519 B. C.-?). 

Clare (klar), co. of Munster, Ire., p. 104. 

Clark (klark), George Rogers. Am. soldier & 
frontiersman (1752-1818).—William. Am. 
soldier & explor. with Lewis (1770-1838). 

Claudius (ldo'dl-us), Tiberius C. Nor© 
Dr us us Germanicus. Rom. emp. (10 B. C.- 
54 A. D.). 

Clay (kla), Henry. Am. stsm. (1777-1852). 

Clayton (kla'tun), John Middleton. Am 
jurist & stsm. (1796-1856). 

Clemenceau (kla' , ’man"so , ), Georges Benja*= 
min Eugene. Fr. jour. & premier (1841- )„ 

Clemens (kiem'enz), Samuel Langhorne 
[Mark Twain]. Am. novel. & humorist 
(1835-1910). 

Clement (kle'ment), name of 14 popes,, 
notably Ciement VII, Giulio de Medici., 
pope fr. 1523 to 1534. 

Cleopatra (kle-8-pat'rd). Gr. queen oi 
Egypt (69-30 B. C.). 

Cleveland (klevidnd), city, on Lake Erie, 
O., p. 674.—(Stephen) Grover. 22d & 
24th pres, of U. S. (1837-1908). 

Clinton (klin'tun), De Witt. Am. law, 
stsm. (1769-1828).—Sir Henry. Br. gen* 
in Am. (1738-95). 

Clive (kllv), Robert. Lord. Eng. gen. & 
stsm. (1725-74). 

Clyde (klid), riv. of Scot., in Lanark, Renfrew 
& Dumbarton, 75 m. 

Clymer (ldl'mer), George. Am. patriot 
(1739-1813). 

Coahuila (kd-a-weia), state in Mex., 
63,745 sq. m., p. 368. 

Coast Range, mts. along Pacific coast of 
U. S.. 11.000 ft. 

Cobden (kob'den), Richard. Eng. polit., 
apostle of free trade (1804-65). 

Coblenz (ko'blents), cap. of Prussian Rhine 
Prov., on Rhine, p. 57. 

Cochin China (ko'chln), country S. E. Asia, 
owned by Fr., p. 3,050. 

Cody (ko'dl), William Frederick [Buffalo 
Bill]. Am . scout & showman (1845-1917). 

Coghlan (kog'lan), Rose. Am. act. (1853- 

Coleridge (kol'rij), Samuel Taylor. Eng, 
poet (1772-1834). _ 


boot, foot: found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











Coleridge-Taylor 764 Crichton 


Coleridge-Taylor (-ta'ler), Samuel. Eng. 
composer (1875-1912). 

Collingwood (kol'Ing-wood), Cutkbert, Lord. 
Eng. naval com. (1750-1810). 

Collins (kol'inz), Wilkie. Eng. novel. 
(1824-89). _ , 

Collyer (kol'yer), Robert. Am. Umt. clergy. 
& author (1823-1912). 

Cologne (ko-lon'), or Coin, city on Rhine, 
Rhenish Prussia, p. 517. 

Colombia (k6-lom'bi-a), rep. in S. Am., 
461,000 sq. m., p. 5,475; cap. Bogota. 

Colombo (ko-lom'bfi), sp. town, cap. of 
Ceylon, p. 214. 

Colon (ko-lon'), sp. town Panama, on 
Manzanillo isl., p. 20. 

Colorado (kol-6-ra'do), state in U. S., 
103,948 sq. m., p. 800; cap. Denver.—riv. 
in S. W. U. S., 2,000 m.—riv. in Texas, 
900 m.—riv. in Argentina, 620 m. 

Columbia (ko-lum'bl-a), poetical name for 
U. S. 

Columbia River, or Oregon, riv. of Br. 
Columbia, 1,400 m. to Pacific. 

Columbus (ko-lum'bfis), city, cap. of Ohio, 
p. 182.—Christopher. Genoese discoverer 
of Am. (1451-1506). 

Como (k5'mo), prov. in N. It., 1,049 sq. m., 
p. 576.— Lake, in N. It., foot of Alps, 
2)^ m. wide. 

Commodus (kS-mo'dus), Lucius /Elius 
Aurelius. Rom. emp., 180-192 (161-192). 

Compi&gne (kon'pya'ny'), town on Oise; 
dept, of Oise, Fr., p. 14. 

Comte (kont), Isidore Auguste. Fr. philos. 
(1798-1857). 

Concord (kon'kord), town, Middlesex co.. 
Mass.; home of Emerson, Hawthorne, 
Thoreau; p. 7.—city, cap. of New Hamp¬ 
shire, p. 22. 

Conde (kon"de'), Louis de Bourbon, Prince 
of. Fr. gen. (1621-87). 

Confucius (kon-fu'shl-us), [Chinese, Kung- 
fu- tze, Kung, the Teacher]. Chinese 
sage (551-478 B. C.). 

Congo (kon'go), or Kongo, state in S. cen. 
Africa, owned by Belgium, 920,000 sq. m.. 
p. 15,000.—riv., Africa. 3,000 m. to Atlantic. 

Connaught (kon'not), W. prov. of Ire., 
6,571 sq. m., p. 595.—Arthur William, 
Duke of. Br. prince, gov.-gen. of Canada 
1911-14 (1850- ). 

Connecticut (kon-net'i-kut), state in U. S., 
4,990 sq. m., p. 1,115; cap. Hartford. 

Conrad (kon'rad), Joseph. Polish-Br. 
novel. (1857- ). 

Constable (kun'sta-bl), John. Eng. land¬ 
scape painter (1776-1837). 

Constance (kon'stdns), lake in cen. Europe, 
bordering Switzerland & Austria; 300 ft. 
above sea level; 208 sq. m. 

Constant (kon"stan'), Benjamin. Fr. painter 
(1845-1902). 

Constantine (kon'stan-tin), Gaius Flavius, 
the Great. Rom. emp. (274-337).—I, 
king of Greece, 1913-17 (1868- ). 

Constantinople (kon " stan - tT - no' pi), or 
Stamboui, city on Sea of Marmora & 
Bosporus, p. 1,000. 

Conwell (kon'wel), Russell H. Am. Bap. 
clergy.; founder Temple Univ., Phila., 
Pa. (1843- ). _ 

Cooch-Behar (kooch-be-har'), state in India, 
1,307 sq. m., p. 567. 

Cook, James. Br. navig. (1728-79). 

Cooper (koop'er), James Fenimore. Am. 
novel. (1789-1851).—Peter. Am. inven. 
& philan. (179_1-1883)_. 

Copenhagen (ko"pen-lia'gen), city on Sound; 
cap. Den., p. 605. 


Copernicus (ko-per'nl-kus), Nicholas. Pol- 

astron. (1473-1543). 

Coppee (ko"pa'), Francois Edouard Joachim. 

Fr. poet &_dram. (1842-1908). 

Coquelin (kok"lan'), Benoit Constant. Fr. 
act. (1841-1909). 

Corday d’Armans (kor''da''dar''man'), Marie 
Charlotte [Charlotte Corday]. Fr. patriot; 
assassin Of Marat (1768-93). 

Cordova (kor-do'va), or Cordoba, prov. & 
city of Sp., p. of prov. 500, of city 66.— 
city & prov. Argentina, p. of prov. 500, 
of city 75. 

Corelli (ko-rel'e), Marie. Eng. novel.; b. 
Italy (1864- ). 

Corfu (kor'foo), Gr. isl. in Medit., 227 sq. m., 
p. 19. 

Cork (kork), co. of Munster, Ire., p. 392.— 
cap. of co., p. 76. 

Corneille (kor"na'y’), Pierre. Father of Fr. 

tragedy & classical comedy (1606-84). 
Cornell (kor-nel'). Ezra. Am. inven.; 

founder Cornell Univ., Ithaca (1807—74). 
Cornwall (korn'wal), co. of Eng., p. 328. 
Cornwallis (korn-wal'Is), Charles, Marquis 
of. Eng. gen. in Am; defeated Yorktown, 
1781 (1738-1806). 

Corot (ko"ro'), Jean Baptiste Camille. Fr. 
painter (1796-1875). 

Correggio (k<5-rej'6), Antonio Allegri. It. 
painter (1494-1534). 

Corrientes (kor"re-an'tes), prov. Argentina, 
p. 300. 

Corsica (kor'si-ka), Fr. isl. in Medit.; birth¬ 
place Napoleon, 3,377 sq. m., p. 291. 

Cort (kort), Henry. Eng. inven. (1740- 
1800). 

Cortes (k5r"tas'), Hernando. Sp. conqueror 

of Mex. (1485-1547). 

Corunna (k6-run'na), prov. in Sp., 3,051 sq. 
m., p. 653. 

Corwin (kor'win), Thomas. Am. stsm. 
(1794-1S65). 

Cossacks (kos'aks), tribes of S. Russ, on 
steppes of Don, Cis-Caucasia & S. end of 
Ural mts., p. 3,000. 

Costa Rica (kos"td re'ka), rep. Cen. Am., 
23,000 sq. m., p. 427; cap. San Jose. 
Cote-d’or (kot"dor'), dept, of Fr., p. 358; 

cap. Dijon.—chain of hills in E. Fr. 
Cotopaxi (k6"to-paks'I), volcanic mt. of 
Andes, Ecuador, 19,500 ft. 

Courland (koor'land), one of Baltic prov., 
10,535 sq. im, p. 714. 

Courtrai (koor"tra/), town on Lys riv., 
Bel.; battles. 1302, 1914-18, p. 35. 
Coventry (kuv'en-trl), city, Warwick, Eng., 
p. 119. 

Covington (kuv'Ing-tun), city, Ohio riv., 
Ky., p. 53. _ 

Cowper (kou'per, or koo'per), William. Eng. 

poet (1731-1800). 

Cracow (kra'ko), city, Vistula riv., Galicia, 
anc. cap. of Poland, p. 150. 

Crane (kran). Stephen. Am. novel. (1870- 
1900).—Walter. Eng. art. (1845-1915). 
Cranmer (kran'mer), Thomas. Eng martyr; 

abp. of Canterbury (1489-1556). 

Crassus (kras'us), Marcus Licinius. Rom. 

triumvir (115-53 B. C.). 

Crawford (kro'ferd), Francis Marion. Eng. 
novel. (1854-1909).—Thomas. Am. sculp. 
(1814-57).—William Harris. Am. stsm. 
(1772-1834). 

Cremona (kre-mon'a), prov. of It., 695 

sq. m., p. 328. 

Crete (kret), Gr. isl. in Med., p. 344. 
Crichton (kri'tiln), James [“The Admir¬ 
able”]. Scot, scholar & swordsman 
(1560-85). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menii; 







Crimea 


765 


Demosthenes 


Crimea (kri-me'd), penin. of S. Russ., on 

I3!aok sea; battles, 1854—56; 10,000 sq. m 
p. 450. ’ 

Croatia (kr6-a'shl-d), with Slavonia, prov. 

of Hungary, 16,773 sq. m., p. 2,417. 
Crockett (krok'et), David. Am. frontiers¬ 
man (17S6—1836).—Samuel Rutherford. 

Scot, novel. (1859-1914). 

Cromer (kro'mer), Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl. 

Eng. dipl. & admin. (1841- ). 

Croesus (kre'sus), last king of Lydia fr. 

560 B. C. ( ? -546 B. C.). 

Cromwell (krom'wel), Oliver. Lord-pro¬ 
tector of Commonwealth of Eng. fr. 1653 
(1599-1658). 

Crookes (krooks). Sir William. Eng. 

physicist (1832-1919). 

Crosby (kros'bl), Frances Jane [Fanny 1. 

Am. hymnist (1820-1915). 

Croydon (kroi'dun), city. Surrey, Eng., p. 
181. 

Cruikshank (krook'shank), George. Eng. 

satirical art. (1792-1878). 

Cuba (ku'bd), isl. repub., W. India isls., 
44,178 sq. m. ( p. 2,150; cap. Havana. 
Cumberland (kum'ber-lSnd), co. N. W. 
Eng., p. 266.—mts. in Tenn., in Appa¬ 
lachian system, 2,000 ft. 

Curacao (koo-ra-sa'o), isl. of Dutch W. Indies, 
p. 30; with dependencies 50. 

Curie (ku"re'), Pierre. Fr. physicist & 
chemist (1859-1906).—Marie, wife of 
former, discoverer of radium (1867- ). 
Currie (kfir'I), Sir Arthur. Can. gen. Com. 

Canadian Corps iq^Fr. 1917-18 (1875- ). 

Cushman (koosh'm&n), Charlotte. Am. 
act. (1816-76). 

Custer (kus'ter), George Armstrong. Am. 
soldier (1839-76). 

Cuvier (koo"vya/), Georges Leopold, Baron. 

Fr. natur. (1769-1832). 

Cuyp (koip), Albert. Dutch painter (1620- 
[ 91). 

Cyprus (si'prus), Br. isl. S. of Asia Minor 
in Medit., 3,584 sq. m., p. 275. 
Czecho-Slovak (chekh'o-slo-vak'), races in¬ 
habiting Bohemia, Moravia & sections of 
Austria & Hungary, formed into separate 
govt, in 1918 during war; p. 8,500. 
Czernowitz (cher-no-vlts'), cap. of Buko- 
wina, p. 70. 


Daguerre (da"gar'), Louis Jacques. Fr. 

scene-painter; early photographer (1789- 
1851). 

Dahlgren (dal'gren), John Adolf. Am. 

admiral & inv. (1809-70). 

Dahomey (da/'ho-me'), Fr. colony, W. Africa, 
41,000_sq. m., p. 902. 

Dale (dal). Sir Thomas. Colonial gov. of 
Va. ( ? -1619). 

Dallas (dal'ds), city on Trinity riv., Tex., 
p. 131. 

Dalmatia (dal-ma'shl-d), prov. of Austria 
on Adriatic sea, 4,940 sq. in., p. 592. 

Damascus (da-mas'kus), anc. city of Syria, 
p. 300. 

Dana (da'nd), Charles Anderson. Am. ed. 
(1819-97).—Francis. Am. stsm. (1743- 

1811).—James Dwight. Am. geol. (1813- 
95). 

Daniels (dan'yels), Josephus. Am. cabinet 
officer. Secy, of Navy during Great War 
(1862- )„ 

D’Annunzio (dan-nun'ze-b), Gabriele. It. 


poet, novel. & patriot (1864- 
Dante (dan'ta), Alighieri n 


1321). 


It. poet (1265- 


Danton (darCton'), George Jacques. Leader 
in Fr. revolution (1759-94). 

Dantzig (dant'zlkh), town & port of Prussia: 

on Vistula riv., p. 170. 

Danube (dan'ub), riv. of Europ'fe; Baden 
to Black sea, 1,725 m. 

Dardanelles (dar'dd-nelz"; anc. Hellespont^ 

channel bet. Marmora & Aegean seasi! 
40 m. long; naval battles, 1915. 

Darien (da-ri'en), Gull of, gulf of Caribbean 
sea, at N. end of S. Am.— Isthmus oL 
bet. Gulf of Darien & Pacific. 

Darjeeling (dar-jel'Ing), dist. of Bengal, 
India, 1,234 sq. m., p. 249. 

Darling (dar'llng), Grace. Eng. heroine 
(1815—42) • 

Darmstadt (darm'stat), cap. of Hesse. Ger.. 
on Rhine, p. 90. 

Darnley (darn'll), Henry Stuart, Lord. Hus- 
band of Mary, Queen of Scots (1541-67). 
Darwin (dar'wln), Charles Robert. Eng. 
natur.; published Origin of Species in 
1859 (1809-82). 

Daubigny (do "benzyl'), Charles Francois, 
Fr. painter (1817-78). 

Daudet ^do'da'), Alphonse. Fr. novel, 

Davenport (dav'en-port), city, Scott co.* 
Iowa, p._ 58. 

David (da'vid), king of Israel about 1085 
B. C.—I, king of Scot. fr. 1124 (1080— 
1153).—II, king of Scot. fr. 1329 (1322— 
70).—Jacques Louis, Fr. painter (1738- 
1825). 

Davis (da'vls), Jefferson. Am. soldier* 
stsm. & pres, of Confederate States (1808— 
89).—Richard Harding. Am. novel. (1864— 
1916). 

Davis Strait, narrow sea bet. Greenland At 
Baffin Land. 

Davy (da'vl). Sir Humphry. Eng. chem.; 

inv. of lamp for miners (1778-1829). 

Davys (da'vls), or Davis, John. Eng, 
navigator (1550-1605). 

Dawson (do'sun), Sir John William. Can. 
geol. (1820-99).—William James. Eng. 
clergy. & author (1854- ). 

Day (da), William Rufus. Am. stsm. 6s 
jurist (1849- ). 

Dayton (da'tun), cap. Montgomery co.. 
Ohio, p. 117. 

Dead Sea, lake in Palestine, 1,312 ft. below 
level of Medit., 46 m. long, 9 wide 
Debussy (dS-boo'sg"). Claude Achille. Fr. 
composer (1862-191S). 

Decatur (dS-ka'ter),~ Stephen. Am. naval 
commander (1779-1820). 

Defoe (de-fo'), David. Eng. novel.; pub¬ 
lished Robinson Crusoe in 1719 (1661— 
1731). 

De Kalb (dS kalb), John. Ger. soldier in 

Am. (1721-80). 

Delaroche (de-la-rosh'). Fr. painter (1797— 

1856). 

Delaware (del'a-war), state of U. S., 2,050 
sq. m„ p. 203; cap. Dover.—riv. of U. S.; 
Catskill mts., N. Y., to Delaware bay. 
400 m.—bay bet. Del. & N. J., 60 m. long. 
Delcasse (del"ka"sa'), Theophile. Fr. stsm. 
(1852- ). 

Delhi (del'e), cap. of Delhi prov. & of Br. 

India; Ind. mutiny 1857; p. 233. 

De Mille (de mil'), James. Can. novel, 

(1837-80). 

Democritus (dg-mok'rl-tus). Gr. philoa. 

(470-370 B. C.). 

De Morgan (de mor'gdn), William Frend. 


Eng. novel. (1839-1917). 
Demosthenes (dS-mos'the-nez). 


(38 2-322 B. C.). 


Gr. oratoa 


boot 

Zb 


ot, fdot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when* 
=z as in asure; kh'=ch as in loch. See prenunciation key, ;^ges xix to xxii- ! 










Denain 


766 


East St. Louis 


Denain (dg’niin'), town, dept. Nord, Fr., 
p. 23. 

Denbigh (d6n'bl), co. of Wales, p. 145. 

Denmark Jden'mark), kingdom N. Europe, 
15,500 sq. m., p. 2,800; cap. Copenhagen. 

Denver (den'ver), cap. of Colorado, on S. 
Platte riv., Colo., p. 240. 

Depew (dS-pu'), Chauncsy Mitchell. Am. 
orator & stsm. (1834- ). 

De Quincy (de quln'sl), Thomas. Eng. 
author (1785-1859). 

Derby (der'bl; dar'bl), co. of Eng., p. 560.— 
cap. of co., p. 126. „ „ 

Descartes (da/'kart'), Rene. Fr. philos. 

Deschanel (da’sha-ngl'). Paul. Pres. Fr. 
repub. fr. 1920 (1856- ). ^ 

Des Moines (de moin), cap. of Iowa, on Des 
Moines riv., la., p. 105. 

Desmoulins (da^moo'dah'), Benoit Camille. 
Fr. revolutionist (1760-94). 

De Soto (de so'to), Hernando. Sp. explor.; 
disc, of Mississippi, 1539 (1496-1542). 

Detroit (de-troit'), city on Detroit riv., 
Mich., p. 580. 

Devon (dev'un), co. of S. W. Eng., p. 700. 

Dewey (dti'I), George. Am. admiral (1837- 
1917). 

Diaz (de-az 4 ), Bartolommeo. Port, navig. 
(1450-1500).—Porflrio. Pres, of Mex. 
1877-80 & 1884-1911 (1830-1915). 

Dickens (dlk'ens), Charles. Eng. novel. 
(1812-70). 

Dillon (dfl'fin), John. Irish stsm. (1851- ). 

Dinant (de"nan'), town in prov. of Namur, 
Bel., p. 8. 

Diocletian (dl-o-kle'shg-dn), G. Valerius. 
Rom. emp. (284-305). 

Diogenes (dl-oj'e-nez). Gr. cynic (412-323 
B. C.). 

Dionysius (di-o-nlsh'S-us), Tyrant of Syra- 
cuse (431-367 B. C.). 

Disraeli (dlz'ra-e-li), Benjamin, Lord Bea- 
consfleld. Br. stsm. & novel. (1804-81). 

District of Columbia, ter. of U. S., 70 sq. m., 
seat of cap. of U. S., p. 400. 

Dix (dlks), John Adams. Am. stsm. (1798- 
1879). 

Dnieper (ne'per), riv. of Russ., flows to 
Black sea, 1,230 m. 

Dniester (nes'ter), riv. of Europe, rises 
Carpathian mts., Galicia, flows to Black 
sea, 750 m. 

Dobrudja (do-brud'jd), part of Roumania, 
bounded by Danube riv., Bulgaria & 
Black sea, 9.500 sq. m., p. 500. 

Dobson (dob'sun), Henry Austin. Eng. poet 
(1840- ). 

Dodgson (dodj'sun), Charles Lutwidge [Lewis 
Carroll]. Eng. author (1832-98). 

Dominic (d6m'l-nlk), Saint. Sp. Friar, 
founder of Dominican Order (1170-1221). 

Dominican Republic (do-mln'I-kdn), or 
Santo Domingo, repub. of Haiti, 19,300 
sq. m., p. 708; cap. Santo Domingo. 

Domitian (do-mlsh'e-an), Titus Flavius 
Augustus. Rom. emp. (51-96 A. D.). 

Donatello (don-a-tel'o). Florentine sculpt. 
(1386-1466). 

Donegal (don'-e-gol), co. of Ulster, Ire., p. 169. 

Donizetti (don-e-zet'te), Gaetano. It. com¬ 
poser (1797-1848). 

Dore (do-ra/), Paul Gustave. Fr. painter 
(1833-83). 

Dorset (dor'set), co. of S. Eng., p. 223. 

Dostoyevsky (dos'to-yev'ske), Fiodor Michail- 
ovitch. _Russ. novel. (1821-81). 

Douai (doo"a'), town in dept, of Nord, 
Fr., p. 36. 

Douglas (dug'Ms), Sir James. Can, admin., 


founder of British Columbia (1803-77).— 
Stephen Arnold. Am. stsm. (1813-61). 
Dover (do'ver), bor. of Kent co., Eng., p. 44. 

—Strait of, bet. Eng. & Fr., 20-27 m. wide. 
Down (doun), co. of Ulster, Ire., p. 204. 
Doyle (doil), Arthur Conan. Br. novel. 
(1859- ). 

Drake (drak). Sir Francis. Eng. navig. 

(1545-96). 

Dresden (drgs'den), cap. of Saxony, on Elbe 
riv., p. 547. 

Dreyfus (dra"foos')» Alfred. Jewish off. in 
Fr. army (1859- ). 

Drummond (drum'mund), Henry. Scot, 
theolog. (1851-97).—William Henry. Can. 
poet (1854-1907). 

Dryden (drl'den), John. Eng. poet (1631- 
1700). 

Du Barry (doo bar'I), Marie Jeanne, Com- 
tesse. Mistress cf Louis XV (1743-93). 
Dublin (dub'lln), co. of Leinster, Ire., p. 477. 

—city, cap. of Ire., on Liffey riv., p. 305. 
Dudevant (dud"van'), Madame [George 
Sand]. Fr. novel. (1804-76). 

Dudley (dud'll), John, Duke of Northumber¬ 
land. Eng. stsm. (1502-53).—Joseph. 
Colonial gov. of Mass. (1647-1720).— 
Thomas. Colonial gov. of Mass. (1576- 
1653). 

Duluth (du-looth'), city & lake port, St. 

Louis co., Minn., on Lake Superior, p. 90. 
Dumas (du"ma'), Alexandre. Fr. novel. 
(1802-70).—Alexandre, son of former. 
Fr. novel. & dram. (1824—95).—Matthieu. 
Fr. gen. & military writer (1753-1837). 

Du Maurler (du"mo'rI-a'), George Louis. 

Fr.-Eng. artist & novel. (1834-96). 
Dumbarton (dum-bar'tbn), co. of Scot., 267 
sq. m., p. 140. 

Dumouriez (du # hi5"ri , 'a'), Charles Francois. 

Fr. gen. & polit. (1739-1823). 

Diina (dii'na), or Southern Dvina, riv. of 
Russ., flows bet. Livonia & Courland to 
Gulf of Riga, 650 m. 

Dunbar (dun'bar), Paul Laurence. Am. 

poet of African race (1872-1906). 

Dundee (dun-de') city and sp. in Forfar co., 
Scot., on Firth of Tay, p. 176. 

Dunkirk (dhn"kerk'), sp. of Fr. on Strait of 
Dover, p. 39. 

Durango (du-ran'go), state of Mex., 38,000 
sq. m., p. 483. 

Durazzo (d5o-rat's5), sp. of Albania, on 
Adriatic p 5 

Durham (dur'am), co. of N. E. Eng., p. 1,370. 
Duse (doo"za'), Eleonora. It. act. (1861- ). 

Dusseldorf (dus'sel-d6rf), city, Rhenish 
Prussia, p. 358. 

Dutch East Indies, isls. in Malay Archi¬ 
pelago owned by Netherlands, 739,559 sq. 
m., p. 37,980; cap. Batavia. 

Dvorak (dvor'zhak), Antonin. Bohemian 
composer (1841-1904). 

Dwina (dwe'na), or Dvina, riv. of N. Russ., 
flows to White sea, 1,100 m. 


E 

Eads (edz), James Buchanan 1 . Am. engineer 
(1820-87). 

Eames (an*z), Emma. Am. soprano (1867- 
)• 

Early (er'll), Jubal Anderson. Am. Confed. 
soldier (1816-94). 

East Indies, S. E. part of Asia: India, Indp- 
China & Malay Archipelago. 

East River, strait connecting Long Island 
Sound with New York Bay, 15 m. long. 

East St, Louis, city on Mississippi riv., Ill., 
p. 69. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 






Ebert 


767 


Ferrara 


Ebert (eb'grt), Friedrich. 1st pres, of Ger. 

Republic, 1919 (1871- ). 

Ecuador (ek'wd-dor), rep. of S. Am., 116,530 
sq. m., p. 1,500; cap. Quito. 

Eddy /ed'dl), Mary Baker. Am. meta¬ 
physician, founder of Christian Science 
(1821-1910). 

Edinburgh (ed'en-bur'u), city, Midlothian; 
cap. of Scot., p. 320. 

Edison (ed'I-sun), Thomas Alva. Am. 
inven. (1847- ). 

Edmonton (ed'mun-tun), city, Alberta, 
Can., p. 67. 

Edmund (ed'mund), I, king of Eng. (922- 
946).— II, Ironside, king of Eng. (981-1016). 
Edward (ed'wdrd), name of several kings of 
Eng.: I (1239-1307); II (1248-1327); 
III (1312-77); IV (1442-83); V (1470- 
83); VI (1537-53); VII, king of Gr. Br. 
& Ir., 1901-10 (1841-1910).— The Confes¬ 
sor, king of the Eng. (1004-66).— The 
Black Prince, son of Edward III (1330- 
76). 


Edwards (ed'wdrds), Jonathan. Am. theolog. 
(1703-58).—Jonathan, son of former. 
Am. theolog. (1745-1801). 

Eggleston (eg'les-tun), Edward. Am. novel. 
(1837-1902). 

Egypt (e'jlpt), country in N. E. corner of 
Africa, Br. protectorate, 400,000 sq. m., 
p. 12,000; cap. Cairo. 

Eiffel (a"f61'). Alexandre Gustave. Fr. 
engineer, builder of Eiffel Tower (1832- ). 

Ekaterinoslav (ya-ka'ta-re'no-slaf), town of 
S. Russ., on Dnieper riv., p. 196.—govt, in 
S. Russ., 24,500 sq. m., p. 3,138. 

Elba (el'ba), It. isl. in Medit., 86 sq. m., p. 30. 

Elbe (elb), riv. of cen. Europe, Bohemia to 
North sea, 725 m. 

Elgar (el'gdr), Sir Edward William. Eng. 
composer (1857- ). 

Eliot (el'i-ut), Charles William. Am. educ. 
(1834- ).—George [Mary Ann Evans]. 

Eng.novel. (1819-80).—John. Am. ‘‘Apostle 
to the Indians” (1604-90).—Sir John. 
Eng. patriot & stsm. (1592-1632). 

Elizabeth (e-llz'd-bsth), queen of Eng. fr. 
1558 (1533-1603).—Pauline Ottilie Louise, 
queen of Roumania [Carmen Sylva], 
(1843-1916).—city, cap. of Union co., 
N. J., p. 74. 

Emerson (em'er-son), Ralph Waldo. Am. 
essayist, philos. & poet (1803-82). 

Emmet (em'et), Robert. Irish patriot 
(1778-1803). 

Endicott (en'dl-kdt), John. Colonial gov. 
of Mass. (1588-1665). 

England (Lng'lrind), div. of Gr. Br., 50,851 
sq. m., p. 34,045. 

Epaminondas (6-pa"mI-n5n'dds). Gr. stsm. 
& gen. (418-362 B. C.). 

Epictetus (epTk-te'tus). Gr. Stoic philos. 
(50 A. D.-?). 

Epicurus (epT-ku'rus). Gr. philos. (342- 
270 B. C.). 

Erasmus (6-raz'mus), Desiderius. Dutch 
scholar (1466-1536). 

Ericsson (er'Iks-son), John. Swed. engineer 
(1803-89). 

Erie (e'rl), one of great lakes drained by 
St. Lawrence, bet. U. S. & Can., 250 m. 
long; battle, 1813.—city on Lake Erie, 
p. 72.— Canal, waterway fr. Buffalo to 
Troy, connecting Great Lakes with Hudson 
riv., 340 m. 


Erin (er'in), anc. & poetic name for Ireland. 
Erzerum (er'zS-rom), vilayet of Armenia, 
27,000 sq. m., p. 583. 

Essen (es'en), city S. W. Prussia, p. 295; 
Ktupp gun works. 


Essex (es'sSks), co. of S. E. Eng., p. 1,352.— 
Robert Devereux, Earl of. Favorite of 
Queen Elizabeth (1567-1601). 

Esthonia (es"th6'nl-d), one of Baltic prov., 
7,818 sq. m., p. 414; cap. Reval. 

Etna (gt'na), volcanic mt. in Sicily, 10,874 
ft. 

Eucken (oik'en), Rudolph. Ger. philos. 

(1846— ). 

®*ucUd^ (u'klld). Gr. geomet. (lived about 

Eugenie (Vzhan'e'), Marie de Guzman, 
ex-emp. ol the Fr.; wife of Napoleon III 
(1826— ). 

Euphrates (u-frat'ez), riv. of Asia; Armenia 
to Persian Gulf, 1,750 m. 

Euripides (u-rlp'I-dSz). Gr. tragic poet 
(480-406 B. C.). 

Europe (u'rop), continent, 3,750,000 sq. m.. 
p. 400,000. 

Eusebius (u-se'bl-us). Ecclesias. hist. (260- 
340). 

Evans (e'vdnz), Robert Dunglison [‘‘Fighting 
Bob”]. Am. naval off. (1846-1912). 

Evansville (gv'anz-vil), cap. of Vanderburg 
co., Ind., p. 70. 

Everest (ev'er-est), highest mt. in world: 
Himalayas; 29,002 ft. 

Everett (gv'er-et), Edward. Am. stsm. 
(1794-1865). 

Eyck, Van (van-Ik'), Hubert. Flemish 
painter (1365-1426).—Jan. Flemish painter 
(1385-1441). 


Fabius (fa'bl-us), Maximus [Cunctator, 
“the Delayer”]. Rom. gen. (?-203 B. C.). 

Fabre (fa'br), Jean Henri. Fr. entomologist 
(1823-1915). 

Fairbanks (far'banks), Charles Warren. 
Vice-pres. U. S., 1904-08 (1852-1918). 

Falkland (fok'l&nd), Br. isls. in S. Atlantic 
300 m. E. of Magellan, 6,500 sq. m., p. 3. 

Failieres (faTyar'), Clement Armand. Pres, 
of Fr., 1906-13 (1841- ). 

Fall River, city, Bristol co., Mass., p. 126. 

Farley (far'la), John Murphy. Am. cardinal 
(1842-1918). 

Farnese (far-na'sa), famous It. family: Pietro. 
Florentine gen. (died 1363).—Alessandro, 
became Pope as Paul III in 1534.—Ales¬ 
sandro, Prince of Parma, famous gen. 
(1547-92). 

Faroe (fa/ro), Dan. isls. bet. Iceland & 
Shetlands, 530 sq. m., p. 18. 

Farragut (far'd-gut), David Glasgow. Am. 
admiral (1801-70). 

Faure (for), Francois Felix. Pres, of Fr. fr. 
1895 (1841-99). 

Fawkes (foks), Guy. Eng. conspirator; 
gunpowder plot, Nov. 5, 1605 (1570-1606). 

Felix (fe'liks), name of 4 popes: I, Pope 
269-274; II, 355-358; III, 483-492; IV, 
526—530.— Antonius. Rom. procurator 
of Judaea under emp. Claudius (52 A. D.?) 

Fenelon (fahTon'), Francois de Salignac de 
la Mothe. Fr. prelate & author (1651- 
1715). 

Ferdinand (fgr'dl-nand). I, The Just, king 
of Aragon (1379-1416).—V, The Catholic, 
king of Spain (1452-1516).— VI, king of 
Spain (1784-1833).—I, king of Bulgaria 
fr. 1908; abdicated in favor of Boris 1918 
(1861- ).—I, king of Roumania fr. 1914 

(1865- ). 

Fernandez (fer-n&n'dez; Sp. fgr-nan'dath), 
Juan. Sp. navig. (1536-1602). 

Ferrara (fer-ra'ra), prov. of N. It., 1,100 
sq. m., p. 326.—cap, of prov., p. 95. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









Ferrero 


768 


Galicia 


Ferrero (fer-ra'ro), Guglielmo. It. hist. & 

Fessenden (fes'en-den), William Pitt. Am. 

Fezf^ne 1 ^ the capitals of Morocco, p. 100. 
Field, Cyrus West. Am. telegraphic pro¬ 
moter (1819-92).—Eugene. Am. poet & 

journ. (1850-95). . 

Fielding (feld'ing), Henry. Eng. novel. 

Flfe 7 (fif) 54 co. of Scot., p. 268; cap. Cupar. 

FIJI (fe'je), Br. isls. in S. Pacific, 7,435 sq. m., 

Fillmore (fil'mor), Millard. 13th pres, of 
U. S. (1800-74). _ _ . „ 

Finland (fln'land), former grand-duchy of 
Russ E. of Gulf of Bothnia; indepen. 
state 1918; 134,829 sq. m., P-3,154; cap. 
Helsingfors.— Gull of, arm of Baltic, 250 

Fionn° Maccumhail (fIn"mdk-kobl'), Irish 
epic hero of 3d century. 

Fish, Hamilton. Am. stsm. (1808-93). 
Fisher, John Arbuthnot, Baron. Br. 

admiral (1841- )• „ 0 . 0 inn1 x 

Flske (flsk), John. Am. philos. ( 18 42-1901). 

Fitch (fich), John ‘ 

—Clyde. Am. playwright (1865-1909). 
Fitzgerald (fitz-jer'dld), Edward. Eng. 

poet, translator Rubaiyat (1809-83). 

Flume (fyoo'me), port of Croatia, on 
Quarnero bay, Adriatic, p. 50. 

Flammarion (fla"ma're on ), Camille. Fr. 
astron. (1842- ). 

Flanders (flan'derz), two Belgian prov.. 
East, 1,172 sq. m., p. 1,134; cap. Ghent. 
—West, 1,249 sq. m., p. 885; cap. Bruges. 
Flaubert (flo"bar'), Gustave. Fr. novel. 
(1821-80). _ 

Fletcher (flech'er), Frank Friday. Am. 
admiral (1855- )■—John. Eng. author 

with Beaumont (1579-1625). 

Fleury (fla're'), Andre Hercule de. Fr. 
cardinal & stsm. (1653—1/43). Claude. 
Fr. hist. (1640-1723). ... ~ T , 

Florence (flor'ens; It. Firenze), city of It., 
on the Arno, p. 233.—prov. of It., 2,262 

Florida' (flor'i-da), state of U. S., 5S.666 
sq. m., p. 753; cap. Tallahassee. 

Flotow (flo'to), Friedrich von. Ger. com¬ 
poser (1812-83). 

Foch (fosh), Ferdinand. Marshal of France, 
generalissimo of Allied armies, 1918 

Fontainebleau (f6h"tah"blo'). town, dept. 

of Seine-et-Marne, Fr., p. 15. 

Foochow (fu'chou'), city S. E. China on 
Min riv., p. 700. 

Foote (f<56t), Andrew Hull. Am. naval off. 
(1806-63).—Henry Stuart. Am. polit. 
(1800-80). , „ 

Foraker (for'a-ker), Joseph Benson. Am. 

poht. (1846-1917). „ . . Q . 

Forbes-Robertson (f6rbz-ro bert-sun), Sir 
Johnston. Eng. act. (1853- ). 

Ford (ford), Henry. Am. auto, manufac. 
& polit. (1863- ).—Paul Leicester. Am. 

novel. (1865-1902). . , _ 

Forfar (for'fdr), co. on E. coast of Scot., 

P- 284. _ , 

.Formosa (fSr-mo'sa), or Taiwan, isI. in 
China sea, ceded to Jap. 1895; 13,500 

sq. m., p. 3,341. 

Forrest (for'Sst), Edwin. Am. act. (1806- 
72 ).—Nathan Bedford. Am. Confed. 
soldier (1821-77). 0 „ „ , , 

Forth (fbrth), riv. of cen. Scot.— Bridge, 
viaduct across Firth of Forth, Scot., 
8,295 ft. 


Fort Wayne (wan), city of Allen co., Ind., 

Fort Worth, city of Tarrant co., Tex., p. 73. 
Fourier (foo"rya'), Francois Charles. Sr. 
Socialist (1772-1837).—Jean Baptiste. Fr. 
math. (1768-1830). _ 

Fox (fdks), Charles James. Eng. stsm. 
(1749-1806).—George. Eng. founder of 

Society of Friends, or Quakers (1624-91). 
France (frans; anc. Gallia), yfPyb. in W. 
Europe, 207,100 sq. m., k 40,000, cap. 
Paris.—Anatole [Jacques Thibault]. Fr. 
novel. & critic (1844- ). ,.. Q . 

Francis (fran'sis). I, king of Fr (1494- 
1547).— II, king of Fr. (1544-60).—of 
Assisi. It. Friar, founder of Franciscans 
(1182-1226).— of Paula, founder of Order 
of Minims (1416—1507).— Xavier, Jesuit 
mission ( 1506 - 52 ).— Ferdinand, archduke 
of Austria, assassinated June 28, 1914 

(1863-1914).— Joseph, I, emp. of Austria 
& king of Hung. (1830-1916). 

Frankfort (frank'foort), city of Prussia on 

Main riv., p. 415. .. .. 

Franklin (franklin), Benjamin. Am. writer 
& stsm. (1706-90).—Sir John. Eng. 
Arctic explor. (1786-1847).—William Buel. 
Am. soldier (1823-1903). 

Fraser (fra'zer), riv. in British Columbia, 

500 m. . „ . ~ 

Frederick (fred'er-Ik). I, Bnrbarossa, Ger. 
emp. (1121-90).— II, G f T. emp. (119 4 - 
1250).—I, king of Prussia (16o7-1713).— 
II, The Great, king of Prussia (1712-86). 
—Ill, emp. of Ger. ( 183 1-8S) v HIj 
king of Den. (1843-1912).— William, of 
Prussia, the Great Elector (1620 88). 
William I, king of Prussia (1688-1740). 
Fremont (fre-mont'). John Charles. Am. 

explor. & soldier (1813-90). 

Fremstad (fiem'stad), Olive. Am. soprano 
(1870- ). 

French (frensh), Daniel Chester. Am. 
sculptor (1850- ).—John Denton Pink- 

stone, Viscount. Br. field-marshal (1852- ). 

French Congo, Fr. colony in W. cen. Africa, 
560,000 sq. m., p. 9,800. 

French Guinea, Fr. colony m W. Africa, 
92,000 sq. m., p. 1,927. . . 

French Indo-China, Fr. colonies m S. E. 

Asia, 256.200 sq. m., p. 18,000. 

Friendly Islands- See Tonga Islands. 
Frohman (fro'man), Charles. Am. theatr. 
mgr. (1860-1915). 

Froissart (frwa"sar'), Jean. Fr. poet & hist. 

(1338-1410). , , „ 

Frontenac (front'nak'), Louis de Buade, 
Comte. Fr. gov. in Can. (1620-98). 
Froude (frbod), James Anthony. Eng. hist. 

(1818-94). _ „ ^ 

Fujiyama (foo'je-ya'ma), or Fuji-San, vol¬ 
canic mt. of Japan, 12,400 ft. 

Fulton (fobl'tun), Robert. Am. engineer; 

steamboat inv. (1765-1815). 

Fundy (fun'dl). Bay of. An inlet of Atlantic, 
bet. Nova Scotia & New Brunswick, 180 
m. long. „ „ . , . ... 

Funston (fun'stun), Frederick. Am. soldier 
(1865-1917). 


Fr. novel. 


Gaboriau (ga-bo'ryo'), Emile. 

(1835-73). „ 

Gainsborough (gans'bur-6), Thomas. Eng. 

painter (1727-88). 

Galba (gal'ba), Servius Sulpicius. Rom. 

emp. (3 B. C.-69 A. D.). 

Galicia (gal-Ish'e-a), crownland of Austria, 
30,311 sq. m., p. 8,026, mostly Poles & 
Ruthenians; battles, 1914—17. 


b.zuo it. _——:- — - 1 -- 

ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 

light, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, cSmpare; unit, finite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu; 














Galilee 


769 


Great Britain 


Galilee (gal'I-le), anc. prov. of Palestine, 
now in vilayet of Syria.— Sea of, lake in 
cen. Palestine, 13 m. long. 

Galileo (galT-le'o). It. astron. (1564-1642). 

Gallteni (gal"ye"ne'), Joseph Simon. Fr. 
gen. (1849-1916). 

Gallinger (gal'in-ger), Jacob H. Am. polit. 
(1837—1918). 

Gallipoli (gal-lS'po-le), penin. bet. Darda¬ 
nelles & Gulf of Saros, 55 m. long; battles, 
1915. 

Galsworthy (galz'wfir-thl), John. Br play¬ 
wright & essayist (1867- ). 

Galvan! (gal-va'ne), Luigi. It. physicist 
(1737-98). 

Galveston (gal'ves-tun), city. S. E. Texas, 
p. 51. 

Galway (gol'wa), co. of Connaught, Ire., p. 
182. 

Gambetta (garFbet'a/), Leon Michel. Fr. 
stsm. (1838-82). 

Ganges (gan'jez), riv. of N. India, 1,500 m. 
to Bay of Bengal. 

Garfield (gar'feld), James Abram. 20th 
pres, of U. S. (1831—81).—his sons, Harry 
A., coll. pres. Sc National Fuel Adminis¬ 
trator (1863- ); James Rudolph, cabinet 

officer (1865- ). 

Garibaldi (ga/'rl-bal'di), Giuseppe. It. 
patriot (1807-82). 

Garonne (ga"ron'), riv. S. W. France, 355 m. 

Garrick (gar'Ik),|David. Eng. act. (1716-79). 

Garrison (gar'I-sun), William Lloyd. Am . 
abolitionist & internationalist (1805-79). 

Gatim (ga-toon'), town Canal Zone, p. 7.— 
Dam, part of Panama Canal, 8,000 ft. 
long. 

Gautier (go"ty§'), Theophile. Fr. poet & 
novel. (1811-72). 

Gaynor (ga'ner), William J. Am. jurist, 
mayor N. Y. 1909 (1851-1913). 

Geddes (ged'es), Sir Eric Campbell. Br. 
R. R. expert, first lord of admiralty 
(1875- ). 

Geneva (je-ne'va), canton of Switz., 108 
sq. m., p. 154.—cap. of canton, p. 126.— 
Lake of, largest lake in Switz. 

Genghis Khan (jen'gls kan). Mongol con¬ 
queror (1160-1227). 

Genoa (jen'o-a), prov. of Italy, 1,580 sq. m., 
p. 1,050.—city, sp. of Italy, p. 272. 

George (jorj), name of 5 kings of Gr. Br. & 
lr.: I (1660-1727); II (1683-1760); 

III (1738-1820); IV (1762-1830); V, 
king fr. 1910 (1865- ).—I, king of Greece 

(1845-1913).— Saint, patron saint of 
Eng., martyred April 23, 303.—lake, in 
N. Y., 33 m. long. 

Georgia (jor'ji-d), state of TJ. S., 59,475 sq. 
m., p. 2,609; cap. Atlanta. 

German East Africa, ter. owned by Ger., 
prior to 1914, on E. coast Africa, 384,170 
sq. m., p. 7.660. 

Germanicus (jer-man'I-kus), Caesar. Rom. 
gen. (15 B. C.-19 A. D.). 

German Southwest Africa, ter. owned by 
Ger., prior to 1914, on W. coast Africa, 
322,000 sq. m., p. 84. 

Germantown, N. part of Philadelphia, Pa.; 
battle, Oct. 4, 1777. 

Germany (jur'man-I), repub. in cen. Europe, 
172,000 sq. m., p. 54,000; cap. Berlin. 

Gerry (gerl), Ethridge. Am. stsm.; vice- 
pres. of U. S. (1744-1814). 

Gettysburg (get'tis-burg), city of Adams eo.. 
Pa., p. 4; battle, July 1-3, 1863. 

Ghent (gent), cap. of E. Flanders, Belgium, 

p. 162. 

Ghiberti (ge"ber'te), Lorenzo. It. sculpt. 
(1378-1455). 


Gibbon (glb'iin), Edward. Eng. hist. 
(1737-94). 

Gi bbons (glb'unz), James. Am. cardinal 

Gibraltar (jf-brol'ter), town & strongly ft. 
rock, S. Spain, annexed by Gr. Br. 1704 
p. 25. 

Gibson (gib'sun), Charles Dana. An, 
filus. (1867- ). 

Gilbert (gil'bert), Sir Humphrey. Eng, 
navig. (1539—83).—Sir William Schwenck. 
Eng. librettist with Sullivan (1836-1911). 
GiobertI (jo-Mr'te), Vincenzo. It. stsm. & 
Philos. (1801-52). 

Giotto (joPto), Bondone. Florentine painter 

Girard (jl-rard'), Stephen. Am. merchant 
& philan. (1750-1831). 

Gironde (zhe"r6nd'), dept, of Fr., on Bay 
of Biscay, 3,160.sq. m., p. 824. 

Gladden (glad'en), Washington. Am. 

clergy. & author (1836-1918). 

Gladstone (glad'stun), William Ewart. 
Br. stsm. (1809-98). 

Glamorgan (gla-mor'gan), co. of S. Wales. 

p. 1,120. 

Glasgow (glas'go), city, on Clyde riv., 
Scot., p. 1,095. 

Gloucester (glos'ter), co. of Eng., p. 736. 
Gluck (gliik), Alma. Am. soprano (1886- ). 
—Christopher Wilibald Ritter von. Ger. 
composer (1714-87). 

Goethals (go'thalz), George Washington. 

Am. military eng. (1858- ). 

Goethe (geu'tS), Johann Wolfgang von. 

Ger. poet, novel. & dram. ( 1749 - 1831 ). • 
Goldsmith (gold'smith), Oliver. Ir ish poet 
(1728—74). 

Gomez (gom'ez), Maximo. Cuban patriot 
(1826-1905). 

Gompers (gom'perz), Samuel. Am. labor 
leader, b. London, Eng. (1850- ). 

Gordon (gor'don), Charles George. Br. 
gen. (1833-85).—Charles William fRalph 
Connor]. Can. clergy. & author (1860- ). 

—John Brown. Am. Confed. soldier (.1832- 
1904) • 

Gorky (gor'ki), Maxim [A. M. Pyeshkovl. 

Russ, novel. (1868- ). 

Goritz (geu"rlts'), or Gorz, town on Isonzo, 
35 m. N. W. of Trieste, p. 26. 

Gothard (gothVird), mt. group of Switz.; 

10,600 ft.—tunnel through Alps, 914 m. 
Gottenburg (got'en-burg), sp. town in Swe.. 
p. 177. 

Gough (gof), John B. Am. temperance 
orator (18F7-86). 

Gounod (goo"no') t Charles Francois. Fr. 
composer (1817-93). 

Gracchus (grak'kus), famous Rom. family: 
Tiberius Sempronius (169-133 B. C.).— 
Gaius (159-121 B. C.). 

Granada (gra-na'da), prov. of Sp., 4,923 
sq. m., p^493.—cap. of prov., p. 76. 

Grand Canon (kan'yun), gorge of the Colo¬ 
rado riv. in Ariz., 217 m. long. 

Grand Rapids, city of Kent co., Mich., 
p. 113. 

Grant, Ulysses Simpson. Am. gen. & 18th 
pres, of the U. S. (1822-85).—Frederick 
Dent, son of former. Am. soldier & dipl. 
(1850-1912).—James. Br.novel. (1822-87). 
Grattan (grat'tdn), Henry. Irish stsm. & 
orator (1746-1820). 

Gray (gra), Asa. Am. bot. (1810-88).— 
Thomas. Eng. poet (1716-71). 

Great Barrier Reef, natural breakwater 
coast of Queensland, Australia, 1,000 m. 
Great Britain (brLdn), isl., part of United 
Kingdom, 88,603 sq. m., n. 41,000. 


boot, foot;found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick;hw=whasinwhen; 
zh=z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 









Great Salt Lake 


770 


Hayes 


Great Salt Lake, in Utah, 4,000 ft. above 
sea, 75 m. long, 50 wide. 

Great Slave Lake, in N. W. Territories, Can., 
300 m. long, 60 wide. 

Greece (gres), kingdom of S. E. Europe, 
43,522 sq. m., p. 5,000; cap. Athens. 
Greeley (gre'll), Horace. Am. ed. & publicist 
(1811-72). 

Greene (gren), Nathaniel. Am. gen. (1742- 


OU / • 

Greenland, Dan. isl. N. E. of N. Am., 
827,300 sq. m., p. 12. 

Green Mountains, in New England, 4,400 ft. 

Greenough (gren'6), Horatio. Am. sculpt. 
(1805-52). 

Greenwich (grgn'Ij), bor. of Kent co., 
Eng., p. 96; observatory. 

Gregory (greg'or-I), name of 16 popes: I, 
The Great (540-604).— XIII, who re¬ 
formed the calendar (1502-85). 

Greuze (grtiz), Jean Baptiste. Fr. painter 
(1725-1805). 

Gr6vy (gra've"), Francois Paul Jules. Pres, 
of Fr. repub. (1807-91). 

Grey (gra), Earl. Eng. stsm. (1764-1845).— 
Lady Jane. Heir to Eng. throne (1537- 
54).—Viscount, of Falloden. Br. stsm.; 
foreign secretary at opening of Great War, 
1914 (1862- ). 

Grieg (greg), Edvard. Norweg. composer 
(1843-1907). 

Grimm (grim), Wilhelm Karl. Writer of 
fairy tales (1786-1859). 

Grodno (grod'no), city, W. Russia, p. 67. 

Grouchy (groo'she), Emmanuel de. Marquis. 
Fr. gen. (1766-1847). 

Guadalquivir (gwa/'dal-kwlv'er), riv. of 
Spain, 360 m. to Cadiz gulf. 

Guadiana (gwa"dl-an'd), riv. of Spain & 
Portugal, 515 m. to Atlantic oc. 

Guam (gwam), Am. isl., Ladrone group, 
Pacific oc., 200 sq. m., p. 12. 

Guatemala (gwa'td-ma'ld), repub. Cen. 
Am ., 47,500 sq. m., p. 2,000.—city, cap. 
of repub., p. 90. 

Guiana (ge-a'na), section of S. Am., owned 
by Br., Fr., & Dutch, p. 440. 

Guinea (gln'i), Gulf of, on W. coast of 
AfricSi 

Guizot (ge"z5'), Francois Pierre Guillaume. 
Fr. hist. & stsm. (1787-1874). 


H 

Haakon VII (ha'kon), Prince Charles of 
Denmark, king of Nor. fr. 1905 (1872- ). 

Habana. See Havana. 

Hadrian (ha'drl-an), Publius Aelius. Rom. 
emp. (76-138). 

Hague (hag). The, cap. of Netherlands, p. 
295; Hague Tribunal estab. 1899. 

Hahnemann (ha/ne-mdn), Samuel Christian 
Friedrich. Ger. physician, founder of 
homeopathy (1755-1843). 

Haig (hag), Sir Douglas. Br. field marshal 
(1861- ). 

Hainaut (a"nd'), prov. of Bel.; cap. Mons; 
p. 1,147. 

Haiti (ha'tl), isl. in W. Indies, 28,200 sq. m., 
p. 2,500.— -Republic of, part of W. Haiti 
& isls., 10,200 sq. m.; cap. Port-au-Prince. 

Hakodate (ha"ko-da't£), city on isl. of 
Yesso, Japan, p. 78. 

Hale (hal), Edward Everett. Am. clergy. 
& author (1S22-1909).—Nathan. Am. 
patriot (1755-76). 

Halifax (hal'i-fax), city, Yorkshire, Eng., 
p. 102.—cap. Nova Scotia, p. 47. 

Hallam (har&m), Henry. Eng. hist. (1777- 
1859). 


Halleck (hal'gk), Fitz Greene. Am. poet 

(1790-1867).—Henry Wager. Am. gen. 

(1815-72). 

Halley (hal'll), Edmund. Eng. astron.; 

disc, of comet 1682 (1656—1742). 

Hals (hiilz), Franz. ' Dutch painter, founder 
of school (1580-1666). 

Hamburg (ham'burkh), city on Elbe riv., 
Ger., p. 953. 

Hamilcar (ham'Il-kar), name of several 
Carthaginian generals. 

Hamilton (ham'Il-tun), city, Ontario, Can., 
p. 101.—Alexander. Am. soldier & stsm. 
(1757-1804). 

Hampden (hamp'den), John. Br. anti¬ 
royalist (1594-1643). 

Hampshire (hamp'shir), or Hants, co. of 
S. Eng., p. 951. 

Hancock (han'kok), John. Am. Rev. patriot, 
1st governor of Mass. (1737-93).—Winfield 
Scott. Am. gen. (1824-86). 

Handel (han'del), George Frederick. Ger.- 
Eng. composer (1685-1759). 

Hang-Chow (hiing'chou'), cap. of Chekiang, 
China, p. 594. 

Hankow (hiin'kou'), city- & port, Hupeh, 
China, p. 900. 

Hannibal (han'nl-bdl). Carthaginian gen. 
(247-183 B. C.). 

Hanover (han-o'ver), prov. Prussia, p. 2,760. 

—city, cap. of prov., p. 303. 

Hardie (har'dn, James Keir. Br. labor 
leader (1856-1915). 

Hardy (har'd!), Thomas. Eng. novel. 
(1840- ). 

Harlem (har'lem), upper section of Man¬ 
hattan isl., part of N. Y. City.— River, 
connects East riv. with Hudson, N. Y. 
Harper (har'per), William Rainey. Am. 
educ. (1856-1906). 

Harper’s Ferry, town, on Potomac riv., W. 

Va. Scene of notable events in Civil War. 
Harriman (har'i-man), Edward Henry. Am. 

railroad financier (1847—1909). 

Harris (har'Is), Joel Chandler. Am. novel. 
(1848-1908). 

Harrisburg, cap. of Pa., on Susquehanna 
riv., p. 64. 

Harrison, Benjamin. 23d pres, of U. S. 
(1833-1901).—Frederick. Eng. essayist 
(1831- ).—William Henry. Am. soldier, 

9th pres, of U. S. 1840 (1773-1841). 

Harte (hart), Fiancis Bret. Am. story 
writer & poet. (1837-1902). 

Hartford (hart'ferd), cap. of Conn., on 
Connecticut riv., p. 99. 

Harun - al - Rashid (hii - roon'al - rii'shed), 
or Haroun-al-Rashtd. Caliph of Bagdad 
(766-809). 

Harvey (har'vl), William. Eng. anat. 

(1578-1657). 

Hasdrubal (has'droo-bdl), name of several 
Carthaginian generals. 

Hastings (has'tlngz), Warren. Eng. gov. 

gen. of India (1732-1818). 

Hauptmann (houpt'man), Gerhart. Ger. 

dram. (1862- ). 

Havelock (hav'lok). Sir Henry. Br. gen. 

(1795-1857). 

Havre (ha'ver), sp. city, France, p. 136. 
Hawaii (ha-wl'l), isl. ter. of U. S. in Pacific, 
p. 192; cap. Honolulu. 

Hawthorne (ho'thorn), Nathaniel. Am. 

novel. (1804-64). 

Hay (ha), John. Am. stsm. & author (1838- 
1905). 

Haydn (hi'dn), Joseph. Aus. composer 

(1732-1809). 

Hayes (haz), Rutherford Birchard. 19th 

pres, of U. S. (1822-93). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 








Hazlitt 


771 


Idaho 


Hazlitt (haz'let), William. Eng. critic 
(1778-1830). 

Hearn (hern), Lafcadio. Br.-Jap. author 
(1850-1904). 

Hebrides (heb'n-dez), isls. W. of Scot., 
3,000 sq^ m., p. 100. 

Hegel (ha'gei), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 

Ger. philos. (1770-1831). 

Heine (ln'ne), Heinrich. Ger. poet (1797- 
1S56). 

Helsingfors (hel'sing-fors), sp. town, cap. 
Finland, p._112. 

Hemans (he'mdnz), Felicia. Eng. poet 
(1793-1835). 

Hendricks (hen'drxks), Thomas Andrews. 

Vice-Pres. of U. S. (1819-85). 

Henley (hen'll), William Ernest. Eng. poet 
(1849-1903). 

Henry, name of 8 kings of Eng., notably: 
V (1387-1422); VIII (1491-1547).—name 
of 4 kings of Pr. and 7 Ger. kings & Bom. 
emps.—also IV, of Navarre (1553-1610).— 
Patrick. Am. patriot (1736-99). 
Heraclitus (her-d-kli'tus) ,Gr.philos. (500B.C.) 
Hereford (her'e-ford), co. of Eng., p. 114. 
Herkimer (her'kl-mer), Nicholas. Am. gen. 
(1715-77). 

Herod (her'ud), tine Great, king of the Jews 
(62-4 B. C.). 

Herodotus (he-rod'5-tus). Gr. hist. (484- 
425 B. C.). 

Herrick (her'ik), Robert. Eng. poet (1591- 
1674). 

Herschel (her'shel), Sir John. Eng. astron. 
(1792-1871). 


Hertford (hart'ferd), co. of Eng., p. 311. 
Herzegovina (her"tsd-go-ve'na), country in 
Balkans, with Bosnia annexed by Austria- 
Hungary 1908. 

Hesiod (he'si-od). Gr. poet (about 776 
B. C.). 

Hewlett (hu'let), Maurice. Eng. novel. 
(1861- ). 

Hill (hil), Ambrose Powell. Am. Confed. 
gen. (1825-65).—James Jerome. Am. 
R. R. builder (1838-1916). 

Himalaya (hl-ma'ld-yd, or hl-md-la/ya), mt. 
system, 1,600 m. long, bet. India & Tibet; 
Mt. Everest, 29,000 ft. 

Hindenburg (hin'den-boorkh), Paul von. 

Ger. field marshal (1847- ). 

Hindu ICiish (hln'doo koosh), mt. range of 
Afghanistan, 20,000 ft. 

Hindustan (hln-doo-stan'), Persian name of 
India. 

Hippocrates (hi-pok'ra-tez). Gr. physician 
(460-359 B. C.). 

Hoar (hor), George Frisbie. Am. sen. 
(1826-1904). 

Hobart (ho'bdrt - ), Garret Augustus. Vice- 
Pres. of U. S. (1844-99).—city, cap. of 
Tasmania, p. 25. ^ 

Hoboken (ho-bo'ken), sp. city, Hudson co., 
N. J., p. 70. 

Hobson (hob'sun), Richmond Pearson. Am. 
naval off. (1870- ). 

Hofmann (hof'man), Josef. Pol.-Am. 
pianist (1876- ). 

Hogartb (ho'garth), William. Eng. satirical 
painter (1697-1764). 

Hokkaido (hok-ki'do), isl. of Japan, 36,500 
sq. m., p. 1,460. 

Holbein (hol'bin), Hans. Ger. painter 
(1460-1524).—Hans, son of former. Painter 
(1497-1543). 

Holland (hol'ldnd). See Netherlands. 
Holman-Hunt (hol'mdn-hunt'), William. 

Eng. painter (1827-1910). 

Holmes (homz), Oliver Wendell. Am. 
author & physician (1809-94). 


Holyoke (hol'yok), city, Hampden co.. 
Mass., p^ 58. 

Homer (ho'mer). Gr. poet, 9th century B.O. 
—Winslow. Am. painter (1836-1910.) 

Hondo (hon'do), or Honshu, largest isl. of 
Japan, 87,483 sq.jm., p. 35,000. 

Honduras (hon-doo'rds), repub. of Cen. 
Am., 44,275 sq. m., p. 560; cap. Teguci¬ 
galpa. 

Hongkong (hong'kong'), Br. isl., mouth of 
Canton riv., China^p. 400. 

Honolulu (ho"no-loo'loo), cap. of Hawaii 
ter., p. 52. 

Honshu (hon'shoo). See Hondo. 

Hood (hood), Thomas. Eng. poet (1799- 
1845).— Mount, peak of Cascades, Ore., 
11,225 ft. _ 

Hoover (hoo'ver), Herbert Clark. Am . 
eng., com. of Belgian relief during Great 
War, 1914-18; U. S. food admin. (1874- ). 

Hopkins (hop'Mnz), Edward. Colonial gov. 
of Conn. (1600-57).—Mark. Am. educ. 
(1802-87).—Stephen. Am. patriot (1707- 
85). 

Horace (hor'as), Quintus Flaccus. Latin 
poet (65-8 B. C.). 

Horn, Cape, S. extrem. S. Am., on Tierra 
del Fuego isls. 

Hortense (organs'), Eugenie. Wife of Louis 
Bonaparte (1783-1837). 

Houston (hus'tun), city, Harris co., Tex., 
p. 79.—Sam. Am. gen.; pres, of Texas 
(1793-1863). 

Howard (hou'drd), Oliver Otis. Am. gen. 
(1830-1909). 

Howe (hou), William, Viscount. Br. gen. 
in Am. (1729-1814). 

Howells (hou'elz), William Dean. Am. 
novel. (1837- ). 

Hudson (hud'sun), Henry. Eng. navig. in 
Dutch service (1576-1611).— Bay, 900 m. 
long, N. E. Can.; opens into Arctic oc.; 
disc. 1610.— River, in N. Y., 300 m. to 
N. Y. bay. 

Hughes (huz), Charles Evans. Am. jurist 
(1862- )._ 

Hugo (hu'go), Victor Marie, Viscount. Fr. 
novel. ^(1802—85). 

Hull (hul), Isaac. Am. commodore (1773- 
1843).—city, Yorks., Eng., p. 291. 

Humbert (hum'bert), I. King of Italy 
(1844-1900). 

Hume (hum), David. Scot. hist. (1711-76). 

Humperdinck (hoom'per-dlnk), Engelbert. 
Ger. composer (1854- ). 

Hungary (hun'gd-rl), state of cen. Europe, 
86,890 sq. m., p. 14,300; cap. Budapest. 

Hunt (hunt), Leigh.^ Eng. poet (1784-1859). 

Munyadi Janos (hoon'yod-i ya'nosh). Hun¬ 
garian gen. (?-1456). 

Huron, Lake (hu'run), one of 5 great lakes 
of N. Am., 23,800 sq. m. 

Huss (hus), John. Bohemian reformer 
(1369-1415). 

Huxley (huks'll), Thomas Henry. Eng. 
biologist (1825-95). _ 

Hwang-Ho (hwang-ho), riv. in China, 2,600 
m. to Yellow sea. 

Hyderabad (hl"der-a-bad'), state, Deccan, 
India, 82,690 sq. m., p. 13,375.—cap. of 
state, p. 500. 


I 

Ibsen (lb'sen), Henrik. Norweg. dram. 

(1828-1906). 

Iceland (ls'land), Dan. isl. N. Atlantic oc., 
40,000 sq. m., p. 85; cap. Reykjavik. 
Idaho (i'da-ho), state of U. S., 84,800 sq. m., 
p. 437; cap. Boise. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh — z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








Illinois 


772 


Karlsruhe 


Illinois (xl-ll-noi'; or -noiz / ), state of Tj. S., 
56,650 sq. m., p. 5,639; cap. Springfield.— 
River, 350 m. long, flows to Mississippi riv. 

India (In'dT-d), country, mostly under Br. 
rule, S. Asia, S. of Himalaya mts., 1,944,700 
sq. m., p. 300,000. 

Indiana (fn-dl-an'd), state of U. S., 36,350 
sq. m., p. 2,701; cap. Indianapolis. 

Indianapolis (In"dI-an-ap'o-lIs), cap. of 
Indiana, p. 234. 

Indian Ocean, one of the 5 great oceans, S. 
of Asia & E. of Africa, to Antarctic circle, 
28,350,000 sq. m., greatest depth, 22,968 ft. 

Indo-China (In-do-chi'nd), or Farther India, 

the S. E. pen. of Asia. 

Indus (In'dus), riv. S. Asia, Tibet to Arabian 
sea, 1,700 m. _ 

Ingelow (in'je-lo), Jean. Eng. poet & novel. 
(1820-97). 

Inness (In'es), George. Am. painter (1825- 
94). 

Innocent, name of 13 popes, notably: III 
(1161-1216). , 

Ionian Islands (I-o'ni-an), group, Medit. 
sea, 1,117 sq. m., p. 226. 

Ionian Sea, part of Medit., bet. Greece & 
S. Italy. 

Iowa (i'6-wd), state of U. S., 56,025 sq. m., 
p. 2,225; cap. Des Moines. 

Ireland (ir'land), isl., part of United King¬ 
dom, 32,600 sq. m., p. 4,390; cap. Dublin. 

Irrawaddy (ir-a-wad'i), riv. of Burmah, 
1,500 m. to Bay of Bengal. 

Irving (ur'ving), Sir Henry [John Henry 
Brodribb]. Eng. act. (1838-1905).— 
Washington. Am. essayist & hist. (1783- 
1S59). _ „ 

Isabella (Iz'd-bel'd), I. Queen of Castile & 
Leon (1451-1504). 

Isocrates (I-sok'rd-tez). Athenian orator 
(436-338 B. C.). 

Isonzo (e-zon'tso), riv. in Goritz, 75 m. to 
Gulf of Trieste. 

Israels (es"ra-eis'), Joseph. Dutch painter 
(1824-1911). 

Italy (It'd-11; It. Italia), kingdom S. Europe, 
110,623 sq. m., p. 35,000; cap. Rome. 

Ivan (e-van'), the Great. Founder of Russ. 
Empire (1440-1505).— the Terrible. Czar 
of Russ. (1529-84). 

Ivangorod (-go-rot), town, Russ. Poland. 


Jackson (jak'sun), Andrew. Am. soldier; 
7th pres, of U. S. (1767-1845).—Thomas 
Jonathan [“Stonewall Jackson”]. Am. 
Confed. gen. (1824-63). 

Jacksonville (-vll), city, Duval co., Fla., on 
St. Johns riv., j). 58. 

Jamaica (jd-ma'kd), Br. isl. W. Indies, 
4,193 sq. m., p. 850; cap. Kingston. 

James (jamz), name of 5 kings of Scot.: I 
1*1394-1437); II (1430-60); III (1451- 
88 ); IV (1473-1513); V (1512-42).—I of 
Eng. & VI of Scot. (1566-1625).— II of 
Eng. & VII of Scot. (1633-1701).—Henry. 
Am. novel. (1843-1916).—William. Am. 
psychologist (1842-1910).—riv. in Va., 
325 m. to Chesapeake bay. 

Japan (jd-pan'), an isl. empire off E. coast 
of Asia, 140,200 sq. m., p. 65,100; cap. 
Tokyo.— Sea, bet. Japan & Korea, 405,000 
sq. m. 

Jassy (yas'se), city, former cap. of Moldavia, 
Roumania, p. 78. 

Jaures (zho'res'), Jean Leon. Fr. Socialist 
& author (1859-1914). 

Java (ja'vd), isl. Dutch East Indies, 48,400 
m., p., with Madura, 30,000. 


AIL 


Jay (ja), John. Am. jurist & stsm. (1745— 
1829). 

Jefferson (jef'er-sun), Joseph. Am. actor 
(1829-1905).—Thomas. 3d pres, of U. S. 
(1743-1826). w . 

Jena (ya'na), town, Saxe-Weimar, Ger., 
p. 39; battle, 1806. . 

Jerome (jer-om'), Saint. Latin father 
(340-420). 

Jersey (jer'zt), one of Channel isls., 45 sq. m., 
p. 53; cap. St. Helier.— City, city, Hudson 
co., N. J., on Hudson riv., p. 268. 

Jerusalem (je-roo'sd-lem), cap. of Palestine; 
captured by British 1917; p. 51. 

Joan of Arc. Fr. heroine (1412-31). See 
Arc, Jeanne d’. 

Jo if re (zho'fr), Joseph Jacques Cesaire. Fr. 
commander-in-chief. Marshal of Fr. 
(1852- ). _ „ , 

Johannesburg (yo-han'nes-burg;, town 
Transvaal, Union of S. Africa, p. 220. 

John, name of several kings: Of Eng. (1167- 
1216).— Of France (1319-64).— III, of 
Poland [Sobieski] (1624-96).— Of Bohe¬ 
mia (1296-1346).— Of Hungary [Zapolya] 
(1487-1540). 

Johnson (jon'sun), Andrew. 17th pres, of 
U. S. (1808-75).—Samuel. Eng. author 

(1709-84).—Sir William. Br. soldier & ad¬ 
min. in Am., founder of Johnstown, N. Y. 

(1715-74). 

Johnston (jonz'tSn), Albert Sidney. Am. 
Confed. soldier (1803-62).—Joseph Eggles¬ 
ton. Am. Confed. soldier (1807-91).— 
Mary. Am. novel. (1870- ). 

Johnstown (jonz'toun), city, Fulton co., 
N. Y., p. 11.—city, Cambria co., Pa., p. 65. 

Jones (jons), John Paul. Am. naval com¬ 
mander (1747-92). 

Jonson (jon'sun), Ben. Eng. poet & dram. 
(1574-1637). 

Jordan (jor'ddn), riv. of Palestine, 200 m.— 
David Starr. _Am. natur. (1851- ). 

Josephine (zho'ze-fen). Empress of the 
French 1804-09 (1763-1814). 

Josephus (jo-se'fus), Flavius. Jewish hist. 
(37 A. D.-?). 

Juarez (hu-a'reth), Benito Pablo. Pres, of 
Mex. fr. 1861 _(1806-72). 

Jugo-Slav (yoo'go-slaf), the South Slavs of 
cen. Europe. 

Julian (joo'll-an), Flavius Claudius. Rom. 
emp. (331-?). 

Julius (joo'll-us), I, pope 337-352.— II, pope 
1503-13.— III, pope 1550-55. 

Julius Caesar. See Caesar. 

Jungfrau (yoong'frou; “Maiden”), mt. of 
Switz., Bernese Alps, 13,670 ft. 

Junius (joo'ni-us). Eng. .anonymous writer 
of “Letters,” fr. 1769 to 1812. 

Justinian (jus-tm'i-an), I, Flavius Anicius, 
the Great. Byzantine emp. (483-565). 

Justin Martyr (jus'tin mar'ter), early 
church father (100-165). 

Jutland (jut'land), penin. of Den., 9,755 
sq. m., p._l,062; naval battle, 1916. 

Juvenal (joo've-nal), Decimus Junius. Latin 
satirist (42 A. D.- ? ). 

K 

Kamchatka (kam-chiit'ka), Russ. prov. 
N. E. Asia, 502,424 sq. m., p. 37. 

Kansas (kan'zas), state in U. S., 82,158 sq. 
m., p. 1,690; cap. Topeka.— City, in Mo., 
on Missouri riv., p. 282.— City, in Kans., 
on Missouri riv., p. 94. 

Kant (kant), Immanuel. Ger. philos. (1724- 
1804). 

Karlsruhe (karls'roo-e), cap, of Baden, p. 134. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








Kashmir 


773 


Laurentians 


Kashmir (kash'mer), native state N. W. 
India, p. 2,898. 

K ® J * n ( k r en). Charles John. Eng. act. (1811- 
68).-Edmu nd ( his father. Eng. act. 

Keats (kets), John. Eng. poet (1795-1821). 
Ke ^** 0 (ke bl), John. Eng. clergy. & poet 
V i / yz—I boo). 

Keller (kel'er), Helen Adams. Am. blind & 
deaf author (1880- ). 

Kelvin (kel'vin), William Thomson, Baron. 
Br. math. (1824-1907). 

Kemble (kem'bl), Charles. Eng. act. (1775- 

}i 8 e 1 4 i ) _ ^' raU T e ^ Amie. [Fanny]. Eng. act. 
(1811-93).—John Philip. Eng. act. (1757- 
1823). 

Kennebec (ken'e-bek), riv. in Me., 150 m. 
Kent (kent), co. of Eng., p. 1,046. 

Kentucky (ken-tuk'i), state in U. S 
40,598 sq. m„ p. 2,290; cap. Frankfort, 
iepler (kep'ler), Johann. Ger. math. & 
astron. (1571-1630). 

Kerry (ker'rl), co. of Munster, Ire., p. 160. 
Key (ke), Francis Scott. Am. poet; author 
national hymn (1780-1843). 

Khartum (kar-toom'), town in E. Sudan 
on Blue Nile, p._69; battle, 1885. 
Kiao-chau (kya'o-chou'), bay & section of 
Shantung, China, 213 sq. m., p. 165; 
j Sed by Ger - 1898 : seized by Japan 1915. 
Kidd (kid), William [“Captain Kidd”]. 

Br. shipmaster & pirate (about 1696). 

Kiel (kel), town in Schleswig-Holstein, on 
bay of Baltic, p. 211.— Canal, connects 
Kiel with Elbe riv., 61 m. long; completed 
in 1914; haven of Ger. navy in Great War, 
1914-18. 

Kiev (ke'yef), or Kieff, govt. S. W. Russia, 
19,691 sq. m., p. 4,206.—city, on Dnieper 
riv., p. 505. 

Kilkenny (kil-ken'nl), co. in prov. of Leinster, 
Ire., p. 79.—city, on Nore riv.. Ire., p. 10. 
Killarney (kil-lar'ni), Lakes of, in Kerry co., 
Ire.; largest 5 m. long. 

Kilmer (kll'mer), Joyce. Am. poet (1886- 
1918). 

Kimberley (klm'ber-ll), dist. of W. Australia; 
goldfields.—city, cap. of Griqualand West, 
Cape Prov., cen. of S. Africa diamond 
fields; p. 50. 

Kingsley (klngs'le), Charles. Eng. clergy. 
& novel. (1819-75). 

Kioto (ke-o'to), Kyoto, or Saikio, city on 
isl. of Hondo, Japan, p. 442. 

Kipling (kip'llng), Rudyarjd. Anglo-Indian 
novel. & poet (1865- ). 

Kitchener of Khartum (klch'en-er), Hora¬ 
tio Herbert, Baron. Br. gen. (1850-1916). 
Klondike (klon'dik), section of Yukon ter.. 
Can.; gold fields; about 800 sq. m.; cap. 
Dawson. 

Knox (nokz), John. Scot, clergy. & reformer 
(1505-72).—Philander Chase. Am. stsm. 
(1853- ). 

Koch (kokh), Robert. Ger. bacteriologist 
(1843-1910). 

Kola (ko'la), pen. of N. Russ., occupied by Br. 
& Am. troops, 2918. 

Komura (kd'mob"ra), Jutaro, Baron. Jap. 
stsm. (1858-1911). 

Kongo. See Congo. 

Konigsberg (ke'nlkhs-berkh), sp. town in 
E. Prussia,_p. 246. 

Korea (ko-re'a), or Cho-sen, kingdom of 
Asia, annexed by Japan 1910, 84,100 sq. m., 
p. 14,056; cap. Seoul. 

Kosciusko (kos-si-us'ko), Thaddeus. Polish 
patriot (1746-1817). 

Kossuth (kos'suth), Louis. Hungarian 
patriot (1802-94). _ 


Kr ® I 0 s i er (kns'ler), Fritz. Austrian violinist 

(1875— ). 

Kronstadt (kron'shtat), town, Transylvania, 
Hungary, p. 41. 

Kruger (kru'ger), Stephen J. Paul [Oom 
0825 1904 ) S ° f former S * African Republic 

Kurdistan (kur-dl-stan'), ter. in W. Asia. 

govts, of Persia & Turkey, p. 1,800. 
Kut-el-Amara (kdot"el-a-ma'ra), town on 
Tigris riv., Mesopotamia, p. 6. 

Kuyp (koip), or Cuyp, Albert. Dutch 
painter (1605-91). 


Br. 


Labouchere (lab'ob-shar), Henry, 
polit. & writer (1831-1912). 

Labrador (lab'rd-dor"), depend, of New¬ 
foundland, most easterly part of Br N 
Am., p. 5. 

Ladd (lad), George Trumbull. Am. psycho. 
(1843— ). 

Ladoga (la'do-ga), lake, N. W. Russ., largest 
in Europe, 7,000 sq. m. 

La Farge (la farzh'), John. Am. painter 
(1835-1910). 

Lafayette (la"fa-yet'), Marquis de. Fr. 
gen v aided Am. in Rev. War (1757-1834). 

La Fere (la far'), town on Oise riv., France: 
battles, 1914-18. 

Lafontaine (la-fon"tan'), Jean de. Fr. 
story writer (1621-95). 

Lagrange (la/'granzh'), Joseph Louis, Comte. 
Fr. math. (1736-1813). 

Lahore (la-hor'), cap. of Punjab, India, p. 
229 

Lamartine (la "mar "ten'), Alphonse. Fr. 
poet & stsm. (1790-1869). 

Lamb, Charles. Eng. essayist (1775-1834). 

Lanark (lan'ark), co. of Scot., 879 sq. m.. 
p. 1,447. 

Lancashire (lan'kd-sher), or Lancs, co. in 
N. W. I ng., p. 4,768. 

Landor (lan'dur), Walter Savage. Eng. poet 
& prose writer (1775-1864). 

Landseer (land'ser), Sir Edwin. Eng. 
animal painter (1802-73). 

Lang, Andrew. Br. miscellaneous writer 
(1844-1912). 

Lanier (la'ni-er), Sidney. Am. poet (1842- 
81) 

Lansing (lan'sing), Robert. Am. stsm. 
(1864- ). 

Laon (Ian), town in dept. Aisne, Fr.; battles, 
1814, 1914-18; p. 10. 

Lao-tze (la/o-tseh'). Chinese sage, founder 
of Taoism (600 B. C.-?). 

La Paz (la pas), dept, of Bolivia, 53,777 sq. m., 
p. 446.—cap. of dept., p. 79. 

Laplace (la/'plas'), Pierre Simon, Marquise 
de. Fr. math. & astron. (1749-1827). 

Lapland (lap'land), country in N. Europe 
fr. Norway to White sea, 130,000 sq. m., 
owned by Swed., Nor., & Russ., p. 27. 

La Plata (la pla'ta), city, cap. Buenos Airea 
prov., Argentina, p. 106.— Rio de, estuary 
of Parana & Uruguay rivs. 

La Rochefoucauld (la rosh"fdo"ko'), Fran- 
gois de. Due. Fr. essay. (1613-80). 

La Salle (la sal), Robert Cavalier de. Fr. 
explorer (1643-87). 

Las Casas (las ka'sas), Bartolome de. Sp. 
prelate in Cuba (1474-1556). 

Lassa (las'sa), or Lhassa, cap. of Tibet, cen. 
of Buddhism, p. 10. 

Latimer (lat'i-mer), Hugh. Eng. prelate & 
reformer (1490-1555). 

Laurentians (lo-ren'shi-anz), mts. in Can., 
fr. Labrador to Arctic, 4,000 ft. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; the n, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 











774 


Laurier_ 

Laurier (lo'rri'L Sir Wilfrid. Can. premier 
1896-1911 (1841-1919'). 

LavoSsier (T;Uvwo"sr~aO, Antoine Laurent. 
Fr. chemist (1743-94). 

Lawrence (lo'rens), city in Mass, on Mem- 
mac riv., p. 85. _ . . 

Le Brun (le brun'), Charles. Fr. painter 
(1609-90). „ , , 

Lecky (lek'I), William Edward Hartpole. Ir. 
hist. (1838-1903). , „ oor 

Lee, Fitzhugh. Am. Confed. gen. (1835- 
1905).—Henry [“Light-Horse Harry”]. Am. 
Rev. gen. (1756-1818).—Richard Henry. 
Va. delegate to 1st Am. Congress at Phila., 
Pa. 1774 (1732-94).—Robert Edward. 

Commander of Confed. army, son of Henry 
(1807-70). ^ 

Leech, John. Eng. humorous artist (181/- 
64). 

Leeds (leds), city, Yorkshire, Eng., p. 459. 

Leeward Islands, Br. isls. in W. Indies. 

Le Gallienne (le gal'i-en"), Richard. Anglo- 
Am. essay. (1866- ). 

Leicester (les'ter), co. in Eng., p. 476.—city 
on Soar riv., Eng., p. 232. 

Leighton (la'tun), Frederick, Baron. Eng. 
painter (1830-96). 

Leinster (lln'ster), E. prov. of Ireland, 
7,620 sq. m., p. 1,150. 

Leipzig (lip'zlkh), or Leipsic, city, kingdom 
of Saxony; battle of nations 1813; p. 586. 

Lemberg (lem-berg), cap. of Galicia, on Pel- 
tew riv., p. 206; battles, 1914-15. 

Lena (le'na), riv. Siberia, 3,000 m. to Arctic oc. 

Lenine (le-nen'), Nikolai. Russ. Socialist; 
Bolsheviki leader (1870- ). 

Lens (Ians), town, dept, of Pas-de-Calais, 
Fr., p. 32; battles, 1914-18. 

Leo (le'o), name of 18 popes, notably I, 
Saint, the Great, pope 440-461.— III, pope 
795-816.— X, Giovanni de Medici, pope 
1513-21.— XIII, pope 1878-1903. 

Leon (la'on), prov. of Sp., 5,986 sq. m., p. 386. 

Leoncavallo (la"on-ka-val'lo), Ruggiero. It. 
composer (1858-1919). 

Leopold (le'u-pold), I. King of Belgians 
(1790-1865).— II, king of Belgians (1835- 
1909). 

Lesseps (la"sep') t Ferdinand, Yicomte de. 
Fr. dipl. & eng., builder of Suez canal 
(1805-94). 

Lever (le'ver), Charles James. Irish novel. 
(1806-72). 

Lewis (loo'is), Merriwether. Am. explorer 
of west, with William Clark (1770—1809). 

Lexington (leks'ing-tun), city in Fayette co., 
Ky., p. 40.—town in Mass.; first battle of 
Rev. War, April 19, 1775, p. 5. 

Libau (le'bou), sp. town in Courland, Baltic 
prov., p. 90. 

Liberia (ll-be'ri-d), negro rep. of W. Africa, 
40,000 sq. m., under supervision U. S., 
p. 2,000; cap. Monrovia. 

Liechtenstein (likh'ten-shtln), independ. 

state of Europe; bet. Austria & Switz.; 
61 sq. m., p. 11. 

Liege (le"ezh'), cap. of Liege prov. Belgium, 
p. 243; first battle Great War, 1914. 

Liggett (lig'et), Hunter. Am. army off., in 
command of First Apmy in Fr., 1917-18 
(1857- ). 

I.i Hung Chang (le hung chiing). Chinese 
stsm. (1823-1901). 

Llliuokalani (llUI-u-d'ka-la/nl). Queen of 

Hawaii 1891-92 (1838-1917). 

Lille (lei), cap., dept, of Nord, Fr., p. comm., 
218; battles, 1914-18. 

Lima (le'ma), cap. of Peru, p. 143. 

Limerick (lim'er-ik), co. of Munster, Ire., 
143. 


Louis 


of Eng., P- 564. 


(1809- 

(1733- 


Swcd. soprano (1820-87). 
Carolus Karl von Linne. 


It. painter 
former. It. 


Lincoln (ling'kun), co. of Eng., p. o 
Lincoln, Abraham. 16th pres. U. S. 

65).—Benjamin. Am. Rev. soldier 
1810). 

Lind (llnd), Jenny. 

Linnaeus (li-ne'us), 

Swed. botanist (1707-78). 

Lippi (lip'pe), Fra Filippo. 

(1412-69).—Filippino, son of 
painter (1457-1504). 

Lisbon (Hz'bun), cap. of Portugal, on the 
Tagus, p. 435. 

Lister (lis'ter), Sir Joseph. Eng. surgeon 
(1827-1912). . v . 

Lithuania (lith"u-a'ni-a), former grand 
duchy in E. Europe, then part of Poland, 
then part of Russia, independence declared 

1918. _ 

Liverpool (liv'er-pool), sp. city, Lancs., Eng., 
p. 768. „ „ „ , , . 

Livingston (liv'ing-stun), Edward. Am. 
stsm. (1764-1836).—Robert R., brother of 
Edward. Am. jurist & stsm.; negotiated 
purchase of Louisiana (1746—1813). - 
William. Am. lawyer, soldier & gov. of 
N. J. 1776-90 (1723-90). _ 

Livingstone (liv'ing-stun), David. Br. mis¬ 
sionary & African explorer (1813-73). 
Livonia (li-vo'ni-d), one of Baltic prov., 
17,000 sq. m., p. 1,4S0. . . 

Livy (liv'i), Titus Livius. Rom. historian 
(59 B. C.-17 A. D.). ^ 

Lloyd George (loid jorj), David. Br. stsm., 
premier during war, fr. 1916 (1863- ). 

Locke (15k), John. Eng. philos. (1632-1704). 

—William John. Br. novel. (1863- ). 

Lockyer (lok'yer), Norman. Eng. astron. 

(1836- ). . „ 

Lodge (loj), Henry Cabot. Am. polit. & 
writer (1850- ).—Sir Oliver. Eng. scien. 

(1851— ). , A . 

Lodz (lodz), town in govt, of Piotrokow, 
Russian Poland, p. 450; battles, 1914-15. 
Logan (lo'gan), Benjamin. Am. scout & 
Indian fighter (1752-1802).—George. Am. 
agricul. & scien. (1753—1821).—James. 
Am. Colonial stsm.; secy, to William Penn. 
Loire (lwar), riv. Fr., 543 m., to Bay of Biscay. 
Lombardy (lom'bar-cH), div. of Italy, 9,300 
sq. m., p. 4,790. . . 

Lombroso (lom-bro'zo), Cesare. It. crimi¬ 
nologist (1836-1909). 

Lomond (lo'mond), Loch, lake in Scot., 
23 m. long. 

London (lun'dun), city on Thames nv,, 
Eng., cap. of United Kingdom, p. 7,419.— 
co. of Eng., p. 4,522. 

Londonderry (-der'i), co. of Ulster, Ire., 
816 sq. m., p. 140.—cap. of co., p. 40; 
siege, 1689. , 

Longfellow (15ng'fel-6), Henry Wadsworth. 

Am. poet (1S07-82). 

Long Island, isl., N. Y., 118M m. long, m 
Atlantic oc.— Sound, bet. Connecticut & 
Long Island, 110 m. 

Longstreet (long'stret), James. Am. Confed. 

gen. (1821-19_04). 

Longwy (15r\"ve'), town, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 
Fr., first Fr. town attacked by Ger. in 1914, 
p. 9. 

Lorraine (lo"r;iii'), prov. of Fr., annexed with 
Alsace by Ger. 1871; recovered by Fr. 
191S. See Alsace-Lorraine. 

Los Angeles (los an'jel-es), city, S. Cal., 
p. 400. 

Loti (lo"te'), Pierre [Louis Viaud]. Fr. novel. 

(1850- ). 

Loubet (looT)a'), Emile. Pres, of Fr., 1899— 

1906 (1838- ). _ 

Louis (loo'is; Fr. loo'I), name of several 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, b&rn, cut, focus, menu; 










Louisiana 


775 


Maria Theresa 


V?## ,X » Samt Louis (1214-70); 

X, 1 I * d^Ol -4 ^); XIV, the Great (1638- 
1715); xv (1710-74); XVI (1754-93); 
XVII (1785^95); _XVIII (1755-1824). 
Louisiana (loo"e-ze-a'na), state of U. S., 
48,506 sq. m., p. 1,773; cap. Baton Rouge. 
Louisville (lbo'i-vil), city, Jefferson co., Ky., 
p. 224. 


Louvain (loo"van'), city, Brabant, Belgium, 
p. 42; destroyed by Ger. 1914. 

Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Parish. Am. aboli¬ 
tionist (1802-37). 

Lover (luv'er), Samuel. Eng. novel. (1797- 
1868). 

Lowell (lo'el), James Russell. Am. poet 
essay. & dip]. (1819-91).—city, Middlesex 
co., Mass., p. 106. 

Loyola (15-yo'la), Ignatius. Sp. founder of 
Jesuits (1491-1556). 

Lubbock (.lub'ok). Sir John. Eng. scien. 
(1834-1913). 

Lublin (lyoo'blyen), govt, of Russ. Poland, 
6,500 sq.m., p. 1,575.—cap. of govt., p. 66. 

Lucerne (loo-sera'), canton Switz., 580 sq. m., 
p. 167.— Lake of, cen. Switz. 

Lucknow (luk'nou), city, India, p. 264; 
mutiny 1857. 

Lun€ville (lu"~a"vel'), town, dept, of 
Meurthe-et-Moselle, Fr., p. 26. 

Luther (loo'ther), Martin. Leader of Ger. 
reformation (1483-1546). 

Luxemburg (luks'em-burg), grand duchy, 
E. of Belgium, 1,000 sq. m., p. 260.—cap. 
of duchy^ p. 21. 

Luzon (loo-thon'; loo-zon'), chief isl. Phil, 
isls., 41,000 sq. m., p. 3,798. 

Lyell (li'el), Sir Charles. Scot. geol. (1797- 
1875). 


Lynn (lin), city, Essex co.. Mass., p. 90. 
Lyons (li'unz; Fr. Lyon), city, dept, of 
Rhone, p. 524. 

Lys (les), riv. France & Belgium, 100 m. to 
Scheldt riv. 

Lytton (llt'un), Edward George Earle 
Bulwer-. See Bulwer-Lytton.—Edward 
Robert. Earl of, Owen Meredith. Eng. 
poet (1831-91). 


HI 

Mabie (ma'be), Hamilton Wright. Am . 

essay, fc ed. (1846- ). 

McAdoo (m&k'a-doo), William Gibbs. Am. 
lawyer, secy, of treasury, director-gen. of 
railroads during Great War (1863- ). 

Mac Arthur (mdk-ar'thur), Arthur. Am. 
soldier (1845-1912). 

Macaulay (md-ko'll), Thomas Babington, 
Lord. Eng. hist. & stsm. (1800-59). 
McCarthy (md-k&r'thl), Justin. Eng. hist. 
(1830-1912).—Justin Huntley. Eng. dram. 
(1860- ). 

McClellan (md-klel'dn), George Brinton. 
Am. gen. (1826-85). 

Macdonald (mdk-don'dld), George. Scot, 
novel. (1824-1905). 

if acDowell (mdk-dou'el), Edward Alexander. 

Am. composer (1861-1908). 

Machiaveili (ma"kya-vel'le), Niccolo. It. 
politician (1469-1527). 

Mackensen (mak'en-zen), August von. Ger. 
gen. (1849- ). 

Mackenzie (md-ken'zg). Sir Morrell. Eng. 
laryngologist (1837-92).—William Lyon. 
Leader of rebellion in Upper Can., 1837-38 
(1795-1861).— River, N. W. Ter., Can., 
2,300 m. to Arctic oc. 

McKinley (md-kln'll), William. 25th pres, 
of U. S. (1843-1901).— Mount, highest 
peak of N. Am.; in Aiaska, 20,464 ft. 


Maclaren (md-klar'en), Ian [John Watsonl. 
Scot, writer (1850-1907). 

MacMonnies (mdk-mon'ez), Frederick Wil¬ 
liam. Am. sculpt. (1863- ). 

Macready (mdk-re'dl), William Charles. 
Eng. act. (1793-1873). 1 

Madagascar (mad"d-gas'kdr), Fr. isl., Indian 
oc., off E. Africa, 228,000 sq. m., p. 
3,000. 

Madeira (md-de'rd), isls. in Atlantic oc., W. 
of Morocco; Portuguese; 315 sq. m., p. 150. 

Madero (ma-da'ro), Francisco. Mex. pres, 
fr. 1911 (1873-1913). 

Madison (mad'I-sun), James. 4th pres, of 
U. S., 1809-17 (1751-1836). 

Madras (ma-dras'), presidency of India, 
141,726 sq. m., p. 45,882.—city, India, 
p. 562. 

Madrid (ma-drid'), cap. of Sp., on Man* 
zanares riv., p. 600. 

Maecenas (me-se'nas), Gaius Clinius. Rom. 
stsm. (73 B. C.-?). 

Maeterlinck (ma'ter-llnk), Maurice. Bel. 
dram. (1862- ). 

Magdalena (mag"da-le'nd), Bay, on Pacific 
coast, Lower Cal., Mex., 40 m. long. 

Magellan (md-jel'ldn), Fernando. Portu¬ 
guese navig. (1480-1521).— Strait of, bet. 
S. Am. & Tierra del Fuego, 370 m. 

Mahan (ma-han'), Alfred Thayer. Am. 
naval off. & author (1840-1914). 

Maine (man), state of U. S., 33,040 sq. m., 
p. 742; cap. Augusta. 

Mainz (mints), or Mayence, city in Hesse, 
Ger., on Rhine p. 118. 

Majorca (md-j6r'ka), Sp. isl. Medit. sea, 
p. 249. 

Malacca (md-lak'd), Br. ter. Straits Settle¬ 
ment, p. 141. 

Malay Archipelago (ma-la'), isl. groups S. 
E. of Asia in Pacific & Indian ocs. 

Malta (mol'td), Br. isl. Medit. sea, p. 184. 

Man, Isle of, isl. Irish sea, 220 sq. m., p. 52; 
cap. Douglas. 

Manchester (man'ches-ter), city, N. H., 
p. 70.—city, Lancs.,JEng., p. 716. 

Manchuria (man-choo'ri-d), div. Chinese 
empire, 363,600 sq. m., p. 21,000. 

Mandalay (man'da-la), cap. Upper Burmah, 
p. 184. 

Manhattan (man-hat'tdn), isl., mouth of 
Hudson riv., N. Y., 13 m. long, 2 y 2 wide; 
bor. of N. Y. city, p. 2,683. 

Manila (md-ml'd), city, Luzon, cap. of Phil, 
isls., p. 220.— Bay, inlet of China sea, 
Luzon; battle, 1898. 

Manitoba (manT-to'bd), prov. Can., 251,832 
sq. m., p. 554. 

Mann (man), Horace. Am. educ. (1796- 
1859). 

Mannheim (man'him), city on Rhine riv., 
N. Baden, p. 193._ 

Mansfield (mans'feld), Richard. Am. act. 
(1857-1907). 

Marat (ma"ra/), Jean Paul. Leader of Fr. 
Rev. (1744-93). 

March, Peyton Conway. Am. gen. (1864- ). 

Marconi (mar-ko'ni), Guglielme. It. elec¬ 
trician; wireless (1874- ). 

Mare Island, in San Pablo bay. Cal., U. S. 
navy yard. 

Margaret. Queen of Den., Nor., & Swe. 
(1353-1412).— of Anjou, wife of Henry 
VI, of Eng. (1430-82).— of Valois, wife of 
Henry of Navarre (1553-1615). 

Maria Louisa. 2d wife of Napoleon I 
(1791-1847). 

Maria Theresa. Queen of Hungary & 
Bohemia, archduchess of Austria, & Emp. 
of Ger. (1717-80). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 






Marie Antoinette 


776 


Minneapolis 


Marie Antoinette. Queen of Fr.; consort 

of Louis XVI (1755-93). 

Marius (ma'ri-us), Gaius. Rom. gen. (156- 
86 B. C.). „ J . 

Markham (maak'dm), Edwin. Am. poet 
(1852— ).—William. Am. Colonial gov. 

(1635-1704). 

Marlowe (mar'15), Christopher. Eng. poet 
& dram. (1564-93).—Julia. Am. act. 
(1870— ). 

Marmora (mar'mo-rd), Sea of, bet. Black 
sea & .Egean, 140 m. long, 50 m. wide. 
Marne (marn), riv. France, 306 m. long; 
battles, 1914—18.—dept. France, cap. 
Chalons, p. 436. 

Marquesas (mar-ka'sds), Islands, group m 
S. Pacific, annexed by France, p. 3. 
Marryat (mar'I-at), Frederick. Br. novel. 

& naval commander (1792-1848). 

Marseilles (mar"salz'), sp. S. France, p. 550. 
Marshall (mar'shal), John. Am. jurist 
(1755-1835).—Thomas Riley. Vice-Pres. 
of U. S., 1912; re-elected 1916 (1854- ). 

Martha’s Vineyard, isl. off Mass., 20 m. 

long, 10 m. wide, p._4. _ __ 

Martineau (mar'tl-no), James. Eng. Unit. 

clergy. (1805-1900). , . 

Martinique (mar'tS-nek'), isl. m W. Indies; 

Fr. colony; cap. Fort de France, p. 184. 
Marx (marks), Karl. Ger. economist; foun¬ 
der of Socialism (1818-83). 

Mary I, Tudor [“Bloody Mary”], queen of 
Eng. fr. 1553 (1516-58).—II, wife of 

William III, queen of Gr. Br. (1662-94). 
—Stuart, queen of Scot. (1542-87). 
Maryland (mer'i-ldnd), state in the U. S. A., 
12,210 sq. m., p. 1,341; cap. Annapolis. 
Mascagni (ma-ska'nye), Pietro. It. com¬ 
poser (1863- )._ 

Masefield (mas'feld), John. Eng. poet 
(1875— ). 

Mashonaland (ma-sho'na-land), prov. of 
S. Rhodesia, p. 512. 

Mason (ma'son), James Murray. Am. 

lawyer & Confed. stsm. (1798-1871). 
Massachusetts (mas"a-choo'sets), state in 
the U. S. A., 8,266 sq. m., p. 3,366; cap. 
Boston. „ _ . 

Massenet (mas'na/), Jules Emile Frederic. 

Fr. composer (1842-1912). 

Matanzas (ma-tan'zas), prov. of Cuba, 
3 700 sq m., p. 266; cap. Matanzas. 
Mathew (math'u), Theobald [“Father 
Mathew”]. Irish priest & temperance 
orator (1790-1856). . . 

Matisse (ma-tes'), Henri. Fr. painter & 
sculptor. Impressionist School (1869- ). 

Matterhorn (mat'er-horn), mt., Alps, Switz. 

& Italy; 14,661 ft. high. 

Maubeuge (mo"bezh/), town, dept, of Nord, 
Fr., on Sambre riv., siege 1914, p. 23. 
Maude (mod), Sir Frederick Stanley. Br. 
gen. (1864-1917). 

Maupassant (mo^pa-san'), Guy de. Fr. 
novel. (1850-93). 

Mauritius (mo-rlsh'us), Br. isl., Indian oc., 
720 sq. m., p. 377. . 

Mayo (ma'yo), Henry Thomas. Am. admiral 
(1856- ).—co. of Connaught, Ire., p. 192. 

Mazzini (mat-se'ne), Giuseppe. It. patriot 
(1805-72). _ J 

Meade (med), George Gordon. Am. gen. 
(1815-72). 

Meaux (mo), town, dept. Seine-et-Marne, 
Fr., p. 13; battles, 1914-18. 

Mecca (mek'k&), holy city of Mohammedans, 
cap. of Hejas, Arabia; p. 60. 

Medici (med'I-chl), famous Florentine family: 

Catherine (1519-89); Lorenzo (1448-92). 
Mediterranean (medT-ter-ra'neKin), inland 


sea, bet. Europe & Africa, 2,320 m.; 

1,145,000 sq.m. . T _ . _ 

Meissonier (ma"so"nya'), Jean Louis Ernest. 


Australian 

Victoria, 


Fr. painter (1815-91). 

Melba (mel'ba), Nellie [Mitchell]. 

soprano (1865- ). 

Melbourne (mel'bum), cap. of 
Australia, p. 680. 

Memphis (mem'fis), city & port of entry, 
Shelby co., Tenn., p. 132. 

Mencius (men'shus). Chinese sage (371- 

287 B. C.). _ ... 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (men'dels-son-bar- 
tol'dl), Felix. Ger. composer (1S09-47). ^ 
Menendez de Aviles (ma-nan'dath da a"ve- 
las'), Pedro. Sp. founder of St. Augustine, 
Fla. (1519-74). w „ . 

Menin (me-nan'), town, W. Flanders, Bel¬ 
gium, p. 18; battle, 1914. 

Mercator (mer-ka'tur), Gerard. Flem. geog. 

(1512-94). . _ T . 

Mercier (mar"sya'), Desire Joseph. Belgian 
cardinal & patriot (1851- ). 

Meredith (mer'e-dlth), George. Eng. novel. 

(1828-1909). _ „ 

Merimee (ma're'ma'), Prosper. Fr. novel. 
(1803-70). 

Merritt (mer'It), Wesley. Am. soldier (1836- 
1910). 

Mesopotamia (mes"6-p6-ta'ml-a), country 
bet. Tigris & Euphrates, Asia. 

Messina (mes-se'na), cap. of Messina prov., 
Sicily, p. 127; earthquake, 1908.— Strait 
of, bet. Sicily & It., 24 m. long. 
Metchmkoff (mech'nl-kof). Russ, biologist 
(1841-1916). „ 

Metz (mets), cap. of Lorraine, on Moselle 
riv.; p. 68. _ . . 

Meunier (me"nya'), Constantin. Bel. scupl. 
(1831-1905). 

Meuse (muz), riv. Fr., Bel. & Hoi., 498 m. 
to North sea.—dept, of Fr., 2,404 sq. m., 
p. 280; cap. Bar-le-Duc. 

Mexico (meks'I-ko; Mex. Mejico), repub. 
of N. Am., on Pacific oc., 769,000 sq. m., 
p. 16,000.—city, cap. of Mex., p. 470. 
Meyerbeer (mi'er-bar), Giacomo. Ger. 
composer (1791-1864). 

Michelangelo (meTcel-an'ja-lo), Buonarroti. 
Florentine sculpt., painter, poet, architect 

(1475-1564). 

Michelet (meshTa'), Jules. Fr. hist. (1798- 

1874:) 

Michigan (mTsh'i-gdn), state of U. S., 
57 .9S0 sq. m., p. 2,810; cap. I ansing.— 
Lake, one of great lakes of N. Am., wholly 
within U. S., 320 m. long. 

Middlesex (mld'l-seks), co. of Eng., p. 1,126. 
Milan (mll'an; It. Milano) , city N. It., 
p. 663. 

Miles (mllz). Nelson Appleton. Am. soldier 

(1839- ). 

Mill (mil), John Stuart. Eng. philos. (1806- 
73). 

Millais (mH-la'), Sir John Everett. Eng. 
painter (1829-96). 

Miller (rml'er), Joaquin [Cincinnatus Heme]. 
Am. poet (1S41-1913).—Henry. Am. act. 
(1860- ).—Hugh. Scot. geol. (1802-56). 

Millet (meTaO, Jean Francois. Fr. painter 
(1814-75). 

Milton (mll'tun), John. Eng. poet (1608-74). 
Milwaukee (nul-wo'ke), city & port, Wis., 
on Lake Michigan, p. 401. 

Milyukov (mlPyoo-kof'), Paul Nikolaevitch. 

Russ. stsm. (1859- ). 

Mindanao (mln'da-na'S), one of Phil. isls., 
37,000 sq. m., p. 499. 

Minneapolis (min"ne-ap'o-lIs), city oc 
Mississippi riv., Minn., p. 324. 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer 

right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, c6mpare; unit, unite, bfirn, cut, focus, menu 







Minnesota 


777 


Minnesota (min"ne-so'td), state of U. S., 

682 sq. m p. 2,076; cap. St. Paul. 
Minsk (rumsk), govt, of Lithuania, 35,283 
»«f q ' P\, 2 ;? 64 -—cap. of govt., p. 106. 

’ Peter - Dutch gov. New 
Netherland (1580-1641). 

“““5 J m e*ra*bo') Gabriel Honore 
»*- 1 9 ue /D, Compte de. Fr. stsm. (1749-91). 
M V^W?- PPI ( mIs "is-sip , pI), state of U. S., 
46,865 sq. rn p. 1,797; cap. Jackson.—riv! 
• °£ U ‘ 3 i 160 J 1 -. Minn, to Gulf of Mex. 

Missouri (miz-zoo'rl), state of U. S., 69 420 

«?TT n a’ P ; ? l ’ 294 \ cap. Jefferson City.—riv. 
S. tnb. of Mississippi; 3,000 m. 
Mechel (ml'chel), John. Irish polit. (1815- 

7 ,J• ?.o^i urroy - Am - Public official & 
soldier (1879-1918). 

(mi'chel), John. Am. labor leader 
vlo / 0—1919). 

Mobile (mo-bel'), city on Mobile riv., Ala.. 
?864^” * es ^ - 04 Dulf of Mex.; battle, 

Modieska Cmo-jes'kd), Helena. Polish act. 

Vlo44—1909). 

Mohammed (m5-ham'ed), Mahomet, or 

Muhammed. Founder of Islamism, b. 
Mecca (570—632).—name of 5 sultans of 
Turkey^jV, succeeded Abdul Hamid II 

Moliere (mbTyar'), [Jean Baptiste Poquelin] 
Fr. dram. (1622-73). 

Monaco (mon-a-ko), smallest independent 
state of Europe, bet. Fr. & Medit., 8 sq. m., 
p. 22; chief town, Monte Carlo, gambling 
casino. * 

Monastir (mon"ds-ter'), city, S. Serbia; 

taken fr. Turkey, 1912; p. 60. 

Mongolia (mon-gb'U-d), Chinese ter. N. E 
Asia, 1,400,000 sq. m., p. 5,000. 
Monmouth (mon'muth), co. of Eng. p. 396 
—co. of N. J.; battle, 1778.—James, 
fluke of. Claimant to Eng. throne (1649- 
85) • 

Monroe (mon-ro'), James. 5th pres, of U. S. 
(1758-1831). 

Mons (mots), city, Hainault, Bel., p. 28; 
captured by Germans 1914; recovered by 
Canadians 1918. 

Montaigne (m6n"tan'), Michel Eyquem de. 
Fr. essay. (1533-92). 

Montana (mon-ta'nd), state of U. S., 
146,572 sq. m., p. 376; cap. Helena. 

Mont Blanc (moiCblan'), highest mt. 

Europe, W. Alps, 15,781 ft. 

Montcalm (m6n"kam'), Louis Joseph St. 
Veran, Marquis de. Fr. gen. in Can. 
(1712-59). 

Montenegro (mon'Ta-na'gro), kingdom, Bal¬ 
kan pen., 5,800 sq. m.. p. 500; cap. Cettinje. 
Montevideo (m6n"te-vld'e-o), cap. Uruguay, 

p» 268« 

Montezuma (mon"te-zob , md), Aztec emps. 

of Mex. (1390-1469), (1466-1520). 
Montreal (monTre-ol'), city on St. Lawrence 
riv., Quebec prov.. Can., p. 640. 

Moore (moor), Sir John. Br. gen. (1761- 
1809).—Thomas. Irish national poet 

(1779-1852). 

Moravia (mo-ra'vl-d), prov. of Czecho¬ 
slovakia, 8,578 sq. m., p. 2,435. 

Moresnet (m6r"ha/), repub. of Europe, bet. 

Bel. & Prussia, 1 ^ sq. m., p. 3. 

Morley (mor'II), of Blackburn, John, 1st 
Viscount. Br. author & stsm. (1838- ). 

Morocco (mo-rok'ko), Fr. protec., N. W. 
Africa, 193,000 sq. m., p. 7,000; cap. Fez. 
—part controlled by Sp., 10,000 sq. m., 
p. 404.—neutral zone, 140 sq. m. 

Morris (mor'ris), Charles. Am. commodore 
Q784-1856).—Sir Edward. Newfoundland 


Nevin 


stsm. (i859- ).—Gouverneur. Am. stsm, 

* dipl. (1752-1816).—Robert. Am. flnan- 

(18 r 34-96? } -~ William - Eng. poet 

Morse (m 6 rs), Samuel Finley Breese. Am 
inv. (1791-1872). 

Moscow (mos'ko), 2 d cap. of Russia, p. 1,818. 
Also, Moskva. 

(mo"z61 , ) f riv. Fr., Vosges mts. to 
Rhine, 314 m. 

^(*1814 77 )^ ^ ’ Eothrop. Am. hist. 

^lTSl-lSoiT 51 ^’ WiUiam - Am ‘ ^n. 

Mozambique (mo'zdm-bek'), channel bet. 
Airica & Madagascar, 1,000 m. long.— 
prov. in Port. E. Africa, p. 3,000. 

Mozart (mo"zart'; Ger. mo'tsart), Wolf¬ 
gang Amadeus. Aus. composer (1756-91). 
Multiouse (mtil'hous), city, Alsace-Lorraine- 
p. 95; recovered fr. Ger. 1918. Also, 
Mulhausen. 

Munich (mu'nik), cap. of Bavaria, p. 600. 
Also, Munchen. 

Munster (mun'ster), S. prov. of Ire., 9,480 
sq. m., p. 1,035. 

Murat (mii'ra'), Joachim. Marshal of Fr, 
(1771-1815). 

Murillo (mu-nl'yo), Bartolomeo Esteban. 
Sp. painter (1618-82). 

Murray (miir'rl), Bindley. Am. grammarian 
(1745—1826). 

Musset (mu"sa/), Alfred de. Fr. poet, novel. 
& dram. (1810-57). 

Mutsuhito (moot"su-he't 6 ), emp. of Japan 

Mysore (mi-sor'), state of S. India, 27,936 
sq. m., p. 5,540. 

IV 

Nagasaki (nafga-sa'ke), city & port, Kiushu 
isl., Jap., p. 161. 

Namur (na'miir'), prov. of Bel., 1,413 sq m 
p. 363.—cap. of prov., on Sambre & Meuse 
rivs., p. 32; battles, 1692, 1792, 1914 
Also, Namen. 

Nancy (nan"se'), cap., dept, of Meurihe-et- 
Moselle, Fr., p. 120. 

Nanking (nan"king'), cap. Iviangsu prov. 
China, p. 267. 

Nansen (nan'sen), Fridtjof. Arctic explorer 
b. Norway (1861— ). 

Nantes (nant), city on Loire, Fr., p. 171 
Naples (na'plz), city S. It., p. 698.— Bay of„ 


20 m. wide. Also. 


p. 140; 


W. coast It., in Medit 
It., Napoli. 

Napoleon. See Bonaparte. 

Nashville (nash'vll), cap. of Te rm ., 
battle, 1864. 

Natal (nd-taF), state in Union of S. Africa 
34,600 sq. m., p. 1,207. 

Nebraska (ne-bras'ka), state of U. S. 

77,530 sq. m., p. 1,250; cap. Lincoln. 
Negros (na'gros), one of Phil, isls., 4,880 
sq. m., p. 460. 

Nelson (nel'sun), Horatio, Viscount. Br. 
admiral (1758-1805).— River, riv. of Mani¬ 
toba, Can., 350 m., to Hudson bay. 

Nero (ne'ro). Rom. emp. (37-68 A. D.). 
Netherlands (neth'er-lands), or Holland, 
kingdom, N. W. Europe, 12,761 sq. m., 
p. 6,000; cap. the Hague. 

Neva (ne'vc), riv. of Russ., 40 m. to Gulf of 
Finland. 

Nevada (ne-va'da), state of U. S., 110,690 
sq. m., p. 109; cap. Carson City. 

Nevin (nev'In), Ethelbert. Am. composer 
(1862-1901).—Arthur Finley. Am. com¬ 
poser (1871- ). 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when;, 

2.h = z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 


51 









Newark 


778 


Osaka 


Newark (nu'ark), city, N. J., on Passaic 
riv., p. 400. 

New Bedford (bed'ferd), city. Mass., on 
Acushnet riv., p. 110. 

New Britain (brlt'n), city. Conn., p. 56. 

New Brunswick (brunz'wlk), prov. of Can., 
27,985 sq. m., p. 352. 

New Caledonia (kal-e-do'ni-a), Fr. isl. in 
Pacific p 50 

Newcastle (kas'l), city, New S. Wales, on 
Hunter riv., p. 60.—city, on Tyne riv., 
Eng., p. 274. 

New England, N. E. U. S., comprising Me., 
N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I., & Conn. 

Newfoundland (nu'fund-land), Br. colony 
in N. Am., 40,200 sq. m.; with Labrador, 
162,750 sq. m.; p. 250; cap. St. John’s. 

New Guinea (gin'e), isl. Australasia; divi¬ 
sions prior to 1914: Dutch, 151,789 sq. m., 
p. 200; Ger. 70,135 sq. m., p. 531; Br. 
87,786, p. 252. 

New Hampshire (hamp'shlr), state of U. S., 
9,341 sq. m.,_p. 431; cap. Concord. 

New Haven (ha'vn), sp. town. Conn., p. 150; 
Yale univ. 

New Hebrides (hgb'rl-dez), Br.-Fr. isls. in 
Pacific, p. 70. 

New Jersey (jer'zl), state of U. S., 8,224 
sq. m., p. 2,538; cap. Trenton. 

Newman (nu'man), John Henry ^ Eng. 

cardinal & author (1801^90). 

New Mexico (nu meks'I-ko), state of U. S., 
122,634 sq. m., p. 384; cap. Santa Fe. 

New Orleans (or'le-anz), city & port, La., 
p. 362. 

New Rochelle (ro-shel'), city, Westchester co., 
N. Y., founded by Huguenots 1687; p. 32. 

New South Wales (walz), state of Australia, 
310,372 sq. m., p. 1,650. 

Newton (nu'tun), Sir Isaac. Eng. math. 
(1642-1727). 

New York (nu-york'), state^of U. S., 49,204 
sq. m., p. 9,688; cap. Albany.—city, on 
Hudson riv., commercial cap. of U. S., 
p. of Greater New York, 7,300. 

New Zealand (ze'land), Br. isls. in S. Pacific, 
105,000 sq. m., p. 1,100. 

Ney (na), Michel. One of Napoleon’s 
marshals (1769-1815). 

Niagara (nl-ag'd-rd), riv. of N. Am., 33 m. 
fr. Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. 

Nicaragua (ni-kd-ra'gwd), repub. Cen. Am., 
51,700 sq. m., p. 600; cap. Managua. 

Nice (nes), city, S. Fr., on Medit., p. comm. 
143. 

Nicholas I, Czar of Russ. (1796-1855). — 
II, Czar of Russ., 1894-1917 (1868-1918).— 
Saint, patron of youth (about 326).— 
name of 5 popes, notably Nicholas V, pope 
fr. 1447 to 1455. 

Nietzsche (net'shS), Friedrich Wilhelm. 
Ger. philos. (1844-1900). 

Nieuport (ne'oo-por"), town, W. Flanders, 
Bel.; battles, 1488-89, 1600 & 1914-18. 

Niger (ni'jer), riv. W. Africa, 3,000 m. to 
Gulf of Guinea. 

Nigeria (nl-jer'I-d), Br. ter. in Africa, 335,580 
sq. m., p. 17,124. 

Nile (nil), riv, of Africa, 3,600 m. fr. Tan¬ 
ganyika to Medit. 

Nineveh (nin'S-ve), ancient cap. of Assyria, 
opposite Mosul on Tigris riv. 

Nish (nesh), or Nissa, city, Serbia, on Nishava 
riv.; temp. cap. of Serbia, 1914-18; p. 25. 

Nobel (no-bel'), Alfred. Swed. inventor 
(1833-96). 

Norfolk (nor'fok), city & port, Va., p. 85.— 
co. of Eng., p. 499. 

Northampton (north-amp'tun), co. of Eng., 
998 sq. m., p. 348.—cap, of co.. p. 100. 


North Carolina (ka"ro-li'nd), state of U. S., 
52,426 sq. m., p. 2,208; cap. Raleigh. 

Northcliffe (north'kllf), Alfred Charles 
Harmsworth, Baron._ Br. pub. (1865- ). 

North Dakota (da-kS'td), state of U. S., 
70,837 sq. m., p. 637; cap. Bismarck. 

North Island, isl., of New Zealand, 44,500 
sq. m. 

North Pole, reached by Peary, 1909. 

North Sea, branch of Atlantic oc., bet. Gr. 
Br. & the continent of Europe, 221,000 
sq. m. 

Northumberland (nor-thum'ber-land), co. 
of Eng., p. 697. 

Norway (nor'wa), kingdom N. Europe, 
124,400 sq. m., p. 2,400. 

Norwich (nor'ich), city, Norfolk, Eng., p. 124. 

Nottingham (ndt'Ing-dm), co. of Eng., 
p. 604.—cap. of co., p. 260. 

Nova Scotia (no'vd-sko'shl-d), prov. of Can., 
21,428 sq. m., p. 493; cap. Halifax. 

Nova Zembia (zem'bld), Russ. isls. Arctic 
oc., 30,000 sq. m. 

Noyon (nwa"ydh'), town in dept, of Oise, 
Fr., p. 7\_ battles, 1914-18. 

Nubia (nu'bl-d), region of N. Africa bet. 
Egypt & Kordofan; annexed by Gr. Br., 
1915. 

Nuremberg (nu'rem-berg), town, Bavaria, 
p. 333. 


O 

Oakland (ok'land), city on San Francisco 
bay. Cal., p. 184. 

Obi (5'b§),_riv. Siberia, 2,700 m. to Arctic oc. 
Oceania (o'she-an'I-d), or Oceanica, isls. of 
Pacific & Malay Archipelago; formerly 
included Australia. 

Oder (o'der), riv. of Ger., 560 m. fr. Moravia 
through Prussia to Baltic. 

Offenbach (of'en-bakh). Fr. composer 

(1819-80). 

Ohio (o-hi'o), state of U. S., 41,060 sq. m., 
p. 5,090; cap. Columbus.—riv. of U. S., 
1,280 m., affluent of Mississippi. 

Oise (waz), riv. Bel. & Fr., 180 m. to Seine.— 
dept, of Fr., 2,261 sq. m., p. 410. 

Okhotsk (o-kotsk'), Sea of, inlet of Pacific; 

E. Siberia, 582,000_sq. m. 

Oklahoma (okTd-ho'md), state of U. S., 
70,057 sq. m., p. 2,115.—cap. of state, p. 83. 
Oku (o'koo'), Yasukata, Count. Jap. soldier 
(1846- _)._ 

Okuma (o'koo'md), Shigenobu, Count. Jap. 

stsm. (1838- ). 

Oldenburg (ol'den-burkh), grand duchy Ger. 

empire, 2,480 sq. m., p. 484. 

Oldham (old'am), city, Lancs., Eng., p. 147. 
Oliphant (ol'x-fant), Margaret. Br. novel. 
(1820-97). 

Omaha (o'md-ho), city. Neb., on Missouri, 

p. 210._ 

Omar (o'mdr), 2d caliph of Mussulmans 
(582-644). —Khayyam (ld-yam'), Persian 
7 oet (?—1123). 

Ontario (on-ta'rI-5), prov. of Can., 365.888 
sq. m. of land, 41,382 sq. m. of water; 
p. 2,523. —Lake, one of great lakes of N. 
Am., 5,400 sq. m. 

Orange Free State, prov. of U. of S. Africa, 

50,400 sq. m., p. 527. 

Orange River, principal riv. of S. Africa, 

l, 300 m. to Atlantic. 

Oregon (or'e-g6n), state of U. S., 96,700 sq. 

m. , p. 810; cap. Salem. 

Orkney (ork'ne), isls. off N. Scot., 375 sq. m.. 
p. 29. 

Osaka (o-sak'a), city, sp., W. Honshu, 
Japan, p. 1,460., 


ate, senate, r&re, cat, local, far, dsk, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, c6rd, stop, cimpare; unit, unite, bftrn, cut, focus, menu; 









Oscar 


779 


Peru 


Oscarjos bar), I, king of Swe. & Nor. (1799- 
1857).—„i t king of Swe. & Nor. (1829- 
1907). 

Osier (os'ler), Sir William. Canadian 
physician (1849-1919). 

Ostend (os-tend'), sp. town of Bel., on 
North sea, p. 43; occupied by Germans 
1914; evacuated 1918. 

©£is (o'tls), Elwell Stephen. Am. soldier 
(1838-1909).—James. Am. patriot (1725- 
83). 


Ottawa (ot'd-wd), city, Ontario, Can., on 
Ottawa riv., p. 134. 

Ovid (ov'Id), Publius Naso. Bom. poet 
(43 B. C.-18 A. D.). 

Owen (5'en), Sir Richard. Eng. anatomist 
(1804—92).—Robert. Br. social theorist 

(1771-1858). 

Oxford (oks'ferd), co. of Eng., p. 190.— 
cap. of co., p. 53; univ. 

Ozark (o'zark), mts. in Ark. & Mo., 1.400 ft. 


P 

JPacific Ocean (pd-sif'ik), bet. America & 
Asia-Australia, 63,986,000 sq. m.; greatest 
length 9,000 m., greatest breadth 10,300 m. 

Paderewski (pa/'de-ref'ski), Ignace Jan. Pol. 
pianist, composer, & stsm. (I860- ). 

Padua (pad'u-a), city, cap. of prov., Italy, 
p. 96. 

Paganini (pa"ga-ne'ne), Niccolo. Genoese 
violinist (1784-1840). 

Page (paj), Thomas Nelson. Am. novel. 
(1853— ).—Walter Hines. Am. dipl. & 
ed. (1855-1919). 

Paine (pan), Thomas. Am. political & 
deistical writer, one of the founders of Am. 
independence (1737-1809). 

Palermo (pa-ler'mo), prov. Sicily, 1,963 
sq. m., p. 785.—cap. of prov., p. 341. 

Palestine (pal'es-tln), Canaan or the Holy 
Land, country S. W. Syria, 10,000 sq. m., 
p. 650; part of Turkey fr. 1516 to 1917. 

Palestrina (pa-les-tre'nd), Giovanni Pier¬ 
luigi da. It. composer (1524-94). 

Paley (pa'll), William. Eng. theolog. (1743- 
1805). 

Palisades (pal'l-sadz), cliffs on W. shore 
Hudson riv., N. Y., 30 m. 

Palissy (pal'I-si), Bernard. Fr. potter 
(1510-90). 

Palmer (pa'mer), A. Mitchell. Am. polit.. 
Alien Property Custodian (1872- ). 

Palmerston (pa'mer-stun), Henry John 
Temple, Viscount. Eng. stsm. (1784- 
1865). 

Panama (pan-d-ma/), repub. Cen. Am., 
33,000 sq. m., p. 337, exclusive of Canal 
Zone.—Canal, across Isthmus of Panama, 
40M m.—Isthmus, connects N. & S. Am., 
32,280 sq. m. 

Paraguay (paTd-rgwa), repub. S. Am., 
97,700 sq. m., p. 800.—riv. Brazil, 1,500 m. 
to Parana riv. 

Parana (pa'ra-na'), riv. Brazil, 2,950 m. 
to Plata riv. 

Paris (pa'rls; Fk. pa"re'), cap. of Fr., on 
Seine, p. 2,888. 

Park, Mungo. Scot, traveler in Africa 
(1771-1806). 

Parker, Alton B. Am. jurist & polit. (1852— 
).—Sir Gilbert. Br. novel. (1862- ).— 
Horatio. Am. composer (1863- ).— 
Joseph. Eng. clergy. (1830-1902).—• 
Theodore. Am. clergy. (1810-60). 

Parnell (par'nel), Charles Stewart. Irish 
stsm. (1846-91). 

Parrish (par'ish), Maxfleld. Am. painter 
(1870- ). 


Parry (par'n). Sir William Edward. Br. 

Arctic explorer (1790-1855). 

Pascal (pas'kal), Blaise. Fr. philos. (1623- 
62). 

Passaic (pas-sa'ik), city, N. J., p. 61.—riv., 
N. N. J., 100 m. to Newark bay. 

Pasteur (pas"ter') t Louis. Fr. biolg. chem. 
(1822-95). 

Patagonia (pa"td-g5'nl-d), former name of 
S. portion of S. Am. 

Pater (pa'ter), Walter Horatio. Eng. essay. 
(1839-94). 

Paterson (pat'er-sun), city, N. J., on Passaic 
riv., p. 134. 

Patinos (pat'mos), It. isl. iEgean sea, 13 
sq. m., where St. John was exiled. 

Patrick (pat'rlk). Saint. The apostle of 
Ireland, b. in Roman Britain (389-463). 
Patti (pafc'I), Adelina. It.-Span. soprano 
(1843-1919). 

Pau (po), Paul. Fr. gen. (1848- ). 

Paul (pol), name of 5 popes, notably, CamillO 
Borghese, pope 1605-21. 

Pauncefote (pons'foot), Julian, 1st Baron. 
Br. dipl. (1828-1902). 

Pawtucket (po-tuk'et), city. Providence co., 
R. I., p. 57. 

Payne (pan), John Howard. Am. act., 
author “Home, Sweet Home’’ (1791-1852). 
Peabody (pe'bo-dl), George. Am. philan. 
(1795-1869). 

Peace River, rises in Br. Columbia, 1,000 m. 
to Athabasca lake. 

Peary (pe'ri), Robert Edwin. Am. Arctic 
explor., disc, of N. Pole 1909 (1856-1920). 

Pechili. See Chili. 

Peel (pel). Sir Robert. Br. stsm. (1788— 

1850). 


Peking (pe-Mng'), cap. of China, in prov. of 
Chili (Pechili), p. 1,000. 

Pelee (peTa'), Mont, volcano on Martinique 
isl., W. Indies, 5,200 ft.; eruption 1902. 

Peloponnesus (pel"o-p5n-ne'sus), anc. name 
of pen. S. Greece, now called Morea. 

Penang (pe-nang'), or Betel-Nut Island; 
div. of Br. Straits Settlements, 571 sq. 
m., p. 287. 

Penn (pen), William. Eng. Quaker, founder 
of Pa. (1644-1718). 

Pennsylvania (pen"sfl-va'ni-d), state of U. 3., 
45,126 sq. m., p. 8,383; cap. Harrisburg. 

Penobscot (pe-nob'skot), riv. of Me., 300 m. 
to Atlantic.— Bay, in Me., inlet of Atlantic, 
28 m. long. 

Peoria (pe-o'rf-d), city. Ill., on Illinois riv., 
p. 70. 

Pepys (peps), Samuel. Eng. diarist (1633— 
1703). 

Pericles (per'I-kles), stsm. of anc. Gr. 
(?—429 B. C.). 

Pernambuco (per"ndm-boo'ko), state of 
Brazil, 50,000 sq. m., p. 1,375.—cap. of 
state, p. 250. 

Peronne (pa"ron'), town, dept, of Somme; 
Fr., p. 5, battles 1915—18. 

Perry (per'I), Matthew Galbraith. Am. 
naval off.; treaty with Jap. 1854 (1794r- 
1858).—Oliver Hazard, brother of former. 
Am. naval off. (1785-1819). 

Persia (per'zhd), native state under Br. 8a 
Russ, influence, S. W. Asia, 628,000 sq. m., 
p. 9,500. 

Pershing (per'shing), John Joseph. Am. 
gen.; command of Am. forces in Fr., 
1917-18 (1860- ). 

Persian Gulf, arm of Arabian sea, 620 m. 
long. 

Perth (perth), co. of Scot., p. 124. 

Peru (pe-roo'), repub. of S. Am., 680,026 
sq. m., p. 3,530. 


"boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when) 
zh =z as in azure; kh =ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








Fetaln 


780 


Putnam 


Petain (pe’tah'), Henri Philippe. Pr. gen., 
Marshal of Pr. (1856- ). 

Peter (pe'ter), I, the Great, emp. of Russ. 
(1672-1725).— II, emp. of Russ. (1715-30). 
—Ill, emp. of Russ. (1728-62).— I, Kara- 
georgevitch, king_ of Serbia (1846- ). 

Petroqrad (pye'tro-grat), cap. of Russ., 
on Neva riv., p. 2,318. Formerly St. 
Petersburg. 

Philadelphia (fjl"d-del'fl-d), city of Pa., 
p. 1,750. 

Philippines (fil'l-pcnz), isls. in Pacific, off 
coast of China, annexed by U. S., 1898; 
p. 7,635; cap. Manila. 

Phillips (Mbps), Wendell. Am. abolitionist 
(1811-84). 

Phocion (fo'shl-un). Athenian gen. (?-317 


Pickett (pik'et), George. Am. Confed. gen. 
(1825-75). 

Piedmont (ped'mSnt), prov. of Italy, p. 
3,070; cap. Turin. 

Pi 2 !rce (pere), Franklin. 14th pres, of U. S. 
(1804-69). 

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. Am. gen. & 
explorer (1779-1813). 

Pike’s Peak, mt. in Colo., 14,000 ft. high. 
Pinckney (pitik'ni), Charles Cotesworth. 

Am. soldier (1746-1825). 

Pindar (pin'darb Gr. poet (522-443 B. C.). 
Pinero (pin-er'o), Sir Arthur Wing. Br. 
dram. (1855- ). 

Pisistratus (p* sis'trd-tus). Athenian stsm. 
(?—527 B. C.). 

Pitman (ptt'man), Sir Isaac. Eng. inventor 
of shorthand known as phonography (1813- 
97). 

Pitt (pit), William, Earl of Chatham. Eng. 
stsm. (1708-78). 

Pittsburgh (plts'burg), city, Pa., p. 590. 
Pius (pl'us), name of several popes: X, 
G. seppe Sarto, pope fr. 1903 (1835-1914). 
Pizarro (pT-zar'o), Francisco. Sp. conqueror 
of Peru (1475-1541). 

Ptato (pla'to). Gr. philos. (427-347 B. C.). 
_ .aulus (plo'tus). Rom. dram. (254-184 


B. C.). 

Pliny (pli'nl), the Elder [Gaius P. Secun- 
dus]. Rom. natur. (23-79).— the Younger 
[Gaius P. C cilius Secundus]. Rom. author 
& orator (62M10). 

Plutarch (ploo'tark). Gr. biographer (46- 
120 ). 


Plymouth (pli'muth), town, S. E. Mass., 
where Pilgrim Fathers landed, p. 12.— 
naval station, Devon, Eng., p. 124. 
Pocahontas (po"cd-h5n'tds), daughter of 
Powhattan, Indian chief (1595-1617). 

IP© (po), riv. N. It., 418 m. to Adriatic. 

Poe (po), Edgar Allan. Am. poet, essay. & 
story writer (1809-49). 

Poincare (pwan"ka"ra'). Raymond. Pres. 

Fr. repub. 1913-20 (1860- ). 

Poland (po'land), former kingdom of Europe; 
about 375,000 sq. m., distributed bet. 
Russia, Germany, & Austria-Hungary; re¬ 
constructed as separate state 1918. 

Polk (pok), James Knox. 11th pres, of 
U. S. (1795-1849).-—Leonidas. Am. clergy. 
Confed. gen. (1806-64). 

Polo (pd'lo), Marco. Venetian traveler & 
author (1254-1324). 

Polycarp (poll-carp), Saint. Apostolic 
father (about 69^166). 

Polynesia (pol'l-ne'zT-d), isls. of cen. Pacific; 

New Zealand & Hawaiian isls. the largest. 
Pompadour (pom'pd-dur), Marquise de. 

Mistress of Louis XV (1721-64). 

Pompeii (pom-pa'ye), anc. city of It., near 
Naples’ buried by volcano 79 A. D. 


Pompey (pom'pi), the Great. Rom. gen. 

& triumvar (106-48 B. C.). 

Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da la'on), Juan. 

Sp. explorer of Florida (1460-1521). 
Poniatowski (pd"m'd-tov'skI), Joseph An¬ 
tony. Pol. nationalist, marshal of Fr. 
(1762-1813).—Stanislaus. Pol. prince & 

soldier (1677-1762.—king of Poland (1732- 
OS). 

Pontiac (pon'tl-ak). Ottawa Indian chief 

(?—1769). 

Pope (pop), Alexander. Eng. poet (1688- 
1744). 

Porter (por'ter), David Dixon. Am. 

admiral (1813-91). 

Portland (port'land), city. Me., on Casco 
bay, p. 65.—city, Ore., on Willamette riv. 
p. 265. 

Porto Rico (por'to re'ko; Sp. Puerto RIcoK 
Am. isl. W. Jndies, 3,596 sq. m., p. 1,118. 
Port Said (port sa-ed'), town, Egypt, on 
Medit., Suez Canal, p. 50. 

Portsmouth (ports'muth), city, Hampshire, 
Eng., on Eng. Channel; naval station; 
p. 245. 

Portugal (por'tu-gdl), repub. S. W. Europe, 
on Atlantic oc., 35,490 sq. m., p. 5,500. 
Portuguese East Africa, on E. coast 
Africa, 301.000 sq. m., p. 3,120. 
Portuguese Guinea, on W. African coast, 
p. 300. 

Portuguese India, on W. coast India, com¬ 
prising poa, L aman, and Liu, p. 605. 
Posen (po'zen), city, Prussian Poland; cap. 
of anc. Poland, p. 157. 

Potomac (pb-to'mdk), riv. bet. Md. & Va., 
400 m. to Chesapeake bay. 

Potsdam (pots'ddm), cap. of Brandenburg, 
Prussia, p. 62. 

Potter (pSt'er), Henry Codman. Bishop 
of New York (1835-1908).—Paul. Dutch 
painter (1625-54). 

Powhatan (pou"hd-tan'), Am. Indian Sa¬ 
chem (1550-1618). 

Prague (prag), cap. of Bohemia, p. 237. 
Praxiteles (praks-it'e-lez). Gr. sculp, (about 
364 B. C.). 

Prescott (pres'kut), William Hickling. Am. 

hist. (1796-1S59). 

Preston (pres'tun), bor. Lancs., Eng., p. 119. 
Prince Edward Island, prov. of Can., isl. 

in Gulf St. Lawrence, 2,134 sq. m., p. 
93,728; cap. Charlottetown. 

Princeton (prlns'tun), town, Mercer co., 
N. J., p. 6; univ. 

Prior (prl'er), Matthew. Eng. poet (1664- 
1721). 

Proudhon (proo"d6h'), Pierre Joseph. Fr 

publicist (1809-65) . 

Providence (prov'i-dens), cap. R. I., p. 225. 
Prussia (prush'd), state of Ger. empire, 
136,488 sq. m., p. 34,473; cap. Berlin. 
Przemysl (pshe'meshl), town, Galicia, p. 60; 
battles, 1915. 

Ptolemy (tol'e-ml), name of several Groeco- 
Egyptian Jcings fr. 329 B. C. to 30 B. C. 
Puccini (poot-chen'e), Giacomo. It. com¬ 
poser (1858- ). 

Puebla (pwab'ld), state of Mex., 12,042 
sq. m., p. 1,02lj cap. of state, p. 95. 

Puget Sound (pu'jet), arm of Pacific, N. W. 

coast Wash. 

Pulaski (poo-las'kl), Casimir, Count. Pol. 

patriot & Am. soldier (1747-79). 

Pulitzer (pu'lit-zer), Joseph. Am. ed. & 
publisher (1847-1911). 

Punjab (pun-jab'), prov. India, 133,741 

sq. m., p. 29,179. 

Putnam (put'nam), Israel. Am. soldier 

(1718-90). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 








Pyrenees 78 1 


Pyrenees (pir'e-nez), mt. range bet. Fr. & 
Sp., 280 in., 11,424 ft. high. 

Pythagoras (pl-thag'o-ras). Gr. philos. 
(586-506 B. C.). 


Q 

Quatre-Bras (ka"tr-bra'), town, S. Brabant, 
Bel.; battle, 1815. 

Quebec (kwe-bek'), prov. of Can., 703,653 
sq. m., p. 2,003; cap. of prov., p. 79. 

Queensland (kwenz'land), state of Australia, 
670,500 sq. m., p. 700.—sp. city, Ire., on 
Atlantic oc., p. 8. 

Quiller-Couch (kwiTer-kooch), Sir Arthur 
Thomas. Eng. novel. (1863- ). 

Quintilian (kwln-til'i-dn), Marcus Fabius. 
Rom. rhetorician (35-118). 


R 

Rabelais (rabTa'), Francois. Fr. satirical & 
humorous writer (1495-1553). 

Racine (ra"sen'), Jean Bantiste. Fr. dram. 
(1639—99)_. 

Rainier (ra'nir), Mount, Cascade range, 
Wash., 14,444 ft. 

Raleigh (ro'll), Sir Walter. Eng. navig. & 
soldier (1552-1618). 

Rameses (ram'e-siz), name of several Egyp¬ 
tian monarchs. 

Ramsey (ram'zi), Sir William. Br. chemist 
(1852-1916). 

Rangoon (ran'goon'), cap. Lower Burmah, 
p. 293. 

Rankin (rang'kin), Jeannette. First woman 
member U. S. Congress (1882- ). 

Raphael (ra'fa-el), Sanzio. It. painter 
(1483-1520). 

Ravenna (rd-ven'nri), prov. of It., 715 
sq. m., p. 236.—cap. of prov., p. 74. 

Reading (red'ing), Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 
first Earl of. Br. jurist & dipl. (I860- ). 

—city. Pa., on Schuylkill riv., p. 110.— 
city, Berks co., Eng., p. 76. 

Redmond (red'mund), John Edward. Ir. 
stsm. (1851-1918). 

Red River, trib. of Mississippi riv., rises N. 
Texas, 1,550 m. 

Red Sea, branch of Indian oc., bet. Arabia 
& Egypt, 178,000 sq. m. 

Reed (red), Thomas Brackett. Am. stsm. 
(1839-1902). 

Reid (red), Whitelaw. Am. ed. & dipl. 
(1837-1912). 

Rembrandt (rem'brant), Hermansz Van 
Ryn. Dutch painter (1606-69). 

Renan (re-nan'), Joseph Ernest. Fr. hist. 
& essayist (1823-92). 

Renfrew (ren'froo), co. of Scot., 240 sq. m., 
p. 315. 

Reval (re-vel'), cap. of Esthonia, on Gulf 
Finland, p.100. 

Revere (re-ver'), Paul. Am. patriot (1735- 
1818). 

Reynolds (ren'uldz), Sir Joshua. Br. 
painter (1723-92). 

Rheims (rans; Eng. remz), city, dept, of 
Marne, p. 116; battles, 1914-18. 

Rhine (rin), riv. of Europe, rises in Switz., 
800 m. to North Sea. 

Rhode Island (rod), state of U. S., 1,248 
sq. m., p._543; cap. Providence. 

Rhodes (rodz), Cecil John. Eng. admin, 
in S. Africa (1853-1902). 

Rhodesia (ro-de'zi-a), div. of S. Africa: 
Northern, 291,000 sq. m., p. 876; Southern, 


Roye 


500 m. to Gulf of Lyons.—dept, of Fr. r 
1,077 sq. m., p. 860; cap. Lyons. 

Richard, name of 3 kings of Eng.: I, Cceur 
de Lion (1157-99); II (1366-1400); III, 
last of Plantagenets (1450-85). 
Richardson, Samuel. Eng. novel. (1689- 
1761). _ _ 

Richelieu (reshTyoo'), Armand Jean du 
Plessis, Cardinal, Due de. Fr. stsm. 
(1585-1642). 

Richmond (rich'mund), cap. of Va., on 
James riv., p. 128; Confed. cap., sur¬ 
rendered 1865. 

Richter (rikh'ter), Jean Paul. Ger. author 

(1763—1825). 

Rienzi (re-en'ze), Cola di. It. reformer 
(1312-54). 

Riga (re'ga), cap. of Livonia, Baltic pro¬ 
vince, p. 370.— Gulf of, arm of Baltic. 
Riis (ris), Jacob August. Am. social worker 
(1849-1914). 

Riley (n'll), James Whitcomb. Am. poet 
(1849-1916). 

Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zha-na'ro), state of 
Brazil, 25,634 sq. m., p. 1,130.—cap. of 
Brazil, p. 1,000. 

Ri© Grande (re'o gran'da), riv. of U. S.; 

S. W. Colo., 2,000 m. to Gulf of Mex. 
Rittenhouse (nt'en-hous), David. Am. 
astron. (1732-96). 

Robert, name of several kings of Scot., 
notably I, Bruce (1274-1329). 
Robespierre (rob'es-pl-ar), Frangois Maxi- 
milien. Fr. revolutionist (1758-94). 

Rob Roy (rob roi) [“Robert the Red”]. Scot, 
freebooter (1660-1743). _ 

Rochambeau (ro"shan"bo'), Jean Baptiste, 
Count de. Marshal of Fr. (1725-1807). 
Rochester (roch'es-ter), city, N. Y., on 
Genesee riv., p. 240. 

Rockefeller (rok'e-fel-er), John Davidson. 

Am. financier (1839- ). 

Rock River, riv. of U. S., 330 m., Wis. to 
Mississippi. 

Rocky Mountains, western range of N. Am. 

4,000 m. fr. N. to S., highest peak, 14,341. 
Rodin (ro"dan'), Auguste. Fr. sculp. 
(1840-1917). 

Roebling (rob'llng), Washington Augustus. 
Am. eng. (1837-1917). 

Roentgen (runt'gen), Wilhelm Konrad. 
Ger. physicist; disc, of Roentgen rays. 
(1845- _). 

Rome (rom), city on Tiber riv., cap. of 
It., p. 542. 

Roosevelt (ro'ze-velt), Theodore. 26tb 
pres, of U. S. (1858-1919).—his youngest 
son, Quentin, b. 1896; killed in battle in 
France, 1918. 

Root, Elihu. Am. stsm. (1845- ). 

Rosecrans (ro'ze-kranz), William Starke. 
Am. soldier (1819-98). 

Rossetti (ro-set'I), Christina. Eng. poet 

(1830-94).—her brother, Dante Gabriel. 
Eng. poet (1828-82). 

Rossini (ros-sen'i), Gioacchino Antonio. It. 
composer (1792-1868). 

Rostand (ro"stah'), Edmond. Fr. dram. 

(1868-1918). 

Rotterdam (rot'er-dam), sp. city of Nether¬ 
lands, p. 447. 

Rouen (rii"an'), city, Fr.; anc. cap. of 
Normandy, p. 125. 

Roumania (ru-ma'nl-d), or Rumania, king¬ 
dom of Europe, p. 7,230; cap. Bucharest. 
Overmn by Teutonic Allies in 1916. 
Rousseau (ru"so'), Jean Jacques. Fr. essay. 
(1712-79). 


149,000 sq. m., p. 760. 

Rhone (r5n), riv. of Europe, rises Switz., 


Roye (rwa'y ), town, dept, of Somme, Fr., 
on Avre riv., p. 5; battles, 1914-18. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw = wh as in when; 
zh = z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 








Rubens 


782 


Scott 


Rubens (roo'benz), Peter Paul. Flem. 

painter (1577-1640). 

Rubinstein (roo'bln-stln), Anton Grigory- 
evitch Russ, composer (1829-94). 

Rumania. See Roumania. 

Runnimede (run'nl-med), meadow on bank 
of Thames riv.. Eng.; Magna Charta 
signed 1215. 

Rush (riish), Benjamin. Am. physician 

(1745-1813).—Richard. Am. stsm. (1780- 
1859). 

Ruskin (rus'kln), John. Eng. essay. (1819- 
1900;. 

Russell (rus'el), John, Earl. Eng. stsm. 
(1792-1878).—John Scott. Scot. eng. & 
naval architect (1808-82).—William Clark. 
Eng. novel. (1844-1911). 

Russia (rush'd), repub. of Europe & Asia; 
area (1914)_8,417,118 sq. m., p. 171,060. 

Ruthenia (roo-the'ni-d), section of Europe 
included in Austria & Hungary. 

S 

Sacramento (sak"rd-men'to), cap. of Cal., 
p. 75.—riv.. Cal., 500 m. to San Francisco 
bay. 

Saginaw (sag'I-no),_city, Mich., p. 67. 

Saguenay (sag'e-na), riv., Quebec, 100 m. 
to St. Lawrence. 

Sahara (sd-ha/rd), desert, N. Africa, 2,000,000 
sq. m.; Fr. possession. 

St. Gaudens (go'denz), Augustus. Am. 
sculp. (1848-1907). 

St.-Gobain (go"bah'), forest in Fr., whence 
Germans shelled Paris, 60 miles distant, 
with long-range gun, 1918. 

St. Helena (he-le'nd), Br. isl., Atlantic oc.; 
Napoleon exiled. 

St. Joseph, city, Mo., on Missouri riv., p. 84. 

St. Lawrence, riv. of Can., 775 m., Lake 
Ontario to Gulf of St. Lawrence.— Gulf of, 
inlet of N .^Atlantic. 

St. Louis (loo'x; loo'Is), city, Mo., on Missis¬ 
sippi, p. 757. 

St.-Mihiel (san"me"yel'), town in N. E. 
France; captured by Americans, 1918. 

St. Paul, cap. of Minn., on Mississippi riv., 
p. 255. 

St. Petersburg. Former name of Petrograd, 
cap. of Russ. 

St.-Quentin (sah"kah"tan'), town N. E. Fr., 
p. 56; battles, 1914-18. 

Saint Saens (san "sans'), Charles Camille. 
Fr. composer (1835- ). 

Saint Simon (sah"se"mon'), Claude Henry, 
Comte de. Fr. religious-socialist (1760- 
1825). 

Sakhalin (silTca-lyen'), or Saghalien, isl. off 
E.Siberia; Russ. & Jap.; 29,100 sq. m., p. 56. 

Salamanca (sal"d-man'kd), prov. of Sp., 
4,829 sq L m., p. 321.—cap. of prov., p. 26. 

Salem (sa'lem), sp. city, Mass., p. 50; 
birthplace of Hawthorne. 

Salford (sal'ferd), city, Lancs., Eng., p. 235. 

Salisbury (sols'bri), Robert Cecil, Marquis 
of. Br. stsm. (1830-1903). —Plain, tract 
of country Wiltshire, Eng., 20 m. by 14 m.; 
military camp, 1914-18. 

Sallust (sal'ust). Rom. hist. (86-34 B. C.). 

Saloniki (sa/'lo-ne'kl) [anc. Thessalonica], sp. 
city in Balkans, on ASgean sea; Gr. since 
1913; p. 160. 

Salt Lake City, cap. of Utah, p. 120; metrop¬ 
olis of Mormons. _ 

Salvador (sal"vd-dor'), repub. of Cen. Am., 
7,212 sq. m., p. 1,116; cap. San Salvador. 

Samaria (sd-ma'ri-d), anc. town of Palestine, 
former cap. Israel, 36 m. N. N. W. of 
Jerusalem; now village of Sebustieh. 


Sambre (san'br), riv. of N. Fr.; battles, 

1914-18. 

Samoa (sa-mo'a), U. S. & Br. isls. in S. 

Pacific, 1,700 sq. m., p. 40. 

Sampson (samp'sun), William Thomas. Am. 

naval off. (1840-1902). 

San Antonio (san an-td'nl-o), city, Texas, 
p. 125. 

Sand (sand), George [Amantine Dudevant]. 
Fr. novel. (1804-76). 

San Francisco (san fran-sls'ko), sp. city. 

Cal., p. 417. 

San Salvador (sal'vd-dor), cap. of Salvador, 

Cen. Am., p. 60. 

Santiago (san"te a'go), cap. of Chile, p. 378. 

—sp. town, Cuba, p. 62; battle, 1898. 
Santo Domingo (san'to do-min'go), repub. 
Haiti, 19,300 sq. m., p. 708. Also, Domin¬ 
ican Republic. 

San Francisco (soun fran-ses'k5), riv. E. 

Brazil, 1,800 m. to Atlantic. 

Sappho (saf'o). Gr. poet (about 600 B. C.). 
Sarajevo (ser-a-je-vo), town in Bosnia, 
where occurred assassination of Austrian 
archduke, starting the War of 1914-18. 
Sardinia (sar-dln'i-d), It. isl. in Medit., 
9,350 sq. m., p. 792. 

Sardou (sar"doo'), Victorien. Fr. dram. 

(1831-1908). 

Sargent (sar'gent), John Singer. Am. 

painter in Eng. (1856- ). 

Sarto (sar'to), Andrea del. Florentine 

painter (1486-1531). 

Saskatchewan (sas-kach'S-won), prov. of 
Can., 250,650 sq. m., p. 493.—riv. of Can. 
Rocky mts., 1,300 m. to Lake Winnepeg. 
Savannah (sd-van'd), city, Ga., on Savannah 
riv., p. 65.—riv. Ga., 400 m. to Atlantic oc. 
Savonarola (sa"vo-nd-ro'ld), Girolamo. It. 
monk (1452—98). 

Saxony (saks'un-i), kingdom of Ger. empire, 
5,786 sq. m., p. 4,800; cap. Dresden. 
Scanderbeg (skan'der-beg). Prince of 

Albania (1404-67). 

Scandinavia (skan"dl-na'vi-a), Swe. and Nor. 
Schenectady (ske-nek'td-dl), city, N. Y., p. 

80. Union Coll. 

Schiller (shil'er), Johann Friedrich Christoph 
von. Ger. poet (1759-1805). 
Schleswig-Holstein (shles'vlkn-hol'shtan), 
former prov. of Den.; annexed by Ger. 
1864. 

Schley (slil>), Winfield Scott. Am. naval off. 

(1839-1911). 

Schofield (skd'feld), John McAllister. Am. 

soldier (1831-1906). 

Schomberg (shom'berg), Frederick Hermann, 
Duke of. Ger.-Eng. soldier in Ire. (1619- 

90). 

Schopenhauer (sho'pen-hou"er), Arthur. 

Ger. philos. Jl788-1860). 

Schubert (slioo'bert), Franz. Austrian com¬ 
poser (1797-1828). 

Schumann (shoo'mdn). Saxon composer 

(1810-56). 

Schumann-Heink (hlngk). Bohemian con¬ 
tralto (1861- ). 

Schurz (shurz), Carl. Ger.-Am. soldier 

(1829-1906). 

Schuyler (ski'ler), Philip. Am. soldier 

(1733-1804). 

Schuylkill (skool'kil), riv. of Pa., 120 m. to 

Delaware riv. 

Scipio (sip'I-5), the Elder. Rom. gen. 
(235-183 B. C.).— the Younger. Rom. 

gen. (187-129 B. C.). 

Scotland (skot'land), N. div. of Gr. Br.. 

30,400 sq. m.. p. 4.S00. 

Scott (skot), Winfield. Am. gen. (1786- 

1866). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; sc3ne, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu 1 







Scranton 


783 


Springfield 


Scranton (skran'thn), city. Pa., on Lacka¬ 

wanna riv., p. 136. 

Seattle (se-at'l), sp. city, Wash., p. 237. 

Sebastopol (sS-bas'to-pol), Russ, town. 
Black sea, p. 77; naval station. 

Sedan (s$"dah'), town, dept, of Ardennes, 
Fr., p. 16; surrender Napoleon III, 1870; 
occupied by Americans November, 1918. 

Seine (san), riv. of Fr., 480 m. to Eng. 
channel.—dept, of Fr., 185 sq. m., p. 3,848. 

Selkirk (sel'klrk), Alexander. Scot, buc¬ 
caneer (1676-1723). 

Seneca (sen'S-ka), Lucius Annaeus. Rom. 
philos. (3-66).—lake, W. N. Y., 37 m. long. 

Serbia (ser'bl-a), kingdom of Europe; occu¬ 
pied by Central Powers 1915-18; area 
(1914) 33,900 sq. m., p. 4,594; cap. Belgrade. 

Servetus (sgr-ve'tus), Miguel. Sp. theolog. 
& anat. (1509-53). 

Seton (se'tun), Ernest Thompson. Can. 
novel. & nature lover (1860- ). 

Severn (sev'ern), riv., Eng., 210 m. to Bristol 
channel. 

Severus (se-ve'rus). Rom. emp. (146-211). 

Seville (sS-vIT), city, Sp., on Guadalquivir, 
p. 555. 

Seward (soo'ard), William Henry. Am. 
stsm. (1801-77). 

Shackleton (shak'el-tun), Sir Ernest Henry. 
Br. Antarctic explorer (1869- ). 

Shatter (shaf'ter), William Ryfus. Am. 
soldier (1833-1906). 

Shaftesbury (shafts'bur-i), .Anthony, Earl of. 
Eng. monarchist (1621-83). 

Shakespeare (shaks'per), William. Eng. 
dram. & poet (1564-1616). 

Shanghai (shang'hl), sp; city, China, p. 639. 

Shantung (shan-tung'), prov. of China, 
65,000 sq. m., p. 37.500; cap. Tse-nan-foo. 

Shaw (sho), Anna Howard. Am. suffragist 
(1847-1919).—George Bernard. Irish dram., 
wit & publicist (1856- ). 

Sheffield (shef'feld), bor. Yorkshire, Eng., 
p. 477. 

Shelley (shell), Percy Bysshe. Eng. poet 
(1792-1821). 

Sheridan (sherl-ddn), Philip Henry. Am. 
gen. (1831-88).—Richard Brinsley. Br. 
dram. (1751-1816). 

Sherman (sher'man), James Schoolcraft. 
Vice-Pres. U. S. (1855-1912).—John. Am. 
Btsm. (1823-1900).—William Tecumseh. 
Am. gen. (1820-91).—Roger. Am. polit. 
(1721-93). 

Shropshire (shrop'sher), co. of Eng., p. 246. 

Slam (si-am'), kingdom of Asia, 195,000 sq. 
m., p. 8,118; cap. Bangkok. 

Siberia (si-be'rl-d), section of Asiatic Russ., 
4,832,000 sq. m., p. 10,378. 

Sicily (sIs'I-U), isl. Medit. sea, part of Italy, 
10,000 sq. m., p. 3,672; cap. Palermo. 

Sickles (slk'lz), Daniel Edgar. Am. soldier 
(1825-1914). 

Slddons (sld'unz), Sarah. Br. act. (1755- 
1831). _ 

Sidney (sld'nl), Algernon. Eng. anti- 
royalist (1622-83).—Sir Philip. Eng. 
soldier & stsm. (1554-86). 

SlenMewicz (shen-kya'vlch), Henry. Pol. 
novel. (1845-1916). 

Sierra Leone (sl-er'ra le-o'ne). Br. colony & 
protectorate, W. Africa, 31,000 sq. m., 
p. 1,480. 

Sierra Nevada (sl-er'ra ne-va'da), mt. range. 
Cal., 400 m.; Mt. Whitney, 14,898 ft. 

Slflsbee (slgz'be), Charles Dwight. Am. 
naval off. (1845- ). 

Silesia (sl-le'shl-d), ter. of cen. Europe, 
annexed by Austria 1675; greater r^rt 
ceded to Prussia 1763: 1.987 sq. m.. p. 757. 


Sims (slmz), William Sowden. Am. naval 
off. (1858- ). 

Singapore (sln'gd-por'), cap. of Straits 
Settlements; commercial cen. S. E. Asia, 
p. 359. 

Sixtus V (slks'tus), Felix Peretti. Pope Sc 
stsm. (1521-90). 

Skager Rack (ska'ger-rak'), arm of N. sea; 
bet. Nor. & Den.; 130 m. long, 80 broad. 

Slave Lake, in N. W. Can., 300 m. by 60. 

Sligo (sli'go)_, co. of Ire., 707 sq. m., p. 84. 

Slocum (slo'kum), Henry Warner. Am. 
soldier (1827-94). 

Smiles (smilz), Samuel. Eng. essay. (1845- 
1904). 

Smith, Adam. Br. author (1723-90).— 
Francis Hopkinson. Am. author & artist 
(1838-1915).—Goldwin. Can. hist. (1823- 
1910).—John. One of the founders of Va. 
colony (1580-1631). 

Smolensk (sma-lyensk'), govt, in Russia, 
W. of Moscow, 21,632 sq. m., p. 1,763. 

Smolett (smol'et), Tobias George. Br. 
novel. (1721-71). 

Smyrna (smer'na), sp. city, Asia Minor, 
p. 375. 

Socinus (so-si'nus), Laelius (1525-62); Sc 
Faustus (1539-1604). It. theologs. 

Socrates (sok'ra-tez). Gr. philos. (469-399 
B. C.). 

Solssons (swa'soh), town on Aisne riv., Fr.; 
battles 1914-18; p. 14. 

Somaliland (so-ma'le-land), section E. 
Africa; Br., 68,000 sq. m., p. 300; Fr., 
40,000 sq. m.; It., 140,000 sq. m. 

Somerset (sum'er-set), co. S. W. Eng., 
p. 458. 

Somerville (sum'er-vil), city. Mass., on 
Mystic riv., p. 77. 

Somme (som), riv. N. Fr., 150 m. to Eng. 
channel.—dept. Fr., 2,443 sq. m., p. 520. 

Sophocles (sof'6-kles). Athenian dram. 
(496-406 B. C.). 

Sousa (soo'za), John Philip. Am. band¬ 
master & composer (1854- ). 

South Africa. See Union of South Africa. 

South America. See America. 

Southampton (south-amp'ton), bor. Hamp¬ 
shire, Eng., p. 120. 

South Australia, state in Commonwealth 
of Australia, 380,000 sq. m., p. 409; cap. 
Adelaide. 

South Bend, city. Ill., on St. Joseph riv., 
p. 54. 

South Carolina, state of U. S., 30,495 sq. m.» 
p. 1,516; cap. Columbia. 

South Dakota (da-ko'ta), state of U. S.. 
77,615 sq. m., p. 584; cap. Pierre. 

Southey (south'I), Robert. Eng. poet (1774— 
1843). 

South Island, largest isl. of New Zealand, 
58,500 sq. m. 

South Foie, reached by Amundsen, 1911. 

Spain (span), kingdom of Europe, on Atl. 
& Bay of Biscay, 194,783 sq. m., p. 20,000; 
cap. Madrid. 

Sparta (spar'ta), anc. capital of Laconia, 
Peloponnesus. 

Spencer (spen'ser), Herbert. Eng. philos. 
(1820-1903). 

Spenser (spfin'ser), Edmund. Eng. poet 
(1552-99). 

Spinoza (spg-no'za), Baruch. Dutch-Jewish 
philos. (1632-77). 

Spitzbergen (spits-bSr'gen), Arctic archi¬ 
pelago. 

Spokane (spo-kan'). city. Wash., on Spokane 
riv., p. 105. 

Springfield (sprlng'feld), city. Mass., on 
Connecticut riv.. p. 89. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase;good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxu. 







784 


Tacoma 


Spring-Rice 


Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil Arthur. Br. dipl. 

(1859-1918). 

Stafford (staf'erd), co. of Eng., p. 1,280. 

Stainer (stan'er), Sir John. Eng. composer 
(1840-1901). 

Stanislas (stan'is-las), I king of Poland 
1704-09 & 1733 (1677-1706). —XI, king of 
Poland 1764-95 (1732-98). 

Stanley (stan'li), Sir Henry Morton. Br. 
explor. in Africa (1841-1904). 

Stanton (stan'tun), Edwin McMasters. Am. 
stsm. (1814-69).—Elizabeth Cady. Am. 
suffragist (1815-1902). 

Staten Island (stat'en), isl. N. Y. bay, con¬ 
stituting bor. of N. Y., 70 sq. m. 

Stead (sted), William Thomas. Eng. journ. 
(1849-1912). 

Steele (stel). Sir Richard. Eng. essay. 
(1672-1729). 

Stefansson (sta'fdns-s5n), Vilhjalmur. Can. 
explor. in Arctic (1879- ). 

Stephen, name of 9 popes. 

Stephens (ste'venz), Alexander Hamilton. 
Am. stsm. (1812-83). 

Stephenson (ste'vn-sun), George. Eng. 
eng. & inv. (1781-1848). 

Sterne (stern), Laurence. Br. humor. (1713- 
68 ). 

Steuben (stii'ben), Friedrich Wilhelm von, 
Baron. Ger.-Am. soldier (1730-94). 

Stevens (ste'vens), Edwin Augustus. Am. 
R. R. organizer, founder Stevens Inst, of 
Tech., Hoboken, N. J. (1795-1868). 

Stevenson (ste'ven-sun), Robert Louis Bal¬ 
four. Scot, novel., essay. & poet (1850- 
94).—Adlai E. Vice-Pres. U. S. (1835- 

1914). 

Stirling (ster'llng), co. of Scot., 451 sq. m., 

p. 161. 

Stockholm (stok'holm), cap. of Swe., p. 343. 

Stockton (stok'tun), Frank R. Am. novel. 
(1834-1902).—Robert Field. Am. naval 
off. (1795-1866). 

Stoke-on-Trent, city, Staffordshire, Eng., 
p. 242. 

Stone (ston), William Joel. Am . stsm. 
(1848-1918). 

Story, Joseph. Am. jurist (1779-1845).— 
William Wetmore. Am. sculp. (1819-95). 

Stowe (sto), Harriet Beecher. Am. novel. 
& abolitionist (1811-96); pub. Uncle 
Tom's Cabin, 1852. 

Stradivari (stra"de-va/rl), Antonio. Cremona 
violin maker (1644-1737). 

Strafford (straf'urd), Thomas Wentworth, 
Earl of. Eng. stsm. (1593-1641). 

Straits Settlements, Br. colony S. Malay 
pen. & isls., 1,600 sq. m., p. 722. 

Strasbourg (stras'boor; Ger. shtras'burkh), 
former Fr. city, dept, of Bas-Rhin, annexed 
by Ger. 1871 & made cap. of Alsace-Lor¬ 
raine, p. 170. 

Stratford-on-Avon (a/von), bor. & town, 
Warwickshire, Eng., p. 8; Shakespeare’s 
birthplace. 

Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald 
Alexander Smith, Baron. Can. R. Ii. 
builder (1820-1914). 

Strauss (strous), Johann (1804-49).—Johann, 
son of former (1825-99). Austrian com¬ 
posers.—Richard. Ger. composer (1864- ). 

Stuart (stu'drt), Scot. & Eng. royal family.— 
Gilbert. Am. painter (1755-1828).— 
James Ewell Brown. Am. Confed. soldier 
(1833-64). 

Stuyvesant (sti've-sdnt), Peter. Dutch 
colonial governor of New Netherland 
(1592-1672). 

Suckling (suk'ling), Sir John. Eng. poet 
(1609-42). 


Sudan (soo-diin'), region of N. Africa, bet. 
Red sea & Atl. oc.: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 
984,520 sq. m., p. 3,000. 

Suez (soo-ez'), Isthmus of, connects Medit. 
with Red sea, 100 m. long; Canal, built 
by Fr., now controlled by Gr. Br. 

Suffolk (suf'ok), co. of Eng., p. 394. 

Sulla (sill'd), Lucius Cornelius. Rom. gen. 

& stsm. (138-78 B. C.). 

Sullivan (sul'I-vdn), Sir Arthur Seymour. 
Eng. composer (1842-1900).—John. Am . 
soldier (1740-95).—John L. Am. pugilist 
& temperance lecturer (1858-1918).— 
Robert Baldwin. Can. stsm. (1802-53). 
Sully (sul'l), Maximilien de Bethune, Due de. 
Marshal of Fr., minister of Henry IV (1560- 
1641).—Thomas. Am. painter (1783-1872). 
Sulu (soo-loo'), U. S. isl. group of Philippine 
isls., 1,561 sq. m., p. 75. 

Sumatra (soo-ma'trd), one of Sunda isls., 
Dutch East Indies, 160,000 sq. m., p. 4,000. 
Sumner (sum'ner), Charles. Am. stsm. 
(1811-74).—Edwin Vose. Am. soldier 
(1797-1863). 

Sumter (sum'ter), Thomas. Am. soldier 

(1734-1832). 

Sunda Islands (sun'dd), isls. of Malay 

archipelago. 

Sunday, William Ashley, known as “Billy 
Sunday.” Am. evangelist (1863- ). 

Sunderland (sun-der-land), sp. city, Dur- 
ham, Eng., p._152. 

Superior (su-pe'rl-ur), Lake, largest of the 
great lakes of N. Am., bet. U. S. & Can.. 
412 m. long. 

Surrey (sur'I), co. of Eng., p. 846. 
Susquehanna (sus"kwe-han'nd), riv. of Pa., 
rises Otsego Lake, N. Y., 500 m. to Chesa¬ 
peake bay. 

Sussex (sus'eks), co. of Eng., p. 663. 

Sutlej (sut'lej), riv. of N. Hindustan; 900 m. 
fr. Tibet to Indus riv. 

Swansea (swon'sl), sp. city, Glamorgan, 
S. Wales, p. 121. 

Swaziland (swa'ze-land), Br. protectorate, 
S. Africa, 6,536 sq. m., p. 107. 

Sweden (swe'den), kingdom N. Europe, 
172,900 sq. m., p. 5,500. 

Swedenborg (borg), Emanuel. Swedish 
scientist & theolog. (1688-1772). 

Swift, Jonathan [Dean Swift]. Eng. satirist 
(1667-1745); b. Dublin. 

Swinburne (swln'burn), Algernon Charles. 

Eng. poet (1837-1909). 

Switzerland (swlt'zur-land), repub. cen. 

Europe, 15,950 sq. m., p. 3,800. 

Sydney (sid'ni), cap. of New South Wales, 
p. 636. 

Sylvester (sll'ves-ter), name of 2 popes: 
I, pope 314-335; II, pope 999-1003.— 
James Joseph. Eng. math. (1814-97). 
Synge (sing), John Millington. Irish dram. 

(1871-1909). 

Syracuse (str'd-kus), city, N. Y., on Erie 
canal, p. 138.—anc. city of Sicily. 

Syria (sir'I-d), region of Asia bet. Euphrates 
riv. & Medit. sea, consisting of East Syria 
(see Mesopotamia), Syrian Desert, and 
Syria proper, including former Turkish 
pro vs. of Jerusalem, Beirut, Aleppo, 
Lebanon, Syria & Zor. 


T 

Tabriz (ta-brez'), town of Persia, cap. of 
Azerbaijan prov., p. 200. 

Tacitus (tas'i-tus), Marcus Claudius. Rom. 
emp. (200-276).—Publius Cornelius. Rom. 
hist. (55-117). 

Tacoma (ta-ko'md), city. Wash., p. 84. 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit., unite, burn, cut, focus, menu: 











Taft 


< 8.3 


Tawnshend 


Taft (t&ft), William Howard. 27th pres, 
of U. S. 1909-13 (1857- ). 

Tagliamento (tal-ya-men'to), riv. N. E. It., 
Venetian Alps, 100 m. to Gulf of Venice. 

Tagore (ta-gor'), Sir Rabindranath. Hindu 
poet (1860- ). 

Tagus (ta'gus; Sp. Tajo), riv. Sp. & Port., 
565 m. to Atlantic oc. 

Tahiti (ta'he-te), one of Society isls., S. 
Pacific, 600 sq. m., p. 11. 

Talne (tan), Hippolyte Adolphe. Fr. hist. 
(1828-93). 

Talleyrand (taTa'i-an'), Charles Maurice 
[Perigord], Due de. Fr. stsm. (1754-1838). 

Talmage (tal'maj), Thomas DeWitt. Am . 
clergy. (1832-1902). 

Tamerlane. Mongol conqueror (1336- 
1405). Also, Timur. 

Tandy (tan'dl), James Napper. Irish 
agitator (1740-1803). 

Taney (ta'nl), Roger Brooke. Am. jurist 
(1777-1864). 

Tanganyika (tan"gan-ye'ka), lake, cen. 
Africa, 400 m. long. 

Tangier (tan-jer'), chief sp. of Morocco, p. 40. 

Tarleton (tarl'ton), Sir Banastre. Eng. 
soldier in Am. (1754-1833). 

Tasmania (tas-ma'nl-a), isl. & state of 
Australia, 26,215 sq. m., p. 191; cap. 
Hobart. 

Tasso (ta/so), Torquato. It. poet (1544-95). 

Taylor (ta'ler), Bayard. Am. poet & travel 
writer (1825-78).—Henry Clay. Am. naval 
off. (1842-1904).—Jeremy. Eng. prelate 

(1613-67).—Zachary.^ 12th pres, of U. S. 
(1784-1850). 

Tchaikovsky (chl-kof'ski), Peter Ilyitch. 
Russ, composer (1840-93). 

Tecumseh (te-kum'se). Indian chief (1775- 
1813). 

Teheran (te-he-ran'), cap. of Persia, p. 250. 

Tehuantepec (ta-wan'ta-pek'), isth. of S. 
Mex., 130 m. 

Teneriffe (ten"er-If'), one of Canary isls., 
782 sq. m., p. 180. 

Teniers (te"nya'), David. Flemish painter 
(1610-90). 

Tennessee (ten"nes-se'), state of U. S., 
42,000 sq. m., p. 2,185; cap. Nashville.— 
riv., S. W. Va.. 1,200 m. to Ohio riv. 

Tenniei (ten'yel), Sir John. Eng. painter 
(1820-1914). 

Tennyson (ten'I-son), Alfred, Baron. Eng. 
poet (1809-92). f 

Terence (ter'ens), Rom. dram.(185-159 B. C.). 

Terre Haute (ter-re-hot'), city, Ind., p. 58. 

Terry (ter'I), Ellen A. Eng. act. (1848- ). 

Tertulllan (ter-tul'I-dn), Lat. father (b. 160). 

Teschen (tesh'en), town of Silesia, on Olsa, 
trib. of Oder, 63 m. S. W. of Cracow; former 
cap. of Duchy of Teschen, p. 23. 

Tesla (tes'la), Nikola. Am. electrician 
(1857- ). 

Texas (teks'as), state of U. S., 265,780 sq. m., 
p. 3,897; cap. Austin. 

Thackeray (thak'er-I), William Makepeace. 
Eng. novel. (1811-63). 

Thames (temz), riv., Eng., 250 m. to North 
sea; traverses London.—riv., Ontario, Can., 
160 m. to Lake St. Clair. 

Thebes (thebz), city of anc. Egypt, on Nile 
riv.—city of Boeotia, anc. Gr. 

Themistocies (the-mls'tok-lez). Athenian 

gen. (514-449 B. C.). 

Theocritus (thS-dk'rl-tus). Gr. bucolic poet 
(310-245 B. C.). 

Theodorlc (thS-od'o-rlk), the Great. Founder 
of Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy (454-526). 

Theodosius (the"6-do'shI-us). Rom. emp. 
(346-395). 


Theophrastus (the'6-fras'tus). Gr. phllos. 

(?-287 B. C.). 

Thiers (te"ar'), Adolph. Fr. stsm. & hist, 
(1797-1877J). 

Thomas (tom'as), George Henry. Am, 

soldier (1816-70).—Theodore. Am. oc- 

chestra leader (1835-1905). 

Thoreau (thd'ro), Henry David. Am 

naturalist & essay. (1817-62). 

Thorwaldsen (tor'vald-zen), Bertel. Dan. 
sculp. (1770-1844). 

Thucydides (thu-sld'1-dez). Gr. hist. 
(?—399 B. C.). 

Tiber (ti'ber), riv. of Italy, 245 m. to Tyr¬ 
rhenian sea. 

Tiberius (ti-be'rl-us). Rom. emp. (42 B. O.- 
37 A. D.). 

Tibet (tlb'et), or Thibet, prov. of Cen. Asia, 
suzerainty of China, 463,000 sq. m., p. 3,500. 

Tien-tsin (tyen'tsln'), city & treaty port, 
Chih-li, China, j). 850. 

Tiepolo (te-a'po-lo), Giovanni Battista. 
Venetian painter (1696-1770). 

Tierra del Fuego (te-er'ra del fwa'go), isls. 
S. end S. Am.; main isl., 18,500 sq. m.; 
Chile & Argentina. 

Tigris (ti'grls), riv., Mesopotamia, 950 m. to 
Euphrates, to Persian Gulf. 

Tilden (til'den), Samuel Jones. Am. stsm. 
(1814-86). 

Tillman (tll'man), Benjamin Ryan. Am. 
polit. (1847-1918). 

Tilsit (til'sit), town, E. Prussia, on Niemen 
riv., p. 35. 

Timur (te-moor'), or Tamerlane, Mongol 
conqueror (1336-1405). 

Tintoretto (tIn"tor-et'o), II [Giacomo 
RobustiJ. Venetian painter (1518-94). 

Tissot (tes"so'), James Joseph Jacques. Fr. 
painter (1836-1902). 

Tisza (tis'sa), Istvan, Count. Hungarian 
premier, 1903-05 & 1913-17 (1861-1918). 

Titian (tlsh'an). Venetian painter (1477- 
1576). 

Titus (tl'tus), Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus. 
Rom. emp. (40-81 A. D.). 

Tocqueville Ctok"vel'), Alexis Charles Henri 
de. Fr. stsm. & writer (1805-59). 

Togoland, ter. on Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa, 
33,700 sq. m., p. 1,000; Ger. colony prior 
to 1914._ 

Tokyo (to'kl-o), formerly Yedo, cap. of 
Japan, p. 2,225. 

Toledo (to-le'do), city, Lucas co., O., p. 168.— 
(to-la'tho), city of Sp., on Tagus riv., p. 25. 

ToSstoy (tol-stoi'), Leo. Russ, novel. & 
social reformer (1828-1910). 

Tombigbee (tom-big'be), riv. of Ala., 450 m. 
to Mobile bay. 

Tonga (toh'ga), isls. in Pacific oc., Polynesia, 
p. 24; Br. protec.—district of Zululand, 
S. E. Africa, included in Natal. 

Tongking (ton"ken'), Fr. protectorate in 
Indo-China, 46,000 sq. m., p. 6,118. 

Toronto (to-ron'to), cap. of Ontario, Can., on 
Lake Ontario, p. 376. 

Torquemada (tor"ka-ma'tha), Tomas de. 
Sp. Inquisitor gen. (1420-98). 

Toul (tool), town, dept, of Meurthe-et- 
Moseile, JPr., p. 14. 

Toulon (tooTon'), city of Fr. on Medit. sea, 
p. 105. 

Tourcoing (too"kwan'), city, dept, of Nord, 
Fr., p. 82. 

Toussaint (too"san'), Francois Dominique 
[L’Ouverture], Haitian soldier & stsm. 
(1743-1803). 

Townshend (toun'shend), Charles Vere 
Ferrers. Br. soldier in Mesopotamia 
1914-18 (1861- )■ 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh =z as in azure; kh=ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










Trafalgar 


786 


Veronese 


Trafalgar (trd-fal'gdr), Cape, S. Spain, at 
entrance Gibraltar Strait; naval battle, 
1805. 

Trajan (tra'jdn), Marcus Ulpius. Rom. 
emp. (51-117). 

Transcaucasia (trans"ko-ka'shT-d), section 
of Russ., S. Caucasus, 95,405 sq. m., 
p. 7,000. 

Transvaal (trans-val'), state in Union of 
S. Africa, 110,400 sq. m., p. 1,686. 
Transylvania (tran"sll-ve'nt-d), Hungarian 
crownland, 21,518 sq. m., p. 2,678. 
Travancore (trav"an-kor'), native state Br. 
India, prov. of Madras, 7,000 sq. m., 
p. 3,430. 

Treblzond (trebd-zond), city, Asiatic Turkey, 
on Black sea, p. 55. 

Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm. Eng. act. 
(1853-1917). 

Treitschke (tritsh'kO), Heinrich. Ger. 

mili tarist writer (1834-96). 

Trent (trent; It. Trento), town of It. 

Tirol, Austria, on Adige riv., p. 30. 
Trenton (tren'tun), cap. of N. J., on Dela¬ 
ware riv., p. 97. 

Trlest (tre-est'), sp. of Austria, on Adriatic, 

p. 161. 

Trinidad (trlnT-dad'), Br. isl., W. Indies, 
1,754 sq. m., p., with Tobago, 330. 

Tripoli (trip'6-li), country, N. Africa, under 
It. sovereignty since 1911, p. 523. 

Trollope (trol'lup), Anthony. Eng. novel. 
(1815-82). 

Troy (troi), city, N. Y., on Hudson riv., p. 77. 
Troyon (trwa"yoh'), Constant. Fr. painter 
(1810-65). _ 

Trumbull (trum'bool), James Hammond. 
Am. philol. (1821-97).—John. Am. painter 
(1756-1843). 

Truxtun (truks'tun), Thomas. Am. naval 
off. (1755-1822). 

Tryon (tri'un), Sir George. Br. admiral 
(1832-93). 

Tsarskoye Selo (tsar'skd-ye sye'15; “the 
czar’s village”), town in govt, of Petrograd, 
Russ., p. 31. 

Tsing-tau (tslng-tou'), city of China, 
annexed with Kiaochow by Japan 1914. 
Tulane (tu-lan'), Paul. Am. philan.; 
founder Tulane Univ., New Orleans 
(1801-87). 

Tunis (tu'nls), Fr. protectorate in N. Africa, 
50,000 sq. m., p. 1,930. 

Tupper (tup'er), Sir Charles. Can. stsm. 
(1821-1915). 

Turenne (tu"ren'), Henri de Latour, Vicomte 
de. Marshal of Fr. (1611-75). 

Turgenev (tur-gen'yef), Ivan .Sergeyevitch. 

Russ, novel. (1818-83). 

Turin (tii'rln; It. Torino), city on Po riv., 
It., p. comm. 428. 

Turkestan (tur'ke-stan), region Cen. Asia.— 
Russ., 420,807 sq. m., p. 6,417.—Chinese, 

p. 2,000. 

Turkey (turid), empire, Europe & Asia, 
695,000 sq. m., p. 20,000. (Revised 
figures of 1919 following Great War not 
yet available.) 

Turner (tur'ner), Joseph Mallord William. 

Eng. painter (1775-1851). 

Tutulla (too"too-eda), isl., Am. Samoa, 
40 sq. m., p. 7. 

Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel L. 
Tweed, riv. of Scot., 97 m. to North sea. 
Tyler (trier), John. 10th pres, of U. S. 
(1790-1862).— Wat. Eng. revolutionist 
(7-1381). 

Tyndall (tln'ddl), John. Br. physicist 
(1820-93). 

Tyne (tin), riv., N. Eng.. 80 m. to North sea. 


Tyrconnel (tSr-kon'<$l), Richard Talbot, Earl. 

Irish Jacobite (1639-91). 

Tyrone (tl-ron'), co. of Ulster, Ire., p. 143. 
Tzi-Hi (tse-he')- Empress dowager of 
China (1834-1908). 

U 

Uganda (u-gan'dd), Br. protectorate in 
Africa, 109,120 sq. m., p. 2,888. 

Ukraine (yu'kran), section of S. W. Russ.; 

separated in 1917, during Great War. 
Ulster (ul'ster), N. prov. of Ire., 8,567 sq. m.. 
p. 1,581. 

Union of South Africa, commonwealth 

within Br. empire, comprising Cape 
Province, Transvaal, Natal, & Orange. 
United Kingdom, or British Isles, com¬ 
prising Gr. Britain & Ire. 

United States, federal repub. of N. Am., 
3,026,789 sq. m.; including possessions 
3,743,306 sq. m., p. 110,000; cap. Wash¬ 
ington. 

Ural (yu'ral), mts. in Russ., bet. Europe & 
Asia, 5,000 ft. high. 

Urban (Qr'bdn), name of 8 popes. 

Uruguay (yu'ru-gwa), repub. of S. Am., 
72,153 sq. m., p. 1,346; cap. Montevideo. 
—riv. of S. Am., 900 m. to Plata. 

Utah (yu'ta), state of U. S., 84,990 sq. m., 
p. 439; cap. Salt Lake City. 

Utica (yu'tl-kd), city, N. Y., p. 74.—anc. 
city of N. Africa. 

Utrecht (yu'trekt), city of Netherlands, p. 

130. 

V 

Valenttnian (val"6n-tlnd-dn) , I, Rom. emp. 
(321-375).— II, Rom. emp. (371-392).— 
III, Rom. emp. (419-455). 

Valerian (va-le'rf-dn). Publius Licinius. 

Rom. emp. (7-260). 

Valona (va-lo'na), sp. city of Albania, on 

Adriatic. 

Valparaiso (val"pd-ri'so), sp. city of Chile, 
p. 191. 

Van Buren (van bu'ren), Martin. 8th 
pres, of U. S. (1782-1862). 

Vancouver (van-koo'ver), city, Br. Colum¬ 
bia, p. 100.— Island, part of Br. Columbia, 
20,000 sq. m. 

Van Dorn (van dorn'), Earl. Am. Confed. 

gen. (1820-63). 

Van Dyck (van dik'), Sir Anthony. Dutch 
painter; Eng. school (1599-1641). 

Van Dyke (v&n dik'), Henry. Am. author 
& dipL (1852- ). 

Vane (van). Sir Harry. Eng.stsm.(1613-62). 
Velasquez (va-las'kath), Diego Rodriguez. 

Sp. painter (1599-1660). 

Venezuela (ven'd-zwa/ld), repub. of S. Am., 
398,594 sq. m., p. 2,817; cap. Caracas. 
Venice (vends; It. Venetia), sp. city, Italy, 

p. 168. 

Venizelos (ven"<$-za'los), Eleuthorios. Gr. 

stsm. (1864- ). 

Vera Cruz (ve'rd krooz), sp. city, Mex., p. 50. 
Verdi (var'de), Giuseppe. It. composer 
(1813-1901). 

Verdun (ver"dun'), town & fortress, N. E. 
Fr., battles, 1916-18. 

Vereshchagin (vye'resh-cha'gln), Vasili Vasi¬ 
levich. Russ, painter (1842-1904). 

Vergil (ver'jfi). Rom. poet (70-19 B. C.). 
Also, Virgil. 

Vermont (ver-m6nt'), state of U. S., 9.564 
sq. m., p. 365; cap. Montpelier. 

Verne (vern), Jules. Fr. novel. (1828-1905). 
Veronese (va'ro-na'sa), Paul [Cagliari]. It. 

painter (1528-88). 


ate, senate, rare cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, bbey, cord, stop, c&mpare; unit, unite, btirn, cut, focus, menu; 









Vespasian 


787 


Wisconsin 


(v6s-pa'zl-dn). Rom. emp. 


Vespasian 

(9-79). 

Vespucci (ves-pdo'che), Amerigo. It. navig. 

for whom America was named (1451-1512) 
Vesuvius (ve-soo'vl-us), volcano, bay of 
Naples; 4,000 ft. high. 

Viaud (ve-yoO, Louis [Pierre Lotil. Fr. 
novel. (1850- ). J 

Emmanuel, III, king of It. fr. 1900 
(1869— ). 

Victoria. Queen of Gr. Br. & Ire. (1819- 
1901)-—state of Australia, p. 1,316; cap. 
Melbourne.— Nyanza. Lake, E. Africa; 
32,000 sq. m. 

Vienna (ve-en'a; Ger. Wien), cap. of 
.Austria, on Danube riv., p. 2,150. 
Vleuxtemps (vyu"tah'). Henri. Belgian 
composer (1820-81). 

Villiers (vll'ers), George, Duke of Bucking¬ 
ham. Eng. stsm. (1627-87). 

Villon (ve"yon'), Francois [Montcorbier]. 
Fr. poet (1431-?). 

Vinci (da ven'che), Leonardo da. It. sculp. 
& painter (1452-1519). 

Virgil (vlr'jtl). Rom. poet (70-19 B. C.). 
Also, Vergil. 

Virginia (vir-jin'I-d), state of U. S., 42,620 
sq. m., p. 2,203; cap. Richmond. 

Virgin Islands, Am. isls., formerly Dan. 
W. Indies: St. Thomas, St. John, & St. 
Croix. 

Vistula (vls'tu-ld), riv. of Europe, 650 m. to 
Baltic sea. 

Vladivostok (vladT-vos-tok'), sp. of Asiatic 
Russ., p. 92. 

Volga (vol'gd), riv. of Russ., 2,400 m. to 
Caspian sea. 

Voltaire (voFtar'), Aronet. Fr. philos. & 
poet (1694-1778). 

Vosges (vozh), mt. chain bet. Fr. & Ger. 

W 

Wabash (wo'bash), riv. Ohio & Ind., 517 m. 
to Ohio riv. 

Wagner (vakh'ner), Wilhelm Richard. Ger. 
composer (1813-83). 

Wales (walz), part of United Kingdom, 
7,470 sq. m., p. 1,713. 

Wallace (wol'us), Alfred Russel. Eng. 
naturalist (1823-1913).—Sir William. Scot, 
soldier; national hero (1270-1305). 

Walpole (wol'pol), Horace. Eng. author 
(1717-97).—Sir Robert. Eng. stsm. (1676- 
1745). 

Ward (word), Artemus [Chas. Farrar Browne]. 

Am. humorist (1834-67). 

Warsaw (wor'so), cap. of Poland, on Vistula 
riv., p. 909; captured by Ger., 1915. 
Warwick (war'Ik), co. of Eng., p. 1,247.— 
Earl of. Eng. stsm. & soldier (1428-71). 
Washington (w6sh'Ing-tiin), Booker Talia- 
fero. Am. negro educ. (1856-1915).— 
George. Am. soldier; 1st pres, of U. S. 
(1732-99).—state of U. S., 69,127 sq. m., 
p. 1,566; cap. Olympia.—city. D. C., 
cap. of U. S., p. 365. 

Waterbury (wo'ter-berT), city. Conn., p. 100. 
Waterloo (wo'ter-loo'). vil. Belgium; battle, 
1815. 

Watt (wot), James. Scot. inv. of steam 
engine (1736-1819). 

Watteau (wot'o'), Antoine. Fr. painter 
(1684-1721). 

Watts (wots), George Frederick. Eng. 
painter & sculp. (1817-1904).—Isaac. 
Eng. theolog. & hymnist (1674-1748). 
Wayne (wan), Anthony. Am. gen. [“Mad 
Anthony’’! (1745-96) 


Weber (ve'ber), Baron von. Ger. compose* 
(1786-1826). 

Webster (web'ster), Daniel. Am. stsm, 
(1782-1852).—Noah. Am. lexicog. (1758-i 
1843). 

Weihaiwei (wa'hTwa'), Br. ter., N. Shantung. 

China, 300 sq. m., p. 160. 

Weimar (vi'mar), cap. of Saxe-Weimar, Ger. 

Repub. govt, first met here, 1919. 
Wellington (wel'ing-tun), Duke of. Br. gen. 
(1769-1852). 

Wells (welz), Herbert George. Eng. novel. 
(1866— ). 

Wesley (wes'll), Charles. Eng. hymnist 
(1707—88).—John. Eng. clergy.; founder 
of Methodism (1703-91). 

West, Benjamin. Am. painter (1738-1820). 
Western Australia, state of Australian 
Commonwealth, 975,920 sq. m., p. 310. 
West Indies (In'dlz), isl. group, E. of Cen. 
Am. 

West Point, vil. in Orange co., N. Y., on 
Hudson riv.; U. S. Military Academy. 
West Virginia, state of U. S., 24,780 sq. m.. 

p. 1,393; cap. Charleston. 

Wexford (weks'ferd), co. of Leinster. Ire.. 

p. 102. 

Wheeler (hwe'ler), Joseph. Am. Confed. 

& U. S. gen. (1836-1906). 

Whistler (hwis'ler), James Abbott McNeil. 

Am. painter (1834-1903). 

White, Edward Douglass. Am. jurist 
(1845— ). 

Whitefaeld (hwit'feld), George. Eng. clergy. 
(1714-70). 

Whitman (hwit'mdn), Walt. Am. poet 

(1819-92). 

Whitney (hwit'ni), Eli. Am. inv. of cotton 
gin (1765—1825).— Mount, peak in Sierra 
Nevada range. Cal., 14,500 ft. 

Whittier (hwit'I-er), John Greenleaf. Am. 
poet (1807-92). 

Wichita (wich'i-td), city, Kans., p. 71. 
Wight (wit). Isle of, isl. off S. Eng., p. 88. 
Wilberforce (wll'ber-fors), William. Eng. 


Queen of 


abolitionist (1759-1833). 

Wilhelmina (wiFhel-mTna). 

Netherlands (1880- ). 

Wilkes-Barre (wflks'-bar-i), city. Pa., p. 76. 
Willard (wil'ard), Frances E. Am. social 
reformer & philan. (1839-98). 

William (wll'yam), I, the Conqueror. King 
of Eng. (1027—87).— III, Prince of Orange 
& king of Eng. (1650-1702).—I, emp. of 
Ger. (1797-1888).— II, emp. of Ger. fr. 
1888; abdicated November, 1918 (1859- ). 
Williams (wll'yamz), Roger. Eng. theolog., 
founder of Rhode Island (1599-1683). 
Wilmington (wil'mlng-tun), city, Del.. 1 

p. 106. 

Wilson (wil'sun), Woodrow. 28th pres, of 
U. S.; attended peace conference in Fr., 
at conclusion of war of 1914-18; first pres, 
to visit Europe while holding office. 
1856— ). 

Wiltshire (wflt'shlr), co. of Eng., p. 287. 
Windsor (wlnd'zer). name of royal house of 
Eng. 

Windward Islands (wlnd'werd), group of 
Br. isls. in W. Indies, p. 164. 

Winnipeg (wln'I-peg), cap. of Manitoba, 
Can., p. 136.—lake in Can., 260 m. long. 
Winslow (wlnz'lo), Edward. Gov. of 
Plymouth colony (1595-1655).—John. Am. 
admiral (1811-73). 

Winthrop (wln'thrOp), John. Gov. of Mass.' 
colony (1588-1649).—John. Gov. of 
Conn, colony (1606-76). 

Wisconsin (wls-kon'sln), state of U. 8.,’ 
55,066 sq. m,. p. 2,514; cap. Madison. 


boot, foot; found; boil; function; chase; good; joy; then, thick; hw=wh as in when; 
zh=z as in azure; kh = ch as in loch. See pronunciation key, pages xix to xxii. 










Wolfe 


788 


Zwingli 


Wolfe (wulf), James. Eng. gen. (1727-59). 

Wolseley (wulz-11), Sir Garnet. Br. gen. 
(1833-1913). 

Wolsey (wiil'zl), Thomas. Eng. cardinal 
(1475-1530). 

WooSsey (wool'si), Theodore Dwight. Am. 
educ. (1801-89). 

Woolwich (wool'Ich), bor. of Eng., p. 121; 
acsGnal. 

Worcester (woos'ter), co. of Eng., p. 287.— 
cap. of co., p. 50.—Joseph Emerson. Am. 
lexicog. (4*84-1865). 

Wordsworth (wurdz'werth), William. Eng. 
poet (1770-1850). 

Worth (wurth), William Jenkins. Am. gen. 
(1794-1849). 

Wren (ren), Sir Christopher. Br. architect 
(1632—1723) 

Wright (rit), Orville (1871- ), & his brother, 

Wilbur (1867-1912). Am. aviators. 

Wlirttemberg (vur'tem-berkh), kingdom of 
Ger., 7,536 sq. m., p. 2,438. 

WyclIHe (wi'klif), John. Eng. reformer 
(?—1384). 

Wyoming (wi-o'mlng), state of U. S., 
97,914 sq. m., p. 182; cap. Cheyenne. 

X 

Xantfppe (zan-tlp'I), wife of Socrates. 

Xavier (zav'I-dr), Francis. Span. Jesuit 
missionary (1506-52). 

Xenocrates (ze-nok'ra-tez). Gr. phil. (396- 
314 B. C.). 

Xenophon (zSn'6-fon). Gr. soldier & 
author (435-355 B. C.). 

Xerxes (zerks'ez), king of Persia (?-465 
B. C.). 

Y 

Yangtze-kiang (yang'tseTcyang'), riv.,China, 
3,400 m., Tibet to Pacific oc. 

Yap (yap), or Uaap, one of the Caroline 
isls., formerly owned by Germany, oc¬ 
cupied by Japan Oct. 21, 1914; 79 sq. 

m., p, 7. 


Yeats (yats), William Butler. Irish author 

(1865- ). 

Yellowstone (yel'o-ston), riv., Wyo. & Mon.. 
1,000 m. to Missouri riv.— National Park, 
in Wyo., Mon. & Idaho, 3,300 sq. m. 
Yenisei (yen'S-sa'c), riv., Siberia, 3,300 m. 
to Arctic sea. 

Yokohama (yo^ko-ha/ma), sp. city, Japan. 

p. 394. 

Yonkers (yon'kerz), city, N. Y., on Hudson 
riv., p. 95. 

York (york), city, Pa., p. 55. 

Yorktown, town, Ya.; Cornwallis sur¬ 
rendered 1781. 

Yosemite (yo-sem'I-tl), national park in 

Cal., 720,000 acres. 

Youngstown (yungz'toun), city, O., p. 125. 
Ypres (e'pr), town in Belgium; battles. 
1914-18. 

Yuan-Shi-Kai (yu-an'shl-ki). Pres, of 
Chinese repub. (1846-1916). 

Yukon (yoo'kon), ter. of Can., p. 8.—riv., 
Yukon ter.. Can., 2,300 m. to Bering sea. 

Z 

Zambesi (zam-ba'zS), riv., Africa, 1,600 m. 

to Mozambique Channel. 

Zanzibar (zan'zi-bar), Br. isl. off E. Africa, 
p. 114. 

Zeebrugge (ze-broo/h'), sp. of W. Flanders, 
Bel.; Ger. submarine base, 1914-18; 
blocked bv Br., April 22, 1918. 

Zeno (ze'no). Gr. philos. (336-264 B. C.). 
Zeppelin (zep'e-llh), Count Ferdinand von. 

Ger. airship inv. (1838-1917). 

Ziska (zls'ka), John. Bohemian leader of 
Hussites (1378-1424). 

Zola (zo"la/), Emile. _Fr. novel. (1840-1902). 
Zuider Zee (zoi'der za), arm of North sea in 
Netherlands. 

Zululand (zoo'ldb-land), prov. of Natal, S. 

Africa; 10,44)0 sq. m., p. 219. 

Zuloaga (thooTo-a'ga), Ignacio. Sp. painter 

(1870- ). 

Zwingli (tsving'le), Ulrich, Protestant re- 
former in Switz. (1484-1531). 


ate, senate, rare, cat, local, far, ask, parade; scene, event, edge, novel, refer; 
right, sin; cold, obey, cord, stop, compare; unit, unite, burn, cut, focus, menu; 


! 






GLOSSARY OF BUSINESS TERMS. 

Compiled by MURRAY GROSS 

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEST PHILADELPHIA HIGH SCHOOL 


A 1, a registry mark given to ships in first- 
class condition; also used to imply excel¬ 
lence: hence, prime; first-class; first-rate. 

Also, A number 1. 

acceptance, an agreement by a person on 
whom a bill of exchange, or draft, is drawn 
to pay it when due according to the terms 
of the acceptance: usually made by writ¬ 
ing the word accepted across the face of 
the bill, or draft. 

acceptor, one who agrees to pay a bill of 
exchange, or draft. 

accommodation, a loan of money or credit 
made as a favor. 

accommodation paper, a promissory note 
made, or indorsed by one person for 
another without consideration, to enable 
the other to raise money or obtain credit 
thereby: as distinguished from a note 
given for value received, 
account, a systematized record of business 
dealings, or debits and credits; a reckoning 
of money transactions; as, to keep one’s 
account with a bank. 

accountant, an expert in keeping or adjust¬ 
ing financial records; a person who has 
charge of such records in a business, or 
public office. 

account current, an open or running account 
showing what is due. 

account sales, a statement sent by one per¬ 
son to. another giving details, as to sales 
made by the sender on the other’s behalf: 
it usually shows the amount and rate of 
sales, expenses of freight, commission, 
and other charges. 

acknowledgment, an admission, avowal, or 
confession of a fact to give it legal force; 
specifically, such an admission, avowal, 
or confession made “before a duly qualified 
public officer; the formal certificate issued 
by an officer before whom an acknowl¬ 
edgment has been made, 
actuary, a person engaged in the work of 
calculating insurance risks and premiums: 
the statistician of an insurance company, 
adjustment, the settlement of a business 
transaction by the apportionment among 
the various parties in it of a liability, claim, 
loss, or payment. 

administer, to manage; to carry out; 
specifically, to settle the estate of one who 
dies without having made a will, 
administrator, one who manages and 
settles the estate of a person who has died 
without having made a will, 
ad valorem, literally, in proportion to value: 
used to designate a duty or tax laid upon 
goods at a certain per cent of their value, 
ad valorem duty, a tax, duty, or charge 
levied upon goods at a certain rate per cent 
upon their value as stated in their invoice; 
as distinguished from a specific charge 
upon a given quantity or number, 
advance, an increase in the price, or a nse 
in price or value; something furnished 
before an equivalent is received; payment 
beforehand; the money thus furnished; to 
pay before due; to increase the price; to 
raise the market value. 

affidavit, a sworn statement; especially, a 
written declaration, made upon oath, 
before an authorized public officer. 


agent, a person authorized to act for, or In 
the place of, another, by authority from 
him; one intrusted with the business of 
another; a substitute. 

agreement, an exchange of promises; a 
mutual understanding in reference to 
something that shall be done or omitted, 
allowance, a sum granted as a reimburse¬ 
ment or repayment; a deduction from the 
gross weight or value of goods, 
amount gross, the total sum or aggregate, 
amount net, the total sum less proper 
deduction for expenses, discounts, or 
charges. 

annuity, an amount, allowance, or income, 
especially of money, payable yearly, 
appraise, to set a value on; to estimate the 
worth of; as, to appraise goods, 
appraisement, setting a value on, or 
estimating the worth of good?, especially 
by persons appointed for the purpose, 
appraiser, one who sets a value on goods, or 
estimates their worth. 

appreciation, a rise in value, an increase in 
the market price: opposite to depre¬ 
ciation. 

appropriation, funds set apart for a specific 
purpose; especially, a grant of money by a 
government. 

appurtenance, something incidental to 
another, particularly, property, 
arbitrage, the buying and selling of stocks, 
bills of exchange, etc., for the profit arising 
from the difference of value of the same 
thing in different markets at the same time, 
arbitration, the hearing and determination 
of a matter of dispute by a person or per¬ 
sons chosen by the parties concerned, 
arbitration of exchange, the process of 
calculating and determining the difference 
in money values or rates of exchange 
among three or more countries, currencies, 
or markets, for the purpose of a trans¬ 
action between two through the other, 
arbitrator, a person chosen by parties who 
have a controversy to settle their dif¬ 
ferences. 

article, a single piece of goods; a division 
of a document, agreement, or contract, 
articles of partnership, a written agree¬ 
ment setting forth the purposes and condi¬ 
tions of the association of a number of 
persons for the carrying on of a joint 
enterprise; especially, such a written 
agreement duly carried out according to 
law and filed so as to have the force of a 
charter. 

assessment, a levy of tax or share of 

expenses. 

assets, the entire property of a person, 
association, or corporation, applicable to 
the payment of his or its debts: opposite to 
liabilities. 

assignee, a person designated by another to 
do some act, or enjoy some right, privilege, 
or property; a person to whom an assign¬ 
ment is made. 

assignment, a transfer of title or interest by 
writing; as, of a note, bond, or lease; 
especially, a transfer of property in trust 
or for the benefit of creditors, 
assignor, a person who makes an assignment, 
association, a body of persons organized for 




790 


Glossary of Business Terms 


the prosecution of a business undertaking, 
usually without a charter, but having the 
general form and mode of procedure of a 
corporation; as, a stock company; a 
society. 

assortment, a quantity of goods varying m 
form, color, style, size, and price, 
assurance, an agreement to pay on a con¬ 
tingency or event sure to occur: otherwise 
used in a sense nearly synonymous with 
insuTciTicc. 

attachment, taking property into custody 
by legal process to compel compliance with 
a judicial decision of a controversy, 
attest, to certify; to bear witness to; as, to 
attest the truth of a document, a copy of a 
record etc. 

attorney, an agent; a counselor; specifically, 
a legal agent empowered to act for suitors 
in legal and judicial proceedings, 
attorney, power of, written authority for 
one person to act for another, 
auction, a public sale of property to the 
highest bidder; especially, such a sale by a 
person licensed and authorized for the pur¬ 
pose. 

audit, a formal examination and authentica¬ 
tion of accounts, with witnesses and 
vouchers, etc.; an official settling of 
accounts; the final statement of account, 
auditor, a person authorized to examine 
accounts, compare charges with vouchers, 
examine parties and witnesses, allow or 
reject charges, and state the balance, 
average, the mean value; medium quality; 
a fair sample. 

avoid, to defeat, evade: to invalidate. 

B 

hail, to turn over something in trust under 
an agreement that the purpose of the 
delivery shall be faithfully carried out. 
bailee, the person to whom goods are com¬ 
mitted in trust, and who has a conditional 
possession of them. 

bailment, a delivery of goods by one person 
to another in trust for some special purpose, 
balance, the difference between the debits 
and credits of an account; to adjust and 
settle such a difference, 
balance sheet, a written statement giving a 
summary and the balances of a set of 
accounts. 

bale, a large, closely pressed, bound package 
of merchandise; a large bundle or package 
of goods for storage or transportation, 
bank, an establishment for the custody, 
loan, exchange, or issue of money, and for 
facilitating the settlement of business 
transactions by the transmission and col¬ 
lection of funds. 

bankable, receivable as good at a bank, 
bank book, the depositor’s book in which a 
bank enters his deposits, or his deposit, 
and withdrawals. Also, pass book, 
banker, a person or a corporation engaged 
in the business of banking, 
bank discount, a deduction equal to the 
interest at a given rate on the principal 
of a note or bill of exchange from the time 
of discounting imtil it becomes due. 
bank draft, a bill of exchange drawn by one 
bank on another bank, 
bankrupt, one unable to meet his business 
liabilities. 

bargain, a favorable business transaction; 
an agreement of sale. 

barrel, the quantity constituting a full 
barrel: in the United States, a barrel, 
liquid measure, is usually 31 gallons; 
but a barrel of flour is 196 lbs., of beef or 
pork, 200 lbs., of fish 200 lbs. 


barrel bulk, in freight measurement, five 

cubic feet. 

bear, a speculator who.sells stocks, bonds, or 
other securities for future delivery in 
expectation of a fall in the market price, 
bearer, one who holds and presents for pay¬ 
ment a note, bill of exenange, check, or 
draft. 

bearer, payable to, a phrase making notes, 

bills of exchange, checks, or drafts, payable 
to holder with or without indorsement, 
bill, a general term for all negotiable paper; 
specifically, a statement of account of goods 
sold, or services rendered, with price or 
charge. 

bill book, a book in which a person keeps 
a record of his notes and drafts, thus show¬ 
ing all he issues and receives, 
billhead, a printed form of bills or state¬ 
ments of account with business address at 
the top. 

bill ol exchange, a written order or request 
from one person to another to pay to some 
designated person at a future time a 
specified sum of money, 
bill, domestic or inland, a bill of exchange, 
or draft, payable in the country where 
drawn. 

bill, foreign, a bill of exchange payable in a 

foreign country. 

bill of lading, a receipt given by a transpor¬ 
tation agency to a shipper for goods shipped, 
ball of sale, a contract under seal for the 

sale of goods. 

bills payable, bills of exchange, drafts, and 
notes issued in favor of others, 
bills receivable, bills of exchange, drafts, 
and notes made by others and payable to 
ourselves. 

board of trade, an association of business 
men to regulate matters of trade and pro¬ 
mote their interests. 

bolt, a roll of cloth, as of canvas or silk, 
generally containing about forty yards, 
bond, a promise in writing under seal made 
by a person or corporation to pay a certain 
sum or do something under penalty of 
paying a fixed sum on or before a future day; 
specifically, formal obligation issued by a 
government or corporation as an evidence 
of debt, generally for the purpose of borrow¬ 
ing money. 

bonded goods, goods on which import 

duties or taxes have been met by bonds 
instead of cash. 

bonded warehouse, warehouses owned by 
persons approved by the Treasury Depart¬ 
ment, and under bond or guarantee for 
the strict observance of the revenue laws; 
utilized for storing goods or merchandise 
until duties are paid or the goods are re¬ 
shipped Avithout entry into the country, 
bondholder, a creditor whose debt is 
seemed by a bond. 

bondsman, one who undertakes an obligation 
to assure payment of money, performance 
of an act, or integrity of another, 
bonus, a special allowance beyond what is 
due; extra profits; as, the employees were 
given a bonus for their hard work, 
book debts, debts or accounts charged on 
the books. 

bounty, a special payment, premium, or 
additional allowance given to encourage 
trade or manufacture. 

brand, a particular kind of goods; a mark 
of designation; a trade-mark, device, or 
name. 

breach of trust, violation of a legal duty 
by one holding goods or property in trust, 
breadstuffs, any kind of grain, corn, or 
meal. 







791 


Glossary of Business Terms 


breakage, allowance made by a shipper for 
loss due to injury or destruction, 
breaking bulk, opening package of goods or 
merchandise in transit or in process of 
transportation. 

broker, an agent in buying and selling; a 
middleman paid by commission, 
building and loan association, an associa¬ 
tion organized to afford a safe investment 
for savings, and to aid its members in 
buying, building, or improving houses and 
other real property. 

bull, a speculator who buys stocks, bonds, or 
other securities in expectation of a rise in 
the price, or in order to bring about such 
a rise. 

bullion, gold and silver, considered merely 
as so much metal; specifically, uncoined 
silver and gold in the shape of bars or in¬ 
gots. 

bushel, a dry measure containing four pecks 
or thirty-two quarts. 

by-laws, rules or regulations adopted by an 
association or a corporation for its own 
government. 

i 

C 

call, a formal demand for the payment of 
money due; a notice to a stockholder to 
pay in an instalment of his subscription; 
a right to demand an amount of stock or 
goods, at a definite price, within a certain 
time; specifically, in stock speculation such a 
transaction in stock dealing closed by pay¬ 
ment of the difference in price in favor of 
the holder of the call. 

capital, accumulated wealth; specifically, 
the amount of property owned by an 
individual or corporation; the amount of 
such property used for business purposes, 
capitalist, one who has capital invested, or 
capital for investment; generally, a person 
of large property which is or may be 
employed in business. 

carat, a unit of weight for precious stones 
and, sometimes, precious metals, varying 
somewhat in different countries: in inter¬ 
national trade, a carat is about 3 1/6 grains 
troy or about 205 milligrams, 
cargo, a general term for all goods, mer¬ 
chandise, or whatever is conveyed in a 
vessel or boat; load; freight, 
carrier, a person or agency engaged in the 
business of carrying goods for others, 
cartage, transporting in a cart, dray, or 
truck; the price paid for carting, 
carte blanche, unlimited authority; full 
power to exercise liberty of judgment, 
case, a box or covering of any kind, or its 
contents; the quantity contained in a box 
or covering. 

cash, money; strictly, coin, but also paper 
money, bank notes, bills of exchange, 
drafts, notes, checks, and other com¬ 
mercial paper easily convertible into 
money. 

cash book, a book in which is kept a record 
of money received and paid out. 
cashier, an officer who has charge of cash 
payments and receipts of a bank or mer¬ 
cantile establishment. 

cashier’s check, a check drawn by a bank 
upon its own funds, signed by the cashier, 
cash sale, a sale of goods for cash; in 
mercantile transactions such a sale usually 
permits payment in ten or thirty days, 
certificate of deposit, a written acknowl¬ 
edgment of a bank that a person has on 
deposit with it a specified sum. 
certified check, a check guaranteed to be 
good by the bank upon which it is drawn: 


usually marked by the signature of the 
cashier or the paying teller with the word, 
good or its equivalent, across its face, 
chamber of commerce, an association of 
merchants or traders having as its purpose 
the protection of the interests of its mem¬ 
bers; a term used distinctly by some to 
designate a body intrusted with the pro¬ 
tection of general commercial interests, 
especially in connection with foreign trade, 
charter, a formal instrument in writing from 
a state creating and defining the form, 
rights, and privileges of an association or 
corporation. 

charter party, a mercantile lease of a vessel, 
check, a written order on a bank to pay 
money on demand; a mark placed against 
an item in an account, etc., to indicate that 
it has been given proper attention, 
check book, a book containing blank checks 
upon a bank. 

circular, a communication, usually printed, 
copies of which are sent to various per¬ 
sons. 

clearance, passage of checks, bills of ex¬ 
change, drafts, and other similar negotiable 
paper, through the clearing house; settle¬ 
ment of debts or claims; act of clearing a 
ship or vessel at the customhouse, 
clearance papers, papers or certificates 
issued by a customhouse giving permission 
for the departure of a ship or vessel, and 
showing that all formalities have been 
observed and duties met. 
clearing, a method adopted by banks and 
other business agencies, for making settle¬ 
ment of claims against each other, 
clearing house, an institution or establish¬ 
ment, especially in the business of banking, 
for m a king settlement of daily balances, 
c. o. «!., collect on delivery: a call for imme¬ 
diate payment of goods or merchandise at 
time of delivery. 

collateral, a pledge of personal property for 
assuring the fulfilment of an obligation; 
commonly stocks and bonds, 
collateral security, an additional pledge 
given, to guarantee the performance of a 
duty or promise, or the settlement of a 
debt. 

collector, one authorized to receive money 
for another; chief officer of a customhouse, 
commerce, the buying and selling of mer¬ 
chandise, or commodities; particularly, the 
exchange of merchandise on a large scale 
between different places, or countries, 
commercial paper, bills of exchange, drafts, 
promissory notes, or other negotiable paper, 
given and passed in due course of business, 
commission, the percentage or allowance 
made to an agent for transacting business 
for another; an act to be done as agent 
for another. 

commission broker, one who buys or sells 
on commission. 

common carrier, one who carries on the 
business of transporting goods or persons for 
compensation and for all persons impar¬ 
tially. 

company, an association of persons for 
carrying on a commercial or industrial 
enterprise. 

compound interest, interest on both the 
original principal and accrued interest from 
the time it was due. 

consideration, compensation; recompense; 
anything given for something else; value, 
in a contract. 

consign, to send to an agent in another- 
place to be cared for or sold, 
consignee, one to whom something is con* 
signed or sent. 





792 


Glossary of Business Terms 


consignment, that which is consigned; act 
of one who consigns anything, 
consignor, one who consigns something, 
consul, an agent appointed by a govern¬ 
ment to represent it in a foreign country, to 
care for the commercial interests of its 
citizens, and to protect its seamen, 
contraband, goods or merchandise not 
lawfully subject to import or export; 
smuggled goods. 

contract, an agreement legally enforceable 
between two or more persons to carry out 
some purpose; a bargain; a compact, 
contractor, one who agrees by contract to 
do anything for another; specifically, one 
who contracts to do work, or supply goods 
or merchandise on a large scale, at a certain 
price, or rate. 

conveyance, act by which the title to prop¬ 
erty, especially real estate, is transferred; 
the written instrument by which title to 
property is transferred, 
cooper, one who makes or repairs barrels, 
hogsheads, casks, etc. 

cooperage, work done by a cooper, or the 
pay for it. 

copying press, a machine for making by 
pressure copies of letters, etc., written in 
copying ink. 

copyright, an exclusive right granted by 
the government for the multiplication and 
sale of a literary or artistic work, 
corner, a control of the supply of a com¬ 
modity, stock issue, etc., to such an extent 
a£ to enable the one in control to fix the 
marketing price. 

corporation, an association of persons formed 
and authorized by law to act as a single 
body, and endowed by law with the capac¬ 
ity of succession or providing for its con¬ 
tinued existence. 

coupon, a certificate of interest due, attached 
to a transferable bond, 
credit, financial faith and confidence existing 
between two persons; business reputation 
entitling one to be trusted; the extent of 
a person’s ability to get goods or money on 
trust; specifically, an amount turned over 
to a person’s use by a bank or other business 
establishment; the balance due a person as 
shown by an account; entering payment or 
an item of settlement in an account; the 
right-hand side of an account on which are 
entered all items reckoned as values given 
or produced. 

creditor, one to whom money is due; one who 
extends credit in a business transaction, 
curb, the general market for stocks and 
bonds, or commodities, as distinguished 
from an established exchange or market 
place. 

currency, the accepted medium of exchange: 

coin, paper money, and bank notes, 
customhouse, the government office where 
customs and duties are paid, and, if a sea¬ 
port, where vessels are entered or cleared, 
customhouse broker, an agent who acts 
for an importer or an exporter in handling 
the business arising from entering and 
clearing goods and vessels in foreign com¬ 
merce. 

customs, duties, taxes, or imposts, levied by 
the government of a country on com¬ 
modities imported or exported. 

D 

damages, estimated money reparation for 
an injury suffered; compensation regarded 
as an equivalent reparation for a wrong 
or injury caused by a violation of a legal 
right. 


date, the time at which a transaction or 
event takes place, or is appointed to take 
place. 

day book, a book record in which transacts .s 
are entered consecutively at the time they 
occur. 

debit, an entry of an item in an account 
showing something charged or due, or the 
sum of several items so entered; the left- 
hand side of an account on which such en¬ 
tries are made. 

debtor, one who owes a debt or is indebted, 
deed, an instrument in writing under seal 
duly carried out and delivered according to 
law conveying or transferring title to land 
or other real property. 

deficit, a shortage in resources, income, or 
amount. 

demurrage, the detention of a vessel or 
freight car by one for whom freight has 
been transported, beyond the time allowed 
for loading or unloading; payment made for 
such detention. 

deposit, funds and money turned over to a 
bank subject to withdrawal by order or 
request; anything handed over as a pledge 
or security. 

deposit slip, a statement which a depositor 
leaves with a deposit, as a memorandum and 
evidence that the money, checks, or othei 
funds, have been deposited, 
depot, a railroad station; a building for the 
accommodation and protection, and some¬ 
times for the sale, of goods, 
depreciation, a decline in value or market 
price. 

directors, a body of persons selected to 
manage the affairs of a company or cor¬ 
poration. 

discount, a deduction made as an interest 
charge in lending money upon a bill of 
exchange, draft, or promissory note not due; 
a deduction from the gross amount; an 
allowance upon a debt, or price asked, 
usually made to bring about prompt or 
cash payment. 

dividend, a share of profits distributed 
among stockholders. 

dividend warrant, a formal order, by which a 

stockholder receives his dividend, 
dock, a waterway, between two piers, for 
the reception of ships to come or go into 
dock. 

dockage, a payment exacted for the use of a 
dock; docking facilities, 
double name paper, a note, draft, bill of 
exchange, or trade acceptance, final payment 
of which is additionally (assured by the 
indorsement of some one approved by the 
bank that accepts or discounts it. 
draft, an order from one person or party to 
another directing the payment of money; 
a drawing upon a fund or stock, 
draw, to obtain by use of a draft; to take 
away from a place of deposit, 
drawback, an amount of money paid back 
after having been collected; especially, 
duties or customs remitted by the govern¬ 
ment. 

drawee, the person on whom an order, 
draft, or bill of exchange is drawn, 
drawer, one who draws a bill of exchange. 

draft, or order for payment, 
drayage, the charge or sum paid for hauling 
or for the use of a dray or truck, 
dry goods, textile fabrics, 
due bills, an informal written acknowl¬ 
edgment of a debt, nonnegotiable in form, 
dun, to ask persistently for payment, 
duty, a tax levied by a government on the 
importation, exportation, or use and con¬ 
sumption of goods. 





Glossary of Business Terms 


E 

effects, movables; personal property; some¬ 
times loosely used to designate real as 
well as personal property, 
ejectment, a legal action for the recovery of 
possession of real property, and, usually, 
to secure damages for wrongful withholding; 
the official authorization, or writ, by which 
this action is begun. 

embargo, an order of the government pro¬ 
hibiting the departure or entry of ships at 
ports, or traffic in commodities, within its 
dominions. 

embark, to go on board a vessel for a voyage; 

to engage in a business enterprise, 
entry, act of reporting at a customhouse the 
arrival of a ship and procuring permission 
to land its cargo; act of taking formal 
possession of lands and other property; 
putting on record in proper form and order, 
equity of redemption, the time allowed a 
mortgagor, or other pledgor, to reclaim 
property by paying an obligation secured 
by it. 

estate, the nature and extent of ownership 
in property. 

excess probts, profits above average; 
specifically, under the United States war 
emergency taxation system of 1917, profits 
exceeding the average business gain of the 
three years preceding the outbreak of war 
with Germany and Austria-Hungary, 
exchange, the process involved in carrying 
on trade and commerce; specifically, a place 
where merchants and traders meet to carry 
on particular business transactions; the 
process of settling accounts between parties 
located at a distance from each other by the 
use of bills of exchange and drafts, or 
by a transfer of credits; the amount paid 
for the collection of a bill of exchange, draft, 
check, or other negotiable instrument; 
conversion of the money of one country 
into that of another, with an allowance for 
difference in value. 

exchange broker, one who deals in foreign 
bills of exchange and money, 
excise, a duty or tax levied upon the manu¬ 
facture, sale, use or consumption of goods 
within a country; also, a tax upon the 
pursuit or following of certain trades or 
occupations. 

executed, performed; carried out; speci¬ 
fically, carried out and performed according 
to law. 

executor, a person appointed by another to 
execute his will, or to see its provisions 
carried into effect after the latter’s death, 
exhibit, an object, or a collection of objects, 
displayed to public view; an object or 
a document shown in court and held for 
future use as evidence, 
exporter, one who exports; a person who 
sends goods or commodities to a foreign 
country in the way of commerce, 
exports, commodities sent from one country 
to another. 

express business, a system of rapid trans¬ 
portation of goods or merchandise, gen¬ 
erally managed by express companies, 
providing special care, security, and 
quickness of d eh very. 

express company, an association or corpora¬ 
tion engaged as a common carrier in the 
express business. 

express money order, an order for the pay¬ 
ment of money issued by one office of an 
express company and payable at another, 
extension,’ an allowance of additional time 
by a creditor to a debtor for the payment 
of a debt. 


793 


F 

lace, the principal amount of a note or other 
financial obligation. 

facsimile, a copy of anything, so made as 
to give every part and detail of the original, 
failure, suspension of payment; a state of 
insolvency or bankruptcy, 
fair, average; middling; free from marked 
merit or defect; of reasonably good kind 
or quality. 

fall, a decline in value or price; to suffer a 
decline in value or price, 
false pretense, a false representation of 
facts made with the purpose of defrauding 
another. 

federal reserve bank, a bank established 
under the laws of the United States to act 
as an agent in the maintenance of money 
reserves, to issue bank currency, and to 
rediscount commercial paper accepted and 
discounted in the business of banking, 
fee, a charge fixed by law for the services of 
a public officer; sometimes, pay; wages; 
salary. 

ble, an orderly collection of papers, arranged 
and classified for reference and preserva¬ 
tion, usually with title and date indorsed; 
any device to keep letters and papers in 
order, such as a hook or a drawer; to insert 
in its proper place in a file, 
finance, the science and practice of handling 
monetary affairs, especially those involv¬ 
ing large sums or having especial relation 
to investments. 

financier, one skilled in the problems of 
finance, or occupied with them, 
firm, a partnership of two or more persons; 
the name under which a partnership or 
company transacts business; steady; not 
declining in value or price, 
fixture, anything annexed to houses and 
lands so as legally to constitute a part 
thereof. 

fiat, without additional charge or interest, 
f. ©. b., free on board, delivered free of 
charge to a vessel or train, 
footing, the act of adding up a column of 
figures; the amount or sum total of such a 
column. 

forced sale, sale of goods under compulsion 
or foreclosure. 

foreclose, to take away the right of redeem¬ 
ing. 

foreclosure, a legal proceeding which cancels 
a mortgagor’s right of redeeming a mort¬ 
gaged property. 

foreign bill, a bill of exchange, or draft, pay¬ 
able in a foreign country, 
forwarder, one who accepts goods for trans¬ 
portation and delivery to another carrier, 
franchise, a special privilege granted by law 
to an individual or corporation, which does 
not pertain to persons of common right, 
franking privilege, the right of sending 
letters, packages, telegrams,j etc., without 
charge, for postage carriage, 
fraud, an intentional misrepresentation of 
the truth for the purpose of inducing an¬ 
other to make a contract to his detriment, 
free list, the schedule of goods or merchandise 
admitted to a country free of duty; a list 
of persons entitled to something without 
payment. 

free trade, commerce and trade not sub¬ 
jected to duties or tariff regulations, 
freight, the compensation paid by any one 
for the transportation of goods by rail or 
water; the cargo. 

funds, money and negotiable paper imme¬ 
diately or readily convertible into cash; 
available financial resources. 


52 








794 


Glossary of Business Terms 


G 

goods, merchandise; wares, 
good will, the custom or patronage of any 
trade or business. 

great gross, twelve gross; i. e., 1,728 
articles. 

gross, whole; entire; total; without any 
deduction; also, twelve dozen, 
gross amount, the total sum or aggregate, 
gross ton, 2,240 pounds avoirdupois; a unit 
of internal capacity of ships—100 cubic 
feet. 

gross weight, total weight of goods or mer¬ 
chandise, without deduction for tare or 
waste. 

guarantee, to become responsible for the 
fulfilment of an obligation of another; to 
be surety for. 

guarantor, a person who gives a guaranty 
or surety. 

guaranty, an agreement to pay a debt, or 
perform a duty, of another, in case of the 
failure of the other to fulfil the obligation, 
gunny sack, a bag of coarse material, 
usually jute or hemp, for packing loose 
commodities for shipment. 

H 

harbor, a port or place of shelter for ships; 
a protected waterway equipped with dock¬ 
ing facilities. 

harbor master, a government officer 
charged with the duty of carrying out the 
regulations governing the use of a harbor, 
hogshead, a large cask or barrel; especially, 
one containing two barrels or sixty-three 
gallons. 

holder, a person in possession of, and legally 
entitled to payment of, a bill of exchange 
or note. 

honor, to accept and pay when due. 
hypothecate, to pledge as security without 
giving title or ownership. 

I 

Immovable, fixed; permanent in place; pi. 

sometimes used in referring to real estate, 
import, to bring in goods or merchandise 
from a foreign country. 

Importer, one who imports; especially, a 
merchant who brings goods or merchandise 
into a country from abroad. 

Imports, goods or merchandise imported, 
or brought into a country from abroad. 
Impost, a tax or duty laid by a government 
on goods imported into a country. 

Income, the return, from labor, business, or 
property. The total receipts from any 
branch of business are called the gross 
income; that portion which remains after 
paying costs and expenses is known as the 
net income. 

Income tax, a tax on income or on an excess 
of income over a certain amount. 
Indemnify, to secure against loss or damage; 

to reimburse in case of loss or damage. 
Indemnification, indemnifying or reim¬ 
bursing in case of loss, damage, or 
penalty. 

Indemnity, compensation for loss or damage 
sustained. 

indorse, to order a negotiable instrument 
paid to another by writing one’s name on 
the back of the instrument; to guarantee 
payment.' 

Indorsee, the person to whom a negotiable 
instrument is indorsed. 

Indorsement, act of indorsing; that which 
is written in indorsing. 


indorser, the person who indorses, 
inland bill, a bill of exchange, or draft, 
payable in the country where drawn - 
generally called a domestic bill. 
insolvent, not having sufficient assets to 
meet all debts. 

instalment, a part of a debt which is divided 
into portions that are made payable at 
different times. 

instalment plan, the system of making 
sales for a sum made payable in portions 
at stated intervals. 

instant, present; current: used with a date 
to indicate the current month, 
insurable interest, such an interest in the 
subject of insurance as carries with it 
legal damage in the event of the loss in¬ 
sured against. 

insurance, a contract whereby one party, 
for a stipulated consideration, called a 
premium, undertakes to indemnify or guar¬ 
antee another against loss of a specific 
kind, known as a risk. 

insurance broker, a broker who handles or 

places insurance. 

insurance policy, a written contract of 

insurance. 

insure, to secure against loss, or damage, 
interest, a rate per cent of money paid for 
the use of funds; a share in property or 
profits. 

internal revenue, a revenue or income 
derived by a government from licenses, 
duties, and special taxes levied on personal 
property or the production and use of 
domestic goods. 

intestate, a person who dies without having 
made a will. 

in transit, on the road; not brought to an 
end or destination. 

inventory, a list of goods or merchandise on 
hand; an enumeration of articles; a 
schedule. 

invest, to apply capital, money, or funds to 
the purchase of property for income or 
profit. 

investment, the capital, money, or funds 
invested; that in which capital, money, or 
funds is invested. 

invoice, a written account or itemized state¬ 
ment of merchandise shipped or sent to a 
purchaser or consignee, setting forth the 
quantity, value or prices, and charges; 
the lot of goods or merchandise as shipped 
or received. 

invoice book, a book for recording or enter¬ 
ing copies of invoices. 

involved, embarrassed by debts or liabilities; 
confused. 

J 

jobber, one who buys from importers or 
manufacturers and sells to retailers: a 
middleman. 

job lot, goods or merchandise left over; an 
odd assortment. 

joint note, a promissory note signed by 
several persons, each of whom is liable for 
a proportional part of the amount, 
joint and several note, a promissory note 
signed by two or more persons, each of 
whom agrees to hold himself liable for the 
full amount in case the others are unable 
to pay. 

joint stock, stock or capital held and used 

in a joint enterprise. 

joint stock company, an association con¬ 
sisting of a number of persons organized to 
conduct a business with a joint capital, 
journal, a book of accounts in which is: 
recorded a condensed statement of daily 









795 


Glossary of Business Terms 


business transactions arranged according 
to debit and credit. 

Judgment, the final order of a court in civil 
or criminal proceedings; an obligation cre¬ 
ated by an order or decree of a court; 
the official certificate evidencing such an 
obligation. 

Judgment note, a promissory note, contain¬ 
ing in addition to its usual contents, a 
power of attorney authorizing a confession 
of judgment against the maker or signer 
upon default of payment. 

L 

leakage, an allowance or deduction made for 
waste by leaking of casks or barrels, 
lease, a contract by which one person con¬ 
veys to another person the use of lands, 
buildings, or other real property, usually 
for a specified rent or compensation and 
length of time; the act and instrument by 
which such conveyance is made, or the term 
for which it is made. 

ledger, the final book of record in business 
transactions, in which all debits and credits 
from other books of original entry are 
brought together, classified, and summarized 
under appropriate heads, 
legal tender, coin or currency which a 
government has declared shall be received 
in payment of debts; a formal proffer of 
money to pay a debt. 

lessee, one to whom a lease is given, or who 
takes property under a contract of lease; 
a tenant under a lease, 
lessor, one who gives a lease; one who 
leases. 

letter copying book, a book in which copies 
are made of letters. 

letter of advice, a written report from- an 
agent to a principal or from a consignor to 
a consignee transmitting special informa¬ 
tion; a letter by which the drawer of a bill 
of exchange, or draft, notifies the drawee 
that the bill has been drawn, 
letter of credit, a letter addressed by a 
bank to one or more of its correspondents 
certifying that the holder is entitled to 
draw upon it for funds up to a certain sum; 
such a letter addressed to several corre¬ 
spondents is sometimes called a circular 
letter of credit. 

letters of administration, an official instru¬ 
ment issued by a court by which an adminis¬ 
trator is granted authority to manage and 
settle the business affairs and estate of a 
person who has died. 

liability, a debt; that which one is under 
obligation to pay. 

license, the formal permission from the 
proper authorities to perform certain acts, 
lien, a legal claim upon real or personal 
property for the satisfaction of some debt 
or duty. 

lighterage, compensation paid for unloading 
into a lighter for conveyance to or from 
shore. 

liquidate, to apportion the assets of a 
business in settlement of indebtedness, 
liquidation, the settling of the liabilities of a 
business. 

Lloyd’s, a marine insurance association with 
its central offices located in London, having 
for its main objects the carrying on of 
marine insurance. 

loan, act of lending; that which one lends or 
borrows; especially, a stun of money lent 
at interest. 

long, a term used to describe a purchase of 
A goods or stocks in expectation of a rise in 
price: opposite to short. 


HI 

manifest, an invoice of a ship’s cargo, 
to be shown at the customhouse, 
manifold, to make many or several copies 
of a letter, statement, or document, 
margin, an amount of time or money which 
is allowed or reserved in addition to what is 
directly needed or used; the percentage 
paid in money to a broker to secure him 
against loss on contracts entered into by 
him on behalf of his principal, 
mark, to put a price or sign on articles, goods 
or merchandise; to affix a significant 
identifying mark. 

market, opportunity for selling or buying 
of commodities, or the rate or price offered 
for them; a meeting of people at a stated 
time and place for the purpose of buying 
and selling; a place where provisions are 
sold. 

maturity, termination of the period of time 
a note or other obligation has to run. 
mercantile agency, an organization which 
collects information as to the credit and 
reputation of merchants or others doing 
business, and furnishes this to others for 
compensation; a commercial agency, 
mercantile paper, negotiable paper, given 
by merchants for goods bought or received, 
merchant, one who buys and sells on a 
large scale. 

merchantable, fit for market; such as is 
usually sold in the market, or such as 
will bring the ordinary price, 
merchant marine, shipping under the con¬ 
trol of a country employed in the carriage 
of goods and passengers between several 
countries. 

mint, a place where money is coined by 
public authority. 

mixed fabrics, a textile fabric composed of 
two or more kinds of fiber, 
money, coined metal or printed certificates 
issued or authorized by a government as a 
medium of exchange or a means of payment; 
wealth considered in terms of money; 
capital reckoned as a cash asset, 
money market, the opportunities for loan¬ 
able wealth or capital; the whole body of 
agencies, which regulate and direct financial 
operations and equalize the supply of and 
demand for capital. 

money order, an order for the payment of 
money. 

mortgage, a conditional conveyance or 
transfer of property, as security for the 
payment of a debt, which is to become void 
upon fulfilment of the obligation and stipu¬ 
lated terms. 

mortgagee, the person to whom property 
is mortgaged. 

mortgagor, one who gives a mortgage, 
movable, in general, wares or goods; now- 
only an article of furniture. 

N 

negotiable, capable of being transferred in 
the ordinary course of business by delivery, 
with or without indorsement, 
negotiable paper, bills of exchange, drafts, 
promissory notes, checks, or other similar 
instruments, that are payable to bearer or 
order; also, under some laws, other busi¬ 
ness instruments, such as bonds, forms of 
stock, and bills of lading, 
net, free from all charges, deductions, and 
allowances; as, net profits, net proceeds, net 
income, or net weight. 

nominal, merely named or stated or given 
without reference to reality; existing in 
reference only; as, nominal value. 






796 


Glossary of Business Terms 


notary public, a public officer authorized to 
take acknowledgments, and to attest or 
certify deeds and other business instru¬ 
ments, usually under his official seal, to 
make them authentic; and to take affi¬ 
davits, and protests of negotiable paper, 
note, a short term for promissory note; a 
written instrument acknowledging a debt, 
and promising payment. 

O 

obligation, a formal acknowledgment of a 
liability or agreement to pay a certain sum 
or do a certain thing; sometimes coupled 
with a condition and a penalty for non- 
fulfilment. 

open account, an account not settled or 
adjusted. . 

open policy, an insurance policy in which 
the value is to be proved by the insured, in 
case of loss. 

option, a privilege, allowed in a time con¬ 
tract, of buying or selling at a specified 
price within a specified time, 
order, an instruction to buy, sell, or supply, 
goods or merchandise; a written instruc¬ 
tion to admit to a building; an indorse¬ 
ment by which the holder of negotiable paper 
directs to whom payment shall be made, 
outstanding accounts, accounts showing 
debts due, but unsettled and unpaid, 
overdraw, to draw more than the amount 
standing to the credit of the drawer, 
overdue, unpaid beyond the stipulated 
time. 

P 

package, an article, or a collection of articles 
packed together. 

panic, a widespread alarm and distrust in 
financial affairs, causing depreciation in 
values. 

paper, a short term for negotiable paper, 
par, the face or established value; the 
equality of the value or price of securities 
at which they are issued and at which they 
are sold. 

partner, one of two or more members of a 
partnership for carrying on a business, 
partnership, an association of two or more 
persons who have placed their resources, 
labor, and skill, at the disposal of a lawful 
business undertaking. 

pass book, the depositor’s book in which 
an account of deposits and withdrawals 
is kept; especially, of a bank account, 
passport, an official permission to enter or 
leave a port, or to pass into or through a 
country. 

payable, justly due; that which should be 
paid. 

payee, the person to whom a sum of money is 
to be made payable. 

payer, the person who is to pay a financial 
obligation. 

permit, an authorization for an act or 
the conduct of a business, 
petty cash, money paid out or received in 
small amounts. 

petty cash book, book in which a record is 
kept of petty cash receipts and payments, 
plaintiff, one who sues another or brings 
an action in court. 

policy, a contract of insurance; a definite 
or settled course of action adopted and 
followed by a government, individual, or 
business enterprise. 

post, to transfer an entry or entries from a 
book of original record to one of final classi¬ 
fication and summary; as, from a journal 
to a ledger. 


postdate, to date after the real time, 
power of attorney, written authority from 
one person to another to act for him. 
premium, the amount paid for a contract of 
insurance; an amount in addition to the 
face value of anything. . 

price, the value of a commodity expressed m 
terms of money. 

price list, a list of prevailing prices, 
prime, of first quality. 

principal, one who employs another to act 
for him; one primarily liable on an obliga¬ 
tion; a capital sum placed at interest, 
proceeds, the financial return that is derived 
from some possession or transaction; 
especially, the amount realized from a sale 
of property. 

produce, that which is yielded; especially, in 
agriculture. 

probt, the excess of returns over costs and 
expenses; gain in a business undertaking, 
promissory note, a written promise to pay 
a sum of money at a future time to, or to the 
order of, a specified person or to bearer, 
property, anything of value that may be 
owned; the legal right to a thing; generally 
classified as personal property, when mova¬ 
ble; and real property, when immovable, 
pro rata, in proportion; a proportional dis¬ 
tribution. 

protest, a formal declaration and notification 
that payment of a negotiable instrument 
has been refused; to make such a formal 
declaration and notification. 

Q 

quitclaim deed, an instrument transferring 
ownership of real estate without warranty 
of title. 

quitrent, a fixed rent paid by a tenant, dis¬ 
charging him from other duties or obliga¬ 
tions. 

quotation, current prices of merchandise or 
other commodities. 

R 

real estate, land, houses, and fixtures; all 
immovable property. 

rebate, a deduction or allowance; a giving 
back of part of a sum already paid, 
receipt, a written acknowledgment of pay¬ 
ment. 

receipt book, a book of printed receipt forms 
or one in which receipts are filed, 
receiver, an officer appointed by a court to 
hold in trust and manage the property and 
funds involved in a suit at law, or to wind 
up the affairs of a bankrupt or insolvent 
business enterprise. 

recoup, to counterbalance losses by gains, 
register and recorder, a public officer 
charged with recording certain business 
transactions and dealings; as, registry of 
deeds, mortgages, and judgments, 
re-insurance, transfer of part of the con¬ 
tract of insurance from one insurer to 
another. 

release, a conveyance by which the releasor 
gives up his right or estate to a person who 
already has some estate or possession in 
property. 

remittance, payment on account; transfer 
of funds from one party to another, 
renewal, extension of time; giving a new 
note for an old one. 

rent, compensation for the use of real 
property. 

retail, to sell in small quantities, 
returns, profit on an investment, or gains 
accruing from labor or business enterprise. 







797 


Glossary of Business Terms 
s 


safe-deposit box, a steel box generally, 
fitted into the wall of a vault, provided by 
banks or safe-deposit companies, for con¬ 
taining and safe-guarding securities and 
other valuables. 

sale, transfer of property for money, 
sample, a small quantity or portion of goods 
or merchandise shown as an example of 
quality. 

savings bank, a bank employed in the 
business of receiving small deposits, chiefly 
savings, investing them, and paying 
interest thereon. 

security, something given as a pledge to 
assure the fulfilment of an obligation or the 
payment of a debt; a person who becomes 
responsible as a surety for the performance 
of another’s obligation or the payment of 
his debts; any document or evidence of 
debt or of property, such as a bond or a 
share of stock. 

sell, to make a sale; to transfer for a con¬ 
sideration. 

set-off, an opposing claim arising from a 
matter different from the one in question, 
share, unit division of a capital stock issue; 

interest owned by one of a number, 
shipment, quantity of goods sent or con¬ 
signed. 

shipper, one who sends or consigns goods 
by vessel, railroad, or other transportation 
agency. 

shipping clerk, one who oversees the for¬ 
warding and shipping of goods and mer¬ 
chandise. 

short, a term used to denote a sale of goods, 
stocks, etc., at a fixed price, for future 
delivery, of what one does not possess, in 
expectation of a fall in price, 
shrinkage, decrease in bulk or measurement, 
sight, the term used to designate when a 
bill of exchange, or draft, is presented to 
the drawee. 

sight draft, a draft payable at sight, i. e., 
when presented for payment, 
sinking fund, a fund set apart from income 
to pay a debt; particularly, a bond issue, 
smuggling, taking goods into a country 
without paying the import duties or taxes, 
solvent, able to meet all debts; excess of 
assets over liabilities. 

specie, any kind of coined money: generally, 
gold and silver. 

specification, a written description and 
enumeration of particulars accompanying a 
contract. 

specific duty, a fixed tax levied on an article 
of a certain kind or quantity without regard 
to its value or market price, 
speculation, a risky investment for large 
profit; a business undertaking out of the 
ordinary run of affairs, 
staple, the principal commodity of a country 
or district. 

stock, shares in the capital of a corporation 
or stock company; goods on hand, 
stock broker, one who buys and sells stocks 
on commission. 

stock exchange, an association of stock 
brokers who meet to buy and sell stocks 
and bonds; the place where such brokers 
meet. 

stockholder, one who holds or owns shares 
of stock. 

storage, price paid for storing and safe¬ 
guarding goods. 

storekeeper, officer in charge of a bonded 
warehouse; one in charge of stores, 
street, a short term used in a general way 
to designate the financial district of a city. 


sundries, unclassified articles, 
surety, one who makes himself liable to pay 
money in case another fails to pay, to fill 
a contract, or to serve with integrity, 
surtax, a supplementary or extra tax, levied 
in addition to the ordinary rate, as in 
the custom duties, or in the income tax. 
suspend, to stop business; to stop payment; 
to fail. 

T 

tally, keeping account by checking off. 
tare, deduction, allowance in weight or 
quantity on account of case, cask, bag, or 
covering. 

tariff, a schedule of duties; a price list, 
teller, officer of a bank who receives or pays 
out money. 

tenant, one who leases or rents real property, 
tender, an offer of money or other thing in 
settlement of a debt or claim, 
testator, one who has died leaving a will, 
textile fabrics, all woven goods, 
title, the right to exclusive possession of 
property; also, the legal evidence of one’s 
right of property. 

tonnage, the weight of a ship; the weight 
a ship will carry; capacity of a vessel, 
tort, an injury or detriment for which 
damages may be obtained, 
trade, buying and selling; traffic; commerce, 
trade acceptance, a draft drawn by the 
seller on the pin-chaser of goods, and 
accepted by the purchaser for payment at 
a definite time. 

trade discount, an allowance made to 
dealers in the same line of business, 
trade-mark, letters, figures, or devices 
legally registered, used on goods and labels 
by a manufacturer or merchant to designate 
his goods. 

trade price, the price allowed by whole¬ 
salers to retailers. 

traffic, business carried on; especially, by a 
railroad. 

transportation, conveying goods or mer¬ 
chandise from one place to another, 
transshipment, removing goods or mer¬ 
chandise from one ship or means of trans¬ 
portation to another. 

trust, faith and confidence; that which is 
turned over to one in faith and confidence, 
trust company, a corporation engaged in the 
business of acting as a trustee, and carrying 
on banking to a greater or less extent, 
trust deed, a kind of mortgage granted a 
trustee to secure a body of creditors, with 
power to foreclose on all its mortgaged 
property in the event of nonfulfilment of 
the debtor’s obligation, 
trustee, one legally holding property in 
trust; one intrusted with property for 
another. 

U 

under seal, a term used to show lawful 
consideration for the promise or agree¬ 
ment made in a contract, and commonly 
evidenced by the use of the letters “L. S.” 
or the word “seal” in addition to the signa¬ 
tures of the parties in the contract, 
undersell, to sell below the trade price, 
unsound, in bad financial condition; of 
doubtful solvency. 

usury, interest greater than the lawful rate. 

V 

valid, good in law; binding; of force, 
value, the estimated worth of a commodity * 
expressed in money; market price. 








798 


Glossary of Business Terms 


value received, phrases used in notes and 
bills to express a lawful consideration, 
valued policy, an insurance policy in which 
the value is inserted in the nature of liqui¬ 
dated damages, 
void, not enforceable by law. 
voucher, a receipt, entry, or document which 
establishes the truth or authenticity of 
a business transaction or record. 


W 

waiver, a voluntary surrender of a legal’ right 
or privilege. 

warehouse, a storehouse for storing and 
safe-guarding goods or merchandise. 

warehouse receipt, a receipt, sometimes 
negotiable, given at a warehouse for goods in 
storage. 


warranty, a guarantee of the accurate repre¬ 
sentation of goods or of title, 
warranty deed, a deed carrying with it the 
assurance of the one who grants it that his 
title to the property is as represented, 
wastage, the loss due to handling of com¬ 
modities. 

way bill, list or statement of goods given to 
carrier. 

wharfage, charges paid for the use of a 
wharf. . ... 

wholesale, trade in large quantities; selling 
to retailers rather than consumers, 
will, the legal document by which a persra 
makes provision for the settlement or dis¬ 
tribution of his estate after his death, 
without recourse, restrictive words added 
to an indorsement of a note or bill of 
exchange to prevent the indorser from 
liability. 


\ 

S 












PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 


PREFIXES. 

on, in, at, to; as ashore, on shore; abed, 
in bed; afar, at a distance; afield, to the 
field. [AS.] 

without, un-, not; as apathy, without 
feeling; asexual, not sexual, sexless. Also, 
an-; as anarchy. [Gr.] 
aS»-, from, away; as abduct, to lead away or 
from,. Also, a-, abs-; as avert, abstain. 
[Lat.] 

ad-, to, at, toward, in addition to; as adhere, 
to stick to; admire, to wonder at; adduct, 
to draw toward the axis; adjoin, to join 
in addition to. Also, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, 
a **"» a P“» ar- » as-, at-; as ascend, accept, 
a/fect, aggravate, ailot, announce, appear, 
arrest, assent, attend. [Lat.] 
amb-, around; as ambient, going around. 

Also, am-; as amputate. [Lat.] 
amphi-, both, round about; as amphibious, 
living both on land and in water. [Gr.] 
ana-, up; as anatomy, a cutting up. [Gr.] 
ante-, before; as ante cedent, going before 
in time, prior; antedate, to date before. 
Also, anti-, anci-, ant-, an-; as antici¬ 
pate, ancient, antique, ancestor. [Lat.] 
anti-, opposite of, against; as anticlimax, 
the opposite of climax; antipathy, a feeling 
against a person. Also, ant-; as antagonist. 
[Gr.] 

apo-, from; as apostasy, desertion from one’s 
faith. [Gr.] 

arch-, chief; as archangel, chief angel. Also, 
archi-, arche-; as architect, arche type. 

[Gr.] 

auto-, self; as automobile, seZ/-moving; auto¬ 
biography, a biography by oneself. [Gr.] 
be-, thoroughly, completely; as bedaub, to 
smear thoroughly; to affect with; as 
bewitch, to affect with witchcraft; to 
deprive of; as behead, to deprive of a head, 
to decapitate. [AS.] 

bis-, twice; as biscuit, bread originally 
baked twice. Also, bi-, bin-; as biennial, 
binocular. [Lat.] 

by-, near, out of the way, secondary; as 
bystander, one near; bypath, a path out 
of the way; by-name, secondary or nick¬ 
name. [AS.] 

cata-, down; as cataract, that which strikes 
down, a waterfall. Also, cat-, cath-; as 
catechism, catholic. [Gr.] 
clrcum-, around, roundabout; as circum- 
navigate, to sail around; circumlocution, 
roundabout language. Also, circu-; as 
circuit. [Lat.] 

cis-, on this side; as cisalpine, on this side of 
the Alps. [Lat.] 

com-, together, with; as compose, to p]ace 
together; compete, to contend with. Also, 
co-, col-, con-, cor-, coun-; as cohere, 
collect, connect, correct, council. [Lat.] 
contra-, contrary, against; as contradiction, 
an assertion of the contrary; contraposition, 
a placing over against. Also, contro-; as 
controvert. [Lat.] 

counter-, in opposition to, against; as 
counter act, to act in opposition to;' counter¬ 
balance, to balance against. [Fr.] 


de-, down, away, to deprive of; as dejected, 
cast down; deter, to frighten away; de¬ 
nature, to deprive of its original nature, 
completely; as denude, to strip com¬ 
pletely; reversal of; as demobilize, to do the 
reversal of mobilizing. [Lat.] 
demi-, half; less than usual; inferior; as 
„demigod, an inferior deity. [Fr.] 

through, trans-; as diaphanous, showing 
through, transparent. [Gr.] 
dis-, in verbs: away, apart; as dispel, to drive 
away; dissect, to cut apart; to destroy, to 
deprive, to undo; as disable, to destroy the 
power of; disarm, to deprive of arms; 
disjoin, to separate that which has been 
united: in nouns and adjectives: absence 
of, opposite to, not; as discomposure, 
absence of or opposite to calmness; dis¬ 
obedient, not obedient; completely; as 
disannul, to annul completely. Also, dif-, 
di-, s-; as di/fuse, divert, spend. [Lat.] 
dis-, two, twice; as dissyllable, a word of 
two syllables. Also, di-; as dilemma. [Gr.] 
dys-, difficult; as dyspepsia, difficult diges¬ 
tion. [Gr.] 

ec-, out of; as eccentric, out of the center, 
peculiar. [Gr.] 

en-, in, on, to make; as ensnare, to catch 
in a snare; engrave, to carve on; enfeeble, 
to make feeble. Also, em-, im-; as embark, 
immerge. [Gr., Lat.] 

epi-, to, upon; as epistle, a writing sent to 
a person; epitaph, writing upon a tomb; 
beside, among; as episode, an occurrence 
beside the main issue; epidemic, a disease 
among the people; on the outside, above, 
over; as epidermis, the skin on the outside; 
epiglottis, the plate of cartilage above or 
over the glottis. Also, ep-, eph-; as epoch, 
ephemeral. [Gr.] 

eso-, within; as esoteric, for those within, 
private. [Gr.] 

eu-, well; as euphony, a sounding well. Also, 
ev-; as evangelist. [Gr.] 
ex-, out; as extract, to draw out; from; as 
exclude, to shut from; beyond; as ex¬ 
cessive, beyond the limits; thoroughly; 
as exasperate, to irritate thoroughly; for¬ 
merly, but not now; as ex-Kaiser, formerly 
Emperor, but not now. Also, e-, ef-, s-; as 
evade, effect, sample [Lat.]; out of; as 
exodus, a going out of. [Gr.] 
exo-, without; as exotic, from without. [Gr.] 
extra-, beyond; as extraordinary, beyond the 
ordinary. [Lat.1 

for-, from, away; as /orbid, to warn from; 
for give, to give away resentment, pardon. 
[AS.] 

fore-, before; as fore tell, to tell before. [AS.] 
hemi-, half; as hemisphere, half a sphere. 
[Gr.] 

lietero-, other; as heterodox, an opinion other 
(than the standard one). [Gr.] 
hydro-, water; as hydroplane, an airship 
that can float on the water. [Gr.] 
hyper-, over, excessively; as hyper critical, 
overcritical; hyperacid, excessively acid. Gr.] 
hypo-, under; as hypodermic, under the skin. 
Also, hyph-, hyp-; as hyphen, hypallage. 
[Gr.] 


799 




800 


Prefixes and Suffixes 


In-, in, into, upon, within; as influx, inflow; 
inject, to force into; inscribe, to write 
upon; inside, the side within. Also, il-, 
im-. It-; as illumine, impend, irrigate. 

[Lat.] . .. 

In-, not; as inaccurate, not accurate. Also, 
i-, I1-, im-, ir-; as ignoble, illegal, immo¬ 
bilize; irregular. [Lat.] 

Inter-, between, among, mutual; as inter¬ 
pose, to place between; intersperse, to 
scatter among; interchange, mutual ex¬ 
change. [Lat.] , . 

tntra-, within, inside; as inframural, within 
or inside the walls. [Lat.] 

Intro-, into, within; as introspect, to look 
into or within. [Lat.] 

fuxta-, near; as juxtaposition, a position 
near. [Lat.] , , ^ , „ 

male-, badly, evil; as malevolent, badly, 
ill-disposed; malefactor, evildoer. Also, 
mat-, man--; as malady, manger. [Lat.] 
mega-, great; as megaphone, a device to 
make sound great, to magnify it; a million; 
as megafarad, a million farads. Also, meg- 
alo-, meg-; as megalomania, megampere. 

met a-, change; as metamorphose, to change 
in form; after; as mefaphysics, the 
science after physics. Also, metli-, met-; 
as method, meteor. [Gr.] 
micro-, small; as microbe, a small organism. 

mis-, wrong, wrongly; as misdeed, a wrong 
deed; mistake, to take wrongly. [AS.] 
mono-, oje, single; as monotheism, belief 
in one God; monosyllable, a word of a 
single syllable. Also, mon-; as monk. 

multi-, many; as multiform, of many 
forms. [Lat.] 

neg-, not; as negative, not positive. [Lat.] 
non-, not; as nonsense, not sense. [Lat.] 
ob-, to, before, against, upon; as obey, to 
give ear to; obstruct, to build up before; 
obstacle, that which stands against, in the 
way; obtrude, to thrust upon; completely, 
reversely; as obdurate, completely hardened; 
obovate, reversely ovate. Also, ©-, ©c-, of-, 
op-, os-; as omit, occur, o/fer, oppose, 
ostensible. [Lat.] 

out-, out, beyond; as outflow, a flowing out; 

outrun, to run beyond. [AS.] . 

over-, above, beyond, overmuch, excessively; 
as overtop, to tower above; overflow, to 
flow beyond; overeat, to eat overmuch; 
overcurious, excessively curious. [AS.] 
pan-, all; as panacea, a cure-all. Also, 
panto-; as pantomime. [Gr.] 
para-, alongside, contrary; as parable, a 
throwing alongside, a comparison; paradox, 
a contrary opinion. Also, par-, pa-; as 
parody, palsy. [Gr.] .; , 

pen-, almost; as peninsula, almost an island. 

[Lat.] , , 

per-, through, throughout, completely; as 
pervade, to spread through; perpetual, 
lasting throughout; perform, __ to finish 
completely. Also, par-, pel-, pil-; as par¬ 
son, pellucid, pilgrim. [Lat.] 
peri-, around, about, inclosing, circum-; as 
periscope, a submarine instrument to look 
around; peristyle, a system of columns 
about a building; pericardium, the mem¬ 
brane inclosing the heart; periphrasis, 
circumlocution. [Gr.] 

phono-, sound; as phonograph, an instrument 
that writes sounds. [Gr.] 
photo-, light, photographic; as photograph, to 
draw, or make a likeness, by light; photo-en¬ 
graving, a photographic engraving. [Gr.] 
poly-, many; as polysyllabic, having many 
syllables. [Gr.] 


post-, after, afterwards; as postpone, to put 
after, off; postscript, a writing made after¬ 
wards. [Lat.] 

pre-, before, fore-, most; as precede, to go 
before; predict, to foretell; predominant, 
most dominant. [Lat.] 
preter-, beyond; as preternatural, beyond the 
natural. [Lat.] , . _ _ 

pro-, in front, forth, forward, in place of, for, 
favoring, beforehand; as protect, to cover 
in front; profuse, pouring forth; proceed, 
to go forward; pro noun, a word stand' 
ing in place of a noun; prophesy, to speak 
for God; pro-German, favoring the Gen 
mans; prognostic, knowing beforehand, 
[Lat., Gr.] . , 

proto-, first; as protocol, the first memo 
randum of a treaty. Also, prot-; as protag¬ 
onist. [Gr.] , 

pseudo-, false, pretended; as pseuaoclergy, 
false, pretended clergy. Also, pseud-; as 
pseudonym. [Gr.] 

re-, back, again; as recede, to go bach; 
repatriate, to bring again to one’s native 
land. Also, red-, ren-; as redeem, render. 
[Lat.] . , . 

retro-, backward; as retrospect, a backward 
look. • [Lat.] 

se-, aside, apart, without; as secede, to go 
aside in rebellion seclude, to shut apart; 
secure, without care. Also, sed-; as sedition. 
[Lat.] . , 

semi-, half, partly: as semicircle, half a 
circle; semi transparent;, partly transparent. 
[Lat.] 

sine-, without; as s necure, without care. 

Also, sim-, sin-; as simple, sincere. [Lat.] 
sub-, under, somewhat, subordinate; as 
submarine, under the sea; subangular, 
somewhat angular; subdivide, to divide 
into subordinate classes. Also, s-, so-, su-, 
sue-, suf-, SUCJ-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-; 
as somber, sojourn, suspect, succeed, suf¬ 
fuse, suggest, summon, suppose, surrepti¬ 
tious, sustain. [Lat.] 

subter-, under; as subterfuge, a fleeing under . 
an evasion. [Lat.] 

super-, above, beyond, over, very; as super¬ 
natural, above or beyond the natural; 
superabundant, overabundant; superfine, 
very fine. [Lat.] 

supra-, above, beyond; as supramundane, 
above or beyond the world. [Lat.] 
sur-, above, beyond, over; as surmount, to 
rise above; surpass, to pass beyond; sur¬ 
charge, overcharge. [Fr.] 
syn-, with, together; as synagogue, a bring¬ 
ing with or together, an assembly. Also, 
sy-, syl-, sym-; as system, syllogism, sym¬ 
pathy. [Gr.] 

trans-, across, through, over, beyond; as 
transatlantic, across the Atlantic; transit, 
passage through or over; transport, to 
carry beyond, from one place to another. 
Also, tran-, tra-, tres-, tre-; as transcend, 
traduce, trespass, treason. [Lat.] 
ultra-, beyond, excessively; as ultramarine, 
beyond the sea; ultraradical, excessively 
radical [IjAT.} 

un-, not, to undo, to deprive of; as uncondi¬ 
tional, not conditional; unbolt, to undo 
the bolt of; uncrown, to deprive of the 
crown; completely; as unloose, to loose 
completely. [AS.] 

under-, below, insufficiently, subordinate; 
as underground, below ground; underfed, 
insufficiently fed; underofficer, a subordinate 
officer. [AS.] 

uni-, one; as unicorn, an animal with one 
horn. Also, un-; as unanimous. [Lat.] 
with-,. against, back; as withstand, to stand 
against; withdraw, to draw back. [AS.] 










Prefixes and Suffixes 


801 


SUFFIXES. 

-able, capable of being; fit to be; able to; 
inclined to; as porta&Ze, capable of being 
carried; lo vable, fit to be loved; durable, 
able to last; peaceable, inclined to peace. 
Also, -ible, -ble. [Lat.] 

-ac, pertaining to; as elegiac, pertaining to 
an elegy. [Gr.] 

-acy, quality, state, or office of; as adequacy, 
quality of being equal to; accuracy, state of 
being accurate; magistracy, office of a 

magistrate. Also, -ancy, -ency, -mancy. 
[Lat.] 

-age, collection, sum; as foliage, collection of 
leaves; mileage, the sum of miles; act, 
process; as passage, the act or process of 
passing. [Lat.] 

-al, pertaining to; as criminaZ, pertaining to 
a crime. [Lat.] 

-an, belonging or pertaining to, one who; 
as American, belonging or pertaining to 
America, or one who is a native of America. 
Also, -ane; as humane. [Lat.] 

-ance, state, act, quality of; as radiance, 
state, act, or quality of radiating; that which 
is; as contrivance: that which is contrived. 
Also, -ancy; as radiancy. [Lat.] 

-ant, -ing; one who; as pleasanZ, pleasing; 

assistanZ, one who assists. Also, -ent. [Lat.] 
-ar, pertaining to; one who; as insular, per¬ 
taining to an island; beggar, one who begs. 
[Lat.] 

-ard, one who does something to excess; as 
drunkard, one who drinks to excess. [AS.] 
-ary, one who; as missionary, one who is sent; 
place where; as granary, place where 
grain is kept. [Lat.] 

-ate, to make; as liberafe, to make free; one 
who; as potentaZe, one who has power; 
office; as consulaZe, office of consul; hav¬ 
ing; as animaZe, having breath. [Lat.] 
-ation, act, state, or quality of; as form ation, 
act of forming; relation, state or quality of 
being related; that which; as ornament- 
ation, that whidh ornaments; that which is; 
as creation, that which is created. Also, 
-tion, -sion. [Lat.] 

-cle, little; as particZe, a very little portion. 
Also, -ule, -cule; as glob ule, animalcnZe. 
[Lat.] 

-cracy, government; as democracy, govern¬ 
ment by the people. [Gr.] 

-crat, one who has power; as plutocraZ, one 
who has power because of his wealth. [Gr.] 
»cy, quality, state, or office of; as secrecy, 
quality of being secret; bankruptcy, state of 
being bankrupt; captaincy, office of captain. 
Also, -acy, -ancy, -ency, -mancy. [Lat.] 
-dom, dignity; jurisdiction; as dukedom, 
dignity or jurisdiction of a duke; state of 
being; as freedom, state of being free; 
those having the office of; as officialdom, 
those having the office of officials. [AS.] 

-ed, the ending of the preterit and past par¬ 
ticiple of regular or weak verbs; as asked; 
possessed of; as moneyed, possessed of 
money. [Eng.] 

-ee, one who; one to whom; as absentee, 
one who is absent; assignee, one to whom 
an assignment is made. [Fr.] 

-eer, one who; as engineer, one who drives an 
engine. Also, -ier. [Fr.] 

-en, made of; wooden, made of wood; to 
make; as darken, to make dark. [AS.] 
-ence, state, act, or quality of; as emergence, 
state, act, or quality of emerging; that 
which is; as eminence, that which is eminent. 
Also, -ency; as clemency. [Lat.] 

-ent, -ing; one who; as ardenZ, burning; presi- 
denZ, one who presides. Also, -ant. [Lat.] 
-er, one who; that which; as singer, one who 


sings; New Yorker, one who is a native or 
inhabitant of New York; binder, one who, 
or that which, binds; more; as warmer, 
more warm. [AS.] 

-erly, in the direction of; southerly, in the 
direction of south. Also, -ern; as southern. 
[AS.] 

-ery, qualities of; as prudery, qualities of a 
prude; art, trade, or occupation of, as 
pottery, art, trade, or occupation of a potter; 
place where; as piggery, place where pigs 
are kept; products of; as pottery, products 
of a potter; state of; as slavery, state of 
a slave. Also, -ry, as foundry. [Fr.] 
-escence, state of growing or becoming; as 
quiescence, state of growing or becoming 
quiet. [Lat.] 

-escent, growing, becoming; one who is 
growing; as convalescent, growing or becom¬ 
ing well, one who is growing well. [Lat.] 
-ese, belonging to; as Japanese, belonging to 
Japan; having the style of; as Kiplingese, 
having the style of Kipling; a native or 
inhabitant of; as Japanese, a native or 
inhabitant of Japan. [Lat.] 

-esqne, like; as picturesgne, like a picture. 
[Fr.] 

-ess, a female; as lioness, a female lion. [Lat.] 
-est, most; as simplesZ, most simple. [AS.] 
-et, little; as flowereZ, a little flower. [Fr.] 
-ette, little; as statueZZe, a little statue. [Fr.] 
-ey, having, bearing, full of; as clayey, havirtg, 
bearing, or full of clay. Also, -y. [AS.] 

-ferous, bearing; as odoriferous; bearing an 
odor. [Lat.] 

-fold, times; as fourfold, four times. [AS.] 
-form, shaped; as cruci form, cross -shaped. 
[Lat.] 

-ful, full of; as joyful, full of joy. [AS.] 
-fy, to make; as purify, to make pure. [Lat.] 
-gram, something drawn or written; a 
record; as cablegram, a record made by 
the cable. [Gr.] 

-graph, writing, writer; as radio graph, writ¬ 
ing produced by radiation; phonograp/i, a 
sound writer. [Gr.] 

-graphy, art of writing; description; as 
geography, art of writing about the earth, 
a description of the earth. [Gr.] 

-hood, state, quality, or character of being; 
as man hood, state or quality of being a man; 
priesthood, character of being a priest; 
body of; as manhood, the body of men. 
Also, -head, as God head. [AS.] 

-Ible, capable of being, fit to be, able to be, 
inclined to; as flexible, capable of being 
bent; edible, fit to be eaten; audible, able 
to be heard; irascible, inclined to anger. 
Also, -able, -ble. [Lat.] 

-ic, pertaining to; like; as angelic, pertaining 
to, or like, angels; that which, one who; as 
classic, that which is of the first class; 
mechanic, one who works in the mechanic 
arts. Also, -leal, as nauticaZ. [Gr., Lat.] 
-Ics, science of; as mathematics, the science 
of mathematical knowledge. Also, -ic; as 
music. [Gr.] 

-ie, little, dear little; as doggie, little dog; 

girlie, dear little girl. [Eng.] 

-ier, one who; as cashier, one who has charge 
of money. Also, -eer. [Fr.] 

-ile, pertaining to; as juveniZe, pertaining to 
youth; capable of; as doc ile, capable of 
being taught. Also, -II; as civil. [Lat.] 
-lee, belonging to; pertaining to; as marine, 
belonging or pertaining to the sea. [Lat.] 
-mg, performing the act of; being; as drink¬ 
ing, performing the act of taking a drink; 
living, being alive; act or fact of; as 
writing, act or fact of one who writes; that 
which results from, or is used for; as 
sweep ings, that which results from one who 





802 


Prefixes and Suffixes 


sweeps; roofing, that which is used for a 
roof. [AS.] 

>ish, belonging to, like, like in weaknesses; 
as girlish, belonging to or like a girl; woman¬ 
ish, like a woman in her weaknesses. [AS.] 
-Ism, act of, state or quality of being, diseased 
condition due to too much; as baptism, 
act of baptizing; fanaticism, state or 
quality of being a fanatic; alcoholism, 
diseased condition due to too much alcohol; 
peculiar to; doctrine of; as colloquialism, 
an expression peculiar to common speech; 
Methodism, doctrine of the Methodists. 
Also, -asm, as pleonasm. [Gr.] 

-1st, one who; as suffragist, one who advocates 
suffrage. Also, -ast; as gymnast. [Gr.] 
-Ite, one who, especially a descendant, fol¬ 
lower, or native of; as Israelite, a descendant 
of Israel; Hussite, a follower of John Huss; 
Jerseyite, a native of Jersey. [Gr.] 

-Itis, inflammation of; as appendicitis, in¬ 
flammation of the appendix. [Gr.] 

-Ity, quality, state, or condition of being; 
as brevity, quality, state, or condition of 
being short. Also, -ty. [Lat.] 

-be, relating to, involving; as persuasive, 
relating to persuasion; appreciative, involv¬ 
ing appreciation. [Lat.] 

-Sze, to subject to; as baptize, to subject to 
baptism; to make; as legalize, to make 
legal; to treat with, as oxidize, to treat with 
oxygen; to practice; as botanize, to 
practice botany. Also, -Ise, as advertise. 
[Gr.] 

•kin, little; as lamb/cin, a little lamb. [AS.] 
-lent, full of; as fraudulent, full of fraud. 
[Lat.] 

•less, without; as worthless, icithout worth; 
unable to; as ceaseless, unable to cease. 
[AS.] 

-let, little; as eaglet, a little eagle. [Fr.] 
-like, like; as godlike, like a god. [AS.] 
-ling, one who is; as hireling, one who is 
hired; little; as duckling, a little duck. 
[AS.] 

-logy, discourse on, science of; as geology, 
discourse on, or science of the structure of 
the earth. [Gr.] 

-iy. like; as man ly, like a man; every; as 
weekly, every week; in a direction, manner, 
or degree; as westerly,'in a western direc¬ 
tion; quickly, in a quick manner; greatly, 
tn a great degree. [AS.] 

-mancy, divination; as necromancy, divina¬ 
tion by communication with the dead. 
[Lat.] 

-ment, act of, state of being; as government, 
act of governing; excitement, state of being 
excited; that which; as adorn ment, that 
which adorns; abridgment, that which is 
abridged. [Lat.] 

-meter, an instrument for measuring; as 
thermo meter, an instrument for measuring 
heat; measure; as hexameter, a verse of six 
measures. [Gr.] 

-mony, state or quality of being; as acrimony, 


state or quality of being sharp; that which; 
as testimony, that which is offered by a 
witness. [Lat.] 

-most, in the highest degree; as foremost, 
advanced in the highest degree. [AS.] 

-ness, state, condition, or quality of being; 
as kindness, state or quality of being kind; 
blindness, condition of being blind; an act, 
or thing, that is; as kindness, an act that is 
kind. [AS.] , 

-ock, little; as hillocfc, a little hill. [AS.] 

-or, act, state, or quality of; as favor, the 
act of favoring; splendor, state or quality of 
shining; one who, that which; as imitator, 
one who imitates; elevator, that which 
elevates. [Lat.] 

-ory , pertaining to; place where; as prefatory, 
pertaining to the preface; dormitory, place 
where one sleeps. [Lat.] 

-ose, full of, like; as verbose, full of words; 

globose, like a globe. [Lat.] 

-ous, full of, like; as lustrous, full of luster; 

bulbcws, bulblike. [Lat.] 

-scope, an instrument for seeing; as pen- 
scope, an instrument on a submarine for 
seeing around. [Gr.] 

-ship, state, condition, or quality of being; as 
friendship, state or quality of being a friend; 
office, or profession, of; art, or skill, of; as 
clerkship, office of clerk; horseman ship, art, 
or skill, of a horseman. [AS.] 

-sion, act, state, or quality of; as cession, 
act, state, or quality of yielding; that which; 
as fusion, that which has been melted. 
Also, -ation, -tion. [Lat.] 

-ster, one who; as teamster, one who drives a 
team. [AS.] 

-tion, act, state, or quality of; as invention, 
act of inventing; dejection, state or quality 
of being dejected; that which; as produc¬ 
tion, that which is produced. Also, -ation, 
-sion. [Lat.] 

-tomy, a cutting; as appendectomy, a cutting 
away of the appendix. [Gr.] 

-tude, state of being, -ness; as servitude, 
state of being a servant; gratitude, thank¬ 
fulness. [Lat.] 

-ty, quality, state, or condition of; as poverty, 
quality, state, or condition of being poor. 
[Lat.] 

-ule, little; as globule, a little globe. Also, 
-cie. [Lat.] 

-ure, act of, state of being, that which; as 
rupture, the act of breaking; verdure, the 
state of being green or that which is green, 
vegetation. [Lat.] 

-ward, in the direction of; as homeward, 
in the direction of home. Also, -wards; as 
homewards. [AS.] 

-ways, in a way, manner, or fashion; as 
no ways, in no way, manner, or fashion. 
Also, -wise; as likewise. [AS.] 

-y, having, bearing, or full of; as stony 
having, bearing, or full of stones; pertaining 
to; as earthy, pertaining to the earth. 
[AS.] 








ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING 
AND PRINTING. 


a., about; acre; active; adjective; after- 
noon; alto; are (metric system); at. 

A., Academician; Academy; America; Ameri¬ 
can; Artillery; Augustus. 

at. 

A. A., Anti-aircraft Artillery. 

A. A. A., Amateur Athletic Association. 

A. A. G., Assistant Adjutant General. 

A. A. of A., Automobile Association of 
America. 

A. A. S. S. (Americanae Antiquarianae So- 
cietatis Socius), Fellow of the American 
Antiquarian Society. [Lat.] 
ab., about. 

a. b., able-bodied (seaman). Also, A. B. 

A. B. (Artium Baccalaureus), Bachelor of 
Arts. [Lat.] 

abbr., abbreviated; abbreviation. Also, 

abbrev. 

A. B. C. F. M., American Board of Commis¬ 
sioners for Foreign [Missions, 
abd., abdicated. 

A. B. F. M., American Board of Foreign 
Missions, 
alii., ablative. 

Abp., Archbishop. 

abr. , abridged; abridgment. 

abs. , absolutely; abstract. 

A. B. S., American Bible Society, 
abs. re (absente reo), in the absence of the 
defendant. [Lat.] 
a /c, account. 

A. C. (ante Christum), before Christ [Lat.]; 

Ambulance Corps; Army Corps. 

Acad., Academy. 

acc., acceptance; account; accusative, 
accel. (accelerando), more quickly. [It.] 
acct., account. 

A. C. G., Assistant Commissary General. 

A. C. of S., Assistant Chief of Staff, 
a. d. (ante diem), before the day [Lat.]; 
after date. 

A. D. (anno Domini), in the year of our Lord. 
[Lat.] 

ad. {yl. ads.), advertisement. 

A. D. C., Aid-de-camp; Aide-de-camp. 

»d bn. (ad finem), at the end. [Lat.] 
ad Inf. (ad infinitum), to infinity. [Lat.] 
ad init. (ad initium), at the beginning. [Lat.] 
ad int. (ad interim), in the meantime. [Lat.] 
adj., adjective. 

AdJ., Adjutant. Also, Ad|t. 

Adj. Gen., Adjutant General, 
ad lib. (ad libitum), at pleasure. [Lat.J 
ad loc. (ad locum), at the place. [Lat.] 
Adiii., Admiral; Admiralty, 
admin., administrator; administration, 
admr., administrator, 
admx., administratrix. Also, admix, 
ads. (ad sectam), at the suit of [Lat.]; 
advertisements. 

A. D. S., American Druggists’ Syndicate, 
adv. (ad valorem), according to the value; 
(adversus), against [Lat.]; adverb; advo¬ 
cate. 

Adv., Advent, 
adven., adventurer. 


Adv. Gd., Advance Guard. Also, A. G. 
ae. (aetatis), of age, aged. Also, set., sefat. 
[Lat.] 

A. E. F., American Expeditionary Forces. 
Aero Sq., Aero Squadron. 

A.-F., Anglo-French. 

A- F. A. M., Ancient Free and Accepted 
Masons. 

aff., affectionate; affirmative; affirming, 
afft., affidavit. 

A. F. L., American Federation of Labor. 

Also, A. F. of L. 

Afr., Africa; African. 

Ag (argentum), silver. [Lat.] 

A. G., Advance Guard; Adjutant General; 
Attorney General. 

A. G. O., Adjutant General’s Office, 
agr., agriculture; agricultural. Also, agric. 
agt., agent. 

A. H. (anno hegirae), in the year of the 
hegira. [Lat.] 

A. II. C., Army Hospital Corps. 

A. I., American Institute. 

AI, aluminum. 

Ala.* Alabama (official). 

A. L. A., American Library Association; 

Automobile Legal Association. , 

Alas., Alaska. 

aid., alderman. Also, aldm. 

Alex., Alexander, 
alg., algebra. 

Alg., Algernon; Algiers, 
alt., alternate; altitude; alto. 

Alta., Alberta (Canada), 
am., ammunition. 

Am., America; American, 
a. m. (ante meridiem), before noon. [Lat.] 
A. M. (ante meridiem), before noon; (Artium 
Magister), Master of Arts; (Ave Maria), 
Hail, Mary; (anno mundi), in the year of 
the world. [Lat.] 

Amb. Co., Ambulance Company. 

Amb. Col., Ambulance Column. 

A. M. D., Army Medical Department. 

A. M. 8 ., Army Medical Staff. 

A.-N., Anglo-Norman. 

anal., analogous; analogy; analysis; ana* 
lytic. 

anat., anatomy; anatomist, 
anc., ancient; anciently. 

A. N. C., Army Nurse Corps. 

Angl., Anglican. 

ans. , answer. 

ant. , antonym; antiquarian. 

Ant., Anthony; Antigua. 

anthrop., anthropology; anthropological, 
antiq., antiquities; antiquarian. 

A. N. Z. A. C., Australian and New Zealand 
Army Corps. 

A. O. C., Army Ordnance Corps. 

A. O. D., Army Ordnance Department. 

A. O. F., Ancient Order of Foresters. 

A. O. II., Ancient Order of Hibernians, 
aor., aorist. 

A. P. A., American Philological Association; 

American Protective Association. 

A. P. C., Army Pay Corps. 


803 






804 


Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing _ 


A. P. D., Army Pay Department. 

Apoc., Apocalypse; Apocrypha; Apocryphal, 
app., appendix; appointed, 
approx-, approximately. 

Apr., April. r r . i 

aq.. (aqua), water. Also, Aq. [Lat.] . 

A. Q. M. G., Assistant Quartermaster General. 
Ar., Arabian; Arabic. Also, Arab. 

A. R. (anno regni), in the year of the reign. 

A. ^R-I Aerial Reconnoiterer; Army Regula- 

A^A.. Associate of the Royal Academy 
(of Arts, London). 

Arab., Arabian ; Arabic. 

Aram., Aramaic. , . . 

arch., archaic; archaism; archery; archi¬ 
pelago; architect; architecture. 

Arch.., Archibald, 
archaeol., archaeology. 

Archd., Archdeacon; Archduke, 
arg., argent, 
arith., arithmetic. 

Ariz., Arizona (official). 

Ark., Arkansas (official). 

Arm., Armenian. 

arr., arranged; arrived; arrivals. _ 

A. R. R- (anno regni Regis, or Regmae), m the 
year of the King’s, or Queen’s, reign. 

[Lat.] . 

art., article; artificial; artillery; artist. 

A.-S., Anglo-Saxon. Also, A-S. 

A. S. A., American Statistical Association. 

A. S. C., Amy Service Corps. . 

A. S. C. E„ American Society of Civil Engi- 
X1G6FS. 

A. S. M. E., American Society of Mechanical 
Engineers, 
assn., association, 
assoc., associate; association, 
asst., assistant. , _ . 

A. S. S. IJ., American Sunday School Union, 
astr.. astronomer; astronomy. Aso, astron. 
astrol., astrologer; astrology. 

Atl., Atlantic. „ » „ 

A. T. S. Q. M. C., Amy Transport Service 
Quartermaster Corps, 
att., attorney. Also, atty. 
attrib., attributive. 

Atty. Gen., Attorney General. 

at. wt., atomic weight. * 

An (aurum), gold. [Lat.] 

A. U. C. (ab urbe condita), from the founding 
of the city (Rome, about 753 B. C.). [Lat.] 
Aug., August. . ., . 

Aus., Austria; Austrian. Also, Aust. 

Aust. Hung., Austria-Hungary. 

Austral., Australasia; Australia. 

Audi. Ver., Authorized Version, 
auxil., auxiliary, 
av., avenue; average. 

a. v. (annos vixit), he, or she, lived (so 
many) years. [Lat.] 

A. V., Authorized Version; Artillery Volun¬ 
teers. 

A. V. C., Army Veterinary Corps. 

A. V. D-, Army Veterinary Department, 
avdp., avoirdupois. 

ave., avenue. Also, av. 

Av. Sec., Aviation Section. 

Av. Sec. S. R. C., Aviation Section, Signal 
Reserve Corps, 
a. w. 1., absent with leave. 

a. w. o. 1., absent without leave, 
ax., axiom. 

B, boron. 

b. , base; bass; bay; book; born; brother. 
Ba, barium. 

B. A., Bachelor of Arts; British Academy; 
British America. 

B. Agr., Bachelor of Agriculture. 

Jteal., balance. 


bap., baptized. 

Bapt., Baptist. . , 

bar., barometer; barometric; barrel. 

Barb., Barbados, 
barr., barrister. 

Barf., Baronet. _ 

Bat., Battalion. Also, Baft., Bn. 

Baft., Battery. Also, B. 
bbl. (pi. bbls.), barrel. Also, bl. 

B. C., before Christ; British Columbia, 
Battery Commander. 

B. C. L., Bachelor of Civil Law. 
bd., board; bond; bound. 

B. D., Bachelor of Divinity. 
bdJ. (pi. bdls.), bundle, 
lids., bound in boards. 

Be, beryllium. 

b. e., bill of exchange. 

B. E. F., British Expeditionary Forces. 

Belg., Belgian; Belgium. Also, Bel. 

BenJ., Benjamin. x . . 

B. es L. (Bachelier es Lettres), Bachelor ol 

Letters. [Fr.] 
bet., between, 
bg. (pi bgs.), bag. 
b. h. p., brake horse power. 

Bi, bismuth. 

B. I., British India. 

Bib., Bible; Biblical. 

Mog., biographer; biography. 

Mol., biologist; biology. 

bk. , bank; book, 
bkg., banking. 

bkt. (pi bkts.), basket. 

bl. (pi. bis.), bale; barrel. 

b. 1 ., bill of lading; breech-loading. 

B. L., Bachelor of Laws. 

B. E., breech-loader. 

bldg. (pi. bldgs.), building. . . 

B. L. E., Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi¬ 
neers. 

B. Lift., Bachelor of Literature, or of Letters. 

B. L. R„ breech-loading rifle. 

b. m., board measure. _ , . 

B. M., Bachelor of Medicine; Brigade Major, 
B. Mus., Bachelor of Music, 
b. o. branch office; buyer’s option. 

Bob., Bohemia; Bohemian. 

Bol., Bolivia, 
bor., borough. 

bot., botanical; botanist; botany. 

Bp., Bishop. 

b. p., below proof; bill of parcels; bills pay¬ 
able. 

B. Ph,, Bachelor of Philosophy. 

bpL, birthplace. _ , 

B. P. O. E., Benevolent and Protective Order 
of Elks. 

Br, bromine. 

br., brig; brother; brown. 

Br., Britain; British. 

Br. Am., British America. 

Braz., Brazil, Brazilian, 
b. rec., bills receivable. 

Brig., Brigade; Brigadier. 

Brig. Gen., Brigadier General. 

Brit., Britain; British. 

Brit. Mus., British Museum. 

bro. (pi. bros.), brother. 

b. s., balance sheet; bill of sale. 

B. S., Bachelor of Surgery. 

B. Sc., Bachelor of Science. 

B. T. U., British thermal unit, 
bu., bushel; bushels. Also, bus. 
bul., bulletin. 

Bulg., Bulgaria; Bulgarian. 

B. V. (Beata Virgo), Blessed Virgin. [Lat.] 

B. V. M. (Beata Virgo Maria), Blessed Virgin 
Mary. [Lat.] 

Bvt., Brevet; Breveted, 
bx., box. 

C, carbon. 












805 


Abbreviations Used in 


c. (circa), about [Lat.]; carton; cathode; 
cent; centime; centimeter; century; chap¬ 
ter; child; cost; cubic; current. 

C., Cape; Catholic; Centigrade (thermom¬ 
eter); Chancellor; Chancery; Congress; 
Conservative; Consul; Corps; Court. 

Ca, calcium. 

C. A., Chief Accountant; Court of Appeal. 
C. A. C., Coast Artillery Corps, 
cal., calendar; calends; calorie. 

Cal., California (official). Also, Calif. 

Can., Canada; Canadian. 

Cant., Canterbury; Canticles. 

Cantab. (Cantabrigiensis), of Cambridge. 
[Lat.] 

Cantuar. (Cantuaria), Canterbury; (Can- 
tuariensis), of Canterbury. [Lat.] 
cap. (capitulum), chapter [Lat.]; capital; 

capitalize; captain. 

Capt., Captain. 


car., caret; carpentry. 

C. A. R. C., Coast Artillery Reserve Corps. 

Card., Cardinal. 

cash., cashier. 

cat., catalog; catechism. 

caib., cathedral. 

Cath., Catherine; Catholic, 
cans., causation; causative. 

Cav., Cavalry. 

Cb, columbium. 

C. B., Cape Breton; Cavalry Brigade; Com¬ 
mon Bench; Companion of the Bath; 
Confined to Barracks, 
cc., cubic centimeter; cubic centimeters, 
c.c. (compte courant), account current [Fr.] 
cubic centimeter; cubic centimeters. 

C. C., Caius College (Cambridge, England); 
Circuit Court; City Councillor; Civil 
Court; Common Councilman; County 
Clerk; County Commissioner. 

C. C. A., Circuit Court of Appeals. 

C. C. D., Commander of Coast Defenses, 
c. e. (caveat emptor), at buyer’s risk. [Lat.] 
C. E., Civil Engineer; Church of England; 
. Corps of Engineers. 

Celt., Celtic. 

cen., central; century. 

Cera. Am., Central America, 
cent., centigrade; central; century; centum, 
cert., certificate; certify, 
ceriif., certificate; certificated, 
cf. (confer), compare. Also, cp., comp. 
[Lat.] 


C. F. A., Chief of Field Artillery. 

C- f. & i., cost, freight, and insurance. 
eg., centigram. 

C. G., Captain General; Captain of the 
Guard; Coast Guard; Commanding Gen¬ 
eral; Commissary General; Consul Gen¬ 
eral. 


C. G. S., Centimeter, Gram, Second (system 
of units); Commissary General of Sub¬ 
sistence; Chief of General Staff in the Field, 
eh., chapter; chief; child; church. 

Ch., Chancery; Charles; China; Church. 

C. H., Captain of the Horse; Courthouse; 
Customhouse. 

chanc., chancellor; chancery, 
chap., chaplain; chapter. 

Chas., Charles. 

chem., chemical; chemist; chemistry. 
Chin., China; Chinese. 

Ch. J., Chief Justice. 

Chr., Christ; Christian; Christopher, 
chron., chronological; chronology. 

Chron., Chronicles. 

C. I. E., Companion of the (Order of the) 
Indian Empire. 

c. I. f., cost, insurance, and freight, 
circ. (circa, circiter, circum), about. [Lat.] 
cit., citation; cited; citizen, 
civ., civil; civilian. 


Writing and Printing 

Cl, chlorine. 

cl. , centiliter; class; clause; clergyman; 
cloth. 

class., classic; classical; classification, 
cld., cleared; colored, 
elk., clerk. 

C. L. S. C., Chautauqua Literary and 
Scientific Circle, 
clergy., clergyman. Also, cl. 

cm. , centimeter. 

C. M., common meter; Corresponding Mem¬ 
ber; Court Martial. 

C. M. G., Companion of St. Michael and 
St. George, 
cml., commercial. 

Co, cobalt. 

Co., Company; County, 
c. ©., care of; carried over. 

C. O., Commanding Officer, 
coch. (cochleare), spoonful. Also, cochl, 
[Lat.] 

coad., coadjutor. 

C. O. D., cash, or collect, on delivery. 

C. of ©., Chief of Ordnance. 

C. of S., Chief of Staff, 
cog., cognate. 

col. , college; collegiate; colonial; colony; 
colored; column. 

Col., Colonel; Colorado; Colossians; Col¬ 
umn. 

coll., colleague; collection; collector; col¬ 
lege. 

collat., collateral; collaterally. 
c©!io<£., colloquial; colloquially. 

Colo., Colorado (official). Also, Col. 

Col. Serg., Color Sergeant. 

com. , comedy; commentary; commerce; 
common; commonly; commune; communi¬ 
cation. 

Com., Commander; Commission; Commis¬ 
sioner; Committee; Commodore. 

Comdg., Commanding. 

Comdr., Commander. Also, Com. 

Comdt., Commandant, 
comm., commune. 

Com. Off., Commissioned Officer, 
comp., compare; comparative; composer; 

compositor; compound; comprising. 

Com. Serg., Commissary Sergeant. 

Com. Ver., Common Version. 

con. (contra), against. [Lat,] 

Confed., Confederate. 

Cong., Congregational; Congregationa'ist; 

Congress; Congressional, 
con]., conjunction. 

Conn., Connecticut (official). 

com., containing; contents; continent; 

continue; continued, 
contemp., contemporary, 
contr., contracted; contraction; contrary. 

cor, , corner; cornet; corrected; correction; 
correlative; correspondent; corresponding. 

Cor., Corinthians; Coroner, 
coroll., corollary. 

Corp., Corporal. 

cos, cosine, 
cosec, cosecant. 

cot, cotangent. 

cp., compare. Also, comp., cf. 

c. p., candle power; chemically pure. 

C. P., Common Pleas; Common Prayer; 
Court of Probate. 

C. P. A., Certified Public Accountant. Also, 

c. p. a. 

c. p. o., chief petty officer. 

Cr., created; credit; curator; crm*'’-'. Also — 

cresc. (crescendo), with a constantly increas¬ 
ing volume. [It.] 
crim. con., criminal conversation. 

Cs, caesium. 

C. S. A., Confederate States Army; Con¬ 
federate States of America. 







806 


Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing 


-- . - - ■ -■--J- 

C. S. C., Conspicuous Service Cross. 

C. S. I., Companion of the Star of India. . 

C. S. N., Confederate States Navy. ^ 

C. S. O-, Chief Surgeon’s Office; Chief 
Signal Officer, 
ct., cent; count. 

Ct., Connecticut; Count; Court. . 

C. T. A. U., Catholic Total Abstinence Union. 


cts., cents; centimes. 

Cu (cuprum), copper. [Lat.] 
cu., cubic. Also, cub- 
cur., currency; current, 
curt., current, the present month. 

C. V., Common Version. 

c. w. o., cash with order. 

cwt. (centum [Lat.], weight), hundredweight; 
hundredweights. 

eye., cyclopedia; cyclopedic. Also, cyclo. 

C. Z., Canal Zone. s 

D. (Deus), God [Lat.]; (Dominus), Lord 

[Lat.]; Democrat; Department; Duke; 
Dutch. rT .. 

d. (denarius, denarii), penny, pence [Lat.]; 
date; daughter; day; dead; degree; 
deputy; died; dime; dollar; dose. 

Dan., Daniel; Danish. 

D. A. R., Daughters of the American Revolu¬ 


tion. 

dat. , dative. 

dau. , daughter. Also, d. 
d. b., daybook. 

dbk., drawback. 

D. C. (da capo), from the beginning [It.]; 
Dental Corps; District Court; District of 
Columbia. 

D. C. L,., Doctor of Civil Law. 

D. C. M., Distinguished Conduct Medal. 

D. Cn. L., Doctor of Canon Law. 
d. d., days after date. 

D. D„ Doctor of Divinity. 

D. D. S., Doctor of Dental Surgery. 

Dea., Deacon. 

deb. , debenture. 

dec. , declension; declination; decorative. 
Dec., December. 

def., defendant; definition, 
deft., defendant. 
d 0 cy *9 degree. 

del. (delineavit), he, or she, drew it [Lat.]; 
delegate. 

Del., Delaware (official). 

Dem., Democrat; Democratic. 

Den., Denmark. 

dep., department; departs; deponent; 
deputy. 

depend., dependency. 

dept., department; deponent. Also, dep. 

der., derivation; derivative; derived. 

Det., Detachment. 

Deut., Deuteronomy. 

D. F. (Defensor Fidei), Defender of the 
Faith [Lat.]; Dean of the Faculty, 
dft., defendant; draft, 
dg., decigram. 

D. G. (Dei gratia), by the grace of God; 
(Deo gratias), thanks to God [Lat.]; 
Director General. 

D. H., Deadhead. 

Dl, didymium. 

dial. , dialect; dialectic. 

diam. , diameter. 

diet., dictator; dictionary, 
dim. (diminuendo), with gradually diminish¬ 
ing volume [It.]; diminutive. Also, dimin. 
disc., discount; discovered; discoverer, 
dist., distant; distinguished; district, 
div., divide; divided; dividend; divine; 
division; divisor. 

dl. , deciliter. 

D. Lit., Doctor of Literature. 

D. L. O., Dead Letter Office. 

dm. , decimeter. 


D. M. S., Director of Medical Service, 
do., ditto. 

D. O., Doctor of Osteopathy. 

D. of Ry., Director of Railways. 

dol. , dollar; dollars, 
dols., dollars. 

dom. , domestic; dominion. 

D. O. M. (Deo Optimo Maximo), to God, the 
Best, the Greatest. [Lat.] 

D. O. R. C., Dental Officers’ Reserve Corps, 
dow., dowager, 
doz., dozen; dozens. 

D. Pd., Doctor of Pedagogy, 
dpi., diplomat, 
dpt., deponent; department, 
dr., dram; drawer. 

Dr., debtor; Doctor. 

D. R., Drill Regulations, 
dram., dramatist. 

dram. pers. (dramatis personae), the char¬ 
acters or actors in a drama. [Lat.] _ 
d. s. (dal segno), from the sign: musical 
direction [It.]; days after sight. 

D. S., Director of Supplies; Dental Surgeon; 

Detached Service. 

D. Sc., Doctor of Science. 

D. S. C., Distinguished Service Cross. 

D. S. O., Distinguished Service Order 
(British Army and Navy), 
d. s. p. (decessit sine prole), died without 
issue. [Lat.] 

D. T.’s, delirium tremens. [Colloq.] 

Du., Dutch. 

D. V. (Deo volente), God willing. [Lat.] 

D. V. HI., Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. 

d. v. p. (decessit vita patris), died during the 
lifetime of his, or her, father. [Lat.] 
dwt. (denarius [Lat.], weight), pennyweight; 

pennyweights. 

Dy, dysprosium. 

E. , Earl; Earth; East; Eastern; Engineer; 
English. 

ea., each. 

E. & O. E., errors and omissions excepted. 
Ebor. (Eboracensis) , of York. [Lat.] 

E. C., Established Church. 

eccl., ecclesiastical. Also, eccles, eccleslas. 

Eccl., Ecclesiastes. Also, Eccles. 

Ecclus., Ecclesiasticus. 

Ecua., Ecuador. 

E. D., Eastern Department; Extra Duty, 
ed., edition; editor. 

Edin., Edinburgh, 
edit., edition. Also, ed. 
educ., educator. 

Edw., Edward. 

E. E., Early English; Electrical Engineer; 
errors excepted. 

E. E. & M. P., Envoy Extraordinary and 
Minister Plenipotentiary. 

E. F., Expeditionary Forces. 

Eg., Egypt; Egyptian. 

e. g. (exempli gratia), for example. [Lat.] 

E. I., East India; East Indies. 

elec., electrical; electrician; electricity. 

Eliz., Elizabeth; Elizabethan. 

E. long.. East longitude. 

Em., Emmanuel; Emily; Emma. 

E. M., Earl Marshall. 

E. M. F., electromotive force. 

Emp., Emperor; Empress, 
ency., encyclopedia. Also, encyc. 

E. N. E., East-northeast, 
eng., engineer; engraving. 

Eng., England; English; Engineers, 
engin., engineer; engineering. 

Ens., Ensign, 
entom., entomology. 

E. O., Engineer Officer. 

Eph., Ephesians; Ephraim. 

Epipli., Epiphany. 

Epfs., Episcopal. Also, Episc. 








807 


Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing 


eq., equal; equivalent. 

Er, erbium. 

E. S. E., East-southeast, 
esp., especially. Also, espec. 

Esq., Esquire, 
essay., essayist, 
est., estuary. 

estab., established. Also, est. 

Esth., Esther. 

E. T., electric telegraph; English transla¬ 
tion. Also, e. t. 

et al. (et alibi), and elsewhere; (et alii), 
and others. [Lat.] 

etc. (et cetera), and others, and so forth. 
[Lat.] 

et seq. (et sequens), and the following. [Lat.] 
et seqq. (et sequentes, et sequential . and the 
following. [Lat.] 
etym., etymology. Also, etymol. 

ex. , examined; example; exception; ex¬ 
change; excursion; executed; executive; 
export; extract. 

Ex., Exodus. Also, Exod. 
ex div., ex, or without, dividend, 
exp., export; express, 
explor., explorer, 
exr., executor, 
exrx., executrix. 

ext., external; extinct; extra; extract, 
extrem., extremity. 

Ezek., Ezekiel. 

F, fluorine. 

f., farthing; fathom; feminine; flower; foot; 

(forte), loud [It.]; franc. 

F., Fahrenheit; French. 

F. A., Field Artillery, 
f. a. a., free of all average, 
fac., facsimile. 

Fahr., Fahrenheit. Also, F. 

F. A. I. A., Fellow of the American Institute 
of Architects, 
fam., familiar; family. 

F. A. M., Free and Accepted Masons. Also, 
F. and A. M. 

F. Amb., Field Ambulance. 

F. 4. S., Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. 
F. B., Fenian Brotherhood. 

F. B. A., Fellow of the British Academy. 

F. B. S., Fellow of the Botanical Society, 
fcap., foolscap. 

F. C. C-, First-class Certificate. 

F. D. (Fidei Defensor), Defender of the 
Faith. [Lat.] 

Fe (ferrum), iron. [Lat.] 

Feb., February. 

fee. (fecit), he, or she, made it. [Lat.] 
fem., feminine. Also, f. 

H. (fecerunt), they made it [Lat.]; folios; 
following (pages); (fortissimo), very loudly 
[It.]. 

f. g. a., free of general average. 

F. G. S., Fellow of the Geological Society. 

F. Hosp., Field Hospital, 
f. I., for instance. 

F. I. A., Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, 
bet., fiction. 

bg., figurative; figuratively; figure. 

Fin., Finland; Finnish. 

11., florin; flourished; fluid. 

FI., Flanders; Flemish. 

Fla., Florida (official). 

Flem., Flemish, 
fm., fathom. 

F. M., Field Marshal; Foreign Mission. 

fo. , folio. , , 

F. O., Field Officer; Foreign Office; Field 

Order. 

f. o. b., free on board, 
fol., folio; following, 
for., foreign. 

fort., fortification; fortified, 
f. p. a., free of particular average. 


fr. , fragment; franc; from. 

Fr., Father; France; Frau; French; Friar, 
Friday. 

F. R. A. M., Fellow of the Royal Academy of 
Music (London). 

F. R. A. S., Fellow of the Royal Astronomical 
Society; Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. 
F. R. C. P., Fellow of the Royal College of 
Physicians (London). 

F. R. C. S., Fellow of the Royal College ot 
Surgeons (London). 

Fred., Frederick. 

freq., frequent; frequentative. 

F. R. G. S., Fellow of the Royal Geographical 
Society. 

Fri., Friday. 

F. R. S., Fellow of the Royal Society 
(scientific, London). 

Irs fi*cLncs 

F. R. S. E„ Fellow of the Royal Society of 
Edinburgh. 

F. S., Field Service. 

F. S. R., Field Service Regulations, 
ft., feet; foot; fort; fortified 
fur., furlong; further, 
fut., future. 

F. Z. S-, Fellow of the Zoological Society 
(London). 

g., gauge; genitive; gram; guide; guinea; 
guineas; gulf. 

G. , German. Also, Ger. 

Ga, gallium. 

Ga., Georgia (official). Also, Geo. 

G. A., General Assembly, 
gal. (pi. gals.), gallon. 

Gal., Galatians. 

galv., galvanic; galvanism. 

G. A. R., Grand Army of the Republic, 
gaz., gazette; gazetteer. 

G. B., Great Britain. 

G. B. & I., Great Britain and Ireland. 

G. C., Gun Captain; Grand Chancellor; 
Grand Chaplain; Grand Chapter; Grand 
Council. 

G. C. B., Grand Commander of the Bath, 
Grand Cross of the Bath, 
g. c. d., greatest common divisor, 
g. c. m., greatest common measure. 

G. C. M., General Court Martial. 

G. C. M. G., Grand Cross of St. Michael and 
St. George. 

gen., gender; general; generic; genitive; 
genus. 

Gen., General; Genesis, 
gent., gentleman. 

Geo., George; Georgia. 

geog., geographer; geographic; geographical; 
geography. 

geol. , geologic; geological; geologist; geology. 

geom. , geometry; geometrician. Also, ge- 

omet. 

ger., gerund. 

Ger., German; Germany, 
g. gr., great gross, or 144 dozen. 

G. H. Q., General Headquarters. 

gi. , gill; gills. 

G. L., Grand Lodge. 

Gl, glucinum. 
gm., gram. 

G. M., Grand Master. 

G. O., General Orders. 

G. O. C., General Officer Commanding. 

G. O. P., Grand Old Party (the U. S. Repub¬ 
lican Party). 

gov., government; governor. 

Gov. Gen., Governor General, 
govt., government. Also, gov. 

G. P. (Gloria Patri), Glory to the Father 
[Lat.]; Graduate in Pharmacy. 

G. P. O., General Post Office, 
gr., grain; grand; great; gross. 

Gr., Greece; Greek; Grecian. 







808 


Abbreviations Used in Writing and P rint ing^ 


gram., grammar. „ 

Gr. Br., Great Britain. Also, Gr. Brit. 

G. S., General Secretary; Grand Scribe, 

Grand Secretary; General Service; Gen¬ 
eral Staff. ^ . , rT . m i 

gt. (gutta; pi. gtt. gnttse), drop. [Lat.] 

H. , Headquarters. Also, Hqrs., Hq. 

ru, 1 hai^borT hard; hardness; height; high; 

hour; husband, 
ha., hectare. 

H. A., Horse Artillery. 

Hah., Habakkuk. 

Has., Haggai. _ . ,, . 

H. B. M., His, or Her, Britannic Majesty. 

H. C., Heralds’ College; House of Commons, 
h- c. f., highest common factor. 

H. D., Headquarters Detachment; Hawaiian 
Department, 
hdkf., handkerchief. 

He, helium. . , „. , , 

H„ e.. Horizontal Equivalent; High Explo¬ 
H. E., His Eminence; His Excellency. 

It. e. (hoc est), this. [Lat.] 

Heb., Hebrew; Hebrews, 
hectol., hectoliter, 
hectom., hectometer, 
her,, heraldry. 

H- F. A., 11 eavy Field Artillery, 
bg., hectogram; heliogram. 

Hg (hydrargyrum), mercury. [Lat.) 
h 7 G., His, or Her, Grace; High German. 

H. H., His, or Her, Highness; His Holiness 
(the Pope). 

hhd., hogshead; hogsheads. 

H. I., Hawaiian Islands. 

H. I. II., His, or Her, Imperial Highness. 

H. I. M., His, or Her, Imperial Majesty. 
Hind., Hindu; Hindustan; Hindustani, 
hist., historian; historical; history. 

H. J. (hie jacet), here lies. [Lat.] 

Id., hectoliter. 

H. L., House of Lords, 
hm., hectometer. 

H. M., His, or Her, Majesty. 

H. M. S., His, or Her, Majesty s Service, or 

Ship. 

ho., house. 

Holl., Holland. 

Hon., Honorable; Honorary, 
hor., horizon; horology, 
hort., horticulture. 

Hos., Hosea. 

Hosp., Hospital. 

H. P., half pay; high pressure; horse power. 

Also, h. p. 
hr. (pi hrs.), hour. 

H. R., Home Rule; House of Representatives. 
H. R. H., His, or Her, Royal Highness. 

H. S. (hie sepultus), here is buried ; (hie situs), 
here lies [Lat.]; High School. 

H. S. H., His, or Her, Serene Highness. 

ht., height. .. „„„ 

Hung., Hungarian; Hungary. Also, Hun. 
Hv. A., Heavy Artillery. 

H. W. M„ high-water mark. . 

Hy., Henry. 

hyd., hydrostatics. 

hyp., hypothesis; hypothetical. 

I, iodine. _ rT . , t ,j 

I. (Imperator), Emperor [Lat.]; Idaho, 

Island. 

Ia., Iowa (official). 

ib. (ibidem), in the same place. Also, Ibid. 
[Lat ] 

I. C. (Iesus Christus), Jesus Christ [Lat.]; 

inspected, condemned. 

Ice., Iceland; Icelandic. Also, I cel. 

I. C. S. A., Intercollegiate Commumty Serv¬ 
ice Association. 

Id. (idem), the same. [Lat.] 


I. D., Intelligence Department. 

Ida., Idaho. Also, I., Id. 

I. D. R., Infantry Drill Regulations, 
i. e. (id est) , that is. [Lat.] 

I. G., Inspector General. 

ign. (ignotus), unknown. [Lat.J 

I. It. p., indicated horse power. 

I n S, three letters of the Greek for Jesus, 
ill., illustrated; illustration; illustrator. Also, 
illus., illust. 

Ills., Illinois (official) Also, III. 
illus., illustrator. , , . 

imp. (imprimatur), let it be minted [Lai.], 
imperative; imperfect; imperial, imper¬ 
sonal; imported; importer. 

In, indium. 

in. (pi. ins.), inch. . . 

inc. , including; inclusive; incorporated, in 

crease. , . _ 

inch., inchoative. Also, Incno. _ 
and., including; inclusive. Also, me. 
incog., incognito, 
incor., incorporated. . 

ind. , independent; indicative; indigo. 

Ind., India; Indian; Indiana (official), 
indepen., independent. Also, ind. 
inf., infinitive. 

Inf., Infantry. rT , 

in f. (in fine), at the end. [Lat.] 
in lam. (in limine), at the outset. [Lat.] 
in loc. cit- (in loco citato), the place cited. 

I N A r]i. (Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum), 
'jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. 

ins. , inches; inscribed; inspector; insurance, 

insp., inspector. . _ 

inst., instant; institute; institution. 

int. , interest; interior; interjection; inter¬ 
nal; international; interpreter; intransi¬ 
tive. 

interf., interjection. Also, int. 

intrans., intransitive. Also, int. 

in trans. (in transitu), on the way. [Lat.J 

isitrod., introduction; introductory. 

inv. (invenit), he, or she, designed it [Lat.J; 

inventor; invoice. 

Io., Iowa. Also, Ia. (official). 

I. O. F., Independent Order of Foresters. 
Ion., Ionic. , _ , „ „ , . 

I. O. O. F., Independent Order of Odd 

Fellows. „ ^ 

I. O. R- M., Improved Order of Red Men. 

I O U, I owe you. 

i. q. (idem quod), the same as. [Lat.] 

Ir, iridium. 

l r. , Ireland; Irish. 

I. R., Internal Revenue. 

Ire., Ireland. Also, Ir. 
is., island; isle. 

l s. , Isaiah. Also, Isa. 
isl. (pi. isls.), island; isle. 

l t. , Italian; Italy. Also, Ital. 

ital., italic; italics. ^ 

I. W. W., Industrial Workers of the World. 

J. , Judge; Justice 
J. A., Judge Advocate. 

J. A. G., Judge Advocate General. 

Jam., Jamaica. 

Jan., January. 

Jap., Japan; Japanese. 

j!^C-? a jesus Christ; Julius Oecsar; juris- 

j.crnisffit. (Jur . s Civilis Doctor), Doctor of 

Ciidl Law. [Lat.] _ ^ „ _ 

J. D. (Jin-urn Doctor), Doctor of Laws. 

[Lat.] . 

Jer., Jereimah. 

JJ., Justices. 

Jno., John. » 

Jon., Jonathan. Also. Jona. 
















_ Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing S09 

Jos., Joseph. 

Josh., Joshua. 

}our., journal; journalist; journeyman. 

J. P., Justice of the Peace. 


Jr., Junior. Also, Jim., Junr. 

J. U. D. (Juris Utriusque Doctor), Doctor of 
Both (Canon and Civil) Laws. [Lat.] 

Judg., Judges. 

Jun„, Junior. Also, fun. 

June., Junction. 

Jus., justice. Also, just.. Jus., Just. 

K, kalium. 

K., King; Kings; Knight. 

K. A., Knight of St. Andrew (Russia). 
Hans., Kansas (official). Also, Han., Has. 

K. B., Knight of Bath. 

K. C., Knights of Columbus. Also, K. of C. 

K. C. B., Knight Commander of the Bath. 

K. C. I. E., Knight Commander of the Indian 
Empire. 

K. C. M. G., Knight Commander of St. 

Michael and St. George. 

K. C. S. I., Knight Commander of the Star of 
India. 

K. C. V. O., Knight Commander of the Royal 
Victorian Order. 

Ken., Kentucky. Also, Ky. (official), 
kg., kilogram. 

K. G., Knight of the Garter. 

K. G. F., Knight of the Golden Fleece. 

Ki., Kings, 
kilom., kilometer. 

K. K. K., Ku-Klux IGan. 
ki., kiloliter. 

K. L. H., Knight of the Legion of Honor 
(France). 

km., kilometer; kingdom. 

K. M., Knight of Malta, 
knt., knight. 

K. P., Kitchen Police; Knight of Pythias; 

Knight of St. Patrick. 

Kr, krypton. 

K. T., Knight of the Thistle;' Knight Tem¬ 
plar. 

Ky., Kentucky (official). Also, Ken. 

I. (libra), a pound [Lat.]; lake; land; lati¬ 
tude; leaf; league; left; length; line; 
link; liter. 

L. (Liber), Book [Lat.]; Lady; Latin; Law; 
Liberal; Low. 

La, Janthanium. 

La., Louisiana (official). 

Lab, , Labrador. 

Lank., Lamentations, 
lat., latitude. 

Lat., Latin. Also, L. 
law., lawyer, 

lb. (libra; pi. lbs., libra;), pound. [Lat.] 

1. c. (loco citato), in the place cited [Lat.]; 

letter of credit; lower case. 

L/e, Letter of Credit. 

L. C. J., Lord Chief Justice. 

1. c. m., least common multiple. 

Ld., Lord. Also, Id. 

Ldp., Lordship, 
lea., league. 

leg., legal; legate; legato; legislative; legis¬ 
lature. 

legis., legislator. 

Lev., Leviticus. 

L. F. M., Lieutenant Field Marshal. 

L G., Low German. Also, L. G. 

L. G., Life Guards. 

I. It., left hand. 

L. H., Light Horse. 

L. H. A., Lord High Admiral. 

LI, lithium. 

L. I., Light Infantry; Long Island. 

lib. (liber), book [Lat.]; librarian; library. 

Lieut., Lieutenant. Also, Lt. 

Lieut. Gen., Lieutenant General, 
lin., lineal; linear. 


liq., liquid; liquor. 

lit., liter; literal; literally; literary; litera¬ 
ture. 

Lit. D. (Literarum Doctor), Doctor of Letters. 
[Lat.] 

Lith., Lithuanian. 

Lift. D. (Litterarum Doctor), Doctor of 
Letters. [Lat.] 

IX., Late Latin; Low Latin. 

1. 1. (loco laudato), in the place quoted. 
[Lat.] 

L. L., Late Latin; Lord Lieutenant; Low 
Latin. 

LL. B. (Legum Baccalaureus), Bachelor of 
Laws. [Lat.] 

LL. D. (Legum Doctor), Doctor of Laws. 
[Lat.] 

L„ L. I., Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 

L. M., long meter. 

loc. cit. (loco citato), in the place cited. 
[Lat.] 

L. of C., Line of Communication, 
log., logarithm. 

Ion., longitude. Also, long. 

loq. (loquitur), he, or she, speaks. [Lat.] 

I. s., left side. 

L. S. (loco sigilli), place of the seal. [Lat.] 
L. S. B. (librae, solidi, denarii), pounds, 
shillings, pence. Also, <£ s. d., 1. s. d. 
[Lat.] 

L. S. S., Life Saving Station. 

Lt., Lieutenant. Also, Lieut. 

l. t., long ton. 
ltd., limited. 

LXX, Septuagint. Also, Sep., Sept. 

m. , male; manual; married; masculine; 
measure; medicine; medium; meridian; 
meter; middle; mile; mill; minute; 
month; moon; morhing; mountain. 

M. , Majesty; Manitoba; Marshal; Mar¬ 
quis; Master; Member; Militia; Monday; 
Monsieur. 

M. A. (Magister Artium), Master of Arts 
[Lat.]; Military Academy; Mountain 
Artillery. 

Mac., Maccabees. 

Maced., Macedonia; Macedonian, 
mach., machinery. 

Mad., Madam. 

mag., magazine; magnitude. 

Maj., Major. 

MaJ. Gen., Major General. 

Mai., Mala chi; Malayan, 
man., manual. 

Manit., Manitoba. Also, M. 
manuf., manufactory; manufacture; manu¬ 
facturer. Also, manufac. 

mar. , maritime. 

Mar., March. 

March., Marchioness. 

Marq., Marquis. 

mas. , masculine. Also, masc. 

Mass., Massachusetts (official), 
math., mathematician; mathematics. 

Matt., Matthew. 

max., maximum. 

M. C-, Master Commandant; Master of 
Ceremonies; Member of Congress; Mem¬ 
ber of Council. 

M. C., Medical Corps. 

MX, Maryland (official). 

M. D. (Medicinee Doctor), Doctor of Medi¬ 
cine. [Lat.] 

M/D, months’ date (i. e., months after date), 
indse., merchandise. 

Me., Maine (official). 

ME., Middle English. 

M. E., Mechanical, Military, or Mining, Engi¬ 
neer; Methodist Episcopal; Middle Eng¬ 
lish; Most Excellent, 
meas., measure, 
meets., mechanics; mechanical. 


53 






810 


Abbreviations Used i 


med., medical; medicine; medieval; me¬ 
dium. 

MediJ., Mediterranean. 

mem., memento; memoir; memorandum; 
memorial. 

mer., meridian; meridional. 

Messrs., Messieurs; Misters, 
metal., metallurgy, 
meteor., meteorology. 

Meth., Methodist. 

Mex., Mexican; Mexico. 

Mf. (mezzo forte), moderately loud. Also, 
ml. [It.] 

mfg., manufacturing. 

M. F. H., Master of Foxhounds, 
mfr. (pi. mfrs.), manufacturer. 

Mg, magnesium, 
mg., milligram. 

M. G., Machine Gun; Machine Gun Unit. 
M. G. C., Machine Gun Company, 
mgr., manager. 

Mgr., Monseigneur; Monsignor. 

M. H. G., Middle High German. Also, 

M H G. 

M. H. R., Member of the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

M. H. S., Massachusetts Historical Society. 

Mic., Micah. 

Mich., Michaelmas; Michigan (official), 
mid., middle; midshipman, 
mil., military; militia. 

min., minim; minimum; mining; minister; 

minor; minute. 

Minn., Minnesota (official). 

Min. Plen., Minister Plenipotentiary, 
misc., miscellaneous. 

Miss., Mississippi, 
mission., missionary. 

ml. , mail; milliliter. 

M. L. A., Modern Language Association. 
Mile. (pi. Miles.), Mademoiselle. 

mm. , millimeter. 

M M., Their Majesties; Messieurs. 

M. M„ Motor Mechanics. 

Mme. (pi. Mines.), Madame. 

Mn, manganese. 

M. N. A. S., Member of the National 
Academy of Sciences. 

Mo, molybdenum, 
mo. (pi. mos.), month. 

Mo., Missouri (official). 

M. O., money order. 

mod. (moderato), moderately [It.] ; mod¬ 
erate; modem. 

Moham., Mohammedan, 
mol. wt., molecular weight. 

Mon., Monastery; Monday. 

Monsig., Monseigneur; Monsignor. 

Mont., Montana (official). 

Mor., Morocco. 

M. O. R. C.» Medical Officers’ Reserve 
Corps. 

M. P-, Member of Parliament; Methodist 
Protestant; Military Police. 

M. P. C., Member of Parliament, Canada, 
m. p. h., miles per hour. 

Mr., Mister. 

Mrs., Mistress; Madame. 

MS. (pi. M S S.), manuscript. Also, ms. 

M. S. (memoriae sacrum), sacred to the 
memory [Lat.]; Master of Science; Master 
of Surgery; Mess Sergeant, 
m. s. 1., mean sea level. 

MSS., manuscripts. Also, mss. 
mt. (pi. mts.), mount; mountain, 
mun., municipal, 
mus., museum; music; musician. 

Mus. B., Bachelor of Music. 

Mus. D., Doctor of Music. 

M. YV., Most Worshipful; Most Worthy. 

M. YV. V., Mexican War Veterans, 
myg., myriagram. 


Writing and Printing 


myl., myrialiter. 
my in., myriameter. 
myth., mythology. 

N, nitrogen. 

n. (natus), born [Lat.]; nephew; neuter; 

new; nominative; note; noun; number. 
N., name; Navy; Noon; Norse; North; 
Northern. 

N. A., National Academy; National Army; 

North America; North American. 

N. A. A., National Automobile Association. 
N. A. D., National Academy of Design. 
Nah., Nahum. 

N. A. S., National Academy of Sciences, 
naf., national; native; natural. 

Nath., Nathanael; Nathaniel, 
natur., naturalist, 
naut., nautical. 

nav., naval; navigable; navigation, 
navig., navigation; navigator. Also, nav. 
Nb, niobium. 

N. B. (nota bene), note well, or take notice 
[Lat.]; New Brunswick. 

N. C., North Carolina (official). 

N. C. O., Noncommissioned Officer. 

Nd, neodymium, 
n. d., no date. 

N. Dak., North Dakota (official). Also, N. D. 
N. E., New England. 

N. E. A., National Education Association. 
Nebr., Nebraska (official). Also, Neb. 
neg., negative. 

Neh., Nehemiah. 

nem. con. (nemine contradicente), no one 
contradicting, unanimously. [Lat.] 

Ncth., Netherlands, 
neut., neuter. 

Nev., Nevada (official). 

NF, Norman French. Also, N. F. 

N. F., Norman French; Newfoundland. 

Ng., Norwegian. 

N. G., National Guard; New Granada; 
slang, no good. 

N. H., New Hampshire (official). 

NIcar., Nicaragua. 

N. J., New Jersey (official). 

N. L., New Latin. Also, N L. 

N. Lat., North latitude. 

N. Mex., New Mexico (official). Also, N. M. 
N. N. E., North-northeast. 

N. N. W., North-northwest. 

No. (numero; pi. Nos.), by number. Also, 
no. ]Lat.] 

nol. pros, (nolle prosequi), to be unwilling to 
prosecute. [Lat.] 
mom., nominative. 

non obst. (non obstante), notwithstanding. 
[Lat.] 

non pros, (non prosequitur), he does not 
prosecute. [Lat.] 

non seq. (non sequitur), it does not follow. 
[Lat.] 

n. o. p., not otherwise provided for. 

Nor., Norman; North. 

Norw., Norway; Norwegian. Also, Nor. 
Ncrweg., Norwegian. Also, Nor., Norw. 
isos., numbers, 
nov., novelist. 

Nov., November. 

N. P., New Providence; Notary Public, 
nr., near. 

N. R. A., National Rifle Association. 

N. 5., National Society; New Series; New 
Style; Nova Scotia. 

N/S, not sufficient (funds). 

N. S. YV., New South Wales. 

N. T., New Testament, 
n. u., name unknown. 

Num., Numbers. 

N. YV., Northwest: Northwestern. 

N. W. S. A., National Woman’s Suffrage 
Association. 





Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing 811 


N. W. T., Northwest Territories 

N. Y., New York (official). 

N. Z., New Zealand. 

O, oxygen. 

°*. (octarms), pint [Lat.]; October; Ohio; 

Old; Ontario; Order, 
o/a, on account (of). 

ob. (obiit), he, or she, died. [Lat.] 

Obad., Obadiah. 

obdt., obedient. 

O. _B. E., Order of the British Empire, 
obj., object; objection; objective, 
obi., oblique; oblong. 

obs., observation; observatory; obsolete. 

oc. , ocean. 

O. C., Officer Commanding. 

Oct., October. 

O. D., Ordnance Datum; Olive Drab. 

O. E., Old English. Also, O E. 

O. E., omissions excepted. 

O. E. D., Oxford English Dictionary. 

O. F., Old French. Also, O F. 
off., offered; officer; official. 

O. G., Outside Guard; Officer of the Guard. 
O. H. G., Old High German. Also, O H G. 
O. H. M. S., On His, or Her, Majesty’s Serv¬ 
ice. 

O. K. (Okeh), it is so, all right. Also, O K. 

[Choctaw Indian.] 

Okla., Oklahoma (official), 
ol. (oleum), oil. [Lat.] 

Ol., Olympiad. 

O. M., Old Measurement; Order of Merit. 
Ont., Ontario. 

%, per cent. 

O. O., Ordnance Officer, 
op., opera; opposite; opus, 
opp., opposed; opposite, 
opt., optative; optics. 

Or., Oriental. 

O. R. C., Order of the Red Cross, 
ord., ordained; order; ordinance; ordinary; 
ordnance. 

Ore., Oregon (official). Also, Oreg., Or. 

O. S., Old School; Old Series; Old Style; 

ordinary seaman. 

O. T., Old Testament. 

O. T. C., Officers’ Training Camp, 
oz., ounce; ounces. 

Oxon. (Oxonia), Oxford; (Oxoniensis), of 
Oxford. [Lat.] 

P, phosphorus. 

p. (piano), softly [It.]; page; part; participle; 
past; penny; pint; pipe; pole; population; 
professional. 

P. (pater), father [Lat]; (pere), father [Fr.]; 

pastor; post; president; priest; prince. 

P., Philippine Scouts. Also, P. S. 

Pa., Pennsylvania (official). Also, Penn., 
Penna. 

p. a. (per annum), by the year [Lat.]; par¬ 
ticipial adjective. 

P/A, power of attorney; private account. 

P. A., Post Adjutant. 

Pac.. Pacific. 

p. adj., participial adjective. 

Pan., Panama. 

par., paragraph; parallel; parenthesis; 
parish. 

Para., Paraguay, 
pari., parliament; parliamentary, 
part., participle. Also, p., ptc. 
pass., passive. 

Pat. Off., Patent Office. 

Payr., Paymaster, 
payt., payment. 

Pb. (plumbum), lead. [Lat.] 

P. B., Prayer Book. 

P. C., Police Constable; Principal Chaplain; 

Privy Council; Privy Councilor, 
p. c., per cent; postal card; postcard. 

P. C. D., Panama Canal Department. 


Pd, palladium, 
pd., paid. 

Pd. D. (Paedagogise Doctor), Doctor of 
Pedagogy. [Lat.] 
pen., peninsula. 

Penn., Pennsylvania. Also, Pa. (official), 

Penna. 

Pent., Pentecost. 

per an. (per annum), by the year. [Lat.] 
per ct. (per centum), per cent. Also, p. c. 
[Lat.] 

pert., perfect, 
peril., perhaps. 

per pro. (per procurationem), by proxy. 
[Lat.] 

pers. , person; personal 
Pers., Persia; Persian. 

pert. , pertaining. 

Pet., Peter. 

pf., preferred. 

Pg., Portugal; Portuguese. 

P. G. M., Past Grand Master. 

Phar., pharmacy; Pharmacopoeia. 

Pharm., pharmaceutical; pharmacy. 

Pb. B. (Philosophise Baccalaureus), Bachelor 
of Philosophy. [Lat.] 

Pb. D. (Philosophise Doctor), Doctor of 
Philosophy. [Lat.] 

Pb. G., Graduate in Pharmacy. 

Phil., Philemon; Philip; PhiUppians; Philip¬ 
pine; Philippines. 

Phila., Philadelphia, 
philan., philanthropist. 

Philem., Philemon, 
philol., philology; philologist, 
philos., philosopher; philosophical; philos¬ 
ophy. 

Phil. Soc., Philological Society, 
physiol., physiologist; physiology. 

P. I., Philippine Islands. 

pinx. (pinxit), he, or she, painted it. Also, 
pxt. [Lat.] 

P. J., presiding judge; probate judge, 
pk. (pi. pks.), peck, 
pkg. (pi. pkgs.), package, 
pi., place; plural. Also, plur. 

P. L., Poet Laureate. 

plup., pluperfect. Also, plupf. 

P. M. (post meridiem), afternoon; (post 
mortem), after death. Also, p.m. [Lat.] 
P. M., Past Master; Postmaster; Provost 
Marshal. 

P. M. G., Postmaster-general. 

pnxt. (pinxit), he, or she, painted it. [Lat.] 

P. O., Post Office; Province of Ontario. 

P. O. B., post-office box. 

P. O. D., pay on delivery; Post Office 
Department. 

Pol., Poland; Polish, 
pol., political. Also, polit, 
pol. econ., political economy. 

P. O. ©., post-office order, 
pop., popular; population. 

Port., Portugal; Portuguese, 
pos., positive; possessor, 
poss., possession; possessive, 
pp., pages; past participle; (pianissimo), 
very softly [It.]. 
p. p., past participle; postpaid. 

P. P., parish priest. 

P. P- C. (pour prendre conge), to take leave. 

Also, p. p. c. [Fr.] 
pph., pamphlet, 
p. pr., present participle. 

P. Q., previous question; Province of Quebec. 
Pr, prasodymium. 

pr., pair; present; price; priest; prince. 

Pr., preferred (stock). 

P. R., Porto Rico, 
pref., preface; preferred; prefix, 
prep., preparatory; preposition, 
pres., president; presidency. Also, Pres. 








812 


Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing 


Presb., Presbyterian. Also, Presby. 
pret., preterit, 
principal. 

**» R. PI. (pro re nata), according to the occa¬ 
sion. as needed. (Lat.] 
prob., probably; problem. 

Prof., Professor, 
prom., promontory. 

[[iron., pronominal; pronoun; pronounced; 
pronunciation. 

P. R. R., Porto Rico Regiment, 
pros., prosody. 

Prof., Protestant, 
protec., protectorate 

pro tem. (pro tempore) , temporarily. [Lat.] 
prov., provident; province; provisional. 
Prov., Provencal; Proverbs; Provost, 
prox. (proximo), next, of the next month. 

[Lat.] 
prs., pairs. 

Prus., Prussia; Prussian. 

Ps., Psalms. 

P. S. (post scriptum), postscript. [Lat.] 
pseud., pseudonym. 

P. S. R., Public Service Reserve, 
psychol., psychologist; psychology. 

Pt, platinum. 

pt. (pi. pts.), part; payment; pint; point; 
port. 

p. to., post town. 

p. t. o., please turn over. 

p. v., post village. 

Pvt., Private. 

pwt., pennyweight; pennyweights. 

q. (quadrans), a farthing [Lat.]; quart; 
queen; quintal; quire. 

q. d. (quasi dicat), as if he should say. [Lat ] 

Q. E. D. (quod erat demonstrandum), which 
was to be demonstrated. [Lat.] 

Q. E. F. (quod erat faciendum), which was to 
be done. [Lat.] 
ql., quintal. 

q. 1. (quantum libet), as much as you please. 
[Lat.] 

Q. M., Quartermaster. 

Q. M. C., Quartermaster Corps. 

Q. M. G., Quartermaster General. 

q. p. (quantum placet), as much as you 
please. [Lat.] 

qr. (pi. qrs.), quarter; quire; (quadrans), a 
farthing [Lat.]. 

q. s. (quantum sufficit), a sufficient quantity. 
Also, quant, suff. [Lat.] 

qt. , quantity; (pi. qts.), quart. 

qu. , quart; quarterly; queen; query; 
question. 

Que., Quebec. Also, Q. 

q. v. (quantum vis), as much as you wall; 
(quod vide), which see. [Lat.] 

qy., query. 

r. (regina), queen; (rex), king [Lat.]; railroad; 
railway; rare; received; rector; resides; 
retired; right; river; rises; road; rod; 
royal. 

R. , rabbi; Radical; Reaumur; Republican; 
response. 

R. (recipe), take. [Lat.] 

R. A., Rear Admiral; Royal Academy; 
Rear Artillery; Regular Army, Royal 
Artillery. 

rad., radical; radix. 

ral- (rallentando), slackening. [It.] 

R. A. M., Royal Academy of Music; Royal 
Arch Mason. 

R. A. M. C., Royal Army Medical Corps. 
Rb, rubidium. 

R. C., Red Cross; Roman Catholic. 

it. C. A., Reformed Church in America. 

S. C. P., Royal College of Physicians (Lon¬ 
don). 

it. C. S., Royal College of Surgeons (London). 
R. D., Royal Dragoons. 


re., rupee. . „ 

R. E., Reformed Episcopal; Right Excellent* 
Royal Engineers. 

Reaum., Reaumur. 

rec., receipt; recipe; record; recorded, 

recorder, 
rccd., received, 
rec. sec., recording secretary, 
rect., receipt; rector; rectory. 

ref. , referee; reference; referred; reforma' 
tion; reformed. 

Ref. Ch., Reformed Church. 

reg. , regent; region; register; registered; 
registry; regular. 

Reg. (Regina), queen. [Lat.] 

Reg. Prof., Regius Professor. 

Regt., Regiment. 

rel., relating; relative; relatively; religion: 
religious. 

rep., repeat; report; reporter; representa¬ 
tive; republic. 

Rep., Republican. Also, Repub. 
repub., republic, 
retd., returned. 

rev., revenue; reverse; revolution; revolu¬ 
tionary: review; revise; revises; revision. 
Rev., Revelation; Reverend. 

Rev. Ver., Revised Version, 
r. f., rapid-fire. 

R. F. A., Royal Field Artillery. 

R. F. C., Royal Flying Corps. 

3t. F. D., Rural Free Delivery. 

R. G. S., Royal Geographical Society. 

Rh, rhodium, 
r. h., right hand. 

R. H., Royal Highlanders; Royal Highness. 
R. II. A., Royal Horse Artillery, 
rhet., rhetoric; rhetorical. 

R. H. S., Royal Historical Society. 

R. I., Rhode Island (official). 

R. I. P. (requiescat in pace), may he rest in 
peace. [Lat.] 

rit. (ritardando), retarding. Also, ritard. 
[It.] 

r? ten. (ritenuto), abruptly slackened. [It.] 
riv., river. 

R. M., Resident [Magistrate; Royal Mail; 
Royal Marines. 

R. M. A., Royal Military Academy; Royal 
[Military Asylum; Royal Marine Artillery. 
R. M. S., Royal Mail Steamer. 

R. N., Royal Navy. 

R. N. A. S., Royal Naval Air Service. 

R. N. W. M. P., Royal Northwest Mounted 
Police, 
ro., rood. 

Robt., Robert. 

Rom., Roman; Romance; Romans. 

Rom. Cath., Roman Catholic. 

R. O. T. C., Reserve Officers’ Training Camp 

(or Corps). 

R. P., Regius Professor; Reformed Presby¬ 
terian. 

R. P. D. (Rerum Politicarum Doctor), 
Doctor of Political Science. [Lat.] 

R. P. E., Reformed Protestant Episcopal, 
r. p. m., revolutions per minute. 

R. P. O., Railroad Post Office, 
rpt., report. 

R. R., railroad. 

Rs., rupees. 

R. S., Recruiting Service. 

R. S., Recording Secretary; Revised Statutes 
R. S. M., Regimental Sergeant Major. 

R. S. V. P. (repondez s’il vous plait), reply. If 
you please. [Fr.] 

Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev., Right Reverend. 

Russ., Russia; Russian. Also, Rus. 

R. V., Revised Version. 

R. V. O.. Royal Victorian Order. 

R. YV., Right Worshipful; Right Worthy. 





813 


Abbreviations Used in 


Ry.» railway 
S, sulphur. 

S., Saint; Saturday; Saxon; school; senate; 
September; . Socialist; Society; (Socius), 
Fellow [Lat.] ; South; Southern; Sunday. 
S., section: see; series; shilling; signed; 
singular; son; soprano; stem; sun; sur¬ 
plus. Also. S. 

S. A., Salvation Army; South Africa; South 
America; South Australia. 

S. A.» Small-arms. 

Sab., Sabbath. 

S. Air., South Africa; South African. 

Salv., Salvador. 

Sam., Samaritan; Samuel. 

S. Amer., South America; South American. 

Also, S. Am. 

San. C., Sanitary Corps. 

Sans., Sanskrit. Also, Skr., Skrt., Ski. 

S. A. R., Sons of the American Revolution; 

South African Republic. 

Sar., Sardinia; Sardinian. 

Sask., Saskatchewan. 

Sat., Saturday. 

S. A. T. C., Students’ Army Training Corps. 
Sax., Saxon; Saxony. 

Sb (stibium), antimony. [Lat.] 

S. R„ Bachelor of Science. 

Sc, scandium. 

sc. (scilicet), namely; (sculpsit), he, or she, 
carved it [Lat.]; scene; science; scruple. 
Sc., Scotch; Scottish, 
s. c., small capitals. Also, s. taps. 

S. C„ South Carolina; Staff Corps; Supreme 
Court; Signal Corps. 

Scans!., Scandinavia; Scandinavian. 

S. C. A. S., Signal Corps Aviation School. 

sch. , scholium; schooner. 

sci. , science; scientific. 

sell, (scilicet), namely. Also, sc. [Lat.] 

S. C. M., Summary Court-Martial. 

Scot., Scotch; Scotland; Scottish, 
scr., scruple. 

Script., Scripture. 

sculp, (sculpsit), he, or she, carved it [Lat.]; 
sculptor. 

s. d. (sine die), indefinitely. [Lat.] 

S. Dak., South Dakota (official). Also, S. D. 
Se, selenium. 

S. E., Southeast. 

sec. (secundum), according to [Lat.]; secant; 

second; secretary; section. 

Sec. Leg., Secretary of Legation, 
sect., section, 
secy., secretary, 
sem., semicolon. 

Sem.» Seminary; Semitic. 

Sen., Senate; Senator; Senior. 

Sen. Doc., Senate Document. 

Sep., September; Septuagint. Also, Sept- 
ser., series; sermon. 

Serg., Sergeant. Also, Sergt., Sgt. 
serv., servant. 

sfz. (sforzando), forced. Also, sf. [It.] 
s. g., specific gravity. 

S. G., Solicitor-general. 

Sgt. Maj., Sergeant Major. Also, S. M. 
Sh., share; shilling; shillings. Also, sb. 

Si, silicon. 

S. I., Sandwich Island; Staten Island. 

Sib., Siberia; Siberian. 

Sic., Sicilian; Sicily, 
sin, sine, 
sing., singular. 

S. J„ Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C., Supreme Judicial Court. 

Skrt., Sanskrit. Also, Ski., Sans., Skr. 

S. Lat., South latitude. 

Slav., Slavic; Slavonic, 
sld* sailed. 

sm. c„ small capitals. Also, sm. caps. 

Sin, samarium. 


Writing and Printing 


S. M., short meter. 

S. M. E. (Sancta Mater Ecclesia), Holy 
Mother Church. [Lat.] 

Sn (stannum), tin. [Lat.] 

Sn. Col., Sanitary Column. 

S- 0„„ seller’s option. Also, s. ©. 

5. ©„, Staff Officer; Signal Officer; Special 
Order. 

S. ©. Society of Organized Charity. 

See. IsL, Society Islands. 

S. of S©1„ Song of Solomon, 
sop., soprano. 

S. O. S., send out succor. Also, SOS, Serv¬ 
ice of Supplies, 
sov., sovereign. 

sp., species; specimen; spelling; spirit, sea¬ 
port. 

Sp., Spain; Spaniard; Spanish. 

s. p. (sine prole), without issue. [Lat.J 

Span., Spanish. 

S. P. C. A., Society for Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals. 

S. P. C. C-, Society to Protect Children from 
Cruelty. 

specif., specifically. 

sp. gr., specific gravity. 

S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusque Romanus), 
the Senate and People of Rome. [Lat.] 
spt., seaport. Also, sp. 

Sq., Squadron. 

sq. (sequens), the following one [Lat.]; 
square. 

sq. in., square inch, 
sq. ill., square mile. 

sqq. (sequentes, sequentia), the following 
ones. [Lat.] 

Sr, strontium. 

Sr., Sir; Senior. 

S. R. C.» Signal Reserve Corps. 

ss. (scilicet), namely; (semis), half. [Lat.] 

S. S., Steamship; Sunday School. 

S. S. D. (Sanctissimus Dominus), Most Holy 
Lord. [Lat.] 

S. S. E., South-southeast. 

S. S. W., South-southwest. 

st. (stet), let it stand [Lat.]; stanza; stone; 
street. 

St., Saint; Saturday; Strait; Street, 
stat., statuary; statue; statutes. 

S. T. D. (Sacree Theologies Doctor), Doctor of 
Sacred Theology. [Lat.] 

Ste. (Sainte), Saint. [Fr.] 
ster., sterling. Also, stg. 

S. T. P. (Sacrse Theologies Professor), Pro¬ 
fessor of Sacred Theology. [Lat.] 
str., strait; steamer, 
stsm., statesman. 

Saab., Subaltern, 
sub]., subject; subjunctive, 
subsf., substantive; substitute, 
suit., suffix. 

Sun., Sunday. Also, Sund. 
sup. (supra), above [Lat.]; superior; super¬ 
lative; supine; supplement. 

Sup. C., Supreme Court. 

Sup. Col., Supply Column. 

Sup. O., Supply Officer, 
supp., supplement. 

Supt., Superintendent, 
surg., surgeon; surgery. 

Surg. Gen., Surgeon General. Also, S. G. 
surv., surveying; surveyor. 

s. v. (subverbo), under the word: (sub 
voce), under the title. [Lat.] 

S. V. (Sancta Virgo), Holy Virgin. [Lat.] 

S. W., Southwest. 

Sw., Sweden; Swedish. Also, Swed. 

Swltz., Switzerland. 

syn., synonym; synonymous. 

Syr., Syria; Syriac. 

t. , temperature; tenor; time; tome; ton; 
town: township; transitive. 








814 Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing 


T., Territory; Testament; Tuesday; Turkish. 
Ta. tantalum, 
tan, tangent. 

Tb, terbium. 

T. B., tuberculosis. [Coleoq.] 

T. C. N. A., Tank Corps, National Army. 

T. E-, Topographical Engineers, 
tech., technology. 

tel-, telegram; telegraph; telephone. 

Tenn., Tennessee (official), 
ter., terrace; territory. 

Test., Testament. 

Tetryl, tetranitromethylaniline. 

Teut., Teuton; Teutonic. 

Tex., Texas (official). 

Th, thorium. 

Th., Thomas; Thursday, 
theatr., theatrical. 

Theo., Theodore; Theodosia, 
theol., theological; theology, 
theolog., theologian. 

Theoph., Theophilus. 

Thess., Thessalonians. 

Tho., Thomas. Also, Thos. 

Thurs., Thursday. Also, Th. 

TI, titanium. 

1.1. d. (ter in die), three times a day. [Lat.] 
Tim., Timothy. 

Tit., Titus. 

Tl, thallium. 

T. M., True Mean. 

T. M. U., Trench Mortar Unit. 

T. N. T., trinitrotoluine or trinitrotoluol. Also, 
TNT. 

t. o., turn over. Also, T. O. 

T. O., Telegraph Office; Transport Officer. 

tp., township. Also, twp. 

tr., translated; translation; translator; 

transpose; treasurer; trustee, 
trav., travel; traveler, 
treas., treasurer; treasury, 
trib., tributary. 

trig., trigonometric; trigonometrical; trigo¬ 
nometry. 

Trin., Trinity, 
trop., tropic; tropical. 

T. S., Transport and Supply. 

T. T., telegraphic transfer. 

T. U., Trade Union. 

Tu, thulium. 

Tues., Tuesday. Also, Tu., T. 

Turk., Turkey; Turkish, 
typ., typographer; typographical; typog¬ 
raphy. 

U, uranium. 

U., uncle; upper. 

U. K., United Kingdom. 

ult. (ultimo), of the preceding month [Lat.]; 

ultimately. 

Unit., Unitarian. 

unlv., universally; university. 

Unlv., Universalist. 

U. of S. A., Union of South Africa. 

U. P. C., United Presbyterian Church. 

U. R., Uniform Regulations. 

Uru., Uruguay. 

U. S., Uncle Sam; United States. 

U. S. A., United States Army; United States 
of America. 

U. S. C., United States of Colombia. 

U. S. C. G., United States Coast Guard. 

U. S. M., United States Mail; United States 
Marine. 

U. S. M. A., United States Military Academy. 
U. S. N., United States Navy. 

U. S. N. A., United States Naval Academy. 
U. S. N. G., United States National Guard. 
U. S. P., United States Pharmacopoeia. Also, 
U. S. Pharm- 

U. S. R., United States Reserves. 

U. S. S., United States Senate; United 
States Ship (or Steamer). 


U. S. S. B. E. F. C., United States Shipping 
Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, 
usu., usual; usually. 

U. S. V., United States Volunteers. 

Ut., Utah. 

ut diet, (ut dictum), as said. [Lat.) 
ux. (uxor), wife. [Lat.] 

V, vanadium. 

v. (verte), turn over [Lat.]; (vide), see [Lat.j; 
(von), of [Ger.]; valve; verb; verse; ver¬ 
sion; versus; very; vicar; vice-; village; 
violin; vocative; volt; volts; volume. 

V., Victoria; Venerable; Viscount; Volunteers. 
Va., Virginia (official), 
v. a., verb active. 

V. A., Vicar Apostolic; Vice Admiral; Royal 
Order of Victoria and Albert, 
var., variant; variation; variety; various, 
var. lect. (varia lectio), different reading. 
[Lat.] 

Vat., Vatican. 

V. C., Veterinary Corps; Victoria Cross. 

V. D. M. (Verbi Dei Minister), Minister of the 
Word of God. [Lat.] 

Ven., Venerable; Venice. 

Venez., Venezuela, 
ver., verse; verses. 

Vet., Veterinary. 

V. G., Vicar General, 
v. i., verb intransitive. 

Vic., Victoria. 

vfd. (vide), see. [Lat.] 

vil., village. 

Vise., Viscount. 

viz. (videlicet), namely. [Lat.] 

V. M. D., Doctor of Veterinary' Medicine. 

v. n., verb neuter. 

voc., vocative. 

vocab., vocabulary^. 

vol. {pi. vols.), volume; volunteer. 

vol., volcano; volcanic. 

V. P., Vice-President, 
v. r., verb reflexive. 

V. Rev., Very r Reverend, 
vs., versus. 

v. s. (vide supra), see above. [Lat.J 

V. S., Veterinary' Surgeon. 

Vt., Vermont (official). 

v. t., verb transitive. 

Vul., Vulgate. 

w. , verses. 

V. V., vice versa. 

w., w'anting; week; wide; wife; with. 

W. , Wales; Washington; Wednesday; Welsh; 
West; Western. 

W. A., West Africa : Western Australia. 

W. A. A. C., Women's Army Auxiliary 
Corps (British Army'). 

Wash., Washington (official), 
w. b., warehouse book; water ballast; waser 
board; waybill. 

w. c., w'ater-closet; without charge. 

W. C. T. U., Woman’s Christian Temperance 
Union. 

W. D., War Department. Also, War D. 
Wed., Wednesday'. Also, We., W. 
w. I., wrong font, 
w. g., wire gauge. 

W. G. C., Worthy Grand Chaplain. 

W. G. M„ Worthy' Grand Master. 

W. I., West Indies; West Indians. Also, W. 

Ind. 

W. I. R., West Indian Regiment. 

WIs., Wisconsin (official). Also, Wise, 
wk., week. 

W. long.. West longitude. 

Wm.. William. 

W. M., Worshipful Master. 

W. N. W., West-northwest. 

W. O., Warrant Officer; War Office, 
wp., worship. 

W. P., Worthy Patriarch. 




815 


Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing 


W. S. W., West-southwest, 
weight. 

W. Va., West Virginia (official). 

Wyo., Wyoming (official). Also, Wy. 

X, the first letter, in the Greek, of Christos 
(Christ). 

X. , Xavier, Christian. 

Xmas., Christmas. 

Xn., Christian. Also, X. 

Xnty., Christianity. Also, Xty. 
y., yard; year. 

yd. (pi. yds.), yard. 

Y. M. C. A., Young Men’s Christian Asso¬ 
ciation. 

Y. M. Cath. A., Young Men’s Catholic Asso¬ 
ciation. 


Y. M. C. U., Young Men’s Christian Union. 
Y. M. H. A., Young Men’s Hebrew Associa¬ 
tion. 

Y. P. S. C. E., Young People’s Society of 
Christian Endeavor, 
yr. (pi. yrs.), year; younger; your. 

Y. YV. C. A., Young Women’s Christian 
Association. 

Y. YV. C. T. U., Young Women’s Christian 
Temperance Union. 

Zach., Zacharias; Zachary. 

Zeb., Zebadiah; Zebedee. 

Zecb., Zechariah. 

Zeph., Zephaniah. 

Zoo, Zoological Gardens. 

zool., zoological; zoologist; zoology. 





SYMBOLS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 


ASTRONOMICAL. 

© the Sun. Also Q. 

® the Moon; Monday. Also d D. 

9 New Moon. 

5 ) First Quarter. Also D. 

O Full Moon. Also ©. 

C Last Quarter. Also d 
5 Mercury; Wednesday. 

9 Venus; Friday. 

© the Earth. Also 0- 5. 
cf Mars; Tuesday. 

2/. Jupiter; Thursday, 
h Saturn; Saturday. 

3 Uranus. Also fjL 
Neptune. 

<£1 Comet. 

^ Fixed Star. Also 

FINANCIAL. 

$ dollar; dollars; as $1; $.">. 

0 cent; cents; as 10; 120. 

J shilling; shillings; as 1/6—Is. 6d. 

£ pound, pounds (sterling); as £l; 

It) pound, pounds (in weight); as 1 15; 2 lb. 
@ at; as gingham @ $.50 per yd. 

W per; as horses $100 head. 

% per cent; as interest 3%. 

a /c account; as Wm. Jones a /a with J. Brown. 

MATHEMATICAL. 

Relations of Quantities. 

+ plus, and, more; as 3+2—5. 

— minus, less; as 6—3=3. 

± plus or minus; as the square root of 4 is±2. 
v multiplied by; as 6X2=12. 

— divided by; as 6=2=3. 

> is greater than; as C>5. 

< is less than; as 5<6. 

: is to; as 6:3! 18:4. 

I ’ as; as 6:3.* f8:4. 

Z angle; as Z ABC= ZCEF. 

V the square root; as ) A J=3. 

0 degrees; as 30°. 

' minutes of arc; as 30'. 

” seconds of arc; as 30". 

MEDICAL. 

R take. 

S mark: preceding directions for taking 
medicine, 
tb pound. 

5 ounce. 

3 dram. 

9 scruple. 

X|| minim. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

& and; as Smith & Co. 

etc. and the rest; and so forth. 

R response: used in church service books. 

X cross: made in lieu of a signature by per¬ 
sons unable to write. Also +. 

4to. quarto; four leaves to a sheet. Also 4°. 

8vo. octavo; eight leaves to a sheet. Also 8°. 
12mo. duodecimo; twelve leaves to sheet. 
Also 12°. 

< derived from: in giving etymologies. 

> whence is derived: in giving etymologies. 

b/l bill of lading. 

c/o care of. 

l/c letter of credit. 

' foot; feet; as a room 12' long. 

* inch; inches; as a 3" pipe, 
x by; as a room 12'xl5\ 

# number; numbered; as room #5. 

TYPOGRAPHICAL. 

, comma. 

; semicolon. 

: colon. 

. poriod. 

— dash. 

? interrogation. 

! exclamation. 

() parentheses. 

[ ] brackets. 

’ apostrophe. 

- hyphen; as pseudo-Tvaiser. 

' acute accent; as naivete. 

' grave accent; as a la mode. 

A broad, circumflex accent; as mattre. 

~ circumflex, tilde. Also -*>; as canon. 

-long accent; macron; as date (dat). 
w short; breve; as pet (p<5t). 

• • diaeresis; as naivete. 

, cedilla; as gargon. 

a 

A caret; as m n. 

A 

“ ” quotation marks; as “blessed.” 

{ } brace. 

* * * ellipsis; as John ** * book. 

. . . ellipsis; as John . . . book. 

—— ellipsis; as John-book. 

* asterisk : a mark of reference. 

t dagger, obelisk: a mark of reference. 
t double dagger: a mark of reference. 

§ section. 
f| parallel. 

If paragraph. 
dP" index. 

*** asterism: to direct attention to a par¬ 
ticular passage. Also ***. 


t 


816 




POPULATION AND LANGUAGES. «n 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AT EACH CENSUS. 

From 1790 to 1910.* 


■ States and Territories. 

1820 1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

i860. 

Alabama. 

Alaska. 

127,901 

309,527 

590,756 

771,623 

964,201 

Arizona. 






Arkansas. 

California. 

14.255 

30,388 

97,574 

209,897 

97,597 

435,450 
* 379,994 
34.277 
460,147 
4,837 
112,216 
75,080 

140,424 

1,057,286 

Colorado. 




Connecticut. 

Dakota. 

275,148 

297,675 

309,978 

’ 78,085 

43,7X2 

54-477 

691,392 

390,792 

91,532 

51,687 

87,445 

906,185 

Delaware. 

District of Columbia. 

Florida. 

72,749 

32.039 

76,748 

39,834 

34-730 

516,823 

Georgia. 

340,985 

Hawaii.. 

Idaho. 


157,445 

343,031 

476,183 

685,866 

851,470 

988,416 

i,7H,95i 

1,350.428 

Illinois. 

55,162 

147,178 

Indiana. 

Indian Territory 

Iowa. 



43,112 

192,214 

674,913 

107,206 

1,155,684 

708,002 

628,279 

687,049 

1,231,066 

749,H3 

172,023 

791,305 

1,182,012 

Kansas . 



Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

564,135 

152,923 

298,269 

407,350 

523.159 

8,765 

75,448 

66,557 

687,917 

215,739 

309.455 
447,040 
610,408 

31,639 

136,621 

140.455 

779,828 

352,411 

501,703 

470,019 

737,699 

212,267 

982,405 

517,762 

583,169 

583,034 

994,514 

397,654 

6,077 

606,526 

682,044 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota 

Mississippi. 

375,651 

383,702 

Missouri. 







28,841 

6,857 

326,073 

672,035 

93,516 

3,880,735 

992,622 

2,339,5H 






New Hampshire. 

244,022 

277,426 

269,328 

320,823 

284,574 

373,306 

317,976 

489,555 

6 i ,547 

3,097,394 

869,039 

New Jersey. 


New York. 

1,372,111 

638,829 

1,918,608 

737,987 

2,428,921 

753,419 

North Carolina. 


Ohio. 

581,295 

937,903 

1,519,467 

1,980,329 






13.294 

2,311,786 

147,545 

668,507 

52,465 

2,906,215 

174,620 

703,708 

Pprmsy! vania. 

1,047,507 

83,015 

502,741 

1,348.233 

97,199 

581,185 

1,724,033 

108,830 

594,398 

Fhnde. Island. 

South Carolina. 


Tennessee. 

422,771 

681,904 

829,210 

1,002,717 

212,592 

11,380 

314,120 

1,421,661 

1,109,801 

604.215 

40,273 

315,098 

1,596,318 

11,594 


Utah . 




Vermont.. 

235,966 

1,065,116 

280,652 

1,211,405 

291,948 

1,239,797 

Virginia. 










30,945 

305,391 

775,881 




Total. 






9,6.33,822 

12,866,020 

17,069,453 

23,191,876 

31,443,321 



-See page 819< 






































































































































































POPULATION AND LANGUAGES. 


818 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES—Continued. 


States and Territories. 


Alabama. 

Alaska. 

Arizona. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecticut. 

Dakota.. 

Delaware. 

District of Columbia 

Florida.. 

Georgia. 

Hawaii. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Indian Territory.. .. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri.* 

Montana. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada. 

New Hampshire... . 

New Jersey. 

New Mexico. 

New York. 

North Carolina. 

North Dakota. 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Dregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Rhode Island. 

South Carolina. 

South Dakota...... 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington.... 

West Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming.. 

Total.. 


1880. 


1890. 


1900. 


1910. 


1870. 


996,992 


9.658 

484,471 

560,247 

39,864 

537,454 

14,181 

125,015 

131,700 

187,748 

1,184,109 


14,999 

2,539.891 

1,680,637 


1,194,020 

364,399 

1,321,011 

726.915 

626.915 
780,894 

i,457,35i 

1,184,059 

439,706 

827,922 

1,721,295 

20,595 

122,993 

42,491 

318,300 

906,096 

91,874 

4,382,759 

1,071,361 


2,665,260 


90,923 

3,521,951 

217,353 

705,606 


1,258,520 

818,579 

86,786 

330,551 

1,225,163 

23,965 

442,014 

1,054,670 

9,118 


38,558,371 


1,262,595 

* 

40,440 
802,525 
864,694 
194.327 
622,700 
135.177 
146,608 
177,624 
269,493 
1,542,180 


32,610 

3,077.871 

1,978,301 


1,624,615 

996,096 

1,648,690 

939.946 

648,936 

934.943 

1,783,085 

1,636,937 

780,773 

1,131,597 

2,168,380 

39,159 

452,402 

62,266 

346,991 

1,131,116 

119,565 

5,082,871 

1,399,750 


3,198,062 


174.768 

4,282,891 

276,531 

995,577 


1.542,359 

1,591,749 

143,963 

332,286 

1,512,565 

75,n6 

618,457 

1,315.497 

20,789 


50,155,783 


1,513.017 

* 

59,620 

1,128,179 

1,208,130 

419,198 

746,258 

168,493 

230,392 

391,422 

1,837,353 


84,385 

3,826,351 

2,192,404 

* 

1,911,896 

1,427,096 

1,858,635 

1,118,587 

661,086 

1,042,390 

2,238,943 

2,093,889 

1,301,826 

1,289,600 

2,679,184 

132,159 

1,058,910 

45,761 

376,530 

1,444,933 

153,593 

5,997,853 

1,617,947 

182,719 

3,672,316 

61,834 

313,767 

5,258,014 

345,506 

1,151,149 

328,808 

1,767,518 

2,235,523 

207,905 

332,422 

1,655,980 

349,390 

762,704 

1,686,880 

60,705 


62,622,250 


1,828,697 

63,592 

122,931 

1,311,564 

1,485,053 

539,700 

908,420 

184,735 

278,718 

528,542 

2,216,331 

154.001 

161,772 

4,821,550 

2,516,462 

392,060 

2,231,853 

1,470,495 

2,147,174 

1,381,625 
694,466 
1,188,044 
2,805,346 
2,420,982 
1,751,394 
1,551.270 
3,106,665 
* 243.329 
1,066,300 
42,335 
411,588 
1,883,669 
195,310 
7,268,894 
1,893,810 
319,146 
4.157,545 
398,331 
413.536 
6,302,115 
428,556 
1,340,316 

401,570 

2,020,616 

3,048,710 

276,749 

343.641 

1,854,184 

518,103 

958,800 

2,069,042 

92,531 


176,303,387 


2,138,093 

64,356 

204,354 

1,574,449 

2,377,549 

799,024 

1,114,756 


202,322 

331,069 

752,619 

2,609,121 

191,909 

325,594 

5,638,591 

2,700.876 


2,224,771 

1,690,949 

2,289,905 

1,656,388 

742,371 

1,294,450 

3,366,416 

2,810,173 

2,075,708 

i,797,H4 

3,203,335 

376,053 

1,192,214 

81,875 

430,572 

2,537,167 

327,396 

9,113,614 

2,206,287 

577,056 

4,767,121 

1.657,155 

672,765 

7,665,111 

542,674 

1,515,400 

583,888 

2,184,789 

3,896,542 

373,351 

355,956 

2,061,612 

1,141,990 

1,221,119 

2,333,860 

145,965 


§93,402,151 


Population for 1910 as above, includes the United States and specified dependencies 
(Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, military and naval persons abroad), but not other posses¬ 
sions. Taking the population of Philippine Islands by census of 1903, at 7,635,426, and 
adding estimates for the islands of Guam and Samoa and Canal Zone makes the total 
population of the United States and possessions about 101,100,000. 

* The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory are not included in the enume¬ 
ration of 1890. The population of Alaska in 1890 was 30,329; of the Indian Territory, 
179,321. Total population of the United States in 1890, 62,831,900. The inhabitants of 
Alaska were not included in the enumeration of 1880. The population was 33,426. 
Total population of the United States in 1880, 50,180,209. 

t Includes 91,219 persons in the military and naval service of the United States. 

§ Includes 55,608 persons in military and naval service, and also the population of 
Porto Rico. 






























































































POPULATION AND LANGUAGES. 


819 


Population Prior to 1790 (according to Bancroft) —1688, 200,000; 1714, 434,600; 
1727, 580,000; 1750, 1,260,000; 1754 . i>4 2 5.ooo; 1760, 1,695,000; 1770, 2,312,000; 

1780, 2,945,000 (2,383,000 white, 562,000 colored). 

Population; Census of 1790. — Connecticut, 237,946; Delaware. 59,096; Georgia, 
82,548; Kentucky, 73,677; Maine, t96,540; Maryland, 319,728; Massachusetts, 378,787- 
New Hampshire, 141,885; New Jersey, 184,139; New York, 340,120, North Carolina’ 
393 . 751 ; Pennsylvania, 434-373; Rhode Island, 68,825; South Carolina, 249,073’ 
Tennessee, 35.691; Vermont, 85,425; Virginia, 747,610. Total United States, 3,929’,2i4.’ 

Population; Census of 1800. — Connecticut, 251,002; Delaware, 64,273; District 
of Columbia, 14,093; Georgia, 162,686; Indiana, 5.641; Kentucky, 220,955; Maine, 
ti 5 i. 7 i 9 ; Maryland, 341,548; Massachusetts, 422,845; Mississippi, 8,850; New 
Hampshire, 183,858; New jersey, 211,149; New York, 589,051; North Carolina, 
478,103; Ohio, 45,365: Pennsylvania, 602,365; Rhode Island, 69,122; South Carolina, 
345.501; Tennessee, 105,602; Vermont, 154,465; Virginia, 880-200. Total United 
States, 5,308,483. 

Population; Census of 1810. —Connecticut, 261,942; Delaware, 72,674; District of 
Columbia, 24,023; Georgia, 252,433; Illinois, 12,282: Indiana, 24,520; Kentucky, 
406,511; Louisiana, 76,556; Maine, +228,705; Maryland, 380,546; Massachusetts, 
472,040; Michigan, 4,762; Mississippi. 40,352; Missouri, 20,845; New Hampshire, 
214,460; New Jersey, 245,562; New York, 959,049; North Carolina, 555,500; Ohio, 
230,760; Pennsylvania, 810,091; Rhode Island, 76,931; South Carolina, 415,115; Ten¬ 
nessee, 261.727; Vermont, 217,895; Virginia, 974.600. Total United States, 7,239,881. 
+Mame a part of Massachusetts until admitted in 1820. 


THE PRINCIPAL LANGUAGES OF THE HUMAN RACE. 


There are said to be 3.424 spoken languages or dialects in the world. 
These are distributed as follows: 

America.1,624 Asia.937 Europe.587 Africa.276 

The English language is spoken by more than 150,000,000 of people. 


The German 


“ 120,000,000 “ 

i i 

The Russian 

it ti ti it 

“ 90,000,000 “ 

it 

The French 

ti it it it 

“ 60,000,000 “ 

it 

The Spanish 

it it ti it 

“ 55,000,000 “ 

a 

The Italian 

it it it it 

“ 40,000,000 “ 

a 

The Portuguese “ 

it it it it 

“ 30,000,000 “ 

a 


The English language contains approximately 600,000 words. Of this 
total nearly one-half consists of scientific terminology seldom met outside of 
text-books and of archaic, obsolescent or obsolete terms. 

An examination of 100,000 words of the language shows them to comprise: 

60,000 words of Teutonic origin. 

30,000 words of Greek or Latin origin. 

10,000 words derived from other (miscellaneous) 
foreign sources. 

As regards the number of words in the principal other languages no esti¬ 
mate of any practical value has been made in recent years, but existing dic¬ 
tionaries show the following facts: 

The vocabulary of the largest dictionaries of the English Language aggre¬ 
gates approximately 425,000 words. 

The German word-book contains not more than 300,000 words including 
personal names. 

Grimm’s Dictionary of the German Language contains approximately 
150,000 words. 

Littre’s Dictionarv of the French Language contains approximately 


210,000 words. 

Dahl’s Dictionary of the Russian Language contains approximately 
140,000 words. 

Carlos de Ochoa’s Dictionary of the Spanish Language contains approxi¬ 
mately 120,000 words. 

Petrocchi’s Dictionary of the Italian Language contains approximately 

140,000 words. 


















820 


POPULATION AND LANGUAGES. 


FOREIGN LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS IN UNITED STATES. 

As an indication of the extent to which languages other than English are 
spoken in the United States, statistics show that in 1914, the year of the 
opening of the World War, the foreign language daily newspapers had a cir¬ 
culation of 2,600,000, as compared with 1,216,000. Following are the circulation 
figures of the principal groups: 

German: 823,000 daily circulation; 1,439,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Yiddish: 763,000 daily circulation; 157,500 circulation of weeklies. 

Italian: 270,000 daily circulation; 271,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Polish: 207,500 daily circulation; 384,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Hungarian: 103,000 daily circulation; 31,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Bohemian: 74,000 daily circulation; 76,000 circulation of weeklies. 

French: 52,000 daily circulation; 75,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Japanese: 40,000 daily circulation. 

Spanish: 28,000 daily circulation; 174,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Swedish: 728,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Norwegian: 173,000 circulation of weeklies. 

Of the foreign-language daily newspapers in the United States, New York 
published the greatest number, 234; the other States publishing over 50 dailies 
were: ^Pennsylvania, 224; Illinois,184; Ohio, 181; California, 178; Indiana, 
160; Texas, 107; Massachusetts, 93; Missouri, 89; Michigan, 80; Kansas, 69; 
Iowa, 68; Wisconsin, 66; Oklahoma, 59; Minnesota, 51. 

Of the foreign-language weeklies in the United States, New York published 
103; the States publishing 30 and over were: Illinois, 93; Pennsylvania, 79; 
Ohio, 62; Wisconsin, 53; Minnesota, 45; Texas, 40; Iowa, 35; Massachusetts, 
35; Nebraska, 33; Michigan 32; New Jersey, 30. 

At the end of 1919 there were 250 periodicals (dailies, weeklies and monthlies; 
religious and secular) published in the German language in the United States; 
in the Spanish language there were 150 periodicals published in the United 
States, Porto Rico and the Philippines; in the French language there were 
150 periodicals published in the United States and Canada; in the Italian 
language there were 100 periodicals published in the United States; in the 
Polish language, 75; in Swedish, 57; in Yiddish, 37; in Norwegian and 
Danish, 50. 




DICTIONARY OF NAMES OF IMPORTANT PERSONS 
PLACES, BUILDINGS, MONUMENTS, PERIODS, 
ETC.; ALSO SIGNIFICANT WORDS AND 
PHRASES FREQUENTLY MET 
WITH IN LITERATURE 


A 

Ab derite. A scoffer; from Ab- 
dera, where Democritus lived. 

Abraham’s Bosom. The rest of 
the blessed dead. Luke xiv. 22 . 

Abyla. One of the “Pillars of 
HerculesCalpe being the other. 

Academics. The disciples of 
Plato, so called from the acad¬ 
emy. 

Academy (Academia). A gym¬ 
nasium in the suburbs of Athens, 
where Plato founded his school, 
368 b. c. 

Academy, The French. Acadd- 
mie Francaise.) One of the five 
academies constituting the French 
Institute; founded by Richelieu; 
deals with the French language, 
and consists of 40 members. 

Acadia. The former name of 
Nova Scotia. 

Adam’s Apple. Fabled to be 
caused by a piece of forbidden 
fruit sticking in the throat. 

Admirable Crichton, The. 

James Crichton, a Scotch prodigy 
of the 16 th century. Hence a 
person of great accomplishments. 

.2Eneid. Virgil’s epic poem, of 
which A 3 n£as is the hero. 

Ages. According to Hesiod there 
were five ages of the world, the 
Golden, the Silver, the Brazen, 
the Heroic, and the Iron. 

Agnus Dei. The Lamb of God. 
A cake stamped with the figure of 
a lamb, given out by the Pope on 
the Sunday after Easter. 

Aladdin’s Window (To finish). 
To try to finish something left un¬ 
finished by a great man. One win¬ 
dow in Aladdin’s palace was left 
for the Sultan to finish, but his 
treasure gave out. 

Albany Regency. Nickname of 
a set of able Democratic politi¬ 
cians, 60 years ago, at Albany, 
N. Y. 

Albion. England. Said to mean 
the chalk cliffs. (Albus, white.) 

Aldine Press. Founded by Al¬ 
dus Manutine, at Venice, 1496 . 


Hence came the famous Aldine 
editions. 

Alexandrian Library. Found¬ 
ed by Ptolemy Soter, at Alexan¬ 
dria, Egypt. Contained 100,000 
volumes. Burned 47 b. c. 

Alexandrine Age. 323 - 640 , 
when Alexandria was the seat of 
the highest culture. 

Alhambra. Palace and fortress 
of the Moors at Granada, Spain. 

All Souls’ Day. Nov. 2 . Day of 
prayer for souls in Purgatory. 

Allah. (“The A d o r a b 1 e.”) 
Arabic name of God. 

Almack’s. Once a famous Lon¬ 
don assembly-room where balls 
were given of the most exclusive, 
aristocratic character. 

Almighty Dollar. A phrase 
from Irving’s Creole Village. 

Alsatia. The Whitefriars (Lon¬ 
don) refuge for criminals. 

Alto-Relievo. (High relief.) 
Figures in marble, etc., cut so as 
to project one-half or more from 
the tablet. 

Ambrosia. The food of the gods. 

Amuck, To run amuck. Run 

foul of. Malays, drunk with 
opium, run about, armed with dag¬ 
gers, shouting “Amuck” (kill). 

Anacreontics. Verses in praise 
of love or wine, after Anacreon. 

Ancient Regime. The French 
Government before the Revolu¬ 
tion. 

Angelic Doctor, The. Thomas 

Aqufnas. 

Angelris, The. A prayer to the 
Virgin, recited thrice a day. 

Angling, The Father of. Izaak 
Walton, so called from his famous 
book on angling. 

Annunciation, Day of. Festi¬ 
val, celebrated March 25 th, the 
day the angel announced to the 
Virgin that she would bear Our 
Lord. 

Annus Mirabilis. (Wonderful 
Year.) 1666 . Plague, fire of 
London, and English victory over 
the Dutch. 


821 




Ant 


822 


Bil 


Anthony, Saint. St. Anthony’s 

Fire. Erysipelas. 

Antoninus, The Wall of. Turf 
entrenchment across Scotland 
from the Clyde to the Frith of 
Forth, built by the Romans 140 . 

Apollo Belvedere. A marble 
statue of Apollo in the Belvedere 
Gallery of the Vatican at Rome. 

Appian Way. Oldest of the Ro¬ 
man roads, from Rome to C&pua. 

Apples of Sodom. Lovely fruit, 
but within full of ashes. 

Arabesque. Moorish (Arabic) 
patterns in decoration. 

Arcadian. A shepherd ; belong¬ 
ing to shepherds. So called from 
the Greek country Arcadia, a pas¬ 
toral region. 

Arch of Triumph. At the west 
end of the Champs Elysees, Paris, 
116 ft. high, 145 wide. Begun by 
Napoleon. 

Argo. The ship in which Jason 
went after the golden fleece. 

Argonauts. The heroes who 
sailed in the Argo. 

Argus-eyed. Extremely watch¬ 
ful. Juno, jealous of Io. had her 
watched by the hundred-eyed Ar¬ 
gus. 

Arians. Disciples of Arius ; main¬ 
tained that the Father and Son 
are distinct beings. 

Armada, The Spanish. Fleet 
collected by Philip of Spain, in 
1588 , to conquer England. 

Artesian Well. From Artois in 
France, where wells of this kind 
were first dug. 

Aryans. Tne originators of the 
Indo-European peoples. 

Athens, The Modern. 1 . Edin¬ 
burgh. 2 . Boston. 

Augustan Age. The palmiest 
period of a literature: the best 
days of Roman literature being 
under Augustus. 

Auld Reekie. (Old Smoky.) 

, Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Avalon. Burial place of King 
Arthur; said to be Glastonbury. 

Ayrshire Poet, The. Burns, 
who was born near Ayr, Scotland. 

B 

Barnburners. A name once 
given to radical Democrats. 

Babylonish Captivity. The 70 
years’ captivity of the Jews at 
Babylon, 608-538 b. c. 

Baconian Philosophy. The in¬ 
ductive philosophy of Lord Bacon. 


Balmoral Castle. A Scotch 

castle owned by Queen Victoria. 

Bank of England. In Thread- 
needle Street, London. Founded 
1694 . Sometimes called “The 
Old Lady of Threadneedle Street.” 

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, 
from Stratford-on-Avon. 

Barleycorn, John. Malt liquor. 

Barmecide’s Feast. An illusion. 
Barmecide asked a starving beggar 
to dinner, and set empty dishes be¬ 
fore him. (Arabian Nights.) 

Basilisk. A serpent supposed to 
“look people dead.” 

Basso-Relievo. Figures cut on 
marble, etc., projecting a little. 

Bastile. French prison and for¬ 
tress, destroyed by the mob, 1789 . 

Battle of the Books. A satire 
by Swift on the comparative mer¬ 
its of ancient and modern litera¬ 
ture. 

Battery, The. A park in New 

York city adjoining the river. 

Beacon Street. The aristocratic 
residence street of Boston. 

Beauty and the Beast. A fairy 

tale. Beauty lives with the Beast 
to save her father’s life. Beast, 
disenchanted by love, is made a 
handsome prince. 

Bedlam (Bethlehem). A lunatic 

asylum. 

Bee, the Attic. Plato, from his 

sweet style. 

Beelzebub. God of flies; a Phil¬ 
istine deity. 

Begging the question. Assum¬ 
ing as true what you are to prove. 

Belle France, La (Fair France). 
A general name of France. 

Belgravia. Fashionable quarter 
of London. 

Bell the Cat. An old mouse pro¬ 
posed that a bell should be hung 
upon the cat’s neck to apprise the 
mice of her coming; a young 
mouse inquired, “Who will put the 
bell on?” 

Bell, The Passing. Rung for¬ 
merly when persons were dying. 

Beloved Disciple. St. John. 

Bess, Good Queen. Queen Eliz¬ 
abeth. 

Bibliotlieque Nationale. (Na¬ 
tional Library.) At Paris, con¬ 
tains over 1 , 000,000 books, 150 ,- 
000 manuscripts, etc. 

Billingsgate. Coarse language, 
such as is used by the fishwomen 
of Billingsgate, the London fish 
market. 





Bla 


823 


Cat 


Black Death. A contagious, pu¬ 
trid typhus, which desolated Eu¬ 
rope, Asia, and Africa in the 14 th 
century. 

Black Friday. Sept 26 , 1869 ; 
financial panic in Wall street, 
New York. 

Black Hole. Dark cell in Cal¬ 
cutta prison where Surajah Dow- 
lah shut up 146 British soldiers; 
only 23 lived till morning. 

Black Prince. Edward, Prince 
of Wales, son of Edward III. 

Black Republicans. A satirical 
name given the Republican party 
in the United States, from its op¬ 
position to the extension of slav¬ 
ery. 

Blarney Stone. In Blarney 
Castle, near Cork, Ireland. Sup¬ 
posed to impart fluent powers of 
speech to whoever kisses it. 

Bluebeard. A legendary wife¬ 
killing tyrant; a sort of Henry 
VIII. 

Blue Laws. A nickname of early 
severe New^ England statutes. 

Blue Stocking. A female ped¬ 
ant ; so called from a literary 
society at Venice in 1400 , whose 
members wore blue stockings. 

Bohemian. An artist or literary 
man living loosely by his wits. 

Bois de Bologne. A Paris prom¬ 
enade. 

Border, The. The frontiers of 
England and Scotland. 

Border Minstrel, The. Sir 

Walter Scott. 

Border States. Maryland, Dela¬ 
ware, Virginia, Kentucky, Mis¬ 
souri. 

Bourgeoisie. French tradesmen 
and manufacturers as a class. 

Boulevard. A wide street or 
promenade. 

Bourse. The Parisian Stock Ex¬ 
change. 

Bloody Mary. Queen Mary of 
England; so called on account of 
her bloodthirsty persecution of 
English Protestants. 

Bow Bells. A set of bells in St. 
Mary-le-Bow Church, London. A 
person “born within sound of 
Bow Bells” is a cockney. 

Bowery, The. A New York thor¬ 
oughfare of the lower classes. 

Boycott. To refuse to have any¬ 
thing to do with. Boycott, an 
Irish landlord, was so treated in 
1881 , 


Brandy Nose. A nickname of 
Queen Anne of England. 
Breeckes Bible. An edition in 
which aprons, in Genesis iii. 7, is 
rendered “breeches.” 

Bride of the Sea. Venice. 
Bridge of Sighs. In Venice, 

Italy. Connects Doge’s palace 
and state prisons. The condemned 
passed over it to be executed. 
British Museum. A famous 

library and museum of London. 
Broadway. The principal busi¬ 
ness street of New York city. 
Brook Farm. A socialistic com¬ 
munity founded at West Rox- 
bury. Mass., 1841 , to carry out the 
idea of Fourierism. 

Brother Jonathan. America, 
an American. Said to be derived 
from Jonathan Trumbull, Gov¬ 
ernor of Connecticut, of whom 
Washington would say, “We must 
consult Brother Jonathan.” 
Buncombe or Bunkum. Clap¬ 
trap eloquence. Said to come 
from Buncombe county, in North 
Carolina. A North Carolina 
member said a fiery speech of his 
was not intended for the House, 
but for Buncombe. 

Bunker Hill Monument. A 
granite obelisk on Bunker (once 
Breed’s) Hill, Charlestown, Mass., 
marking the site of the battle be¬ 
tween the British and Americans, 
June 17 , 1775 . 

C 

Cachet, Lettres de. (Sealed 
letters.) Blank warrants with 
the French King’s seal, to free 
from, or imprison in, the Bastile. 
Caledonia. A poetical name for 
Scotland. 

Campagna. (The country.) The 
plain around the city of Rome. 
Carbonari. Italian secret po¬ 
litical society, organized in 1820 . 
Carmagnole. Song and dance in 
the French Revolution. 
Cartesian Philosophy. (Des¬ 
cartes.) “I think, therefore I 
am.” 

Castle Garden. The former 
landing-place of emigramts, New 
York city; now replaced by an 
aquarium. 

Catacombs. The subterranean 
burial-places in Alexandria, 
Egypt; also in Rome, used by the 
early Christians. 




Cav 


824 


Def 


Cavalier Servente. The escort 
of a married woman. 

Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Chris¬ 
tian martyr; patroness of music. 

Celestial Empire. China, whose 
first emperors were all divinities. 
Champs de Mars. A field in 
Paris for military maneuvers. 
Champs Elysees. A promenade 
in Paris, 1 % miles long. 

Charter Oak. A tree in Hart¬ 
ford, Conn., in which the Colonial 
Charter was secreted in 1688 . 
Blown down in 1856 . 
Chauvinism. Narrow-minded 
braggart patriotism; from Chau- 
vin, a character of Scribe’s. 
Chiltern Hundreds, To accept 
the. To resign one’s seat in Par¬ 
liament. An English member of 
Parliament resigns his seat by 
taking office. Stewardship of the 
Chiltern Hundreds is a sinecure 
for this purpose. 

Christ Church. The largest col¬ 
lege in the University of Oxford ; 
a famous old church in Philadel¬ 
phia, attended by Washington 
when President. 

Cid, The. Don Roderigo Laynez, 
Court of Bivar. a Spanish hero. 
Cincinnati, The. A society 
founded by American Revolu¬ 
tionary officers. 

Citizen King, The. Louis Phil¬ 
ippe of France. 

Civil War. The English war be¬ 
tween king and parliament, 1642 - 
45 . The American war between 
North and South, 1861 - 65 . 
Cockaigne, Land of. An imagin¬ 
ary land of pleasure and laziness. 
Colossus of Rhodes. A brass 
statue at Rhodes, 126 feet high. 
Columbia. Poetical name of the 
United States, from Columbus. 
Column of Vendor™ e. (Co- 
lonne Vendome.) Stone pillar 
in Paris, erected by Napoleon; 
razed by the Commune in 1871 , 
but reerected. 

Confederate States. The 11 

States which seceded in 1861 , viz., 
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. 
Congressional Library. At 
Washington, largest in United 
States. 

Consols. English public securi¬ 
ties at 3 per cent. 


Copperheads. Northern sym¬ 
pathizers with the South in the 
American Civil War. 

Corncrackers, The. Kentuck¬ 
ians. 

Corn Law Rhymer, The. Eben- 

ezer Elliott. 

Corso. (The Course.) The chief 
thoroughfare of Rome. 

Crapaud (a toad), Johnny. A 
Frenchman. The ancient device 
of French royalty was three toads 
(subsequently the fleur de lys). 

Credit Mobilier. A company au¬ 
thorized to do a stock-jobbing 
business. The American C. M. 
in connection with the Pacific rail¬ 
roads was famous in 1873 . 

Crocodile Tears. Hypocritical 
grief. The crocodile was fabled to 
weep as it ate its victim. 

Cumberland. A United States 
vessel sunk by the Confederate 
ram Merrimac in Hampton Roads, 
March 8, 1862 . Went down with 
colors flying, firing a broadside as 
she sunk. 

Curfew Bell. A bell rung at 
sunset in the time of William I. 
and II. in England, to order fires 
and candles to be put out. 

D 

Damocles’ Sword. Presentiment 
of evil. Dionysius the Elder, ty¬ 
rant of Syracuse, invited his flat¬ 
terer Damocles to a splendid feast, 
but hung over his head a sword 
dangling by a single hair. 

Darby and Joan. An affection¬ 
ate married couple. From a bal¬ 
lad. 

Dartmoor Prison, in Devonshire, 

England. A prison of war. 

Darwinian Theory. A theory 
proposed by Charles Darwin in 
his Origin of Species; the differ¬ 
ent species came from one or a 
few original forms, present dif¬ 
ferences being the result of de¬ 
velopment and natural selection. 

De Profundis (Out of the 
depths). The first two words of 
the Latin version of the 130 th 
Psalm. Sung at burials. 

Debatable Ground. Land on 
the western border of Scotland, 
disputed between Scotland and 
England. 

Defender of the Faith. Title 

given by Pope Leo X. to Henry 
VIII. of England. 




Die 


825 


Fat 


Dies Irae. (Day of wrath.) First 
two words of a celebrated medi¬ 
aeval hymn by Thomas of Celano. 
Directory, The French. ± 5 y the 
constitution of 1795 the executive 
power was vested in five directors. 
It lasted four years only. 

Dixie. The Land of Dixie. 

The Southern States. 

Doctors’ Commons. Where the 
Ecclesiastical Court sat in Lon¬ 
don. 

Doctrinaire. An impracticable 
politician. First applied to the 
French Constitutional Monarch¬ 
ists, of whom Guizot was one. 
Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff 
in ejectment; Doe versus Roe. 
Doomsday Book. A book con¬ 
taining the value of all English 
estates in the reign of William 
the Conqueror. 

Donnyhrook Fair. A once cele¬ 
brated annual fair near Dublin. 

Donay Bible, The. The Eng¬ 
lish Bible authorized by the Ro¬ 
man Catholic Church. First pub¬ 
lished at Douay, France. 
Downing Street, in London. The 
official residence of the Prime 
Ministers has been situated there 
since the time of Sir Robert Wal¬ 
pole. 

Drachenfels (Dragon Rock). 
A castle on a mountain of the 
same name, high above the Rhine, 
not far from Bonn. 

Drury Lane Theater. A Lon¬ 
don playhouse, opened in 1668 . 
Dunciad. A satire on dunces by 
Pope. Colley Cibber is the hero. 
Dying Gladiator. An ancient 
statue in the Capitol at Rome. 

£ 

Eastern States, The. Maine, 
Vermont, New Hampshire, Massa¬ 
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Con¬ 
necticut. 

Ecce Homo. (Behold the man.) 
Spoken of Christ on the cross; 
a famous painting by Correggio 
representing the Saviour crowned 
with thorns. 

Ecole Polytechnique. (Poly¬ 
technic School.) A Parisian 
school whose graduates are given 
places in the public service. 

El Dorado. (The Golden.) Gen¬ 
eral name for wealthy country. # 
Elephant, Seeing the. Seeing 
the world; “life.” 

54 


Elgin Marbles. A collection of 
Greek sculptures (mainly from 
the Parthenon) made by Lord El¬ 
gin ; now in British Museum. 
Escorial, The. Granite palace 
and mausoleum near Madrid. 
Eternal City, The. Rome. 
Eulenspiegel, Tyl. Hero of a 
German story; a vagrant Bruns- 
wicker who cuts up all sorts of 
pranks. 

Eureka. (I have found it.) A 
saying attributed to Archimedes 
when he discovered the way to 
test the purity of Hiero’s crown. 
Evangelists, Symbols of the. 
Matthew has a scroll before him 
and holds a pen. Mark sits writ¬ 
ing, with a winged lion by his 
side. Luke has a pen and scroll; 
near him is an ox. John, is a 
young man behind whom is an 
eagle. 

Exclusion, Bill of. A bill which 
passed the English Commons in 
1679 , proposing to exclude the 
Duke of York (afterwards James 
II.) from the throne, because he 
was a Roman Catholic. 
Expounder of the Constitu¬ 
tion, The. Daniel Webster. 

F 

Fabian Policy. A policy of de¬ 
lay, such as was pursued by Q. 
Fabius Maximus, called CunctA* 
tor, “The Delayer.” 

Fahius, The American. George 
Washington. 

Faery Queen. A rhymed ro¬ 
mance of Edmund Spenser. 
Faineants, Les Rois. (Do- 
nothing Kings.) Nicknames of 
the last kings of the Merovingian 
dynasty in France. 

Falernian. A celebrated ancient 
Italian wine grown at Falernum. 
Faneuil Hall, in Boston, Mass., 
first built in 1742 . Revolutionary 
orators frequently addressed pub¬ 
lic meetings in it. 

Farmer George. George ITT. of 
England; so called from his bluff 
manners, thriftiness, and love of 
agriculture. . 

Fata Morgana. A mirage ob¬ 
served in the Straits of Messina. 
Father of his Country. George 
Washington. . __ , 

Fathers of the Latin Church. 
Ambrose, of Milan; Augustine, 
St. Bernard, Hilary* Jerome, Lac* 
tantius. 







Fau 


826 


Got 


Faubourg, St. Antoine. The 

part of Paris in which the work¬ 
ingmen live. Once the scene of 
many insurrections and riots. 
Faubourg, St. Germain. The 
aristocratic residence quarter of 
Paris, where are the houses of the 
old nobility. 

Fenians. A society of Irishmen 
organized in the United States in 
1865 to make Ireland a republic. 
Field of the Cloth of Gold. 
Plain in France where Francis I. 
met Henry VIII.; so called from 
the magnificent display made. 
Fighting Joe. The American 
general Joseph Hooker. 

First Gentleman in Europe. 
George IV. of England; so called 
from his appearance, not from 
his character. 

Five Points. A locality in New 
York once famous as the abode of 
poverty and crime; now greatly 
changed. 

Flagellants. Religious fanatics 
of the thirteenth century, who 
went about naked and scourging 
themselves. 

Fleet, The. A famous London 
prison, taken down in 1 S 45 . 
Flying Dutchman. A spectral 
ship fabled to be seen, in bad 
weather, about the Cape of Good 
Hope; supposed to presage bad 
luck. 

Fourierism. A system of com¬ 
munism proposed by Charles 
Fourier. The world was to be 
divided into “phalansteries” of 
400 families, who were to live 
and work in common. 

Funk, Peter. A mock auction ; 
a person employed at auction 
sales in making bids in collusion 
with the owner of the property 
to be sold. 

G 

Gadshill, near Rochester, in 
Kent, England; famous for Fal- 
staff’s highway robbery. Charles 
Dickens lived there. 

Genre Painting. One represent¬ 
ing domestic rural scenes in com¬ 
mon life. 

George, St., and the Dragon. 

St. George, the patron saint of 
England, is said to have slain in 
Libya a huge dragon, to which 
every day a virgin was offered up. 
Gerrymander. To so apportion, 


geographically, legislative, con¬ 
gressional, or other electoral dis¬ 
tricts, as to give an unfair pre¬ 
ponderance to some one political 
party. Started in Massachusetts, 
and named after Elbridge Gerry, 
then governor of the State. 
Ghetto. The quarter in Rome to 
which the Jews were formerly re¬ 
stricted. Also in many other 
European cities. 

Ghibelline. In the Middle Ages 
an adherent of the Holy Roman 
Empire against the Papacy. 
Girondists; The Gironde. In 
the French Revolution the party 
of moderate “constitutional” Re¬ 
publicans. 

Gobelins. A tapestry and carpet 
manufactory at Paris, founded 
about 1515 by J. Gobelin, a dyer. 
Godiva, Lady. Wife of Leofric, 
Earl of Mercia, who offered to re¬ 
mit certain exactions to his ten¬ 
ants if she would ride naked 
through the streets of Coventry. 
She did so, everybody keeping in¬ 
doors except one “Peeping Tom,” 
who was struck blind for peeping 
at her. 

Golconda. A locality in India 
containing some rich diamond 
mines. 

Golden Age. An age of inno¬ 
cence and prosperity. The palmy 
time of a nation or a literature. 
Golden Gate. The entrance to 
the harbor of San Francisco, Cal. 
Golden Horn. The estuary of 
the Bosporus, upon whose banka 
Constantinople is built. 

Golden House. Palace of gold 
built by Nero in Rome. 

Gordian Knot. A vexed ques¬ 
tion, an obstacle. Gordius, a 
Phrygian peasant, when chosen 
king, consecrated his wagon to 
Jupiter, tying the yoke and beam 
together so that it could not be 
untied, till Alexander, hearing 
that the untier of the knot should 
rule over all the East, cut the 
knot with his sword. 

Gordon Riots, The. In 1780 , at 
London, under Lord George Gor¬ 
don, a weak-minded nobleman, to 
force the repeal of the bill passed 
by the House of Commons to re¬ 
lieve the Roman Catholics. 
Gotham. A name sometimes ap¬ 
plied to New York city. 

Gotbaxn, The Wise M ;n of* 





Gre 


827 


Heg 


were noted for their folly. 
Gotham was an English village. 

Great Commoner, The. William 
Pitt. 

Great Duke, The. The Duke of 
Wellington. 

Great Eastern. A great steam¬ 
ship, the largest vessel to her 
time. She was made to carry 
1,000 passengers and 5,000 tons 
of cargo. After 1864 was used in 
laying cables. 

Great Pyramid, The. At Gizeh, 
Egypt. It is 484 feet high, and 
contains 577,600 cubic feet of 
material. 

Greenbacks. United States 
Treasury notes; so called from 
their color. 

Green Isle, The. Ireland, from 
the greenness of its vegetation; 
also called the Emerald Isle. 
Gregorian Year. The year as 
reformed by Gregory XIII., in 
1582 . He took away 10 days. 
Gretna Green. A Scotch village, 
once a famous place for runaway 
matches. A declaration before 
witnesses of an intention to marry 
was formerly sufficient to make 
a valid marriage in Scotland. 
Grub Street. A London street, 
once noted for literary hacks. 
Guelphs. In medieval Europe 
the adherents of the Papacy as 
against the Holy Roman Empire. 
Guildhall. The London Town 
Hall; the hall of the guilds. 
Gunner’s Daughter, Kissing 
the. To be flogged. Boys in the 
English navy, before being flogged, 
are tied to a gun breech. 
Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot 
to blow up the English Parlia¬ 
ment in its House, Nov. 5 , 1605 , 
with gunpowder. Catesby con¬ 
ceived the scheme, which was to 
have been carried out by Guy 
Fawkes. 

Gyges’ Ring. A ring which 
made the wearer invisible. Gyges, 
a Lydian, found in a brazen 
horse, in a cavern, a man’s 
corpse, from the finger of which 
he took a brazen ring which made 
him invisible. With this ring he 
went into the chamber of the 
King of Lydia, whom he mur¬ 
dered and succeeded. 

H 

Habeas Corpus Act, The. 

Passed in the time of Charles II., 


provides that the body of an ac¬ 
cused person must be brought (if 
he insist) before a judge, and the 
reason of his confinement stated. 
The judge will then determine 
whether or not to admit the ac¬ 
cused to bail. The guilt of an 
accused person is to be finally de¬ 
cided by a jury. 

Halcyon Days. A period of hap¬ 
piness. The halcyon (kingfisher) 
was thought by the ancients to 
lay its eggs, and brood for 14 
days preceding the winter solstice, 
on the surface of the ocean, which 
was always calm during this time. 
Handicap. In horse-racing, as¬ 
signing different weights to horses 
of different speed, age, etc., so 
they may run with an equal 
chance. So called from an ancient 
game of cards. 

Hanseatic League. A union of 
a number of maritime towns in 
Northern Germany for purpose of 
trade and mutual safety. Founded 
in the thirteenth century. Their 
triennial legislature was called 
hansa. 

Hanse Towns. The North Ger¬ 
man seaboard cities which once 
constituted the Hanseatic League. 
Hara-Kiri. A method of sui¬ 
cide formerly practiced in Japan 
by cutting open the bowels, per¬ 
mitted to offending nobles and 
military officers to save them from 
the disgrace of a public execution. 
Hare, Mad as a March. The 
hare is excessively wild in March. 
H a r r i e s. Creatures with a 
woman’s head and breasts, and 
the rest of the body like vultures, 
hungry and emitting a terrible 
stench; creations of ancient myth¬ 
ology. 

Harvest Moon. The full moon 
at or nearest to the fall equinox; 
rises for several days near or soon 
after sunset. 

Heidelberg Castle. A ruined 
palace-fortress near Heidelberg, 
Germany. 

Heel-tap. “No heel-taps;” i. e., 
drain the glass to the bottom. A 
heel-tap is a shoe-peg stuck in the 
heel, but taken out when the shoe 
is done. 

Hegira. The date of Mohammed’s 
flight from Mecca, July 16 , 622 . 
The Mohammedan epoch begins 
with it. 






828 


Jac 


HJg 


High Church. That section of 
the English clergy which main¬ 
tains the apostolic descent of the 
clergy, and absolution by priests. 

High Seas, The. The sea be¬ 
yond three miles from the coast. 

History, The Father o£. The 
Greek historian, Herodotus. 

Hob-and-Nob. To touch glasses 
together in drinking; to talk con¬ 
fidentially to. A hob, at the 
corner of the hearth, was to heat 
the water or spirit. A nob is a 
small table. 

Hobson’s Choice. What is of¬ 
fered, or nothing. It is said that 
Tobias Hobson, an English stable- 
keeper, whenever a customer came 
to hire a horse, made him take the 
horse nearest the stable door. 

Holborn. A London street by 
which criminals used to be car¬ 
ried out to execution at Tyburn. 

Holy Alliance, formed in 181(3 
by Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 

Holy Family, The. The name 
of many mediaeval pictures repre¬ 
senting the infant Jesus, Joseph, 
the Virgin, John the Baptist, 
Anna, and Elizabeth. 

Holy Land, The. Palestine, as 
the birthplace of Christ. 

Holy League, The. The alliance 
of Pope Julius II., France, Ger¬ 
many, Spain, and some of the 
Italian Republics in 1508 , against 
Venice. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense. 

(Shame to him who evil thinks.) 
Motto of the Order of the Garter. 
At a ball given by Edward III. 
of England, the Countess of Sal¬ 
isbury’s blue garter came off acci¬ 
dentally. The King picked it up, 
made the remark quoted above, 
and fixed it round his own knee. 
This led to his instituting the 
Order of the Garter. 

Honors of War. Allowing a sur¬ 
rendered enemy to keep his arms. 

Hotel de Rambouillet. A 
Paris palace, the resort of wits, 
literary ladies, etc., in the seven¬ 
teenth century. Ridiculed by 
Moliere. 

Hotel de Ville. The City Hall 
of French and Belgian cities. 

Houris, in the Koran, black- 
eyed, beautiful virgins of Para¬ 
dise ; 72 are allotted to each be¬ 
liever. 

Humble Pie, To eat. To make 
submission. From umlles, the 


entrails and other inferior por¬ 
tions of the deer. 

Hundred Days, The, from March 

20 , 1815 , when Napoleon escaped 
from Elba, to June 22 , 1815 , 
when he abdicated. 

I 

Iconoclast (Image-breaker). A 
radical reformer; so called from 
the eighth century reformers who 
objected to and threw down 
statues, pictures, etc., in churches. 
Iliad. The story of the siege of 
Troy by the Greeks, a Greek epic 
poem, by Homer. 

Immaculate Conception. The 

dogma of the Catholic Church 
that the Virgin Mary was con¬ 
ceived without original sin. 
Independence, Declaration of. 
Issued July 4 , 1776 , asserting the 
independence of the American 
Colonies of Great Britain. 
Independence Hall, in Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa.; the meeting-place of 
the Continental Congress, where 
the Declaration of Independence 
was adopted. 

Index Expurgatorius. A list 
of printed works, the reading of 
which is prohibited by the 
Church of Rome; published an¬ 
nually. 

Inns of Court. The four Lon¬ 
don law societies which have the 
sole right of admitting candidates 
to the bar. They are Gray’s Inn, 
Lincoln’s Inn, the Inner Tem¬ 
ple, and the Middle Temple. 
Inquisition. (An inquiry into.) 
A tribunal to inquire into trans¬ 
gressions against the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church. 

Iron City, The. Pittsburg, Pa., 
celebrated for its iron industries. 
Iron Duke, The. The Duke of 
Wellington. 

Iron Mask, The Man in the. 

A mysterious French state pris¬ 
oner. 

J 

Jack Ketch. The hangman; the 
name of an English hangman. 
Jack Robinson. Before you can 
say Jack Robinson, meaning at 
once. Ilalliwell notes the deriva¬ 
tion “Jack, Robes on” from an 
old^ play. 

uituK the Giant-Killer. A nur¬ 
sery hero, who has an invincible 





829 


Kni 


Jac 


sword, a cap of wisdom, shoes of 
swiftness, and an invisible coat. 
Jack, the American, or Union. 

The blue ground of the American 
flag with the stars, but without 
the stripes. 

Jacobins. A famous political 
club in the French Revolution. It 
met at a convent of the Jacobins 
(Dominicans). 

Jacobites. Adherents of James 
II. of England, and the Stuarts, 
his descendants; from Jacobus 
(James). 

Jardin des Plantes. Botanical 
and zoological garden in Paris. 
Jardin Mabille. A once famous 
garden in Paris; the home of the 
can-can. Pleasure resort of the 
demi-monde. Shut up in 1882 . 
Jericho, Gone to. Disappeared, 
ruined. Henry VIII. had a manor 
called Jericho. When he went 
there to visit some of his mis¬ 
tresses it used to be said of him, 
“He has gone to Jericho.” (Very 
doubtful.) 

J er 11 salem Delivered. An 

Italian epic poem by Torquato 
Tasso. 

Jingo; Jingoism. Expressions 
which arose during the ministry 
of Lord Beaconsfield, 1874 - 1380 . 
Applied to those who wished 
England to take an aggressive 
foreign policy. It originated in 
a music-halhsong. 

Joan, Pope. A pretended female 
Pope who was said to have suc¬ 
ceeded Leo IV. The falsity of the 
legend has been shown. 

John Bull. Nickname for an 
Englishman; England. A chol¬ 
eric, plethoric, bull-headed, well- 
meaning fellow. 

John Chinaman. Nickname for 
the Chinese in America. 

Jubilee, Year of. Among the 
Jews came every 50 th year; all 
debts were considered to be paid, 
and land reverted to its original 
owmers. In the Catholic Church 
it comes once in every 25 years. 
Juggernaut. A Hindoo god who 
has a famous temple in India. 
Julian Era, The, begins 46 B. c., 
when Caesar reformed the calen¬ 
dar. 

Junius, Letters of. A celebrated 
series of political letters signed 
“Junius,” written in the reign of 
George III., of doubtful author¬ 
ship. 


K 

Kansas, Bleeding. So called on 
account of the fierce struggles be¬ 
tween its anti-slavery and pro¬ 
slavery settlers. 

Kensington Gardens. A great 
London pleasure ground adjoining 
Kensington Palace (where Queen 
Victoria was born). 

Kilkenny Cats, The, fought in 
a saw-pit till only their tails re¬ 
mained. 

King can do no wrong. The. 

Meaning he is not responsible, but 
his ministers are, for mistakes in 
administration. 

King of Yvetot. A “good, little 
king.” A pretentious person. 
The . holders of the little seig- 
neurie of Yvetot had the title of 
king. 

King Cole. A legendary British 
king, who “loved his pipe and 
bowl.” 

King Cotton. Cotton, the great 
product of the Southern States, 
was so called before the Civil 
War. 

King’s Evil. The scrofula. It 
was an ancient notion that the 
touch of a sovereign could heal 
scrofula. Doctor Johnson was 
the last Englishman “touched” 
for scrofula. 

King Log. An ineffectual, do- 
nothing ruler. Jupiter, in answer 
to the prayer of the frogs for a 
king, gave them a log. 
King-Maker, The. Richard 
Neville, the great Earl of War¬ 
wick, -who set up and deposed 
English kings in the 15 th century. 
King Stork. A tyrant. The 
frogs, dissatisfied with the let- 
alone policy of King Log, prayed 
for a new king, whereupon Jupi¬ 
ter sent them the Stork, who de¬ 
voured them miscellaneously. 

Kit Kat Club, The. A famous 
London Club, founded in 1688 . at 
the shop of one Christopher Katt, 
pastry-cook. Among the members 
were Addison, Congreve, Halifax, 
the Duke of Marlborough, Steele, 
and Vanbrugh. 

Knickerbocker. A member of 
an “old” New York family; es¬ 
pecially persons descended from 
the original Dutch settlers. 
Knights of Malta. Also called 
Hospitallers of St. John of Jeru¬ 
salem, A once powerful associa- 









Kno 


830 


Lit 


tion. The original knights had 
charge of a church and hospital 
at Jerusalem consecrated to St. 
John. Thence they moved to 
Rhodes, and in 1523 to Malta. 
Know Nothings. Political party 
in the United States insisting, that 
nobody but “native Americans 
should hold office.” Sprang up 
suddenly about 1853 , and (after 
carrying a few State elections) 
disappeared. 

Kohinoor (Mountain of Light). 
A diamond from the mines of Gol- 
conda, India. When found 
( 1550 ) it weighed 793 carats; 
the present weight is 106 1 - 16 . 
It came into the possession of 
Queen Victoria in 1850 . Esti¬ 
mated value, $ 625 , 000 , or £ 125 ,- 
000 . 

Koran or Alkoran. (The Read¬ 
ing.) The Mohammedan Bible. 
Kremlin. A quarter in Moscow, 
Russia, in which are several pal¬ 
aces, cathedrals, towers, etc. 

L 

Labyrinth, The. A celebrated 
structure of ancient Egypt. A 
maze of difficulties, so called from 
an inextricable series of winding 
passages, constructed by Minos, 
King of Crete. 

Laconic. Brief, from Laconia, 
another name for Sparta; the 
Spartans cultivated curtness of 
speech. 

Lacrymae Christi. Italian wine 
grown about Mount Vesuvius. 
Lake School, The. The poetry 
of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and 
Southey, who lived in the Lake 
district of England. 

Land of Bondage. Egypt, so 
called by the Jews. 

Land of Cakes. Scotland, fa¬ 
mous for its oatmeal cakes. 

Land of Nod. Popular phrase 
for sleep. 

Land of Promise, or Promised 
Land. Among the Jews, Ca¬ 
naan, which God promised to 
Abraham. 

Lang Syne, is Scotch for long 
since. The famous song Auid 
Lang Syne is generally credited 
to Robert Burns, who said he 
took this song down from an old 
man’s singing. 

Langue d’Oc. (Language of 


Yes.) Provencal, formerly the 
language of southern France. 
Langue d’Oil. (Language of 
Yes.) French, in distinction from 
Provencal. 

Laocoon. A statue in the Belve¬ 
dere of the Vatican representing 
the death of Laocoon, strangled 
to death (with his sons) by ser¬ 
pents. 

Laodicean. “Luke-warm,” in re¬ 
ligious matters. See Rev. iii. 
14 - 18 . 

Lares and Penates. The house¬ 
hold gods of the Romans. 

Last Judgment. The subject of 
many mediaeval paintings. The 
most famous is the fresco by 
Michael Angelo, in the Sistine 
Chapel in the Vatican. 

Last Supper, The, is the subject 
of many mediaeval paintings, of 
which the most famous is Leon¬ 
ardo da Vinci’s, at Milan. Next 
is Andrea del Sarto’s in the Salvi 
convent, near Florence. 

Lateran Palace, The, at Rome, 
was the residence of the Popes 
till late in the 14 th century. 
Laughing Philosopher, The. 
Democritus of Abdera. 

Leaning Tower, The, at Pisa, 
Italy; leans about 13 feet from 
the perpendicular; 178 feet high ; 
50 feet in diameter. 

Learned Blacksmith, The. 
Elihu Burritt, an American writer 
and linguist, originally a black¬ 
smith. 

Leonine Verses. Verses in 
which end and middle worda 
rhyme. 

Libby Prison. A famous Con¬ 
federate prison of war at Rich¬ 
mond, Va., during the Civil War 
of the United States. 

Lilliput. A region inhabited by 
pigmies, in Gulliver's Travels. 
Lingua Franca. A corrupt Itah 
ian-French spoken along the Med¬ 
iterranean. 

Lion and Unicom, or, the BriL 
ish royal arms. The Jion is Eng¬ 
lish : the unicorn, Scotch. Added 
in 1603 . 

Lion of the North. Gustavus 

Adolphus of Sweden. 

Lion’s Share. All or most. The 
lion, in JEsop, hunts with some 
other beasts. In dividing the 
spoils he claims four quarters. 
Little Corporal. Napoleon I., 
from his shortness of stature. 






LIo 


831 


Man 


Lloyds. Rooms in London re¬ 
sorted to by bankers and brokers. 

Lombard Street. The great 
financial street of London. 

Lone Star State, The. Texas, 
whose flag bore a single star dur¬ 
ing its period of nationality. 

Long Parliament, The. Sat 
from Nov. 3 , 1640 , till April 20 , 
1653 . 

Lorelei. A water spirit who en¬ 
ticed sailors till they were dashed 
to pieces by the rapids around 
the high rocks called Lorelei, on 
the Rhine. 

Lotus Eaters, The. A people in 
Homer’s Odyssey who ate the 
fruit of the lotus tree, which 
made them forget home, and only 
wish “to live at ease.” 

Louvre. A palace in Paris filled 
with works of art. 

Low Church. That section of 
the English. Church which lays 
little or no stress on ceremonies 
and. is extremely “evangelical.” 

Lusiad. A Portuguese epic by 
Camoens, recounts the adventures 
of the Lusians (Portuguese) 
under Vasco de Gama, the first to 
sail to India. 

Lynch Law. Hanging by a mob ; 
its judgments are pronounced by 
“Judge Lynch.” Said to be de¬ 
rived from a Virginian named 
Lynch, who acted as a judge in 
the 17 th century, by appointment 
of his neighbors. According to 
others, derived from an Irish 
James Lynch, Warden of Gal¬ 
way, who sentenced his own son 
to deafh for murder. 

M 

Mab, Queen. “The fairies’ mid¬ 
wife,” i. e., employed by the 
fairies as midwife of dreams (to 
deliver man’s brain of dreams). 

Macadamize. To pave a street 
with broken stones; so called 
from Sir John Macadam, who in¬ 
vented that system of paving. 

Macaronic Verse. Ludicrous 
verses consisting of words from 
different languages mixed. 

Machiavellism. Political or 
diplomatic trickery; so called 
from Nicholas Macchiavelli, au¬ 
thor of a political treatise called 
The Prince . 

Madame Tussaud’s Exhibi- 

• tion. An exhibition in London 


of waxwork figures, many being 
modelled from life. 

Mad Poet, The. Nathaniel Lee, 
the insane English dramatist. 

Madman of Macedonia, The. 

Alexander the Great. 

Madman of the North. Charles 
XII. of Sweden. 

Madonna. (My Lady.) The 
Virgin Mary. Of the immense 
number of pictures on this sub¬ 
ject, we mention the Sistine Ma¬ 
donna, by Raphael, and the Ma¬ 
donna di San Georgio, by Cor¬ 
reggio, at Dresden; and the Ma¬ 
donna della Seggiola, by Raphael, 
in the Pitti Palace, Florence. 

Maecenas. A friend and patron 
of literary men. Caius Cilnius 
Maecenas, a Roman general and 
statesman, friend of Augustus, 
was a liberal patron of literal 
men, especially Horace and Virgil. 

Magna Charta. (Great char¬ 
ter.) The charter securing the 
liberty (or at least fair trial) of 
English subjects; granted by 
King John. 

Mahomet’s Coffin, was said to 
be hung in mid-air at Medina. 

Maid of Orleans, The. Joan 

of Arc (Jeanne Dare). 

Maid of Saragossa. Augustina 
Zaragoza, famous for her valor 
during the siege of Saragossa, in 
Spain, by the French ( 1808 - 
1809 ). 

Maiden Queen, The. Queen 
Elizabeth of England. 

Maine Law. A prohibitory 
liquor law first adopted in Maine. 

Malthusian Doctrine, The. So 
called from the English economist 
Malthus, who claimed that popu¬ 
lation increases faster than the 
means of living; so that, unless 
population is checked, either a 
part of it must starve to death, or 
the whole of it be insufficiently 
fed. 

Man in the Moon, The, is the 

man who picked up sticks on the 
Sabbath. Numbers xv. 32 - 36 ; 
another legend says he is Cain. 

Man of Destiny, The. Na¬ 
poleon Bonaparte. 

Man of Iron, The. Bismarck. 

Man of Straw. An irresponsi¬ 
ble person. Professional false 
witnesses or givers of “straw 
bail” in the English courts are 
said to have worn a straw in their 
shoes as a professional sign. 







Pnixv 


832 


Mil8 


Mare’s Nest, To find a. To 

find something which seems of 
importance, but doesn’t amount 
to anything. The nightmare was 
thought to be a vampire which 
guarded treasures in its secret 
nest. 

Marriage a la Mode. (“Fash¬ 
ionable Marriage.”) A series of 
six satirical pictures by William 
Hogarth. 

Marseillaise. A famous French 
Revolutionary song, now the 
French national air. Composed 
by Rouget de Lisle. 

Martinet. A rigid disciplinarian, 
so called from M. de Martinet, a 
French infantry tactician in the 
17 th century. 

Mason and Dixon’s Line. So 

called because run by two Eng¬ 
lish surveyors, Charles^ Mason 
and Jeremiah Dixon, 1763 - 1707 . 
It was 39 ° 43 ' 26 " north latitude, 
being the northern boundary of 
the then Slave States, dividing 
Pennsylvania from Maryland and 
Virginia. 

Mausoleum. The marble monu¬ 
ment built by Artemisia, queen 
of Caria, to her husband, Mau- 
solus; one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 

Mayfair. An aristocratic region 
in London. 

Mayflower, The. The vessel in 
which the founders of the Ply¬ 
mouth Colony, in Massachusetts, 
sailed from Southampton, Eng¬ 
land, in 1620 . 

Medicine, The Father of. Hip¬ 
pocrates of Cos. 

Merlin. A celebrated enchanter 
in the Arthurian legends. 

Mermaid. A sea nymph with a 
fish’s tail. 

Merry Andrew. A buffoon; so 
called from Andrew Borde. the 
eccentric physician of Henry 
VIII. 

Merry England. A common 
designation of England; in the 
old sense of the word merry , 
meaning pleasant , agreeable. 

Merry Monarch, The. Charles 
II. of England. 

Mezzo Relievo. (Middle Re¬ 
lief.) Figures cut in stone, etc., 
which project from the tablet 
more than figures in Basso-Re¬ 
lievo, and less than figures in 
Alto-Relievo. 


Middle Ages, The. The period 

between the destruction of the 
Roman Empire and the revival of 
learning in Italy, from 476 - 1500 . 
Middle States, The. New 
York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
and Delaware. 

Minnesingers. (Love-singers.) 
The German lyric poets of the 
12 th and 13 th centuries. 
Miserere. (Pity.) The 51 st 
Psalm ; a penitential psalm. 
Mississippi Rubble, The. See 
South Sea Scheme. 

Missouri Compromise, The, 
prohibited slavery north of 36 ° 
30 ' north. 

Mistress of the Seas. England. 
Molly Maguires. A former se¬ 
cret society ip the United States; 
many crimes were attributed to it, 
especially in Pennsylvania. 
Monarque, Le Grand. (The 
Great Monarch.) Louis XIV. 
of France. 

Monroe Doctrine. The United 
States is not to meddle in Euro¬ 
pean affairs, nor to allow Euro¬ 
pean governments to meddle in the 
affairs of the American continent. 
European forms of government 
not to be permitted in North 
America. 

Mont de Piete (“Mountain of 
Piety”). A pawnbroker’s shop; 
in particular the famous Paris 
pawnbroking establishment. 
Monumental City, The. Balti¬ 
more, Md., so called from the 
number of its public monuments. 
Morganatic Marriage. The 
marriage of a person of high rank 
to a woman of inferior rank, 
who do«s not take her husband's 
title. 

Mother of Presidents. Vir¬ 
ginia ; seven Virginians have been 
President of tbe United States. 
Mother Carey’s Chickens. 
Stormy petrels. Mother Carev is 
said to be Mater Cara (“Dear 
Mother”), i. e. The Virgin Mary. 
Mother Goose, nursery rhymer, 
lived in Boston; sang her rhymes 
to her grandson, Thomas Fleet, 
who printed them in 1719 . 
Mount Vernon. The home of 
Washington in Virginia. 
Muscular Christianity. 
Healthy religion, “a sound mind 
in a sound body.” The phrase 
originated with Charles Kingsley. 
Music of the Spheres. Accord* 





Nasa 


833 


ing to Plato each planet has a 
siren who sings a song harmo¬ 
nizing with the motion of her own 
planet, and also with the other 
planets. 


N 

Namby-Pamby. Wishy-washy, 
childish. A name given by Pope 
to certain verses written by Am¬ 
brose Philips for the children of 
Lord Carteret; a babyish way of 
pronouncing Ambry (Ambrose) 
and Philips. 

Nantes, Edict of. Issued at 
Nantes, France, in 150S, by 
Henry IV., granting toleration to 
the Protestant religion; repealed 
by Louis XIV. in i.685. 

Nation* of Shopkeepers. The 
English; so called by Napoleon I. 

Natural Bridge, The. A natural 
arch 200 feet high spanning Cedar 
Creek, near James River, Vir¬ 
ginia. 

Newgate. The oldest of the Lon¬ 
don prisons. 

New World. The Americas. 

Nibelungen-Lied. A German 
epic poem of the 13th century. 

Nightmare of Europe, The. 

Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Nine Worthies, The. David, 
Joshua, Judas Maccabseus, Hec¬ 
tor, Alexander, Julius Caesar, 
Arthur, Charlemagne, and God¬ 
frey of Bouillon. 

Noctes Ambrosianae. (Am¬ 
brosian nights.) The title of a 
celebrated work by Prof. Wilson 
(“Christopher North”). Lock¬ 
hart and Wilson used to frequent 
Ambrose’s, an Edinburgh tavern. 

Noel. Christmas-day. From nou- 
velles (news). 

Nonconformists. Dissenters 
from the Church of England. 
Originally applied to the 2,000 
clergymen w T ho left that Church 
in 1002, because they would not 
conform with the Act of Uni¬ 
formity. 

Notre Bame. The cathedral of 
Paris. 


Gdyss e y^ Homer’s narrative 
poem dealing with the adventures 
of Odysseus (Ulysses) on his 
voyage from Troy to Ithaca. 

Ogres. Giants who devour hu¬ 


Pa! 


man flesh. Said to come from the 
Ogurs, a fierce Asiatic tribe. 

Oi Polloi. (Hoi Polloi, Gr.) 
The many. The mob. 

Old Bailey. A famous London 
criminal court. 

Old Dominion, The. Virginia. 

Old Guard, The. Favorite regi¬ 
ment of Napoleon I. The sup¬ 
porters of Gen. Grant for the 
Presidency at the Chicago Con¬ 
vention of 1SS0. 

Old Hickory. A nickname of 
Andrew Jackson. 

Old Probabilities. A former 
nickname for the United States 
signal service. 

Old South, The. A famous 
church in Boston, Mass., con¬ 
nected with many events in the 
Revolution. 

Old World. The Eastern Hemis¬ 
phere of the earth. 

Orangeman. A Protestant Irish¬ 
man ; from the Protestants es¬ 
pousing the cause of William of 
Orange (William III. of Eng¬ 
land). 

Ordinance of 1787. A meas¬ 
ure passed in 1787 for the gov¬ 
ernment of the then Northwest 
Territory of the United States. 

Orlando Furioso. An Italian 
epic poem by Ariosto. 

Ossian. Son of Frugal, a Scotch 
bard. James McPherson pub¬ 
lished in 1760 Ossian's Poems , 
which he pretended to have trans¬ 
lated from Erse manuscripts. 
The work, however, is McPher¬ 
son’s own, the pretended MSS. 
never having existed. 

Ostend Manifesto. Issued dur¬ 
ing Pierce’s administration by 
Buchanan, Mason, and Soul4, 
United States Ministers to Eng¬ 
land, France, and Spain respect¬ 
ively, declaring that Cuba must 
belong to the United States. 

Ostracism, comes from the Greek 
ostrakon, an. oyster shell. The 
Athenians exiled every dangerous 
public man against w'hom a suffi¬ 
cient number of votes (inscribed 
on oyster shells) was cast. 

P 

Palimpsest. A parchment in 

' which the original writing has 
been rubbed out, and a new writ¬ 
ing substituted. 

Pall Mall. (Pell Mell.) A 





834 


Que 


Sal 


street in. London famous for its j 
clubs. 

Palladium. An object that in¬ 
sures protection. The Palladium 
of Troy was a statue of Pallas, 
believed to have fallen from 
Heaven. 

Pantheon. A circular building 
in Rome built in the time of Au¬ 
gustus ; now a church called the 
Rotonda. 

Paradise Lost. Milton’s great 
epic, treating of the fall of man. 

Paradise Regained. A sequel 
to Paradise Lost, its subject the 
temptation and triumph of Jesus. 

Parthenon. A celebrated temple 
of Athena (Minerva) on the 
Acropolis, Athens; the noblest 
specimen of Doric architecture. 

Partington, Mrs. Famed for 
her misuse of words; a creation 
of the American humorist, B. P. 
Shillaber. Also the subject of a 
famous witticism by Sydney 
Smith. 

Pasquinade. A sarcastic polit¬ 
ical squib; so called from Pas- 
quino, a sarcastic tailor. An an¬ 
tique statue opposite Pasquino’s 
house in Rome is called Pas- 
quino, and political squibs are 
affixed to it. 

Peeler. A policeman. So called 
from Sir Robert Peel, the founder 
of the Irish constabulary. 

Peninsular War. The war of the 
English against France in Spain 
and Portugal, 1808-1812. 

Pere-la-Chaise. A famous ceme¬ 
tery near Paris. 

Philippic. A severe invective; 
so called from the orations of 
Demosthenes against Philip of 
Macedon. 

Philistine. Narrow-minded per¬ 
son ; in common use in the Ger¬ 
man Universities to designate 
tradesmen, etc. Also used satiric¬ 
ally in recent English literature. 

Philosopher’s Stone, The. A 
substance for which the alche¬ 
mists were always searching; it 
was to turn the other metals into 
gold. 

Phoenix. A fabulous bird, said 
to live 500 years, when it burns 
itself on a nest of spices, and 
renews its life 500 years more. 

Pied Piper of JRamelin, The. 
He was offered a reward to drive 
out the rats and mice from 


Hamelin in Westphalia; which he 
did by drawing them into the 
river by the sound of his pipe. 
The authorities refusing to pay 
him the reward, he piped the 
children of the town into Kop- 
pelberg Hill, where 130 of them 
died. The subject of a popular 
poem b Browning. 

Pigeon English. English, Chi¬ 
nese, and Portuguese mixed; used 
in business affairs in China. 

Pleiad, The French. Seven 
lOth-eentury poets, viz.: Ron- 
sard, Joachim du Bellay, Remi- 
Belleau, Jodelle, Bai'f, Pontus de 
Thiard, Dorat. 

Plon Plon. A nickname of 
Prince Napoleon J. C. Bonaparte. 

Plumed Knight, The. Nick¬ 
name of J. G. Blaine, American 
statesman. 

Plymouth Rock. A rock at 
Plymouth, Mass., where the Pil¬ 
grims are thought to have landed 
in 1620. 

Poet’s Corner. A corner in 

Westminster Abbey where Chau¬ 
cer, Spenser, and other poets are 
buried. Poetical column of news¬ 
papers. 

Pons Asinorum. (The bridge of 
asses.) The 5th proposition ot 
the 1st Book of Euclid’s Geom¬ 
etry ; difficult to dunces. 

Poor Richard. Title of Benja¬ 
min Franklin’s almanac. 

Porkopolis, The nickname of 
Cincinnati. 

Prater, The. The fashionable 
promenade of Vienna, Austria. 

Pre-Raphaelites. A name given 
to a recent English school of 
artists, comprising Hunt, Millais, 
etc. 

Pyramids. A number of remark¬ 
able ancient buildings in Egypt 
The most famous are at Gizeh. 


Q 

Quadrilateral, The. The four 

Italian fortresses of Verona, 
Legnano, Mantua and Paschiera. 

Quaker Poet, The. John G. 

Whittier. 

Quartier Latin. (The Latin 
Quarter.) A region in Paris 
south of the Seine, whose popula¬ 
tion consists largely of students. 
Queen of the Antilles. The 
island of Cuba. 




Ral 


835 


Sai 


R 

Railway King, The. George 
Hudson, an Englishman, who 
made an immense fortune out of 
railway speculations. 

Red Letter Day. A fortunate 
day. In old calendars the saints’ 
days were marked by a red letter. 

Ranz des Vaches. The tunes 
played by the Swiss mountaineers 
on their horns while driving their 
cattle to pasture. 

Rebellion, The Great. The 

war between Charles I. of Eng¬ 
land and Parliament. 

Rebellion, War of the. The 
Civil War of the United States 
between the Southern and North¬ 
ern States, 1861-1865. 

Red Tape. Official routine. Law 
papers are tied with red tape. 

Reign of Terror. The time in 
the French Revolution from the 
overthrow of the Girondists, May 
31, 1793, to the overthrow of 
Robespierre, July 27, 1794. 

Reynard, the Fox. A beast epic 
of the 14th century. 

Rialto, The. A bridge over the 
Grand Canal, Venice. 

Rights, Declaration of. An in¬ 
strument drawn up after the 
English Revolution of 1689, and 
accepted by William and Mary. 
It summarizes the leading points 
of the English Constitution, as 
then developed. 

Roast, To rule the. To be at 

the head. Roast means council. 
(German rath.) 

Robert the Devil (le DiaHe). 
First Duke of Normandy; called 
the Devil on account of his 
crimes. 

Robin Goodfellow. A mis¬ 
chievous domestic spirit. 

Roland, (A) for an Oliver. 

Tit for tat. Roland and Oliver, 
tw*o of Charlemagne’s peers, 
fought five days without gaining 
the slightest advantage over each 
other. 

Romantic. School, in Germany, 
a term applied to a number of 
poets and painters of the early 
19th century. They aimed at a 
truly national German literature, 
independent of French influence. 

Romantic School, in France, the 
school of poets and dramatists of 
whom Victor Hugo was the last 
survivor. They aimed at the nat¬ 


ural in distinction from the clas¬ 
sical, i. e., conventional. 

Roscius, The British. David 

Garrick. 

Rough and Ready. General 

Zachary Taylor. 

Round Robin. Petition with 
signatures in a circular form. 

Round Table. A famous table 
in the Arthurian legends; Ar¬ 
thur’s 150 knights of the Round 
Table had seats at it. 

Roundheads. The Puritans, 
w T ho wore short hair. 

Royal Martyr, The. Charles I. 
of England. 

Royal Society, The. A society 
for the advancement of natural 
science, founded at London in 
1645. 

Rozinante. The horse of Don 
Quixote; hence a miserable nag. 

Rubicon, To pass the. To take 
an irretrievable step. The Ru¬ 
bicon separated Italy from Cisal¬ 
pine Gaul, Caesar’s province. 
Its crossing by Caesar was equiv¬ 
alent to a declaration of war 
against Pompey. 

Rule Britannia. An English 
song, the words of which are by 
Thompson, author of The Sea¬ 
sons, and the music is by Dr. 
Arne. 

Rump Parliament. What was 
left of Parliament in 1648, after 
Cromwell had imprisoned and 
driven out the others for refusing 
to condemn Charles I. 

Rye House Plot. A conspiracy 
in 1683 to assassinate Charles 
II. and the Duke of York. The 
conspirators met at Rye House 
Farm. 

S 

Sabbath Day’s Journey. 

About one mile. See Exodus xvi. 
29. 

Sadducees. Jewish sect disbe¬ 
lieving the resurrection of the 
dead. 

Sagas. Scandinavian books con¬ 
taining stories of the Northern 
mythology and tales and legends 
of the early kings. 

Sailor King, The. William IV. 
of England; who entered the navy 
in 1779. 

Saint Bartholomew, Massacre 

of. Massacre of the French 
Huguenots, in the reign of Charles 





830 


Sic 


Sal 


IX., on St. Bartholomew’s Day, 
Aug. 24-25, 1572. 

Saint Janies, The Court of. 

The English'Court; so called from 
the palace of St. James, formerly 
a royal residence in London. 

St. Mark’s. The famous cathe¬ 
dral of Venice, Italy. 

Saint Paul’s. The cathedral of 
London, designed by Wren. 

Saint Peter’s. The metropolitan 
church of Rome; the most splen¬ 
did in the world. Area, 240,000 
square feet. 

Saint Sophia. A mosrue in 
Constantinople, Turkey ; the finest 
of Mohammedan temples. 

Saint Stephen’s. A famous 
Gothic cathedral at Vienna, 
Austria. 

Salt River. Oblivion, ruin. 
Gone up Salt River; forgotten. 

Sambo. A general nickname for 
a colored man; the colored race. 

Sanctum. (Holy.) One’s pri¬ 
vate room or office, as an editor’s 
sanctum. The Sanctum Sanc¬ 
torum (holy of holies) in the 
Jewish Temple was inaccessible 
to any one but the high priest. 

Sandwich. A piece of meat be¬ 
tween two pieces of bread. The 
English Earl of Sandwich used 
to take that form of refreshment 
when engaged in gambling. 

Sang Bleu. (Blue blood.) 
High, aristocratic descent. 

Sanhedrim (Heb. Sanhedrin.) 
The Jewish court of seventy eld¬ 
ers. 

Sans Culottes. (Without 
trousers.) A nickname given by 
the Royalists to the French 
Revolutionists. 

Sans Souci. Palace of Frederick 
the Great, at Potsdam, near Ber¬ 
lin. 

Santa Croce. (Holy Cross.) A 
church in Florence, Italy; the 
burial-place of Michael Angelo, 
Galileo, Machiavelli, etc. 

Satanic School. A name some¬ 
times applied to some modern 
writers, supposed to entertain 
irreligious ideas, such as Byron, 
Shelley, Victor Hugo, Swinburne, 
Rousseau, George Sand. 

Saturnalia. A period of disorder 
and debauch. The Romans kept 
the Saturnalia, or feast of Sat¬ 
urn, Dec. 17, IS, and 19. 

Schoolmen. The mediaeval theo¬ 


logians, whose lectures were de¬ 
livered in the cathedral schools. 

Scotland Yard. The head¬ 
quarters of the London police. 

Scourge of God, The. Attila, 
king of the Huns. 

Scratch, Old. The Devil; from 
Scratt, a Northern familiar 
demon. 

Scylla. Avoiding Scylla, he fell 
into Charybdis. In trying to 
avoid one danger he fell into 
another. Scylla and Charybdis 
were two opposite rocks in the 
Straits of Messina, Italy, passage 
between which was dangerous. 

Sea-girt Isle, The. England, 
which is surrounded by the ocean. 

Secular Games. The games held 
by the Romans once in a century. 

Seltzer Water. Water from the 
Lower Selters, Germany. 

Semiramis. A fabulous Assyrian 
queen, long thought historical. 

September Massacres. The 
massacre of the French Royalist 
prisoners in Paris. Sept. 2, 3, and 
4, 1792. About 8,000 were killed. 

Septuagint. A Greek version of 
the Old Testament; so called be¬ 
cause there were 70 ( septuaginta ) 
revisers. (There were really 72.) 

Seven-hilled City, The. Rome, 
which was built on seven hills. 

Seven Wonders of the World. 
The Pyramids of Egypt; the Tem¬ 
ple of Diana at Ephesus: the 
Hanging Gardens of Babylon : the 
Colossus at Rhodes: the Mauso¬ 
leum at Halicarnassus ; t h ~ 
statue of Zeus, by Phidias, at 
Olympia : and the Pharos (light¬ 
house) of Alexandria in Egypt. 

Seven Years’ War. The war of 
Frederick the Great against Aus¬ 
tria, France, and Russia, 1756- 
1703. 

Shamrock. The national emblem 
of Ireland, because St. Patrick 
was said to have proved with it 
the doctrine of the Trinity. It 
is doubtful if it was the three¬ 
leaved wood-sorrel or the white 
clover. 

Shibboleth. The password of a 
secret society; a countersign. 
When the Ephraimites, who had 
been routed by Jephthah, tried to 
pass the Jordan, they were made 
to pronounce the word Shibboleth ; 
they pronounced it Sibboleth and 
were thus detected. 

Sick Man of Europe, The. The 






Sin 


837 


Till 


Ottoman Empire; so called by 
the Czar Nicholas of Russia. 
Sinews of War, The. Money, 
which hires men to fight. 

Six Hundred, Charge of the. 
A charge on the Russians by the 
British light cavalry, 670 strong, 
at the battle of Balaclava, Oct. 
25, 1854. Result of a mistake as 
to orders. See Tennyson’s poem. 
Sleeping Beauty, The, was shut 
by enchantment in a castle; after 
a sleep of 100 years, she is rescued 
by and marries a young prince. 
Smell of the Lamp. A too 
labored literary work. Pytheas 
first, applied the phrase to the 
orations of Demosthenes, who 
studied constantly in a cave 
lighted by a lamp. 

Song of Roland. An old French 
epic recounting the deaths cf 
Oliver and Roland at Ronces- 
valles. 

Sorbonne, The. A Parisian 
university founded in the 13th 
century by Robert de Sorbonne. 
Once famous for theological dis¬ 
cussions. 

Sortes Biblicae. Telling one’s 
fortune by consulting the Bible. 
The first passage touched at ran¬ 
dom by the finger is the decisive 
passage. 

South Kensington Museum. 

A collection of works of art, 
manufactures, etc., in London. 
South Sea Bubble, The. About 
1710 a company was formed in 
England to pay the national debt, 
taking in return the sole privilege 
of trading in the South Seas. The 
scheme collapsed (about 1720), 
ruining thousands of persons. 
Spanish Main. The northern 
coast of South America. 

Sphinx. A monument near Cairo, 
Egypt; half woman, half lion; an 
emblem of silence and mystery. 
Stabat Mater. A famous Latin 
hymn on the crucifixion. 

Star Chamber. A former Eng¬ 
lish civil and criminal court with 
jurisdiction over offenses whose 
punishment was not provided for 
by law. 

‘‘Stonewall” Jackson. Gen. 
Thomas J. Jackson, a famous 
Confederate general in the late 
Civil War of the United States. 
Strassburg Cathedral. At 
Strassburg; one of the noblest 
works of Gothic architecture; 


468 ft. high; containing a won¬ 
derful clock. 

Swedish Nightingale. Jenny 
Lind (Mme. Goldschmidt). 

T 

Tabooed. Prohibited; from a 
Polynesian word meaning conse¬ 
crated, devoted. Applied to any¬ 
thing out of date or in bad taste. 
Tammany Hall. A section of 
the Democratic party in New 
York city; Tammany Hall is the 
building where they meet. 
Tammany Ring (also called the 
Tweed Ring, and, generally, the 
Ring). A corrupt set of New 
York city officials who stole large 
sums from the city. They were 
exposed in 1871. 

Tammany, St. The patron saint 
of the Democratic party in New 
York. He was an Indian chief; 
how made a saint does not ap¬ 
pear. The principal officer of the 
Tammany Society is called Grand 
Sachem. 

Tapis, On the. On the carpet; 
proposed, in discussion. So called 
from the tapis or cloth on the 
council table, or speaker’s table, 
on which motions, bills, etc., are 
laid. 

Temple Bar, in London, was a 
stone house above which the 
heads of traitors were formerly 
exposed. It was removed in 1878. 
Termagant. A shrew; originally 
the name of a Saracen god. The 
word was formerly applied to 
both sexes. 

Terra Firma. Dry land as dis¬ 
tinguished from waiter. 

Tertium Quid. A third person 
or party that shall be nameless. 
Theatre Francais. A theatre in 
Paris devoted to the production of 
the classic and the best modern 
French drama. Celebrated for the 
excellence of its company of 
actors. 

Theleme, Abbey of. The abbey 
founded by Gargantua in Rabe¬ 
lais’ Gargantna. Its motto was 
“Do as you please.” 

Thirty Years’ War, The, was 
between the Catholics and Prot¬ 
estants, in Germany, 1618-1648. 
Thistle. The national emblem of 
Scotland. According to tradition, 
the Danes were attempting to sur¬ 
prise an encampment of the 







Tho 


838 


Und 


Scotch one night, and had come 
very near it without being ob¬ 
served. A Dane trod on a thistle, 
cried out with pain, and the 
Scotch were aroused, and de¬ 
feated their assailants, whereupon 
the thistle was made the insignia 
of Scotland. 

Thor, in Scandinavian mythology, 
is the god of war, son of Odin. 

Threadneedle Street, The Old 
Lady of. The Bank of England 
in Threadneedle Street. London. 

Three Estates of the Realm. 
The nobility, the clergy, and the 
commonalty, represented in the 
two Houses of Parliament. 

Thunderer, The. A nickname 

given to the London Times. 

Tick, On. On credit; for on 
ticket. Ticket was formerly used 
for a promissory note. 

Tit for Tat. An equivalent. 
Said to be the Dutch dit vor dat, 
this for that. 

Tom Thumb. The famous 

American dwarf, Stratton. 

Tory. The name of the great 
English party whose place is to 
a certain extent taken by the 
Conservatives. Said to come 
from toruigh, a robber. Whig 
and Tory were originally terms of 
reproach. 

Tour, The Grand. From Eng¬ 
land through France, Switzerland, 
Italy, to Germany and home. All 
aristocratic families used to send 
their sons on the grand tour. 

Tower of London, The. The 
citadel of London, on the Thames. 

Transfiguration, The. The most 
famous of Raphael’s pictures, now 
in the Vatican. Represents the 
miraculous change of Christ on 
the mount. 

Trimmer. A person who takes a 
moderate course in politics. First 
applied as a term of reproach to 
the great Halifax, who was not 
violently attached to any political 
party. 

Trinity Church. A famous 
Episcopal church on Broadway, 
at the head of Wall Street. New 
York city. The richest church in 
America. 

Triple Alliance, The. The name 
given to the alliance between Ger¬ 
many, Austria and Italy formed in 

Troubadours. Provencal poets, 
from the 11th to the 14th century. 


Trouveres. Northern French 
poets, 1100-1400. 

Trumpet. To sound one’s own 

Trumpet, i. e., to boast. The 
coming of the knights into the 
list used to be announced by the 
heralds with a flourish of trum¬ 
pets. 

Tuft-hunter. A toady. At Ox¬ 
ford University a nobleman is 
called a tuft , because of the gold 
tuft on his college cap. 

Tuileries. A French royal pal¬ 
ace, burned by the Commune in 
1871. 

Tulip Mania. A 17th-century 

European craze for buying tulip 
bulbs. Holland was the great 
seat of it. 

Tune that the old cow died of. 

Words instead of alms. In the 
old song, a man who has nothing 
on which to feed his cow plays 
her this tune, “Consider, good 
cow, consider, This isn’t the time 
for grass to grow.” Also applied 
to inharmonious tunes. 

Tyburn. Once a London place of 
execution. The site is now occu¬ 
pied by Grosvenor Square aLl 
Portman Square, and called Ty- 
burnia, a wealthy and fashionable 
quarter. 

U 

Uffizi. A building in Florence 
containing a celebrated art col¬ 
lection. 

Ultramontanes. The extreme 
“high” Roman Catholics. The 
word, which means “beyond the 
mountains,” was first used in 
France of those Catholics who as¬ 
cribe everything to the Pope “be¬ 
yond the Alps,” in contradistinc¬ 
tion to the Gallicans who insist 
upon a self-governing national 
church. 

Uncle Sam. A popular designa¬ 
tion of the meaning of U. S.— 
United States. It arose during 
the War of 1812, when Samuel 
Wilson, an inspector of provisions 
at Troy, N. Y. (widely known as 
“Uncle Sam”), stamped his casks 
“U. S.,” which a wit of the place 
said stood for “Uncle Sam.” 

Underground Railroad. A 
phrase which expressed all the 
means used to further the escape 
of runaway slaves in America. 

Under the Rose. (Sub rosa.) 





Uuk 


839 


Wan 


Confidentially. The rose was 
considered by the ancients an em¬ 
blem of secrecy. 

Unknown, The Great. First ap¬ 
plied to Sir Walter Scott; so 
called on account of the anony¬ 
mous publication of the Waverley 
novels. 

Unlicked Cub. An awkward, ill- 
bred boy. The bear cub was said 
to be out of shape till its dam 
licked it into shape. 

Unter den Linden. (Under the 
Linden.) A famous street in 
Berlin, Prussia; it has four rows 
of lime trees. 

Unwashed, The Great. The 

mob; first used by Edmund 
Burke. 

Upas Tree. An object that ex¬ 
erts a hurtful influence. There 
was a tradition that a noisome 
river rose in a upas tree in Java, 
the vapor of which was a deadly 
poison. 

Upper Ten Thousand. The 

aristocracy; fashionable society. 
A phrase first used by N. P. 
Willis. 

Utilitarians. Those w r ho believe 
that utility, i. e., the fitness of a 
thing to promote human happi¬ 
ness, is the proper standard of 
morality. 

Utopia. (No Place.) The imagi¬ 
nary island which Sir Thomas 
More makes the scene of his 
romance of Utopia; an ideal com¬ 
monwealth. Hence the adjective 
Utopian . i. e., visionary, im¬ 
practicable. 

V 

Valhalla. In Scandinavian 
mythology, the heavenly abode in 
which dwell the heroes slain in 
battle. 

Vampire. An extortioner. The 
vampire is a dead man who re¬ 
turns to life in the night, and 
sucks the blood of persons asleep. 

Vatican. The palace of the 
Popes, on the bank of the Tiber, 
Rome. 

Vatican, Counsel of the. The 

(Ecumenical Council which met in 
1869, and promulgated the doc¬ 
trine of Papal Infallibility. 

Vedas. The four sacred books of 
the Hindu religion. 

Veni, Vidi, Vici. (“I came, I 
saw, I conquered.’’) The phrase 


with which Julius Caesar an¬ 
nounced his victory at Zela. 
Venus de Medici. A celebrated 
Greek statue at Florence; attrib¬ 
uted to Cleomenes, a sculptor of 
the 2nd century B. c. 

Venus of Milo. Considered the 
most beautiful of Greek statues; 
found in the Island of Melos in 
1820. It is now in the Louvre. 
Verbum Sap. A word to the 
wise; for verbum sapienti. 
Veronica. A relic at St. Peter’s, 
Rome, said to be the handker¬ 
chief on which Jesus wiped his 
brow on his way to Calvary. It 
is said to contain the true like¬ 
ness (Vera icon) of our Saviour. 
Versailles. A splendid palace at 
Versailles, 10 miles from Paris. 
Vespers, The Sicilian. The 
massacre of the French in Sicily 
by the Sicilians, March 30, 1282. 
The sounding of the vesper bell 
vrns the signal for the massacre. 
Via Dolorosa. (The way of 
pain.) The way by which the 
Lord went from the Mount of 
Olives to Golgotha. 

Vinegar Bible, The, printed at 
Oxford, 1767, has vinegar for 
vineyard in the headline of Luke 
xxii. 

Virgin Queen, The. Queen 
Elizabeth of England. 

Vitus, St. St. Vitus’ dance is 
so called because St. Vitus was 
thought to have control of hysteri¬ 
cal complaints. 

W 

Wall of China, The. A wall 

1,200 miles long and 20 feet high, 
built by the Chinese in the 3d 
century b. c. as a protection 
against the Tartar invasions. 
Wall Street. The great financial 
street of New York. Most of the 
bankers and brokers are on this 
street or in its vicinity. 

Walton. An Izaak Walton. 
An angler. Izaak Walton pub¬ 
lished his Complete Angler in 
1655. 

Wandering Jew, The. A 

famous personage in mediaeval 
legend. Our Saviour, wearied 
with carrying his cross, is said 
to have stopped before the house 
of one Ahasuerus, a cobbler, who 
pushed him off, saying, “Away 
with you.” Jesus answered, “I 






War 


840 


Wit 


go away, but thou shalt tarry 
till I come.” Ahasuerus wan¬ 
dered over the world, seeking death, 
but condemned to live till the 
coming of our Lord. According 
to another legend, the Wander¬ 
ing Jew’s name was Kartophilus, 
the doorkeeper of the Hall of 
Judgment. He struck our 
Saviour, telling him to go faster. 
War of the Roses. The English 
civil vrars, between the houses of 
York and Lancaster, in the 14th 
and 15th centuries. The red rose 
was the symbol of Lancaster, the 
white rose of York. 

Wassail. An old Saxon saluta¬ 
tion, “What, hail!” The wassail 
bowl is the bowl of spiced ale 
used on New Year’s Day. 

Waters, The Father of. The 
Mississippi River (said to be a 
translation of the Indian name). 
Watling Street. A road across 
Southern Britain from Dover to 
Cardigan; a corruption of Vitcl- 
lina Strata, “the street of Vitel- 
lin.” The Milky Way was called 
Watling Street by the English 
peasantry. 

Ways and Means, Committee 
of the, A most important Com¬ 
mittee of the American House 
of Representatives, charged with 
devising the methods by which 
money for the current expenses 
of the Government is to be sup¬ 
plied. 

Wedding. The first anniversary 
of a w r edding is called a paper 
wedding, the gifts being paper ar¬ 
ticles; the fifth, wooden; the 
tenth, tin; the fifteenth, crys¬ 
tal ; twenty-fifth, silver ; fiftieth, 
golden ; seventy-fifth, diamond. 
Well of St. Keyne. A well in 
Cornwall whose virtue is such 
that whoever of a married couple 
first tastes its waters will “wear 
the breeches” in the household. 
Westminster Abbey. The cele¬ 
brated abbey-church of London, 
where many of the illustrious 
dead of England are buried. 
Whig. Once the name of great 
political parties in England and 
the United States. The term is 
said to come from Whiggamore, 
a Scotch (Celtic) word for a 
thief, a free-booter. The Marquis 
ol Argyle collected a troop of 
these thieves to oppose some 
measures of James I.. and finally 


the epithet Whig was applied to 
all opponents of the Government. 
Whistle. To pay too dearly 
for THE whistle. Dr. Franklin 
tells a story of buying a whistle, 
when a boy, for four times its 
value. Hence, something which 
does not equal our expectations, 
though costly. 

White Elephant. Something 
you don’t know what to do with. 
The king of Siam sends a white 
elephant to a courtier whose 
fortune he wishes to destroy. 
White Feather, To show the. 
To display cowardice. A white 
feather in a bird marks a cross 
breed, and is not found on a game¬ 
cock. 

White House. The residence of 
the President of the United States 
at Washington; so called from its 
color. 

White Stone. A DAY TO BE 

MARKED WITH A WHITE STONE 
is a day to be pleasantly remem¬ 
bered. The ancient Romans 
marked a lucky day on the 
calendar with a white stone; an 
unlucky day with charcoal. 
Whiteboys. A secret organization 
who engaged in “agrarian out¬ 
rages” in Ireland in 17S9; so 
called from wearing white shirts. 
Whitehall. A region in West¬ 
minster, London, where the royal 
palace formerly stood. 

Wild Huntsman, The. In 
German legend a spectral hunts¬ 
man in the Black Forest. The 
English name is “Herne the 
Hunter.” 

Windmills, To fight with. To 

oppose imaginary objects; to fight 
with crotchets. The phrase comes 
from Don Quixote’s adventure in 
assailing windmills, which he mis¬ 
took for giants. 

Windsor Castle. Famous royal 
castle and residence near London. 
Wise Men of the East, The. 
The three Magi who were guided 
by the star of Bethlehem to our 
Saviour’s birthplace. 

Witch of Endor, The. A sooth¬ 
sayer w r ho, at the request of Saul, 
invoked the ghost of Samuel, who 
foretold the death of Saul. 
Witch-Hazel. A forked hazel 
twig used for finding witches; 

! still in use to find a suitable place 
for digging a w T ell. 

Witches’ Sabbath. fhe for- 








Woo 


841 


Zol 


merly fabled nightly meeting of 
witches and demons. 

Wooden Horse, The. After the 
death of Hector, the Greeks be¬ 
sieging Troy built a gigantic 
wooden horse, pretending that it 
was an offering to the gods to 
insure a safe return to Greece. 
The horse was filled with Greek 
warriors; the Trojans dragged it 
into the city; and at night the 
Greeks came out of the horse, 
opened the city gates to their com¬ 
panions, and sacked the town. 

Woolsack, To sit on the. To 
be Lord Chancellor of England. 
His seat in the House of Lords 
is called the woolsack , an arm- 
iess, backless bag of wool. 

Wyoming Massacre. A band 
of British and Indians ravaged 
the valley of Wyoming in 1778. 

X 

Xanthos. The horse of Achilles 
in the Trojan war; like Balaam’s 
ass, prophetic. 

Xantippe. A shrew. She was 
the wife of Socrates, and an in¬ 
tolerable scold. 

Y 

Yahoo. A rowdy; a brutal, ill- 
bred man. The Yahoos in Swift’s 
Gulliver's Travels are brutes 
with the shapes of men. 

Yankee. An American. The 
word is used in America itself as 
a nickname of persons born in 
the New England States. The 
word is probably a corrupted 
•Indian form of English. 

Yankee Doodle. An American 
national air. 

Yarmouth Bloater. A red 

herring. Yarmouth, England, is 
noted for them. 

Yellow Jack. A cant term for 
the yellow fever. The Yellow 
Jack is the flag over vessels in 
quarantine, marine hospitals, etc. 


Yggdrasil. In Scandinavian 
mythology, an ash-tree, whose 
roots run to heaven, to the under¬ 
world, and to the Frost Giants. 
The serpent Nithoggr gnaws its 
roots. 

Young America. American 
boys and girls; the younger gen¬ 
eration, supposed to be very 
irreverent. 

Young Chevalier. Charles 
Edward Stuart, the second or 
young Pretender to the throne of 
Great Britain (1720-88). 

Young Germany. The literary 
school of Heinrich Heine, and his 
followers. 

Yule. Christmas. The “turn” of 
the sun at the winter solstice. 

Yule-log. An immense log of 
wood put across the fire on the 
hearth at Christmas. 

Z 

Zend Avesta. The old Persian 
scriptures. It is written in the 
Zend language. Avesta means 
“the living word.” 

Zodiac. An imaginary belt in 
the heavens, divided into 12 equal 
parts of 30 degrees each, with a 
sign for each part. The six signs 
north of the equator are: Aries, 
“the ram;” Taurus, “the bull;” 
Gemini, “the twins;” Cancer, 
“the crab Leo, “the lion;” 
Virgo, “the virgin.” The six 
signs south of the equator are: 
Libra “the balance;” Scorpio, 
“the scorpion;” Sagittarius, “the 
archer Capricornus, “the goat;” 
Aquarius, “the water-carrier;” 
and Pisces, “the fishes.” The first 
six are summer signs, the next 
three autumn signs, the last three 
winter signs. 

Zollverein. A commercial as¬ 
sociation between the German 
States to maintain the same tariff 
rates. 



55 










DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF 
MEN AND WOMEN WITH THEIR DERIVATION 
AND MEANING 


I. NAMES OF MEN. 


A 

Aaron. [Heb.] Lofty; inspired. 

Abel. [Heb.] Breath; transitori¬ 
ness; vanity. 

Abijah. [Heb.] To whom 
Jehovah is a father. 

Abner. [Heb.] Father of light. 

Abraham. [Heb.] Father of a 
multitude. 

Abram. [Heb.] Father of ele¬ 
vation. 

Adam. [Heb.] Man; earth- 

man ; red earth. 

Adolphus. [O. H. Ger.] Noble 
wolf, i. e., noble hero. 

Alan. Variously explained as a 
hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], 
and a corruption of Hilary, or 
of JElianus. 

Alaric. [O. H. Ger.] All-rich; 
or, noble ruler. 

Albert. [O. H. Ger.] Nobly 

bright; illustrious. 

Alexander. [Gr.] A defender 
of men. 

Alfred. [O. H. Ger.] Elf in 

council; i. e., good counselor. 

Algernon. [Fr.] With whiskers. 

Alonzo. [O. Ger.] The same as 
Alphonso, q. v. 

Alphonso. [O. H. Ger.] All- 
ready ; willing. 

Amasa. [Heb.] A burden. 

Ambrose. [Gr.] Immortal; 
divine. 

Amos. [Heb.] Strong; coura¬ 
geous ; otherwise, burden. 

Andrew. [Gr.] Strong; manly. 

Anselm. [O. H. Ger.] Protection 
of God. 

Anthony, l [Lat.] Priceless; 

Antony. > praiseworthy. 

Archibald. [Ger.] Extremely 
bold; otherwise, holy prince. 

Arthur. [Celt.] High; noble. 

Asa. [Heb.] Healer; physician. 

Asaph. [Heb.] A collector. 

Asher. [Heb.] Happy; fortu¬ 
nate. 


Augustin, 

Augustine, 

Austin. 


[Lat.] Belonging 
to Augustus. 


Augustus. [Lat] Exalted; im¬ 
perial. 

Azariah. [Heb.] Helped of the 
Lord. 


B 

Baldwin. [O. H. Ger.] Bold, 

courageous friend. 

Barnaby. [Heb.] Son of con¬ 
solation. 

Bartholomew. [Heb.] A war¬ 
like son. 

Basil. [Gr.] Kingly; royal. 
Benedict. [Lat.] Blessed. 
Benjamin. [Heb.] Son of the 
right hand. 

Beriah. [Heb.] In calamity. 
Bernard, ( [O. H. Ger.] Bold 
Varnard. 1 as a bear. 
Bertram. [O. H. Ger.] Bright 
raven. 

Boniface. [Lat.] A benefactor. 
Brian. [Celt.] Strong. 

Bruno. [O. H. Ger,] Brown. 


Cadwallader. [Brit.] Battle- 
[Lat.] Hairy; or blue- 


arranger. 

Caesar. 

eyed. 

Caleb. 

Calvin. 

Cecil. 

Cephas. 

Charles. 


[Heb.] A dog. 

[Lat.] Bald. 

[Lat.] Dim-sighted. 
[Aramaic.] A stone. 

- [O. H. Ger.] Strong; 

manly; noble-spirited. 

Christian. [Lat.] Belonging to 
Christ; a believer in Christ. 
Christopher. [Gr.] Bearing 
Christ. 

[Lat.] Illustrious. 

’ j [Lat.] Lame. 

[Lat.] Mild-tempered; 


Clarence. 

Claudius, 

Claude. 

Clement. 

merciful. 

Conrad. 

council; resolute. 

Constant. [Lat.] 
ful. 

Constantine. [Lat.] Resolute; 
firm. 


[O. H. Ger.] Bold in 
Firm; faith- 


842 




Cor 


843 


Mil 


Cornelius. [Lat.] (Meaning un¬ 
certain.) 

Cuthbert. [A.-S.] Noted splendor. 

Cyril. [Gr.] Lordly. 

Cyrus. [Per.] The sun. 

D 

Daniel. [Heb.] A divine judge. 

Darius. [Per.] Preserver. 

David. [Heb.] Beloved. 

Denis, ) [Gr.] Same as Diony- 
\ sus. 

Dennis, ) [Pr. form.] 

Dionysus. [Gr.] In Greek myth¬ 
ology, the god of wine, correspond¬ 
ing to Bacchus. 

Donald. [Celt.] Proud chief. 

Dunean. [Celt.] Brown chief. 

E 

Eben. [Heb.] A stone. 

Ebenezer. [Heb.] The stone of 
help. 

Edgar. [A.-S.] A javelin (or 
protector) of property. 

Edmund. [A.-S.] Defender of 
property. 

Edward. [A.-S.] Guardian of 
property. 

Edwin. [A.-S.] Gainer of prop- 

Egbert. [O. H. Ger.] The 
sword’s brightness; famous with 
the sword. 

Elbert. [O. H. Ger.] The same 
as Albert. 

Eldred. [A.-S.] Terrible. 

Eleazer. [Heb.] To whom God 
is a help. 

Eli. [Heb.] A foster son. 

Elias. [Heb.] The same as 
Elijah. 

Elihu. [Heb.] God the Lord. 

Elijah. [Heb.] Jehovah is my 
God. 

Elisha. [Heb.] God my salva¬ 
tion. 

Ellis. [Heb.] A variation of 
Elisha. 

Elmer. [A.-S.] Noble; excel¬ 
lent. [A contraction of Ethel- 
mer.] 

Emmanuel. [Heb.] God with 
us* 

Emery. [A.-S.] Powerful; rich. 

Enoch. [Heb.] Consecrated; 
dedicated. 

Enos. [Heb.] Man. 

Ephraim. [Heb.] Very fruitful. 

Erasmus. [Gr.] Lovely ; worthy 
to be loved. . 

Erastus. [Ger.] Lovely ; amiable. 


Ernest. [Ger.] Earnest. 

Ethan. [Heb.] Firmness; 
strength. 

Eugene. [Ger.] Wellborn ; 
noble. 

Eustace. [Gr.] Healthy; strong; 
standing firm. 

Evan. [Brit.] The same as John. 

Ezekiel. [Heb.] Strength of 
God. 

Ezra. [Heb.] Help. 

F 

Ferdinand* [O. H. Ger.] 
Brave; valiant. 

Fernando. [O. H. Ger.] Same 
as Ferdinand. 

Francis. [Fr.] Free. 

Frank [Fr.] A contraction of 
Francis. 

Frederic, \ [O. H. Ger.] 

Frederick. J Abounding in 
peace; or peaceful ruler. 

G 

Garret. [O. H. Ger.] Another 
form of Gerald, or Gerard. 

Geoffrey. [O. H. Ger.] The 
same as Godfrey. 

George. [Ger.] A landholder; 
husbandman. 

Gerald, 1 [O. H. Ger.] Strong 

Gerard, j with the spear. 

Gideon. [Heb.] A destroyer. 

Gilbert. [O. H. Ger.] Yellow- 
bright; famous. 

Giles. [Gr.] A kid. 

Godfrey. [O. H. Ger.] At peace 
with God. 

Gregory. [Ger.] Watchful; 
vigilant. 

Griffith. [Brit.] Having great 
faith. 

Gustavus. [Sw.] A warrior; 
hero. 

Guy. [Fr.] A leader. 

H 

Hannibal. [Punic.] Grace of 
Baal. 

Harold. [A.-S.] A champion; 
general of an army. 

Henry. [O. H. Ger.] The head 
or chief of a house. 

Herbert. [A.-S.] Glory of the 
army. 

Herman. [O. H. Ger.] A war¬ 
rior. 

Hezekiah. [Heb.] Strength of 
the Lord. 

Hilary. [Lat.] Cheerful; merry. 





Hir 


844 


Mar 


Hiram. [Heb.] Most noble. 

Horace. [Gr.] Same as Horatio. 
[Fr. form.] 

Horatio. LGr.] (Meaning uncer¬ 
tain.) 

Hosea. [Heb.] Salvation. 

Howell. [Brit.] Sound; whole. 

Hubert. [O. H. Ger.] Bright in 
spirit; soul-bright. 

Halo’ } [D.] Mind ; spirit; soul. 

Humphrey. [A.-S.] Protector 
of the home. 


I 

Ichabod. [Heb.] The glory has 
departed. 

Ignatius. [Gr.] Ardent; fiery. 

Immanuel. [Heb.] The same 
as Emmanuel. 

Ingram. [Teut.] Raven. 

Inigo. [Gr.] The same as Igna¬ 
tius. [Sp. form.] 

Ira. [Heb.] Watchful. 

Isaac. [Heb.] Laughter. 

Isaiab. [Heb.] Salvation of the 
Lord. 

IsraeL [Heb.] A soldier of God. 

Ivan. [Brit.] The same as 
John. 


He will cause 


A supplanter. 
The same as 


Jabez. [Heb.] 
pain. 

Jacob. [Heb.] 

James. [Heb.] 

Jacob. 

Japbetb. [Heb.] Enlargement. 

Jason. [Gr.] A healer. 

Jasper. [Per.] (Meaning un¬ 
certain.) 

Jedediab. [Heb.] Beloved of 
the Lord. 

Jeffrey. [O. H. Ger.] The same 
as Godfrey. 

Je^eSlas,’ ! [Hfb-I Exalted of 

Jeremy. J the Lord. 

Jerome. [Gr.] Holy name. 
Jesse. [Heb.] Wealth. 

Jehovah is his fa- 


Joab. [Heb.]" 
ther. 

Job. [Heb.] 
cuted. 

Joel. [Heb.] 

John. [Heb.] 
of God. 

[Heb.] 

Jonathan. [Heb.] 
hovah. 

Joseph. [Heb.] He shall add. 


Afflicted; perse- 

The Lord is God. 
The gracious gift 


A dove. 

Gift of Je- 


Josbua. [Heb.] G®d of salva¬ 
tion. 

Josiab, i [Heb.] Given of the 
Josias. > Lord. 

Judah. [Heb.] Praised. 

Julian. [Lat.] Sprung from, or 
belonging to, Julius. 

Julius. [Gr.] Soft-haired. 
Justin. [Lat.] Just. 

Justus. [Lat.] Just. 


K 

Kenelm. [A.-S.] A defender of 

his kindred. 

Kenneth. [Gael.] A leader; 

commander. 


L 

Lambert. [O. H. Ger.] Illus¬ 
trious with landed possessions. 

Lancelot. [It.] A little angel; 
otherwise, a little lance or war¬ 
rior ; or a servant. 

Laurence, l [Lat.] Crowned 

Lawrence. / with laurel. 

Lazarus. [Heb.] God will help. 

Leander. [Gr.] Lion-man. 

Lemuel. [Heb.] Created by God. 

Leonard. [Ger.] Strong; or 
brave as a lion. 

Leopold. [O. H. Ger.] Bold for 
the people. 

Levi. [Heb.] Adhesion. 

Lewis. M3. H. Ger.] Bold war¬ 
rior. 

Lionel. [Lat.] Young lion. 

Llewellyn. [Celt.] Lightning. 

Lorenzo. [Lat.] Same as Lau¬ 
rence. [It. & Sp. forms.] 

Louis. [O. H. Ger.] The same as 
Lewis. [Fr. form.] 

Lucian. TLat.] Belonging to, or 
sprung from Lucius. 

Lucius. [Lat.] Born at break of 
day. 

Luke. [Lat.] Light. 

Luther. [Ger.] Illustrious war¬ 
rior. 


M 

Malachi. [Heb.] Messenger of 
the Lord. 

Manasseh. [Heb.] Forgetfulness. 

Marcus,) [Lat.] A hammer; 

Mark. / otherwise, a male, or 
sprung from Mars. 

Marmaduke. [A.-S.] A mighty 
noble. 

Martin. [Lat.] Of Mars; war¬ 
like. 







Mat 


845 


Syl 


Matthew. [Heb.] Gift of Je¬ 
hovah. 

Maurice. [Lat.] Moorish; dark- 
colored. 

Maximilian. [Lat.] The great¬ 
est iEmilianus. 

Micah. [Heb.] Who is like the 
Lord? 

Michael. [Heb.] Who is like 
God? 

Miles. [Lat.] A soldier. 

Moses. [Egypt.] Drawn out of 
the water. 

N 

Napoleon. [Gr.] Lion of the 
forest-dell. 

Nathan. [Heb.} Given ; a gift. 

Nathanael,) [Heb.] The gift of 

Nathaniel. J God. 

Neal,) [Lat.] Dark; swarthy; 

Neil. / otherwise [Celt.], chief. 

Nicholas,) [Gr.] Victory of the 

Nicolas. ) people. 

Noah. [Heb.] Rest; comfort. 

Norman. [Ger.] A Northman; 
& native of Normandy. 

O 

Obadiah. [Heb.] Servant of the 
Lord. 

Octavius, ) [Lat.] The eighth- 

Octavus. / born. 

Oliver. [Lat.] An olive-tree. 

Orlando. [Teut.] Same as Row¬ 
land. [It. form.] 

Oscar. [Celt.] Bounding war¬ 
rior. 

Oswald. [O. H. Ger.] Power of 
God. 

Owen. [Celt.] Lamb; other¬ 
wise, young warrior. 

P 

Patrick. [Lat.] Noble; a pa¬ 
trician. 

Paul. [Lat.] Little. 

Peleg. [Heb.] Division. 

Peregrine. [Lat.] A stranger. 

Peter. [Gr.] A rock 

Philander. [Gr.] A lover of 
men. 

Philemon. [Gr.] Loving, 
friendly. 

Philip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. 

Phineas. [Heb ] Mouth of brass. 

Pius. [Lat.] Pious; dutiful. 

Pliny. [Lat.] (Meaning uncer¬ 
tain.) 


Q 

Quintin. [Lat.] The fifth. 

It 

Ralph. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Rodolphus. 

Raphael. [Heb.] The healing of 
God. 

Raymond. [O. H. Ger.] Wise 
protection. 

Reginald. [O. H. Ger.] Strong 
ruler. 

Reuben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. 
Reynold. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Reginald. 

Richard. [O. H. Ger.] Rich- 
hearted ; powerful. 

Robert. [O. H. ^er.] Bright in 
fame. 

Roderic, 1 [O. H. Ger.] Rich 
Roderick, j in fame. 

Rodolph, i [O. H. Ger.] Fa- 
Rodolphus. / mous wolf, or hero. 
Roger. [O. H. Ger.] Famous 
with the spear. 

Roland. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Rowland. [Fr. form.] 
Rowland. [O. H. Ger.] Fame 
of the land. 

Rudolph, 1 [O. H. Ger.] 

Rudolphus. J Variations of Ro¬ 
dolphus. 

Rufus. [Lat.] Red; red-haired- 
Rupert. [O. H. Ger.] The same 
as Robert. 

S 

Samson, ) [Heb.] Splendid sun ; 
Sampson./ i. e., Great joy and 
felicity. 

Samuel. [Heb.] Heard of God; 

asked for of God. 

Saul. [Heb.] Asked for. 

Seba. [Heb.] Eminent. 
Sebastian. [Gr.] Venerable; 
reverend. 

Seth. [Heb.] Appointed. 
Sigismund. [O. H. Ger.] Con¬ 
quering protection. 

Silas. [Lat.] A contraction of 
SlLVANUS. 

Silvanus. [Lat.] Living in a 
wood. 

Silvester. [Lat.] Bred in the 
country ; rustic. 

Simeon, ) [Heb.] Hearing with 
Simon. / acceptance. 
Solomon. [Heb.] Peaceable. 
Stephen. [Gr.] A crown. 
Sylvan, 1 The same as SiL- 
Sylvanus. > VANUS. 

Sylvester. The same as SiJ-- 
VESTEL. 





Tha 


846 


Bar 


T 

Thaddens. [Syr.] The wise. 
Theobald. [O. H. Ger.] Bold 
for the people. 

Theodore. [Gr.] The gift of 
God. 

Theodoric. [A.-S.] Powerful 

among the people. 

Theophilus. [Gr.] A lover of 
God. 

Thomas. [Heb.] A twin. 
Timothy. [Gr.] Fearing God. 
Titus. [Gr.] (Meaning uncer¬ 
tain.) 

Tobiah, l [H e b.] Distinguished 
Tobias, i of the Lord. 
Tristam, i [Lat.] Grave; pen- 
Tristram. j sive; melancholy ; 
sorrowful; sad. 


U 

Ulysses. [Gr.] A hater. 
Uriah. [Heb.] Light of the 
Lord. 

Uriel. [Heb.] Light of God. 

V 

Valentine. [Lat.] Strong; 
healthy; powerful. 


j Victor. [Lat.] A conqueror. 
Vincent. [Lat.] Conquering; 
victorious. 

Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. 

W 

Walter. [O. H. Ger.] Ruling 

the host. 

William. [O. H. Ger.] Reso¬ 
lute helmet, or helmet of resolu¬ 
tion ; defense; protector. 
Winfred. [A.-S.] Win-peace. 


Z 

Zabdiel. [Heb.] Gift of God. 
Zaccheus. [Heb.] Innocent; 
pure. 

Zachariah, 1 [Heb.] Remembered. 
Zachary. J of the Lord. 
Zadok. [Heb.] Just. 

Zebadiah, •» [Heb.] Gift of the 
Zebedee. > Lord. 

Zechariah. [Heb.] The same 
as Zachariah. 

Zedekiah. [Heb.] Justice of 
the Lord. 

Zephaniah. [Heb.] Hid of the 

Lord. 


II. NAMES 
A 

Abigail. [Heb.] My father’s 
joy. 

Ada. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Edith. 

Adaline. [O. H. Ger.] Same 
as Adeline. 

Adela. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 

A HFT TMF 

Adelaide. [O. H. Ger.] Same 
as Adeline. 

Adelina, 1 [O. H. Ger.] Of noble 
Adeline. J birth ; a princess. 
Agatha. [Gr.] Good; kind. 
Agnes. [Gr.] Chaste; pure. 
Alberta. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Albert. 

Alexandra, i [Gr.] Feminine of 
Alexandrina. j Alexander. 
Alice, i[0. H. Ger.] Same as 
A licia, j Adeline. 

Almira. [Ar.] Lofty; a prin¬ 
cess. 

Amabel. [Lat.] Lovable. 
Amanda. [Lat.] Worthy to be 

loved. 


OF WOMEN 

Amelia. [O. H. Ger.] Busy, 

energetic.—See Emeline. 

Amy. [Lat.] Beloved. 
Angelica, \ [Gr.] Lovely ; 
Angelina. J angelic. 

Ann 8 ’ l[Heb.] Grace; same as 
Anne. J Hannah. 

Annette. [Heb.] A variation of 
Anne. [Fr. form.] 

Antoinette. [Gr.] Diminutive 
of Antonia. [Fr. form.] 
Antonia. [Lat.] Inestimable. 
Arabella. [Lat.] A fair altar; 

otherwise, an Arabian woman. 
Augusta. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Augustus. 

Aurelia. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Aurelius. 

Aurora. [Lat.] Morning red¬ 
ness; fresh; brilliant. 

B 

Barbara. [Gr.] Foreign; 

strange. 







Bea 


847 


Ger 


i 

Beatrix?’} t Lat *l Making happy. 
Belinda. (Meaning uncertain.) 
Bertha. [O. H. Ger.] Bright; 
beautiful. 

Betsey. [Heb.] A corruption of 
Elizabeth. 

Blanche. 1 [Teut.] White. 
Bridget. [Celt.] Strength. 

C 

Caroline. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Carolus, the Latin of 
Charles. [Fr. form.] 

Catharina, ) 

CatJharine, > [Gr.] Pure. 
Catherine. ) 

Cecilia, l [Lat.] Feminine of Ce- 
Cecily. J CIL. 

Celia. [Lat.] Feminine of Cce- 
lius. Lit. form.] 

Charlotte. [0. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Charles. 

Chloe. [Gr.] A green herb; 
blooming. 

Christiana, \ [Gr.] Feminine 
Christina. J of Christianus, 
Lat. for Christian. 

Cicely. [Lat.] A corruption of 
Cecilia. 

Clara. [Lat.] Bright; illustri¬ 
ous. 

Clarice, l [Lat.] A variation of 
Clarissa. / Clara. 

Claudia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Claudius. 

Clementina, | [Lat ] Mild ; gentle. 

Clementine J 

Constance. [Lat.] Firm; con¬ 
stant. 

Cora. [Gr.] Maiden; another 
form of Corinna. 

Cordelia. [Lat.] Warm-hearted. 
Corinna. [Gr.] Maiden. 
Cornelia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Cornelius. 

D 

Deborah. [Heb.] A bee. 

Delia. [Gr.] of Delos. 

Diana. [Lat.] Goddess. 

Dinah. [Heb.] Judged. 

Dora. [Gr.] *A contraction of 
Dorothea. i 
Dorcas. TGr.] A gazelle. 

Dor in da. [Gr.] Same as 
Dorothea. 

Dorothea, ] [Gr.] The gift of God. 

Dorothy. J 

Drusilla. (Meaning uncertain.) 


E 

Edith. [O. H. Ger.] Happi¬ 
ness ; otherwise, rich gift. 

Edna. [Heb.] Pleasure. 
Eleanor, > [Gr.] Light; the same 
Elinor. / as Helen. 
Elisabeth, [Heb.] Worshiper 
Elizabeth, v of God; conse- 
Eliza. J crated to God. 
Ella. [Gr.] A contraction of 
Eleanor. 

Ellen. [Gr.] Diminutive of 
Eleanor. 

Elvira. [Lat.] White. 

Emeline, 1 [O. H. Ger.] Ener- 
Emmeline.J getic; industrious. 
Emily. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Emeline. 

Emma. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Emeline. 

Ernestine. [Ger.] Feminine 
and dim. of Ernest. 

Esther. [Per.] Star; good for¬ 
tune. 

Ethel. [O. H. Ger.] Noble; of 
noble birth; same as Adela. 

Ethelindaj [Teut.] Noble snake. 
Eugenia. *”[Gr.] Feminine of 
Eugene. 

Eugenie. [Gr.] Same as Eu¬ 
genia. [Fr. form.] 

Eunice. [Gr.] Happy victory. 
Euphemia. [Gr.] Of good re¬ 
port. 

Eva. [Heb.] Life. 

Evangeline. [Gr.] Bringing 
glad news. 

Eve. [Heb.] The same as Eva. 
Evelina, 1 [Heb.] Diminutive of 
Eveline. J Eva. [It. form.] 

F 

Fanny. [Ger.] A diminutive of 
Frances. 

Faustina. [Lat] Lucky. 
Felicia. [Lat.] Happiness. 
Fidelia. [Lat.] Faithful. 
Flora. [Lat.] Flowers. 
Florence. [Lat.] Blooming; 
flourishing. 

Frances. [Ger.] Feminine of 
Francis. 

Frederica. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Frederick. 

G 

Georgiana, \ [Gr.] Feminine of 
Georgina. I George. 
Geraldine. Feminine of Gerald. 
Gertrude. [O. H. Ger.] Spear- 
maiden. 







Gra 


848 


trrace. [Lat.] Grace, favor. 
Griselda. [Teut.] Stone-hero¬ 
ine. 

II 

Hannah. [Heb.] The same as 
Anna. 

Harriet. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine diminutive of Henry. [Eng. 
form.] 

Helena. } f Gr -] Light. 
Henrietta. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine and diminutive of Henry. 
[Fr. form.] 

Hephzibah. [Heb.] My delight 
is in her. 

Hester, ) [Per.] Same as 
Hesther. / Esther. 

Honoria. } £ Lat l Honorable. 
Hortensia. [Lat.] A lady gar¬ 
dener. 

Huldah. [Heb.] A weasel. 

I 

Ida. [O. H. Ger.] Godlike. 

Inez. [Gr.] The same as Agnes. 
Irene. [Gr.] Peaceful. 


Isabel, 

1 LHeb.l 

The same 

Isabella. 

J Elizabeth. 


J 


Jane. 

[Heb.] 

Feminine 


John ; same as Joanna. 

Janet. [Heb.] Diminutive of 
Jane. 

Jaqueline. [Heb.] Feminine of 

James. [Fr. form.] 

Jean, | [Heb.] The same 

Jeanne, f as Jane or Joan. 

Jeannette. J [Fr. forms.] 
Jemima. [Heb.] A dove. 
Jerusha. [Heb.] Possessed; 

married. 

Joan, 1 [Heb.] Feminine of 
Joanna. J John. 

Josepha, l [Heb.] Feminine of 
Josephine.! Joseph. 

Judith. [Heb.] Praised. 

Julia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Julius. 

Juliana. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Julian. 

Juliet. [Lat.] Diminutive of 
Julia. [Fr. form.] 

K 

Katharine,-) [Gr.] Same as 
Katherine, f Catharine. 
Keturah. [Heb.] Incense. 
Keziah. [Heb.] Cassia. 


Myr 


L 

Laura. [Lat.] A laurel. 
Lavinia. [Lat.] Of Latium. 
Leonora. [Gr.] Same as Ele¬ 
anor. 

Letitia. [Lat.] Happiness. 

Lett ice. A corruption of Letitia. 

Lilir } tUt] Lily. 

Lois. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 
Louisa, ) [O. H. Ger.] Feminine 

Louise. / of Louis. 

Lucia. [Lat.] Same as Lucy. 
[It. form.] 

Lucinda. [Lat.] The same as 
Lucy. 

Lucretia. [Lat.] Gain; other¬ 
wise, light. 

Lucy. [Lat.] Feminine of Lu¬ 
cius. 

Lydia. [Gr.] A native of Lydia, 
in Asia Minor. 


M 

Mabel. [Lat.] A contraction of 

Amabel. 

Madeline. [Heb.] Same as 
Magdalene. [Fr. form.] 
Magdalene. [Heb.] Belonging 

to Magdala. 

Marcella. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Marcellus. 

Marcia. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Marcius. 

Margaret. [Gr.] A pearl. 
Maria. [Heb.] The same as 
Mary. [Lat. form.] 

Marianne. [Heb.] A compound 
of Mary and Anne. 

Marion. [Heb.] A French form 
of Mary. 

Martha. [Heb.] The ruler of 
the house; otherwise, sorrowful. 
Mary. [Heb.] Bitter; other¬ 
wise, their rebellion, or star of the 

sea. 


matnuaa, ^ [U. tl. Uer.J Mighty 

r b a t t 1 e-maid; 
Matilda, j heroine. 

Maud. A contraction of Ma¬ 
thilda, or Magdalene. 

May. A diminutive of Mary. 
Mehetabel, ) [Heb.] Benefited of 
Mehitable. J God. 

Melicent. [Lat.] Sweet singer. 
[Gr.] A 1 
[Ger.] 


Melissa. 
Mildred. 

ener. 

Miranda. 
Miriam. 

Mary. 

Myra. [Gr.] 

laments. 


bee. 

Mild 


tlireat- 


[Lat.] 

[Heb.] 


Admirable. 
The same as 


She who weeps or 








Nan 


849 


Zen 


N 

Nancy. A familiar form of Anne. 
Nora. A contraction of IIonora. 

O 


Octavia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Octavius. 


Olive, } 
Olivia. J 

[Lat.] An olive. 


Ophelia. 

[Gr.] 

Serpent. 


Paula. 

P 

[Lat.] 

Feminine 

of 

Paul. 

Pauline. 

[Lat.] 

Feminine 

of 

Paulinus. 

Penelope. 

[Gr.] 

A weaver. 


Philippa. 

[Gr.] 

Feminine 

of 

Philip. 

Phcebe. fGr.] Pure; radiant. 


A 11UC UCt | V_J A • J JL U 1 U , 1 aV.lUUlL. 

Phebe. [Gr.] The same as 
Phcebe. 


Phyllis. [Gr.] A green bough. 
Priscilla. [Lat.] Somewhat old. 

R 

Rachel. [Heb.] A ewe. 
Rebecca, ) [Heb.] Of enchanting 
Rcbekah. J beauty. 

Rhoda. [Ger.] A rose. 

Rosa. [Lat.] A rose. 

Rosabel, ) rT . ^ » <. • 
Rosabella. / ELat.J A fair rose. 

Rosalia,) [Lat.] Little and bloom- 
_ r ing rose. [Fr. and 

jRosalie.) it. forms.] 
Rosalind. [Lat.] Beautiful as 
a rose. 

Rosamond. [Teut.] Horse-pro¬ 
tection, i. e., famous protection. 
Roxana. [Per.] Dawn of day. 
Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. 

S 

Sabina. [Lat.] A Sabine 
woman. 

Salome. [Heb.] Peaceful, 


Sarah. } [Heb 'J A princess. 

Selina. [Gr.] Parsley. 

libylia. 1 A prophetess. 

Sophia. [Gr.] Wisdom. 

Sophronia. [Gr.] Of a sound 
mind. 

Stella. [Lat.] A star. 

Susan, 'i 

Susanna, l [Heb.] A lily. 

Susannah. ) 

T 

Tabitha. [Syr.] A gazelle. 

Theodora. [Gr.] Feminine of 
Theodore. 

Theodosia. [Gr.] The gift of 
God. 

Theresa. [Gr.] Carrying ears 
of corn. 

U 

Ulrica. [O. H. Ger.] Rich. 

Urania. [Gr.] Heavenly;—the 
name of one of the Muses. 

Ursula. [Lat.] She-bear. 

V 

Valeria. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Valerius. 

Victoria. [Lat.] Victory. Fem¬ 
inine of Victor. 

Viola. [Lat.] A violet. 

Virginia. [Lat.] Virgin; pure. 

Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. 

W 

Wilhelmina. [O. H. Ger] 
Feminine of Wilhelm, German 
of William. 

Winifred. [Teut.] Lover of 
peace. 

Z 

Zenobia. [Gr.] Having life 
from Jupiter. 









DICTIONARY OF FORMS OF ADDRESS 


Used in Ceremonious Communications with Persons of 
Title or Official Position 


Ambassador.—The title “Excel¬ 
lency” belongs specially to am¬ 
bassadors and to United States 
ministers to a foreign court. 
Address letters “His Excellency” 
(with name or distinctive title 
following). Begin, “Sir,” “My 
Lord,” according as the ambas¬ 
sador possesses title or not. When 
personal reference is made, say 
“Your Excellency.” An envoy 
extraordinary or charge d’affaires, 
though inferior to an ambassador 
strictly so called, also, usually re¬ 
ceives the title “Excellency;” and 
the wives of ambassadors are 
generally addressed similarly dur¬ 
ing their husbands’ tenure of of¬ 
fice and while residing abroad. 
Archbishop. —Address: “T h e 

most Reverend A— B—, D.D.” 
The wife of an archbishop has 
no special title. 

Bishop. —Address: “The Right 
Rev. Bishop,” or “The Rt. Rev. 
A— B—, D.D.” A bishop’s wife 
and family have no special title. 
Cardinal. —The special title of a 
cardinal as such is “His Emi¬ 
nence.” Begin: “Your Eminence.” 
Clergyman. —The general form of 
address is “The Reverend A— B.” 
Begin: “Rev. Sir,” or simply 
“Sir.” 

Congress, Members of (U. S.). 

—Addressed generally “The Hon¬ 
orable A— B—.” 

Consul. —There is no special form 
of address to a person as such, 
though in this country a consul 
is called “Honorable.” 

Doctor. —The initials denoting the 
particular degree are placed after 
the usual form of address, 
whether D.D., LL.D., M.D., D.Sc., 
etc., “The Rev. A.—, B.—, D.D.,” 
“A—B, Esq., M.D.” Less for¬ 
mally : “The Rev. Doctor B— 
“Doctor A— B.” 

Duke. —Address: “His Grace the 
Duke of—.” Begin : “My Lord 

Dukerefer to as “Your Grace.” 
All the children of a duke are en¬ 
titled to be called “Right Honor- 
Able.” 


Governor of State (U. S.). — 

Usually addressed as “His Ex¬ 
cellency.” “His Excellency A— 
B—, Governor of —,” or, “His 
Excellency the Governor of—.” 
A lieutenant-governor is called 
“Honorable.” 

Judge.—“His Honor, Judge —” 
(surname) ; on the bench referred 
to as “Your Honor.” 

King. —Should be addressed as 
“The King’s Most Excellent Maj¬ 
esty.” Begin: “Sire,” or “May 
it please Your Majestyrefer 
to as “Your Majesty.” 

Lawyers. —Address: “Esquire^* 

or “Mr. A— B—, Esq.” Thia 
is a complimentary title given to 
all holding temporary civil offices, 
as magistrates, councilmen. etc. 
Married Lady. —Has the title 
Mrs. prefixed to her name in 
speaking and writing. On being 
approached in writing or speech 
by strangers or inferiors, should 
be addressed as “Madam,” or 
“Dear Madam.” An unmarried 
lady is addressed as “Miss,” in 
speaking or writing. Two or more 
unmarried ladies are addressed as 
“The Misses A— B—,” while 
“Mesdames” is plural for 
“Madam.” 

Mayor. —Address: “The Honor- 
able Mayor of —.” Address: 

“Sir,” or “Dear Sir.” Mayors 
are usually styled “Honorable;” 
“The Honorable A— B, Mayor 
of — 

Member of House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. —Address: “Honor¬ 
able A— B—, M.C.” Begin: “Sir,” 
or “Dear Sir.” A Congressman’s 
wife and family have no title of 
recognition. 

Member of Parliament.—Not 

specially recognized except by add¬ 
ing “M.P.” to ordinary ad¬ 
dress: “A— B— Esq., M.P.;” 
‘‘Sir A—B—, Bart. M.P.” 
Officers, Military and Naval. 
—Their professional rank is put 
before any title they may inde¬ 
pendently possess: “General” qjj 


850 





Pre 


851 


Que 


44 Admiral, the Right Hon. the 
Earl of—;” “Colonel A— B— .” 

President (U. S.). — Address : 
“His Excellency the President of 
the United States,” “His Excel¬ 
lency A— B—, President of the 
United States.” The Vice-Presi¬ 
dent and ex-presidents are 
“Honorable“The Honorable the 
Vice-President;” “The Honorable 
A— B.” 

Prince. —Address: “His Royal 
Highness the Prince of Wales;” 
“His Royal Highness Prince 
A —•” (Christian name). Begin 
in any case: “Sir;” refer to as 
“Your Royal Highness.” 

Princess.—Address : “Her Royal 

«S*TCa^£T3g» ^H IPIl . . ■ ■— . 


Highness the Princess of Wales;” 
“Her Royal Highness the Princess 
A—” (Christian name) ; Begin: 
“Madam;” refer to as “Your 
Royal Highness.” 

Professor. —A form of address 
for a scholar who has achieved 
distinction in some special de¬ 
partment of science or learning; 
but should not be employed in¬ 
discriminately to any teacher or 
schoolmaster. 

Queen.—Address: “The Queen’s 
Most Excellent Majesty.” Begin 
“Madam,” or “May it please Your 
Majesty;” refer to as “Youf 
Majesty.” 







DICTIONARY OF POPULAR TITLES OF AMERICAN 
STATES, CITIES, ETC. 


Acadia, the original, and now the 
poetic name of Nova Scotia. 

Athens of America, a name 
sometimes given to Boston, Mass. 

Badg;er State, Wisconsin, where 
badgers were formerly so numer¬ 
ous that a badger was represented 
in the State Coat of Arms. 

Bay State, given to Massachu¬ 
setts, known before the Revolu¬ 
tion as the “Bay” colony. 

Bayou State, a name given to 
Mississippi, from the frequent 
use of the word “bayou,” to desig¬ 
nate streams on the State map. 

Bear State, applied to Arkansas, 
from the number of bears for¬ 
merly in its forests. 

Beaver State, a title given Ore¬ 
gon, from its multitude of 
beavers; also called the Web-foot 
Country, from its excessive rains 
in winter. 

Black-water State, a name 
applied to Nebraska, from the 
dark color given its streams from 
the drainage of its rich soil. 

Buckeye State. Ohio is so 
called from its numerous buck¬ 
eye trees, the nuts of which re¬ 
semble a buck’s eye. 

Centennial State, a title ap¬ 
plied to Colorado, from its being 
admitted in 1876, the Centennial 
year. 

City of Brotherly Love, Phila¬ 
delphia is sometimes so called, 
this being the literal signification 
of the name. 

City of Elms, a familiar denomi¬ 
nation of New Haven. Conn., 
many of the streets of which are 
thickly shaded with lofty elms. 

City of Magnificent Distances, 
a popular designation given to 
the city of Washington, the 
capital of the United States, 
which is laid out on a very large 
scale. 

City of Rocks, a descriptive 
name popularly given to the city 
of Nashville, Tenn. 

City of Spindles, a name popu¬ 
larly given to the city of Lowell, 
Mass., the largest cotton manu¬ 
facturing town in the United 
States. 

City of the Straits, a name 


popularly given to Detroit, Mich., 
which is situated on the west 
bank of the river or strait con¬ 
necting Lake St. Clair with Lake 
Erie. Detroit is a French word, 
meaning “strait.” 

Columbia, a name often given to 
America, from a feeling of poetic 
justice to its discoverer. The 
application of the term is usually 
restricted to the United States. 
Colombia, in South America, is 
the Spanish spelling of this title. 
Cotton State. Alabama, the 
central State of the cotton belt. 
Cradle of Liberty, a popular 
name given to Faneuil Hall, a 
large public edifice in Boston, 
Mass., in which the meetings of 
the patriots were held before the 
Revolution. 

Creole State, a name given to 
the State of Louisiana, in which 
the descendants of the original 
French and Spanish settlers con¬ 
stitute a large proportion of the 
population. 

Crescent City, a popular name 
for the city of New Orleans, from 
the crescent-like bend of the 
Mississippi around it. It now ex¬ 
tends along two bends of the 
river, so that its front is of the 
shape of the letter S. 

Dark and Bloody Ground, 
The, an expressicu often used in 
allusion to Kentucky, of which 
name it is said to be the transla¬ 
tion. It is also known as the 
Blue Grass and the Ccrn-cracker 
State. 

Diamond State, applied to Dela¬ 
ware, from its small size and 
great importance; also called the 
Blue Hen State, from an anec¬ 
dote in which a blue hen of Dela¬ 
ware was held to always hatch 
out a good game-cock. 

Empire City, the city of New 
York, the chief city of America. 
Empire State of the South, a 
title given Georgia as a leader in 
manufacturers and in public and 
literary men. 

Excelsior State, the State of 
New York, sometimes so called 
from the motto “Excelsior” upon 



1? 


853 


its coat of arms. Also known as 
the Empire State. 

Pall City, Louisville, Ky., popu¬ 
larly so called from the falls 
which, at this place, impede the 
navigation of the Ohio river. 
Father of Waters, a popular 
name given to the river Missis¬ 
sippi ©n account of its great 
length, and the large number of 
its tributaries. The literal sig¬ 
nification of the name, which is of 
Indian origin, is said to be “great 
river.” 

Flower City, Springfield, Ill., 
the capital of the State, which is 
distinguished for the beauty of 
its surroundings. 

Forest City, Cleveland, Ohio, so 
called from the many ornamental 
trees with which the streets are 
bordered. Also Portland, Me., a 
city distinguished for its many 
elms and other beautiful shade- 
trees. 

Freestone State, the State of 
Connecticut, sometimes so called 
from the quarries of freestone 
which it contains. 

Garden City, a popular name for 
Chicago, a city which is remarka¬ 
ble for the number and beauty of 
its private gardens. 

Garden State, applied to New 
Jersey, from its great production 
of fruit and vegetables for the 
New York and Philadelphia 
market®. 

Garden of the W'orld, a name 
frequently applied to Kansas, but 
sometimes to Illinois and. others 
of the Western States, which are 
all noted for their productiveness. 
Gibraltar of America, a name 
often given to the city of Quebec, 
which, from its position and natu¬ 
ral and artificial means of de¬ 
fense, is the most strongly forti¬ 
fied city in America. 

Gopber State, -applied to Minne¬ 
sota, from its great number of 
lakes, as if honeycombed by the 

f opher, or ground mole. It is also 
nown as the North Star State, 
from the title on its seal. 
Gotbaxn, a popular name for the 
city of New York, first given to 
it in “Salmagundi” (a humorous 
work by Washington Irving and 
William Irving and James K. 
Paulding), because the inhabi¬ 
tants were such wiseacres. 
Granite State, New Hampshire, 


At 


whose mountains are largely of 
granite. ^ 

Green Mountain State, the 

name given Vermont by the 
French, signifies green mountain. 
Hoosier State, Indiana, whose 
people became known as hoosiers 
or hushers, formerly a common 
term in the West for a bully; 
also traceable to a gruff local ex¬ 
pression of “who’s yer ?” 

Hub of the Universe, a bur¬ 
lesque and popular designation 
of Boston, Mass., originating with 
the American humorist, Oliver 
Wendell Holmes. 

Insurance City, Hartford, Conn., 
is so called from the many and 
important insurance enterprises 
centering there. 

Iron City, a name popularly 
given to Pittsburg, Pa., a city 
distinguished for its numerous 
and immense iron manufactories. 
Iron State, the name given Mis¬ 
souri, from its noted iron moun¬ 
tain. 

Key of the Gulf, a name often 
given to the island of Cuba, from 
its position at the entrance of the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Keystone State, the popular 

designation of Pennsylvania as 
the center of the thirteen original 
States, the Keystone of the arch 
of the Union. 

Land of Steady Habits, a 

name by which the State of Con¬ 
necticut is sometimes designated, 
in allusion to the moral character 
of its inhabitants. 

Little Rhody, the designation of 
Rhode Island as the littlest of the 
States. 

Lone Star State, the name given 
Texas, which bore one star in its 
flag before its admission to the 
Union. Its State seal still bears 
a lone star. 

Lumber City, Bangor, Maine, is 
so called because of its importance 
as a shipping-point for the vast 
output of lumber from the Maine 
woods. 

Mason and Dixon’s Line, a 

name given to the southern 
boundary line of the State of 
Pennsylvania, which separated it 
from the States of Maryland and 
Virginia, thus serving as .the 
dividing line between the original 
free and slave States. 

Modern Athens, a name often 





A1 


854 


W 


given to Boston, Mass., a city 
distinguished for its many excel¬ 
lent literary and educational in¬ 
stitutions and publications. 
Monumental City, the city of 
Baltimore, so called from the 
monuments which it contains. 
Mother of Presidents, a name 
frequently given to the State of 
Virginia, which has furnished six 
Presidents to the Union. 

Mound City, a name popularly 
given to St. Louis on account of 
the numerous artificial mounds 
that occupied the site on which 
the city is built. 

Old Colony, the designation of 
the section of Massachusetts 
within the former limits of Ply¬ 
mouth Colony, the original set¬ 
tlement. 

Old Dominion, a title applied to 
Virginia, from its proclamation f 
Charles II. as King of England, 
Scotland, Ireland and Virginia— 
he thus being announced as King 
in Virginia before he was in 
England. In gratitude he quar¬ 
tered the arms of Virginia with 
those of the home countries, and 
it became known as the “Old Do¬ 
minion.” 


companied by a colony of English 
Friends. 

Queen City, a popular name of 
Cincinnati, so called when it was 
the undisputed commercial me¬ 
tropolis of the West. 

Queen City of the Lakes, a 
name sometimes given to the city 
of Buffalo, N. Y., from its posi¬ 
tion and importance. 

Queen of the Antilles, an ap¬ 
pellation sometimes given to 
Cuba, which ranks first among 
the islands of the West Indian 
group. 

Railroad City, Indianapolis, the 
capital of the State of Indiana, 
is sometimes called by this name, 
as being the terminus of various 
railroads. 

Salt River, a cant name for an 
imaginary river up which de¬ 
feated political parties are sup¬ 
posed to be sent to oblivion. 
Silver State. Nevada is so 
styled from its rich silver yield; 
this industry being outlined upon 
its seal. 

Smoky City, a name sometimes 
given to Pittsburg, an important 
manufacturing city of Pennsylva¬ 
nia. 


Old North State, used to desig¬ 
nate North Carolina from South 
Carolina. It is also often called 
the Turpentine State. 

Palmetto State, from the State 
arms of South Carolina, which 
bear the palmetto tree. 
Panhandle, The, a fanciful and 
cant name given to the most 
northerly portion of the State of 
West Virginia—a long, narrow 
projection between the Ohio 
river and the western boundary 
of Pennsylvania. Also the Pub¬ 
lic Land Strip now forming the 
western extension of Oklahoma. 
Peninsular State, designating 
Florida, from its natural forma¬ 
tion. 

Porkopolis, a derisive nickname 
for Cincinnati, referring to the 
extensive pork-packing enterprises 
located there. 

Puritan City, a name sometimes 
given to the city of Boston. Mass., 
in allusion to the character of its 
founders and early inhabitants. 
Quaker City, a popular name of 
Philadelphia, which was planned 
and settled by William Penn, ac-1 


Sucker State, applied to Illinois, 

whose people are popularly called 
“suckers.” There are several ex¬ 
planations of this title, the real 
origin of which is doubtful. 
Switzerland of America, the 
White Mountain district of New 
Hampshire is so called for its 
magnificent scenery. Also West 
Virginia, from its wild mountain 
scenery. 

Volunteer State, applied to 

Tennessee, from its large number 
of volunteers during the Seminole 
War and the War of 1812. 
Western Reserve, that tract of 
land of 4,000,000 acres lying 
along Lake Erie, reserved to the 
State of Connecticut by the 
United States government for set¬ 
tlement by colonists after the 
close of the Revolutionary war. 
Wolverine State, a name given 
to Michigan, from its former 
abundance of the animals thus 
called. 

Windy City, a title often given 
to Chicago to indicate alike the 
character of its weather and the 
oracular disposition of its inhabi¬ 
tants. 









FACTS WORTH KNOWING 


STATE FLOWERS. 

The following are “State Flowers,” as adopted in most instances by the 
vote of the public school scholars of the respective States • 


Alabama.. Golden Rod 

Alaska .Forget-me-not 

Arkansas .Apple Blossom 

California .California Poppy 

Colorado . ..Columbine 

Connecticut.Mountain Laurel 

Delaware.Peach Blossom 

Florida .Orange Blossoms 

Idaho . Syringa 

Illinois .* Violet 

Indiana . Com 

Iowa . Rose 

Kansas . Sunflower 

Kentucky .Trumpet Flower 

Louisiana . Magnolia 

Maine.Pine Cone and Tassel 

Maryland.Golden Rod 


Michigan .Apple Blossom 

Minnesota . Moccasin 

Mississippi . Magnolia 

Missouri . Golden Rod 

Montana .Bitter Root 

Nebraska.*Golden Rod 

New York. Rose 

North Dakota.Wild Rose 

Ohio .Scarlet Carnation 

Oklahoma . Mistletoe 

Oregon .Oregon Grape 

Rhode Island. Vioret 

South Dakota.Anemone Patens 

Texas.Blue Bonnet 

Vermont.Red Clover 


Washington.Rhododendron 

West Virginia. Rhododendron 

* Adopted by State Legislature, not by public school scholars. 

In other States the scholars or State Legislatures have not yet taken 
action. 

EUROPEAN FLOWER CUSTOMS. 


In England the primrose is worn on the birthday of Lord Beaconsfield. 
On the anniversary of Parnell’s death his followers wear a sprig of ivy. The 
Jacobites wear white roses on June 10 . In France the Orleamsts wear white 
daisies and the Bonapartists the violet. 


January 
February 
March . 
April . . . 
May 

June . .. 


First . .. 
Second . 
Third . . 
Fourth . . 
Fifth . .. 
Sixth 
Seventh 
Eighth .. 
Ninth .. 
Tenth .. 
Eleventh 


BIRTHSTONES. 


. Garnet 

.. Amethyst 
. Bloodstone 
. . .. Sapphire 
Emerald 
.Agate 


July. 

August . . 
September 
October . 
November 
December 


. .. Ruby 
Sardonyx 
Chrysolite 
..." Opal 
.. . Topaz 
Turquoise 


WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 


. Cotton 

. Paper 

. Leather 

Fruit and Flowers 

. Wooden 

. Sugar 

. Woolen 

.India Rubber 

. Willow 

7.Tin 

. Steel 


Twelfth.Silk and Fine Linen 

Thirteenth.Lace 

Fourteenth .Ivory 

Fifteenth . Crystal 

Twentieth . China 

Twenty-fifth . Silver 

Thirtieth . Pearl 

Fortieth . Ruby 

Fiftieth . Golden 

Seventy-fifth . Diamona 


(855) 








































































LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND 

SOCIAL. 


CORRECT ENGLISH. 

HINTS AND HELPS. 

The ready use of good language is largely the result of practice in writing 
rtnd of an abundance of good reading. In the choice of words, the paramount 
consideration should be exactness. That is, seek to say precisely what the 
thought requires, neither more nor less. This demands, of course, close 
scrutiny of meanings, and independence of current fashions in words. Seek 
to have at command more than one expression for the same thing. Not that 
several forms are in any case to be empioyed, but it often happens that if the 
Writer has not thought broadly and deeply enough to have more than one 
5; x PFf ss l 01 * f° r .^ 1S idea, the one that he has will be meagre. Cultivate the 
habit of observing the derivation and history of words. A word whose etymol¬ 
ogy is known defines itself- the writer feels its force intuitively, and need not 
depend on a dictionary. Enlarge your vocabulary by diligent study of usage 
*n the best writers. The true meaning of words is expressed only when they 
are interwoven with other words. No fineness of usage can be acquired from 
the dictionary alone. Do not use technical terms where thev are not likely 
to be understood. Beware of fine writing. By fine writing is meant the use of 
pretentious terms for trivial ideas. 


THE USES OF THE ARTICLES. 

A °f An, The—The use of these forms is determined by sound and not by 
spelling. Before a consonant sound “a" is used; before a vowel sound “an* 
is used; the is used to point out some particular person or thing. 

Examples. —A bam, an orchard, the house, etc. 


THE USES OF ADJECTIVES. 

An adjective describes or limits the noun or pronoun to which it is joined. 
Adjectives are usually placed before the noun or pronoun thev qualify 
I he ascending comparison of adjectives is formed by adding er and est 

adZ°gles a s n anS 1 Sst t ° ** P ° Sitive f ° rm ' and the descendin S comparison by 

The comparative degree is used in comparing two objects; the superlative 
when more than two are compared. ’ ^ 

Some adjectives can not be compared, and no adjective will admit of a 
double comparison. - A 

This and that are singular, these and those are plural. 

Two negative forms are not permissible. 


THE USES OF THE ADVERB. 


An adverb limits or emphasizes a verb, 
Adverbs soon, often, early, iate, etc., ’ 


an adjective or another adverb, 
are compared regularly by adding 


8jj 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


857 


er, st, est; those ending in ly are compared by prefixing more and most. The 
following are compared irregularly: 


Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

Well 

Better 

Best 

Badly 

Worse 

Worst 

Far 

f Further 

f Furthest 

I Farther 

l Farthest 

Little 

Less 

Least 

Much 

More 

Most 


Some adverbs do not admit of a comparison; as dead, square, etc 

Adverbs should be placed as near the word or words they modify as possible. 
Observe the different uses of the word only in the following sentences: “Only 
John dropped his cane;” “John only dropped his cane;” “John dropped his 
cane only;” “John dropped only his cane;’ “John dropped his only cane ” 

An adverb should never be placed between to and the infinitive. 

Good, Well.—Good is always an adjective; well may be an adjective, but 
usually it is an adverb; as, “ I slept well, ” “ Father looks well. ” 

Most, Almost.—Do not use most for almost. Say, “He passes here almost 
every day,” not “most every day.” 

Latest, Last.—Do not say last for latest. Latest has reference to time, 
but last is a contraction of latest, and has not reference to time, but has reference 
to that which comes in a series. 

Here and There.—Never use here and there after the adverbs this and that, 
as “This here boy,” etc., “That there boy,” etc. 

Always, Continually.—Do not confuse these two words. 

Always refers to what we do cvfe all times. We do continually what we do 
without intermission. 

Further, Farther.—Further is comparative and means more, as, “Nothing 
further was said. ” Farther has reference to distance, as, “ He can go farther. ” 

APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS. 

Good usage requires proper prepositions to express one’s meaning well. 

At, In, Into.—Usually m implies inclosure, as presence inside of; into 
implies movement to the inside of. One cannot live in a house until he has 
moved into it At implies nearness to the border or to small places or foreign 
cities. 

Beside, Besides.—Beside means “at the side of;” as “The house beside the 
sea.” Besides means “in addition to;” as, “Besides his farms he has some 
personal property. ” 

Among, Between.—Among should be used when more than two are 
referred to; between when reference is made to two only. 

Wait on, Wait for.—Wait on means attend to; wait for means to tarry, 
to \?ait. 


CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

The correlative conjunctions are as follows: 


as.as 

so.as 

neither.nor 

either.or 


THE USES OF PRONOUNS. 

The Possessive of Pronouns.—In forming the possessive the letter s only 
is added to the singular. 

Examples.—Yours, hers, theirs. The possessive of who and which is 
whose. The relatives that and those have no possessive forms. 

Singular and Plural Pronouns.—The pronoun should be in the same 
number as its antecedent. • , , 

The relative who is used to refer to persons; which, to inferior animals and 
things without life: what is used to refer to things, and that to both person# 
5i> 







858 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


and things. Euphony, as a rule, determines between the uses ol who, which 
and that. 

Either refers to "one of the two;” when more than two are referred to, 
“any one” should be used. Neither refers to “no one of the two;” but when 
more than two are referred to, “no one” should be used. Each refers to 
numbers separately; all refers to numbers collectively 

THE USES OF NOUNS. 

The Possessive Case.—The possessive of nouns in the singular number is 
formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter s. 

Example.—“The girl’s bonnet.” 

Sometimes the possessive is formed by adding the apostrophe only. 
This is done where the added s makes an unpleasant sound. However, this 
is a matter of taste. 

Examples.—“For goodness’ sake;” “John’s hat;” “Dickens’ Tale of 
Two Cities.” 

When the plural of a noun in the nominative case ends in s the possessive 
is formed by adding the apostrophe (’) only, but if the plural does not end in s 
then the apostrophe (’) and an s are added. 

Example.—Men’s and boys’ hats are for sale.” 

The possessive of compound nouns is formed by adding the sign of the 
possessive to the end of the compound. 

Example.—“ I drove my brother-in-law’s horse.” 

Singular and Plural Number.—The plural of nouns is usually formed by 
adding s to the singular, but if the sound of s makes an additional syllable then 
es is added to form the plural. 

Examples.—Hand, hands; church, churches. 

Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding s only 
to the singular, but when the final o is preceded by a consonant the plural is 
formed by adding es to the singular 

Nouns ending in y form their plurals by adding s to the singular, but if 
the final y is preceded by a consonant y is changed to i and es is added to form 
the pural. 

Examples.—Money, moneys; lady, ladies. 

In forming the plural of compound nouns the sign of the plural is added to 
the descriptive part of the phase. 

Examples.—Aide-de-camp, aides-de-camp. 


THE USES OF VERBS. 

Verbs and Numbers.—Plural verbs require plural subjects; as, we were, 
not we was; you were, not you was; they are, not they is; they were, not they 
was' they have, not they has; they write, not they writes-, the men are, not is* 
the children were, not was; the boys have, not has; my sisters write, not 
writes they are the boys who were at school. Jennie and Annie were school¬ 
mates. 

The Uses of the Auxiliary Verbs.—Shall, Will.—Will expresses the will or 

pleasure of its own subject. Shall subordinates the will of its subject to that 
of the speaker. “We will go, ” means “ we are willing to go. ” “ We shall go, ” 

means “we have decided upon going.” Never say, “Will I do so and so?” 
The literal meaning of such an expression would be, “Am I willing to do,” etc 
Remember that will always expresses willingness rather than futurity when it 
has a personal significance. 

Should, Would.—Should is the past tense of shall, and would, the past tense 
of will, and the same rules governing the former govern also the latter. “ We 
should go to town if we were able.” “His wife would attend if you should 
ask her. ” 

Can, Could; Ma v> T ight.—Can and could express ability or possibility, 
while may and might ex v .*ess permission. These words are often confused. 

To Do; to See.—-These two verbs give considerable trouble. Their princi¬ 
pal forms are, do, did, done, and see, saw, seen. The second forms, did and 
saw, should never follow is. are, was, were, have, has, or had. The third forms 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


859 


done and seen, should always follow one of these words expressed or under¬ 
stood; as, I did the work, or I have done the work, or the work is done. I saw 
the picture, or I have seen the picture, or the picture was seen. 

Verbs in General.—The rules given for to do and to see apply alike to ali 
verbs. Such expressions as have came, have sang, was drove, have broke, 
have began, have knew, is froze, have gave, knowed, has went, has give, has 
rang, have ran, were took, has stole, throwed, have mistook, etc., are gross 
errors and should be avoided 

Lie and Lay.— Remember that lie means rest and iay means an action 
affecting some object. 

Examples.— “ The watch lies on the piano. ” ‘1 will lay the watch on the 

piano. ” “ Mother laid your gloves away for you. ” 

Sit and Set.—Sit means to be in position to rest, to repose. Set is an 
active, transitive verb and means “to put,” “to place,” “to plant,” to place 
in a condition, a state, or a posture. 

Examples.— “Come sit in the easy chair.” “Set the table in the dining 
room. ” 

Don’t (Do Not) Doesn’t (Does Not).—These words are often misused. 
When you are in doubt about their use, compare the full forms with the verb; 
as, He don’t know. If the full form be used, the absurdity is quickly seen; 
as, He do not know. The correct form should be, He does not know. 

Had Rather, Had Better, Had Ought.—These are incorrect forms for 
would rather, might better, and ought. 

Bring, Fetch.—Bring implies motion toward the speaker, not away. 
Fetch implies motion, first from the speaker, then toward him. 

Note the following verb forms: 

Present. Past. Past Participle. 


Alight (to dismount) 

Alighted 

Alighted 

Begin 

Began 

Begun 

Bid 

Bade 

Bidden or Bid 

Bid (at auction) 

Bid 

Bid 

Burst 

Burst 

Burst 

Choose 

Chose 

Chosen 

Do 

Did 

Done 

Eat 

Ate 

Eaten 

Light (to ignite) 

Lighted 

Lighted 

Light (to settle down upon) 

Lighted or Lit 

Lighted or Life 

Lay 

Laid 

Laid 

Lie 

Lay 

Lain 

Rise 

Rose 

Risen 

Raise 

Raised 

Raised 

See 

Saw 

Seen 

Set 

Set 

Set 

Sit 

Sat 

Sat 

Wake 

Woke 

Waked 

ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED. 

Administer.—Blows are dealt. Medicine is administered. 


Afraid.—Say I fear it will rain, not I am afraid. 

Alike.—Do not couple this word with both. 

All over.—Over all the country, not all over the country 
Allow.—Do not say, “He allows he will do it.” 

Alone.—Distinguish this word from only 
Amateur.—Not necessarily a beginner. 

And.—Say try to go, not try and go. 

Angry.—Say angry with a person and at a thing. 
Answer.—Answer questions; reply to assertions 
Anticipate.—Distinguish from expect. 

As.—Say not that I know, instead <■>! not as I know 
At all.—Superfluous in “any at all.'' 

Awful,—A thing cannot be awful pretty. 



860 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


Balance.—Not to be used for rest or remainder 
Beautifully.—Looked beautiful, not beautifully. 
Beg.—Say “I beg leave to acknowledge.” 
Belongs to.—Do not use for is a member of. 
Between.—Between two; among more than twc 
Blacking.—This word is not blackening. 
Brakeman.—Not brakesman. 

Certain.—Distinguish from sure. 

Character.—Distinguish from reputation. 

Dc a L—Great deal, not good deal. 

Die with.—Persons die of, not with disease. 
Disremember.—Say forget. 

Don’t.—Say he doesn’t sing, not he don’t sing. 
Either.—Means the one or the other of two. 
Either alternative.—Alternative means choice. 
Equally well.—Do not say equally as well. 

Every.—Followed by a verb in the singular. 
Expect.—Refers to future time. 

Fix. Incorrectly used for arrange or prepare. 
Folk. Folk implies plurality as well as folks. 
Gent. Never use this contraction of gentleman. 
Good.— 44 It looks good . 99 Say well. 

Got.—Omit got in “ I have got a dollar. ” 

Guess.—Do not use this word for suppose. 

Had have.—Never use together. 

Hardly.—Do not use with don’t and can’t. 
Healthy.—Distinguish from wholesome. 

Hundred.—Use the singular form with numerals. 
Just.—Incorrect in the sense of now. 

Learn.—To receive instruction. See teach. 

Less.—Relates to quantity; fewer to number. 
May.—Distinguish from can. 

Near.— Do not use in the sense of nearly. 

A pair of new boots;” not “a new pair 
Nice.—See definition of this word. 

None.—Contraction of no one, takes singular. 
Otherwise than.—Not otherwise but. 

Party.—Do not use for person. 

Perpetual.—Distinguish from continual. 

Portion.—Often incorrectly used for part. 

Posted.—Do not use instead of informed. 
Prevalent.—Distinguish from prevailing. 

Promise.—Distinguish from assure. 

Propose.—Distinguish from purpose. 

Prudence.—Distinguish from discretion. 

Quantity.—Things measured or weighed. 

Real.—The adverb is really; as, really good. 
Remember.—Distinguish from recollect. 

Seem.—Distinguish from appear. 

Settle. To settle does not mean to pay. 

So, such.—So long journeys, not such long. 

Some better.—Say somewhat better. 

Splendid.—Splendid things glitter. 

Stop.—We stay at a certain hotel, not stop. 
Streamlet.—Do not use with little. 

Summon.—Summon is a verb, summons a noun 
Teach.—To give instruction See learn. 

Those kind.—Say that kind. Kind is singular. 
Transpire.—Do not use for to happen. 

Try.—We make an experiment, not try. 

Widow woman.—Woman is here superfluous. 
Without.—Do not use without for unless. 
Year-old.—A two-year-old colt, not a two-years. 





RULES FOR PUNCTUATION 


Punctuation consists in the proper 
placing of points and marks in writ¬ 
ten or printed language to represent 
correctly the meaning and proper 
pauses in a sentence. The punctua¬ 
tion marks are the Comma (,). Semi¬ 
colon ( ;), Colon (:). Period (.), In¬ 
terrogation (?), Exclamation point 
( !), Hyphen (-), Dash (—), Apos¬ 
trophe (’), Quotation Marks (“ ”), 
Parentheses ( ), Brackets [ ], and 
Braces £ j. 

THE COMMA (,). 


The Comma j® used ,}° indicate 

the smallest logical 
or grammatical divisions of a sentence. 
It is employed after a long nominative 
clause ; to set off parenthetic phrases: 
to introduce explanatory clauses; to 
set off a dependent clause; to separate 
repeated words; to introduce a brief 
quotation ; to separate numerals into 
groups of three figures, and in various 
other cases where distinctness of mean¬ 
ing seems to require a brief pause. 
It was formerly often used profusely 
and indiscriminately, but the tendency 
now is to be sparing in its use. 


THE SEMICOLON (;). 
The Semicolon fw |i<!S i t0 ? rea ‘ er 

breaks in the 
sense than could be properly set off by 
a comma and less than those calling 
for a colon or period. It is used to 
separate clauses of partially complete 
sense, and expressions having a com¬ 
mon dependence upon each other; to 
mark off the larger divisions of a sen¬ 
tence wherein the smaller contain 
commas; to indicate collections of re¬ 
lated words or expressions in pairs; 
to precede in a sentence the words 
“namely,” “for example,” and like 
phrases used to call attention to a cita¬ 
tion. 


THE COLON (:). 

TBa Hnlrm is a division of the 
ine U)10n sentence employed 

when the connection appears not close 
enough for the semicolon and too close 
for the period ; as when the sense of 
several clauses culminates in a closing 
remark to follow the last of them; 


also, to introduce formal words; to set 
off principal and subordinate matters, 
as in a book title and its subdivision; 
to follow the more formal salutation 
of a letter or address; to introduce an 
extended quotation. 

THE PERIOD (.). 

The Period ideates a stc P 

in the sense, and is 
necessary at the end of every complete 
sentence, unless an interrogation or 
exclamation point is required. It is 
also used after abbreviations; as a 
decimal point; to indicate a more ob, 
less extended omission ; after numerals 
to number paragraphs or other par¬ 
ticulars. 

THE 

INTERROGATION (?). 
The Interrogation Point 

mark for any direct question, and is 
used to end a sentence containing a 
direct question, after a ouestion with¬ 
in a declarative sentence, and after 
each question in a succession. It 
ends a sentence declarative in form 
but interrogative in purpose. An in¬ 
terrogation point inclosed in brackets 
indicates mistake or doubt, and is gen¬ 
erally used ironically. 


THE EXCLAMATION (!). 
The Exclamation Point 

indicates surprise or a note of ex¬ 
clamation, and is used after words, 
phrases or sentences of interjection or 
exclamation, to denote impassioned 
address or surprise. This point can 
be doubled or trebled in repeated or 
successive exclamations for the sake of 
emphasis. It is often inserted after 
amusing, surprising or doubtful state¬ 
ments for special emphasis, and when 
inserted in brackets or placed outside 
of quotation marks it has an ironical 
meaning. 


THE APOSTROPHE (’). 


is the sign of 
the possessive 
case, and is used to indicate an elision. 


The Apostrophe 


861 




862 


Rules for Punctuation 


contraction or omission of letters 
from a word. Some unusual plurals 
not possessive require the apostrophe, 
and this mark may take the place of 
omitted figures or words in dates of a 
century. 


QUOTATION 

MARKS 

A Quotation usua ' ly re< i ui r es 

quotation marks, 
unless the author’s name or work is 
appended, or if the matter quoted has 
been introduced in a separate para¬ 
graph or paragraphs and in different 
type than the rest. Names of books 
and literary, musical and art titles in 
general, are quoted unless they have 
oecorae so thoroughly familiar as to 
become household Avords, as the Bible, 
the Iliad. The names of newspapers 
and other periodicals are usually not 
quoted hut given in italics. Quotation 
marks are sometimes used in irony or 
for emphasis. A quotation within a 
quotation takes but single marks; any 
quotation within that resumes double 
marks and so on. Often, hoAvever, 
primary quotations are given with 
single marks. 

THE HYPHEN (-). 

The Hyphen is a mark of di- 

" A vision, put between 

compound words that have not become 
by usage single Avords. and where 
words are necessarily divided at the 
end of a line. It indicates for some 
special purpose prefixes and suffixes, 
syllabication, derivation, pronuncia¬ 
tion or spelling, and is occasionally 
used to indicate a series. 

THE DASH (—). 

The Dash indicates an abrupt 
break or hiatus in a 


sentence from interruption, explana¬ 
tion. emphasis, rhetorical repetition or 
omission of letters within the first and 
the last letters of a word. 


PARENTHESES ( ). 

Parentheses f. re “ arks p |aced a ‘ 

the beginning and 
end of an explanatory or qualifying 
clause thrown into a sentence or para¬ 
graph with which it is not grammat¬ 
ically connected. In modern usage, 
however, the parentheses are usually 
replaced by dashes. 


BRACKETS [ ]. 

Brackets are used simi ' arl - v ro 

parentheses, but are re¬ 
stricted to interpolations, corrections, 
notes or explanations. 


BRACES { }. 

Br8.C6S are use ^ to connect: brief 
particulars of one class in a 
sort of diagram. 


CAPITALS. 

Capitals are usec * t0 begin the first 
A word of a sentence or a 

line of poetry; to begin direct ques¬ 
tions or direct quotations within a sen¬ 
tence ; to begin a resolution or an en¬ 
actment ; to begin all proper nouns, 
names of persons and places, and 
nouns referring to certain distinctive 
locations, as North, South, East and 
West; to begin the names of God and 
those pronouns or nouns that refer di¬ 
rectly to deity; to begin all adjectives 
derived from the names of countries 
or places; to begin the names of the 
months and days of the Aveek ; to be¬ 
gin the titles of books and all import¬ 
ant Avords in such title; to begin all 
formal or informal addresses, as 
“Dear Sir,” etc. 


i 


862 






LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


863 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Th e ability to write a neat, legible letter, correct in form and in English, 
spelling and punctuation, is one of the most valuable achievements a young 
business man or woman can possess. It is the lack of this ability that causes 
the failure ot more stenographers and clerks than any other one thing. Busi¬ 
ness men very seldom complain that their stenographers lack speed but there 
is very bitter complaint that stenographers and clerks are not able to write a 
perfect letter themselves or correct any error made by the employer. 

The following suggestions cover the whole field of ordinary letter writing. 
Every sentence is short and directly to the point and should be studied with 
care, lest some fact be overlooked or forgotten. 


LETTERS. 

The primary idea of a letter is conversation at a distance. If this be 
kept in mind one can scarcely fail to write appropriately, if one can converse 
properly; for a letter may be familiar or reserved, jocular or dignified, accord¬ 
ing to the relations between the writer and the person addressed. Letters of 
friendship should be simple and natural. It is the little things, the incidents 
of every-day life, the home chat, which makes a friendship letter interesting. 
Letters of courtesy include invitations, acceptances, acknowledgments, letters 
of congratulation, of condolence, of introduction, and of recommendation. 
Letters of business include all correspondence relating to business matters. 
Public letters embrace communications to newspapers regarding public affairs. 
Frequently a writer publishes a letter addressed to some prominent person 
criticizing his opinions or actions, or putting to him a number of formal ques¬ 
tions with the purpose of receiving a published reply. This is usually callec 
an open letter. 


THE HEADING. 

The parts of a letter are: (i) Heading; (2) Address; (3) Salutation; (4) 
Body; (5) Complimentary Close; (6) Signature 

The Heading should give the full address, i. e., your post-office, street or 
box number and the state. The date includes the month, day of the month 
and the year. The form 13 March, 1910, is becoming quite popular in business 
correspondence. The reason for its use is because it is the natural form of 
expression. We say the 13th of March, not March the thirteenth. Another 
reason is that the former is less liable to errors. The following forms are bad 
and should not be used even by the busiest man: 4-6-191-, or 3-7~’i-, or 6/8/x—. 
Sometimes the day is written before the month. In such a case it would be 
difficult to tell the exact date of either one of the above expressions. The 
contractions 6th, 7th, 2d are never used when the year follows, as April 6, 19i-„ 
not April 6th, 191-. Yours of 6th instant is allowable in the body of a letter 

The name of the state should not be omitted when writing from a large 
city, as there are many cities of the same name. There are six Chicagos, 
thirteen Bostons, sixteen Denvers, etc. 

Location.—The heading on letter paper occupies only one line, but on 
note paper two lines. There are occasions, however, when more than one or 
two lines are used, but the rule should be to use as few lines as possible. 
The heading should occupy about two-thirds of the width of the sheet. 

Study the following models: 

1. Media, Pa., 17 April, 191-. 

2, Box 58, Chicago, Ill., 

\pril 17, iQi'"’. 




8G4 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


3. Stamers, Adams Co., Pa., 17 April, 191-. 

4 University of Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 191- 

5 c/o Brown, Robinson Company, 

No. 415 Carroll Street. 

Atlanta, Ga., 17 April, 191- 


THE ADDRESS. 

The address consists of the name, title, and post-office address of your 
correspondent, and usually occupies two lines; sometimes three are required. 
The name and title are written on the first line, below the last line of the heading, 
allowing a margin of one-tenth of the width of the paper at the left The 
address is written upon the next* line below the name and title, allowing a 
margin of one-fifth the width of the paper. If a third line is used, the margin 
consists of one-fifteenth of the width of the paper, so that the three lines form 
a perfect slant of about twenty degrees. 

When writing to friends the address may consist of the name only, and 
with very intimate friends it may be omitted in the superscription of the letter, 
but, in either case, the address must be given at the end of the letter. The 
author always gives the address in the superscription, when writing a business 
jetter, and at the end when writing a social letter. The address in the letter 
should be as full and clear as the address upon the envelope. 

Titles.—It is a lack of respect not to add some title to the name of your 
correspondent. Courtesy demands it. Titles may be classed as follows: 
Social titles; scholastic titles and official titles. 

Mister, abbreviated Mr. may be applied to all classes of men, titled or 
antitied. It always precedes the name, and has many applications, as, Mr. 
Smith, Mr. Senator, Mr. Chairman, Mr. President, the Rev. Mr. Rogers, etc. 

Esquire is abbreviated Esq., and is usually affixed to the name. It applies, 
to men in the legal profession. Mr. and Esq. are never used together. 

Messieurs, abbreviated Messrs, is always used to supply the plural of Mr. 
and precedes the firm name, as Messrs. Fink & Fink or Messrs. Group & Co. 
The title Messrs, is sometimes omitted when the firm name is very long. 

Mistress abbreviated Mrs. The title precedes the name of a married 
woman, and if her husband is Kving, the title Mrs. is prefixed to the name of her 
husband, as Mrs. Robert S. Williams. But if her husband is dead, then Mrs. 
is prefixed to her Christian name, as Mrs. Mary Hutchinson. 

Mesdames abbreviated Mmes. This title is used when addressing more 
than one married woman. The title is also used with the name of a firm 
composed of married or unmarried women. 

Master.—Not abbreviated, and is prefixed to the name of a boy. 

Miss.—This is not an abbreviation It is used as a prefix to the name of an 
unmarried woman, as Miss Jessie Wood. The plural of Miss is Misses, and is 
used when more than one person is referred to in the same person or class. 

Doctor of Medicine.—Abbreviated Dr. or M. D. The former precedes- 
the name, and the latter follows it, but they are never used at the same time 
The correct forms are as follows: Dr. Edward M. Foose or Edward M. Foose,. 
M. D. 

Reverend abbreviated Rev. and belongs to the Clergy, as Rev. Upton A. 
Hankey. When Rev. is used with the official or professional titles The is pre¬ 
fixed; as, The* Rev. Prof. Snyder, The Rev. Father Donahue. Rev. is nevei 
used immediately before the surname, as Rev. Cross. When no other title can 
be used, then the Christian name must be used or some other title given, as 
Rev. Wharton A. Kline or Rev. Mr. Kline. 

Professor abbreviated Prof, and is prefixed to the name of any person who' 
is regularly elected to a chair in some incorporated educational institution 
conferring degrees under seal. One may be given the honorary title when he 
has become noted for some special line of learning. 

Scholastic Degrees and Official Titles are always abbreviated when used in. 
addresses 

Titles of High Rank such as President, Governor, etc., are never abbre¬ 
viated 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


865 


Two Titles may be used with the same name when one does not include the 
other 


SALUTATION. 

The salutation expresses the respect we pay to our correspondent. It 
should occupy the next line below the address. When a two line address is 
used, the salutation may begin as in these examples: 

Messrs. Jordan, Williams & Co., 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dear Sirs:—I enclose, etc. 

Mr. J. G. Henry, 

Carlisle, Pa. 

Dear Sir:—Your favor of ioth, etc. 

If the address occupies three lines then the salutation should always begin 
« in these examples: 

Messrs. James B. Jerome Company, 

714 N. Broad Street, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dear Sirs:—In reply to your, etc. 

Mr. William W. Beckner, 

429 Market Street, 

San Francisco, Cal. 

Dear Sir:—Enclosed you will find, etc. 

If only the name is used in the address then the salutation should always 
begin as in this example: 

Mrs. Henry D. Spangler, 

Dear Madam: 

We extend to you, etc. 

If no address is used, then the salutation should begin thus: 

My dear Jessie: 

The salutation should never be abbreviated. In the use of business 
salutations Sir and Madam are the most formal: Dear Sir and Dear Madam 
are less formal and are the most prevalent forms. The more familiar forms are 
My dear Sir and My dear Madam. 

When addressing strangers, use Sir or Madam or Dear Sir or Dear Madam. 
Although the latter implies some degree of acquaintance, yet the present day 
etiquette regards it good to use these salutations when addressing strangers. 
The proper form for a single lady, of whatever age, is Dear Madam in case 
of a stranger, or Dear Miss Smith in case of an acquaintance. 

When addressing an acquaintance use Dear Sir, My dear Sir, Dear Miss 
Magill, Dear Madam. 

When addressing friends, My dear Sir, My dear Gaylord, My dear Friend, 
My dear Miss James, etc. 

When addressing relatives, My dear Brother, My dear Son, etc. 


BODY. 

The body of a letter is a conversation in writing and one’s style should be 
perfectly natural, i. e., he should write as he would talk. The first and indis¬ 
pensable quality of a good style is clearness. Generally it is enough if the writer 
devote his efforts simply to being understood. Plainness and clearness are 
the foundations upon which all other qualities are built* Too exclusive en¬ 
deavor after precision may make the style stiff and angular. It is always 
unwise to impair the thought for the sake of the expression. To the quality 
of clearness must be added the quality of force. In a letter the spirit of the 




866 


LETTER forms, business and social. 


writer should show itself. The strongest thoughts find brief expression. As 
a rule the language which simply suggests the thought is more interesting than 
that which gives it full expression. 

Penmanship and spelling are two features of a conversation in writing 
which must receive our careful attention. A misspelled word or an illegible 
hand are not excusable. Some persons think it is a mark of genius to write so 
no one can read it, but there are other ways of showing one’s genius decidedly 
more commendable. 

The beginning.—When the address consists of two lines and the salutation 
occupies the third margin space, the body of the letter should begin on the 
same line with the salutation, as: 


Mr. James M. Group, 

Gettysburg, Pa. 

Dear Sir:—Your favor of the 14th, etc. 


Springfield, Mass., Jan. 16, 10 -. 


When the address consists of three lines, and the salutation begins at the 
first marginal space, the body should begin on the same line, as : 


Mr. Court F. Wood, 

No. 11, East Capitol St., 

Washington, D. C. 

Dear Sir:—Your favor of recent date, etc. 


Boston, Mass., Jan. 16, 19 -. 


Good authorities sometimes drop down on the first line below the saluta¬ 
tion when the address consists of but two lines, butthisis never allowable when 
the address consists of more than two lines. 

Paragraphs and Margins.—Great care should be taken in paragraphing a 
letter. Make a new paragraph at every change of subject, or the introduction 
of a new phase of the same subject. 

Paging.—When a letter consists of more than one sheet of single sheet 
paper, the initials and the number should be written in the upper left-hand 
comer of each sheet. 

Figures.—Amounts of merchandise, as 5 bushels of onions, and dates, as 
March 2, 191-, are always written in figures. Generally, if numbers contain 
more than two figures they should be written in figures, but numbers containing 
one or two figures should be spelled out. 

Never abbreviate anything in the body of a letter. 

Never write on both sides of the sheet in business correspondence. 

In business correspondence always refer to previous correspondence by 
date or otherwise. 

Be prompt in answering letters. 

Study how to assort your mail, i. e., how to know what letters need an¬ 
swers and what letters need the waste basket. 

Many persons begin to write letters without the least conception of what 
they want to say. They rattle off something that is about as meaningless as 
chaff, and will fall short of having the effect intended. Study your corres¬ 
pondent, his character, his habits, his letter, then outline your thought men¬ 
tally, before attempting to write to him. If business men would make it a 
rule to put a little more thought into their correspondence they would be 
surprised to find the wonderful effect it would have upon their business. 

Letters should be posted in each departing mail. No firm whosp business 
has reached any magnitude can afford to be negligent in the matter of posting 
their mail. Often a few minutes will prevent much vexation and trouble. 


COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE. 

The complimentary close consists of the term of courtesy we use in closing 
our letter, together w-ith the signature. 

The complimentary close should begin on the first line below the body 
of the letter and at the center of the paper. 

In business, Yours truly, Yours very truly, Yours respectfully or Respect- 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


867 


fully, Sincerely yours, are some of the most common forms of complimentary 
closing. Never close a letter with “Yours, etc.” 

In social correspondence the form of the complimentary close must be 
del .mined by the relations existing between the parties. 

'omplimentary close should not be less formal or more formal than the 
salutation. lour “good-byes” should always have some consistency with 
your ‘how-do-you dos,” i. e., if you said “My dear friend,” you would not 
close with “Your friend,” That would be a repetition. Nor would you use 
Respectfully, becaure that would seem too formal, and would be inconsistent. 
The complimentary close must be consistent with the salutation used. 

Never use “I remain” or “We remain,” unless you have had previous cor¬ 
respondence with the person written to. 


THE SIGNATURE. 

The signaturj should be written under the complimentary close and should 
begin at such a point that a margin, of about half an inch will be left at the 
right of the sheet. It should be written plainly, and always in full, i. e., do 
not sign your name “Tom,” “Jack,” “E. M. B.” or “Your sister.” Such 
letters, if lost, always go the the Dead Letter Office and are destroyed. 

Do not write your name at one time, J. W. Smith, then at another time 
J. William Smith, then John W. Smith, then John William Smith. Have only 
one way of writing your name. 

If you are a woman and do not use your husband’s first name, or if you are 
not married, you should always indicate your relation by using Miss or Mrs. 
either with or without the parenthesis, as (Miss) Gertrude Kram or (Mrs.) 
Elizabeth Bailor. 

When a secretary signs the letters for his proprietor he should always 
sign his initials under the signature. Usually the initials are preceded by the 
prefix per. 


FOLDING. 

A letter-sheet should be folded from the bottom forward, bringing the 
lower edge near the top, so as to make the half length a little shorter than the 
envelope, and then break the fold. Next fold twice the other way. beginning 
at the left edge, folding towards the right. Measure these folds also, so as to fit 



the envelope. A note-sheet should be folded twice, from the bottom forward 
When the envelope is nearly square, a single fold of the note-sheet is sufficient. 
If you want to make a good letter look slovenly, endeavor, by folding down 
a half inch at each end, to make it fit an envelope an inch too short. 


SUPERSCRIPTION. 

The Envelope Address.—Thirty thousand misdirected letters reach the 
Dead Letter Office at Washington daily. The public need to be educated along 
this line. In addressing an envelope, write first the name, then the post- 











868 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


office, then the State. If additional matter, such as street, or box, or cov nty, 
is necessary, put it at the lower left-hand corner. Even in the case oi large 
cities, it is necessary to write the name of the State, for there are in the United 
States, five New Yorks, nine Philadelphias, and twelve Bostons. 

Be particularly careful in writing the abbreviations of States. thus, 
N. Y. may easily be taken for N. J.; Pa. for Va.; Cal. for Col.; Md. for Ind., 
Me. for Mo. Mail intended for people who will be in a piace omy a day or two 
should have “transient” written in the upper left-hand corner and enclosed 
in brackets. 

Letters to be registered must have the name and address of the sender on 
the envelope. Do not write the name of the county where the postal employees 
always look for the name of the post office. Railway mail clerks have to dis¬ 
tribute many pieces of mail while the train is running from one station to an¬ 
other, and must decide to what place to send a letter in a fraction of a second. 
When the county and post office are close together, the clerk is almost as apt to 
take the name of the county for the post office as the right name. The pen¬ 
manship should be distinct and legible, and the address neat and elegant, with¬ 
out ornamentation. Non-delivered letters are returned to the writers who 
have their names and po.;t offices printed on the upper left-hand comer. A 
little more care in the matter of addressing envelopes would save much labor, 
and the government much expense. 

Postage.—Every letter should have one full rate postage prepaid, other¬ 
wise “postage due” is marked upon it, and collected from your correspondent. 
The stamp should always be placed in the upper right-hand comer of the 
envelope, leaving a margin of about one-eighth of an inch at the right side and 
top. Do not put the stamp on any other part of the envelope, as it gives the 
portal clerks a great deal of trouble and considerable loss of time in stopping 
to turn the letter to cancel it. 

Materials.—Use the best stationery you can afford, and see that your 
letter paper and envelope correspond in quality and color. The size of the 
letter sheet ordinarily used in business, is either what is termed note size, about 
5 by 8 inches, or letter size, 8^ by it inches. Use the best of ink and pens. 

Letters Ordering Goods.—Such letters should be clear and to the point. 
They should state how the goods are to be sent, by what railroad, whether by 
express or by freight. The goods should be carefully described, so that no 
mistake will be made in filling the order. If only one or two articles are ordered 
they may be written in the body of the letter in the proper form. But if a 
number of articles are ordered, a separate sheet should be used and headed 

Order No.-giving the date and signed by the person ordering. If money 

is enclosed the amount should be written out in words, sometimes it is written 
in figures and enclosed in parenthesis. The kind of remittance should be 
mentioned and for what applied The remittance should be pinned to the 
setter. 


9 







BETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 869 


PARTS OF A LETTER. 


Date. 


Complimentary Address. 


Body of the Letter. 


Complimentary closing. 


Name. 


Address 


This form is commonly used in social correspondence. 


Daty 

frame. 


Address. 


Salutation. 


Body of the Letter. 


Signature. 


Complimentary Ending. 


Signature. 


This form is commonly used in business letters 




































870 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


FORMS OF LETTERS. 


BUSINESS LETTERS. 

ORDERING GOODS. 

Cooperstown, N. Y., April 14, 19—. 

Messrs. John Wanamaker & Co., 

New York. 

Gentlemen:—I enclose Post Office Order for $ - for which please send 

me the following goods: 

10 yards Hill muslin 
6 pairs ladies’ black hose, size 95, 

6 yards white flannelette, 

\ doz. spools black darning cotton, 

1 paper gold-eyed needle, No. 8, 

Very truly yours, 

(Mrs.) Hannah C. Green. 


LETTER FROM A YOUNG MAN STARTING IN BUSINESS. 

Freeport, Ill., Sept. 17, xg -. 

Messrs. Marshall Field & Co. f 
Chicago, Ill. 

Dear Sirs:—Having recently started in business for myself, by the pur* 
chase of the stock and fixtures of the late Chas. R. Small, with whom I was 
employed for many years, I desire to open an account with your house. 

I enclose herewith statement of my resources, including inventory of my 
present stock. 1 am pleased to refer you to the First National Bank of this 
city, with whom I have an account, and to Mr. Wm. K. Field, one of our lead* 
ing men, with whom I have enjoyed a long and intimate personal acquain¬ 
tance. I find that I need some of your goods immediately, and am enclosing 
an order to cover pressing requirements. If you prefer to make some inquiries 
before opening a credit account, it will be entirely satisfactory to me, if you 
will ship these goods to your own order, sending bill of lading, and drHt for 
amount of bill, less 5%, to the First National Bank, where it will be promptly 
paid. 

Expecting your prompt attention to this small order, I am. 

Respectfully yours, 

Thomas S c Nelson 


REPLY FROM WHOLESALE HOUSE. 

Chicago, Sept. 20, 19 

Mr. Thomas S. Nelson, 

Freeport, Ill. 

Dear Sir:—Replying to your favor of the 17th inst., we enclose invoicehere* 
with for goods shipped as per your order, amounting to $746.38, subject to 
5%-io days, or 4 %- 3 o days. 

We have great pleasure in opening this account with you, and trust om 
business relations may prove pleasant as well as mutually profitable. Youi 
statement and references are eminently satisfactory, besides which we have had 
most favorable reports concerning you from our Mr. Young, who we believe haa 
done considerable business with you while you were with Mr. Small. 

Wishing you abundant success in your business venture, and soliciting 
your further orders, we are. 

Very truly y ours, 

Marshall, Field & Co. 




LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


871 


CALLING ATTENTION TO AN ERROR IN A BILL. 

Messrs. H. B. Claflin & Co. Charlotte. N. C„ June .0, i 9 -. 

New York, N. Y. 

Dear Sirs: Upon examining your bill for last shipment of goods, I find 
that you have charged me for four dozen pairs of silk gloves which I never 
ordered nor received. I enclose the bill herewith that the error may be corrected. 

Yours very respectfully, 

John R. Landis 


REPLY TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

A* t v r* t New York, June 12, 19—. 

Mr. John R. Landis, 

Charlotte, N. C. 

Dear Sir:—-We greatly regret that you were caused any annoyance by the 
carelessness of a clerk, who, having proved himself incompetent, has left our 
service. We enclose the correct bill to you, and offer apologies for the error. 

Truly yours, 

H. B. Claflin & Co. 


ASKING A FRIEND TO MAKE SOME PURCHASES. 

Fort Wayne, Ind., Jan. 17, 19—. 

Dear Annie:—I am going to trespass on your kindness by asking you to make 
a few purchases for me. Enclosed find ten dollars and a memorandum of the 
things I want. My household duties and the care of the children very closely 
confine me to my home, and are my excuse for troubling you. 

We are in our usual health, and I trust you and your family are well, and 
having a pleasant winter. 

With kind regards to Mr. Evans, and love to you and the children I am. 

Sincerely your friend, 

Mrs. Wm. D. Evans, Mary L. Cather. 

1743 Jackson Boulevard, 

Chicago, Ill. 


DEMANDING PAYMENT FOR RENT. 

Lexington, Ky., March 17, 19—. 

Mr. D. P. Knowland, 

Dear Sir:—I have waited patiently for your convenience in the matter 
of the payment of rent for the house you occupy. As, however, you have now 
been my tenant for four months without meeting any of the payments, which 
should be made monthly, I feel obliged to remind you of the fact that there is 
now $80.00 due me. 

Trusting that you will give this your immediate attention, I am, 

Yours truly, 

Willard R. Brown. 


SERIES OF COLLECTION LETTERS. 

FIRST REQUEST. 

Dear Mr. Benson:—In looking over the books this morning I noticed that 
your bill for goods delivered in April has not been paid. The matter is not 
worrying me at all, but I thought you might be glad to have it brought to your 
attention. If convenient, perhaps you will send us a draft before the close 
of the month. 


Cordially yours, 




872 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


SECOND REQUEST. 


Dear Mr. Benson:—Your account is now considerably overdue and we have 

received no reply to our letter of June i. , . . . « 

We inclose a statement of the account, which we shall be glad to have you 
compare with the statement on your own books. If it agrees, may we no 
receive your check by return mail? 


V7'a»~tr -t-i-lll-ir VrYlir<S 


THIRD REQUEST. 

Dear Sir:—We have twice called your attention to your unpaid account, 

but have received no reply to our letters. . . 

As our terms to all customers are thirty days, we cannot make a longer 
extension with you except by special agreement. May we expect your check 
by return mail? 

Very truly yours, 


FOURTH REQUEST. 

Dear Sir:—You have not answered our requests for payment of your April 

account of $184.63. . , .. 

As this account is long overdue, and as we have received no explanation 
of the delinquency, we feel that we can no longer carry it on our books. We 
will turn it over to our attorneys for collection unless it is paid before the 15th. 

Very truly yours, 


COLLECTING SMALL AMOUNTS. 


Dear Sir:—Please advise us just what you intend to do regarding your 
account. We have written you several times and feel that we are at least 
entitled to the courtesy of a reply. 

We try to believe that there is some satisfactory reason why we have not 
heard from you; but if we do not receive an answer by return mail, we shall 
think otherwise, and it will be necessary for us to take up the matter from an 

ENTIRELY DIFFERENT STANDPOINT. 

We hope, however, to hear from you at once, and in the meantime beg 
to remain, 

Yours very truly, 

Invoice inclosed. 


ANOTHER SMALL-ACCOUNT LETTER. 

Dear Sir:—You have paid no attention to the several statements that we 
have sent you, so we attach hereto a duplicate of the bill representing the small 
account that you owe us, in order that you may see exactly what it is for. 

If there ever was any profit in this transaction, it has been almost dissipated 
by the expense of having been obliged to write you several times about it, and 
while the matter may be small, we feel that it should have attention. 

You will find inclosed a self-addressed envelope that will add to the con¬ 
venience of sending a remittance, which we hope to receive by return mail. 
Send stamps if more convenient to you. 


Yours very truly, 





LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


8 73 


ALTERNATIVE FOR PREVIOUS LETTER. 

Dear Sir:— 


“For want of a nail the shoe was lost, 
For want of a shoe the horse was lost, 
For want of a horse the rider was lost.” 


It is a habit with some people to regard as “trifles” small accounts, not 
realizing that credit accounts of this kind are greater accommodations to them 
than larger accounts, for the reason that there is little or no profit in them. 

It is the custom for all business houses to have a routine by which statements 
are sent out at regular intervals, and therefore if any profit ever existed in a 
small account it is very quickly dissipated by the expense and postage attached 
to sending out statements. The loss to every business house in small accounts 
amounts to considerable in a year’s time, for 


“Large streams from little fountains flow, 

Tall oaks from little acorns grow.” 

We hope that a remittance from you by return mail to cover the inclosed 
small account will show that this little preachment has not been lost. Kindly 
relieve your mind of the matter by attending to it right now. We inclose self- 
addressed envelope for convenience in replying. (Postage stamps acceptable.) 

Yours very truly, 


OPENING NEW ACCOUNTS 

1 . 

Dear Sir:—We thank you for the order you have placed with our repre¬ 
sentative, Mr. Blank. 

According to our records, we have not had the pleasure of doing business- 
with you before, but we shall aim to serve you so well that we can expect a 
continuance of your patronage. 

As is customary with all business houses, we are obliged to seek information 
that will enable us to determine the line of credit to which a new customer is 
entitled. To facilitate these investigations, we should appreciate your giving 
us the names of a few houses with whom you have been dealing. 

For your convenience in replying, we inclose a self-addressed, stamped 
envelope. May we hear from you by return mail? 

Yours very truly, 


2 . 

Dear Sir:—We have your letter of June 8th, with order for-. We 

shall be pleased to ship this order immediately upon receipt of the amount 
specified in the accompanying memorandum. 

As you no doubt know, we are a large wholesale house, and do not open 
accounts with individuals for small amounts. 

With this explanation, you will understand that our request for a remit¬ 
tance is not a reflection upon you personally, but merely the application of a 
rule which has been established by our Company. 

We hope to receive your remittance by return mail, so that we can give 
early attention to your order. 

Yours very truly, 


3 . 

Dear Sir:—We acknowledge your order of (date, or for—naming goods 
ordered) for which accept our thanks. 

According to our Credit Department records, it seems that we have not 
had the pleasure of doing business with you before, and under the circum¬ 
stances we are obliged to make the necessary investigations before opening a 
credit account. We are, however, unable to obtain sufficient information to 
57 






874 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


warrant our shipping the goods that you have ordered. _ This is no reflection 
upon you, for the only avenue we could employ for obtaining information was 
through the reports of the commercial agencies. We should therefore be 
pleased to have you send us the names of houses with whom you have been 
dealing and other information that will enable us to base a line of credit. 

As you no doubt are aware, it is customary with all business houses to 
obtain information of this kind before opening new accounts, and a full and 
frank statement is of as much benefit to the buyer as it is to the seller, and 
leads to mutually pleasant business relations. 

We have your order ready to ship and hope that we may hear from you by 
return mail. 

Yours very truly, 


4 . 


Dear Sir:—We thank you for the order you placed with our representative, 
Mr. Blank. 

According to our Credit Department records, it seems that we have not 
had the pleasure of doing business with you before, and under the circumstances 
we are obliged to make the necessary investigations before opening a credit 
account. We are, however, unable to obtain sufficient information to warrant 
our shipping the goods that you have ordered. 

Please understand, this is no reflection upon you, for the only avenue we 
could employ for obtaining information was through the reports of the com¬ 
mercial agencies. Unfortunately, we were unable to receive from this source 
information upon which we could base a line of credit. 

Under the circumstances, we hope that you can arrange to send a remit¬ 
tance to cover the present order and we will allow you —■% cash discount; 
and if you wish you can at the same time give us the names of hoiises with 
whom you have been dealing and other information that will enable us to 
base a line of credit. 

We have your order ready to ship, and hope that we may hear from you 
with remittance by return mail. 

Yours very truly, 


CREDIT REFUSAL LETTERS. 


1 . 


We are extremely sorry that your financial condition does not warrant 
us in extending credit to you. If you can satisfy your present obligations, 
we shall be glad to reconsider your order. 


2 . 


Our relations in the past have been so pleasant that we regret to refuse the 
extension of further credit. But you will naturally appreciate our position 
and the necessity of this refusal. 


3 . 


We have your order of January 6th, but owing to an extraordinary rush 
of business we are obliged to refuse many orders. We therefore suggest that 
you avoid delay by placing yours elsewhere. 



875 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


4 . 

We conclude from your letter of January 6th that you are not familiar 
with the policy of our house. Our terms are cash. We will therefore hold 
your order until we hear again from you. 


5 . 

We have your letter of January 6th, and although we have all confidence 
in your credit, we make it a rule never to ship more goods until the previous 
shipment is paid for. Can you aid us by conforming with this custom? 


APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT. 

FROM A YOUNG LADY APPLYING FOR A CLERKSHIP. 

Buffalo, N. Y., March 18, 19—. 

WANTED.—A YOUNG LADY CLERK IN A DRY 
’ ’ goods store. Must be accustomed to the business. 

Address with reference B 80 News office. 

Dear Sir:—I wish to apply for a position as per the enclosed advertisement. 
I have been for the past two years in the employ of Miller & Snodgrass, dry- 
goods dealers, 217 Camden Street, until their failure about two weeks ago. 
I beg to refer you, for testimonials, to Mr. Wm. P. Snodgrass, now with the 
firm of Thompson & Hood, 147 Canal St., should you desire to consider my 
application. 

Yours respectfully,. 

Louise A. Norcross, 

284 N. Butler St. 


APPLICATION FROM A REPRESENTATIVE. 

New York, June 7, 19—. 

A LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE wanted; no canvassing or 
soliciting required; good income assured. Address Co¬ 
operative Realty Co., 148 Mason Building, Washington, D. C. 

Co-operative Realty Co., 

148 Mason Building, 

Washington, D. C. 

Gentlemen: 

Do you want a representative who will always be “on the job,” who has 
had five years’ experience in live real estate work, and who can write letters 
that bring in cash? Then you want me. 

I am a college man (A.B., Columbia, 1907) and after three years of successful 
selling for Strong and Rodgers, real estate brokers, became their head corre¬ 
spondent, handling a large publicity campaign for certain outlying districts. 
That I have made good the accompanying report will show. 

May I know details of your proposition and what income may reasonably 
be expected? I inclose copies of letters of recommendation and shall be glad, 
if your offer is satisfactory, to come to Washington for an interview. 

Very truly yours, 

Howard B. Snyder. 

Business Address: 1468 Broadway, New York City. 

Home Address: 16 Ridge Street, East Orange, N. J. 




876 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


FROM A BOY APPLYING FOR AN OFFICE POSITION, 

\\/ANTED—IN GRAIN COMMISSION HOUSE, a 
VV smart lad for office work; must be a good penman. 

Address in own handwriting, stating age and salary ex¬ 
pected, W 32, Ledger Office. TTT J 1 T>„ 

4711 Windsor Ave., W. Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nov. 14. iQ -• 


W 32, Ledger Office, Philadelphia: . , , , . 

Dear Sir:—I am fifteen years old, and have finished the eighth grade m 
school. This is a sample of my penmanship. I am quick at figures and under¬ 
stand bookkeeping and office work, having assisted my father, Mr. 1 . Kuggles, 
in the coal business for the past year, when I was not m school. As he has 
just sold out I am compelled to look for another position. I refer you to 
Mr. Jas. H. Simpson, 4416 Baltimore Ave., who has known me for a long time, 
also to my pastor, Rev. Thos. S. Gray, 495 2 Catherine St. 

I would be willing to start at a salary of $5.00 a week, but would hope soon 


to be worth more than that. 


Respectfyllv, 

George M. Ruggles. 


ANSWERING AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR A BOOKKEEPER. 

1512 Naudain St., New Orleans, La., May 1, 19 —. 

Mr. Edward Mullen, 

New Orleans, La. ... 

Dear Sir:—I have been in the employ of Mr. Horace Paist for six years, 
until he sold out his business a few weeks ago. I kept the books of his house 
during ttie past four years. He permits me to refer to him for any information 
which vou may require. 

Should my application meet your views, it will be my earnest endeavor 
to faithfully and punctually fulfill the duties required. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Charles E. Kaupp. 


ANSWERING AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR A COOK. 

456 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa., March 17, 19 

Mrs. S. F. Perkins: . 

Dear Madam:—Seeing an advertisement in this mornings Press tor a 
plain and fancy cook. I wish to apply for the situation. 

I have been with my present employer, Mrs. Joseph D. Rhoads, for three 
years, and only leave because she has rented her house for the summer, to 
make a visit among her relatives in New England. 

I shall remain here until Tuesday next, unless I find a place sooner, and 
Mrs. Rhoads will give you any information you may desire regarding me. 

Very respectfully, 

Laura K. Easton. 


APPLICATION FOR A SITUATION AS GARDENER. 

348 W. Seventh St., New York, June 10, 19 -. 

Dear Sir:—Understanding that you want a gardener, I beg to offer myself 
as an applicant for the place. I have had constant experience for ten years, 
both in nursery grounds and private gardens, and am thoroughly acquainted 
with the management of a greenhouse and a hothouse. 

The enclosed testimonials, from gentlemen for whom I have worked will, 
I trust, prove satisfactory. My last employer, Mr. James Winter, Whit.3 
Plains, N. Y., will inform you concerning my fitness for the position. 

I am a married man, thirty-seven years of age. 

Respectfully, 


Tohn I Snowden. 






LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


877 


, , application from a governess. 

{Adv. pasted m.) 

Mrs. W. G. Ramsey, Glen haven Seminary, Belfast, Me., April IS, 19-. 

Holyoke, Mass. 

Dear Madam:—In answer to the above advertisement, I would say that I am 
seeking such a situation as you offer. My present term of teaching will close 
June 15th, at which time I would be ready to enter upon the work of superin¬ 
tending the education of your daughters. 

* I have, for several years, taught the higher English studies, besides French. 
Latin and drawing For testimonials, I beg to refer you to the principal of 
my school—Mr. John Sailor. 

Hoping that I may hear from you soon, and that we may make an arrange¬ 
ment mutually satisfactory, I remain, 

Very respectfully yours, 

Rebecca M. Patton., 


ASKING THE CHARACTER OF A GOVERNESS. 

. , T , _ I2 *3 Green St., Holyoke, Mass., April 20, 19—„ 

Mr. John Sailor, y 

Principal, Glenhaven Seminary. 

My dear Sir: I will esteem it a great favor if you will inform me concerning 
the ability of Miss Patton to give instruction in the higher English studies, 
French and drawing, she having referred me to you. 

I am desirous of securing the services of a young lady whose moral influence 
will guard my children from danger—one whose amiability of character will 
make her a pleasant companion as well as a teacher. I am much pleased with 
the appearance of Miss Patton, and if your report is favorable, I shall probably 
engage her at once. 

Yours very respectfully, 

(Mrs.) Mary R. Ramsey, 


LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION. 

RECOMMENDING A SALESMAN. 

Newton, Ga., March 10, 19 — 

Mr. George I. Githens, 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Dear Sir—Your favor of the 4th inst., relative to the ability of Mr. Samuel 
Thomas is r eceived. We take great pleasure in testifying to his high character 
and his business ability. He was in our employ for four years, as a salesman, 
during which time his affability and uniform courtesy to customers, coupled with 
his truthful representations in regard to goods, made him a universal favorite. 

Accurate in accounts, a good penman, attentive and energetic, he is a 
most useful man in the office, and the firm securing his services may be con¬ 
gratulated on their good fortune. He left us of his own accord to take another 
position at larger salary. 

Very truly yours, 

Odgen & Co. 


LETTERS OF SYMPATHY 

ON THE DEATH OF A HUSBAND. 

Syracuse, N. Y., Oct. 10, 19 -. 

Dear Friend:—I know that nothing can make amends for the great loss you 
have sustained. I deeply realize, from having passed through a similar bereave¬ 
ment, that mere words wholly fail to cheer the almost broken heart, yet I 
cannot but hope that the heartfelt sympathy of a sincere friend will not be 
deemed intrusion on your grief. 






878 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


It has been well said that “We weep for the loved and lost because we 
know that our tears are in vain.” I would ease your sorrow, and yet know not 
how. We can only acknowledge that the affliction is God’s will. Over in the 
beautiful land we may not doubt your dear one is free from the pains that 
he so long endured here; and when we gather ac the river, is it not a sweet con¬ 
solation to think that he will meet you on the other side? 

Commending you to Him who doeth all things well, I remain, in the ten- 
derest friendship, 


Mrs. Emma Martin. 
Erie, Penna. 


Your sincere friend, 

Pauline Herron. 


REPLY TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

Erie, Pa., Oct. 20, 19 -. 

My dear Friend:—I can scarcely express to you how grateful I am for your 
letter, and the loss of my husband has so prostrated me that I am hardly able 
to write. 

My friends assure me that time will reconcile me to my great bereavement. 
My trust in our Heavenly Father, and the great consolation that you speak of, 
which comes from the knowledge that we will meet our dear ones in a world 
where partings are no more, will, I believe, enable me to bear my sorrow 
God bless you for your thought of me in the dark hours, and your sweet words 
of sympathy. 

Your friend, 

Emma Martin. 


• ON THE DEATH OF A MOTHER. 

„ . , _ T . . , Pottstown, Pa., March 16, 19 -. 

hriend Owen:—I have just learned, on my return from a visit in the South of 
the death of your mother. Having suffered the loss of my own mother when 
a child., 1 know how to sympathize with you in your affliction. Fortunately 
lor you, your mother nved to guide the footsteps of her boy till he had reached 
manhoods years It can be truly said that, in the training of her family, in 
the church and the social circle, she always did her duty nobly. Ripened in 

fully P re P ar /L d for another state of existence, she passes on now to 
enjoy the reward of a life well spent on earth. 

Truly yours, 

Owen Brown. Prank P ’ Hunter - 


ON THE DEATH OF A WIFE. 

•nt j -r. Bristol, Pa., Nov. 10 10 — 

My dear George—I know that this letter will find you filled with grief at the 
loss of your dear wffe You have, indeed, suffered a great afflictio® A more 
faithful partner never lived, and few men, I venture to say, ever enjoyed more 
domestic tranquillity than yourself. J yea more 

A true wife, and a devoted mother. No higher eulogy can be pronounced 
upon any woman. Truly the great central sun of your household has gone 
down.and I most truiy, deeply sympathize with you in your affliction. 

mother and h father°wflT er ’ m - he . golden summer of another life, children, 

unknown. 11 ^ ™o “w tS'sSjS? 35 

mTch of y h°appine r s°s U fn h store fofyou, friendS ’ and the future ' 1 trust ' has 
the meantimeTam haVe opportunit y of 5™ and your girls, and in 


Mr. George A. Lentz, 
Huntington. Ga. 


Sincerely your friend, 

James A. Blair. 




LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


879 


ON THE DEATH OF AN INFANT. 

Germantown, Pa., Nov. 18, 19 

My dear Mary:—I realize that words of mine cannot comfort you in the 
loss of your darling little Jean, yet I feel that I must write a few words to 
assure you that I am thinking of you and praying for you. 

With feelings of the deepest sympathy, I remain, dear friend, 

Yours very sincerely, 

Adele Hagar. 


REPLY TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

Scranton, Pa., Nov. 25, 19 

Dear Adele:—I cannot talk about my little one yet; but I am very grate¬ 
ful for your letter. Write to me when you can, for your sympathy and friend¬ 
ship help me to be strong. 

Affectionately yours, 

Mary. 

LETTERS OF CONGRATULATIONS. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON RECEIVING A LEGACY. 

Saluda, S. C., Jan. 1, 19 -. 

Dear Harry:—I have learned to-day, through Hugh Wolcott, of your 
good fortune. Splendid! I congratulate you. I know of no one who more 
justly deserves riches, and of no one who will use them more wisely. I take a 
friend’s delight in your happiness. 

Sincerely yours, 

Paul Lynch. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON AN APPROACHING MARRIAGE. 

Oswego, N. Y., Dec. 2, 19 —. 

Dear Miriam:—I have just learned from our mutual friend, Edith Brown, 
of your approaching marriage to Charles Thompson. »I am very happy that 
you are the chosen bride of such a noble man. I am going to try to see you 
soon; meantime I send you all possible good wishes. 

Your loving friend, 

Helen Lees. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON A MARRIAGE. 

Greenfield, Ind., April 4, 19 -. 

Dear John:—I have just received a little missive, which informs me of 
two happy hearts made one. I wish you much joy. You have my earnest 
congratulations and good wishes for a long and serenely happy married life. 
May each succeeding year find you happier than the one before. 

God bless you and yours, and surround you ever with His choicest gifts. 

Your friend, 

Charles H. Wilson. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON TWENTY-FIFTH WEDDING 
ANNIVERSARY. 

Independence, Cal., March 5, 19 -. 

My dear Mr. Young:—I acknowledge the receipt of a kind invitation to 
be present at the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of your marriage. 
Owing to absence from the city on business, I was deprived of the pleasure of 
being with you. 

I congratulate you and your good wife upon passing the milestone indicat¬ 
ing a quarter of a century of blissful wedded life. That you may live to 
allow your friends to celebrate your golden and diamond weddings, is the hope 

of 

Your sincere friend, 


Robert Suter. 




880 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL 


CONGRATULATIONS UPON THE BIRTH OF A SON. 

Falcon, Tenn., Jan. 3, 19 - 

Dear Wood:—Accept my warmest congratulations upon the Dirth of you, 
son. May his years be long in the land which the Lord giveth him. May h« 
honor his father and his mother, and be the blessing and support of theia 
declining years. I anticipate holding the young gentleman on my knee, an : 
will be over to see you in a few days. 

With kindest regards to Mrs. Williams, I am, 

Faithfully, your friend, 

Fred Black 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON PASSING A SUCCESSFUL EXAMINA¬ 
TION. 

Kingston, R. I., April 6, 19 -. 

Dear Dorothy:—I was greatly pleased to hear through our friend Helen, that 
you had passed through the prescribed course of study in the Willet public 
school, and had graduated with honors. Knowing how deeply interested 
your parents and relatives have been in your success, it is particularly gratify¬ 
ing to have you reward them by such rapid progress. Accept my best wishes 
for your future success. 

Your friend, 

Susan Geller, 


LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. 

INTRODUCING A MERCHANT TO ANOTHER. 

Joplin, Miss., July 9, 19 - 

Dear Jonathan:—The bearer of this, Mr. George Hunt, is a dry-goods mer= 
chant in our town, who visits your city for the purpose of making purchases 
for his fall trade. Mr. Hunt is a heavy dealer in his line, pays cash for all he 
buys, and expects the lowest prices and largest discounts. Any favor you can 
tender him by introducing him to your leading wholesale houses, or otherwise, 
will be appreciated by Mr. Hunt, and acknowledged by, 

Your friend, 

Mr. Jonathan Huey. Philip Gilman 

INTRODUCING A LADY TO ANOTHER. 

Burlington, Pa., April 10, 19 

Dear Grace:—I take this occasion to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, 
Mrs. John S. Palmer, who is on a visit to her relatives in your city. Mrs. P 
is my very dear friend, of whom you have often heard me speak. Believing 
that your acquaintance with each other would be mutually agreeable, I 
have urged her to call upon you during her stay. Any attention you may 
bestow upon her, during her visit, will be highly appreciated by. 

Your friend, 

Annie Connor. 


INTRODUCING A CLERK. 

Fort Wayne, Ind., Oct. 13, 19 -. 

Dear Sanderson:—This letter will introduce to you my young friend, Otto 
Tames who has been in my employ as a clerk for the past eighteen months, and 
whom I would still retain, had not the depression in our line of business ren¬ 
dered his services, with those of others of my clerks, unnecessary 

Believing that your wide influence will very materially aid him in secur¬ 
ing a good position in the dry-goods trade in your city, I presume upon the 
acquaintance of an old friend, in thus writing you. For reference you can use 
my name. 

Believing that you will not regret any assistance you render the young man 
I am, Your friend, 

Henry L. Wilkins 


Mr S B Sanderson. 




LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL, 


881 


INTRODUCING A YOUNG MAN TO A MEMBER OF CONGRESS. 

Lebanon, Ky., March 3. 10 —. 

Hon. S. B. Dickie, ** y 

Sir:—The bearer, Mr. John C. Philips, is the son of Mrs. Samuel Philips of 
this town, whose husband was one of our most respected citizens. This young 
man has just graduated from one of our schools, and at my suggestion visits 
Washington, wishing to see the Capitol, and at the same time learn the possi¬ 
bilities of securing a satisfactory position in one of the Departments, after 
passing the necessary Civil Service examination. If you can give him any help 
or advice in this matter, it will be warmly appreciated by his mother and myself. 

Yours respectfully, 

R. B. Fitzgerald. 


REQUESTING PERMISSION FOR A DAUGHTER TO MAKE 

A VISIT. 

Oberlin, O., May 6, 19 -. 

My dear Mrs, Fitch:—In compliance with your oft-repeated request, I would 
like to send my daughter to spend a few weeks of her vacation in your delight¬ 
ful country home, trusting that her visit may be as pleasant for her and yourself 
as mine was a year ago. She could come next Monday if that would be entirely 
convenient for you. 

Anticipating a visit from you before the close of the present summer, ) 
remain, as ever, 

Your devoted friend, 

Ellen Bromley. 


LETTERS OF APOLOGY. 


APOLOGIZING FOR FAILURE TO PAY NOTE. 

Kalamazoo, Mich., July 11, 19 -. 

Mr. R. W. Davidson 

Dear Sir:—I very much regret that the failure of P. Dick & Son will prevent 
my payment of your note on the 20th instant, without serious inconvience to 
myself. I shall be able to pay it, however, promptly on the 25th. Should 
the five days' delay seriously incommode you, please write me at once, and I 
will endeavor to procure the money from another source. 

Yours very truly, 

Roy Johnston. 

EXCUSE TO A TEACHER FOR NON-ATTENDANCE OF CHILD. 

Friday Morning, Sept. 4, 19 -. 

Dear Miss McCausland: , . . , 

You will please excuse Blanche for non-attendance at school yesterday- 
afternoon. She was detainee, in consequence of a severe headache. 

Very respectfully, 

Josephine Fister. 

APOLOGY FOR BREAKING A BUSINESS ENGAGEMENT. 

Austin, Texas, Oct. 15, 19 -. 

Mr, Harold R. Lacey, 

Galveston, Texas. 

Dear Sir:—I very much regret being compelled to apologize for not meeting 
you at the railroad meeting in Houston last Saturday, as I agreed to do. The 
cause of my detention was the sudden and severe illness of my youngest child, 
whose life for a time we despaired of. Please write me the result of the meet- 

jpg. 

Hoping that the arrangements we anticipated were perfected, I am, 

Very truly, 

Ross N, Hood. 




882 ' 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


LETTERS OF REQUEST. 

REQUESTING LOAN OF MONEY. 

Pikeville, Ky., Feb 2, 19 , 

Dear Curtis:—Will you do me the kindness to loan me one hundred dollars 
until Wednesday of next week? Having several large collections to make 
during the next three days, I may be able to return thje loan before then. 

Yours truly, 

James Rostrom 

ANSWER REFUSING THE REQUEST. 

Pikeviiie, Ky., Feb 2, 19 —. 

Dear Rostrom:—I regret that all the money I have available. I am com¬ 
pelled to use this afternoon; otherwise I would comply with your request 
with pleasure 

Respectfully, 

John Curtis. 

REQUESTING A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION. 

Dallas, Texas, March 4, 19 —. 

Dear Scott:—I start for Boston to-morrow, to make arrangements for our 
excursion. I shall arrange to have the journey extend as far as the Holy Land. 
Be so kind, if you please, as to give me a letter of introduction to Professor John 
Ross, whom ( hope, also, to enlist in the scheme. 

With warmest regards to your family, I remain. 

Very truly yours, 

Frank Lewis, 


GIFT LETTERS. 

ACCOMPANYING BIRTHDAY GIFT, 

Philadelphia. Pa., Dec. 10, 19 

Dear Otto:—Please accept this little token of love and esteem on this anni¬ 
versary of your birth. With all ray heart I wish you many, many returns ol 
the day. 

Sincerely your friend, 

William Kyle. 


ANSWER TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

Bethlehem, Pa , Dec. 11, 19 

My dear William:—Your very valuable and welcome gift came to-day. } 
1 ppreciate it very highly, and am especially gratified to know that in spite of 
your many cares you have not forgotten the birthday of your old friend. 
During my remaining years I will cherish your gift. Accept my warmest 
thanks, and remember me a',, 

Your constant friend, 

Otto Brenz. 

ACCOMPANYING GIFT TO CLERGYMAN. 

The Rev. Isaac Kilmer, 

Pastor of the 8th St. M. E. Church, 

Dear Sir:—You will gratify us by appropriating to your own use the accom¬ 
panying check. It is presented by your many friends in your congregation as a 
slight token of the very high esteem in which you are held by the people, as a 
Christian gentleman and an eloquent and instructive preacher. 



LEXTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL, 


SS3 


Trusting that its acceptance will afford you as much pleasure as it has> 
given us in the presentation, we are, 

Very respectfully, 

Dan Barton, ) 

Frank Pyle, f Committee. 

S, Marion Lamb, J 


ACCOMPANYING GIFT TO MANAGER. 

New Brunswick, N. J., Feb. 2, 19 —,' 

Mr. Harry H. Kuster, 

Dear Sir:—The undersigned, employees of the Southeastern Dental Supply Co., 
deeply regretting your departure from among us, desire your acceptance of the 
accompanying memorial, m testimony of our affection and respect for you as a 
gentleman and a mechanic, and as a faint expression of our appreciation of your 
kindly efforts to render our connection with this factory not only pleasant and 
agreeable to ourselves, but profitable to the company. 

Deeply regretting that our connection must be severed, we shall gratefully 
remember our association in the past, and hope always to be held in pleasant 
remembrance by you. 

(Signed by the Employees.) 


SOCIAL LETTERS. 


INVITATION TO DINNER. 

Note: — Italic type indicates handwritten portions; Roman type the en 
graved portions 

Mr. and Mrs. John Stokes Patterson 
request the pleasure of 
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Welsh's 
company at dinner 
on Wednesday, April 14th, 191- 
at six o’clock. 

1917 Green Street, 

Boston, Mass. 


ACCEPTANCE OF DINNER INVITATION. 

Mr. and Mrs. Edward Welsh accept with pleasure the kind invitation ■! 
Mr. and Mrs. John Stones Patterson to dinner on Wednesday, April 14th, 19 
Shawmut Ave. 

April eighth, 191 - 

INFORMAL REGRETS. 

1721 Columbus Ave., 

Boston, Mass. 


Dear Mrs. Patterson :— , 

1 am exceedingly sorry that I cannot dine with you on Wednesday 
(he fourteenth of April, but I promised Mrs. Astor to dine at her house that evr 
ning and go ,0 the theatre afterward sincerely , 

James Sullivan 

April sixth, 191- 

INVITATION TO MUSICALE- 

Mrs. Kingdon Gould 
requests the pleasure of 
Mr. Edgar Moulton’s 
company 

on Thursday evening, January the tenth 

at nine o’clock ' 

1844 Preston AVS 


Ausio 



884 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL 


INVITATION FOR EVENING. 

Mr. and Mrs. William Howard Sturgis 
At Home 

on the evening of Friday the fourth of October 
from eight until half after ten o\-.ock 
218 South Prairie Avenue 
Chicago. 

R. S. V. P. 


REGRETS. 

1914 Olive St., 
Chicago, III. 

Mr. Paul Howard regrets sincerely that he cannot accept the kind invitation 
of Mr and Mrs. William Howard Sturgis for Friday evening October fourth, 
because of an engagement for the same hour to sing at the home of Mrs. Georgs Peal* 
September 25, IQ - 


TEA CARD. 

The Misses Brown, 

Miss Mary Florence Brown 
Wednesday September eighteenth 
from four until half after six. 

“The Willows," 
Charleston, S. C, 


INFORMAL INVITATION. 

18 Barbour St., 
Lexington, Ky. 

Dear Mr. Barton •— 

I have Miss Lucy Weston, from Cincinnati, staying wun me this 
week , and am asking a few friends to come to the house Wednesday evening, April 
twelfth, at eight o'clock, to meet her. 

I hope you can join us at that time. 

Yours sincerely, 

MaryS. Evans 

April 6, 19 - 


HOME WEDDING. 

Mr. and Mrs. Nagle 
request the pleasure of your company 
*t the marriage of their daughter 
Laura 
to 

Mr John Stuart Mills 
On Saturday the 19th of June 

Nineteen hundred and- 

at twelve o’clock 
“Idlewild” 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

R. S. V. P. 


ACCEPTANCE. 

Mr. and Mrs. William F. Fogarty accept with pleasure your kind invitoHc. 
for Saturday the 19 th of June at twelve o'clock. 

Oberlin, O. 

June 7, 10 • 




LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


885 


CHURCH WEDDING. 

Mr. and Mrs. Richardson Taylor 
request the honour of your presence 
at the marriage of their daughter 
Dorothy 
and 

Mr. Johnson Howard Tunis 
on Tuesday, the sixteenth of November 

Nineteen hundred and- 

at twelve o’clock 
Holy Trinity Church 
Richmond, Virginia. 


BREAKFAST CARD. 

Mr. and Mrs. Richardson Taylor 
request the pleasure of 
Mr. Harry S. Groom's 
company at breakfast 
on Tuesday the sixteenth of November 
at half past twelve o’clock 

1728 Forsyth Ave., 
Richmond, V& 


R. S. V. P- 


WEDDING RECEPTION. 

Mr. and Mrs. Noble Beachman 
request the pleasure of your company 
at the wedding reception of their daughter 
Mary Spencer 
and 

Mr. Henry Jackson Walton 
on Saturday the fifteenth of January 

Nineteen hundred and- 

from four until six o’clock 
718 North Brown Street, 

Denver, Colorado. 


MARRIAGE ANNOUNCEMENT. 

Mr. and Mrs. Lewis T. Plunkett 
announce the marriage of their daughter 
Hannah Florence 
to 

Mr. Stephen Carey 

On Wednesday, the twenty-seventh of September 

Nineteen hundred and- 

Evansville, Indiana 


A PERSONAL LETTER FROM DICKENS TO JOHN FORSTER 

Tues. night, 12 th November, 1844 . 

i must not anticipate myself. But, my dear fellow nothing in the world 
that ever you have heard of Venice, is equal to the magnificent and stupendous 
reality. The wildest visions of the Arabian Nights are nothing to the piazza 
of Saint Mark, and the first impression of the inside of the Church. The gor¬ 
geous andlwonderful reality of Venice is beyond the fancy of the wildest dreamer. 
Ooium couldn’t build such a place, and enchantment couldn t shadow it forth 
in a vision. All that I have heard of it, read of it in truth or fiction, fancied of 
it is'left thousands of miles behind. You know that I am liable to be disap¬ 
pointed in such things through over-expectation, but Venice is above, beyond, 






886 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL 


out of all reach of coming near, the imagination of a man. It has never been 
rated high enough. It is a thing you would shed tears to see. 

When I came on board here last night (after a five miles’ row in a gondola, 
which, somehow or other, I wasn’t at all prepared for); then, from seeing the 
city lying, one night, upon the distant water, like a ship, I came plashing 
through the silent and deserted streets; I felt as if the houses were reality—the 
water, fever madness. But when, in the bright cold bracing day, I stood upon 
the piazza this morning, by Heaven the glory of the place was insupportable! 
And diving down from that into its wickedness and gloom—its awful prisons 
deep below the water; its judgment chambers, secret doors, deadly nooks, 
where the torches you carry with you blink as if they couldn’t bear the air in 
which the frightful scenes were acted; and coming out again into the radiant, 
unsubstantial Magic of the town; and diving in again, into vast churches, and 
old tombs—a new sensation, a new memory, a new mind came upon me. Venice 
is a bit of my brai n from this time. 

My dear Forster, if you could share my transports (as you would if you 
were here) what would I not give. ... I never saw the thing before that I 
should be afraid to describe. But to tell what Venice is, I feel to be an impos¬ 
sibility. And here I sit alone, writing it: with nothing to urge me on, or goad 
me to that estimate, which, speaking of it to anyone I loved, and being spoken 
to in return, would lead me to form. In the sober solitude of a famous inn; with 
the great bell of Saint Mark ringing twelve at my elbow; with three arched 
windows in my room (two stories high) looking down upon the grand canal and 
away, beyond, to where the sun went down tonight in a blaze; and thinking 
over again those silent speaking faces of Titian and Tintoretto; I swear 
(uncooled by any humbug I have seen) that Venice is the wonder and the new 
sensation of the world! 

If you could be set down in it, never having heard of it, it would still be so. 
With your foot upon its stones, its pictures before you, and its history in your 
mind.^it is something past all writing of or speaking of—almost past all thinking 
of. You couldn’t talk to me in this room, nor I to you, without shaking hands 
and saying “Good God, my dear fellow, have we lived to see this!’’ 

Charles Dickens 




PARLIAMENTARY LAW 


RULES OF ORDER FOR DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLIES. 


ORGANIZATION. 


Some one else nses ana says, i secunu me uiuuun. 

The mover then says, “All in favor of the motion, say, aye. Ayes are 

counted. , 

The mover then says, “Ail opposed say, no. The noes are counted. 

If the ayes have a majority, the mover says, Mr. or Mrs will please 

take jthe^ chain & ma j ority) t he move r says, “ I call for the nomination of 

some one else. ” And so he continues to call and to put motions till a majority 

“^AfSTgreZenThe says, “Mr. or Mrs.— win .please take the chair." 

The person selected will take the chair, say a brief word as to the honor 
conferred; and the object of the assembly, and then conclude with In order 
to further complete the organization, a motion is in order for the election of a 

secretary. mot - on ma d e and seconded in favor of a candidate (motions, 

except those of minor import; are not ready to be put till seconded) the 
chairman will say, “all in favor of the motion say aye. He will count the 

^^Then he will say, “All opposed say, no." He will count the noes. 

If a majority favor the motion, he will say,‘ Mr. or Mrs. has been 
elected secretary. He or she will please take the secretary s chair. 

Sometimes^other persons will wish to move that their favonte be elected 
secretary. It is the business of the chair to entertain all such motions, till 

ifelld he win^u’t'the first motion. If carried by a majority, the 
other motions fail If not carried, he takes up the second, and so on till a 
majbrity^chofceis indicated. In general, the chairman has a nght to insist 

that all shall vote u a chairma n and secretary, or secretaries, are all 

that is°reauired But for an Organization that is expected to be permanent for 
1 season TfOr years, and where dues are a feature, other officers are required 
There should b I a vice-chairman or vice-president, a collector, a treasurer, a 
door keeper etc dependent on the character of the organization. All these 
mav be OhOsen the manner laid down above for the e ection of a secretary. 
But it wouM be best to postpone their election for a little time till discussion 
has ^een had of the object and character of the society or association, and until 
all are read’'* for the work of permanent organization. If the by-laws have been 
pissed and-'prescribl the election of permanent officers by ballot, it would 
?>e well to elect all such officers in accordance with said by-laws. 

A — j pvpn if i+ be desirable to go on with permanent organization before the 

this see the heading “ Permanent Societies 

887 








888 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


When the temporary or popular meeting has been organized, as above by 
the election of a chairman and secretary, or secretaries (political meetings 
generally announce a long list of vice-presidents and secretaries as honorary 
selections), the chairman should say (a chairman should always rise when he 
makes a proposition or motion) “What is the further pleasure of this meeting? ” 

Here it is proper for some one to rise and say,“ Mr. Chairman I move that 
a committee of three (or five—the number is arbil*ary, but should not be too 
large) be appointed by the chair to draft resolutions expressive of the sense 
of this meeting 

It must be understood that resolutions are the usual means of making 
known the wishes of an assembly, or of effecting a temporary government, 
where such assembly is'a public and popular one, as the political meeting, the 
indignation meeting, the meeting in honor of some distinguished person, or of 
condolence over a death, the meeting looking to a permanent organization for 
a special object, etc. 

The resolutions, in such cases, have generally been prepared beforehand 
by those who have consulted together and have called the meeting, and they have 
been entrusted to the keeping of the one who, by previous understanding, 
would make the above motion. 

The chairman should rise, recognize the mover, by mentioning his name, 
hear the motion, see that it is seconded, repeat it to the assembly, and then say, 
“Are you ready for the question?” 

If there is no discussion, he puts the question in the usual way, by saying, 
“ All in favor of th-? motion say aye. ” “Contrary.no!” 

If carried, the chairman appoints the committee, naming the mover of the 
motion as the first one on the committee, who thus becomes its chairman. 

The oldest and best parliamentary usage requires that the mover of a motion 
to appoint a committee shall be the first on the committee, and that the first 
appointed on a committee shall be its chairman. 

If the above motion has been lost, the chairman shall announce it as lost, 
and ask, “what is the further pleasure of the meeting?” This will bring up 
another line of procedure. 

It is usual for the above committee to retire for a few moments to read 
over and adopt the resolutions, if they are already prepared, or to prepare 
resolutions, if not previously done. While they are gone, the chairman may 
announce the business of the assembly as suspended till the committee is ready 
to report, but it is better for him, in order to hold the assembly together, to 
say that the interval affords an opportunity for a general expression of views, 
and to call upon some one, whom he knows to be in sympathy with the object 
of the meeting, to entertain it. But if there is any regular business that can go 
on during the absence of the committee, it should be attended to. 

When the committee is ready to report, its chairman announces the fact 
to the chairman of the assembly, by saying, “Mr. Chairman, your committee 
have agreed upon a series of resolutions and beg leave to report them. ” So 
saying, he passes the resolutions to the chairman or secretary. 

The chairman of the assembly asks the secretary to read them, which he 
does. If the handwriting is unfamiliar to the secretary, the chairman should 
relieve him, by calling on the writer of the resolutions to read them, for much 
depends on a good reading of resolutions. 

After the reading, the chairman says, “You have heard the resolutions, 
what is your pleasure respecting them?” or “what action will the assembly take 
upon them?” 

Then some one rises and says, “Mr. Chairman I move the resolutions (or 
the report of the committee) be adopted.” When the motion has been sec¬ 
onded, the chairman says, “Is the meeting (or assembly, or are you) ready 
for the question?” 

Debate would now be in order. And at this point the object of the meet¬ 
ing is best met by a full expression of views, which the chairman should solicit, 
and give opportunity for. 

When debate has been had upon the resolutions, and has ended, the chair¬ 
man puts the question in the usual way If carried, the resolutions become 
the voice of the assembly, and the committee stands discharged. 

The resolutions may have been modified by amendments, or referred back 
to the committee for change, all of which changes or modifications, if made bj 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


889 


amendments in open assembly, must be recognized and stated bv the chairman, 
in the final motion to pass them. 

If the object of the assembly has now been met, some one moves to ad¬ 
journ. The chairman puts the motion in the usual form, and then declares the 
meeting adjourned. 

But a speedier way to handle resolutions in popular assemblies, where 
such resolutions have been prepared beforehand, and where their passage is 
expected to accomplish the object of the meeting, is for the one who has them in 
charge to rise and say, “Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the following 
resolutions." He then reads them, or hands them t c tb° secretary to be read. 

After reading, they are open to debate, as before; also for modification, 
rejection or acceptation. Full discussion of them, and final action upon them, 
generally accomplishes the object of the meeting. 


PERMANENT SOCIETIES. 


When the object is to form a permanent society for business, literary enter¬ 
tainment, scientific pursuit or pleasure—in which rank fall lyceums, social clubs, 
institutes, and all assemblies designed to perpetuate themselves—the pre¬ 
liminary steps are the same as already set forth, viz., a consultation among 
friends of the object in view, being careful that enemies are discarded, a call 
for the work of organization, a meeting at which a chairman and secretary 
shall be elected the first thing, and in the way already set forth. This puts the 
meeting under control. 

The chairman then calls upon some one whom he knows to be most inter¬ 
ested in the movement, or best qualified to set it forth, to state the object of the 
meeting. If the chairman himself is the best qualified, which is mostly the 
very reason he has been called upon to preside, he states the object of the meeting. 
Others may be given opportunity to state their views, but the chairman should 
control the time and insist Q.i brevity. , .. , 

But it is best for the one making the statement to conclude his remarks 
with a resolution, previously prepared and in writing, which resolution should 
be passed to and read by the secretary. t 

It may read, “ Resolved, that it is the sense of this meeting that a society 
shall be formed in this (city, town or village) for the purpose of (state the object) 
which shall be known as the (state the name), (but the name can be left to the 

committee on constitution).” , ,_ 

Thi" resolution should be open to the widest debate, after it has been 

sccoiidcd 

It should then be voted upon and, if carried, some one should rise and say, 
“I move that the chairman appoint a committee of three (five or any other 
number, the smaller the better) to draft a constitution and by-laws for such 
a society as has been agreed upon m the resolution just passed, and that said 
committee report at the next meeting (or at an adjourned meeting or at a 
meeting called by the chairman or at the present session) of this assembly. 

This motion is debatable. If it passes, the chair should appoint the com¬ 
mittee placing the mover first A motion to adjourn will now be m order, 
unless the coifimittee's report is expected. Such motion should be made with 
a view to accommodating the committee, and should include the time and place 
of next meeting. As such it is debatable. But if it is simply a motion to 
adjourn or to adjourn at the call of the chairman, debate is not in order. 

The chairman then dismisses the meeting, repeating the words of the motion 

*° a ^? U the next meeting, the officers of the former one are in charge, til! 

SUPe The e chamSa™canTthTSeeting to order, and askslheKcrctarytoread 
the minutes The chairman then says, You have heard the minutes, is 
there anv reason why they should not be adopted? If no one rises to object, 
he should sav (without motion) “The minutes stand approved as read. It 
a ejection \irbeen made, he should say,-The minutes stand approved as 

TOrr The d chairman then says, “ The next business in order is the hearing of the 
report of the committee on constitution and by-laws. 

58 



890 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


The chairman of said committee rises, and on being recognized, reads 
his report (or hands it to the secretary to be read). 

After reading, the chairman of the meeting says, “You have heard the 
report of the committee, what is your pleasure respecting it? ” 

Some one may rise and say, “ I move the adoption of the constitution and 
by-laws as reported by the committee.” The chairman may entertain this 
motion, and put it. If it is carried, the constitution and by-laws become the 
organic law of the society. 

But a much more satisfactory way is for some one to move that the con¬ 
stitution and by-laws be adopted seriatim. If this motion is carried, the 
chairman rises, reads the first article, or has the secretary read it, and says, 
“Are there any amendments to this article?” 

If there are amendments, he must entertain motions to that effect. But 
if, after a pause, no amendments are made, he may say, “There being no amend¬ 
ments, I pass to the reading of the second article. ” 

He then reads the second article, and asks the same question. He con 
tinues reading till through. He then says, “ You have passed upon the con¬ 
stitution and by-laws, seriatim (or by sections), shall we adopt it (or them) as a 
whole? ” 

This is necessary, because opportunity to amend should never be cut off 
before the adoption of an instrument as a whole. 

If no amendments are offered, at this stage, to the instrument as a whole, 
the chairman may say, “There being no amendments, all who are in favor of 
the adoption of the constitution and by-laws, as read (or as amended, if tne 
sections have been amended) and as a whole, will say aye, ” He should count 
the ayes carefully. Then he should say t “All opposed will say no.” He 
should announce the result distinctly. 

The society has now an organic law and guide. Sometimes it is preferable 
to take separate action on the constitution and by-laws; even to have them 
referred to separate committees, and acted upon at different times. But 
whether this be so or not, as soon as the constitution is adopted, it is proper for 
the chairman to request of those present, who desire to become members, to 
come forward, p«,y their initiation fee, if one is required, and sign the constitu¬ 
tion. A recess should be declared for this purpose. 

If the by-laws have not been passed with the constitution, action on them 
would now be in order, and said action would be the same as that upon the 
constitution. 

After the adoption of both, separately or together, the chairman should 
say, “The next business in order is the election of officers in accordance with 
our constitution.” 

If the constitution provides that a committee shall be appointed which 
shall nominate officers, a motion should be made for the appointment of such 
committee. The adoption of their report is the election. 

But if the election is left to the society, the chairman should say, “ Nomi¬ 
nations for president (or whatever the presiding officev’s title may be) are now 
in order. ” If no more than one nomination be made, the chairman may say^ 

“There being only one nomination for president, I declare Mr. -elected;'*" 

and, unless there is a provision to the contrary, or for formal installation, he 
may vacate his seat and ask the newly elected president to take it. 

The new official then goes on with the election, announcing the respective 
officers to be voted for, calling for nominations, declaring elections where 
only one candidate is nominated, asking for a ballot where two or more candi¬ 
dates are in the field. 

Generally speaking, it is best to begin an election by the appointment of 
tellers, so that they may be ready to act where there are two or more nomina¬ 
tions. Tellers should occupy some central, conspicuous place, and may use 
a hat as a ballot box. The voters should write the name of their favorite on a 
piece of paper, and deposit it in the hat, and the tellers should announce tlieir 
count to the chairman. 

As each officer is elected he, or she, should take the seat appointed to him 
or her, displacing the temporary officers When all are thus elected and seated 
the permanent organization is effected. 

\\ hen a society expects to own real estate, it should get a charter, or become 
incorporated acco^dine to the laws of its state 




PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


891 


CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 


A committee appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws for a per¬ 
manent society, should bear in mind the following: 


(1) A constitution may be very full, thus necessitating few by-laws, or none 
at all. 

(2) By-laws may be very full, thus necessitating a very brief constitution or 
none at all. 

(3) A constitution should be brief. It ought to declare only the fundamen¬ 
tal features of the society, as— 

(a) The name of the society. 

(b) The object of the society. 

(c) The components, or membership, of the society. 

(d) The officers of the society, the manner of their elections, and their 
duties and terms. 

(e) The times and place of meetings, in brief, leaving details to by-laws. 

(f) How to amend the constitution; and this should be made difficult. 

Nothing but ample notice and a two-third vote should be allowed to 
disturb it. 

(4) The committee should consult the constitution and by-laws of kindred organ¬ 

izations and select what is best fitted for its own. 

(5) By-laws should be full, and should cover all the details of official conduct 
and government. Among the principal questions they should settle 
are:— 

(a) What shall constitute a quorum. 

(b) Time and place of meeting, if not fixed in the constitution. 

(c) Salary of officers, if salaried. 

(d) Duties of members, their rights, and methods of admission. 

(e) Punishment of members. 

(f) Method of making and putting motions. 

(g) The parliamentary manual that shall govern deliberations 

(h) Fees or dues of members. 

(i) Manner of amendment. 

Lastly rules of order, which may run as follows, and which should be 
followed by the presiding officer, unless a motion is carried to reverse them, for 
convenience sake, or unless, in a plain emergency the chairman assumes to 
reverse them. 


16 ) 


Calling of society to order. 

Calling roll of officers. 

Reading and approving of minutes 
Admission of new members. 

Communications, notices, and bills 
Payment of dues. 

Reports of standing committees. 

Reports of special committees. 

Unfinished business. 

New business. , . . .. 

Debates, essays, readings, or whatever appertains to the general 

entertainment and good. . . . ~ , 

Transfer and announcement of receipts by financial otticial. 

By-laws' *sh™ Td be more easily amendable than a constitution. A ma¬ 
jority vote ought to be sufficient, though a motion to amend ought to lay 
over till next meeting. 


(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(f) 

(g) 

(h) 

(i) 

& 

(i) 


OFFICERS. 


A chairman or president calls the society to order at the proper time an¬ 
nounces the business according to the order laid down, states and puts all 
auestions preserves quiet, decides all questions of order (subject to appeal). 
In putting ^questions an d speaking, he should stand. When a tnembernses 
and addresses him he should recognize him by saving, Mr.-— , or ■if two 
address him at the same time, he should sav. “Mr.-has the floor. He 



892 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


should not interrupt a speaker when in order, should be non-partisan, affable, 
vet firm, and should exercise his right to address the society, when necessary, 
by first calling some one else to take the chair, unless the question be one of 
order, when he need not leave the chair. 

The secretary should keep an accurate account of the proceedings, in a 
permanent book. Of course this does not mean that he shall report speeches, 
essays, etc., and inconsequential matters. But he should take down every 
motion, or, better still, insist that the mover shall lay it on his table in writing. 
He should avoid all criticism, and record things done, rather than those said. 
He is the custodian of all papers of the society, not specially entrusted to other 
officers, is the correspondent, and should see that the constitution and by-laws 
are properly engrossed, preserved, and rendered accessible. Sometimes, he is 
the collector of dues, and is otherwise financially interested. In all such cases 
ae should be prompt and accurate in his reports. In nearly every society 
the secretary is the most important official. 

The treasurer is the final recipient of the funds of the society. He dis¬ 
penses them, also, but upon orders drawn by other officials, usually the chair¬ 
man and secretary. He should be careful in accounting for what he receives 
and expends, should give and take receipts, or vouchers, should make his 
reports regularly, and should insist upon an audit of his accounts in accordance 
with the laws of the society. 

A vice-president performs the duties of president, when that official is 
absent. 

There may be other officials, dependent on the character of the society, 
but their duties are usually fully specified in the constitution or by-laws. The 
above are the main officials of the ordinary society, and upon them the success 
of most organizations falls. 


COMMITTEES. 

Every organization, transient or permanent, popular or deliberate, should 
understand the value of committee work. When a new subject is broached it 
ought to be referred to a committee, if it is at all important or intricate. The 
committee should be given plenty of time to consider it and to report. 
The reports of committees which have deliberated in secret, in quiet, and with 
time, are seldom rejected by assemblies; whereas, if the same subject were 
left to popular discussion, there would be no end to debate and no prospect of a 
conclusion. Regular business would be interfered with, tumult would ensue 
and perhaps disorganization would follow. 

Committees, in ordinary assemblies, should be small. Three members 
are enough. Said an old parliamentarian, “the best working committee is one 
of three members, two of whom are absent. ” 

When a matter is of sufficient importance to be referred to a committee a 
member should rise and say, “Mr. Chairman I move that the matter be 
referred to a committee of three, to be appointed by the chair,” or “I move 
that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to” (state what the com¬ 
mittee is expected to do). 

It is always best to mention in the motion the number of the committee 
and that the chair shall appoint. This will save the chairman the trouble of 
asking, ‘ Of how many shall the committee consist and bv whom shall it be 
appointed?” 

The first named on a committee is its chairman. He shall call the com¬ 
mittee together and preside at its deliberations. But in his absence, a majority 
of the committee may meet and transact business, a majority of a committee 
be ring always a quorum. Committee business ought to be transacted just like 
tJ lat of the society itself, it being but a miniature society. 

A committee report may begin, “The committee to which was referred the 
state the subject) beg leave to submit the following report” (follow with 
<he report), 

„ The report may conclude with, “All of which is respectfully submitted,” 
(followed by signatures of committeemen). 

Sometimes two, reports are made, one by a majority and one by a minority 
of the committee. The former should begin with “A majority of the com- 
uwttee to which was referred the (state subject) beg leave to report,” et«. 




PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


893 


The latter should begin with “A minority of the committee to which was, ” etc. 
Both reports are entitled to reading, but the minority report is not entitled to 
consideration except upon a motion to substitute it for the majority report. 

When the report of a committee is accepted, the committee stands dis¬ 
charged without motion, A motion to refer back a report, or to recommit 
to the same committee, revives the committee. 

MOTIONS IN GENERAL. 

A motion is the usual form of bringing business before a society or assem¬ 
bly. 

As a rule motions, if important, involved or lengthy, should be reduced to 
writing. They may be read by the mover and then handed to the chairman 
or secretary, or the secretary may, by request, do the reading. Where the 
motion is simple, it need not be reduced to writing, unless the by-laws require 
it; but in such case time should be given the secretary to make an accurate 
record of it. 

When the motion is verbal, the member rises and says, “Mr. Chairman 
(the chairman recognizes him by name), I move that a committee of three be 
appointed, ” etc., etc., or “ I move that” (stating the motion in brief). 

When the motion is written it takes the form of a resolution, thus:— 

“Resolved, that the thanks of the society be extended,” etc., or, “Re¬ 
solved that a committee of five be appointed,” etc., etc. 

If the way is clear for the chair to entertain the motion, that is, if there is no 
other business before the society to interfere with it or if the subject of the 
resolution falls under the head of business in hand, the member rises and says 
“ Mr. Chairman (the chair recognizes him by name), I move the adoption of the 
following resolution. ” He reads it and passes it to the chairman. 

Or, having first passed it to the secretary, he says, “ Mr. Chairman, I move 
the adoption of the resolution, which the secretary will please read.” 

When the motion has been read and seconded, the chairman rises and 
says:—“It has been moved and seconded that the following resolution (which 
he reads) be adopted;” or, “It has been moved and seconded that the resolu¬ 
tion you just heard read (or which the secretary will now read) be adopted. ” 

It is any member’s right to call for a re-reading of the resolution; and it is 
the business of the chair to see that it is fully understood by the members before 
putting the motion. 

In large assemblies the motion in writing should be signed by the mover. 

The chairman may continue. “The question is on the adoption of the 
resolution just read.” 

A pause is in order to give opportunity for a debate, and full debate is 
desirable upon motions involving new or important business. Such debates 
are usually opened by the mover, who is expected to explain and sustain his 
motion. If there is hesitation about debate, and the chairman thinks the 
matter worthy of discussion, he may urge the importance of discussion. 

It cannot be too often repeated, nor too fully borne in mind, that no 
member of any assembly has a right to the floor and to speak till recognized by 
the chair. A chairman who does not rigidly enforce this rule will find him¬ 
self helpless in the midst of clamor. The chairman does not lose control of a 
speaker whom he has recognized, but may call him to order, when he is out of 
order, as for instance when he is straying from the question or talking vulgarly 
or abusively. So the chairman must protect a speaker against interruption 
from other members; any member has a right to call an offensive speaker 
to order, by rising to a point of order. 

If no one has risen to speak, or when the debate is closed, either by consent 
or by motion, the chairman rises and says:—“ Are you ready for the question?” 

If there is nothing to the contrary, the chairman says: “The question is on 
the adoption of the resolution you have heard read (or heard read and debated); 
as many as are in favor of its adoption, say aye” (counts the ayes). “As 

many as are opposed, say no” (counts the noes). . 

He then announces the result, saying, “The motion is earned' (or lost); 
or, the “Resolution stands adopted” (or is lost). 

A majority of votes, in ordinary assemblies, is sufficient to carry a motion, 
if the motion be not one of an excepted kind, or if there be no by-law to the 
contrary 





804 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


THE ORDINARY MOTIONS CLASSIFIED. 

There is hardly any more interesting and useful sttidy than the subject of 
motions. The object of most societies is to bring about a knowledge of them 
among members, in other words, to get acquainted with parliamentary science. 
A good parliamentarian is a most useful man in any community, and most of our 
greatest parliamentarians have laid the foundation of their future usefulness 
in the country lyceum or village debating school. 

When a member has drafted and presented his resolution it is the property 
of the society. It may not be desirable to adopt it then and there, or in the 
shape presented. The handling of it, therefore, opens the way to a series, 
or class of motions whose meaning and effect ought to be fully understood, 
not only by the chairman but by the members. 

This class of motions is peculiar in the respect that they are allowable 
while the resolution is under consideration, and have the effect of superseding 
it, though no member can move any of such motions except that which calls 
tor the “Orders of the Day,’’ or the “Regular Order of Business,” while another 
member has the floor. (See Motion to Reconsider, further on.) 

But before studying these motions further and settling the destiny of our 
resolution in the society, let us get a good idea of the motions in use in an 
ordinary assembly or society, for these are the motions that are going to seal 
the fate of our resolution in its way through the society. 

This order of precedence, or the rank, and power, of these ordinary 
motions, appears thus:— 

(x) Motion to fix a time to adjourn. 

(2) Motion to adjourn (when unqualified). 

(3) Motion for the orders of the day 

(4) Motion to lay on the table. 

(5) Motion for the previous question. 

(6) Motion to postpone to a certain time 

(7) Motion to commit. 

(8) Motion to amend. 

(9) Motion to postpone indefinitely. 

The above order ought to be committed to memory. Any of the motions 
contained in the list except No. 8 (the motion to amend) can be made while 
one below it in the list is pending, but none can be made, except a motion to 
amend, while one above it is pending. Thus No. 1, or “a motion to adjourn 
to a fixed time, ” can be made while No. 5 is pending, but No. 5 cannot be made 
while No. 1 is pending. So No. 3 can supersede No. 9, but No. 9 cannot supersede 
No. 3. Any higher motion, except that to amend, can supersede a lower, but 
no lower motion, except that to amend, can supersede a higher. 

As to what motions are debatable and amendable, and what not, and as to 
the more general effect of motions, we shall see further on. 

It may as well be stated here that a “motion to reconsidei” is always a 
privileged motion as to the making of it, but cannot be acted upon until the 
business then before the society is disposed of. When called up it takes pre¬ 
cedence of every other, motion except one to fix a time to adjourn, and one to 
adjourn, or Nos. 1 and 2 of the above list. 

Now we go back to our resolution as introduced into the society and see 
what motions may constitute its fate, provided it is not desirable to adopt or 
reject it directly. Remembering what has already been said of the class of 
motions which may he brought to bear upon it, and also the rank, power, or 
order of precedence of motions, as shown in the foregoing list, we will start with 
the object the mover has in view. He may have in view 

OBJECT I.—TO MODIFY OR AMEND. 

(a) To Amend, (b) To Commit. 

A motion to amend is the proper one where it is desired to modify the 
resolution before the society. 

A motion to amend may be to add certain words or clause* ' "trike out 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


895 


certam words or clauses absolutely, or to strike out and insert others- to 
substitute a different motion on the same subject (the chairman must be care¬ 
ful to see tnat the subject matter is not changed); or to divide the resolution 
into separate parts, so as to get a vote on each part. 

Friends of a resolution may earnestly desire to amend it in one or all o* 
the above ways; but it ought to be borne in mind that enemies of th^ 
resolution find in amendments, and especially in motions to divide, a favorite 
means of distracting its friends, and defeating the motion entirely. 

When an amendment is moved the chairman should state it distinctly 
and should read in connection the clause affected. He should mention th< 
words to be struck out, or the words to be inserted, and then should read tht 
clause as it would read if amended. The amendment, if seconded, has pre¬ 
cedence of the original motion and is open to debate, but the chairman should 
see that all remarks are confined to the merits of the amendment alone. The 
main question should not be considered in debate except in so far as is necessary 
to explain and ascertain the merits of the amendment. 7 

In putting the motion to amend, the chairman should ask, “are you ready 
for the question? ” and should count ayes and noes, and decide, just as if it were 
the main question. 

An amendment of an amendment should be treated in the same wav. 
It is a separate, independent question, and takes precedence of the amend¬ 
ment. But the chairman and all members should tie on their guard lest it be 
not germane, for the further you get away from the main question the greater 
danger there is of losing sight of the main question. 

There can be no motion to amend an amendment of an amendment. It 
would be too foggy. Motions which are undebatable are, for the most part, 
not amendable. But we shall see more of this hereafter. 

If the original question is novel, confused, or unclarified by amendments, 
it is a wholesome proceeding to move to refer it to a committee for further- 
consideration. This, if carried, takes it out of the hands of the society for 
the time, allays excitement and leads to a better form of presentation. Both 
friends and enemies can use such a motion to advantage. Such a motion is 
known as a “motion to commit,” or a “motion of reference.” A “motion 
to commit” can be made while an amendment is pending (since 7 precedes 8 
in the foregoing list). 

A “motion to commit” is debatable, and it opens the merits of the whole 
question, or resolution, to debate. A “motion to commit” is amendable, 
but only as to the number of the committee, how it shall be appointed, where 
it shall sit, when it shall report, etc. Amendments designed to defeat the main 
object of the motion are not germane, and the chairman should so declare them. 

OBJECT II.—TO DEFER ACTION. 

(a) To Postpone, (b) Lie on the Table. 

It may be that the introduction of the question is premature, and that 
another time for its consideration would be preferable. If so, the proper step 
is to move to “postpone to a certain time.” The time may be to a later hour 
in the session, or to another order of business, or to the next, or another session. 
If it pass over to a next, or another, session, it should be called up under the 
head of “unfinished business. ” 

This “motion to postpone to another time,” is debatable, but only in a 
limited sense. Debate must be confined strictly to the propriety of postpone¬ 
ment to the time specified. It is amendable, but only in respect to the time, 
and this amendment has the same limitations as to debate. 

This “motion to postpone to a certain time,” which is No. 6, of the fore¬ 
going list, can be made while Nos. 7, 8, and 9 are pending. 

If it is not desired to postpone the question to a certain time, perhaps it 
may be deemed proper to lay it aside temporarily, till some other business is 
concluded, but in such a way as to not lose sight of it, or lose the privilege of 
taking it up again. The only way to do this is to move that the question “lie 
on the table. ” 

This motion is not debatable nor subject to amendment. The chairman 
puts it promptly and announces the result. It is an heroic motion, and is 







896 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


often used by the enemies of a measure to supress it. It lays the matter in 
hand aside till some one moves “ to take it from the table, ” which motion is not 
debatable and is not privileged. 

OBJECT III—TO SUPRESS DEBATE. 

(a) The Previous Question, (b) Closing Debate. 

Free debate, however desirable, often becomes a weapon in the hands of a 
minority. It may be used to prolong sessions indefinitely, and to shove off a 
vote on important resolutions. It is therefore necessary to limit it to proper 
bounds. This may be done in two ways: First:—By a call for the “previous 
question,” by any member who chooses to make the call. This call must be 
seconded like a motion. It is not debatable nor subject to amendment. ^The 
chairman instantly rises and says, “Shall the main question now be put?” If 
this is carried, all debate is cut off instantly, except where the measure has 
been reported by a committee, when the member reporting it is entitled to the 
courtesy of a closing speech, usually brief. 

It must be borne in mind that this motion to “put the main question” 
is exceptional in the respect that it requires or should require, a two-thirds vote 
to sustain it. This relieves it of the odium of an attempt to gag the minority. 

If the “main question” is carried by the requisite majority, the chairman 
immediatey begins to clear off all the motions that are pending, and which 
are below the motion for the “ main, or previous, question, ” on the foregoing list. 
He puts the motion “to commit, ” if one is pending, which, if carried, sends the 
matter back to the committee. If lost, he puts the motion to amend, if one is 
pending. If carried, he puts the motion on the original resolution as amended; 
or if the amendment has been lost, he puts the motion on the original resolution. 
Thus the object in calling the “previous question” has been accomplished. 

The “previous question” call and motion, applies to an amendment, 
a motion to postpone, a motion to reconsider or an appeal. In all these instances 
it affects only the subject or motion to which it applies, and debate on the main 
question is still open. 

But it may not be desirable to cut off debate entirely, by ordering the 
“previous question.” It may be desirable to limit it only. In such case a 
motion may be made to “limit debate.” This motion may limit the speeches 
to five (or other) minutes; may limit them to two (or other number) on each 
side; may fix an hour or minute for closing the debate. Motions to limit debate 
come up very often in the shape of amendments. Like the “ previous question, ” 
“motions to limit” should have a two-thirds majority, especially in societies 
where debate is an object and harmony desirable. 

OBJECT IV.—TO SUPPRESS THE QUESTION. 

(a) Objections to Consideration, (b) Indefinite Postponements. 

(c) To Lie on the Table. 

If the resolution is worthless and unfit for consideration, the best way to 
dispose of it is for a member to “object to its consideration.” This need 
not be seconded, and it enables the chairman to say immediately, “ Will the 
assembly or society, consider the question?” If two-thirds decide against it, 
the question is dismissed for the session. But when one feels called upon to 
“object to the consideration” of a measure, he should rise immediately after 
it is introduced, for his objection cannot be entertained when another member 
has the floor, nor after the measure has become the subject of debate. 

If debate has set in, and it appears desirable to suppress the question, the 
proper motion is “to postpone indefinitely.” This motion cannot be made 
when any other motion, except the main question, is pending, as it is the least 
privileged of all motions, as may be seen from its low place on the foregoing list. 
It opens the main question to debate and is a slow means of accomplishing its 
object. 

Much more effective is the motion that “the question lie on the table.” 
This is not debatable nor amendable. The chairman may put it at once, and 
when carried the matter is disposed of for the session, or, at least, till a maioritv 
choose to call it up. 




PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


807 


OBJECT V.—TO RECONSIDER. 

To adopt, reject or suppress a measure is to finally dispose of it for the 
session, unless some one chooses to revive it by a “motion to reconsider." 
This is the only means of bringing a passed measure before the society. This 
motion can be made only by one who voted with the majority before, and it 
must be made on the day or at the session the former vote was taken. It can 
be made in the midst of debate and when another member has the floor (this 
only for the purpose of getting it on the minutes), but it cannot be considered 
while any other measure is pending. When, however, it is called up for con¬ 
sideration, it takes and keeps precedence of every other question, except a 
motion to adjourn, or to fix a time or for adjournment. If the original question 
was debatable, the “motion to reconsider” is debatable, and debate extends 
to the entire merits of the original question. But if the original question was 
undebatable, the “motion to reconsider” is undebatable. 

If the “motion to reconsider” is carried, the original question is again 
fully before the society 

A motion to reconsider need not be acted upon on the day, or at the 
session, it is made. It may be entered on the minutes, and called up on the 
next day or session, either by the mover or by some one for him. But if a day 
or session, within a month, intervene, the motion dies. Time defeats its object. 

A “motion to adjourn” cannot be reconsidered. But, being a privileged 
motion, it can be renewed, as often as desirable, if it has been previously lost. 


OBJECT VI.—ORDER AND RULES. 


(a) Rules of Order, (b) Special Order. 

(d) The Question of Order. 


(c) Suspension 
(e) Appeal. 


of Rules 


As has been seen, every society should have an “Order of Business,” 
“Orders of the Day, ” which the chairman is expected to adhere to. If debate 
on anv question has grown tedious, or precious time is being wasted in dispute, 
or in consideration of a subject of less importance than the regular business, a 
member may arise and call for the “ Regular order of business, ’ or the “ Orders 
of the day. This call need not be seconded, but the chairman may at oo.ce 
arise and say, “Will the society proceed with the regular order of business?” 
He may put the question without waiting for a motion, and, if carried, the 
matter under consideration is laid aside, and the chair proceeds with the regu¬ 
lar order of business. If the motion fails, a call for the “regular order of busi¬ 
ness” cannot be renewed till the matter in hand is disposed of. 

When a matter is of sufficient importance to be worthy of special consid¬ 
eration, a motion is in order to make it a “special order.” This takes it out of 
the “regular order of business” and gives it instant consideration. Such a motion 
is debatable and amendable, and since it works a suspension of the rules oi 
order, it requires, a two-thirds vote to pass it, though it can be postponed by t 

ma j°Analogous to the above motion is one to suspend the “Rules of Order, 

or Bl ^ i ^ i e ^ on tQ <<suspend the rules,” should conclude with “in order to con¬ 
sider” (naming the object). Such a motion is not debatable nor amendable 
and requires a two-thirds vote. If passed, the subject, on whose account tto 
rules were suspended, can be taken up and considered. 

When the propriety of suspending the rules is apparent, the chairman may 
say, “ Unless there be objection I declare the rules suspended in order to con¬ 
sider, ” etc.., etc. , . , „ . , , 

When there is a breach of order, any member may rise to a point of 
order ” and say, “Mr. Chairman, I rise to a point of order. This may be 
done 'and is mostly done when one is speaking. It is the business of the chair¬ 
man to entertain the point of order, and to direct the speaker to take his seat, 
till the point of order is heard and disposed of. If the chair sustains the point 
of order ” he warns the speaker to avoid a second breach of order, and permits 
him to eo on. But if a member objects to his continuing, after he has com- 




898 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


mitted a breach of decorum, t cannot go on till the society has voted to grant 
him permission. 

Instead of “ rising to a point of order, ” a member may simply rise and say, 
“ I call the gentleman to order. ” The chair will pass on the question of order 
as before. This step is common where a speaker is using vulgar and disorderly 
language, or making personal attacks. 

The decision of the chair respecting all questions of order, interpretation 
of rules, order of business, etc., etc., are the subject of appeal, and any member 
may enter an appeal to the society or assembly. An appeal is debatable but 
not amendable. It must be seconded like any other motion. After being 
seconded, the chair states his decision and the fact of appeal and says, “Shall 
the decision of the chair stand as the judgment of the society or assembly?” 
before he puts the question, he may give the reasons for his decision. All the 
other members may speak on the question, but debate is limited to one speech 
each. After the vote is taken the chair announces the result, as after other 
motions. 

In some instances “appeals” are not debatable, as where the decision is 
upon priority of business, indecorous conduct, breach of rules of speaking, or 
when the previous question is pending. 

OBJECT VII.—PRIVILEGE AND ADJOURNMENT. 

When a member who has made a motion wishes to withdraw it, he cannot 
do so, if any one objects, except upon a motion carried, to grant him permission. 

When a speaker desires to read a paper out of the usual order, he must gei 
permission by motion carried, if any one objects. 

When the rights of the society or any of its members have been interfered 
with, a member may rise to a “question of privilege.” If the chair decides 
it to be a question of privilege (an appeal from his decision is allowable), il 
takes precedence of other business, and is, of course, debatable. Debate can 
be cut off by moving the previous question, or it can be postponed, laid on the 
table, or referred to a committee. 

There are two motions to adjourn, one qualified, the other absolute. 

The first may run as follows: ‘Moved, or resolved, that when this society 
adjourns, t adjourns to meet at (both time and place, if necessary).” Such 
a motion ought to be introduced and passed early in a session. It is subject 
to amendment as to time or place, and is always in order except when a mem¬ 
ber has the floor, being No. x on the forego ng list; but if made when another 
motion is pending, it is not debatable, nor is an amendment to it. 

The simple, or unqualified, “motion to adjourn,” admits of no debate nor 
amendment. It may be introduced at any time, except when a member is 
speaking, and even then, if he will yield for the purpose. The chairman puts 
the motion as soon as moved and seconded and announces the result. If 
carried he says “this society stands adjourned.” If the adjournment is final 
he adds the words “sine die.” 


GENERAL RULES. 

A speaker should address all his remarks to the chairman. 

He should strive to be brief and pointed. He should confine his remarks 
to the subject under consideration, avoid personalities, and reflections ut>on an 
opponent’s motives. Every society or assembly ought to provide in its by-laws 
for the length of time and the number of times its members may be permitted 
to speak on a question, except with the consent of a majority. 

If the assembly be very large, provision should be made for a “committee 
of the whole,” in which speech is without limit. 

When a motion has been made the chairman should repeat it, in deliberate 
clear tone. 

In general, the chairman should insist that a motion be seconded. But if 
it be evident that many are in favor of it, or if it be a mere routine motion, he 
may put it without its being seconded. 

Motions calling for the regular order of business, or raising questions of 
order, or interposing objections to the consideration of a question do not need 
to be seconded. 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


899 


A common form of putting a question is, “ It is moved and seconded that 
(state the motion).” 

If a resolution, it is proper to say, *' The question is on the adoption of the 
resolution just read. ” 

In cases of appeal from his decision, the chair should give his reasons for the 
decision, and should take care that the decision is fully understood. 

In matters of amendment, all words struck out, or inserted, should be 


read and understood, and the motior as amended should be repeated 



before being put.* 

The manner of voting is generally provided for in the by-laws. But if not, 
the chairman may say:— 

‘‘As many as are in favor of the motion will say, aye; those opposed, no.” 

Or he may say:—“ All who favor the motion will hold up their right hands 
those opposed will give the same sign.’’ 

When the vote is close, or great confusion exists, the chairman may say, 
“All who favor the motion will stand up to be counted; those opposed will 
rise to be counted. ” 

When two members rise to speak at the same time, the chairman must 
decide who is entitled to the floor. In making this decision, preference must be 
given to the member who made the motion or brought the matter before the 
society, to a committeeman who made the report, to a member who has not 
previously spoken, to the one who is opposed to the last speaker, rather than 
to the one who favors him. 

A speaker cannot be interrupted by calls or motions, except a motion to 
reconsider, a call to order, an objection to consideration, call for regular order 
of business, or question of privilege. 

A mover of a motion can recall it or modify it before it has been stated by 
the chairman, but not afterwards, except with the consent of the society. 

When a mover modifies his motion, the seconder can withdraw his second. 

Routine motions need not be seconded. A chairman may even dispatch 
routine work without a motion, thus:—‘‘You have heard the minutes read; 
if no objections are offered, they will stand approved (pauseV There being no 
.objections, I declare the minutes approved as read. 

Leading motions, amendments and committee instructions should be in 

writing. . . 

Members should be willing to serve in office and on committees. Hold¬ 
ing other office or serving on two or more other committees is a good excuse for 
declination of new service. 

Acceptance of a committee’s report does not discharge the committee, 
where it has contracted debts. A committee should see that its debts are paid. 

In case of a tie vote the chairman has the casting vote 


DICTIONARY OF ALL THE MOTIONS. 


While the ordinary motions already discussed may embrace all that the 
every-day parliamentarian will find necessary in conducting the smaller assembly 
or carrying on the usual lyceum or society, they by no means exhaust the list 
of motions which find a place in parliamentary science. 

It is now our purpose to present an alphabetical list of the motions as 
found in the “Rules of Order’ 1 governing deliberative assemblies, and as ap¬ 
proved and used in Congress, Legislatures and other important organizations. 

This alphabetical arrangement will enable the reader to turn to the motion 
he wishes to study. He will find it treated as a word in a dictionary, the explana¬ 
tion of its quality and effect being, as it were, its definition. 

A A iniirn .—A motion to adioum is in order except when a speaker has the 



if made when another question is pending. 



900 


parliamentary law. 


Amend.—A motion to amend is not in order when a speaker has the floor; 
must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered* can 
be amended; does not open main question to debate; is debatable 

Amend an amendment.—A motion to amend an amendment is not in 
order when a speaker has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority 
vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open main question to 
debate; is debatable. 

Amend the rules.—A motion to amend the rules is not in order when a 
speaker has the floor; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; can be 
reconsidered; can be amended; does not open the main question to debate; 
is debatable. 

Appeal, as to decorum, etc. —An appeal from the decision of the chair on 
questions of decorum is in order when another has the floor*, requires to be 
seconded; requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be 
amended; undebatable, as a rule, but permission may be given to debate, and 
then no member is allowed to speak more than once; a tie vote sustains the chair. 

Appeal, all other kinds. —Appeals (except as before) are in order when 
another has the floor; must be seconded; require only a majority vote; can 
be reconsidered; cannot be amended; do not open the main question to debate; 
are debatable. 

Call to order. —A call to order can be made while another has the floor; 
does not require a second; requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered, 
cannot be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Close debate. —A motion to close debate is not in order when another has 
the floor; it must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; can be recon¬ 
sidered; can be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is unde¬ 
batable. 

Commit. —A motion to commit, or refer, to a committee, is not in order 
when another has the floor; must be seconded; requires onlv a majoritv vote; 
can be reconsidered; can be amended; opens the main question to debate; is 
debatable. 

Extend.—A motion to extend the limits of debate is not in order when a 
speaker has the floor; requires to be seconded; requires onlv a majority vote: 
can be reconsidered; can be amended; does not open the’main question to 
debate; is undebatable. 

Fix the time to which to adjourn. —See Adjourn, fix the time to. That 
definition holds here. 

Leave to continue speaking. —This motion bears directly on “Appeal 
relating to indecorum,” which is undebatable. except with leave. See that 
motion. It is not in order when another has the floor; requires to be seconded: 
requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does 
not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Lie on the table. —A motion that a resolution lie on the table, or to lay a 
resolution on the table, cannot be made while another has the floor; must be 
seconded; requires only a majority vote; cannot be reconsidered if carried, 
but can be reconsidered if lost* cannot be amended; does not open considera¬ 
tion of the main question; is undebatable. 

Limit to debate. —A motion to limit debate is not n order when another h 
speaking; must be seconded; require^ a two-third vote; can be reconsidered* 
-an be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Objections to consideration. — A motion to object to the consideration of a 
question, usually to the further consideration of a question, is in order when 
another has the floor; does not require to be seconded; requires a two-third 
vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended does not open the main ques¬ 
tion to debate; is undebatable. This motion to object to consideration can 

only be made when the question is first introduced for debate 

Orders of the day. —A call or motion for the orders of the day, or regular order 
of business, can be made when another has the floor; it does not require to be 
'econded; it requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be 
amended; does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Postpone to a certain time.— A motion to postpone to a certain, or fixed 
time, cannot be made when another has the floor; must be seconded;’ requires 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


901 


only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; can be amended; does not open 
the main question to debate; allows of only limited debate on the question of 
postponement only. 

Postpone indefinitely.—A motion to postpone indefinitely cannot be made 
when another has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; 
can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; opens the main question to debate* 
is debatable. 

Previous question.—A call or motion for the previous question cannot be 
made while another has the floor; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote: 
can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main question to 
debate; is undebatable; if adopted, it cuts off debate, and brings the assembly 
to face the pending motions, as the motion to commit, the motion to amend, 
etc., which must be cleared away so as to get at the main question, which is, 
under the previous question, undebatable. 

Privilege.—All questions, or motions, of privilege are undebatable; do not 
open the main question; are amendable; can be reconsidered; require only 
a majority vote; must be seconded; are not in order when another has the 
floor. 

Reading papers.—Courtesy largely controls the introduction and reading 
of papers, but where motion is required, it cannot be introduced when another 
has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; can be recon¬ 
sidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is 
undebatable. 

Reconsider.—A motion to reconsider has two phases. 

It may be a motion to reconsider a debatable question, or a motion to 
reconsider an undebatable question. If a motion to reconsider an undebatable 
question, it can be moved when another has the floor, but only for the purpose 
of entering it on the minutes; such motion cannot be allowed to further inter¬ 
rupt business; must be made on the day, or at the session on which the original 
vote was taken; must be moved by one who voted on the prevailing side, 
consideration must be had not later than the next day or session; must be 
seconded; requires only a majority vote; cannot be reconsidered; cannot be 
amended; opens main question to debate; is debatable. 

But if a motion to reconsider a debatable question, then all of the above 
holds good, except that the motion becomes debatable, and its discussion does 
not open the main question to debate. 

Refer.—See “Commit.” 

Rise.—This is the motion to adjourn a sitting of a committee. It is 
precisely like the motion to adjourn, which see. 

Shall the question be discussed?—Identical in effect with “Objection to 
Consideration,” which see. 

Special order.—A motion to make a question or matter the subject of 
“special order,” cannot be moved when another has the floor; must be sec¬ 
onded; requires a two-third vote; can be reconsidered; can be amended; 
does not open the main question to debate; is debatable. 

Substitute.—Same as to “Amend.” 

Suspend the rules.—A motion to suspend the rules is not in order when 
a member is speaking; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; cannot 
be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main question to 
debate; is undebatable. 

Take from the table.—A motion to take from the table a subject which lies 
there, cannot be made when another has the floor; must be seconded, requires 
only a majority vote; cannot be reconsidered if the vote is in the affirmative, 
6 ut may be reconsidered if the vote is in the negative; cannot be amended; 
does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Take up question out of proper order.—A motion to this effect is the same 
as one to “suspend the rules,” except that it may be reconsidered. See 
“Suspend the Rules.” 

Withdrawal.—A motion to withdraw a motion cannot be made when 
another is speaking, or has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a major¬ 
ity vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does no* open the main 
question to debate; is undebatable. 




902 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


Be it understood, in closing, that every society or association has a right 
to make its own “ Rules of Order’’ or parliamentary code; but since this would 
render its constitution and by-laws very prolix and confused, it is customary 
to sanction, in them, the use of some recognized authority on parliamentary 
affairs. 

What is here presented embraces the gist of all parliamentary codes that 
have found sanction in the highest deliberative bodies. It will be found 
adequate to the wants of the popular assembly, as well as to the needs oi the 
tens of thousands of permanent societies which dot our land. 





WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO 

SAY IT. 


SUGGESTIVE FORMS FOR SPEECHES ON VARIOUS 

OCCASIONS. 


REMARKS OF PRESIDENT UPON TAKING CHAIR 

I thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen, for the honor you have conferred upon 
tiie in selecting me to preside over the deliberations of your society during 
ihe coming year 1 value the compliment especially as coming from a society, 
the members of which are so intelligent and well-informed. I esteem the honor, 
also, because you have bestowed it upon me of your own free will, entirely 
unsolicited upon my part, and I prize it because I hope in my humble way, 
an this position, to aid you in the accomplishment of that object for which we 
labor in common. 

I cannot forsee what the future will be. That is always uncertain; but 
I hope that our work together will be both pleasant and productive of good 
results. 

I enter upon my duties with a full realization of the fact that my success 
will depend largely upon your support and co-operation. Hoping for that, I 
assume the position and trust that I may discharge its duties, partially at least 
to your satisfaction. 

INTRODUCING SPEAKER OF THE EVENING. 

You all know the purpose for which we have gathered here this evening— 
To organize a Village Improvement Association. The need of such an organi¬ 
zation is very apparent to all of us. We want better streets, better lights, a 
more modem school, improved transportation facilities. In fact, our needs 
are legion. The experience of other communities situated similarly to ours 
has demonstrated that we can obtain these things by intelligent co-operation. 
For the purpose of discussing these matters, and deciding upon the best means 
of attaining these much desired objects, we must have a formal organization 
of some sort. In order that we may better understand how such an organiza¬ 
tion may be formed and be made beneficial to our community, we have invited 
Mr. John D. Rose of Daytona, who has had wide experience in such matters, 
and is now secretary of a similar association, to be present and give us the 
benefit of his experience and advice. We are very much indebted to Mr. Rose 
for his cordial acceptance of our invitation, and I have great pleasure in now 
presenting him to you. 

TEACHER’S REMARKS AT OPENING OF SCHOOL. 

Boys and Girls: — I have been chosen as your instructor during the 
coming term of school, and my hope is that all our intercourse together may 
be both pleasant and profitable. There is just one rule that it will be very 
important for t.: both to observe, and that is, “the golden rule’’—the doing 
unto others as v e would have others do unto us. I expect you to do to me as 
you would be done by were you a teacher and I the pupil, and I will try to do 
the same by you. 

I doubt not you all hope to grow to be educated men and women, having 
such a training as will fit yon to take any place in life that you may attain to. 

I hope you have an ambition to acquire knowledge and having that, I expect 
to assist you all I can in getting it. 

903 




904 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


Now, to accomplish what we have undertaken, it will be necessary for you 
to do some things. Among these will be coming to school regularly; punctually 
at the opening of each session; abstaining from talking during school-hours, 
and an earnest resolve that you will be perfect in your lessons. 

But I will lay down no rules now. I hope and expect that few rules win 
be needed. We will now begin the exercises of the school. 

ADDRESS OF WELCOME. 

Senator Wolfe: —These gentlemen and myself represent the citizens 
of Pueblo and we have been instructed by them to give you a hearty welcome 

to 0 ^.^ty. this m possibly be your first visit here, we do not look upon 
you as a stranger, for your fame has preceded you, and in our homes your 
name is well known in connection with your honorable record as a statesman, 
and the important measures which have distinguished you in our national 
councils. Moreover, you have often spoken brave words in our behalf as a 
commercial and manufacturing city—words for which we heartily thank you, 

and we gladly welcome you here to-day. 

We do not propose, in welcoming you, to weary you with a lengthy address, 
but we hope to make your sojourn with us a source of pleasure and recreation. 
For this purpose, arrangements have been perfected for escorting you to such 
places as we deem will interest you, and to provide such other entertainment 
as hospitality may suggest for your comfort and convenience. 

We have provided suitable apartments for you at the * Hotel, and 
shall be pleased to regard you as our guest while you remain in this city. 

Should it be consistent with your wishes and other arrangements, we 
trust you will allow us to announce a public reception to-morrow evening, at 
your hotel, in order that your numerous friends may be enabled to express their 
welcome to you in person. 

NOMINATING A CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE. 

Mr. Chairman: —I present the name of Warren L. Branson, as a candidate 
for the office of Mayor. I believe him to be, under present conditions, the 
strongest man that can be selected. Whatever may be the personal choice of 
individuals, it is necessary, upon this occasion, to choose as a candidate an 
individual whose personal popularity, with all classes, will carry the largest vote. 

There are many important issues before the people at the present time. 
There are principles involved in which we are all deeply interested. We can¬ 
not afford to lose the coming election. A defeat at this time would be a disaster 
to the party. Hence the need of selecting a man who will unite all factions, and, 
while he can be sure of election, will, when in the place, fill the office with honor 
to himself and credit to the city. I nominate, as our candidate for Mayor, 
Warren L. Branson. 

PRESENTING A GIFT TO TEACHER. 

Miss Spicer:—I have been asked by the members of this class to present 
to you, in their name, this little book of poetry. 

In presenting this testimonial, I assure you in behalf of vovfr pupils that, 
as a patient teacher, a wise counselor and a most excellent instructor, you will ever 
be remembered by your scholars with feelings of the highest regard and esteem. 

We look back over the period during which we have received instruction 
from you with sincere pleasure. We recollect your efforts in our behalf with 
grateful remembrance, and we learned of your intended resignation as a teacher, 
with sincere regret. 

In the turning of the pages of this volume you will, we hope, be reminded 
of those who presented it. In that remembrance of us please do not recollect 
the dullness we have often shown, and the disobedience, we fear, we have: 
sometimes manifested. But please remember that we shall endeavor to profit 
by the instruction you have given, and when we are far separated fr»m each 
other, it may please you to know that we consider that we are better as well as 
wiser from the instruction we have received from you. 






WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


905 


RESPONSE TO ABOVE. 

My Dear Pupils: —I receive and accept your beautiful gift with much 
pleasure; first, because the volume, itself, is one which I shall highly prise, 
and, second, because it comes to me as a token of your appreciation of my 
efforts since I have had the pleasure of being with you. 

I assure you I will turn its pages in happy recollection of the pleasant 
faces I have met in this room during my school duties. I will always remember 
your many evidences of love and regard for me, and your efforts to make my 
work as light and agreeable as possible. 

I thank you, for this beautiful testimonial, and also for the assurance you 
give me, that, as I read its pages, I may be reminded that you not only hold 
me in kindly remembrance, but are resolved to profit by the teaching that has 
been given here. 

My earnest hope is that your future life may realize all that your school¬ 
days now seem to promise. Knowing you as I do, I expect you, in noble man¬ 
hood and womanhood, to honor this school by your future lives of usefulness,, 
prosperity and happiness. 

PRESENTING GIFT TO CLERGYMAN. 

Dr. Hobbs: —For more than four years past, we, as members of your 
church and congregation, have profited by your ministrations, and within that 
period you have greatly endeared yourself to us by your amiable character, 
your earnest devotion to duty, and the hearty interest you have manifested in 
our welfare as a people. 

In the pulpit you have faithfully presented the precepts of our religion, 
have warned us against the evils that continually beset us, and have earnestly 
pleaded with us to seek our truest happiness in the paths of rectitude, and peace. 

In our homes you have been our sincere and sympathizing counselor and 
friend. In our hours of pain and sorrow you have spoken gentle and soothing 
words to our troubled hearts; our children have profited by your instruction; 
you have united our sons and daughters in holy wedlock; your benediction has 
rested upon us in our domestic and business affairs, and in all things you have 
proven yourself our competent and loving pastor. 

With a deep sense of your many benefactions, those assembled here have 
requested me, in their name, to present to you this beautiful watch as a token 
of bur mutual and increasing admiration and esteem for yourself, and of our 
gratitude for your labors in our behalf. We ask you, sir to accept it as freely 
as we offer it; for it is fitting that you who are daily and hourly preparing us 
for the joys of Eternity, should bear about you this monitor of passing Time, 
ever making, as we sincerely hope, hours, days and many years of happiness for 
you and your family. 

RESPONSE TO ABOVE. 

My Dear Brethren and Sisters: — I am greatly moved at this new 
manifestation of your affection and esteem. Since I first came among you, 
an entire stranger, four years ago, you have become very near and dear to 
me. You have so freely bestowed on me your confidence and generosity 
that I feel as though I had always known and loved you as your pastor. Youi 
sympathy and encouragement have always been freely given, and as gratefully 
appreciated. 

In accepting this exquisite watch, my heart glows with renewed joy in 
your service, for it assures me that your friendship is not for an hour or a day, 
l,,ut for all time; and it shall be my earnest endeavor to continue to merit in 
future, the esteem which you have admirably expressed. I thank you from 
the bottom of my heart for your magnificent gift and the kind words accompany¬ 
ing it. I trust our ties as pastor and people may unite us closer and closer in the 
bonds of Christian love through time and eternity, 

PRESENTING TESTIMONIAL TO A RAILROAD OFFICIAL. 

Mr. Mansfield: —We have learned with great regret of your intention to 
resign your office as General Manager at the close of the present month, and 
wish to express, in some degree, the esteem with which we regard you, and our 
admiration for your character, . 

59 




90G 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


During the many years in which you have so ably controlled the machinery 
of this great corporation, each one of us, has had reason to remember your 
many acts of foroearance and words of kindness; for many times, when we 
have unintentionally neglected a duty or made a mistake, we have always 
received friendly consideration at your hands. You have given us gentle 
counsel and encouragement; and in this way you have made us your sincere 
friends, and taught us faithfulness in our respective departments. For all this 
we now gratefully thank you. 

But we would not confine our gratitude to mere words. We have pur¬ 
chased this chronometer watch, which we ask you to accept as our parting 
gift. As a railway officer, you know the value of correct time, and the necessity 
of always being “ on time, ,r and we deemed it, therefore, an appropriate present. 
Whenever you look upon its face, will you not think of it as a memento of our 
long and pleasant relations? Our good wishes will go with you wherever you 
may go. 

PRESENTING TESTIMONIAL TO A RETIRING PUBLIC OFFICER. 

Mr. Wagner: —A few more days and the term of your office will expire. 
We had hoped until after the recent election, that you might have held it 
still longer; but the people have determined otherwise, and we must bow submis¬ 
sively to the will of the majority. 

You step down from public to private life without the loss of one worthy 

S ualification that you possessed when you entered upon your official duties. 

[or has the tongue of slander, in all the lapse of time since then, been able to 
stain a single attribute of your character. Malice has been unable to smirch 
you by its persistent opposition, and your course has been in every way satisfac¬ 
tory to your constituents. 

We have been proud of you in your high position, and we are none the 
less proud of you now. In fact, we are so proud of you that at the first oppor¬ 
tunity we propose to elect you to a higher office than that which you now 
relinquish. 

Looking about for some suitable testimonial to present to you, as a token 
of our admiration and good wishes, we remembered your public spirit, benevo¬ 
lence and love of country, and decided, sir, to ask your acceptance of this 
engrossed and framed copy of Washington’s Farewell Address. Its money- 
value is small; but with it we give you our unfeigned appreciation of your 
labors in our behalf and that of our common country. 

RESPONSE TO ABOVE. 

Gentlemen: —I thank you not less for your hearty words of encourage¬ 
ment and esteem than for this beautiful memento of the patriotism and wisdom 
of the Father of his Country. 

In all my experience of public life, it has been my endeavor to avoid sec¬ 
tional prejudice and to labor for the best interests of our entire State. Yet, 
in all those hours of solititude concerning public affairs, my heart has warmly 
turned to my constituents for encouragement and approbation, and I have not 
failed to receive at your hands the most gratifying assurance that I was pur¬ 
suing a satisfactory course in whatever I undertook in your behalf. 

You say you are proud of me. I believe you. but you are not prouder ol 
me than I am of my constituents, and it has been a pleasure to serve you to the 
best of my ability. I know not to what fields of public duty I may be called 
in the future, but I now step down with a feeling of relief, and the assurance that 
my labors have not been in yain. 

Again I thank you for your kind appreciation and for this enduring testi¬ 
monial of your esteem. 

SPEECH AT A CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL. 

Friends and Scholars of the Sunday-School: —We assemble hero 
to-night to make our holiday still more pleasant by the exercises of thi? 
occasion, and as I look into the expectant faces of these boys and girls, that 1 
see before me, we ask what does this evergreen, hung with a profusion of 
articles to be distributed among the ouoils of this school, mean 1 



VHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


907 


It means that good parents and kind friends have made it possible for 
you to attend this Sabbath-school in the past year. It means that you have 
been blessed with a most able and efficient pastor, who presides over the min¬ 
istration of this church. It means that your school has been managed by a 
superintendent who is solicitous for your welfare. It means that faithful 
teachers have labored throughout the year for your welfare; and together, 
with pastor, superintendent, teachers and friends, all hold you in kindly 
remembrance to-night. 

And now, my young friends, what do you propose to give back in exchange 
for all this kindness bestowed upon you in the last twelve months? These 
gifts cannot all be upon one side, and you do not wish them to be. You do 
not desire to be under obligation. You hope to pay for all this kindness; and 
I will tell you how you may, to the entire satisfaction of your parents, your 
pastor, your superintendent and your teachers. And that will be by striving 
during the coming year to follow the teaching of that one whose birth we 
celebrate in this Christmas festivity. 

As Christ taught forgiveness to all, so you must carry no hatreds, no 
animosities into the coming year. As Christ taught love to all, so you must 
exercise the kindliest of feelings to every one. You should emulate the Divine 
Master in seeking to do good to every one with whom you come in contact; 
and particularly by bringing into this Sabbath-school, in the next year, every 
boy and girl whom you know may be benefited by its influence. As Christ 
taught charity to all, so you must lend a helping hand to those who need 
assistance; and as Jesus said, Honor thy father and mother, so may you be 
so obedient to parents, so watchful of their needs, as to make them glad that 
you are their children. 

As your teachers and superintendent have labored in your behalf in the 
past year, so must you be very careful to remember their admonitions and 
practice their teaching. Doing that, your parents and your teachers will feel 
abundantly repaid for all they have done for you. 

President Garfield said that he never stood in the presence of a boy without 
a feeling of veneration at the thought of what that boy might achieve in after¬ 
life. 

As I stand in your presence to-night and look into the faces of these happy 
boys and girls—life all before you, with its privileges and opportunites—I can 
well understand the sentiment that moved him, as he studied the life of a child 
and thought of its future possibilities. 

How soon this little girl—the very youngest—will develop through girl¬ 
hood to maidenhood. How very soon she will pass out from home—out into 
the great world, with confiding step and heart, leaning on the arm of a trusted 
companion, to assume the duties of wifehood, motherhood and womanhood. 

And these boys—how soon they will take the helm to do our work. How 
the great world of travel, adventure, agriculture, invention, manufacture, 
teaching, legislation, and finance will absorb them. 

And who of this audience will be the good, the true, the noble, and the 
successful in the coming time? May you so heed the teaching of this Sabbath- 
school that you will all be of that number. 

May the year about to open in your Sabbath-school be one of real profit. 
May you each bring one new pupil to this school in the coming year, to enjoy 
these blessings with you. May we all meet here again next Christmas-time. 

And now I wish you, in behalf of parents, friends and teachers, a most 
delightful, happy New-Year. 

AT OLD SETTLERS’ REUNION. 

Fellow Citizens—Old Neighbors and Pioneers in Crawford 
County: —Forty years ago, in company with Thomas Green, who died last 
year, I hunted for ducks on this very block of ground, worth to-day a large 
fortune of itself. At that time there were only seventeen white persons in the 
town, and a tribe of Winnebago Indians encamped at that time about thri:' 
miles west of our village. 

There were two frame-houses in the place. The rest were made of logy 
containing usually about three rooms. In a careful review of my own life ant: 
recollection of those who were here in those early days, I daub- ir h^e ha- 




008 WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT, 


ever been a period in all our experience when we had a greater amount rf 
happiness than fell to our lot in those pioneer days. 

Everybody had work—plenty of it. Nobody feared being discharged r .n 
Saturday night because of over-production. Good health generally prevailed, 
the result of exercise, fresh air, hard work and sound sleep. There were ho 
cliques in society, no aristocracy, no snobbery, no bankruptcies, no envy, and 
no distress because certain men were getting very rich while others were very 
poor. 

There were no heart-burnings because one neighbor had a better furnished 
house than the others, and the women—they were women in those days— 
had no worry because they had nothing to wear. 

Old Deacon Williams told me, on one occasion, when we were talking of 
the old times, that himself and family came from a handsomely furnished 
house in Springfield, Mass., to his log cabin, up near the big woods, and in all 
his experience he never saw such genuine hospitality, nor such a genial and 
happy time as his neighbors all had on their plain fare and the few opportunities 
around them. We lived right down to the barest necessaries in those days, and 
in doing that we learned that our real wants, in order to make us happy, arr 
very few. 

' Forty winters, since some of us came here, have spread their white covering 
and as many beautiful springs have brought the birds and flowers to us, return¬ 
ing every season to a vastly larger population than we had the year befoie. 
But I cannot tell you how, step by step, we have grown. I will leave that fv 
others, who will give you the history of these forty yearsYnore in detail. Suffice 
it to say, the early settlers in this locality have been most fortunate in the peac^ 
and happiness which surrounded them in their pioneer days, in the wealth which 
has been showered upon them, and in the privileges which they enjoy to-day. 

AT AN IMPROVEMENT MEETING. 

Mr. President —While it is unquestionably true that the manufacturing 
of articles that may be sold abroad is a most prolific source of revenue and ulti¬ 
mate wealth to a town, it is equally important that a healthy atmosphere be 
about us, and that our homes, by their charming surroundings, be such as will 
cultivate those graces of nature which enable a people to make the right use of 
wealth when it is acquired. I have therefore this to suggest as a means of 
beautifying this city: That the inhabitants upon any street, for the space of 
one block, form an improvement society for that block, to do the following: 

First—To take away all front fences from before dwellings. 

Second—To set out a sufficiency of ornamental trees to suitably shade the 
streets. 

Third—To secure a smooth stone or cement sidewalk, at least five feet 
tn width. 

Fourth—To grade the front lot from the house to the roadway, and covei 
the same with sod. 

Fifth—To have the street swept as often as may be necessary to keep it 
clean, and the lawns all mown and kept in excellent order. 

Sixth—To have all alleys and foul places carefully cleaned, and put into a 
condition such as will make the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity perfectly 
healthy. 

The taking down of fences, setting trees, and putting grounds in order, 
will not be very expensive in the first place, and the keeping of them io fine 
condition afterwards can be done with comparatively small expense, the labor 
being performed by men who need this employment. 

When these improvements which I have indicated are carried into effect 
generally, throughout the town, ours will be one of the healthiest and one of 
the most beautiful cities in the world. 

TO THE PUPILS OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL. 

My Dear Young Friends: —I have been listening with muca pleasure 
to your recitations to-day, and with no less delight to the encouraging words 
of your teachers whenever you hesitated in your answers. For I remember 
when I was a boy, like some of you, I was always very sorry to have the teacher 
speak harshly to me, if I could not, at first thought, answer his question correctly. 



WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


909 


Boys and girls, you are very much like men and women in your likes aod 
dislikes, and you feel, quite as keenly as I should, any harsh or unjust word o* 
action on the part of your instructor. In old times, years before you were bom, 
we had nq such noble schools as you have. We had but few books, and I think, 
now, they could not have been as attractive and interesting to study as those 
I see lying upon your desks. We used to deem them very dull; and then, too. 
our teachers were not so wise and skillful in imparting instruction as yours are 
In the public schools to-day. They were often young men attending college, 
and teaching to earn money to pay for their education; sometimes they were 
cross to us and at others they were very unjust in punishing us for not learn¬ 
ing faster than we did. Our school-houses were also very inconvenient places, 
and often really uncomfortable for teachers and pupils. 

But now all this has been changed and the school-houses and books and 
teachers are all of a better class, so that learning is made pleasant and is much 
more easily gained. In my school days, if a boy could read, write and cipher 
through the “rule of three,” it was quite as much as he had reason to expect 
from the district school. Perhaps he could not spell half the words in the 
spelling-book aright, nor write a ten-line letter without making fifty mistakes, 
nor cipher a sum in compound addition correctly. But now you may easily 
master all these things and many more and better ones, and if you pay proper 
attention to the lessons you receive, you can go into the high-school, and there 
gain a sensible, practical education that will either fit you for the business of 
life, or prepare you to take a higher course in college. 

You young people should recollect, that in a few years you will be on the 
stage of action, doing the work of men and women. Will you be successful? 
That will depend upon wb^t you know. And what you know then will largely 
depend upon what you learn in this school. The years are going by very quickly 
and you will be obliged to put your knowledge to the test very soon. 

I say this because some young people do not know the value of school. 
They look upon the school-yard and the school-room as one vast play-ground, 
and they never wake up to a sense of what they have lost until it is too late. 

Have a mark, young people; aim for it, and you will rise vastly higher than 
you will if you have no purpose in life. Your teachers are here, to assist you. 
They are not here to punish. They do not want to spend their time in govern¬ 
ing you. They desire to aid in the securing of that education which shall h$ 
you to do your work nobly in life. 

It is pleasant to see the opportunities you possess. It is very satisfactory 
to see the drill, the system, and methods pursued in your studies and recitations; 
and I doubt not it will be equally satisfactory to see your success in after-years, 
the result of your attending this school. 

RESPONSE TO THE TOAST, “THE LADIES.” 

Ladies and Gentlemen:— With all my heart I respond to this toast. 
1 assure you it inspires me like one of Miss Braddon’s delightful love-stories. 
The ladies 1 Yes, I admire them greatly in the aggregate; I honor them in the 
abstract, and some of them I absolutely love I 


“Why should I fear to own to all 
That beauty does my heart enthrall?” 


Gentlemen, 
daughter of Ev6; 
Scott: 


in proposing this toast you honor your manhood and every 
in responding to it I can only echo the sentiment of Sir Walter 

“O woman, in our hours of ease, 

Uncertain, coy, and hard to please, 

And variable as the shade 

By the light quivering aspen made; 

When pain and anguish wring the brow, 

A ministering angel thou!” 


And speaking of angels, what a delightful combination some genius has 

made in writing “mother, home and heaven!” 

My mother! Sacredly to her honored grav hairs 1 answer to this toast 




910 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


My sister, my earliest playmate, beloved guide and helper in my infantile 
pilgrimage. 

My sweetheart! What words can paint her beauty and her goodness? 
I wish her happiness, sleeping or waking! 

My friend! Truest of the true, faithful among the many that are untrue 
always bright, tractable, hopeful and wise—I respond for her! 

My cousin! poor child, she was older than I. but we loved each other in 
our childhood, and when she married unfortunately, and died of a broken 
heart, she left me only the memory of her beautiful character to cherish forevei. 

My wife—that is to be! 

" She’s all my fancy painted her, 

She’s lovely—she’s divine!” 

But the rest of that verse does not apply in my case, for she has surely 
promised to be mine! I hope for her good health and happiness! 

Did I hear somebody whispering near me ‘‘How about mother-in-law?” 
Gentlemen, excuse me if I stand up squarely before you, and defend that much- 
maligned relative. Fortunately I know whom she will be, and I tell you that 
should my wife and I, in the far future, marry our daughter (that Is to be) 
to some heartless, dissipated fellow, I hope that he may find his mother-in-law 
a terror to his soul, and I'll back her up in it, you may believe. I tell you 
sons-in-law determine the mother-in-law question every time! Show me a 
man who respects himself and his wife as he ought, and proves himself an 
honorable gentleman on all occasions, and his mother-in-law will love him 
better, if possible, than his wife ever did. 

RESPONSE TO THE TOAST, “OUR HOST AND HOSTESS.** 

Ladies and Gentlemen: —I think you will all agree with me when I refer 
to this occasion as one of those bright oases in ordinary life which release us 
from business cares and afford us opportunity to unbend and mingle in cheer¬ 
ful recreation with our esteemed friends. I am sure that we all need a stimulus 
of this sort after a season of drudgery at the desk or counter, in order to clear 
away the dust and cobwebs from our brains, to revive our social natures, and 
to develop our finer sentiments and feelings of humanity. When I look around 
this generous board and see so many friendly faces, my heart warms, and there 
comes bubbling up the desire that these happy reunions might occur more 
frequently. But W'hile I rejpice with you that the hour has been a triumph of 
social enjoyment, we should not be forgetful of those to whose thoughtful care 
and hospitality we are indebted for it. Certainly we can, each one of us, appre¬ 
ciate the bounty and good taste that have provided this delightful banquet, and 
I, therefore, have no hesitation in asking you to pledge to them our warmest 
regards while I propose the healths of our excellent host and hostess. 

THE HOST’S REPLY. 

Friends: —It would ill become me to sit still with that hearty sentiment 
ringing in our ears and nestling in our hearts, and, in my own name and that of 
my wife, I rise to thank you, sincerely and earnestly for your very kind expres 
sions of esteem and friendship for us. True gratitude does not require to be 
clothed in many words. Language is frequently inadequate, in such cases, to 
convey more than a mere and remote idea of the feelings that are prompted by 
such very gratifying and generous sentiments as you have so unanimously 
uttered. In all sincerity and earnestness, as your friends, we hope for your 
individual prosperity in all the relations of life and business, trusting that in the 
early future we may have the pleasure of again meeting you, under as agreeable 
circumstances, to renew our mutual and harmonious enjoyment. 

VALEDICTORY ADDRESS.. 

Mr. President and Fellow-Students:— It has developed upon me 
as the senior member of the class of 191-. to give expression to a few thoughts 
appropriate to this occasion I do so with a keen appreciation of the relations 
we so Ion o' sustained with each otW the faculty of this college and th* 



WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


911 


world of affairs into which we are about to enter, and with which we are hence¬ 
forth to mingle, not knowing what is before us, but hoping in the ardor of 
young manhood for the best 

Fellow students, we have been companions for four years—four years, 
to some of us, of diligent application to our studies; four years of light and shade 
to all of us; four years of social fellowship and pleasant recreation; four years 
of mental and physical improvement. We have sympathized with each other 
in trouble and sorrows; have lightened each other’s hearts in times of sadness, 
and have enjoyed college-life in each other’s society, I will venture to say, as 
well as any other class that ever graduated from these classic halls. vVe go 
hence with our diplomas, which the world looks upon as the keys that are to 
unlock the doors of science, art, literature, theology, physic and merchandise 
for us, and open the avenues of wealth and honor to us. We go hence, as we are, 
to the battle of life. What success we shall have, what victories we may win, 
the future alone can tell. „ 

But we go forth with strong hope and abiding faith that all will be well 
with us if we perform our duty faithfully in whatever calling or sphere fate 

may assign us. , , , ^ 5 _ 

Where will fate or fortune place us in the great sea of the future? I see in 
imagination this class all scattered, many the heads of families, engaged m the 
peaceful pursuits of agriculture and trade; others on the rough sea of political 
life, some of whom will doubtless reap honor in State and National affairs, 
bestowing benefit upon their fellow-men, while they hold high and responsible 
positions in official life. . , , ^ „ , . , 

But as we go forth, each to fulfill his destiny, let us forget all our boyish 
prejudices, if any we have, against each other, and through our lives be helpful 
friends to each other as opportunities may offer. For myself, and I think 
I speak for all, these college friendships are too sacred to bo lightly broken or 
forgotten, and in our farewells and final pressure of our hands together, let us 
renew the bonds which our fellowship in our Alma Mater has woven. 

Members of the Faculty—we go hence with the profoundest esteem tor the 
wisdom, forbearance and uniform justice and kindness that you have ever 
manifested toward us within these walls. We have been often hasty, heedless 
of vour feelings and our own best interests, and have at times caused you great 
annoyance by our boyish follies*, but in all these things you have proven 
Yourselves our true friends and mentors and in our hearts we have chenshed 
no malevolence, no hatred toward you. In whatever we have given you offense 
we ask your forgiveness, and carry away with us a heartfelt gratitude tor all 
the many favors we have received at your hands. T , 

Fellow students of the Freshmen, Sophomore and Junior classes, I take a 
restrospective view, as I look into your youthful faces, and I see this graduating 
class as it was four years ago, a handful of inexperienced, puzzled freshmen 
the sport of the sophomores, and unheeded or plagued by the seniors. What we 
felt and endured then, half-discouraged by our outward circumstanc^ and our 
inward fears, you now feel and endure; but look up, boys, look up! The fresh¬ 
men will soon be sophomores, and the sophomores juniors, and the troubles 
of the present will fade away in the future like a morning dream. On your part 
you have youth, good intellects and capable teachers, and if you fail—and I 
do not believe you will—you will have only your want of Juration to> study 
to blame for it. The four years’ course is not the bugbear that you fear it is, 
and its difficulties will dissolve before the energy and application that you (1 
am sure) are now determined to exercise. We leave you here to so maintain the 
honor of this institution that you may depart from it*2^$ future 

The hour of parting draws nigh. In spite of hope and faith in the iuture, 
there is a tinge of sadness in the present, which I, for one, do not fear to cherish 
and confess, for it testifies to the genuineness of our human sympathy and heart¬ 
felt friendship. 

PRESENTING DIPLOMAS AT SCHOOL COMMENCEMENT. 

LADI We are*met together here to-day, at the close of this school year, to confer 
a visible token upon certain young men and young women m recognuicm of th^ 
diligence and success with which they have applied themselves to their studies 
curing tne tune that they have been in attendance this school 



012 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


The diplomas, which it is my privilege and pleasure to award as President 
af the School Board, have been earned by faithful work no less than by natural 
talent, and each scroll that will be received by the candidates for this honor 
may be regarded as documentary evidence that its possessor has made a serious 
and successful effort to improve his natural qualities and fit himself for the 
duties of life and the responsibilities of American citizenship. 

On this happy day we should not forget the serious meaning of our system 
of education, it is, I believe, thoroughly practical, and the knowledge acquired 
by our scholars is such as lies at the foundation of the many various activities 
in which our young men and young women will find their life work. It is a 
fact of which every American citizen may well feel proud that our people in thi* 
country have a higher average of intelligence than that of any people in any 
other part of the world. Thoughtful men have attributed this largely to oui? 
school system. James Russell Lowell, the celebrated author and former* 
Ambassador to England, said: 

“It was in making education not only common to 
all, but in some sense compulsory on all, that the 
destiny of the free republics of America was prac¬ 
tically settled.” 

As the name of each graduate is announced I will present this diploma, 
which reads as follows: (Here read the wording of the diploma.) 

And now, as the representative of the body in whose hands the community 
has placed the care of starting into the world you creditable young men ana 
young women, of whom we are justly proud, I bestow these certificates with 
our united good wishes, and trust that you will continue to grow in wisdom and 
character to take your rightful places among the illustrious millions of good 
American citizens. 

(As the name of each candidate is announced the speaker hands the 
diploma.) 


OUR WIVES. 

(Speech of Henry Watterson of Kentucky on the anniversary of General 
W. T. Sherman’s birthday at Washington, D, C., Februray 8, 1883). 

Gentlemen: —When one undertakes to respond to such a sentiment 
as you do me the honor to assign me, he knows in advance that he is put, as 
it were, upon his good behavior, I recognize the justice of this and accepted 
the responsibility with the charge; though I may say that if General Sherman’s 
wife resembles mine—and I very much suspect she does—he has .a sympathy 
for me at the present moment. Once upon a festal occasion, a little late, quite 
after the hour when Cinderella was bidden bv her godmother to go to bed, 
I happened to extol the graces and virtues of the newly wedded wife of a friend 
of mine, and finally, as a knockdown argument, I compared her to my own 
wife “In this case,” said he, dryly, “you’ll catch it when you get home.” 
It is a peculiarity they all have; not a ray of humor where the husband is con¬ 
cerned; to the best of them and to the last he must be and must continue to be 
—a hero! 

Now, I do not wish you to believe, nor to think that I myself believe that 
all women make heroes of their husbands. Women are logical in nothin? 
They naturally hate mathematics. So, they -would have their husbands be 
heroes only to the rest of the world There is a charming picture by John Leech 
the English satirist, which depicts Jones, who never looked askance at a woman 
in his life, sitting demurely at the table, stuck with his nose on his plate, and 
Mrs. Jones opposite, redundant, to a degree, observing with gratified severity. 
Now, Mr Jones, don t let me see you ogling those Smith girls again!” She 
too was like the rest—the good ones, I mean—seeing the world through her 
husband, no happiness but his comfort, no vanity but his glory; sacrificing 
nerself to his wants, and where he proves inadequate putting her imagination 
out to service and bringing home a basket of flowers to deck his brow. Of our 
sweethearts the humorist hath it’— 

" Where are the Marys and Anns and Elizas, 

Lovely and loving of yore? 

Look in the columns of old ‘Advertisers/ 

Married and dead by the score. ” 



WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT 


913 


But “Our Wives.” We don’t have far to look to find them, sometimes 
1 am told, you army gentlemen have been known to find them turning unex 
pectedly up along the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and making then 
presence felt even as far as the halls of the Montezumas; yet how should we gev 
on without them? Rob mankind of his wife and time could never become a 
-pandfather. Strange as you may think it, our wives are, in a sense, responsible 
lor our children; and I ask you seriously how could the world get on if it had no 
children? It might get on for a while, I do admit; but I challenge^the boldest 
among you to say how long it could get on without “ our wives. ” It would 
not only give out of children; in a little—a very little—while it would have no 
mother-in-law, nor sister-in-law, nor brother-in-law, nor any or those acquired 
relatives whom it has learned to love, and who have contributed so largely to 
its stock of harmless pleasure. 

But as this is not exactly a tariff discussion, though a duty, I drop statistics 
let me ask you what would become of the revenues of man if it were not fof 
”our wives?” We should have no milliners but for “our wives.” But for 
*'our wives” those makers of happiness and furbelows, those fabricators of 
smiles and frills, those gentle beings who bias and scallop and do their sacking 
at both ends of the bill, and sometimes in the middle, would be compelled to 
shut up shop, retire from business, and return to the good old city of Mantau, 
whence they came The world would grow too rich; albeit, on this promise I 
do not propose to construct an argument in favor of more wives. One wife 
is enough, two is too many, and more than two are an abomination everywhere, 
except in Utah and the halls of our national legislature. 

I beg you to forgive me. I do not speak in banter. It has been said that a 
good woman, fitly mated, grows doubly good; but how often have we seen a 
bad man mated to a good woman turned into a good man? _ Why, I myself, 
was not wholly good till I married my wife; and, if the eminent soldier and 
gentleman in whose honor we are here—^and may he be among us many and 
many another anniversary, yet always sixty-three—if he should tell the story 
of his life, I am sure he would say that its darkest hours were cherished, its 
brighest illuminated by the fair lady of a noble race, who stepped from the 
highest social eminence to place her hand in that of an obscure young subaltern 
of the line. The world had not become acquainted with him, but with toe 
prophetic instinct of a true woman she discovered, as she has since aeveloped, 
toe mine. So it is with all “our wives. ” Whatever there is good in us they 
bring it out; wherefor may they be forever honored in the myriad of hearts they 
tome to lighten and to blocs. 




I 

\ 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


WHAT MONEY IS. 

Money is defined as “ that which passes freely from hand to hand through¬ 
out the community in final discharge of debts and full payment for commodities, 
being accepted equally without reference to the character or credit of the person 
who offers it and without the intention of the person who receives it to consume 
it or enjoy it or apply it to any other use than in turn to tender it to others in 
discharge of debts or payment for commodities. ” Currency is the name given 
to the legal medium of exchange in every country. 

Yarous articles have passed current as money in various communities at 
different times, but the standard of monetary value of the civilized nations of 
bullion ^ 1S a am0Unt of gold or of silver » which, taken together, is called 

In the United States the dollar is the unit of value, and is equal to 22 22 
grains of pure gold. Therefore, when we say that an article is worth so manv 
dollars we mean it is worth so many times as much as 23.22 grains of pure gold 

The gold coins of the United States actually contain the gold in the propor¬ 
tion of 900 parts gold and 100 parts alloy, and are the only form of money 
actuaHy worth its face value as a commodity; therefore gold is the only money 
that will be accepted in a foreign country at par. The gold coins of the United 
States are the 20-dollar piece or double eagle, the 10-dollar piece or eagle, the 
5-dollar piece or half eagle, the 3-dollar piece, the 2^-dollar piece or quarter" 
eagle, and the gold dollar, which has not been coined since 1890. 

The silver dollar weighs 412* grains, of which 371J grains is pure silver and 
4 i.f 5 grains alloy. This amount of pure silver was at one time equal in value 
with 23.22 grains of pure gold. Of late years it has been much cheaper, and 
its relative value to gold is determined by commercial conditions. 

The half dollar, quarter dollar and dime, as well as the 5-cent nickel and the 
copper cent, contain still smaller proportions rf silver, and are intended onlv 
for circulation in this country as representatives of the fractional parts of a 
doliar They are legal tender for debts no; exceeding five dollars m amount. 

lhe standard of value are the gold coins, which stand upon their own 
merits as actually worth what they represent on their face, All other coin® 
only represent their face value, being accepted throughout the land because they 
are by law exchangeable for the amounts for which they stand. 

PAPER MONEY. 

There is another medium of exchange not having any value in itself but 
representing the credit of the government. It is, in fact, a fomi Sf " promise 
to pay, and for that reason it is often called “fiat money” or “paper money ” 

kind? m T>f y ti 1S l arge J y m US f m this 11 countr y- and is represented by four different 
CertfficJS? fi rstand second are called respectively Gold Certificates and Silver 
Certificates. These are issued by the treasury, and represent on their face 
the number of gold or silver dollars held in the treasury of the United States 
payable on demand to bearer. These certificates are popular on account of 
their convenience, and are always worth par. The third kind is ^he treiurv 
note or greenback, which is a promise to pay the bearer on demand (therefore 
CivfiWa? Wlth ° ut mterest. This was called into existence during the 

Sf™ ' f+u f ° r a time Was not worth P ar ia gold. Now it is worth par as 
^ dlt of ^he government insures their p? yment; but the volume is diminiah- 
mg as none have been issued since 1800. aimiman- 


014 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


915 


The fourth class is the National Bank note, issued by banks holding a 
charter from the United States, whose circulation is secured by United States 
bonds deposited with the Treasurer of the United States. In this class may be 
included the notes issued by the Federal Reserve Banks. 

Gold certificates are issued in denominations of $10 and upwards; silver 
certificates in $i, $2, $5, $10 and upwards to $100; treasury notes in $1, $2, $5, 
$10, etc., to $1,000; national bank notes in $5, $10, $20, etc., to $1,000. 

BANKS AND BANKING. 

Banks, both national and private, offer another means of exchange. Any 
one having money deposited in a bank to his credit may give to a third party 
an order on the bank for any number of dollars and cents not exceeding the 
full amount of his credit. These orders on the banks are called Bank Checks. 
They differ from paper money, as their acceptance depends upon the credit 
of the one who draws (or signs) the check. It is usually made payable “to the 
order of” some one. 

The use of checks adds to the circulating medium, and is a benefit to the 
community at large. It leaves actual money for minor transactions. They 
are in far more extensive use than any other form of money order. Checks 
often pass from hand to hand as money before they reach the bank, and then 
are seldom cashed—usually deposited. Over a hundred million dollars of 
checks daily in New York alone are not cashed at the paying teller’s window, 
but pass in “exchanges” through the Clearing House, which is an associa¬ 
tion of the banks of a large city for the purpose of conveniently and quickly 
transferring checks they hold for collection. 

UTILITY OF BANK ACCOUNTS. 

Some advantages of keeping an account at bank are: 

(1) The bank accepts money on deposit subject to check; (2) it lends 
money on approved security; (3) it facilitates the sending of money from place 
to place by allowing the deposits to be drawn out on an order called a check; 
(4) it provides a safe place to keep valuables and securities; (5) it is very help¬ 
ful in making collections, such as notes, checks, drafts and trade acceptances; 
(6) it advises its patrons concerning the advisability of making investments. 

HOW TO OPEN A BANK ACCOUNT. 

When a patron desires to open an account with a bank, he will usually 
be required to obtain an introduction to the officer of the bank by some one 
known to them. After this identification he will be requested to write his name 
on a signature card in the same way he expects to sign the orders or checks 
when he desires the bank to deduct money from his account. The object of 
having this signature on file in the bank is to identify the signature on the 
check with the one on the card. A plain, neat signature is most difficult to 
imitate. 

The items of the deposit and the amount are entered on a deposit ticket 
and handed to the receiving teller of the bank, who will enter the amount in 
a bank book which will be given to the depositor. This bank book serves as 
a receipt to show the amount you have deposited in the bank. 

In listing checks the common practice is to write the name of the local 
bank on which the check was drawn in the space on the left of the money column 
on a line with the amount of the check. Each check should be listed separately. 
If the bank on which the check is drawn is an out-of-town one the name of the 
city or town should be written instead of the name of the bank. 

This practice has been changed to some extent by the numerical system 
introduced by the Federal Reserve Banks. The United States is divided into 
twelve districts and each district has located in it a bank which is known as 
a Federal Reserve Bank. Each reserve bank is assigned a serial number. 
Other banks located in one of these districts may become members of the 
Federal Reserve System. Each one of the member banks also will be assigned 
a serial number. If the member bank is located in one of the twelve cities 
where a Federal Reserve Bank has been established, the member bank will 
take as its initial number the one assigned to the Federal Reserve Eank of that 



916 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


city. For instance, the Federal Reserve Bank No. 3 is located in Philadelphia, 
Pa. Any other member bank located in Philadelphia will have a number 
assigned to it as follows: 3-56. The figure 3 means that it is located in 
Philadelphia and it is number 56. 

Each state also has an assigned number. If a member bank is located 
outside of the city in which the Federal Reserve Bank is located the initial 
number will be the same as. assigned to that state. For instance, a member 
bank located in Reading may have such a number as 60-73. These numbers 
will be printed on the check of a member bank and should be used in place 
of the name of the bank or city when listing checks on the deposit ticket. 

CHECKS. 

A Check is a written demand, which is addressed to a bank by a person who 
has money deposited therein for the payment of a part or the whole of his 
money to a third party. 

Most business men number their checks in the order they are issued. 
The number is found in one of the corners which is not occupied by the value 
of the check written in figures. 

HOW TO DRAW A CHECK. 

Checks are principally of two kinds: Negotiable and Non-negotiable. 

A Negotiable Check is one that may be transferred from one person to 
another, and a Non-negotiable Check is one that cannot be so transferred. 

In drawing a negotiable check the order may be in one of the following 
forms: Pay to Bearer; Pay to the order of So-and-so; Pay to So-and-so or 
order. The first makes the money payable to any one that may present the 
check. The second or third makes the money payable to any person to whona 
the payee may order it paid. 

When the word Bearer is used, the check is negotiable as it stands; but 
when the word order is used, the payee can neither collect the money himself 
nor transfer the check to another without writing his name upon the back. 
This is called indorsing the check. When the payee writes his name only, 
he is said to indorse the check in blank. By this indorsement he makes the 
money payable to bearer and the check is still negotiable. When the payee 
wishes the money paid to a particular person only, he writes on the back 
“Pay to the order of” So-and-so, and signs his name beneath. With such an 
indorsement tJ~3 check is no longer negotiable until signed by the indorsee. 
If the indorsee wishes to transfer the check to another he either indorses 
the check in blank, when it again becomes negotiable, or repeats the in¬ 
dorsement to a particular person, and signs his own name beneath. This 
may be. repeated by a third person, and so on. The Holder is the person 
who is in legal possession of a check. 

HOW TO INDORSE CHECKS. 

. For indorsement, first turn the check so as to bring the left end to the top, 
and then turn it face downwards and write the indorsement near the top 
Each successive indorsement should be written under its predecessor. 

Checks are usually bound in books. At the left of each check so bound, 
and on the same piece of paper is a ruled form for a complete description of the 
check. Between the check and this ruled form there is a line of perforations 
by means of which the check can be torn off for use. The paper that remains 
behind is called the stub. 

Before depositing the checks they must first be indorsed by the person 
who is receiving credit for the money. The customary form of indorsement 
to write or stamp across the back of the check and about one inch from the 
top: 

For Deposit to Credit of 
Herbert Smith 
or 

For Deposit Only 
In Hanover National Bank 
For Credit of 
Herbert Smith 




BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


917 


The left end of the face of the check is the top of the back. Any person 
named for the purpose may sign an indorsement for deposit. Checks thus 
indorsed can only be deposited, and should they be lost on the way to the bank 
the finder cannot use them, because as stated the checks are to be deposited, 
and the bank is not authorized to pay them to any one. 

If the holder receives a check in which his name is incorrectly written, he 
must first indorse the name as it is written and under that write his own name 
correctly. When the deposit slip has been made out, it is well to keep a copy 
upon the stub of the check book. The checks, money, deposit slip and pass 
book are then taken to the receiving teller, who examines the deposit slip 
to see that it is correct, and enters the amount in the pass book. This entry 
s his receipt for the amount deposited. 

It is of the highest importance that, the depositor keep his check book 
correctly and punctually written up. It is his guide to his bank account and 
he should be able to tell at once exactly how much money he has in bank at any 
given time. 

RECONCILIATION OF BANK STATEMENT. 


The modern bank prepares and sends to its depositors at the end of each 
month a statement showing the amount of the previous balance, deposits 
received and checks paid during the month. When this statement is received 
the depositor should compare the stubs in his check book with the checks listed 
as paid. If all the checks have been paid the balance should be the same. 
The statement may show a larger balance than the check book on a certain 
date This will be the case if some of the checks which have been written and 
deducted from the check book have not yet been presented and paid by the 
bank In order to prove the bank’s statement, the sum of all checks which 
have not been paid by the bank should be deducted from the balance shown 
on the bank’s statement, and this should equal the balance on the stub of the 
check book 

If the bank does not send monthly statements, the pass book should be 
left at the bank for settlement at intervals. 

CERTIFIED CHECKS. 

In many transactions, involving the transfer of a large amount of valuable 
oroperty for cash, an ordinary check is not satisfactory to the person who is 
parting with his property, for he is not sure that his check will be honored when 
presented, however good the standing of the drawer may be. Thererore. the 
check may be presented to the paying teller or cashier of the bank on wmch 
the check has been drawn, who, after finding that the amount is still to drawer s 
credit, writes or stamps across its face the words “Good when properly- 
indorsed,’’ or “certified,’’ and signs his name. The amount of the check is at 
once charged to drawer’s account, and is the same as cash withdrawn. the 
certification of checks is largely practiced in large business centers, as m Wall 
Street New York, where the daily sales of stocks and bonds run up into the 
millions and failures caused by fluctuation in prices often come with startling 
raoiditv A check which may be good to-day, to-morrow may be worthless. 

When a check has been lost in the mails or otherwise stolen, or given m 
mistake, the payment of the same may be stopped by the drawer at any time 
before it is presented at bank. Parties holding such a check honestly, and for 
value given, may have recourse to law for collection of same. 

TRADE ACCEPTANCES. 

A trade acceptance must rise out of an actual commercial transaction 
It must comply with most of the requirements of negotiable paper. It must 
possess a definite maturity. It must be an unconditional promise to pay at 
maturity. It must be signed by the party who has made the purchase of mer¬ 
chandise All of the above requirements tend toward making the paper self- 
liquidating. The trade acceptance is given at the time the transaction is made, 
and carries with it no imputation of inability to pay. When a person sells a 
bill of merchandise to another he may send with the bill a trade acceptance 
which the buyer will accept and return. The person selling the merchandise 
may take the trade acceptance to his bank and discount it and reinvest the 



918 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


money at once. The trade acceptance has a definite specified period of time. 
I he principal thought behind the trade acceptance is to make the financing of 
transactions easier for all concerned. It tends to make the credit of the country 
more mobile. 

DRAFTS AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 

A draft, or bill of exchange, is, in fact, a letter written by one person to 
another living in a different place, requesting him to pay a sum of money to 
the order of the drawer or to a third person. Commercial usage recognizes 
particular forms for writing these drafts. 

There are two kinds of bills of exchange, Domestic and Foreign. 

Domestic Bills of Exchange are payable in the same country in which they 
are drawn, and are commonly called Drafts. 

Foreign Bills of Exchange are payable in another country from that in 
which they are drawn, and are called Foreign Drafts. 

, Th e person w ho signs a bill of exchange (or draft) is called the Drawer or 
thG K? ne ^° "S hom lt: 1£ Vaddressed, the Drawee; the one to whom it is 
Holder >Ctyable ’ ^ Payee; and the P erson who is in legal possession of it, the 

Bills of exchange, like notes and checks, are either negotiable or non- 

u CC ° r ?p inga ! th *y are Payable to the order of a person or simply to 
the person himself. The former are the more common. 

A Sight Draft is one payable at sight; that is, on presentation. 

sigh tor after da te* 1S ° ne made payable a certa in specified length of time after 

in s ll F rJf^? illS ° f flange are usually made in sets of three, which are alike 
^ ii eXC6p l 1 ? eir J Agnations of first, second, and third. The three 
Th a iS?-usually sent by different mails, and whichever arrives first is used, 
insertion V. ™ orthles . s *. These bills differ from ordinary drafts, by the 

Irl ^paid h ' ° f the C ° ndltl0n that 11 is to be P aid jf the other two of the set 

avn -Pr a l ts . a r e ! ent through banks,'and not through the mails, and are used to 
avoid the risk, inconvenience, and expense of sending actual money from one 
place to another. The principal object for which it is 8 used is S coUecrmonev 
Pif*i d 5 Tl e - t0 . the drawen For ^stance, if Jones, of Chicago owS 
S . mith ma T d , raw on j° nes for that amount. He 

w fomard it to^hlY lth h \ S OW L n bank in Philadelphia, which 
.v i 1 ?iT ard * to the bank Wlt h which Jones does business in Chicago, and which 
is called its correspondent. The draft when received in Chicago is presented to 

fcsll L P i aCe ° £ bUSineSS> Wh ° payS !t by Check " o/sum^or 

Accepted 
June 12, 191— 

Payable at 
First National Bank. 

JOHN JONES. 

? r ’ f be wri t e write across the face simply “ Accepted ” and his name The 
draf t wiH then be paid at Jones’ office when it falls due 

/he draft in the former case becomes a check on Tones’ account n t +ho 
First National Bank when it is charged against his account The bank in 
Smi?hf adViS6S the bank in Philadelphia, which in turn credits 

By courtesy Smith, when making the draft upon Tones advise* him *«• 
once of the fact, that he may be prepared to pay it. J ’ him at 

of n f aid ’- thC ‘J*? 1S Protested—that is, a formal statement of the fact 

in (killed 1 their’names to thVdraft^ ai>d UP ° n dr3Wer and a]l who 

But if the drawer does not wish to incur the expense of protest fee* o,- 

w/th^th^words*"No* protest ” up^T 7 Thfs isto noUcVtoJb T° of ' pa P CT 
the draft that the drawer does not wish it protested if no Joaid ^ P rese ^ tm ? 

SSSldtoft* p fo P rca b ' ? deUChed tK6 draft is « «ta 3 ££ 3 t 





BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


919 


A check is practically a sight draft upon a bank; but there is a marked 
difference between a “check” and a “draft.” For example. The form and 
wording are different; a check is drawn upon a bank or banker with whom 
funds have been deposited; a draft is drawn upon an individual or business 
house. 

Checks are used for paying money to creditors; drafts are used as a means 
of collecting moneys due to the one drawing. 

Checks, when properly drawn and presented, must be paid by the bank 
if it has funds belonging to the drawer. 

The party drawn upon is under no obligation to honor a draft, if for any 
reason he choses not to do so. 


DUE BILLS. 

A Due Bill is a formal written acknowledgment that a certain amount is due. 

It should in capitalization, punctuation, and arrangement of parts, follow 
the same rules as are followed for business letters. 

Due bills are often given in settling accounts, when it is not convenient 
to make immediate payment. 

Unlike promissory notes, due bills cannot properly be made payable to 
order. They are therefore non-negotiable. 

The amount represented by a due bill should be expressed twice, as in a 
receipt, check, or note—once in writing, and once in figures. 


PROMISSORY NOTES. 

A promissory note is a written promise to pay a specified sum of money 
at a designated time, both of which are stated in the body of the note. 

The holder is the person who is in lawful possession of a note, whether he is 
the original payee or has received the note by indorsement. 

Promissory notes are divided, in common usage, into three principal kinds: 
Individual Notes, Joint Notes, Joint-and-several Notes. Any of these notes 
may be either negotiable or non-negotiable. 

An Individual Note is one signed by a single person, 

A Joint Note is one signed, by two or more persons who are together 
responsible for its payment, share and share alike. 

A Joint-and-several Note is one signed by two or more persons, all of whom 
together, or any one of whom separately may be held for the whole amount. 
The words, “ We jointly and severally promise,” which are found in this note, are 
equivalent to “We together and separately promise.” Accordingly, when such 
a note matures, if all the signers are able to pay, they contribute share and share 
alike; while if one or more cannot pay, the whole amount is paid by the remain- 

mg one n O o rmore ade negotiable( that is sa i a ble, by making it payable to a per¬ 
son, or his order, or to his assigns, or to bearer, or to the cashier of a bank 01 
incorporated company. A note so drawn may be negotiated, or used in pay 
ment to another person by the holder; but he must indorse his name on the 
back of the note. Should the drawer of the note fail to pay it, the holder looks 
to the person or persons who indorsed it for payment. 

A note made payable at a bank and held there for payment until the usual 
hour for closing, need not be presented to the drawer m person to bind the- 
indorser. It may be protested as in the case of drafts, immediately upon the 
close of bank-hours. Payment must be immediately demanded of the indorser 
if he resides in the same place; if he is a non-resident he must be notified at 
once by letter. 

DISCOUNTING NOTE AT BANK. 

When notes are offered at bank they are passed upon by its officers or 
directors or both, to satisfy themselves that the maker and indorsers are good 
for payment. If accepted the bank charges interest or discount at an agreed 
upon rate reckoned upon the face of the note for the time for which the note is 
to run from the day it is discounted. For instance a note for $500 drawn Mid 
dated April 1,191-, payable in 3 months, would be due and payable July 1 st 



920 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


or 4th. If offered at bank for discount on May i, 191— the bank would reckon 
the interest from May 1st to July 1st. It is to be noted that the bank takes 
its interest in advance and pays to holder of note the proceeds which is the fac* 
value less the bank interest or discount. To compute the value of a note which 
reads “with interest,” you add to the face value the interest which will be due 
at the maturity of note. Upon this value the bank reckons its discount. 

INDORSEMENTS, A SUMMATY. 

Indorsements are entries written on the back of any paper, whether checks, 
notes or drafts. They show either a transfer of title, a giving of security, or a 
receipt for a payment applying on the contract indorsed. 

When a paper is written payable to the order of John Smith, and he wishes 
to tranfer his title to Henry Jones, he writes on the back of the paper an order 
for its payment to Jones. 

For the convenience of bank-tellers and others who have large numbers of 
such indorsed papers to handle daily, it is well to write the indorsement across 
the left end of the paper. 

On negotiable papers that are likely to have several indorsements, care 
should be taken to write the indorsements as close together as is convenient 
If the back of the paper should be covered with indorsements, other indorse¬ 
ments cr.n be written on blank paper attached to the original. We give here, 
plainly marked, the various forms of indorsements: 


v,_. 

cK 

- 

& °o 

V.I—» 
J. <u 

^ V 


O <D 
> .G 


>> 

03 


N ^ 


’Bt 

so 

>, <0 
H C/3 

c a 
<u 3 

K 8 

<D 


& 


£ E 


cq 




a 

o 

X) W 

<u b 

.>^3 

*0 
o ^ 

o>^ 

„4-> 


OS 

C 


§1 

it 

O’- 5 

41 ^ 

« -S o 


•s 


a 

H 

hH 

a 

CO 

a 

.a 

go 

Oh-, 


c 

U d 

•S«tj 
5 . 2 *. 

o|o^ 

•si 




a 

H 

>co 


ga 

Ja 

wO 


a 

£ § 


o 

a 


No. 1 is the more common and safest form It transfers the ownership 
trom Smith to .,ones, and makes Smith responsible to Jones in case the maker 
or payer of the paper fails to pay it. 

No. 2 transfers ownership, but relieves Smith from any responsibility 
used ^ a ^ er 1S n0t paid w h en due. Only under special circumstances is this 

. . No *. 3 . transfers the ownership to any party who may hold the paper 
o^strangers effeCt P a y able to the bearer. Such paper should not fall in hands 

father 0 r 4 4 r “^bUity e ° Wnershi P aS “ No - 3 ' exce P‘ that Sieves Smith from 

!! a rec f pt {o - r money P a . id to a PP^ on the promise indorsed. Such 
mdoraunents need no signature as it might have the effect of a receipt in full 

ifv Si*'2 e fu n0t transfer the ownership of the paper, but merely gives author- 

his account^ ^ paper aS Smith s a £ ent and to place the amount collected to 

No. 7 relieves bank -of responsibility of serving notice and protest. 

RECEIPTS. 

^ ^?J Ceipt is a u wri1 ! ten acknowledgment, signed by the receiver and deliv. 
Sn ?eJ,eivfdT er ’ Sh ° Wmg ' hat ° ertam P ro P er ty (money or goods, or both) na& 















BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


921 


BUSINESS FORMS. 

THE CHECK STUB AND CHECK SHOWING HOW RECORD 
IS KEPT IN CHECK BOOK. _ 


No. 074 



No. 974 Wilmington,Del., Feb, 15, ig 

Feb. 15, 101 — 



First National Bank of Wilmington 

To P. S. James 



Pay to the order of Peter S. James $94?™...- 




Ninety-jour Dollars 

Rent for Feb., 191- 



• 


94 

25 

William G. Pollock 


TRADE ACCEPTANCE. 


Boston, Mass.,. 

December 12, 

Eleven hundred 

The obligation of the acceptor he 
bill payable at any bank, banker or tjTjst 

Thomas B. fillies; & 

487 State St., 

Philadelphia, 



TIME NOTE. 


No. 1 14 Amt. $l 3 po. 

To Alfred Sidney . 

For . QnM m . m . 


Payable 

Time . 3..V*?. S .:. . 

Due . 2™?.J.3>.J.?J.7. _ 


$ijoo t %% Nyack,N. Y., Mch. 13 , 19 

Three months after date, for value 
received, I promise to pay to the order of 
Alfred Sidney at the Merchants ’ National 
Bank, Thirteen Hundred T °o% Dollars. 

Wm. B. White. 

No. 114 . 


A Promissory Note and stub, showing record of note. This record may 
also be kept in separate book for notes payable and receivable. 

DRAFT ON TIME. 

c e 00 Mobile, Ala., March 1, 19 

4 ^Thirty days after date, pay to the order of Sylvester Cutler, Four Hundred 
Sixty-nine Dollars, and charge to the account of Q CannOQ 

Tb T. B. Smith & Co., 

Philadelphia. Pa. 















































922 


BUSINESS FORMS AND ~,AWS. 


w 


SIGHT DRAFT. 

t257i 0 D°5 Savannah. Ga., March 29, 19 

At sight, pay to the order of Booker Washington, Two Hundred Fifty-seven 
Dollars, value received, and charge to our account. 

George P. Richards & Co. 

To Theodore P. Thomas & Co., 

New York City. 


FOREIGN EXCHANGE. 

Exchange for ^800. 

New York, Sept. 3, 19 —. 

Ten days after sight of this First of Exchange (second and third unpaid), 
pay to the order of E. N. Towne, Eight Hundred Pounds sterling, value received, 
and charge to account of 

James H. Moody & Co. 

To Drexel, Morgan & Co., 

London, England. 


NOTES ON DEMAND. 

$300. New York, February 14, 19 -. 

On demand, I promise to pay Samuel Huestis, or Order, Three Hundred 
Dollars, value received. James Smith. 


$205.50. Cleveland, July 4, 191-. 

For value received, I promise to pay Charles Greene, or Bearer, Two Hun¬ 
dred and Five Dollars and Fifty Cents, on demand, with interest. 

Charles P. Huestis. 

A JOINT NOTE. 

$350.75. . . New York, June 5, 19 

Six months after date, we severally r.nd jointly promise to pay George 
Snyder, or Order, Three Hundred and Fifty Dollars and Seventy-five Cents, 
value received. 

James Bruce, 
Philip Cozens. 

BANK NOTE. 


$ 3 oo. Reno, Nev., July io, 19 

Sixty day6 from date, I promise to pay S. G. & B. Jones, or Order, at the 
Chemical Bank, Eight Hundred Dollars, value received. 

N C. Goldsmith. 

NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 


$700. New York, December 8, 19 

Ten days after date, I promise to pay to Matthew Smith, Seven Hundred 
Dollars, value received. James Othello Bricks. 


NOTE NEGOTIABLE BY INDORSEMENT. 

$310. Houston, June 7, 19 . 

Twenty days after date, I promise to pay to the order of John Dee, Three 
Hundred and Ten Dollars, value received. Richard Third. 


NOTE NEGOTIABLE WITHOUT INDORSEMENT. 

$1000. New Orleans, September 6, 19 ~. 

Two months after date, I promise to pay to Joseph Suds, or Bearer, One 
Thousand Dollaio, value received. Martin T. Smith. 

JOINT NEGOTIABLE NOTE PAYABLE AT A BANK. 

$1100. New York, December 20, 19 

Four months after date, we promise to pay Henry Jones, or Order, Eleven 
Hundred Dollars, at the Mechanics’ Bank, New York. 

Messrs. Doe, Roe & Co. 





BUSINESS FORMS kND LAWS. 


923 


NEGOTIABLE NOTE PAYABLE IN MERCHANDISE. 

$ 3 oo. Minneapolis, October 11, 19 —. 

Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay to Edward 
Somers, or Order, Three Hundred Dollars in merchantable corn, at the current 
price. Alexander Glendening. 


FORM OF JUDGMENT NOTE. 

$900. 

For value received, I promise to pay to Henry Richards, or Order, the sum 
of Nine Hundred Dollars, ninety days after date; an<f I hereby nominate, 
constitute and appoint the said Henry Richards, or any attorney-at-law of this 
State, my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, for me, and in my name, to 
appear in any court of record of this State, at any time after the above Promis¬ 
sory Note becomes due, and to waive all process and service thereof, and to 
confess judgment in favor of the holder hereof for the sum that may be due and 
owing hereon, with interest and costs, and waiving all errors, etc. 

In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal at the City of 
Cincinnati, State of Ohio, this 10th day of May, one thousand nine hundred and 

E. D. Abbott, [seal.] 

Sealed and delivered in the presence of 
E. Lyon, John Sutherland. 

Note. —The principal difference between a Sealed Note and one without a 
Seal is that the former must be first paid in the settlement of a decedent* 
estate, and is not barred by the Statute of Limitations. 


RECEIPT ON ACCOUNT. 

New York, April 27, 19 -. 

Received from Zachary Taylor, Seventy-five Dollars on account. 

Luke F. Cozans. 


RECEIPT IN FULL. 

New York. May ir, 191-. 

Received from Messrs. Sutherland & Abbott, One Hundred and Four JA 
Dollars, in full of account to date. 

$io4t&. William J. Bunce. 

A receipt like the first acknowledges the partial payment of a debt, and 
one like the second of all claims excepting negotiable notes. 


DUE BILL. 

« 21 . Akron, O., February 6, 19 - 

5 ' Due John Smith, Twenty-five Dollars on demand, value received. 


« 00 Chicago, Ill., May 12, 191-. 

Due Charles F. Thomas, for work done, Fifty-five Dollars, payable on 
demand, in merchandise, at my store. William C. Edwards. 

ORDER FOR MONEY. 

New York, June 4, 19 -. 

Mr. George Daniel Fansha w, or Order, Seventy-five Dollars, 

and place the same to the debt of Ro ^ >e [ t H ‘ Rlt on. 

Remarks.— An Order may be written payable to B. C. or Order or to B C. 
or Bearer. If written in the former manner, B. C. can dispose of it, provided 
he writes his name upon the back. If payable to B. C. or Bearer, it will be 
good to the holder. 

FORM OF A COMMON BILL. 

Mr. George Wright, To Stephen Driver, Dr. 

March 12 10 To 20 Bushels of Apples, at 25 cts. . . $50# 

March 12. 19 . Rec - d p a y- t . George Wnght. 




924 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


BILL OF SALE. 

In consideration of Two Hundred Seventy-four Dollars, receipt of which 
g hereby acknowledged, I, S. D. Haag, of County of Erie, and State of 
Pennsylvania, do hereby sell and convey unto Peter Cline, of Countv of Erie, 
and State of Pennsylvania, the following descibed oersonal property: 

Dark Bay Horse, “Nepos, ” 17* hands high, 1600 lbs. weight, with star 
on forehead and white on right hind foot: 

And I do hereby covenant and agree to warrant and defend the above 
described personal property against the lawful claims of all persons. 

Signed this 5th day of May, A. D. 191-. S. D. Haag 


THE LAW OF NOTES AND CHECKS. 

Negotiable instruments, the common forms of which are promissory notes, 
checks, or other bills of exchange, while having the same general requisites as 
other contracts, have certain distinct features. The purpose of the law is to 
facilitate as much as possible their free passing from hand to hand like currency. 
Ihe assignment of an ordinary contract leaves the assignee in no different posi¬ 
tion for enforcing his rights than that of his assignor, but one who takes a 
negotiable instrument from a prior holder, without knowledge of any defenses 
to it, before its maturity, and gives value for it, holds it free of any defenses 
which might have been set up against his predecessors, except those defects that, 
were inherent m the instrument itself. 

To be negotiable an instrument must be in writing and signed by the maker 
(of a note) or drawer (of a bill or check). 

It must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain in 
money. Must be payable on demand, or at a fixed future time. Must be pay¬ 
able to order or to bearer. In a bill of exchange (check) the party directed to 
pay must be reasonably certain. Every negotiable instrument is presumed to 
have been issued for a valuable consideration, and want of consideration in the 
creation of the instrument is not a defense against a bona-fide holder. 

.... An instrument is negotiated, that is completely transferred, so as to vest 
title m the purchaser, if payable to bearer, or indorsed simply with the name 
of the last holder, by mere delivery, if payable to order by the indorsement of 
the party to whom it is payable and delivery. One who transfers an instru¬ 
ment by indorsement warrants to every subsequent holder that the instrument 
is genuine, that he has title to it, and that if not paid by the party primarily 
liable at matunty, he will pay it upon receiving due notice of non-payment. 7 
To hold an indorser liable the holder upon its non-payment at maturity 
n °^ 1Ce of / uch non-payment to the indorser and that the 
twen^four hours 6 md ° rSer for P a y ment - Such notice should be sent within 

When an jndorser is thus compelled to pay he may hold prior parties through 
whom he received the instrument liable to him by sending them prompt notile 
of non-payment upon receiving such notice from the holder. P P 

One who transfers a negotiable instrument by deliverv, without indorsing 
it, simply warrants that the instrument is genuine, that he has title to it and 

ThJmak! e of C t *>es not a ^A tC W * if unpafd at maturity 

notice^orrf'the^oMer^r^dorser 0 ^ “ ‘ £ at maturit * withoat “7 

Notice to one of several partners is sufficient notice to all. 

-r“*5. a . ec ! c . ls c y ified by a bank the bank becomes primarily liable to 
w !* hout of non-payment, and when the holder of a check thus 

obtains its certification by the bank, the drawer of the check and previous 

palS. d ” HabUity ' and the holder looks to the b?nk for 

A bona-fide holder of a negotiable instrument, that is, a party who takes 
an instrument regular on its face, before its maturity, pays va£e for it and has 
no knowledge of any defenses to it, is entitled to hSld the party primirify 
table responsible for its payment, despite any defenses he may have agaffist 

InceSfol Tw m 'tff ve *,*' such as rendered the instrument voidfnta 
inception. Thus, if the maker of a note received no value for it or jcrac 

to issue it through fraud or imposition, they do not defeat the right of a bonS 
fide holder to compel its payment from him. s 01 a Dona 




BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS 


925 


INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. 


States and 
Territories. 

* Interest Laws. 

Statutes of 
Limitations. 

I.egal 

Rate. 

Rate 

Allowed 

by 

Contract. 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Notes, 

Years. 

Opea 

Accounts, 

Years. 


Per cent. 

Per cent. 




Alabama. 

8 

8 

20 

6 

3 

Alaska. 

8 

12 

10 

6 

6 

Arkansas. 

6 to 10 

8 to 10 

10 

5 

3 

Arizona. 

6 

10 

4 

4 

3 

California. 

7 

Any rate. 

5 

4 

4 

Colorado. 

8 

Any rate. 

20 

6 

6 

Connecticut. 

6 

6 

(k) 

6 

6 

Delaware. 

6 

6 

10(ft) 

6 

3 

District of Columbia. 

6 

1 j 

12 

3 

3 

Florida. 

8 

io 

20 

5 

3 

Georgia. 

7 

8 

7 

6 

4 

Hawaii. 

8 

12 

20 

6 

6 

Idaho. 

7 

12 

6 

5 

4 

Illinois. 

5 

7 

7 

10 

5 

Indiana. 

6 

8 

20 ; 

10 

6 

Iowa. 

6 

8 

(d) 

10 

5 

Kansas. 

6 

10 

5 

5 

3 

Kentucky. 

6 

6 

15 

15 

5 

Louisiana. 

5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

Maine. 

6 

Any rate. 

6-20 

6-20 

6 

Maryland. 

6 

6 

12 

3 

3 

M assachusetts. 

6 

Any rate. 

6(c) 

6 

6 

Michigan. 

5 

7 

10 

6 

6 

Minnesota. 

6 

10 

10 

6 

6 

Mississippi. 

6 

8 

7 

6 

3 

Missouri. 

6 

8 

10 

10 

5 

Montana. 

8 

12 

10 

8 

5 

Nebraska. 

7 

10 

5 

5 

4 

Nevada. 

12 

12 

6 

6 

4 

New Hampshire. 

6 

6 

' 20 

6 

6 

New Jersey....'. 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New Mexico. 

6 

12 

7 

6 

4 

New York. 

6 

6tt 

20(f) 

6 

6** 

North Carolina. 

6 

6 

10 

3* 

3 

North Dakota. 

6 

10 

10 

6 

6 

Ohio. 

6 

8 

21 

15 

6 

Oklahoma. 

6 

10 

5 

5 

3 

Oregon. 

6 

10 

10 

6 

6 

Pennsylvania. 

6 

6 

5 (/) 

6t 

6 

Porto Rico. 

6 

12(e) 

5 

3 

3 

Rhode Island. 

6t 

Any rat«. 

20 

6 

6 

South Carolina. 

7 

8 

10 

6 

6 

South Dakota. 

7 

12 

20 

6 

6 

Tennessee. 

6 

6 

10 

6 

6 

Texas. 

6 

10 

10 

4 

2-4 

Utah. 

8 

12 

8 

6 

4 

Vermont. 

6 

(to) 

6 

14 

6 

Virginia. 

6 

6 

20 

5* 

3 

Washington. 

6 

12 

6 

6 

3 

West Virginia. 

6 

6 

10 

10 

5 

Wisconsin. 

6 

10 

20(6) 

6 

6 

Wyoming. 

8 

12 

10 

10 

8 


Key to the Above Table. 

* Under seal, 10 years, t Unless a different rate is expressly stipulated. J Under seal, 20 
years, tt New York has legalized any rate of interest on call loans of $5,000 or upward, on 
collateral security. ** Six years from last item on either side, (a) Judgments, 6 per cent. (6) 
Justice Court judgments, 6 years, (c) Witnessed, 20 years, (d) Thirty-five years in Courts of 
Record, eighteen years in inferior courts, (e) Pawnbrokers, 4 per cent, per month. (/) Ceases 
to be a lien after the period unless revived, (h) Subject to renewal, (j) Not of record, 6 years, 
(fc) No limit, (to) No statute, (n) Except witnessed promissory note, 14 years. 

Penalties for usury differ in various States. California, misdemeanor with jail term, $500 
fine or both; Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts (except on loans of lefes than $1,000), have no pro¬ 
visions on the subject. Loss of ■principal and interest is the penalty in'Arkansas and New York. 
Loss of principal in Delaware and Oregon. 

Loss of interest in Alabama, Arizona, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, 
Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina (double 
amount if paid), North Dakota (double amount if paid), Porto Rico, South Carolina, South 
Dakota, Virginia, Washington (double amount if paid), Wisconsin, Hawaii, and Wyoming. In 
Alaska, Montana, Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont, double the amount of interest collected 

Loss of excess of interest in Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, 
Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire (three times), Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, 
and West Virginia. Loss of principal and interest in Rhode Island, also fine or imprisonment. 
In New Mexico, fine and forfeiture of double amount collected. 












































































i'26 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


BUSINESS LAWS IN DAILY USE. 

The following compilation of business law contains the essence of a large 
amount of legal verbiage: 

Ignorance of tne law excuses no one. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

Signatures made with a lead-pencil are good in law. 

If a note is lost or stolen, it does not release the maker; he must pay it if the 
consideration for which it was given and the amount can be proven. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated. 

Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 

Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the 
debts of the firm, except in cases of special partnership. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

A note made on Sunday is void. 

Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 

A note by a minor is void. 

A contract made with a minor is void. 

A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxication, can¬ 
not be collected. 

A receipt for money is not always conclusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the rest. 

The maker of ah “accommodation” bill or note (one for which he has 
received no consideration, having lent his name or credit for the accommoda¬ 
tion of the holder) is not bound to the person accommodated, but is bound 
to all other parties precisely as if there was a good consideration. 

Checks or drafts must be presented for payment without unreasonable 
delay. 

If the drawee of a check or draft has changed his residence, the holder 
must use due or reasonable diligence to find him. 

If one who holds a check, as payee or otherwise, transfers it to another, he 
has a right to insist that the check be presented that day, or. at farthest, on the 
day fellowing. 

A note indorsed in blank (the name of the indorser only written) is trans¬ 
ferable by delivery, the same as if made payable to bearer. 

If the time of payment of a note is not inserted, it is held payable on 
demand. 

An indorsee has a right of action against all whose names were on the bill 
when he received it. 

If the letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into the post- 
office, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving notice. 

If two or more persons as partners are jointly liable on a note or bill, due 
notice to one of them is sufficient. 

If a note or bill is transferred as security, or even as payment of a pre¬ 
existing debt, the debt revives if the bill or note be dishonored. 

Claims which do not rest upon a seal or judgment must be sued in moSV 
States within six years from the time when they arise. 

Part payment of a debt which has passed the time of statutory limitation 
revives the whole debt, and the claim holds good for another period of six 
years from the date of such partial payment. 

If, when a debt is due, the debtor is out of the State, the “six years” do 
not begin to run until he returns. If he afterward leave the State, the time 
forward counts the same as if he remained in the State. 

An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A written agreement 
proves itself. The law prefers written to oral evidence, because of its precision. 

“Value received” is usually written in a note, and should be, but is not 
necessary. If not written, it is presumed by the law or may be supplied by 

No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illegal in its nature. 

Checks or drafts should be presented during business hours, but in this 
country, except in the case of banks, the time extends through the day aad 
evening. 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


927 


The time of payment of a note must not depend upon a contingency 
The promise must be absolute. 

A bill may be written upon any paper or substitute for it, either with mi 
or pencil. # . 

The payee should be distinctly named in the note, unless it is payable to 

bearer. 

Notice of protest may be sent either to the place of business or of residence 
of the party notified. . . 

The loss of a bill or note is not sufficient excuse for not giving notice of 
protest. 

An indorsement may be written on the face or back. 

LAWS OF CONTRACTS. 

A contract is an agreement of two or more parties, by which reciprocal 
rights and obligations are created. One party acquires a right, enforceable at 
law, to some act or forbearance from the other, who is under a corresponding 
obligation to thus act or forbear. 

Generally speaking, all contracts which are made between two competent 
parties, for a proper consideration, without fraud and for a lawful purpose, 
are enforceable at law. 

To the creation of a valid contract there must be: 

i. Precise agreement. The offer of one party must be met by an accep¬ 
tance by the other, according to the terms offered. 

2 There must be a consideration. Something of value must either be 
received by one party or given up by the other. 

3 The parties must have capacity to contract. The contracts of insane 

persons are not binding upon them. Married women are now generally permitted 
to contract as though single, and bind their separate property. The contracts 
of an infant (minor) are generally not binding upon him, unless ratified after 
attaining his majority. The contracts of an infant for “necessaries may be 
er*orced against him to the extent of the reasonable value of the goods furnished. 
It is incumbent upon one seeking thus to hold an infant to show that the good;/ 
furnished were in fact necessary to the infant, and that he was not already 
supplied by his parents or guardians. . 

The party’s consent must not be the result of fraud or imposition, or it 

may be avoided by the party imposed upon. . . , f , 

c. The purpose of the parties must be lawful. Agreements to defraud 
others, to violate statutes, or whose aim is against public policy, such as to 
create monopolies, or for the corrupt procurement of legislative or official action, 
are void, and cannot be enforced by any party thereto. # . , 

Contracts in general are equally valid, whether made oral!; or in writing, with 
the exception of certain classes of contracts, which in mos, of the States are 
required to be attested by a note or memorandum in writing by the party or 
his agent sought to be held liable. Some of the provisions which are adopted 
from the old English Statute of Frauds, vary in some of the States, but the follow¬ 
ing contracts very generally are required to be thus attested by some writing: 
Contracts by their terms not to be performed within a year from the 

mak ApmmTseto answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person. 
Contracts made in consideration of marriage, except mutual promises to 

marr pk>mise of an executor, or administrator, to pay drbts of deceased out of 

hiS ^rtffiffo 7 ; the creation of any interest of estate in land, with the excep¬ 
tion of leases for a short term, generally one year. 

Contracts for the sale of goods above a certain value, unless a portion of 
the mice is paid or part of the goods delivered. The required value of the 
goods sold varies in different States from $30 to $200. In a number of the 

States no such provision exists. a , , M 

In many of the States declarations or conveyances of trust estates. 

In many States representations as to the character, credit, or responsibly 
of another person- 






92S 


SrSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


Partial performance of the contract is generally held to dispense with the 

necessity for a writing. . 

If the damages liable to result from the breaking of a contract are uncertain, 

the parties may agree upon a sum to which either may be entitled as compensa¬ 
tion for a breach, which will be upheld by the courts, but if the sum so fixed is 
not designed as a fair compensation to the party injured, but as a penalty to be 
inflicted, it will be disregarded. 

A party is generally excused for the failure to perform what he has agreed 
only by the act of God or the public enemy, Except in cases involving a 
personal element in the work to be performed, such as the rendition of services, 
when the death or sickness of the party contracting to perform them is a valid 
excuse, or contracts for the performance of work upon a specified object, When 
its destruction without the fault of the party sought to be held liable is a suffi¬ 
cient excuse. 

Written instruments are to be construed and interpreted by law according 
to the simple, customary and natural meaning of the words used. No evidence 
can be introduced to contradict or vary a written contract but it may be 
received in order to explain it, when such explanation is necessary. 


POINTS OF CRIMINAL LAW. 

Law should be, and is intended to constitute, a rule of right governing the 
actions of man in his dealings with his fellow-beings. 

You cannot lawfully condone an offense by receiving back stolen property. 

The exemption of females from arrest applies only in civil not in criminal 
matters. 

Every man is bound to obey the call of a sheriff for assistance in making an 
arrest. 

The rule "Every man’s house is his castle” does not hold good when a 
man is accused of crime. 

Embezzlement can be charged only against a clerk or a servant, or the 
officer or agent of a corporation. 

Bigamy cannot be proven in law if one party to a marriage has been absent 
and not heard from for five years. 

Grand larceny is when the value of property stolen exceeds $25.00—when 
less than that, the offense is petit larceny. 

Arson to be in the first degree must have been committed at night, and 
the buildings fired must have been inhabited. 

Drunkenness is not a legal excuse for crime, but delirium tremens is con¬ 
sidered by the law as a species of insanity. 

In a case of assault it is only necessary to prove an "offer or attempt at 
assault. ” Battery presumes physical violence. 

Mayhem, although popularly supposed to refer to injury to the face, lip, 
tongue, eye, or ear, applies to any injury done a limb. 

A felony is a ciime punishable by imprisonment in a State prison; an 
"infamous” crime is one punishable with death or State prison. 

A police officer is not authorized to make an arrest without a warrant 
unless he has personal knowledge of the offense for which the arrest is made. 

An accident is not a crime, unless criminal carelessness can be prove*'. 
A man shooting at a burglar and killing a member of his family is not a mur- 

derC Burglary in the first degree can be committed only in the night time. 
TwsJight, if dark enough to prevent distinguishing a man’s face, is the same as 
"‘night” in law. 

Murder to be in the first degree must be wilful, premeditated, and malicious, 
or committed while the murderer is engaged in a felonious act. The killing 
of a man in a duel is murder, and it is a misdemeanor to accept or give a chal- 
lenge. 

False swearing is perjury in law only when wilfully done, and when the 
oath has been legally administered. Such qualifying expressions as “to the 
best of my belief,” "as I am informed,” may save an averment from being 
*xerjured. The law is that the false statement sworn to must be absolute. 
Subornation of perjury—that is, inducing another to swear falsely, is a felony. 

The penalties which follow the violation of any of the points of criminal 




BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


929 


law vary slightly in various places, but all include fines or imprisonment, or 
both. The penalties are intended to be sufficiently severe to deter those evillv 
disposed from disturbing the peace and happiness of the community. 

PARTNERSHIPS. 

Partnerships may be either general or special. In general partnerships 
money invested ceases to be individual property. Each member is made 
personally liable for the whole amount of debts incurred by the company. 
The company is liable for all contracts or obligations made by individual 
members. 

Special partners are not liable beyond the amount contributed. 

A person may become a partner by allowing people generally to presume 
that he is one, as, by having his name on the sign or parcel or in the bills used 
in the business. 

A share or specific interest in the profits or loss of a business, as remunera¬ 
tion for labor may involve one in the Hability of a partner. 

In case of bankruptcy, the joint estate is first applied to the payment of 
partnership debts, the surplus only going to the creditors of the individual 
estate. 

A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipulations in 
the articles of agreement, by mutual consent, by the death or insanity of one 
of the irm, by award of arbitrators, or by court of equity in cases of misconduct 
of some member of the firm. 

A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, which is for the 
use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners thereby. Negotiable paper 
of the firm, even though given on private account by one of the partners, will 
hold all the partners of the firm, when it passes into the hands of the holders, 
who are ignorant of the fact attending its creation. 

Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he may make 
contracts; may receive money; indorse, draw and accept bills and notes, and, 
while this may be for his own private account, if it apparently be for the use of 
the firm, his partners will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing 
with him were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and 
thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner, having relation to busi¬ 
ness of the firm, will bind the members in the partnership. 

In case of death, the surviving partner must account to the representatives 
of the deceased. 


AGENTS AND ATTORNEYS. 

An agent or an attorney is one authorized by a person to act for him and 
in his stead, in the transaction of business for the person appointing said agent 
or attorney. • , 

In regard to the subject of an agency, the general rule is, that whatever 
a man may do in his own right he may also transact through another. Things 
of a personal nature, implying personal confidence on the part of the person 
possessing them, cannot be delegated. 

Infants, married women, lunatics, idiots, aliens, belligerents, and persons 
incapable of making legal contracts, cannot act as principals in the appoint¬ 
ment of agents. Infants and married women may, however, become principals 

in certain cases. .... . , ,, . 

The act of the agent always binds his principal. Agents who exceed their 
authority, become themselves personally responsible to their principals. 

One should not consent to act as an agent or attorney in complicated mat¬ 
ters, except where the powers of this office be explicitly defined in writing. 

Agency may be terminated in two ways- (i) by the act of the principal 
or agent; (2) by operation of law. In the latter case, the termination of the 
agency is effected by lapse of time, by completion of the subject-matter of 
the agency, by the extinction of the subject-matter, or by the insanity, bank¬ 
ruptcy or death of either party. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

Leases for one year or less need no written agreement, Leases for more 
than a year must be in writing; if for life, signed, sealed, and witnessed in the 
4ame manner as any other important document 



930 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


Lenses for over three years must be recorded. No particular form is 
necessa ry. 

If no agreement in writing for more than a year can be produced, the tenant 
holds the property from year to year at the will of the landlord If there is no 
agreement as to time, the tenant as a rule holds from year to year. 

A tenancy at will may be terminated by giving the tenant one month’s 
notice in writing, requiring him to remove from the premises occupied. 

A tenant is not responsible for taxes, unless it be so stated in the lease. 

The tenant may underlet as much of the property as he desires, unless it is 
expressly forbidden m the lease. Tenants at will cannot underlet. 

A married woman cannot lease her property under the common law, but 
this prohibition is removed by statute in most of the States. A husband cannot 
make a lease which will bind his wife’s property after his death. 

A lease made by a minor is not binding after the minor has attained his 
majority. It binds the lessee, however, unless the minor should release him. 
Should the minor receive rent after attaining his majority, the lease will be 
therefore ratified. A lease given by a guardian will not extend beyond the 
majority of the ward. 

A new lease renders void a former lease. 

In case there are no writings, the tenancy begins from the day possession 
is taken; where there are writings and the time of commencement is not stated, 
the tenancy will be held to commence from the date of said writings. 

Leases on mortgaged property, whereon the mortgage was given prio'* 
to the lease, terminate when the mortgage is foreclosed. 

Where a tenant assigns his lease, even with the landlord’s consent, he will 
remain liable for the rent unless his lease is surrendered or cancelled. 

A building erected by tenants on foundations sunk into the ground, becomes 
a part of the realty, and belong to the landlord. Improvements to the build¬ 
ing rented, that are nailed or screwed to the building become the property of 
the landlord. But trade fixtures belong to the tenant, it being presumed when 
the building is rented for trade purposes that it is permissible to put in the 
fixtures or make necessary attachments of same to the building. 

LAWS GOVERNING LIENS. 

In all the States and Canada it is the object of the law to protect the 
mechanic and laboring man and also the merchant. Hence there are laws in 
the several States for this purpose. While the general trend is the same, the 
laws vary in details. It is not difficult to procure a copy of the laws, which 
every builder and householder should do. Any contractor, sub-contractor or 
laborer who performs any work, or furnishes any materials, in pursuance of, 
or in conformity with, any agreement or contract with the owner, lessee, agent 
or one in possession of the property, toward the erection, altering, improving 
or repairing of any building, shall have a lien for the value of such labor oi 
materials on the building or land on which it stands to the extent of the right, 
title and interest of the owner, lessee or person in possession at the time of the 
claimant’s filing his notice with the clerk of the county court. Such lien is 
called a mechanic’s lien. 

The notice should be filed within thirty days after completion of the work 
or the furnishing of the materials, and should state the residence of the claimant, 
the amount claimed, from whom due, when due, and to whom due, the name 
of the person against whom claimed, the name of the owner, lessee or person in 
possession of the premises, with a brief description of the latter. 

Liens cease in one year after the filing of the notice, unless an action is 
begun, or the lien is continued by an order of court. 

The following classes of persons are generally entitled to lien: (i) Bailees, 
who may perform labor and services, on the thing bailed, at the request of the 
bailor. (2) Inn-keepers, upon the baggage of guests they have accommodated. 
(3) Common carriers, upon goods earned, for the amount of their freight and 
disbursements. (4) Vendors, on the goods sold for payment of the price where 
no credit has been expressly promised or implied. (5) Agents, upon goods of 
their principals, for advancements for the benefit of the latter. (6) All per¬ 
sons are entitled to the right of lien who are compelled by law to receive property 
"^d bestow labor or expense on the same. 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


931 


The right of lien may be waived: (i) By express contract. (2) By neglect 
(3) By new agreement. (4) By allowing change of possession. (5) By surren¬ 
dering possession. 

The manner of the enforcement of a lien, whether it be an inn-keeper’s, 
agent’s, carrier’s, factor’s, etc., depends wholly upon the nature and character 
of the lien. 

Perishable property on which a lien is held may be sold, and the lien attaches 
to the proceeds. 

Liens take precedence according to priority, and interest on a judgment 
on a prior lien must also be satisfied before a subsequent lien may be realized 
upon. 


WILLS. 

A Will or Testament is a final disposition of a person’s property to take 
effect after his death. A codicil is an addition or alteration in such disposition. 
All persons are competent to make a will except idiots, persons of unsound 
mind, and infants. In many States a will of an unmarried woman is deemed 
revoked by her subsequent marriage. A nuncupative or unwritten will is one 
made orally by a soldier in active service, or by a mariner while at sea. 

In most of the States a will must be in writing, signed by the testator, 
or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, and attested by wit¬ 
nesses, who must subscribe their names thereto in the presence of the testator. 
The form of wording a will is immaterial as long as its intent is clear. 

Age at which persons may make wills is in most of the States 21 years. 
Males and females are competent to make wills at 18 years in the following 
States: California, Connecticut, Hawaiian Islands, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 
North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah; and in the following States 
only females at 18 years: Colorado, District of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, 
Missouri, Washington, Wisconsin. 

In the following States persons of 18 years may dispose of personal property 
only: Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia, West 
Virginia; in Georgia any one over 14 years and in Louisiana any one over 16 
years is competent to make a will. In Colorado persons of 17 years, and in 
New York males of 18 and females of 16 years may dispose of personalty. 

Witnesses.—Most of the States require two witnesses, except in Connec¬ 
ticut (3), Maine (3), Massachusetts (3), New Hampshire (3), South Carolina (3), 
Vermont (3). 

i 



TIME AND DATING 


DIVISIONS OF TIME. 

The interval between two consecutive transits of a fixed star over an^ 
meridian or the interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution 
on its axis is called a Sidereal Day, and is invariable, while the interval between 
two consecutive transits of the Sun over any meridian is called an Apparent 
Solar Day, and its length varies from day to day by reason of the variable 
motion of the earth in its orbit, and the inclination of this orbit to the equator 
on which time is measured. 

A Mean Solar Day is the average or mean of all the apparent solar days 
in a year. Mean Solar Time is that shown by a well-regulated clock or watch, 
while Apparent Solar Time is that shown by a well-constructed sun-dial; the 
difference between the two at any time is the Equation of Time, and may 
amount to 16 minutes and 21 seconds. The Astronomical Day begins at noon 
and the Civil Day at the preceding midnight. The Sidereal and Mean Solar 
Days are both invariable, but one day of the latter is equal to 1 day, 3 minutes 
and 56.555 seconds of the former. 

The interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution round 
the Sun is called a Sidereal Year, and consists of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 
and 9.6 seconds, which is invariable. 

The Tropical Year is the interval between two consecutive returns of the 
Sun to the Vernal Equinox. If this were a fixed ooint, the Sidereal and Tropi¬ 
cal Years would be identical; but in consequence of the disturbing influence 
of the Moon and planets on the spheroidal figure of the earth, the Equinox has 
a slow, retrograde mean motion of 50".26 annually, so that the Sun returns to 
the Equinox sooner every year than he otherwise would by 20 minutes 23.6 
seconds; the Tropical Year, therefore, consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 
and 46 seconds. The Tropical Year is not of uniform length; it is now slowly 
decreasing at the rate of .595 second per century, but this variation will not 
always continue. 

Julius Cassar, in B. C. 45, was the first to reform the calendar by ordering 
diat every year whose date number is exactly divisible by 4 contain 366 days, 
and all other years 365 days. The intercalary day was introduced by counting 
the sixth day before the Kalends of March twice; hence the name bissextile,from 
his, twice, and sex, six. He also changed the beginning of the year, from 1st 
ojMarch to the 1st of January, and also changed the name of the fifth month 
(Quintillis) to July, after himself. The average length of the Julian year is 
therefore 365} days, which, however, is too long by n minutes and 14 seconds, 
an .'t this would accumulate in 400 years, to about three days. The Julian 
Calendar continued in use until A. D. 1582, when the date of the beginning of the 
seasons occurred 10 days later than in B. C. 45, when this mode of reckoning 
*»me was introduced. 

The Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, with the 
view of keeping the Equinox to the same day of the month. It consists of 365 
days, but every year exactly divisible by 4 and the centurial years which are 
exactly divisible by 400 contain 366 days; and if in addition to this arbitrary 
arrangement the centurial years exactly divisible by 4,000 contain 366 days, 
the error in the Gregorian system will amount to only one day in about 20 
centuries. If, however, 31 leap years were intercalated in 128 years, instead of 
32 as at present, the calendar would be practically exact and the error would 
not amount to more than a day in 100,000 years. The length of the mean 
Gregorian Year may therefore be set down at 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 
12 seconds. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into England and her 
colonies in 1752, at which time the Equinox had retrograded 11 days since the 
Council of Nice in A. D. 325, when the festival of Easter was established and 
the Equinox occurred on March 21; hence September 3, 1752, was called 
September 14, and at the same time the commencement of the legal year was 
Changed from March 25 tc January 1, <?o that the year 1751 lost the months o* 

932 



TIME AND DATING. 


933 


January and February and the first 24 days of March. The difference between 
the Julian and Gregorian Calendars is now 13 days. Russia and the Greek 
Church still employ the Julian Calendar for civil and ecclesiastical purposes. 


DIFFERENCE IN TIME BETWEEN PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


Places. 


IT IS AT 

4 den.Arabia 

Amsterdam.Holland 

Athens.Greece 

Berlin.Germany 

Bombay.India 

Bremen.Germany 

Central Time (b). United States 

Constantinople.Turkey 

Copenhagen.Denmark 

Dublin.Ireland 

Eastern Time (a) United States 

Hamburg.Germany 

Havre.France 

Hong Kong.China 

Honolulu.Hawaii 

Liverpool.,.England 

London.England 


When It Is 12 o’Clock Noon 
According to 


Mountain Time(c)United States 
Pacific Time (ofJ.. United States 

Paris.Fr 

Rome.Italy 


St. Petersburg.Russia 

Vienna.Austria 

Y okohama.Japan 


Eastern 

(a) 

Central 

(b) 

Mountain 

(c) 

Pacific 

(d) 

Standard Time in the United States 

8.00 

P.M. 

9.00 

P.M. 

1000 

P.M. 

11.00 

P.M. 

5.20 

P.M. 

6.20 

P.M. 

7.20 

P.M. 

8.20 

P.M. 

6.35 

P.M. 

7-35 

P.M. 

8.35 

P.M. 

9-35 

P.M. 

5-54 

P.M. 

6.54 

P.M. 

7-54 

P.M. 

8.54 

P.M. 

9.51 

P.M. 

10.51 

P.M. 

ix.51 

P.M. 

12.51 

A.M. 

5-33 

P.M. 

6-33 

P.M. 

7-33 

P.M. 

8.33 

P.M. 

x 1.00 

A.M. 



1.00 

P.M. 

2.00 

P.M. 

6.56 

P.M. 

7.56 

P.M. 

8. 5 6 

P.M. 

Q.56 

P.M. 

5 - 5 ° 

P.M. 

6.50 

P.M. 

7.50 

P.M. 

8.50 

P.M. 

4-34 

P.M. 

5-35 

P.M. 

6.35 

P.M. 

7-35 

P.M. 


1.00 

P.M. 

2.00 

P.M. 

3 - 0 ° 

P.M. 

5-10 

P.M. 

6.40 

P.M. 

7.40 

P.M. 

8.40 

P.M. 

5.00 

P.M. 

6.0c 

P.M. 

7.00 

P.M. 

8.00 

P.M. 

12.37 

A.M*. 

i -37 

A.M* 

2.37 

A.M .* 

3-37 

A.M* 

6.29 

A.M. 

7.29 

A.M. 

8.29 

A.M. 

9.29 

A.M. 

4.48 

P.M. 

5.48 

P.M. 

6.48 

P.M. 

7.48 

P.M. 

5.00 

P.M. 

6.00 

P.M. 

7.00 

P.M. 

8.00 

P.M. 

4-45 

P.M. 

5-45 

P.M. 

6-45 

P.M. 

7-45 

P.M. 

1.04 

A.M* 

2.04 

A.M * 

3.04 

A.M* 

4.04 

A.M* 

2.40 

A.M * 

3 - 4 ° 

A.M* 

4.40 

A.M* 

5.40 

A.M* 

10.00 

A.M. 

11.00 

A.M. 



1.00 

P.M. 

9.00 

A.M. 

10.00 

A.M. 

11.00 

A.M. 


P.M. 

5.09 

P.M. 

6.09 

P.M. 

7.09 

P.M. 

8.09 

5.50 

P.M. 

6.50 

P.M. 

7.50 

P.M. 

8.50 

P.M. 

6.12 

P.M. 

7.12 

P.M. 

8.12 

P.M. 

Q.I 2 

P.M. 

7.01 

P.M. 

8.01 

P.M. 

9.01 

P.M. 

IO.OI 

P.M. 

6.06 

P.M. 

7.06 

P.M. 

8.06 

P.M. 

9.06 

P.M. 

2.19 

A.M* 

3-19 

A.M.* 

4.19 

A.M* 

5-19 

A.M* 


•At places marked * the time noted is in the morning of the following day. 

(a) ‘ Eastern” includes New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, 
Richmond, Norfolk, Charleston, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Montreal, Quebec, Ottawa,Toronto, 

6 C ‘ ( b ) “Central” includes Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Milwaukee, 
Kansas City, Omaha, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, New Orleans. 
Memphis, Savannah, Pensacola, Winnipeg, etc. . „ 

(c ) #4 Mountain M includes Denver Leadville, Colorado Springs, Helena, Hegina. 

* N ‘ ‘Pacific” includes San Francisco, Portland (Oregon), Victoria. Vancouver, 
Tacoma, Seattle etc. 












































TIME AND DATING. 


934 


STANDARD TIME. 

Primarily, for the convenience of the railroads, a standard of time wa9 
established by mutual agreement in 1883, by which trains are run and local 
time regulated. According to this system, the United States, extending from 
65° to 125 0 west longitude, is divided into four time sections, each of 15 0 of 
longitude, exactly equivalent to one hour, commencing with the 75th meridian. 
The first (eastern) section includes ail territory between the Atlantic Coast and 
an irregular line drawn from Detroit to Charleston, S. C., the latter being its 
most southern point. The second (central) section includes all the territory 
between the last-named line and an irregular line from Bismarck, N D., to 
the mouth of the Rio Grande. The third (mountain) section includes all 
territory between the last-named line and nearly the western borders of Idaho, 
Utah, and Arizona. The fourth (Pacific) section covers the rest of the country 
to the Pacific Coast. Standard time is uniform inside each of these sections, 
and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly one hour. 
Thus at 12 noon in New York City (eastern time), the time at Chicago (central 
time) is 11 o’clock A. M.; at Denver (mountain time), 10 o'clock A. M., and 
at San Francisco (Pacific time), 9 o’clock A. M. Standard time is 16 minutes 
slower at Boston than true local time, 4 minutes slower at New York, 8 minutes 
faster at Washington, 19 minutes faster at Charleston, 28 minutes slower at 
Detroit, 18 minutes faster at Kansas City, 10 minutes slower at Chicago, 1 
minute faster at St. Louis, 28 minutes faster at Salt Lake City, and 10 minutes 
faster at San Francisco. 


TABLE OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES. 


A Table of the Number of Days between any two Days within Two Years. 


Day 

Mo. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

s 

1 

32 

60 

9 i 

121 

152 

182 

213 

244 

274 

30s 

335 

a 

2 

33 

61 

92 

122 

153 

183 

214 

245 

27 5 

306 

336 

3 

3 

34 

62 

93 

123 

154 

184 

215 

246 

276 

307 

337 

4 

4 

35 

63 

94 

124 

155 

185 

216 

247 

277 

308 

338 

s 

5 

36 

64 

95 

125 

156 

186 

217 

248 

278 

309 

339 

6 

6 

37 

65 

96 

126 

157 

187 

218 

249 

279 

310 

340 

7 

7 

33 

66 

97 

127 

158 

188 

219 

250 

280 

311 

34 i 

8 

8 

39 

67 

98 

128 

159 

189 

220 

251 

281 

312 

342 

9 

9 

40 

68 

99 

129 

160 

190 

221 

252 

282 

313 

343 

IO 

10 

41 

69 

100 

130 

161 

191 

222 

253 

283 

314 

344 

II 

11 

42 

70 

IOI 

131 

162 

192 

223 

254 

284 

315 

345 

ia 

12 

43 

7 i 

102 

132 

163 

193 

224 

255 

285 

316 

346 

13 

13 

44 

72 

103 

i 33 

164 

194 

225 

256 

286 

3 i 7 

347 

14 

14 

45 

73 

104 

134 

165 

i 95 

226 

257 

287 

318 

348 

IS 

IS 

46 

74 

105 

135 

166 

196 

227 

258 

288 

3 i 9 

349 

16 

16 

47 

75 

106 

136 

167 

197 

228 

259 

289 

320 

350 

17 

17 

48 

76 

107 

137 

168 

198 

229 

260 

290 

321 

351 

18 

18 

49 

77 

108 

138 

169 

199 

230 

261 

291 

322 

352 

19 

19 

50 

78 

109 

139 

170 

200 

231 

262 

292 

323 

3 53 

20 

20 

51 

79 

no 

140 

171 

201 

232 

263 

293 

324 

354 

21 

21 

52 

80 

III 

141 

173 

202 

233 

264 

294 

325 

355 

22 

22 

53 

81 

11 2 

142 

i 73 

203 

234 

265 

295 

326 

356 

23 

23 

54 

82 

113 

143 

174 

204 

235 

266 

296 

327 

357 

24 

24 

55 

83 

114 

144 

175 

205 

236 

267 

297 

328 

358 

25 

25 

56 

84 

115 

i 45 

176 

206 

237 

268 

298 

329 

359 

26 

26 

57 

85 

Il6 

146 

177 

207 

238 

269 

299 

33 o 

360 

27 

27 

58 

86 

117 

147 

178 

208 

239 

270 

300 

33 i 

36i 

28 

28 

59 

87 

Il8 

148 

179 

209 

240 

271 

301 

332 

36* 

29 

29 

.. 

88 

119 

149 

180 

210 

241 

272 

302 

333 

363 

30 

3° 

.. 

89 

120 

150 

181 

211 

242 

273 

303 

334 

364 

31 

31 

• • 

90 

. . . 

151 

• • • 

212 

243 

... 

304 

. . . 

365 































TIME AND DATING 


935 


TABLE OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES.— Continued. 


Day 

Mo. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

X 

366 

397 

425 

456 

486 

5 i 7 

547 

578 

609 

639 

670 

700 

2 

367 

3 98 

426 

457 

487 

518 

548 

579 

610 

640 

671 

701 

3 

368 

399 

427 

458 

488 

5 i 9 

549 

580 

611 

641 

672 

702 

4 

369 

400 

428 

459 

489 

520 

550 

581 

612 

642 

673 

703 

5 

370 

401 

429 

460 

490 

521 

551 

582 

613 

643 

674 

704 

0 

37 i 

402 

430 

461 

49 i 

522 

552 

583 

614 

644 

675 

705 

7 

372 

403 

43 i 

462 

492 

523 

553 

584 

615 

645 

676 

706 

8 

373 

404 

43 2 

463 

493 

524 

554 

585 

6x6 

646 

677 

707 

9 

374 

4°5 

433 

464 

494 

525 

555 

586 

617 

647 

678 

708 

10 

375 

406 

434 

465 

495 

526 

556 

587 

618 

648 

679 

709 

XI 

376 

407 

43 5 

466 

496 

527 

557 

588 

619 

649 

680 

710 

12 

377 

408 

43 6 

467 

497 

528 

558 

589 

620 

650 

681 

711 

13 

378 

409 

43 7 

468 

498 

529 

559 

590 

621 

651 

682 

7X2 

14 

379 

4x0 

438 

469 

499 

530 

560 

59 i 

622 

652 

683 

713 

*s 

380 

411 

439 

470 

500 

53 i 

561 

592 

623 

653 

684 

714 

10 

381 

4x2 

440 

471 

SOI 

53 2 

562 

593 

624 

654 

685 

715 

17 

382 

413 

441 

472 

502 

533 

563 

594 

625 

655 

686 

716 

18 

383 

414 

442 

473 

503 

534 

564 

595 

626 

656 

687 

717 

19 

384 

415 

443 

474 

504 

53 5 

565 

596 

627 

657 

688 

718 

20 

385 

416 

444 

475 

505 

53 6 

566 

597 

628 

658 

689 

719 

21 

386 

4I l 

445 

476 

506 

53 7 

567 

598 

629 

659 

690 

720 

22 

387 

418 

446 

477 

507 

538 

568 

599 

630 

660 

691 

721 

23 

388 

419 

447 

478 

508 

539 

569 

600 

631 

661 

692 

722 

24 

389 

420 

448 

479 

509 

540 

570 

601 

632 

662 

693 

723 

25 

390 

421 

449 

480 

5io 

54 i 

57 i 

602 

633 

663 

694 

724 

26 

391 

422 

450 

481 

511 

542 

572 

60 3 

634 

664 

695 

725 

27 

392 

423 

451 

482 

512 

543 

573 

604 

63 5 

665 

696 

726 

28 

393 

424 

452 

483 

513 

544 

574 

605 

636 

666 

697 

727 

29 

394 

. . . 

453 

484 

514 

545 

575 

606 

637 

667 

698 

728 

30 

395 

. . . 

454 

485 

515 

546 

576 

607 

638 

668 

699 

729 

3i 

396 


455 

. .. 

516 

. .. 

577 

608 


669 


730 


The above table applies to ordinary years only. For leap year, one day 
must be added to each number of days after February 28. 

Example. —To find the number of days between June 3, 1900, and Feb¬ 
ruary 16, 1901: The figures opposite the third day in the first June column are 
154; those opposite the sixteenth day in the second February column are 412. 
Subtract the first from the second product—i. e., 154 from 412, and the result 
is 258, the number of days between the two dates. 


THE ANCIENT AND MODERN YEAR. 

The Athenians began the year in June, the Macedonians in September, the 
Romans first in March and afterward in January, the Persians on August 1 1, 
the ancient Mexicans on February 23, the Mohammedans in July. The 
Chinese year, which begins early in February, is similar to the Mohammedan in 
having 12 months of 29 and 30 days alternately; but in every nineteen years 
there are seven years which have 13 months. This is not quite correct, and the 
Chinese have therefore formed a cycle of 60 years, in which period 22 intercalary 
months occur. 


































936 


TIME AND DATING, 


PERPETUAL CALENDAR.—i. 

For ascertaining any Day of the Week for any given Time within Two Hundred 
Years from the introduction of the New Style, 1753, to 1952 inclusive. 


1 753 % 

I 7 54 d 

1781? 

1 783d 

i8ooe 

1801a 

i828q 

1829a 

i8s6q 

1857a 

i884q 

1885a 

1900g 
I90id 

I928h 

1929b 

i 7 S 5 e 

I 756 p 

1783c 

1784P 

1802b 

1803c 

1830b 
183 IC 

1858b 

1859c 

1886b 

1887c 

i9C2e 

1903a 

i 93 °e 

1931a 

I 757 C 

I 75 *f 

1785c 

1786f 

1804I1 

i8osd 

183 2h 
1833d 

i86oh 

i86id 

i888h 

i88gd 

1904k 

igosf 

1932k 

I 933 f 

1 759 g 
i76oq 

17878 

1788q 

i8o6e 

1807a 

1834c 

1835a 

1862c 

1863a 

1890c 

1:891a 

i9o6g 

i907d 

I 934 g 

I 935 d 

1761a 

1762b 

1789a 

1790b 

1808k 

i8ogf 

183 6k 

i 8 3 7 f 

1864k 

i86sf 

1892k 

i 893 f 

1908I 

1909b 

193 61 
193 7 b 

1763c 

1764I1 

1791c 

I 792 h 

i8iog 

181 id 

i83 8g 
i839d 

i866g 

1867a 

i 894 g 

i895d 

1910c 

191 if 

1938c 

I 939 f 

1763d 

i766e 

1793 d 

17 94 e 

1812I 

1813b 

1840I 

1841b 

1868I 

1869b 

1896I 

1897b 

1912m 

I 9 i 3 e 

1940m 

i 94 ie 

1767a 

1768k 

1795 a 

1796k 

1814c 

iSisf 

1842c 

1843! 

1870c 

i87if 

1898c 

i 899 f 

1914a 

1915b 

1942a 

1943b 

1769! 

i 77 °g 

i/ 97 f 

I 798 g 

1816m 

1817c 

1844m 

1845c 

1872m 

18736 


1916a 
r 9 1 7 g 

19440 

I 945 S 

i77id 

1772I 

I 799 d 

1818a 

1819b 

1846a 

1847b 

1874a 

1875b 


I 9 i 8 d 

1919c 

I 946 d 

1 947 e 

1773 b 

1774c 


i82on 

l82Ig 

18480 

i 849 g 

i876n 

i 877 g 


1920P 

1921c 

1948P 

1949c 

I 775 f 

1776m 


l822d 

1823c 

i85od 
185 ie 

i878d 
187 9e 


192 2f 

I 9 2 3 g 

I 95 °f 

I 95 ig 

i 777 e 

1778a 


1824P 

1825c 

1852P 

1853c 

i88op 

1881c 


1924Q 

1925a 

I 95 2 Q 

1779b 

i78on 


i826f 

i827g 

i 854 f 

i 855 g 

i882f 

i883g 

| 

1926 b 
1927c 



Note. —The letters in the list of “Years from 1753 to 1952” refer to the tabl^ 
head°d with the Months, the figures in which refer to the same figures at the head of the 
table of Days. For example—To know on what day July 4, 1910, will fall look foi 
1910 in the table of Tears. The letter “c’ attached. Look for the same letter in th« 
table of Months and in a parallel line under July is the figure 5, which directs to coiunuQ 
£ in the table of Days below, in which it will be seen that July 4 falls on Monday. 

























































































































IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


969 


WARS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The figures give the numbers of United States troops engaged. 


Wars. 


From— 


To— 


Regulars. 


Militia 

and 

Vol’teers. 


War of the Revolution . 

Northwestern Indian Wars. 

War with France. 

War with Tripoli. 

Creek Indian War. 

War of 1812 with Great Britain 

Seminole . 

Black Hawk Indian War. 

Cherokee disturbance or removal 
Creek Indian War or disturbance 

Florida Indian War. 

Aroostook disturbance. 

War with Mexico. 

Apache, Navajo, and Utah War. 

Seminole Indian War. 

Civil Wart. 

Spanish-American War. 

Philippine Insurrection. 

War with Germany. 

War with Austria. 


April 19, 1775 
Sept. 19, 1790 
July 9, 1798 
June 10, 1801 
July 27, 1813 
June 18,1812 
Nov. 20, 1817 
April 21, 1831 
1836 

May 5, 1836 
Dec. 23, 1835 
1836 

April 24, 1846 
1849 


April 21, 1898 
1899 

April 6, 1917 
Dec. 11, 1917 


April 11, 1783 
Aug. 3, 1795 
Sept. 30, 1800 
June 4, 1805 
Aug. 9, 1814 
Feb. 17, 1815 
Oct. 21, 1818 
Sept. 30, 1832 
1837 

130,711 

164,080 





600 

85,000 

1,000 

1,339 

13,181 

471,622 

6,911 

5,126 

9,494 

Sept. 30, 1837 
Aug. 14, 1843 
1839 

935 

11,169 

12,843 

29,953 

1,500 

July 4,1848 
1855 

1858 

30,954 

1,500 

73,776 

1,061 

3,687 


1865 

Aug. 12, 1898 . . 
1900 

Nov. 11, 1918 1 
Nov. 11, 1918 j 


—- *— 


Tct*l« 


309.781 

8,983 

t4,593 

t3,330 

13,781 

576,622 

7,911 

6,465 

9,494 

13,418 

41,122 

1.500 
112,230 

2.501 
3,687 

2,772,408 

§274,717 

60,000 

114,800,000 


* Including all branches of the service. ^ _ , . , .. . . ___ 

t Naval forces engaged, t The number of troops on the Confederate side was about 750,000. 


§ Troops actually engaged, about 60,000. 
t Including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other 


services. 


LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES. 

January 1 . New Year’s Day: In all States and District of Columbia, 
Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska, except Arkansas and Massachusetts. (In 
Maine a bank holiday only legally.) 

January 8. Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans: In Louisiana. 

January 19 . Lee’s Birthday: In Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, and Arkansas. 

February 12 . Georgia Day: In Georgia. 

February 12 . Lincoln’s Birthday: In California, Colorado, Connecticut, 
Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, 
Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South 
Dakota,’ Utah, Washington, West Virginia and Wyoming. 

February 14 . Admission Day: In Arizona. 

February 20 . Mardi Gras, Shrove Tuesday: In Alabama and Florida 
(in counties having a carnival); in Louisiana, in the parishes of Orleans, 
St. Bernard, Jefferson, St. Charles, and St. John the Baptist. 

February 22 . Washington’s Birthday: In all the States, District of 
Columbia, Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska, except in Mississippi. 

March 2 . Anniversary of Texan Independence: In Texas. 

March 4 . Inauguration Day: In District of Columbia in years when a 
President of the United States is inaugurated. 

March 22 . Emancipation Day: In Porto Rico. 

March 25 . Maryland Day: In Maryland. 

Good Friday (Friday before Easter Sunday): In Alabama, Connecticut, 
Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Porto Rico and Tennessee. 

63 






































970 


IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


April 12 . 
April 13 . 
April 19 . 
April 21. 
April 26 . 
Mississippi. 

May 10 . 
Carolina. 


Halifax Independence Resolutions: In North Carolina 
Thomas Jefferson’s Birthday: In Alabama. 

Patriot’s Day: In Maine and Massachusetts. 

Anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto: In Texas. 
Confederate Memorial Day: In Alabama, Florida, Georgia and 

Confederate Memorial Day: In North Carolina and South 


May (second Friday). Confederate Day: In Tennessee. 

May 20 . Anniversary of the Signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration of 
Independence: In North Carolina. 

May 30 . Memorial Day: In all the States and District of Columbia, 
Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska, except Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas. Con¬ 
federate Memorial Day: In Virginia. 

June 3 . Jefferson Davis’s Birthday: In Florida, Georgia, Alabama, 
Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, South Carolina and Virginia. In 
Louisiana known as “ Confederate Memorial Day.” 

June It. Kamahameha Day: In Hawaii. 

June 15 . Pioneer Day: In Idaho. 

July 4. Independence Day: In all the States and District of Columbia 
Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska. 

July 10 . Admission Day: In Wyoming. 

July 24 . Pioneers’ Day: In Utah. 

July 25 . Landing of United States Troops: In Porto Rico. 

August 1 . Colorado Day: In Colorado. 

August 16 . Bennington Battle Day: In Vermont. 

September (first Mondav). Labor Day: In all the States and District 
of Columbia, Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska. 

September (Third Saturday). Regatta Day: In Hawaii. 

September 9 . Admission Day: In California. 

September 12 . ‘‘Defenders’ Day”: In Maryland. 

October (First Monday). Mission Day (commemorative of Missouri 
history): In Missouri. 

October (Second Friday). Farmers’ Day: In Florida. 

October 12 . Columbus Day: In Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, 
Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, 
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, 
Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New. York, Ohio, Okla¬ 
homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Porto Rico, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, 
Washington and West Virginia. 

October 18 . Alaska Day: In Alaska. 

October 31 . Admission Day: In Nevada. 

November 1 . All Saints’ Day: In Louisiana. 

November (First Friday). Pioneer Day: In Montana. 

November —. General Election Day: In Arizona, California, Colorado, 
Delaware, Florida, Idaho (Illinois in Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis 
only), Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 
Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Okla¬ 
homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, 
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyo¬ 
ming, ir». the years when elections are held therein. 

November —. Thanksgiving Day (usually the last Thursday): Is 
observed in all the States and in the District of Columbia, Porto Rico and 
Alaska, though in some States it is not a statutory holiday. 

December 25 . Christmas Day: In all the States, District of Columbia, 
Porto Rico, Hawaii and Alaska. 

Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in all the States which designate 
them as such. 

There are no statutory holidays in Mississippi, but by common consent the 
Fourth of July, Thanksgiving and Christmas are observed. In New Mexico, 
Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Labor Dav. Flag Day (June 14 ) and 




IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


971 


Arbor Day are holidays when so designated by the Governor. In South Caro¬ 
lina, Thursday of Fair Week is a legal holiday. 

Arbor Day is a legal holiday in Arizona, Florida, Maryland, New Mexico, 
Wisconsin, and Wyoming, the day being set by the Governor', in Texas, Febru¬ 
ary 22; Nebraska, April 22 ; Utah, April 15 ; Rhode Island, second Friday in 
May; Montana, second Tuesday in May; Georgia, first Friday in December; 
Colorado and Maine (school holidays only), third Friday in April; in Oklahoma, 
the Friday following the second Monday in March; in Arkansas, first Saturday 
in March. 

Every Saturday after 12 o’clock noon is a legal holiday in California in 
public offices, Illinois (in cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants), Maryland, 
Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, 
the District of Columbia (for banking purposes), and in New Orleans, La., and 
Charleston, S. C. In Louisiana in all cities exceeding 15,000 inhabitants; in 
Missouri in cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants; in Tennessee, for State and 
county officers, and in Colorado during June, July, and August; in Indiana, 
first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October, inclusive, for all puolic 
offices in counties having a county-seat of 100,000 population or more. 

There is no national holiday, not even the Fourth of July, Congress has at 
various times appointed special holidays. In the second session of the Fifty- 
third Congress it passed an act making Labor Day a public holiday in the Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia, and it has recognized the existence of certain days as holidays 
for commercial purposes, but, with the exception named, there is no general 
statute on the subject. The proclamation of the President designating a day 
of Thanksgiving only makes it a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and 
the Territories. 



POSTAL RATES 


DOMESTIC. 

The following rates apply to the United States and its foreign possessions, to mail 
of officers and members of crews of United States Naval Vessels and to officers and men 
of the United States Expeditionary Forces in Europe, to Shanghai, China, and, with certain 
exceptions, to Canada, Cuba, Mexico and the Republic of Panama, and to other places 
where the United States mail service is in operation. Prepayment of postage, in stamps 
affixed is required. By special permission, however, postage on matter of the 3 d and 4 th 
classes mailed in quantities of not less than 2,000 identical pieces may be paid in money. 

Registration. Letters or packages can be registered by adding stamps to the amount 
of 10 cents to the regular rate. 

Reforwarding. Letters will be forwarded from one post office to another upon the 
written request of the person addressed, without additional charge; but unclaimed pack¬ 
ages cannot be returned to the sender until stamps are furnished to pay the return postage. 

Special delivery stamps, at 10 cents each, used in addition to regular rates, insure 
delivery immediately on arrival at office of destination. These stamps.can be used for no 
other purpose. Or, by putting on 10 cents in ordinary stamps additional to the regular 
postage and writing under them “Special Delivery ” the same result is attained. 

Unmailable Matter.—Harmful, poisonous, explosive, offensive, obscene, defamatory, 
fraudulent material or communications are not mailable. 

1st Class.—Letters, sealed packages and all matter wholly or partly in writing, whether 
sealed or unsealed (except manuscript copy accompanying proof sheets or corrected proof 
sheets of the same), and all matter closed against inspection, 2 cents each ounce or fraction 
thereof. ... ,, 

Post cards (private mailing cards) and postal cards, 1 cent each. Double, or “reply” 
postal cards, 2 cents. 

2d Class.—Newspapers and Periodicals bearing notice of entry as second-class matter, 
when sent unsealed by others than the publisher or a news agent, 1 cent for each four ounces 
or fraction thereof, on each separately addressed copy or package of unaddressed copies. 
The copies must be complete. Incomplete copies are third-class matter. 

3 d Class.—Circulars, newspapers and periodicals not embraced in the term “book,” 
miscellaneous printed matter on paper not having the nature of an actual personal correspond¬ 
ence, proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets, and manuscript copy accompanying same, 
and matter in point print or raised, characters used by the blind, 1 cent for each two 
ounces or fraction thereof, on each individually addressed piece or package on unsealed 
third-class matter. Limit of weight 4 pounds. Parcels of printed matter weighing more 
than 4 pounds which do not exceed the limit of weight and size for fourth class matter 
come within that class. 

4 th Class.—Embraces that known as Domestic Parcel Post mail and includes mer¬ 
chandise, farm and factory products, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions and plants, books 
(including catalogs), miscellaneous printed matter weighing more than four pounds and all 
other mailable matter not embraced in the first, second and third classes. Parcels may 
be insured against losses and may be sent C. O. D. Rates of Postage —To be fully pre¬ 
paid—unsealed: (a) Parcels weighing 4 ounces or less, except books, seeds, plants, etc., 
1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, any distance, (b) Parcels weighing 8 ounces or 
less containing books, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions and plants, 1 cent for each 2 ounces 
or fraction thereof, regardless of distance, (c) Parcels weighing more than 8 ounces con. 
taining books, seeds, plants, etc., parcels of miscellaneous printed matter weighing more 
than 4 pounds, and all other parcels of fourth class matter weighing more than 4 ounces 
are chargeable, according to distance or zone at the pound rate shown in the table on 
the next page, a fraction of a pound being considered as a full pound. 

The local rate applies to parcels mailed under the following conditions: 

(1) At any post office for local delivery at such office; 

(2) At any city letter carrier office, or at any point within its delivery limits, for 

delivery by carriers from that office; 

( 3 ) At any post office from which a rural route starts, for delivery' on such route, or 

wffien mailed at any point on a rural route for delivery at any other point thereon, or at 

the office from which the route starts, or for delivery on any other rural route starting from 
the same office. 

Alaska, Hawaiian and Philippine Islands, etc. The eighth zone rate of 12 cents for 
each pound or fraction thereof on all parcels weighing more than 4 ounces (except books, 

972 



POSTAL RATES, 


973 


seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions, and plants, weighing 8 ounces or less), applies (1) 
between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands; (2) between the United States and 
its postal agency at Shanghai, China; (3) between any two points in Alaska and between 
any point in Alaska and any other point in the United States; (4) between the United 
States and the Canal Zone; (5) between the United States and the Philippine Islands; 

(6) to, from or between Guam, Tutuila and Manoa and other islands of the Samoan group 
east of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, and the United States and its other possessions; 

(7) between the United States and its naval vessels stationed in foreign waters. 

Canada, Cuba, Mexico and Republic of Panama. The rate of 12 cents for each pound 
or fraction thereof also applies to fourth-class matter, including seeds, cuttings, bulbs, 
roots, scions, and plants (but excepting books and other printed matter on which the rate 
is 1 cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof in all cases), weighing more than 4 ounces 
and not exceeding 4 pounds 6 ounces, when mailed to Canada, Mexico, Cuba and the 
Republic of Panama. (Parcels weighing up to 11 pounds may be sent to Mexico and the 
Republic of Panama as foreign parcel post mail under the parcel post conventions with 
those countries.) 

The Limit of Weight of fourth-class matter is 70 pounds for parcels mailed for delivery 
within the first, second and third zones, and 50 pounds for all other zones. 

Limit of Size. Parcel post matter may not exceed 84 inches in length and girth com- 
bined. In measuring a parcel the greatest distance in a straight line between the ends 
(but not around the parcel), is taken as its length, while the distance around the parcel 
at its thickest part is taken as its girth. For example, a parcel 35 inches long, 10 inches 
wide, and 5 inches high measures 65 inches in‘length and girth combined. 

Name and Address of Sender. A parcel of fourth-class matter may not be accepted 
for mailing unless it bears the name and address of the sender, which should be preceded 
by the word “from.” 

Additions to Fourth-class Mail. The written additions permissible upon third-class 
matter also may be placed on fourth-class matter, together with any marks, numbers, 
names, or letters for purpose of description, or they may be placed on the wrapper or 
cover, tag or label. There may be written on the blank leaves or cover of any book a 


ZONES 


Wt. 

in 

Lbs. 

Local 

1st 

Up to 
50 

miles 

2d 

50 to 
150 
miles 

3d 

150 to 
300 
miles 

4th 
300 to 
600 
miles 

5th 
600 to 
1000 
miles 

6th 

1000to 
1400 
miles 

7th 

1400to 
1800 
miles 

8th 

Over 

1800 

miles 

1 

50.05 

$0.05 

$0.05 

$0.06 

$0.07 

$0.08 

$0.09 

$0.11 

$0.12 

2 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.08 

.11 

.14 

.17 

.21 

.24 

3 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.31 

.36 

4 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.12 

.19 

.26 

.33 

.41 

.48 

5 

.07 

.09 

.09 

.14 

.23 

.32 

.41 

.51 

.60 

6 

.08 

.10 

.10 . 

.16 

.27 

.38 

.49 

.61 

.72 

7 

.08 

.11 

.11 

.18 

.31 

.44 

.57 

.71 

.84 

8 

.09 

" .12 

.12 

.20 

.35 

.50 

.65 

.81 

.96 

9 

.09 

.13 

.13 

.22 

.39 

.56 

.73 

.91 

1.08 

10 

.10 

.14 

.14 

.24 

.43 

.62 

.81 

1.01 

1.20 

11 

.10 

.15 

.15 

.26 

.47 

.68 

.89 

1.11 

1.32 

12 

.11 

.16 

.16 

.28 

.51 

.74 

.97 

1.21 

1.44 

13 

.11 

.17 

.17 

.30 

.55 

.80 

1.05 

1.31 

1.56 

14 

.12 

.18 

.18 

.32 

.59 

.86 

1.13 

1.41 

1.68 

15 

.12 

.19 

.19 

.34 

.03 

.92 

1.21 

1.51 

1.80 

16 

.13 

.20 

.20 

.36 

.67 

.98 

1.29 

1.61 

1.92 

17 

.13 

.21 

.21 

.38 

.71 

1.04 

1.37 

1.71 

2.04 

18 

.14 

.22 

.22 

.40 

.75 

1.10 

1.45 

1.81 

2.16 

19 

.14 

.23 

.23 

.42 

.79 

1.16 

1.53 

1.91 

2.28 

20 

.15 

.24 

.24 

.44 

.83 

1.22 

1.61 

2.01 

2.40 


ZONES—PARCEL POST GUIDE AND MAPS. For parcel 
post purposes the United States is divided into units of area thirty 
minutes square. Such units form the basis of the eight postal zones. 
To ascertain in which zone a post office is located from the office of 
mailing, a parcel post guide, costing 55 cents, and map, costing 20 
cents, are jointly used. The guide applies to all offices, but a separate 
map is required for each unit. A zone key is furnished with the guide 
for use in the units of area in which some of the largest post offices 
are located, and makes the map for those units unnecessary, ihe 
guide and maps may be purchased by sending a money order to the 
Third Assistant Postmaster General, Washington, D. C. Stamps 
are not accepted 


Wt. 

in 

Lbs. 

Local 

ZO> 

1st 

Up to 
50 

miles 

1ES 

2d 

50 to 
150 
miles 

21 

$0.15 

$0.25 

$0.25 

22 

.16 

.26 

.26 

23 

.16 

.27 

.27 

24 

.17 

.28 

.28 

25 

.17 

.29 

.29 

26 

.18 

.30 

.30 

27 

.18 

.31 

.31 

28 

.19 

.32 

.32 

’ 29 

.19 

.33 

.33 

30 

.20 

.34 

.34 

31 

.20 

.35 

.35 

32 

.21 

.36 

.36 

33 

.21 

.37 

.37 

34 

.22 

.38 

.38 

35 

.22 

.39 

.39 

36 

.23 

.40 

.40 

37 

.23 

.41 

.41 

38 

.24 

.42 

.42 

39 

.24 

.43 

.43 

40 

.25 

.44 

.44 

41 

.25 

.45 

.45 

42 

.26 

.46 

.46 

43 

.26 

.47 

.47 

44 

.27 

.48 

.48 

45 

.27 

.49 

.49 

46 

.28 

.50 

.50 

47 

.28 

.51 

.51 

48 

.29 

.52 

\ -52 

49 

.29 

.53 

.53 

50 

.30 

.54 

.54 



























974 


POSTAL RATES. 


simple manuscript dedication or inscription not in the nature of personal correspondence, 
bpace sufficient for a legible address, postmark and the necessary postage stamps must be 
lett on the address side of parcels. 

Inclosures. There may be inclosed with fourth-class matter a written or printed 
invoice showing the name and address of the sender and of the addressee; the names and 
■quantities of articles inclosed, together with inscriptions indicating “for purpose of 
description, the price, style, stock number, size, and quality of the articles; the order 
or nle number, date of order, and date and manner of shipment; and the initials or name 
0t t » salesman, or of the person by whom the articles were packed or checked. 

Place of Mailing. Parcels of fourth-class matter weighing more than four ounces 
must be mailed at a post office, branch post office, named, lettered or numbered station 
or delivered to a rural or other carrier duly authorized to receive such matter. Parcels 
weighing four ounces or less not sent as insured mail may be deposited in letter or package 


INSURANCE OF FOURTH-CLASS MAIL. 

Fees and Conditions. Fourth-class or domestic parcel post mail (but no other) may 
be insured against loss upon payment of a fee of 5 cents for value not exceeding $25, or 
ID cents for value not exceeding $50, or 25 cents for value not exceeding $100, in addition 
to the postage, both to be prepaid with stamps affixed. 

Such mail may be insured at any post office or station thereof, or by rural carriers, 
i he sender must fill out an insurance tag, which will be furnished him on request, to be 
attached to the parcel. 


COLLECT-ON-DELIVERY SERVICE. 

Conditions and Fee. Fourth-class parcels may be sent C. O. D.—that is, the price of 
the article and the charges thereon (including, if desired, the postage and fee prepaid)— 
collected from the person addressed upon delivery, on pavment of 10 cents, in 
addition to postage, when the amount to be remitted does not exceed $50, and 25 cents 
fii ~ en j f'/oount to be remitted does not exceed $100. These fees are paid by stamps 
amxed to the parcel. Such parcels are automatically insured for the actual value of the 
contents up to $50 and $100, respectively, according to fee paid. 


A Receipt is given the sender of a C. O. D. parcel at the time of mailing but no return 
receipt is furnished, as the remittance shows that delivery has been made. 

Examination of Contents of a C. O. D. Parcel is not permitted until it has been 
receipted for and all charges paid. 

Indemnity for Lost C. O. D. Parcels is paid for the actual value not to exceed $50, 
under the conditions governing the payment of indemnity for lost insured parcels. 


SOLDIERS’ MAIL. 

Letters, postcards and printed matter originating in the United States or any cf its 
possessions for transmission to the United States expeditionary forces in Europe are 
subject to the United States domestic classification, conditions and rates of postage. 
.Letter mail, 2 cents the ounce. Newspaper mail, 1 cent for 4 ounces. Letters should be 
addressed • 

-(Name of soldier). 

Company-, 

- Infantry, 

American Expeditionary Forces. 


FOREIGN POSTAGE. 

Letters 

Great Britain and Ireland, Bahamas, Barbados, British Guiana, British Honduras 
Dominican Republic Dutch West Indies, Leeward Islands, Newfoundland, New Zealand 
Trinidad, including Tobago, and the Windward Islands, 2 cents per ounce. 

Other foreign countries (except Canada, Mexico, Cuba and Panama, the rates to which 
are 2 cents per ounce), for one ounce or fraction, 5 cents; each additional ounce, 3 cents. 

Postal Cards, Etc. 

Single postal cards, each, 2 cents; double postal cards, each, 4 cents (Canada Cuba 
Mexico, Panama, 1 cent); newspapers and other printed matter, per 4 ounces, 1 cent. 

Commercial Papers. 

Packets not in excess of 10 ounces, 5 cents; packets in excess of 10 ounces for each 2 
ounces or fraction thereof, 1 cent. 








POSTAL RATES 


975 


Samples of Merchandise. 

Packets not in excess of 4 ounces, 2 cents; packets in excess of 4 ounces, 
for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, 1 cent; registration fee on letters or other 
articles, 10 cents. _ . . 

Packages of samples must not exceed 12 oz. in weight, 12 inches m length, 
8 inches in breadth and 4 inches in depth (if a roll, 12 inches in length and 6 
inches in diameter). . 

Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada and Mexico) myst 
be forwarded, whether any postage is prepaid on them or not. All other 
mailable matter must be prepaid at least partially. 

s Foreign Parcel Post. 

Packages (not over 4 pounds 6 ounces weight, 3 feet 6 inches length, or 
6 feet combined length and girth), per pound, 12 cents. 


DOMESTIC MONEY ORDERS. 

Domestic money orders are issued by money order post offices for any 
amount up to $100.00 at the following rates: 

For sums not exceeding 1 2.50. 3 cents 


Over $ 2.50 
5.00 


10.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

50.00 

60.00 

75.00 


• " . 5.00. 5 

* 44 10.00. 8 

‘ 44 20.00.10 

4 44 30.00.12 

4 44 40.00.15 

4 4 50.00.18 

4 44 60.00.20 

4 44 75- 00 . 2 5 

“ 44 100.00. 3 ° 

For every "additional hundred or fraction thereof, another order must be 
Obtained. 



















HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 




The United States of America is a Republic. The authority and powers 
of the government are limited and defined by the Constitution, a written docu¬ 
ment adopted by a Constitutional Convention in 1787 and ratified by the 
thirteen original states December 7, 1787, to May 27, 1790. The Constitution 
went into effect March 4, 1789 in the eleven states which had previously rati¬ 
fied it. The government of the United States is what is known as a Federal 
Government. The underlying principle is that each state of the union possesses 
the sovereignty in all matters which affect itself alone, while in all matters 
which relate to two or more of the states, or which have to do with foreign 
nations, the sovereign power is in the Federal Government. 

. The National Government has three distinct branches—Executive, Legis¬ 
lative, and Judicial. 


THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH. 

rT . Th ® executive power of the government is vested in the President of the 
United States of America. In case of the removal of the President from office, 
5T de^h* resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 

his office, they devolve on the Vice-President. The President conducts the 
f- if 1 j S u 6 through Executive Departments, which were not estab¬ 

lished by the Constitution, but have been created, and their duties defined by 
acts of Congress. The Heads of Departments form the “official family” of 
the President, called the Cabinet. They are appointed by the President with 
the consent of the Senate and can be removed at his discretion. Members of 
the Cabinet receive a salary of $12,000 a year. 


THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Qualifications.—The President must be a natural bom citizen of the 
United States, at least thirty-five years of age, and for at least fourteen years 
a resident of the United States. 3 

Comp ensa tioa.-Tlie President receives a salary of $75,000 a year, the 
Whi.e House is provided as his official residence, and his traveling expenses, 
no ^ to exceed $25,000 a year, are paid by the government. 

, . Tl 5 le f. nd Man uer of Election.—The people of the United States do not 
vote directly for the President and Vice-President. On the first Tuesday 
alter the first Monday m November of each year divisible by four, electors are 
chosen in each state. The number of electors in each state is equal to the 
• ^ umber of Senators and Representatives to which that state is entitled 
m the Congress. Tte electors thus chosen form the “Electoral College.” In 
every state except Michigan the electors are voted for on a general ticket. In 
Michigan one elector is chosen in each congressional district and two from the 
jw ar § e ' - Th ? electors meet at their respective state capitals on the 
P^^° nd f y v, m Jp nU f[ 7 foll °wmg. their election, and cast their votes for 
d Vlc , e - Pr fsident of the United States. Three certificates of the 
r ™ F repared . and by all the electors. One of these is mailed and 

by •!E ec iu 1 messenger to the President of the Senate, the third is 
deposited with the federal district judge. On the second Wednesday i a 
m thC pre ^ e " ce * he Senate and House of Representatives 5 ^ 
Thl‘ r ° pened by tbe . President of the Senate, and the votes counted 
T!*®. per j°?y. receiving a majority of the whole number of votes cast for Presi- 
dent an d Vice-President are declared elected. If no person has a majority of 
I CaSt ’ t lG H , ous . e of Representatives elects the President from 
among the three persons having the highest number of votes and the Senate 

976 








































THE CAPITOL BUILDINGS AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 



























HOW WE ARE GOVERNED 


977 


elects the Vice-President from the two persons having the highest number. 

Term of Office.—The President holds office for four years. He is eligible 
for re-election, but custom has decreed that no person shall fill the office for 
more than two successive terms. The President is inaugurated on March 4th 
of the year following his election, the oath of office being administered by the 
Chief Justice of the United States at the Capitol. 

Powers and Duties. 

(a) Military Powers. 

The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the several states when called into service 
of the United States. 

He is responsible for the conduct of military operations, and has the war 
power of opening hostilities and instituting blockades. He may also declare 
martial law and by so doing suspend the writ of habeas corpus. 

(b) Civil Powers. 

1. The Veto Power.—The President cannot originate legislation, but 
every bill which has passed both Houses of Congress is submitted to him. 
If he approves, it becomes a law. If he vetoes, it is returned to Congress, and 
may still become a law if passed by a two-thirds vote in each house. 

2 . The Appointing Power.—The President appoints, with the confirmation 
of the Senate, ambassadors, ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all officers of the United States not otherwise provided for. 

3 . The Pardoning Power.—The President has the power to grant reprieves, 
commutation of sentence, and pardon for offenses against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

4 . The Power to Conduct Foreign Affairs and Make Treaties.—Negotia¬ 
tions with foreign countries are carried on by the Department of State under 
the direction of the President. When a treaty is made, however, it must be 
ratified by the Senate with the consent of two-thirds of the members present. 

5 . The Power to Administer Internal Affairs.—The President is required to 
see that the laws of the United States are faithfully executed and has the 
power to enforce these laws. 

6. The Power to Convene Congress.—The President may convene Congress 
in extraordinary session, to consider treaties, declare war, preserve the credit 
of the country, or provide funds for the conduct of the government, or transact 
other legislative business on occasions of emergency. 

7 . Annual and Special Messages.—The President is required, “from time 
to time, to give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and 
recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient. ” It is the custom for the President to send an annual message 
at the opening of each Congress, reviewing the foreign and domestic affairs of 
the United States. He also submits special messages at any time when he 
considers it necessary to do so, with or without recommendations as to appro¬ 
priate legislation. 

8 . Reception of Foreign Representatives.—It is the duty of the President 
to “receive ambassadors and other public ministers.” Where two govern¬ 
ments exist in the same country, the President determines which shall be 
recognized. 

THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Qualifications.—They are the same as for the office of President. 

Compensation.—The Vice-President receives a salary of $12,000 a year. 

Time and Manner of Election.—The method of election of the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent is substantially the same as that of the President. The slight differences 
have already been noted. ^ ... „ , 

Powers and Duties.—The Vice-President is the presiding officer of the 
Senate. He is not a member of that body, however, and does not have the 
right to vote except in case of a tie. 

Succession to the Presidency.—In case of the de«th, resignation, or 
inability of the President, the Vice-President immediately succeeds to that 
office In case of the death or disability of the Vice-President also, the Secre¬ 
tary of State (if he is qualified to be elected President), and after him the 



978 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED 


Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster- 
General, Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the Interior, in this order, will 
hold the office of President. (The Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce and 
Labor were created after the passage of the act.) 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

Duties of Secretary of State.—The Secretary of State is charged, under the 
direction of the President with the duties appertaining to correspondence with 
the public ministers and the consuls of the United States, and with the repre¬ 
sentatives of foreign powers accredited to the United States; and to negotia¬ 
tions of whatever character relating to the foreign affairs of the United States. 
He is the medium of correspondence between the President and the chief 
executives of the several states of the United States; he has the custody of the 
Great Seal of the United States. He is regarded as the first in rank among the 
members of the Cabinet. He is the custodian of the treaties made with foreign 
states, and of the laws of the United States. He grants and issues passports, 
and exequaturs to foreign consuls in the United States are issued through his 
office. He publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments to the 
Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission of new states into 
the Union. Salary 512,000. 


Officers of the 

Salary. 


Counsellor.$7,500 

Assistant Secretary. 5,000 

Second Assistant Secretary... . 4,500 

Third Assistant Secretary. 4,500 

Director Consular Service. 4,500 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Solicitor. 5,000 

Chief of Division of Far East¬ 
ern Affairs. 4,500 

Chief of Division of Near East¬ 
ern Affairs. 3,000 

Chief of Division of Mexican 
Affairs. 4,500 


Department. 

Salary. 


Chief of Division of Latin- 

American Affairs. 4,500 

Chief of Division of Informa¬ 
tion....*. 3,000 

Chief of Diplomatic Bureau... 2,250 

Chief of Consular Bureau. 2,250 

Chief of Indexes ahd Archives. 2,100 
Chief of Bureau of Accounts. . 2,300 
Chief of Bureau of Rolls and 

Library. 2,100 

Chief of Bureau of Appoint¬ 
ments. 2,100 


Diplomatic and Consular Service. 

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. 


Country. Salary. 

Argentina.$17,500 

Brazil. 17,500 

Chile. 17,500 

France. 17,500 

Great Britain. 17,500 

Envoys Extraordinary and 

Belgium.$12,000 

Bolivia. 10,000 

Bulgaria. 10,000 

China. 12,000 

Colombia. 10,000 

Costa Rica. 10,000 

Cuba. 12,000 

Denmark. 10,000 

Dominican Republic. 10,000 

Ecuador. 10,000 

Greece. 10,000 

Guatemala. 10,000 

Hayti. 10,000 

Honduras. 10,000 

Netherlands-. 12,000 


Country. Salary. 

Italy.$17,500 

Japan. 17,500 

Mexico. 17,500 

Russia. 17,500 

Turkey. 17,500 

Ministers Plenipotentiary. 

Nicaragua.$10,000 

Norway. 10,000 

Panama. 10,000 

Paraguay. 10,000 

Persia. 10,000 

Peru. 10,000 

Portugal. 10,000 

Roumania and Serbia. 10,000 

Salvador. 10,000 

Siam. 10,000 

Spain. 12,000 

Sweden. 10,000 

Switzerland. 10,000 

Uruguay. 10,000 

Venezuela. 10,000 




























































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


979 


Agents and Consuls-General. 

Egypt.$6,500 | Morocco.$7,500 

There are about 1,100 consular representatives of the United States of the 
several grades abroad. Consuls-general receive salaries of $3,000 to $12,000. 
Consuls, $2,000 to $8,000. Vice-consuls, deputy-consuls, consular assistants, 
and consular agents may receive salaries or fees. 


DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. 

Duties of Secretary of the Treasury. —The Secretary of the Treasury is 
charged by law with the management of the national finances. He prepares 
plans for the improvement of the revenue and for the support of the public 
credit; superintends the collection of the revenue, and directs the forms of 
keeping and rendering public accounts and of making returns; grants warrants 
for all moneys drawn from the treasury in pursuance of appropriations made 
by law, and for the payment of moneys into the treasury; and annually 
submits to Congress estimates of the probable revenues and disbursements of 
the government. He also controls the construction of public buildings; the 
coinage and printing of money; the administration of the life-saving, revenue- 
cutter, and the public health and marine-hospital branches of the public 
service, and furnishes generally such information as may be required by either 
branch of Congress on all matters pertaining to the foregoing. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the 

Salary. 

Four Assistant Secretaries. . . . $5,000 

Chief Clerk. 4,000 

Chief of Appointment Divi¬ 
sion.. ■ • 3,000 

Chief of Bookkeeping Division 4,000 
Chief of Public Moneys Divi¬ 
sion. 3,000 

Chief of Customs Division. . . . 4,500 
Chief of Loans and Currency 

Division... 3,500 

Chief of Stationery and Print¬ 
ing Division. 2,500 

Superintendent of Mails. 2,500 

Captain Com. Coast Guard . . 5,000 

Director of Mint. 5,000 

Supervising Surgeon-General. . 6,000 

Chief of Bureau Engraving and 

Printing.. 6,000 

Supervising Architect. 6,000 

Comptroller of Treasury. 6,000 

Auditor for Treasury. 4,000 

Auditor for War Department. . 4,000 


Department. 

Salary . 

Auditor for Interior Depart¬ 
ment.$4,000' 

Auditor for Navy Department. 4,000 
Auditor for State Depart¬ 
ment, etc. 4,000 

Auditor for Post Office De¬ 
partment. 5,000 

Treasurer of United States... . 8,000 

Assistant Treasurer. 3,600 

Register Treasu „*y •. 4,000 

Deputy Registe r. 2,500 

Comptroller of Currency.. 5,000 

Commissioner of Internal Rev¬ 
enue. 6,500 

Two Deputy Commissioners of 

Internal Revenue. 4,000 

Deputy Commissioner.<^3,600 

Solicitor of Internal Revenue. . 5,000 

Solicitor of Treasury. 5,000 

Chief of Secret Service.. . 4,000 

Chief of Supervising Special 

Agents. 4,500 


DEPARTMENT OF WAR. 

Duties of Secretary of War.— The Secretary of War is head of the War 
Department, and performs such duties as are required of him by law or may oe 
enioined upon him by the President concerning the military service. 

He is charged by law with the supervision of all estimates of appropriations, 
for the expenses of the department, including the military establishments; of 
all purchases of army supplies; of all expenditures for the support, transporta¬ 
tion! and maintenance of the army, and of such expenditures of a civil natu.e 
net mav be placed by Congress under his direction. , 

He alsc?has supervision of the United States Military Academy at W.st 
Point and of military education in the army, of the Board of Ordnance and 
Fortification, of the various battlefield commissions, and of the publication of 
the official Records of the War of the Rebellion. 































980 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


He has charge of all matters relating to national defense and seacoast 
fortifications, army ordnance, river and harbor improvements, the prevention 
of obstruction to navigation, and the establishment of harbor lines; and all 
plans and locations of bridges authorized by Congress to be constructed over 
the navigable waters of the United States require his approval. He also has 
charge of the establishment or abandonment of military posts, and of all matters 
relating to leases, revocable licenses, and all other privileges upon lands under 
the control of the War Department. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 


Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Assistant and Chief Clerk. 4,000 

Chief of Staff. 8,000 

Adjutant-General. 6,000 

Inspecto r- General. 6,000 

Judge Advocate General. 6,000 

Chief Clerk and Solicitor. 2,500 

Quartermaster-General. 8,000 

Provost Marshal General. 8,000 


Salary . 


Surgeon-General.$8,000 

Chief of Militia Bureau. 8,000 

Chief of Engineers. 8,000 

Chief of Ordnance. 8,000 

Chief Signal Officer. 8,000 

Chief of Bureau of Insular 

Affairs. 8,000 

Chief of Coast Artillery. 8,000 


Army Pay Table. 


Grade. 

PAY OF officers in active service. —Yearly pay. 

First 5 
years’ 
service. 

After 5 
years’ 
service. 

After 10 
years’ 
service. 

After 15 
years' 
Service. 

After 20 
years’ 
service. 

Lieutenant-General 

$11,000 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,400 

2,000 

1,700 

10 p. c. 

20 p. c. 

30 p. c. 

40 p. c. 

Maior-General 



. 1 


Brigadier-General 



. i 


Colonel \b) . 

Lieutenant-Colonel (6) . .. . 

Major ( b ) . 

Captain. 

First Lieutenant. 

Second Lieutenant. 

$ 4,400 

3,580 

3,300 

2,640 

2,200 

1,870 

$ 4,800 

4,200 

3,600 

2,880 

2,400 

2,040 

$ 5,000 1 

4,500 
3,900 
3,120 I 
2,600 
2,210 

$5,000 
4,500 
4.000 
3,360 
2,800 
; 2.380 


Grade. 

PAY OF RETIRED OFFICERS. 

—Yearly pay. 

First 5 
years' 
service. 

After 5 
years’ 
service. 

After 10 
years’ 
service. 

After 15 
years’ 
service. 

After 20 
years’ 
service. 

Lieutenant-General 

$8,250 





M ajor-General 

6,000 





Brigadier-General 

4,500 





Colonel (b) . 

3,000 

$3,300.00 

$3,600 

$3,750.00 

$3,750 

Lieutenant-Colonel (b)... . 

2,625 

2,887.50 

3,150 

3,375.00 

3,375 

Major ( b ). 

2,250 

2,475.00 

2,700 

2,924.40 

3,000 

Captain. 

1,800 

1,980.00 

2,160 

2,340.00 

2,520 

First Lieutenant. 

1,500 

1,650.00 

1,800 

1,950.00 

2,100 

Second Lieutenant. 

1,275 

1,402.50 

1,530 

1,657.44 

1,785 


Chaplains have the rank and pay of major, captain and first lieutenant, respectively. 
(b) The maximum pay of a colonel is $5,000, of a lieutenant-colonel $4,500, and 
of a major $4,000. 

Before the war with Germany the monthly pay of a private in the United States Army 
during his first enlistment was $15 per month; non-commissioned officers, from $21 to 
$75. This was increased in 1917 to $33 for privates and from $40.20 to $95 for non¬ 
commissioned officers. 




























































































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


981 


DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Duties of Attorney-General. —The Attorney-General is the head of the 
Department of Justice and the chief law officer of the government. He repre¬ 
sents the United States in matters involving legal questions; he gives “} s 
advice and opinion, when they are required by the President or by the heads 
of the other Executive Departments, on questions of law arising in the adminis¬ 
tration of their respective departments; he appears in the Supreme Court of 
the United States in cases of especial gravity and importance; he exercises a 
general superintendence and direction over United States attorneys and 
marshals in all judicial districts in the states and territories; and he provides 
special counsel for the United States whenever required by any department of 
the government. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the 


Salary. 

Solicitor-General.$10,000 

Assistant to Attorney-General 9,000 
Six Assistant Attorneys-Gen- 

eral.• 7,500 

Solicitor of State Department 5,000 
Solicitor of Department of 

Commerce. 5,000 

Solicitor of Department of 

Labor. 5,000 


Department. 

Salary. 


Solicitor of Department of 

Interior. $5,000 

Solicitor of Post-Office Depart¬ 
ment. 5,000 

Solicitor of Internal Revenue. 5,000 

Solicitor of the Treasury. 5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,500 

Attorney for Pardons. 3,000 

Superintendent of Prisons.... 4,000 


POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Duties of Postmaster-General. —The Postmaster-General has the direction 
and management of the Post-Office Department. He appoints all officers and 
employees of the department, except the four Assistant Postmasters-General 
and the purchasing agent, who are appointed by the President, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate; appoints all postmasters whose com¬ 
pensation does not exceed $1,000; makes postal treaties with foreign govern¬ 
ments, by and with the advice and consent of the President; awards and 
executes contracts, and directs the management of the domestic and foreign 
mail, service. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the 


Salary. 


Chief Clerk.. 

Assistant Chief Clerk. 

Four Assistant Postmasters- 

General . 

Solicitor.'. 

Purchasing Agent- .•••••• 

Superintendent of Division of 

Foreign Mails. 

Appointment Clerk. 

Director of Postal Savings.... 


$4,000 

2,000 

5,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

4,800 


Department. 

Salary. 

Superintendent of Division of 

Money-Orders.$2,750 

Superintendent of Division of 

Postmasters’ Appointments. 3,000 
General Superintendent of Div- 

sion of Railway Mail Service 4,000 
Superintendent of Division of 

Dead Letters. 2,500 

Chief Inspector. 4,000 


DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY. 

Duties of Secretary of the Navy.— The Secretary of the Navy P er f or ™ s 
e.ioVi duties as the President of the United States, who is Commander-in-Chief, 

KW ssxss^ss? oi 

























982 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


Officers of the 

Salary. |* 

Assistant Secretary.15,000 

Chief of Naval Operations. . . . 10,000 
Chief of Yards and Docks. . . . 8,000 

Chief of Ordnance. 6,000 

Chief of Supplies and Accounts 8,000 

Chief of Medicine. 8,000 

Chief of Construction. 6,000 

Chief of Navigation. 6,000 

Engineer-in-Chief. 6,000 

Judge Advocate General. 5^000 


Department. 

Salary. 

President of Naval Examining 

Board.$5,000 

President of Naval Retiring 

Board. 

Chief of Intelligence Office.. . . 5,000 
Superintendent of Naval Obser¬ 
vatory. 5,000 

Director of Nautical Almanac. 4,500 

Hy drographer. 5,000 

Commandant of Marine Corps 8,000 


United States Navy Pay Table. 


Rank. 


first 


Admiral. 

Rear-Admirals, 

nine. 

Rear-Admirals, second 
nine. 


mandant Marine 

Corps. 

Captains. 

Commanders. 

Lieutenant - Comman - 

ders. 

Lieutenants. 

Lieutenants (Junior 

Grade). 

Ensigns. 

Chief Boatswains, Ch’f 
Gunners, Chief Car¬ 
penters, Chief Sail- 

makers . 

Midshipmen (at Naval 
Academy). 


At Sea. 

On Shore 
Duty. 

. $ 14,850 

$ 13,500 

8,800 

8,000 

6,600 

6,000 

6,600 

4,400 

3,850 

6,000 

4,000 

3,500 

3,300 

2,640 

3,000 

2,400 

2,200 

1,870 

2,000 

1,700 

1,870 

1,700 

600 

600 1 


Rank. 


(after 


Midshipmen 

graduation). 

Mates. 

MedicalandPay Direc¬ 
tors and Inspectors 
having the same 

rank at sea. 

Fleet Surgeons and 
Fleet-Paymasters... 
Surgeons and Pay¬ 
masters . 


Chaplains. 


At Sea. 


On Shore 
Duty. 


Professors and 
Engineers. . . 


Civil 


Naval Constructors... 


$ 1,400 
1,500 


4,400 

4,400 

3,300 

2,200 

to 

4,400 

2,640 

to 

4,400 

2,640 

to 

4,400 


$ 1.400 
1,125 


4,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

to 

4,000 

2.400 
to 

4,000 

2.400 
to 

4,000 


"r* , Y wains, gunners, carpenters, sailmakers, pharmacists 

warrant machinists and pay clerks) are paid from $1,500 to $2 400 a year 
Commandants clerks receive from $1,000 to $1,800 a year. 

Vpf . P ® tty °ffipers, from $41 to $83 a month. Artificer class, from $36.20 to $83 
f?sin mU f ianS V and comrnissory branch, $32.60 to $83. Seamen, $35.90 

l°nd fortx moTthTth^eaftTr' * 32 ' 6 ° P " m ° nth the period o£ 

In the Hospital Corps the pay ranges from $35.90 for hospital aoorentices 
second class (recruits, $17.60) to $77 a month for chief pharmacist’s mate! 

mates h firstdass ni f6 S 6 ™ “?■ Submarine Service receive $83; machinist’s 

mates, first class, $66.50; machinists mates, second class, $52 a month All 

a aH«t fnr? a areceiv f a special allowance of $5 a month, besides 
$1 a day for each day the vessel submerges. 

There are two classes in the Naval Flying Corps: mechanics and AW* 
Ratings are for quartermaster mates or machinists’ mates (aviation) 

The war pay of the Marine Corps is from $30 to $75 per month Non- 

“Tear! promoted to the rank with pay varying 

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. 

^o.?!! tie lu 0 lu Secretary . - of the I nter ior.—The Secretary of the Interior is 
thC s . u P ervisl °n of public business relating to patents for inven- 
oo+- pensi fi? s and . bo F n t y lands 5 the public lands and surveys; the Indians- 
th A Geol °g lcal Survey and Reclamation Service; the Hot Springs 
Reservation, Arkansas; Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and the Yo- 






























































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


983 


Semite, Sequoia, and General Grant parks, California, and other national parks; 
distribution of appropriations for agricultural and mechanical colleges m the 
states and territories; and supervision of certain hospitals and eleemosynary 
institutions in the District of Columbia. He also exercises certain powers and 
duties in relation to the territories of the United States. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 

First Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Assistant Secretary. 4,500 

Chief Clerk. 4,000 

Solicitor. 5,000 

commissioner of Land Office.. 5,000 

Assistant Commissioner. 3,500 

Commissioner of Pensions. . . . 5,000 

First Deputy Commissioner of 

Pensions. ■••••• 3,600 

Commissioner of Education. . . 5,000 

Chief Clerk. 2,000 


Salary. 

Commissioner of Indian Affairs $5,000 


Assistant Commissioner. 3,500 

Commissioner of Patents. 5,000 

First Assistant Commissioner. . 4,500 

Assistant Commissioner. 3,500 

Director of Geological Survey. 6,000 

Director of Reclamation Ser¬ 
vice. 7,500 

Director of Bureau of Mines . . 6,000 

Director of National Park 

Service. 4,500 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Duties of Secretary of Agriculture.— The Secretary exercises personal 
supervision of public business relating to the agricultural industry. He appoints 
all the officers and employees of the department with the exception of the 
Assistant Secretary and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who are appointed 
bv the President, and directs the management of all the bureaus, divisions, 
offices, and the Forest Service, embraced in the department. He exercises 
advisory supervision over agricultural experiment stations, which receive aid 
from the National Treasury; has control of the quarantine for im¬ 

ported cattle, of interstate quarantine rendered necessary by sheep and cattle 
diseases and of the inspection of cattle-carrying vessels; and directs the 
inspection of domestic and imported food products under the meat mspertion 
and pure-food and drug laws. He is charged with duty of issuing i^es 
and regulations for the protection, maintenance, and care of the National 
Forest Reserves. He also is charged with carrying into *he Uws pro 

hibiting the transportation by interstate commerce of game killed m violation 
of local laws and excluding from importation haS 

authority to control the importation of other animals. Salary $12,000. 

Officers of the Department 

Salary. 


Three Assistant Secretaries. . . . $5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,500 

Solicitor. 3,000 

Chief of Weather Bureau. 5,000 

Chief of Bureau of Animal In¬ 
dustry. 5,000 

Director of States Relations 

Service. •••••••• 4,500 

Chief of Division of Publica- 

tions . 3,500 

Chief of Division of Accounts. 4,000 

Chief of Bureau of Soils. 4,000 

Chief of Forest Service. 5,000 


Salary. 

Chief of Bureau of Crop Esti- 

mates.. caa 

Chief of Bureau of Entomology 4,500 
Chief of Bureau of Chemistry. . 5,000 

Chief of Bureau Biological Sur¬ 


vey . 

Director of Public Roads. . . 
Chief of Bureau of Markets. 
Chief of Bureau of Plant Indus¬ 


try. 


Chief of Insecticide Baard. . 
Chief of Horticultural Board 


3.500 

4.500 
4,500 

5,000 

4,000 

4,000 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 

manufacturing, shipping fishery, and ^f^nand'management of cor- 
also comprise the investigation of the ^mzation ^^rce; the adminis- 

tration of the Lightiiouse S^vice and the aid and protection to shipping thereby; 































984 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


the taking of the census, and the collection and publication of statistical informa¬ 
tion connected therewith; the making of coast and geodetic surveys; the 
collecting of statistics relating to foreign and domestic commerce; the inspection 
of steamboats, and the enforcement of laws relating thereto for the protection 
of life and property; the supervision of the fisheries as administered by the 
Federal Government; the supervision and control of the Alaskan fur-seal, 
salmon, and other fisheries; the jurisdiction over merchant vessels, their 
registry, licensing, measurement, entry, clearance, transfers, movement of their 
cargoes and passengers, and laws relating thereto, and to seamen of the United 
States; the regulation of the enforcement and execution of the act of Congress 
relating to the equipment of ocean steamers with apparatus and operators 
for wireless communication; the custody, construction, maintenance, and 
application of standards of weights and measurements; the gathering and 
supplying of information regarding industries and markets for the fostering 
of manufacturing; and the formulation (in conjunction with the Secretaries 
of Agriculture and the Treasury) of regulations for the enforcement of the food 
and drugs act of 1906 and the insecticide act of 1910. He has power to call 
upon other departments for statistical data obtained by them; and is vested 
with authority over any bureau, office, officer, board, branch, or division of 
the public service included in the Department of Commerce. 

It is his further duty to make such special investigations and furnish such 
information to the President or Congress as may be required by them on the 
foregoing subject-matters and to make annual reports to Congress upon the 
work of said department. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the 

Salary. 


Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Disbursing Clerk. 3,000 

Commissioner of Lighthouses. . 5,000 

Director of Census. 6,000 

Superintendent of Coast and 

Geodetic Survey. 6,000 

Chief of Bureau of Statistics. . 4,000 
Supervising Inspector-General 

of Steamboat Service. 4,000 


Department. 

Salary. 


Commissioner of Fisheries.... $6,000 
Commissioner of Navigation. . 4,000 
Director, Bureau of Standards 6,000 
Chief of Division of Appoint¬ 
ments. 2,500 

Chief of Division of Supplies 2,100 
Chief of Division of Publica¬ 
tions. 2,500 

Chief of Bureau of Foreign and 

Domestic Commerce. 6,000 


DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 

Duties of Secretary of Labor.— The Secretary of Labor is charged with 
fostering, promoting and developing the welfare of the w'age-earners of the 
United States; improving their working conditions and advancing their oppor¬ 
tunities for profitable employment. He has power to act as mediator and to 
appoint commissioners of conciliation in labor disputes whenever in his judg¬ 
ment the interests of industrial peace may require it to be done. Further, he 
is vested with authority over any bureau, office, officer, board, branch or 
division of public service included in the Department of Labor. Salary $12,000. 

The act creating the Department of Labor, approved March 4, 1913, 
changed the name of the Department of Commerce and Labor to the Depart¬ 
ment of Commerce. Under the terms of this act the Bureau of Labor, Bureau 
of Immigration, Division of Naturalization, and Children’s Bureau were 
detached from the Department of Commerce and Labor and organized as the 
new Department of Labor. 


Officers of the 


Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Solicitor. 5,000 

Chief of Division of Informa¬ 
tion.. 3,500 

Chief of Children’s Bureau.. .. 5,000 


Department. 

Salary. 

Commissioner General of Immi¬ 
gration.$5,000 

Commissioner of Naturalization 5,000 
Commissioner of Labor Sta¬ 
tistics. 5,000 




















HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


985 


INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION. 

The Interstate Commerce Commission is composed of nine members, 
each receiving a salary of $10,000 per annum. The regulating statutes apply 
to all common carriers engaged in the transportation of oil or other commodity, 
except water, and except natural or artificial gas, by means of pipe lines, or 
partly by pipe line and partly by rail, or partly by pipe line and partly by water, 
and to common carriers engaged in the transportation of passengers or property 
wholly by railroad (or partly by railroad and partly by water when both are 
used under a common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous 
carriage or shipment). The statutes apply generally to interstate traffic, 
including import and domestic traffic, and also that which is carried wholly 
within any territory of the United States. Only traffic transported wholly 
within a single state is excepted. 

The Commission has jurisdiction on complaint and after full hearing to 
determine and prescribe reasonable rates, regulations, and practices, and order 
reparation to injured shippers; to require any carriers to cease and desist from 
unjust discrimination or undue or unreasonable preference, and to institute 
and carry on proceedings for enforcement of the law. The Commission may 
also inquire into the management of the business of all common carriers sub^ 
ject to the provisions of the regulating statutes, and it may prescribe the 
accounts, records, and memoranda which shall be kept by the carriers, and 
from time to time inspect the same. The carriers must file annual reports 
with the Commission, and such other reports as may from time to time be 
required. Carriers failing to file and publish all rates and charges, as required 
by law, are prohibited from engaging in interstate transportation, and penal¬ 
ties are provided in the statute for failure on the part of carriers or of shippers 
to observe the rates specified in the published tariffs. 


CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 

The purpose of the civil service act, as declared in its title, is “to regulate 
and improve the civil service of the United States.” It provides for the ap¬ 
pointment of three Commissioners (one at a salary of $4,500, two at $4,000), 
not more than two of whom shall be adherents of the same political party, and 
makes it the duty of the Commission to aid the President, as he may request, 
in preparing suitable rules for carrying the act into effect. The act requires 
that the rules shall provide, among other things, for open competitive exami¬ 
nations for testing the fitness of applications for the classified service, the 
making of appointments from among those passing with highest grades, an 
apportionment of appointments in the departments at Washington among the 
states and territories, a period of probation before absolute appointment and 
the prohibition of the use of official authority to coerce the political action of 
any person or body. 


OTHER IMPORTANT GOVERNMENT OFFICES. 


Salary. 


Public Printer.$5,500 

Secretary of Interstate Com¬ 
merce Commission. 5,000 

Five Members of Federal 

Reserve Board.10,000 

Secretary of Federal Reserve 

Board. 5,000 

Five Members of Federal Trade 

Commission.10,000 

Secretary of Federal Trade 

Commission. .•••.•• 5,000 

Five Members of U. S. Shipping 

Board. 7,500 

Three Members of U. S. Em¬ 
ployees’ Compensation Com¬ 
mission . 4,000 

Commissioner of U. S. Board of 

Mediation and Conciliation. 7,500 


Salary. 


Assistant Commissioner of 

Mediation.$5,000 

President of Civil Service Com¬ 
mission . 4,500 

Two Civil Service Commis¬ 
sioners. 4,000 

Secretary of Civil Service. 2,500 

Librarian of Congress. 6,500 

Assistant Librarian. 4,000 

Commissioners of Fine Arts. .Expenses 
Secretary of Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tution.-. 7,500 

Director-General of Pan-Amer¬ 
ican Union. 7,500 

Four Members of Federal 

Farm Loan Board.10,000 

Assistant Director. 4,000 

Cl? J ef Clerk. 3,000 


64 
























986 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH. 

All legislative powers of the National Government are vested in the Con¬ 
gress of the United States, which consists of a Senate and a House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. Senators and Representatives each receive a salary of $ 7,500 a 
year. The Speaker of the House of Representatives receives $ 12,000 A year. 
They also receive a mileage fee of 20 cents per mile going to and returning 
from each regular session, and an allowance for newspaper, stationery, clerk 
hire and other necessary expenditures. 

Sessions.—A Congress begins on the 4 th day of March in every odd-num¬ 
bered year and continues until the second succeeding 4 th day of March. Such 
“Congress shall assemble at least once in every year.” This meeting is called 
a session, and the regular date for its commencement is the first Monday in 
December. A Congress has thus two sessions. The first, called the “Long 
Session,” commencing on the first Monday in December in an odd-numbered 
year continues until the next succeeding spring or summer. The second, or 
“Short Session,” commencing on the first Monday in December in an even- 
numbered year, continues until the next 4 th day of March. 


SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Senate is composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the 
people thereof, for six years. 

Qualifications.—A Senator must have attained to the age of thirty years 
and have been nine years a citizen of the United States He must be an 
inhabitant of the State for which he is chosen, and cannot hold any civil office 
under the United States during his term of office, nor serve as a Presidential 
Elector. 

Election.—The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United 
States which was ratified by the necessary number of States on April 8 , 1913 , 
transferred the power of electing Senators from the State Legislature to the 
people at the polls. For more than sixty years proposals were made to change 
the Constitution in this manner; but it was noc until June 24 , 1911 , that the 
Senate was induced to give its consent to the change. The original theory in 
establishing the choice of Senators was that they represented the States, whereas 
the members of the house directly represented the people. 

The amendment reads: 

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures. 

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, 
the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies, provided that the Legislature of any State may empower the Execu¬ 
tive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies 
by election as the Legislature may direct. 


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

The House of Representatives is composed of 435 members chosen every 
second year (the even-numbered years) by the people of the several States. 




HOW WE ARE GOVERNED 


987 


Representatives Under Each Apportionment. 


States. 

Constitutional 

apportionment. 

First census, 

1790 . 

Second census, 

1800. 

Third census, 

1810. 

Fourth census, 

1820. 

Fifth census, 

1830. 

Sixth census, 

1840. 

Seventh census, 

1850. 

Eighth census, 

i860. 

Ninth census, 

1870. 

Tenth census, 

1880. 

Eleventh cen¬ 

sus, 1890. 

Twelfth census, 

1900. 

Thirteenth cen¬ 

sus, 1910. 

Alabama. 




I 

3 

5 

7 

7 

6 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 

Arizona. 














1 

Arkansas. 






1 

I 

2 

3 

4 

s 

6 

7 

7 

California. 







2 

2 

3 

4I 

6 

7 

8 

11 

Colorado. 










„ 1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Connecticut. 

S 

7 

7 

7 

6 

6 

4 

4 

4 

~ 4 

4 

4 

S 

S 

Delaware. 

i 

i 

i 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

I 

1 








1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

Georgia. 

3 

2 

4 

6 

7 

9 

8 

8 

7 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 












1 

1 

1 

2 





I 

1 

3 

1 7 

9 

14 

19 

20 

22 

25 

27 





I 

3 

7 

# 

10 

11 

11 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 








2 

2 

6 

9 

11 

11 

11 

11 










1 

3 

7 

8 

8 

8 



2 

6 

10 

12 

13 

10 

10 

9 

1 10 

11 

11 

11 

11 





1 

3 

3 

4 

4 

s 

6 

6 

6 

7 

8 





7 

7 

8 

7 

6 

5 

, 5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Maryland. 

6 

8 

9 

9 

9 

8 

6 

6 


6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

Massachusetts. 

8 

14 

17 

13 

*3 

12 

10 

11 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

Michigan. 






I 

3 

4 

6 

9 

11 

12 

12 

13 

M i trn pccvt. a 








2 

2 

3 

s 

7 

9 

10 

Mississippi ,. 




I 

1 

2 

4 

s 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

Missouri. 





1 

2 

5 

7 

9 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

16 












1 

1 

I 

2 










1 

1 

3 

6 

6 

6 

Nevada. 









1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

New Hampshire. 

3 

4 

S 

6 

6 

5 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

New Jersey. 

4 

S 

6 

6 

6 

6 

S 

5 

S 

7 

7 

8 

10 

12 















1 

New York. 

6 

10 

17 

27 

34 

40 

34 

33 

3 i 

33 

34 

34 

37 

43 

North Carolina. 

S 

10 

12 

13 

13 

13 

9 

8 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 












I 

I 

2 

3 

Oil in . 



i 

6 

14 

19 

21 

21 

19 

20 

21 

21 

21 

22 













S 

8 









1 

1 

1 

I 

2 

2 

3 

Pennsylvania. 

i 

13 

l8 

23 

26 

28 

24 

25 

24 

27 

28 

30 

32 

36 

Rhode Island. 

i 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

South Carolina. 

5 

6 

8 

9 

9 

9 

7 

6 

4 

S 

7 

7 

7 

7 












2 

2 

2 

3 

Tennessee. 


i 

3 

6 

9 

13 

11 

10 

8 

10 

10 

10 

10 

IO 








2 

2 

4 

6 

II 

13 

16 

18 

Utah 












1 

1 

2 

Vermont . 


2 

4 

6 

5 

s 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Virginia . 

10 

19 

22 

23 

22 

21 

IS 

13 

II 

9 

10 

10 

10 

IO 












I 

2 

3 

5 















A 











3 

4 

4 

5 

O 








2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

10 

11 

II 













I 

1 

I 
















Total . 

65 

106 

142 

186 

213 

242 

232 

237 

243 

293 

332 

357 

391 

| 435 


Qualifications.—A Representative must have attained to the age of 
twenty-five years and have been seven years a citizen of the United States. 
He must be an inhabitant of the state from which he is chosen and cannot hold 
any civil office under the United States during his term of office nor serve as a 
Presidential Elector. By custom he is a resident of the district from which 

he ^Election _The number of Representatives to which each state is entitled 

io determined by Congress after each decennial census. Congress has fixed the 
time of their election the “ Tuesday next after the first Monday in November. 






































































































988 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


m every even-numbered year. In states entitled to more than one Repre¬ 
sentative. they are elected by “districts composed of contiguous territory and 
containing as nearly as possible an equal number of inhabitants,” which dis¬ 
tricts are determined and the boundaries fixed by* the legislatures of the States. 
When, in a reapportionment, a state’s representation is increased, the addi¬ 
tional Representatives are chosen by vote of the whole state, until the state is 
redistricted. They are called Representatives or Congressmen-at-Large. 


POWERS OF CONGRESS. 

CIVIL. 

To Raise Revenue. 

(r) By direct taxation, through per capita, land and personal property 
tRX6S. 

(2) By indirect taxation, through duties on imports (specific and ad 
valorem) and excises. 

(3) By borrowing money. 


To Regulate Commerce. 

(1) For eign and domestic: shipping regulations, harbor improvements, 
lighthouses, life-saving stations, licensing pilots, establishing quarantines, etc. 

(2) Domestic: between states and with Indians. 

To Maintain Business Stability. 

(*) Coinage: minting and regulation of coin value (foreign and domestic). 

(2) v\' eights and measures. 

(3) Bankruptcy laws. 


To Regulate Postal Service. 

(1) Foreign : carriage of mails and postage. 

(2) Domestic: post-offices, post-roads and postage. 

To Encourage Science and Useful Arts. 

(1) Patents: caveats and letters patent. 

(2) Copyrights. 

To Define Crimes. 

itions"^ 61 ^^ 01 ^^ : p * racy ’ ^ e ^ on ^ es on the high seas, crimes against the laws 
(2) Territorial: counterfeiting money and securities. 


To Regulate Citizenship. 

By defining citizenship and naturalization. 


To Govern Territory. 

buildings a ^ nC< ^ ^ r ° m states ^ * or forts - magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other 


MILITARY. 

To declare war. To grant letters of marque and reprisal. To make rules 
as to captures on land and at sea. To raise and support armies and navies. 

i«Qi,rrf^? 1Ze an 2 Ca „ out P lhtl . a for executing federal laws, for suppressing 
insurrections and repelling invasions. v ** 




HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


989 


THE JUDICIAL BRANCH. 

The judicial power of the United States is vested in a Supreme Court, 
nine Circuit Courts of Appeal, eighty-three District Courts, a Court of Claims, 
a Court of Customs Appeals and a Commerce Court. Judges of the United 
States courts are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate 
and serve during good behavior. 


THE SUPREME COURT. 

This Court is composed Gf a Chief Justice, salary $15,000, and eight Asso» 
ciate Justices, salary $14,500 each. The Court sits at Washington, and hold 
one session annually, commencing on the second Monday in October. 

THE CIRCUIT COURTS OF APPEAL. 

They are nine in number and were created for the purpose of relieving the 
Supreme Court of certain classes of appeals. For each circuit there are ap¬ 
pointed two or more circuit judges, salary $7,000 each. A Circuit Court of 
Appeals consists of three judges, two of whom form a quorum. It is held by 
the justice of the Supreme Court allotted to that circuit and two circuit judges, 
but a district judge is also competent to act. No judge, however, can hear a 
case in the Circuit Court of Appeal at the trial of which he presided in the 
District Court. 


DISTRICT COURTS. 

Congress has set apart each state as a judicial district, except in case of 
the more populous states, which arc divided into two or more districts. There 
are eighty-three judicial districts in the states and territories. There are one or 
more resident judges in each district and the court is held by a district judge, 
salary $6,000. 


THE COURT OF CLAIMS. 

This Court consists of a Chief Justice, salary $6,500, and five associate 
judges, salary $6,000 each. 

COURT OF CUSTOMS APPEALS. 

Consists of a Presiding Judge and four Associate Judges, each of whom 
shall be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate 
and shall receive a salary of seven thousand dollars a year. The Court sits in 
the several judicial circuits and exercises exclusive appellate jurisdiction to 
review by appeal final decisions by a Board of General Appraisers in all cases as 
to the construction of the law and the facts respecting the classification of 
merchandise and the rate of duty imposed thereon under such classification, 
and the fees and charges connected therewith, and all appealable questions 
as to the jurisdiction of said board, and all appealable questions as to thelaws 
and regulations governing the collection of the customs revenues; and the judg¬ 
ments and decrees of said Court of Customs Appeals shall be final in all such 
cases. 


JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES COURT. 

Supreme Court.—(A Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices). 

Original jurisdiction. 

In cases affecting, 

Ambassadors, consuls. 

Other public ministers. 

When a state is a party. 

Appellate Jurisdiction. . 

Directly from Circuit Courts of Appeal ana D^stiict 
Courts, in cases involving jurisdiction of the court. 


10 



'HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


990 

Supreme Court.—Continued. 

Appellate jurisdiction in cases involving 

Interpretation of Federal Constitution or a 
treaty. 

Application of Federal Constitution to a 
Federal law. 

State constitution. 

State law. 

Froin Circuit Courts of Appeal, the Court of Claims and the 
Commerce Court in all cases in which the decisions are not 
final. 


Inferior Courts of Original Jurisdiction. 

District Courts. (District Judge.) 

Admiralty and maritime cases. 

Cases for penalties and forfeitures. 

Bankruptcy proceedings. 

Crimes. 

Civil actions. 

Infringement of personal rights. 

Cases under the revenue, patent, copyright 
and postal laws. 

Court of Claims. (A Chief Justice and four Associate Justices.) 
Clain^s. 

Founded on a law of Congress: 

Regulation of any executive depart¬ 
ment. 

Contract with the government. 
Referred by either House of Congress: 

Of disbursing officers to be relieved from dis¬ 
ability. 


jCourt of Customs Appeals. 

Cases arising from the collection of customs revenue. 


Of Appellate Jurisdiction. 

Circuit Courts of Appeal. (Justice of Supreme Court, two 
Circuit Judges and a District Judge, or any two of them.) 
Judgments are final in all cases: 

Involving United States or state citizenship. 
Arising under 

Patents and copyrights, 

Revenue laws. 

Crimes. 

Admiralty cases. 

Civil suits less than $ 1,000 


STATE GOVERNMENT. 

The governments of the several states differ from one another, yet strongly 
resemble one another. Each state 

1. Has a popular government. 

2. Has a written Constitution. 

3. Has the three great departments of government—executive, legislative 

and judicial. 

4. Supports a system of public schools. 

5. Provides for a system of local self-government. 

Jv Makes most of the laws that regulate the citizen in his daily pursuits* 




HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


991 


THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

At the head of this department is the Governor, elected by the people, for 
a term of one to four years. It is his duty to see that the laws are executed 
He may call to his assistance judges and sheriffs and, in case of need, the militia 
of the state. When public business is conducted with another state, the 
Governor acts in the name of the state. He sends a message to the legislature 
at the opening of its session, informing it of the conditions throughout the 
state, and in time of pressing need may call the legislature in extra session. 

In many states the Governor has the power to pardon criminals, or com¬ 
mute their punishment. 

Many officers are appointed by the Governor. In some states he appoints 
the judges of the state courts. 

Most of the states elect a Lieutenant-Governor to serve when the Governor 
is unable to be at his post. He acts as the President of the State Senate. 

The Secretary of State, sometimes elected, sometimes appointed by the 
Governor, is the highest clerk of the executive department. 

The State Comptroller or Auditor manages the financial business of the 
state government. 

The State Treasurer is the custodian of the funds of the state, which he 
disburses only on orders from the officers designated by law. 

The Attorney-General is the law officer of the state. 

The Superintendent of Public Instruction is the head of the school system 

of the state. . , . ., 

In addition to these officers, which are found in almost every state there 
are in many states other executive officers and boards whose duties are very 
important, such as 

The Insurance Commissioner. 

The Board of Railroad Commissioners. 

The Inspector of Factories. 

The Liquor License Commissioners. 

The Board of Charities. 

The Board of Health. 

The Tax Commissioner. 

The Board of Pardons. 

The Superintendent of Banks. 

The Board of Medical Examiners. 

The Commissioner of Agriculture. 

The Board of Public Works. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The Legislature of a state is always divided into two branches A Senate 
and a House of Representatives. In some states the lower house is called th* 
Assembly, in others the House of Delegates m New Jersey the General Assem¬ 
bly. In many of the states the whole Legislature is called the General 

Assembly ^ Senate and the lower house are representative bodies. The 
counties or towns and cities are represented in the lower house^according to 
population, determined by a census taken every five or ten years. The state 
is divided into senatorial districts from each of which a senator is elected. 
The minimum age for senators is generally higher than for representatives, 

and Legislature may not pass any law contrary to the Constffution 

of the state nor of the United States. It grants charters for the government 
of cities, boroughs, and villages; and for the organizabon of mhroadcompanies, 
banks, colleges, and many other public and private institutions. 

It makes laws governing the public schools. 

It defines the boundaries of counties and towns. 

It makes laws concerning property, real and personal. 

It makes laws concerning the social relations, marriages, divorces, etc. 

It SakS laws regulating the manner of holding elections and the quahfi- 

cationsof TOtem. raflroadSi and other publ ; c utilities opemting within thejjtate. 

It regulates manufacturing, trading, mining, agriculture, hunting, 
fishing, etc. 




902 


AOW WE ARE GOVERNED 


THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

The lowest court is conducted by a justice of the peace or magistrate, who 
acts in the name of the state. He renders decisions only in small and unim¬ 
portant cases. 

The next court is called the Circuit Court, the District Court, the Superior 
Court, the Supreme Court or the Court of Common Pleas. 

It sits in the court house at the county seat. The same judge may serve 
in several counties. The judges are generally elected, but in some states 
appointed by the Governor. Appeals from the lower court are taken to the 
Supreme Court, or Court of Appeals, the highest court of the state. It usually 
meets at the capital of the state. In some states there is an intermediate 
court between the lower and higher, which hears appeals in certain classes of 
cases. 


The Thirteen Original States. 


States. 

Ratified the Con¬ 
stitution 


States. 

Ratified the Con¬ 
stitution. 

Delaware. 

Pennsylvania. 

New Jersey. 

Georgia. 

Connecticut. 

Massachusetts. 

Maryland. 

1787, Dec. 7. 
1787, Dec. 12. 

1787, Dec. 18. 

1788, Jan. 2. 

1788, Jan. 9. 

1788, Feb. 6. 
1788, April 28. 

, 8 

10 

11 

12 

13 

South Carolina. 

New Hampshire . .. 

Virginia. 

New York. 

North Carolina. 

Rhode Island... 

1788, May 23. 
1788, June 21. 
1788, June 25. 

1788, July 26. 

1789, Nov. 21. 
1790; May 29. 


States Admitted to the 'Onion. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 


States. 


Admitted.* 


Vermont. . 
Kentucky. 
Tennessee. 

Ohio. 

Louisiana. . 
Indiana. . . 
Mississippi. 
Illinois.... 
Alabama.. 
Maine. . . . 
Missouri. . 
Arkansas.. 
Michigan.. 
Florida.... 

Texas. 

Iowa. 

Wisconsin. 
California. 


I79L 

1792, 

1796, 

1803, 

1812, 

1816, 

1817, 

1818, 

1819, 

1820, 

1821, 

1836, 

1837, 
i8 h 5, 

1845, 

1846, 
1848, 
1850, 


March 4. 
June 1. 
June 1. 
Feb. 19. 
April 30. 
Dec. 11. 
Dec. 10. 
Dec. 3. 
Dec. 14. 
March 15. 
Aug. 10. 
June 15. 
Jan. 26. 
March 3. 
Dec. 29. 
Dec. 28. 
May 29. 
Sept. 9. 



States. 

Admitted.* 

19 

Minnesota . 

1858, May 11, 

20 

Oregon. 

1859, Feb. 14. 

21 

Kansas. 

1861, Jan. 29. 

22 

West Virginia. 

1863, June 19. 

23 

Nevada. 

1864, Oct. 31. 

24 

Nebraska. 

1867, March 1. 

25 

Colorado. 

1876, Aug. 1. 

26 

North Dakota. 

1889, Nov. 2. 

27 

South Dakota. 

1889, Nov. 2. 

28 

Montana. 

1889, Nov. 8. 

29 

W ashington. 

1889, Nov. 11. 

30 

Idaho. 

1890, July 3. 

31 

Wyoming. 

1890, July 11. 

32 

Utah. 

1896, Jan. 4. 

33 

Oklahoma. 

1907, Nov. 16. 

34 

New Mexico. 

1912, Jan. 6. 

35 

Arizona . 

1912, Feb. 14. 


*Date when admission took effect is given from U. S. Census reports. In many 
Instances the act of the admission by Congress was passed on a previous date. 


The Territories. 



Territories. 

Organized. 


Territories. 

Organized. 

1 

District of Columbia. 

July 16, 1790— 

2 

District of Alaska. . . 

July 27, 1868. 



Mar. 3, 1791. 

3 

Hawaii. 

June 14, 1900. 


New Possessions.—A government for Porto Rico was established by the Fifty-sixth 
Congress. The Philippines are under a provisional civil government, Guam, Samoa, 
Tutuila and the Virgin Islands under Governors, and the Canal Zone under a Commission, 
all appointed by the President. 























































































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


993 


STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 



Governors. 

Legislatures. 

] 

r'rms of 
Vlemb’s, 

States 

and 

Territories. 


3* 



Salaries of 
Members, 

Years. 

Salaries. ^ 

L, gin l r 

Years. 

Ann. 

or 

Bien. 

Limit 

of 

Session. 

Annual or Per 
Diem, while 
in Session. 

c 

&ena- 

i tors. 

1 _ 

i C/3 

s S 

U c /2 

Alabama. 

$7,500 

4 

Quad. 

Bien. 

50 davs. 

$4 per diem.... 

4 

4 

Alaska. 

7,000 

4 

60 days. 

$15 per diem. . . 

4 

2 

Arizona. 

6,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

|7 per diem.... 

2 

2 

Arkansas. 

4,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$6 per diem.... 

4 

2 

California. 

10,(*)0 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$ 1,000 term .... 

4 

2 

Colorado. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

90 days. 

$1,000 term.... 

4 

2 


5,000 

4,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$300 term. 

2 

2 

Delaware. 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.... 

4 

2 

Florida. 

6,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$6 per diem.... 

4 

2 

Georgi a. 

5,000 

2 

Ann. 

50 days. 

$4 per diem.... 

2 

2 

Hawaii. 

7,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$600 session.... 

4 

2 

Idaho. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 davs. 

$5 per diem.... 

2 

2 

Illinois. 

12,000 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$3,500 session. . 

4 

2 

Indiana. 

8,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$6 per diem.... 

4 

2 

Iowa. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$1,000 session . . 

4 

2 

Kansas. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

50 days. 

$3 per diem.... 

4 

2 

Kentucky. 

6,500 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$10 per diem. . . 

4 

2 

Louisiana. 

7,500 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.... 

4 

4 


2 

Bien. 

90 davs. 

$400 ann. 

2 

2 

Maryland. 

4,500 

4 

Bien. 

90 days. 

$5 per diem.... 

4 

2 

1 

Massachusetts. 

10,000 

1 

Ann. 

None. 

$1,000 ann. 

1 

Michigan . 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$800 session.... 

2 

2 

Minnesota. 

7,000 

2 

Bien. 

90 days. 

$1,000 session . . 

4 

2 

Mississippi. 

4,500 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$500 session... . 

4 

4 

Missouri. 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

70 days. 

$5 per diem.... 

4 

2 

Montana. 

' 7,500 
2,500 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$ 10 per diem. . . 

4 

2 

Nebraska. 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$600 term. 

2 

2 

term. 



Nevada. 

4,000 

3 000 


Bien. 
Bien. 

60 days. 
None. 

4 

2 

4 

2 

$200 term. 

2 

2 


10 000 

3 

Ann. 

None. 

$500 ann. 

3 

1 

New Mexico. 

5,000 

5 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.... 

4 

2 

l 

N ew York. 

10,000 

2 

Ann. 

None. 

$1,500 ann. 

2 

North Carolina. 

6,500 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$4 per diem. .. . 

1 2 

2 

North Dakota. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem. . . . 

4 

2 

Ohio . 

10,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$1,000 ann. 

$6 per diem 
$3 per diem . . . . 

2 


Oklahoma. 

4,500 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

4 

Z 

Oregon . 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

40 days. 

4 

2 

Pennsylvania. 

10,000 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$1,500 session. . 

4 

z 

Philippine Islands. 

Pnrt.o Rico . 

lo,UUU 

10,000 

‘t 

Ann. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem. .. . 
$5 per diem. .. . 

4 


Rhf^c: Island. 

3,000 

3,000 

2 

Ann. 

60 days. 

2 

7 

Smith Carolina. 


Ann. 

40 days. 

poo term. 

4 

2 

Z 

$5 per diem. . . 
$4 per diem . . . 
$5 per diem . .. 
$4 per diem. . . 
$4 per diem. . . 
$480 session.. . 
$5 per diem . . . 
$4 per diem. .. 



South Dakota. 

3,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

2 

l 

Tpnn^ee . 

4,000 

2 

Bien. 

75 days. 

~ 

Z 

Texas. 

Utah . 

4,000 

4,000 

2 

4 

Bien. 

Bien. 

60 days. 
60 days. 

4 

4 

z 

2 

Vermont . 

3,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

Z 

z 

Virginia. 

Washington . 

5,000 

6,000 

4 

4 

Bien. 

Bien. 

60 days. 
60 days. 

4 

. 4 

z 

2 

West Virginia. . .. . . 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

45 days. 

. 4 

4 

1 

2 


5.000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

40 days. 

an Li. 

$8 per diem . . . 


o 

Wyoming. 

4,000 

4 

Bien. 

. 4 

z 


GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The municipal government of the District of Columbia is vested by act of 
Congress approved June 11, 1878, in three Commissioners, two of whom are 
appointed by the President from citizens of the District _ having had three 
years’ residence therein immediately preceding that appointment, and con¬ 
firmed bv the Senate. The other Commissioner is detailed by the President 
of the United States from the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army. 























































































































994 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


and must have lineal rank senior to captain, or be a captain who has served at 
least fifteen years in the Corps of Engineers of the Army. The Commissioners 
appoint the subordinate official service of said government, except the Board 
of Education, which is appointed by the Supreme Court of the District of 
Columbia. 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 

THE COUNTY. 

Every state and territory is divided into counties (in Louisiana called 
parishes). In the Southern States and in many of the western states the 
county—outside of towns and cities—assumes most of the functions of local 
government. Each county has a county seat where the public business is 
transacted. Most of this business is done by a Board of County Commissioners 
or Supervisors, called in some states the county c*ourt; in others the levy 
court, because it levies the taxes. There are no County Commissioners in 
Rhode Island. 

As a rule the County Commissioners 

Fix the rate of taxation for the county. 

Appropriate money for the payment of the salaries of county officers 
and to meet the other expenses of county government. 

Make contracts for building and repairing roads and bridges. 

Appoint subordinate county officials. 

Represent the county in the courts when it is sued for damages. 

At every county seat one or more judges sit for the trial of cases. These 
judges are generally state officers, but they receive the assistance of several 
county officers. 

The Sheriff carries out the orders of the judge. He has the custody of 
prisoners, executes the death penalty, sells property, and preserves peace 
and order. When necessary he may call to his aid deputies or helpers. 

The Prosecuting Attorney, called also the State’s Attorney, the District 
Attorney, the County Attorney, or the Solicitor, appears in the county court 
and presents the case against a criminal. 

The Coroner takes charge of the body of a person found dead or who dies 
mysteriously, and inquires into the cause of death. If foul play is suspected, 
he impanels a jury and holds an “inquest.” In some states in case of a va¬ 
cancy by death, resignation or inability to act of the sheriff he assumes the 
duties of that office. 

The Clerk of the County Court or Prothonotary keeps the records of the 
county court. In some states he keeps a record of deeds and mortgages, 
issues marriage certificates and records births and deaths. 

Above officers are found in almost every state; in many states there are also 

The County Treasurer. 

The County Auditor. 

The County Assessors. 

The County Tax Collectors. 

The Register or Recorder of Deeds. 

The Superintendent of Schools. 

The Probate or Orphans’ Court.— In Georgia the judge of this court is 
called “Ordinary;” in New York and New Jersey “ Surrogate.” 

THE TOWNSHIP. 

In the Middle Atlantic and Middle Western States, townslyp government 
is organized. It usually supports public schools, cares for public roads, and helps 
the poor. In many states it levies and collects taxes for these purposes. The 
township officers vary greatly in different states. The more usual ones are 

The Supervisor or Trustee, who cares for roads and bridges. 

The School Directors, who control the public schools. 

The Township Clerk. 

The Assessors. 

The Tax Collector. 

The Auditors. 

The Constable, who assists the justice of the peace and is the peace offices 
©f the township. 

The Overseers of the Poor. 



HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


995 


THE TOWN. 

The town is characteristic of New England. Its most important 
feature is the town meeting, of all citizens, usually held once a year in the 
town hall. At this meeting the rate of taxation is fixed, money is appro¬ 
priated, by-laws are passed and officers are elected. The principal officers are 

The Selectmen who carry into effect the measures adopted at the town 
meeting. 

The Town Clerk, who keeps the records. 

The Assessors. 

The Tax Collector. 

The Town Treasurer. 

The Overseers of the Poor. 

The Constable. 

The Surveyor of Highways, who keeps roads and bridges m repair. 

The Fence Viewers, who settle disputes over boundaries. 

The Field Driver or Pound Keeper, who takes charge of stray animals. 

THE VILLAGE OR BOROUGH. 

In thickly settled communities, a village is organized under a charter 
from the state. It usually has a President or Mayor or Chief Burgess and a body 
of Trustees, Commissioners, Councilmen or Burgesses, who pass local laws or 
ordinances, levy taxes, and provide for police and fire protection, street pav¬ 
ing, sewerage, etc.; and School Directors, who provide for the needs of the 
schools. It may also have a Clerk, a Treasurer, Assessors, a Tax Collector, a 
Constable, and a Street Commissioner. 


THE CITY. 

When the village or borough grows to a large size, it becomes a city. 

It is still organized under a charter from the state, but with broader 
functions and greater powers. The city always has two departments execu¬ 
tive and legislative—the judicial department being a part of the state govem- 

The Mayor is the executive officer of the city. His powers and functions 
vary greatlv. He is nearly always elected by the people, but m a few cases 
chosen by 'City Council. His term of office varies from one to four years. 
His chief dutv is to carry out the ordinances of Council. In most cities he can 
veto an ordinance, but it can be passed over his veto by a two-thirds or three- 

^° Urt Thebusiness of a city is usually carried on by departments such as: 

The Department of Police, with police commissioners. 

The Department of Highways, with a street commissioner and engineer 

or su ^ y< g e p artment of Public Safety, with fire and health commissioners; 

building, boiler and plumbing inspectors. 

The Department of Charities, with overseers of the poor. 

The Department of Education, with school commissioners. 

The Department of Parks, with park commissioners. 

The Department of Finance, with an auditor or comptroller. 

The Department of Law, with a city solicitor or corporation counsel. 

The City Council is the legislative department of the city. In large cities 
it often hS tVoTanches, whole member/are called 

These members are usually elected by wards. They-meet m the C.ty HaU^nd 
make laws called ordinances, for the government of the city, lheir powers 
Td limStilns are defined by the city charter and the laws passed by the 

S1 ^'' t he ? Co mm ission Plan.—In many cities throughout all the several states 
of the Union the “Commission” plan of city government has been adopted. 
The commission consists of a Mayor and a small bodyofCuncilmenor Alder- 
ApS each the head of a department, and all elected by the whole body of 
voters without regard to wards or precincts and usually without regard 
party. The commission both makes the laws and executes them. The I Ia> or 
fs Chairman of the Commission but does not have the veto power. 





OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

In Congress July 4 , 1776 . 

The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America- 
When m the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to 
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which 
the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitles them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
tn^ni to tlic S6p^r3,tion« 

hold th !f e tr ^ 1 ? S be self-evident, that all men are created equal, 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that 

tw g v5tfr re Llfe ' L i berty - an< * the Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure 
these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government 
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to 
abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such 

EJSS P °™ e ? T in such form > as to them shall seem most 

likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate 
that Governments long established should not be changed for light and tran- 

““i a £ C ° rdl ^, ly al M ex P erience bath shewn, that mankind are 

more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evit ces a design 
to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 
throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the 
necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. 
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all haying m direct object the establishment of an absolute 
Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Faits be submitted to a candid 
world. 

for t^publicgood 4 ^ ASS6nt t0 LaWS ’ the mOSt wholesome and necessary 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be 
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in 
the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. 

, “r® has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with 
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected, whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have 
returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the 
meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions 
withm. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new 
Appropriations of Lands 

( r ,. 



v)UR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


997 


He lias obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent 
to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of 
Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the 
Consent of our legislature. . 

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the 

Civil power. . . . ,. _ , . . 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts 
of pretended Legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. 

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders 
yhich they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: 

For depriving us in raanv cases of the benefits of Trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, 
establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries 
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
sajr .3 absolute rule into these Colonies: T 

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, ana 
altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: . 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection 


and waging War against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and 

destroyed the lives of our people. , , . . . 

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with 
circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-Citizens taken cap five on the high Seas to 
bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends 
and Brethren, or to fail themselves by their Hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and 


In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the 
most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus Marked by every act 
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We 
have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend 
an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded tham of the <nr- 
cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. WeL a PP e jb d ti “ 

their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties 
of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would me Y^ ab Jy 
interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must therefore, acquiesce in 
the necessity which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the 
rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends 

We therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, 
jn General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by authority of 
the good People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That these 
United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States 
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all 





998 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought 
to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they 
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish 
Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States 
may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of Divine Providence, We mutually pledge to each other our 
Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. 


SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION CF INDEPENDENCE. 


Name. 


Adams, John. 

Adams, Samuel. 

Bartlett, Josiah. 

Braxton, Carter. 

Carroll, Charles. 

Chase, Samuel. 

Clark, Abraham. 

Clymer, George. 

Ellery, William. 

Floyd, William. 

Franklin, Benjamin... 

Gerry, Elbridge. 

Gwinnett, Button. 

Hancock, John. 

Hall, Lyman. 

Harrison, Benj. 

Hart. John. 

Hewes, Joseph. 

Heyward, Jr., Thos. .. 

Hooper, Wm. 

Hopkins, Steph. 

Hopkinson, Francis.. . 
Huntington, Samuel .. 

i efferson, Thomas. 

,ee, Richard Henry... 
Lee, Francis Lightfoot. 

Lewis, Francis. 

Livingston, Philip. 

Lynch, Jr., Thos. 

M’Kean, Thos. 

Middleton. Arthur. . . . 

Morris, Lewis. 

Morris, Robert. 

Morton, John. 

Nelson, Jr., Thos. 

Paca, William. 

Paine, Robert Treat.... 

Penn,John. 

Read, George. 

Rodney, Caesar. 

Ross, George. 

Rush, Benjamin. 

Rutledge, Edward. . .. 

Sherman, Roger. 

Smith, James. 

Stockton, Richard. . .. 

Stone, Thos. 

Taylor, George. 

Thornton, Matthew.. . 

Walton, George. 

Whipple, William.. ,. 

Williams, WiWiam. 

Wilson, James. 

Witherspoon, John... . 

Wolcott, Oliver. 

Wythe, George. 


Colony 

Occupation. 

Bom 


Lawver. 


Mass.. . 

Merchant... . 

1722 

N. H... 

Physician... . 

1729 

Va. 

Planter. 


Md. 

Lawyer. 

I 7 S 7 

Md. 

Lawyer. 

1741 

N. J.... 

Lawver. 

1726 

Penn.. 

Merchant... . 

1739 

R. I... . 

Lawyer. 

1727 

N. Y... 

Farmer. 

1734 

Penn.... 

Printer. 

1706 


Merchant... . 

1744 

Ga. 

Merchant... . 

17 32 


Merchant... . 

1737 

Ga. 

Physician... . 

1731 

Va. 

Farmer. 


N. J.... 

Farmer. 

1715 

N. C.... 

Lawyer. 

173 c 

S. C... . 

Lawyer. 

1746 

N. C.... 

Lawyer. 

1742 

R.I... 

Farmer. 

1707 

N. J.... 

Lawyer. 

1737 

Conn.... 

Lawyer. 

1732 

Va. 

Lawver. 


Va. 

Soldier. 


Va. 

Farmer. 


N. Y... 

Merchant... . 

1713 

N. Y... 

Merchant... . 

1716 

S. C.... 

Lawyer. 

1749 

Del. 

Lawyer. 

1734 

S. C... . 

Lawyer. 

1743 

N. Y.... 

Farmer. 

1726 

Penn.... 

Merchant... . 

1734 

Penn.... 

Surveyor. 

1724 

Va. 

Statesman.. . 

1738 

Md. . . . 

Lawyer. 

1740 

Mass.. . 

Lawyer. 

1731 

N. C.... 

Lawyer. 

1741 

Del. 

Lawyer. 

1734 

Del.... . 

General. 

17 30 

Penn... 

Lawyer. 

1730 

Penn.... 

Physician... . 

1745 

S. C... . 

Lawyer. 

1749 

Conn.... 

Shoemaker. . 

1721 

Penn.... 

Lawyer. 

1710 

N. J.... 

Lawyer. 

1730 

Md. . . . 

Lawyer. 

1742 

Penn... 

Physician... . 

T yifr 

N. H.... 

Physician... . 

1714 

Ga. 

Lawyer. 

1740 

Conn.... 

Sailor.. 

1730 

Conn.... 

Statesman.. . 

173 I 

Penn.... 

Lawyer. 

1742 

N. J.... 

Minister. 

1722 

Conn.... 

Physician... . 

1726 

Va. 

Lawyer. 

1726 


Birthplace. 


Died. 


•tj 


Braintree, Mass. 

Boston, Mass. 

Amesbury, Mass. 

Newington, Va. 

Annapolis, Md. 

Somerset Co., Md. 

Elizabethtown, N. J.. . . 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Newport, R. I. 

Setauket, N. Y. 

Boston, Mass. 

Marblehead, Mass. 

England. 

Braintree, Mass. 

Connecticut. 

Berkeley, Va. 

Hopewell, N. J. 

Kingston, N. J. 

St. Luke’s, S. C. 

Boston, Mass... 

Scifruate, Mass. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Windham, Conn. 

Shadwell, Va. 

Stratford, Va. 

Stratford, Va. 

LlandafT, Wales. 

Albany, N. Y. 

Prince George’s Co., S. C. 

New London, Pa. 

Middleton PI., S. C. 

Morrisania, N. Y. 

Lancashire, Eng. 

Ridley, Pa. 

York, Va. 

Wye Hall, Md. 

Boston, Mass. 

Caroline Co., Va. 

Cecil Co, Md. 

Dover, Del. 

Newcastle, Del.. 

Berberry, Pa. 

Charleston, S. C. 

Newton, Mass. 

Ireland. 

Princeton, N. J. 

Pointoin Manor, Md... . 

Ireland.. 

Ireland.. 

Frederick Co., Va. 

Kittery, Me. 

Lebanon, Conn. 

St. Andrews, Scotland.. 

Yester, Scotland. 

Windsor, Conn. 

Elizabeth Co., Va. 


1826 

1803 

1795 
1797 
1832 
1811 
1794 

1813 

1820 

1821 

1790 

1814 

1777 

1793 

1784 

1791 

1780 
1779 
1809 

1790 

1785 

1791 

1796 
1826 

1794 

1797 
1803 

1778 

1779 
1817 

1788 

1798 
1806 
1777 

1789 

1799 
1814 
1788 
1798 
1783 
1779 
1813 | 

1800 1 

1793 ! 
1806 1 

1781 
1787 
1781 

1803 

1804 

1785 

1811 

1798 

1794 
1797 
1806 


93 

81 

67 

62 
96 
71 
69 
75 
93 
87 
85 

7 1 
45 
57 

53 
5i 

65 

49 

63 

49 

79 

54 

64 

83 
63 
63 

91 

63 

30 

84 

44 

72 

73 
53 
51 


48 

64 

53 


51 

73 

96 

51 

45 

6S 

89 

64 

55 
81 

56 
73 
72 
80 
































































































































































OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


999 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Preamble. —We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution foi 
the United States of America. 


ARTICLE I. 

Legislative Powers. — Section i. All legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

House of Representatives. — Section II. i. The House of Representa¬ 
tives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of 
the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

Qualifications of Representatives. —2. No person shall be a Representative 
who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Apportionment of Representatives.—3. Representatives and direct taxes 
shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within 
this Union according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to 
service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
Other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after 
the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse¬ 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num¬ 
ber of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 3; Massa¬ 
chusetts, 8; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; 
New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6; 
Virginia, 10; North Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5, and Georgia, 3.* 

Vacancies, How Filled.—4. When vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to 
fill such vacancies. 

Officers, How Appointed. —5. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Senate.— Section III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be com¬ 
posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. .... , . - 

Classification of Senators.— 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be 
into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated 
at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that 
on?'third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna¬ 
tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Execu¬ 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting 01 the 
Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. . „ 

Qualifications of Senators. —3. No person shall be a Senator whp shall no, 
have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of toe 
United. States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 

for which he shall be chosen. TT •. , cm. . , v 

President of the Senate. —4. The Vice-President of the United States sha»i 
be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally 

divided^ Senate shall c hoose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise th» 
office of President of the United States. 


» See Article XIV, Amendments. 





luuu 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


Senate a Court for Trial of Impeachments.—6. The Senate shall have the 
gole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall 
be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
tne Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in Case of Conviction.—7. Judgment in cases of impeachment 
shall not extend further than to removaUfrom office, and disqualification to 
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; 
but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Elections of Senators and Representatives.— Section IV. 1. The times 
places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall 
be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to places of 
choosing Senators. 

Meeting of Congress.—2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless 
they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Organization of Congress.— Section V. 1. Each House shall be the 
judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num¬ 
ber may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attend¬ 
ance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each 
House may provide. 

Rule of Proceedings.—2. Each House .may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the con¬ 
currence of two-thirds expel a member. 

Journals of each House.—3. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro¬ 
ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may 
in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

Adjournment of Congress.—4. Neither House, during the session of Con¬ 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Pay and Privileges of Members.— Section VI. 1. The Senators and Rep¬ 
resentatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, 
except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest 
during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going 
to and returning from the same* and for any speech or debate in either House 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Other Offices Prohibited.—2. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emolu¬ 
ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person 
holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House 
during his continuance in office. 

Revenue Bills.— Section VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall 
originate ia the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other bills. 

How Bills Become Laws.—2. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented 
to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, 
he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall, have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed 
to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall 
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two- 
thirds of that House it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of 
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays and the names of the per¬ 
sons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each 
House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within 




OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1001 


ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 

Approval and Veto Powers of the President. —3. Every order, resolution, or 
vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect shall be 
approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds 
of the Senate and the House of Representatives, according to the rules and 
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Powers Vested in Congress. — Section VIII. 1. The Congress shall have 


power: . 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States, 
but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 

States, and with the Indian tribes. , 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 

subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. . 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign com, and fix 

the standard of weights and measures. ... ... , 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States. 

y. To establish post-offices and post-roads. . 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing tor 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective 
writings and discoveries. 

o. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. • 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 

and offences against the law of nations. . _ , 0 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 

concerning captures on land and water. . . , . .. . 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years. 

13. To provide and maintain a navy. 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces prov _ de ^ calHng forth the militia to execute the laws of the 

Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.. . 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the Unit d. 
States reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, 
and^the^uthority of training the militia according w the discipline prescribed 

by Congress exercige legislation in all cases 

district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of States 

and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of Governmentkv the consent 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places,Plf chased SL er e c t ion of 
of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection or 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dry-docks, and otb^ needful building . 

18 To make all laws which shall be necessary and P r °P® r , for .^fT'^thIf 
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitu- 
SnintL oovemmentof the United States, or in any department or office, 

^Immigrants, how Admitted.-Secnon IX. The :migra 

require it. 

65 




1002 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


Attainder.—3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

Direct Taxes.—4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless i 1 
proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

Regulations Regarding Customs Duties.—5. No tax or duty shall be laid 
on articles exported from any State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue 
to the ports of one State over those of another, nor shall vessels bound to or 
from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

Moneys, how Drawn.—7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but 
in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and 
account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time. 

Titles of Nobility Prohibited.—8. No title of nobility shall be granted by 
the United States. And no person holding any office of profit or trust under 
them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolu¬ 
ment, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, pnnce, or foreign 
state. 

Powers of States Defined.— Section X. 1. No State shall enter into any 
treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin 
money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State, shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, 
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of 
the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control 
of the Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com¬ 
pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 


ARTICLE II. 

Executive Power, in Whom Vested. —Section I. 1. The Executive power 
shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, 
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 

Electors.—2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no 
Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under 
the United States shall be appointed an elector. 

Proceedings of Electors.—Proceedings of the House of Representatives.— 
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for twa 
persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the 
number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, 
sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the 
President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
t ^ 6 ii e ^ ate and H° use Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall 
be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed, and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose 
the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by 
btatas, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum for 
this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, 
^fter the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes 
the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two os 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1003 


more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
Vice-President.* 

Time of Choosing Electors. —4. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which 
day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

Qualifications of the President. —5. No person except a natural-bom 
citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person 
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five 
years and been fouiteen years a resident within the United States. 

Provision in Case of His Disability. —6. In case of the removal of tne Presi¬ 
dent from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring 
what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. 

Salary of the President. —7. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of 
them. 

Oath of the President. —8. Before he enter on the execution of his office 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 

“ I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of 
President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 

Duties of the President. — Section II. 1. The President shall be Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia 
of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; 
he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respec¬ 
tive offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences 
against the United States except in cases of impeachment. 

May Make Treaties, Appoint Ambassadors, Judges, etc. —2 He shall have 
power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, 
provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and 
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro¬ 
vided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law 
vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi¬ 
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

May fill Vacancies. —3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacan¬ 
cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

May make Recommendations to and Convene Congress. — Section III. He 
shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the 
Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; 
he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all 
the officers of the United States. 

How Officers May be Removed. — Section IV. The President, Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on 
impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 
misdemeanors. 


♦This clause is superseded by Article XII, Amendments. 





1004 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


ARTICLE III. 

Judicial Power, How Vested.— Section I. The judicial power of the 
United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts 
as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both 
of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, 
and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall 
not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

To What Cases it Extends.— Section II. i. The judicial power shall ex¬ 
tend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of 
the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and 
consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or 
more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of 
different States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants 
of different. States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, citizens or subjects. 

Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.—2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, 
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
before-mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Con¬ 
gress shall make. 

Rules Respecting Trials.—3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where 
the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within 
any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law 
have directed. 

Treason Defined.— Section III. 1. Treason against the United States 
shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless 
on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

How Punished.—2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish¬ 
ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood 01 
forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Rights of States and Records.— Section I. Full faith and credit shall b* 
given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Privileges of Citizens.— Section II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be 
entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

Executive Requisitions.—2. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, 
shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be 
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crine. 

Laws Regulating Service or Labor.—3. No person held to service or laboi 
in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence 
of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but 
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may 
be due. 

New States, How Formed and Admitted.— Section III. 1. New States 

may be admitted by the Congress into this Union, but no new State shall be 
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be 
formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the 
consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

Power of Congress over Public Lands.—2. The Congress shall have power 
to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory 
or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Con¬ 
stitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, 
or of any particular State. 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1005 


Republican Government Guaranteed. —Section IV. The United States 
shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, 
and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on application of the 
Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), 
against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

Constitution, How Amended.—The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both 
HouSes shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, 
or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, m either case, shall 
be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified 
by the Legislatures of three-fo arths of the several States, or by conventions in 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro¬ 
posed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that 
no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Validity of Debts Recognized.— i. All debts contracted and engagements 
entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against 
the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

Supreme Law of the Land Defined. —2. This Constitution and the laws of 
the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, snail be 
the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bouno there¬ 
by, anything in the Constitution or laws o£ any State to the contrary not¬ 
withstanding. Whom Required and for What.—3. The Senators ana Repre¬ 
sentatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the 
several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constrtu- 
tion; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office 
or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Ratification of the Constitution. —The ratification of the Conventions of 
nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States P res f*t the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of 
America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have G ’j > ': r ^ t § H s J$g : TON. 
names Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia. 

amendments to the constitution. 

Articles in addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States 

ARTICLE I. 

Religion and Free Speech. —Congress shall make no law respecting an 

of t P h“ ; i ***™&^£& peaceably^© 
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

■DicrV,* tft Rear Arms —A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
seenri^ of I frl state.The right of thl people to keep and beer arms shall not 

be infringed. 





1006 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


ARTICLE III 

Soldiers in Time of Peace. —No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
;n any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Right of Search. —The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

Capital Crimes and Arrest Therefor. —No person shall be held to answer for 

a capital or other infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of i 
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in tihe militia, 
when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be de¬ 
prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Right to Speedy Trial. —In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State 
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to 
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the 
assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Trial by Jury. —In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a iurv shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive Bail. —Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

Enumeration of Rights. —The enumeration in the Constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

Reserved Rights of States.— The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, c-e reserved to the 
States respectively, or to tne people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

Judicial Power. —The judicial power of the United States shall not be con¬ 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects 
of any foreign State. J 

ARTICLE XII. 

Electors in Presidential Elections.— The electors shall meet in their re¬ 
spective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of 
whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves: 
they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct 
ballots the oerson voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


1007 


lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice^ 
President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in 
the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number 
of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of 
those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme¬ 
diately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the 
case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person 
having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, 
and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list 
tbo Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally 
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of 
the United States. 


ARTICLE XIII. 

Slavery Prohibited. — i. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis¬ 
lation. 


ARTICLE XIV. 

Protection for all Citizens. —i. All persons bom or naturalized in the United 
States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States , 
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due 
process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro¬ 
tection of the laws. . _ . , .. . 

Apportionment of Representatives. —2. Representatives shall be appor¬ 
tioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting 
the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and 
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu¬ 
tive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is 
denied to J any of the male inhabitants of such State, being of twenty-one years of 
age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for 
participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein 
shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age m such State, 
Rebellion Against the United States.— 3. No person shall be a Senator or 
Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or 
hoki any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any 
State who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as 
an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as 
an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by 
a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. TT j ^ 

The Public Debt. —4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 



1008 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay 
any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all 
such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Right of Suffrage.—i. The right of the citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on 
account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of this article 
by appropriate legislation. 


ARTICLE XVI. 

Income Taxes.—The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes 
on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the 
several States and without regard to any census or enumeration. 

ARTICLE XVII. 

Election of Senators.—The Senate of the United States shall be composed 
of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; 
and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
State Legislatures. 

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, 
the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vapancies, provided that the Legislature of any State may empower the 
Executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the 
vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct. 

ARTICLE XVIII. 

Liquor Prohibition.—i. After one year from the ratification of this article, 
the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the 
importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States 
and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is 
hereby prohibited. 

2. The Congress and the several Sta es shall have concurrent power to 
enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as 
an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States, 
as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the 
submission hereof to the States by the Congress, 

ARTICLE XIX 

Woman Suffrage.— 1 . The right of citizens of the United States to vote 
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
account of sex. 

# Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the pro¬ 
visions of this article. 


RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENTS 

Articles I to X were declared in force in 1791 ; Article XI in 1798 ; Article 
XII in 1804 ; Article XIII was proclaimed in December, 1865 ; Article XIV was 
proclaimed in July, 1868 ; Article XV was proclaimed in 1870 ; Article XVI and 
Article XVII were proclaimedin 1913 ; Article XVIII was proclaimed in January, 
1919 , and took effect in 1920 ; Article XIX was proclaimed in 1920 . 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


1009 


WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS 


Extracts from His Address Counselling the Maintenance of the Union.—Con¬ 
finement of the General Government to its Constitutional Limitations, 
and Avoidance of Relations with Foreign Political Affairs. 


To the People of the United States on His Approaching Retire¬ 
ment from the Presidency. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare, which 
cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger natural to that 
solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your solemn 
contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent review some sentiments, 
which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and 
which appear to me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a 
people. These will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as you can only 
see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly 
have no personal motive to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an encourage¬ 
ment to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not 
dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no 
recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 


Preservation of the Union. 


The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now 
dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real 
independence—the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of 
your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. 
But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, 
much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the 
conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against 
which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly 
and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed—it is of infinite 
moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national 
union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a 
cordial, habitual and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to 
think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; 
watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever 
may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and 
indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any 
portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now 
link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens 
by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate 
your affections. The name of America, which belongs to you in your national 
capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appella¬ 
tion derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of differences, you 
have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, 
in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; the independence and 
liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common 
dangers, sufferings, and successes. 


Encroachments by the Government. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free country, 
should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration, to confine 
themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding m the 
exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach upon another. Ihe 
spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the pov/ers of all the departments 
in one and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. 
A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it which pre¬ 
dominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this 
position The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power. 



1010 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


by dividing and distributing it into different depositorios, and constituting each 
the guardian of the public weal, against invasions by the others, has been 
evinced by experiments, ancient and modern; some of them in our own country 
and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute 
them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the 
constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an 
amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no 
change or usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of 
good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. 
The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent evil, any partial 
or transient benefit, which the use can, at any time yield. 

Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and 
harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be 
that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, en¬ 
lightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the 
magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted 
justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of times and things, 
the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which 
might be lost by a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not 
connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, 
at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. 
Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices? 

Entanglements with Foreign Powers. 

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, 
fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to constantly awake; since 
history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful 
foes of republican government. But that jealousy to be useful, must be im¬ 
partial; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, 
instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and 
excessive dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only 
on one side, and serve to veil, and even second, the arts of influence on the other. 
Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become 
suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and con¬ 
fidence of the people, to surrender their interests. 

The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations, is, in extend¬ 
ing our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as 
possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled 
with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very 
remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the 
causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it 
must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordinary 
vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her 
friendships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a 
different course. If we remain one people under an efficient government, the 
period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; 
when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any 
time resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, 
under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard 
the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, 
guided by justice, shall counsel. 

Parting Counsels. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate 
friend, I dare not hope that they will make the strong and lasting impression 
I could wish; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent 
our nation from running the course which hitherto has marked the destiny of 
nations; but if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some 
partial benefit; some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to 
moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


1011 


intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope 
will be full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have 
been dictated. 

United States, September 17, 1796. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 


LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG SPEECH 

Address at the Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery, November 19, 1863. 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this conti¬ 
nent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that 
all men are created equal. 

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or 
any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a 
great battlefield of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final 
resting-place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It 
is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 

But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot 
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have 
consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note 
nor long remember what we say here but it can never forget what they did here. 
It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that 
they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated 
to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take 
increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure 
of devotion; that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died m 
vain- that the nation shall under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that 
government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish 
from the earth. 


THE MONROE DOCTRINE 

“ The Monroe doctrine” was enunciated in the following words in President 
Monroe’s message to Congress December 2, 1823: 

“ In the discussions to which this interest has given rise, and in the arrange¬ 
ments by which they may terminate, the occasion has been deemed proper for 
asserting as a principle in which rights and interests of the United States are 
involved that the American continents, by the free and independent condition 
which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as 
subjects for future colonization by any European power. . . . We owe it, 

therefore to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United 
States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on 
their oart to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous 
to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any 
European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the 
governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose 
fndpnendence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowl¬ 
edged we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them 
or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any European power in any 
other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the 

United States.” 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 


SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF OUR PRESIDENTS. 

George Washington, born February 22, 1732 (of English paternal ances¬ 
try. Father, Augustine Washington, a planter, m. Mary Ball), near Bridges 
Creek, Westmoreland County, Va. He did not go to college, but was a sur¬ 
veyor in early life, and in 1759 married Martha (Dandridge) Custis, who was 
born in 1732 and died in 1802. No children were bom to them. He became a 
great soldier, and led the Continental forces to victory in the Revolutionary 
War. Washington was a planter, living at Mount Vernon, Va., when first 
elected President. He was inaugurated in 1789, and his terms of office aggre¬ 
gated 7 years 10 months and 4 days. In politics he was a Federalist and in 
religion an Episcopalian. Washington died at Mount Vernon December 14, 
1799, of pneumonia, in his sixty-seventh year, and was buried at the same place. 

John Adams, bom October 30, 1735 (of English paternal ancestry. Father, 
John Adams, a farmer, m. Susanna Boylston), at Quincy, Norfolk County, Mass. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1755 and was a school teacher for a short time 
after. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, who was born in 1744 and died in 
1818. They had five children, three sons and two daughters. Several years 
after leaving college he studied law. He filled many important positions in the 
Government service and was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1789. 
He was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1797, in his sixty-first 
year, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a Federalist and in 
religion a Congregationalist. He died at Quincy July 4, 1826, of general 
debility, in his ninetieth year, and was buried there. 

Thomas Jefferson, bom April 13, 1743 (of Welsh paternal ancestry. 
Father, Peter Jefferson, a planter, m. Jane Randolph), at Shadwell, Albemarle 
County, Va., He was a student at the College of William and Mary, grad¬ 
uating in 1762. In 1772 he married Martha (Wayles) Skelton, who was bom 
in 1748 and died in 1782. Six children were born to them, one son and five 
daughters. Jefferson took up the study of law and became a great statesmen, 
being Vice-President of the United States from 1797 to 1801. He was inaugu¬ 
rated as President of the United States, in 1801. in his fifty-seventh year, and 
filled the office for two terms (eight years). In politics he was a Republican 
(although the Democratic party of to-day claims lineal descent from President 
Jefferson) and a Liberal in his religious views, Randall, his biographer, declaring 
that he was a believer in Christianity, although not a sectarian. He died at 
Monticello, Va., July 4, 1826, in his sixty-third year, and was buried at the 
same place. 

James Madison, bom March 16, 1751 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, James Madison, a planter, m. Nelly Conway), at Port Conway, King 
George County, Va. He was graduated at Princeton in 1771. In 1794 he 
married Dolly (Payne) Todd, who was bom in 1772 and died in 1849. No 
children were bom to them. Madison was a lawyer and a great statesman 
before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1809, in his fifty- 
seventh year, and served two terms (eight years). In politics he was a Repub¬ 
lican, and in religion an Episcopalian. He died at Montpelier, Va., of genera, 
debility, June 28, 1836, in his eighty-fifth year, and was buried at the same place. 

James Monroe, bom April 28, 1758 (of Scotch paternal ancestry. Father, 
Spence Monroe, a planter, m. Eliza Jones), at Head of Monroe’s Creek, West¬ 
moreland County. Va. He was a student at the College of William and Mary, 
graduating in 1776. In 1786 he married Eliza Kortwright, who was bom u» 

1012 









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POLITICA.. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1013 


i 768 and died in 1830. Two daughters were born to them. He became a 
■oldier, a lawyer and a great statesman, being the author of “The Monroe 
Doctrine.’’ He was inaugurated in 1817, in his fifty-eighth year, and served 
two terms (eight years). In politics he was a Republican and in religion an 
Episcopalian. He died at New York City, of general debility, July 4, 1831, in 
his seventy-third year, and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. 

„ xt.J 0h T 9 ui “ cy Adams > born July ix, 1767 (of English paternal ancestry, 
.bather, John Adams, Lawyer and President of the United States 1797-1801, m. 
Abigail Smith), at Quincy, Norfolk County, Mass. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1787, and in the same year married Louisa Catherine Johnson, who 
was born in 1775 an d died in 1852. They had four children, three sons and one 
daughter. Adams had filled many public offices before his election to the 
Presidency and was a great statesman. He was inaugurated in 1825, in his 
fifty-seventh year, and served one term (four years). He claimed to be a 
Republican, but his doctrines were decidedly Federalists, and political parties 
were disorganized at the time of his election. In religion he was a Congrega¬ 
tionalism He died at Washington, D. C., of paralysis, February 23, 1S48, in 
his eightieth year, and was buried at Qunicy, Mass. 

Andrew Jackson, bom March 15, 1767 (of Scotch-Irish paternal ancestry. 
Father, Andrew Jackson, a farmer, m. Elizabeth Hutchinson), near Cureton’s 
Pond, Union County, N. C. Jackson called himself a South Carolinian, but 
documentary evidence has been published to show that he was born in North 
Carolina. He did not go to college. In 1791 he married Rachel Donelson 
Robards, who was bom in 1767, and died in 1828. No children were bom to 
them. Jackson was a lawyer and statesman when elected President, and was 
inaugurated in 1829 at the age of sixty-one. He served two terms (eight 
years). He was shot at in the Capitol at Washington, January 29, 1835, by a 
house painter named Richard Lawrence, escaping because the pistol of the 
assassin missed fire. In politics he was a Democrat and in religion a Presby¬ 
terian. He died at Hermitage, Tenn., June 8, 1845, of consumption, in his 
seventy-eighth year, and was buried there. 

Martin Van Buren, bom December 5, 1782 (of Dutch paternal ancestry. 
Father, Abraham Van Buren, a farmer, m. Maria Hoes), at Kinderhook, Co¬ 
lumbia County, N. Y. In 1807 he married Hannah Hoes, who was bom in 1783 
and died in 1819. Four sons were born to them. He was a great statesman 
before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1837, at the age 
of fifty-four years, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a 
Democrat, and he belonged to the Reformed Dutch Church. He died at 
Lindenwold, N. Y., of asthmatic catarrh, July 24, 1862, in his seventy-ninth 
year, and was buried at Kinderhook, N. Y. 

William Henry Harrison, bom February 9, 1773 (of English paternal 
nncestry. Father, Benjamin Harrison, statesman, m. Elizabeth Bassett), at 
Berkeley, Charles City County, Va. He was graduated at Hampden-Sydney 
College in 1790, and in 1795 married Anna Symes, who was bom in 1775 and 
died in 1864. They had ten children, six sons and four daughters. In his early 
life Harrison was a great soldier, and subsequently a statesman, but at the time 
of his election to the Presidency he was living quietly as a farmer at North Bend, 
O. In politics he was a Whig and in religion an Episcopalian. He was inaugu¬ 
rated in 1841, in his sixty-eighth year, but died at Washington one month after, 
April 4, 1841, having been ill but a few days of bilious pleurisy. He was buried 
at North Bend, O. 

John Tyler, bom March 29, 1790 (of English paternal ancestry. Father, 
John Tyler, jurist, m. Mary Armistead), at Greenway, Charles City County, 
Va. He was a graduate of the College of William and Mary in the year 1807. 
In 1813 he married Letitia Christian, who was bom in 1790 and died in 1842, 
by whom he had seven children, three sons and four daughters. He was a 
great lawyer and statesman, and being Vice-President of the United States at 
the time of the death of President Harrison he stepped into the Presidential 
vacancy, at the age of fifty-one. He was inaugurated in 1841 and his terra 
of office aggregated 3 years and 11 months. He was married a second time in 




1014 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1844 to Julia Gardiner, who was bom in 1820 and died in 1889, by whom he 
had five sons and two daughters. In politics he was a Democrat and in religion 
an Episcopalian. He died of a bilious attack at Richmond, Va., January 17, 
1862, in his seventy-first year, and was buried at Hollywood Cemetery, Rich¬ 
mond, Va. 

James Knox Polk, bom November 2, 1795 (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, Samuel Polk, farmer, m. Jane Knox), near Pineville, Mecklen¬ 
burg, County, N. C. He was a graduate of the University of North Carolina 
in 1818. In 1824 he married Sarah Childress, who was bom in 1803 and died 
in 1891. No children were born to them. He was a lawyer and already a 
prominent figure in public life when elected to the Presidency, at which time 
he was living at Nashville, Tenn. He was inaugurated in 1845 in his forty- 
ninth year and served on term (four years). In politics he was a Democrat 
and in religion a Presbyterian. He died at Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849, of 
chronic diarrhea, in his fifty-third year, and was buried at Polk Place, Nash¬ 
ville, Tenn. 

Zachary Taylor, bom November 24, 1784 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Richard Taylor, a planter, m. Sarah Strother), near Orange C. H., 
Orange County, Va. He did not go to college, but was a great soldier, and 
became a general in the army. In 1810 he married Margaret Smith who was 
bom in 1788 and died in 1852. They had six children, one son and five daugh¬ 
ters. He lived at Baton Rouge, La., when elected to the Presidency. He was 
inaugurated in 1849, in his sixty-fourth year, but was only 1 year 4 months and 
5 days in office, dying at Washington of a bilious fever on July 9, 1850. He 
was buried at Springfield, five miles from Louisville, Ky. In politics he was 
a Whig, and in religion an Episcopalian. 

Millard Fillmore, bom January 7, 1800 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Nathaniel Fillmore, a farmer, m. Phebe Millard), at Summerhill, Cayuga 
County, N. Y. He did not go to college, but was a tailor in early life, and in 
1826 married Abigail Powers, who was born in 1798 and died ^11853. They 
had two children, one son and one daughter. He was elected Vice-President 
of the United States in 1848, and on the death in office of President Taylor 
became President. He was inaugurated in 1850, in his fiftieth year, and was 
2 years 7 months and 26 days in office. In 1858, after the death of his wife, 
Fillmore married again, his second wife being Caroline (Carmichael) McIntosh, 
who was bom in 1813 and died in 1881. No children were bom to them. In 
politics he was a Whig and in religion a Unitarian. He died at Buffalo, N. Y., 
March 9, 1874, in his seventy-fourth year, of general debility, and was buried 
there in Forest Lawn Cemetery. 

Franklin Pierce, bom November 23, 1804 (of English paternal ancestry, 
’fcather, Benjamin Pierce, a farmer, m. Anna Kendrick), near Hillsborough, Hills¬ 
borough County, N. H. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1824, and in 
1834 married Jane Means Appleton, who was bom in 1806 and died in 1863. 
Three sons were bom to them. He was a lawyer living at Concord, N. H., at 
the time of his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1853, in his 
forty-eighth year, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a 
Democrat and in religion an Episcopalian. He died at Concord, N. H., of 
inflammation of the stomach, October 8, 1869, in his sixty-fourth year, and 
was buried in Minot Lot, Old Cemetery, Concord, N. H. 

James Buchanan, bom April 23, 1791 (of Scotch-Irish paternal ancestry. 
Father, James Buchanan, a merchant, m. Elizabeth Speer), at Cove Gap] 
Franklin County, Pa. He was graduated at Dickinson College in 1809. He 
was a lawyer, and very prominent in public life before his election to the 
Presidency, having filled several high offices. He lived at “Wheatland,” near 
Lancaster, Pa., at the time of his election. He was inaugurated in 1857, in 
his sixty-fifth year, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a 
Democrat, and in religion a Presbyterian. He died at “Wheatland,” of rheu¬ 
matic gout, June 1, 1868, and was buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery. Lan¬ 
caster, Pa. He never married. 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1015 


Abraham Lincoln, born February 12, 1809 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Thomas Lincoln, a farmer, m. Nancy Hanks), near Hodgenville, Hardin 
County, Ky. He did not go to college and in early life was a farm hand. In 
1842 he married Mary Todd, who was bom in 1818 and died in 1882. Four sons 
were bom to them. Lincoln was a successful lawyer living at Springfield, In.# 
at the time of his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1861, in 
his fifty-second year, and was in office 4 years 1 month and 11 days, bemg 
assassinated at Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D. C., April 14, 1865 (at the begin¬ 
ning of his second term), by a pistol shot fired by John Wilkes Booth. It was 
during his administration that the great Civil War took place. In politics he 
was a Republican and in religion a Presbyterian. He was buried in Oak Ridge 
Cemetery, Springfield, Ill. 

Andrew Johnson, bom December 29, 1808 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Jacob Johnson, sexton and constable, m. Mary McDonough), at Raleigh, 
Wake County, N. C. He did not attend college, and in early life was a. tailor. 
In 1827 he married Eliza McCardle, who was bom in 1810 and died m 1870. 
They had five children, three sons and two daughters. Johnson was a states- 
man having filled several high offices before his election to the Vice-Presidency 
of the United States in 1865 at the age of fifty-six. On the assassination of 
President Lincoln in 1865 he became President, which office he filled for 3 years 
10 months and 19 days. In politics he was a Republican, and in religion a 
Methodist. He died at Carter's Depot, Tenn., July 3 i, 1875, in his sixty-sixth 
year, of paralysis, and was buried at Greenville, Tenn. 

Ulysses Simpson Grant, bom April 27, 1822 (of Scotch paternal ancestry. 
Father, Jesse Root Grant, a tanner, m. Harriet Simpson), at Point Pleasant, 
Clermont County, O. He was graduated from West Point Military Academy 
in 1843 and became a great soldier. In 1848 he married Julia Dent, who was 
bom in 1826 and died in 1902. Four children were bom to them, three sons 
and one daughter. Grant was a great general at the time of his election to the 
Presidency, in 1869, at the age of forty-six. which office he filled for two terms 
(eight years). In politics he was a Republican and m religion a Methodist. 
He died at Mount McGregor, N. Y., of cancer, on July 23, 1885, in his sixty- 
third year, and was buried in Riverside Park, New York City, N. Y. 


Rutherford Birchard Hayes, bom October 4, 1822 (of Scotch paternal 
ancestry. Father, Rutherford Hayes, a merchant, m. Sophia Birchard), at 
Delaware, Delaware County, O. He was graduated at Kenyon College in 1842. 
In 1852 he married Lucy Ware Webb, who was bom in 1831 and died in 1889. 
They had eight children, seven sons and one daughter. Hayes was a lawyer 
living in Fremont, O., at the time of his election to the Presidency. He was 
inaugurated in 1877, in his fifty-fourth year, and served one term (four years) 
In politics he was a Republican and in religion a Methodist. He died at 
Fremont, O., January 17, 1893, of paralysis of the heart, in his seventieth year, 
and was buried at Fremont, O. 


Tames Abram Garfield, bom November 19, 1831 (of English paternal 
ancestry. Father, Abram Garfield, a farmer, m. Eliza Ballou) in Orange 
Township, Cuyahoga County, O. He was graduated at Williams College m 
t 8e6, and in 1858 married Lucretia Rudolph, who was born m 1832. l£ e Y 
had five children, four sons and one daughter. He was at first a school teacher 
and afterward studied law; and he held many h.gh public offices before his 
election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1881, in his forty-ninth 
year and filled the office for only six-and- one-half months being shot in the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Depot,Washington, D. C„ July 2 ,88,. by Charl^ Jubs 
Guiteau, and dying from the wounds at Elberon, Long Branch, N. J., Septem¬ 
ber io 1881. In politics he was a Republican, and in religion a member of the 
Church of the Disciples. He was buried at Cleveland, Ohio. 

Chester Alan Arthur, bom October 5. ^3° (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, William Arthur, a clergyman m Mal Y, m .^^°^ e) T ’^ Fai T r ' 
field Franklin County, Vt. He was graduated at Union College m 1848. In 
x8 59 he married Ellen Lewis Herndon, who was bom in 1837 and died in 1880. 
They had two children, one son and one daughter. For a while after gradu- 




1016 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


ating Arthur taught school, at the same time taking up the study of law. He 
was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1880, and, after the death of 
President Garfield by an assassin’s hand, became President of the United 
States. He took the oath of office in 1881, in his fiftieth year, and served 3 
years and months. In politics he was a Republican and in religion an 
Episcopalian. He died at New York City of Bright’s Disease, on November 17, 
1886, in his fifty-sixth year, and was buried in Rural Cemetery, Albany, N. Y, 

Grover Cleveland, bom March 18, 1837 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Richard Falley Cleveland, a clergyman, m. Anna Neal), at Caldwell, 
Essex County, N. J. He did not go to college, but taught school for a short 
time, and afterward began the study of law in a lawyer’s office in Buffalo, N. Y 
He held several public offices in New York State before his election to the 
Presidency in 1884 at the age of forty-seven. He was inaugurated for the 
first time in 1885, and was in office for the full term of four years. He was 
married in 1886 (while in office) to Frances Folsom, who was born in 1864, and 
they had four children, one son and three daughters. In 1892 he was again 
re-elected to the Presidency, and held the office for another term of four years. 
In politics he was a Democrat and in religion a Presbyterian. He died at 
Princeton, N. J., June 24, 1908, of general debility, in his seventy-first yea**, 
and was buried at Princeton, N. J. 

Benjamin Harrison, bom August 20, 1833 (of English paternal ancestry, 
Father, John Scott Harrison, a farmer, m. Elizabeth F. Irwin) at North Bend. 
Hamilton County, O. He was graduated at Miami University in 1853, and in 
the same year married Caroline Lavinia Scott, who was bom in 1832 and died 
in 1892. Two children were bom to them, one son and one daughter. He was 
a lawyer and held many public offices before his election to the Presidency. 
He was inaugurated in 1889 in his fifty-fifth year, and served one term (foui 
years). In politics he was a Republican and in religion a Presbyterian. He 
married a second time in 1896, his wife being Mary Scott, who was bom in 1858. 
One daughter was bom to them. He died at Indianapolis, Ind., on March 13, 
1901, of pneumonia, in his sixty-seventh year, and was buried in Crown Hill 
Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana. 

William McKinley, bom January 29, 1843 (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, William McKinley, iron manufacturer, m. Nancy C. Allison), 
at Niles, Trumbull County, O. In his early years he was a soldier, and latef 
took up the study of law. In 1871 he married Ida Saxton, who was bom in 
1844 and died in 1907. Two daughters were bom to them. McKinley held 
several public offices before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated 
in 1897 at the age of fifty-three years and served the full term of four years. 
He was again re-elected in 1900, but only filled the office 6 months and 4 days, 
being shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, N. Y., on September 6, 
1901, by Louis Czolgosz, dying from his wounds September 14, 1901. In poli¬ 
tics he was a Republican and in religion a Methodist. He was buried at 
Canton, Ohio. 

Theodore Roosevelt, bom October 27, 1858 (of Dutch paternal ancestry. 
Father, Theodore Roosevelt, a merchant, m. Martha Bullock), at New York 
City, N. Y. He was graduated at Harvard in 1880. In 1883 he married Alice 
Lee, who died in 1884. One daughter was bom to them. In 1886 he again, 
married, his second wife being Edith Kermit Carow. They had five children, 
four sons and one daughter. Roosevelt was a great public official and soldier, 
and in 1900 was elected Vice-President of the United States. The assassination 
of President McKinley made him the supreme official of the United States. 
He took the oath of office in 1901, at the age of forty-two, and at the end 
■of his term he was nominated for President in 1904 and elected by the largest 
popular majority any President hitherto had received. He occupied the 
Presidential chair for 7 years 5 months and 18 days. In politics he was a 
Republican, but in 1912 became the leader of a new party called the Pro¬ 
gressive party. He professed the Reformed Dutch religion. Flis death occurred 
Dn January 6, 1919, at the close of the World War, in which his youngest son, 
Quentin, was killed in aerial battle, July 17, 1918. 

William Howard Taft, born September 15, 1857 (of English paternal 
jmcestry. Father, Alphonso Taft, a lawyer, m. Louise M. Torrey), at Ci»~ 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1017 


cinnati, Ohio. He graduated from Yale in 1878, and later studied law at the 
University of Cincinnati. In 1886 he married Helen Herron. .Three children 
were born to them, two sons and one daughter. He introduced civil government 
in the Philippines and in 1907 was present at the opening of the Legislative 
Assembly there. He was inaugurated as President of the United States in 
1909, at the age of fifty-one. In politics he was a Republican, and in religion 
a Unitarian. 

Woodrow Wilson, born December 28, 1856 (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, Joseph R. Wilson, a clergyman, m. Janet Woodrow), at 
Staunton, Va. He took a bachelor’s degree from Princeton University m 1879 
and a doctor’s degree from Johns Hopkins in 1886. In 1885 he married Ellen 
Louise Axson, who died in 1914; the following year he married Mrs. Norman 
Galt, born Edith Bolling. He was president of Princeton University 19OMO, 
and Governor of New Jersey,' 1910-13. He was inaugurated President of the 
United States in 1913, at the age of fifty-six, and re-elected in 1916. It was 
during his administration the European war broke out, m 1914, the United 
States entering the war April 6 , 1917- He announced the end of the war 
November 11, 1918. In politics he is a Democrat and in religion a Presbytei ian.. 

66 




1018 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 

Birthplace. v 

Year. 

Resi¬ 

dence. 

Politics. 

Died. 

Age 

at 

Death 

1 

John Adams. 

Quincy, Mass. 

1735 

\f a ss 

Fpd 

1 

on 

2 

Thomas Jefferson. . 

Shadwell, Va. 

1743 

Va' 


1836 


3 

Aaron Burr. 

Newark, N. J. 

1756 

N Y 


1 fi^A 

fin 

4 

George Clinton.... 

Ulster Co., N. Y. 

1739 

n. y. ;; 

Rep... 

1812 

73 

5 

Elbridge Gerry.... 

Marblehead, Mass. . 

1744 

Mass. .. 

Rep.... 

1814 

70 

6 

D. D. Tompkins... 

Scarsdale, N. Y. 

1774 

. N. Y.. . 

Rep... 

1825 

51 

7 

John C. Calhoun.. . 

Abbeville, S. C. 

1782 

r s. C.... 

Rep.... 

1850 

68 

8 

M. Van Buren. 

Kinderhook, N. Y . 

1782 

N. Y.. . 

Dem. . . 

1862 

79 

9 

R. M. Johnson.... 

Louisville, Ky. 

1780 

Ky.... 


1850 

70 

10 

John Tyler. 

Green way, Va. 

1790 

Va.. 

I)pm 

1862 

79 

11 

George M. Dallas.. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

1792 

Pa. . . . 

Dem. . . 

1864 

4 a 

72 

12 

Millard Fillmore... 

Summerhill, N. Y. 

1800 

N. Y.. . 

Whig... 

1874 

74 

13 

William M. King. . 

Sampson Co., N. C ... 

1786 

Ala. . .. 

Dem. . . 

1853 

67 

14 

J. C. Breckinridge. 

Lexington, Ky. 

1821 

Ky. 

Dpm 

1875 

54 

15 

Hannibal Hamlin. . 

Paris, Me!. 

1809 

Me.... 

Rep.... 

1891 

81 

16 

Andrew Johnson. .. 

Raleigh. N. C. 

1808 

Tenn... 

Rep.... 

1875 

66 

17 

Schuyler Colfax.. 

New York City, N. Y. 

1823 

Ind. . . . 

Rep.... 

1885 

62 

18 

Henry Wilson. 

Farmington, N. H. ... 

1812 

Mass... 

Rep.... 

1875 

63 

19 

W. A. Wheeler.... 

Malone, N. Y. 

1819 

N. Y.. . 

Rep.... 

1887 

68 

20 

C. A. Arthur. 

Fairfield, Vt. 

1830 

N. Y 

Rpp 

1886 

56 

21 

T. A. Hendricks. . . 

Muskingum Co., O_ 

1819 

Ind.... 

Dem. . . 

1885 

66 

22 

Levi P. Morton_ 

Shoreman, Vt. 

1824 

N. Y.. . 

Rep.... 



23 

A. E. Stevenson. . . 

Christian Co., Ky. 

1835 

Ill. 

Dem. . . 

i9i4 

79 

24 

G. A. Hobart. 

Long Branch. N. J... . 

1844 

N. J. . . 

Rep. . . . 

1899 

55 

25 

Theo. Roosevelt. .. 

New York City, N. Y. 

1858 

N. Y.. . 

Rep.... 

1919 

60 

26 

C. W. Fairbanks... 

Unionville Center, O . . 

1852 

Ind.... 

Rep.... 

1918 

66 

27 

J. S. Sherman. 

Utica, N. Y. 

1855 

N. Y.. . 

Rep.... 

1912 

57 

2S 

T. R. Marshall.... 

N. Manchester, Ind.. . 

1854 

Ind.... 

Dem... 




NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted 
to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Section 2, 165-74 of 
the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by Chapter 3593 of the 
Acts of the First Session of the 59th Congress and Chapter 2534 of the Acts of 
the Second Session of the 59th Congress. 


Declaration of Intentions. 

. The alien must declare upon oath before a circuit or district court of the 
United States or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of 
record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, 
of which he is a resident, two years at least prior to his admission that it is bona 
tide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce 
orever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particu¬ 
larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject. 


Petition on Application for Admission. 

\ 

* At the time of his application for admission, which must not be less than 
two years nor more than seven years after such declaration of intention he 
shall make and file a petition in writing, signed by himself (and duly verified 
by the affidavits of two credible witnesses who are citizens of the United States 






















































POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1019 


and who shall state that they have personally known him to be a resident of the 
United States at least five years continuously, and of the State or district at 
least one year previously), in one of the courts above specified, that it is his 
intention to become a citizen and reside permanently in the United States, that 
he is not a disbeliever in organized government or a believer in polygamy, and 
that he absolutely and forever renounces all allegiance and fidelity to any 
foreign country of which he may at any time of filing his petition be a citizen 
or subject 

Conditions for Citizenship. 

He shall, before his final admission to citizenship, declare on oath in open 
court that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he 
absolutely and entirely renounces all foreign allegiance. If it shall appear to 
the satisfaction of the court that immediately preceding the date of his applica¬ 
tion he has resided continuously within the United States five years at least, 
and within the State or Territory where such court is held one year at least, 
and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States and well 
disposed to the good order and happiness of the same, he may be admitted to 
citizenship. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility 
he must make an express renunciation of the same. No person who believes in 
or is affiliated with any organization teaching opposition to organized govern¬ 
ment or who advocates or teaches the duty of unlawfully assaulting or killing 
any officer of any organized government because of his official character, shall 
be naturalized. No alien shall be naturalized who cannot speak the English 
language. An alien soldier of the United States Army of good character may 
be admitted to citizenship on one year’s previous residence. Any alien in the 
United States navy or marine corps, who has served five consecutive years m 
the United States navy or one enlistment in the United States marine corps, 
and honorably discharged, shall be admitted to citizenship upon his petition, 
without any previous declaration of his intention to become a citizen. _A^Y 
American woman that marries a foreigner shall take the nationality of her 
husband. At the termination of the marital relation she may resume her 
American citizenship, if abroad by registering as an American citizen within 
one vear with a consul of the United States, or by returning to reside in the 
United States, or, if residing in the United States at the termination of the 
marital relation, by continuing to reside therein. 


Minors. 

An alien minor may take out his first papers on attaining the age of 
eighteen years, but he can only become a citizen after having his first papers at 
least two years, and having resided within the United States five years, and 
after having attained the age of twenty-one years. 

The children of persons who have been duly naturalized being under age 
of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if 
dwelling in the United States be considered as citizens thereof, 

The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the Unitetf 
States are, though bom out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, 
considered as citizens thereof. Provided. That s ^ c ^..” at 'f®l““” i de<l 

resumption takes place during the mmonty of such child And povldea 

further That the citizenship of such minor child shall begin at the ™™ e . 
minofchild begins to reside permanently in the United. States. All children 
outside the limits of the United States who are citizens thereof and wh 
continueto reside outside the United States shall in order to receive the pro 
tection of this Government, be required upon reaching the age of eighteen yeare 
to record at an American consulate their intention to become residentsi and 
remain citizens of the United States, and shall be further required to take the 
oathof allegiance to the United States upon attaining tneir majority. 


Chinese. 

The naturalization of Chinamen is expressly prohibited by Sec 
*a6. Laws of 1882. 


14 ,. Chap 




1020 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Protection Abroad to Naturalized Citizens. 

Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that 
w all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are 
entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of 
persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens. But when a 
naturalized citizen shall have resided for two years in the foreign State from 
which he came, it shall be presumed that he has ceased to be an American 
citizen, and his place of general abode shall be deemed his place of residence 
during the said years. ” It is provided that such a presumption may be over¬ 
come on the presentation of satisfactory evidence before a diplomatic or consular 
officer of the United States. No American citizen shall be allowed to ex¬ 
patriate himself while this country is at war. Any American citizen shall be 
deemed to have expatriated himself when he has been naturalized in any 
foreign State in conformity with its laws, or when he has taken an oath of 
allegiance to any foreign State. 


THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE 

. The States have the right to say who shall vote, and who shall not, and for 
a time this right was unabridged, but the Federal government, by amendments 
to-the Constitution, has circumscribed this right to the extent that the privilege 
of voting must not be denied on account of race or color (Fifteenth Amend¬ 
ment), or on account of sex (Nineteenth Amendment). In some States only 
citizens may vote; in others aliens who have declared their intention, under 
United States law, to become citizens are allowed to vote. All the states re¬ 
quire their voters to be 21 years of age. In some States an educational test is 
required; jn some, a poll tax; in some, certain property qualifications are re¬ 
required; in some, good moral character and ability to read the the Constitu¬ 
tion are demanded. 


INHABITANTS OF THE NEW INSULAR POSSESSIONS, 

The inhabitants of Hawaii were declared to be citizens of the United States 
under the act of I909 creating Hawaii a Territory. Under the United States 
Supreme Court decision in the insular cases, in May, 1901 , the inhabitants of 
the Philippines are entitled to full protection under the constitution but not 
to the privileges of United States citizenship. Residents of Porto Rico were 
admitted collectively to American citizenship by the act of Congress of 1917 . 


PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS FROM 1789 TO 1916 . 


Total Popular Vote and Electoral Vote for Candidates for President and 
Vice-President at each Election. 

Note.—T h e people vote for electors, and those chosen in each State meet 
therein and vote for the candidates for President and Vice-President The 
record of any popular votes for electors prior to 1824 is so scanty that an 
attempt to give them would be useless. In most of the States, for more than a 
quarter century following the establishment of the Government, the State 
Legislatures ‘ appointed” the Presidential electors, and the people therefore 
voted only indirectly for them, their choice being expressed by their votes for 
members of the Legislature. In this tabulation only the aggregate electoral 
votes for candidates for President and Vice-President in the first nine 
quadrennial elections appear. 





POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1021 


ELECTORAL VOTES. 

1789. Previous to 1804, each elector voted for two candidates for Presi¬ 
dent. The one who received the largest number of votes was declared Presi¬ 
dent, and the one who received the next largest number of votes was declared 
Vice-President. The electoral votes for the first President of the United 
States were: George Washington, 69; John Adams, of Massacuhsetts, 34; John 
Jay, of New York, 9; R. H. Harrison, of Maryland, 6; John Rutledge, of South 
Carolina, 6 ; John Hancock, of Massachusetts, 4; George Clinton, of New York, 
3; Samuel Huntingdon, of Connecticut, 2; John Milton, of Georgia, 2; James 
Armstrong, of Georgia; Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts, and Edward 
Telfair, of Georgia, 1 vote each. Vacancies (votes not cast), 4. George Wash¬ 
ington was chosen President and John Adams Vice-President. 

1792. George Washington, Federalist, received 132 votes; John Adams, 
Federalist, 77; George Clinton, of New York, Republican, 50; Thomas 
Jefferson, of Virginia, Republican, 4; Aaron Burr, of New York, Republican, 

1 vote. Vacancies, 3. George Washington was chosen President and John 
Adams Vice-President. 

1796. John Adams, Federalist, 71; Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 68; 
Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, Federalist 59; Aaron Burr, of New York, 
Republican, 30; Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, Republican, 15; Oliver 
Ellsworth, of Connecticut, Independent, 11; George Clinton, of New York, 
Republican, 7; John Jay, of New York, Federalist, 5 ; James Iredell, of North 
Carolina, Federalist, 3; George Washington, of Virginia; John Henry, of Mary¬ 
land, and S. Johnson, of North Carolina, all Federalists, 2 votes each; Charles 
Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, Federalist, 1 vote. John Adams was 
chosen President and Thomas Jefferson Vice-President. 

1800. Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 73; Aaron Burr, Republican, 73; 
John Adams, Federalist, 65; Charles C. Pinckney, Federalist, 64; John Jay, 
Federalist, 1 vote. There being a tie vote for Jefferson and Burr, the choice 
devolved upon the House of Representatives. Jefferson received the votes of 
ten States, which, being the largest vote cast for a candidate, elected him 
President. Burr received the votes of four States, which, being the next 
largest vote, elected him Vice-President. There were 2 blank votes. 

1804. The Constitution of the United States haying been amended, the 
electors at this election voted for a President and a Vice-President, instead of 
for two candidates for President. The result was as follows: For President, 
Thomas Jefferson Republican, 162, Charles C. Pinckney, Federalist, 14. For 
Vice-President, George Clinton, Republican, 162; Rufus King, of New Yonc, 
Federalist, 14. Jefferson was chosen President and Clinton Vice-President. 

1808. For President, James Madison, of Virginia, Republican, 122 1 
Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina, Federalist, 47; George Clinton, of 
New York, Republican, 6. For Vice-President, George Clinton, Republican, 
113; Rufus King, of New York, Federalist, 47; John Langdon, of New Hamp¬ 
shire, 9; James Madison, 3; James Monroe, 3. Vacancy, 1. Madison was 
chosen President and Clinton Vice-President. 

i3i2. For President, James Madison, Republican, 128*; DeWitt Clinton, 
of New York, Federalist, 89. For Vice-President, Elbridge Gerry of Massa¬ 
chusetts, 131; Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania Federalist, 86. Vacancy, 1 
Madison was chosen President and Gerry Vice-President. 

1816. For President, James Monroe, of Virginia, Republican, 183; Rufus 
King, of New York, Federalist, 34. For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 
of New York, Republican, 183; John Eager Howard, of Maryland, Federalist., 
22; James Ross, of Pennsylvania, 5; John Marshall, of Virginia, 4; Robert G^ 
Harper, of Maryland, 3. Vacancies, 4. Monroe was chosen President and 
Tompkms Vice-President. 

1820. For President, James Monroe, of Virginia, Republican, 231; John 
Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, Republican, 1. For Vice-President, Daniel D. 
Tompkins, Republican, 218; Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, 8; Daniel 
Rodney, of Delaware, 4; Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, and Richard Rush, 
of Pennsylvania, 1 vote each. Vacancies, 3. James Monroe was chosen Presi¬ 
dent and Daniel D, Tompkins Vice-President. 



1022 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 


ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES. 


Elec¬ 

tion 

Ysar. 

Candidates for 
President. 

States. 

Polit¬ 

ical 

Party. 

Popular 

Vote. 

Elect¬ 

oral 

Vote. 

Candidates for 
Vice-President. 

1824 

Andrew Jackson. 

John Q. Adams*. 

Henry Clay. 

Wm. H. Crawford. 

Tenn.. 
Mass. . 
Ky.... 
Ga. . .. 

Dem . . 
Rep. . . 
Rep. . . 
Rep. . . 

155,872 

105,321 

46,587 

44,282 

99 

84 

37 

41 

1 

John C. Calhoun* 
Nathan Sanford 
Nathaniel Macon 
Andrew Jackson 

M. Van Buren 

Henry Clay 

1828 

Andrew Jackson*. 

John Q. Adams. 

Tenn.. 
Mass. . 

Dem... 
Nat. R. 

647,231 

509,097 

178 

83 

John C. Calhoun* 
Richard Rush 

William Smith 

1832 

Andrew Jackson*. 

Henry Clay. 

John Floyd. 

William Wirt. 

Tenn.. 
Ky. . . . 
Ga. . . . 
Md.... 

Dem... 
Nat. R. 
Ind.... 
Anti-M. 

687,502 

530,189 

J 33,108 

219 

49 

11 

7 

M. Van Buren* 

John Sergeant 

Henry Lee 

Amos Ellmaker 

Wm. Wilkins 

1836 

Martin Van Buren*.... 

W. H. Harrison. 

Hugh L. White. 

Daniel Webster. 

Willie P. Mangum. 

N. Y. . 

O. 

Tenn.. 
Mass. . 
N. C... 

Dem... 
Whig. . 
Whig. . 
Whig. . 
Whig. . 

761,549 
|- 736,656 

170 

73 

26 

14 

11 

R. M. Johnson* 

Francis Granger 

John Tyler 

William Smith 

1S40 

W. H. Harrison*. 

Martin Van Buren. 

James G. Birney. 

O. 

N. Y. . 
N. Y. . 

Whig. . 
Dem... 
Lib.... 

1,275,017 

1,128,702 

7,059 

234 

60 

John Tyler* 

R. M. Johnson 

L. W. Tazewell 

James K. Polk 

Thomas Earle 

1S44 

James K. Polk*. 

Henry Clay. 

James G. Birney. 

Tenn.. 
Ky. . . . 
N. Y. . 

Dem... 
Whig. . 
Lib... . 

1,337,243 

1,299,068 

62,300 

170 

105 

George M. Dallas* 

T. Frelinghuysen 
Thomas Morris 

1848 

Zachary Taylor*. 

Lewis Cass. 

Martin Van Buren. 

La. 

Mich. . 
N. Y. . 

Whig. . 
Dem... 
F. Soil. 

1,360,101 

1,220,544 

291,263 

163 

127 

Millard Fillmore* 
William O. Butler 
Charles F. Adams 

1852 

Franklin Pierce*. 

Winfield Scott. 

John P. Hale. 

Daniel Webster. 

N. H. . 
N. J... 
N. H. . 
Mass. . 

Dem... 
Whig. . 
F. D... 
Whig. . 

1,601,474 

1,380,576 

156,149 

1,670 

254 

42 

William R. King* 
William A. Graham 
George W. Julian 

1856 

James Buchanan*. 

John C. Fremont. 

Millard Fillmore. 

Pa. 

Cal... . 
N. Y. . 

Dem... 
Rep... 
Amcr. . 

1,838,169 

1,341,264 

874,538 

174 

114 

8 

J. C. Breckinridge* 
William L. Dayton 

A. J. Donelson 

1860 

Abraham Lincoln*. 

Stephen A. Douglas. ... 

J. C. Breckinridge. 

John Bell. 

Til . 

Ill. 

Ky.... 
Tenn.. 

Rep. . . 
Dem... 
Dem... 
Union. . 

1.866,352 

1,375,157 

845,763 

589,581 

180 

12 

72 

33 

Hannibal Hamlin* 

H. V. Johnson 

Joseph Lane 

Edward Everett 

1864 

Abraham Lincoln*. 

George B. McClellan.. . 

Ill. 

N. J... 

Rep. . . 
Dem... 

2,216,067 

1,808,725 

212 

21 

Andrew Johnson* 
George H. Pendleton 

1868 

Ulysses S. Grant*. 

Horatio Seymour. 

Ill. 

N. Y. . 

Rep. . . 
Dem... 

3,015,071 

2,709,615 

214 

80 

Schuyler Colfax* 

F. P. Blair, Jr. 

1872 

Ulysses S. Grant*. 

Horace Greeley. 

Charles O’Conor. 

James Black. 

Thomas A. Hendricks. . 

B. Gratz Brown. 

Charles J. Jenkins. 

David Davis. 

Ill. 

N. Y. . 
N. Y. . 

Pa. 

Ind.... 
Mo.... 
Ga.... 
Ill. 

Rep... 
D. & L. 
Dem... 
Temp.. 
Dem... 
Dem... 
Dem... 
Ind.... 

3,597,070 

2,834,079 

29,408 

5,608 

286 

42 

18 

2 

1 

Henry Wilson* 

B. Gratz Brown 

John Q. Adams 

John Russell 

George W. Julian 

A. H. Colquitt 

John M. Palmer 

T. E. Bramlette 

W. S. Groesbeck 

Willis B. Maclien 

N. P. Banks 

1876 

1 

Samuel J. Tilden. 

Rutherford B. Hayes*.. 

Peter Cooper. 

Green Clay Smith. 

James B. Walker. 

N. Y. . 

O. 

N. Y. . 
Ky.... 

Ill. 

Dem... 
Rep... 
Gre’nb. 
Pro.... 
Amer.. 

4,284,885 

4,033,050 

81,740 

9,522 

2,636 

184 

185 

T. A. Hendricks 
William A. Wheeler* 
Samuel F. Cary 

Gideon T. Stewart 

D. Kirkpatrick 


* The candidates starred in this table were elected. 































































































































































































POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1023 


ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES— Continued. 


Elec¬ 

tion 

Year. 

Candidates for 
President. 

States. 

Polit¬ 

ical 

Party. 

Popular 

Vote. 

Elect¬ 

oral 

Vote. 

Candidates for 
Vice-President. 

1880 

lames A. Garfield*. 

W. S. Hancock. 

James B. Weaver. 

Neal Dow. 

John W. Phelps. 

O. 

Pa. 

Iowa. . 
Me.. . . 
Vt. 

Rep. . . 
Dem... 
Gre’nb. 
Pro.... 
Amer.. 

4,449,053 

4,442,035 

307,306 

10,305 

707 

214 

155 

Chester A. Arthur* 
William H. English 

B. J. Chambers 

H. A. Thompson 

S. C. Pomeroy 

1S84 

Grover Cleveland*. 

James G. Blaine. 

John P. St. John. 

Benjamin F. Butler.... 
P. D. Wigginton. 

N. Y. . 
Me.. . . 

Mass. . 
Cal... . 

Dem... 
Rep... 
Pro.... 
Gre’nb. 
Amer. . 

4,911,017 

4,848,334 

151,809 

133,825 

219 

182 

T. A. Hendricks* 

John A. Logan 

William Daniel 

A. M. West 

1S8S 

Grover Cleveland. 

Benjamin Harrison*... . 

Clinton B. Fisk. 

Alson J. Streeter. 

R. H. Cowdry. 

James L. Curtis. 

N. Y. . 
Ind.... 
N. J... 

Ill. 

Ill. 

N. Y. . 

Dem... 
Rep... 
Pro.... 
U. L... 
U’d L.. 
Amer. . 

5,538,233 

5,440,216 

249,907 

148,105 

2,808 

1,591 

168 Allen G. Thurman 

233 Levi P. Morton* 

... John A. Brooks 
... i C. E. Cunningham 
... | W. H. T. Wakefield 
... James B. Greer 

1892 

Grover Cleveland*. 

Benjamin Harrison. 

James B. Weaver. 

John Bidwell. 

Simon Wing. 

N. Y. . 
Ind.... 
Iowa... 
Cal.... 
Mass. . 

Dem... 
Rep... 
Peop... 
Pro.... 
Soc. L. 

5,556,918 

5,176,108 

1,041,028 

264,133 

21,164 

277 1 Adlai E. Stevenson* 
145 , Whitelaw Reid 

22 1 James G. Field 
... I James B. Cranfill 
... j Charles H. Matchett 

1896 

1 

William McKinley*.... 

William J. Bryan. 

William J. Bryan. 

Joshua Levering. 

John M. Palmer. 

Charles H. Matchett. . . 
Charles E. Bentley. 

O. 

Neb. .. 
Neb. .. 
Md.... 

Ill. 

N. Y. . 
Neb. . . 

Rep. . . 
Dem. 1 
Peop. j 
Pro.... 
N. Dem 
Soc. L. 
Nat. . . 

7,104,779 

6,502,925 

132,007 

133,148 

36,274 

13,969 

271 

176 

::: 

• • • 

Garret A. Hobart* 
Arthur Sewall 

Thomas E. Watson 
Hale Johnson 

Simon B. Buckner 
Matthew Maguire 
James H. Southgate 

1900 

William McKinley*.... 

William J. Bryan. 

John G. Woolley. 

Wharton Barker. 

Eugene V. Debs. 

Jos. F. Malloney. 

J. F. R. Leonard. 

Seth H. Ellis. 

O. 

Neb. . . 

Ill. 

Pa. 

Ind.... 
Mass. . 

Ia. 

O. 

Rep... 
Dem. P 
Pro.... 
M. P. . 
Soc. D. 
Soc. L. 
U. C... 
U. R... 

7,207,923 

6,358,133 

208,914 

50,373 

87,814 

39,739 

1,059 

5,698 

292 

155 

Theodore Roosevelt* 
Adlai E. Stevenson 
Henry B. Metcalf 
Ignatius Donnelly 

Job Harriman 
Valentine Remmel 
John G. Woolley 
Samuel T. Nicholson 

1904 

Theodore Roosevelt* . . . 

Alton B. Parker. 

Eugene V. Debs. 

Silas C. Swallow. 

Thomas E. Watson. 

Charles H. Corrigan... . 

N. Y . . 
N. Y. . 
Ind.... 

Pa. 

Ga.... 
N. Y. . 

Rep. . . 
Dem... 
Soc.... 
Pro.... 
Peop... 
Soc. L. 

7,623,480 

5,077,911 

402,283 

258,536 

117,183 

31,249 

330 

140 

Charles W. Fairbanks* 
Henry G. Davis 
Benjamin Hanford 
George W. Carroll 
Thomas H. Tibbies 
William W. Cox 

1908 

William H. Taft*. 

William J. Bryan. 

Eugene V. Debs. 

Eugene W. Chafin. 

Thos. E. Watson. 

August Gillhaus. 

Thos. L. Hisgen. 

O. 

Neb. . . 
Ind.... 
Wis.... 
Ga.... 
N. Y. . 
Mass. . 

Rep. . . 
Dem... 
Soc.... 
Pro.... 
Peop... 
Soc. L. 
Ind.... 

7,678,908 

6,409,104 

420,793 

253,840 

29,100 

13,825 

82,872 

321 

162 

James S. Sherman* 
John W. Kern 
Benjamin Hanford 
Aaron S. Watkins 
Samuel Williams 
Donald L. Munro 

John Temple Graves 

1912 

Woodrow Wilson*. 

Theodore Roosevelt.... 

William H. Taft. 

Eugene V. Debs. 

Eugene W. Chafin. 

N. J. .. 
N. Y. . 
Ohio... 
Ind.... 
Wis.... 

Dem... 
Prog... 
Rep. . . 
Soc.... 
Pro.... 

6,293,454 

4,119,538 

3,484,980 

900,672 

206,275 

435 

81 

15 

0 

0 

Thomas R. Marshall* 
Hiram W. Johnson 
James S. Shermanf 
Emil Seidel 

Aaron S. Watkins 

1916 

Woodrow Wilson*. 

C'has. E. Hughes. 

Allan J. Benson. 

J. Frank Hanly. 

Arthur E. Reimer. 

N. J ... 
N. Y . . 
N. Y. . 
Ind.... 
Mass. . 

Dem... 
Rep. . . 
Soc.... 
Pro.... 
Soc. L. 

9,123,159 

8,543,855 

590,200 

216,850 

13,132 

277 

254 

... 

• * * 

... 

Thomas R. Marshall* 
Chas. W. Fairbanks 
Geo. R. Kirkpatrick 
Ira Landrith 

Caleb Harrison 


* The candidates starred in this table were elected, 
f Died before election. 











































































































































































THE PANAMA CANAL 


To join two oceans in the bonds of wedlock seems like the fantasy of a 
dream. Yet more than one of the dreams of the past have become a reality 
within this twentieth century, and chief among these is the Panama Canal, 
the marriage of the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean. In this stupendous 
work, a broad neck of land connecting two continents had to be severed, a 
tropical flood stream curbed and harnessed, a range of mountains pierced 
where it bent itself downward to the task, and the ocean waters lifted high 
into the air to form a new channel for the commerce of the nations. 

Of all the works of man’s hands this is the greatest. While the task was 
so enormous, the sum of human labor employed upon it was very small in 
comparison with the notable engineering works of the past, and the cost in 
human life a negligible quantity, the death-rate being no greater than it would 
have been with the same number of people employed at their usual avocations. 
In this vast achievement nature was set to combat nature, the forces of flowing 
water, of steam, of dynamite, of powerful machinery being utilized to complete 
in less than a decade with a small force of workers what would have needed a 
mighty multitude of men and many decades of time to perform in the methods 
of the far past. 

Let us briefly summarize the details of this splendid victory over nature’s 
obstacles. The greatest length of the Canal from deep water in the Carib¬ 
bean Sea to deep water in the Pacific Ocean is about 50 miles, the length 
from shore to shore approximately 41! miles. From Gatun dam on the Atlantic 
to the Pedro Miguel locks on the Pacific side its level is 85 feet above the sea, 
this being the height to which all vessels, great and small alike, have to be 
lifted to set them on the great water trail across the Isthmus. 

Culebra Cut.—There were two great difficulties to be overcome in this 
mighty enterprise, one being the building of the most enormous dams ever 
undertaken by man, the other that of excavating a passageway through the 
mountain backbone of the isthmus, which fortunately at Culebra sinks down¬ 
ward at its highest point to a summit level of 495 feet above the canal bottom. 
This is at Gold Hill. At Contractor’s Hill, opposite, the height is 364 feet. 

Here it was that the great work of excavation took place, the Culebra 
Cut having a total length of nearly nine miles, and a width at its widest part 
of about half a mile. The great width at this point was caused by repeated 
slides of loosened earth into the excavation, a trouble which greatly added 
to the work to be done, the total quantity of material removed from the Canal 
on account of these slides being over 21,000,000 cubic yards. The total excava¬ 
tion for the entire Canal is estimated at 223,559,000 cubic yards, nearly double 
the amount of the original estimate. The cost of the entire work was approxi¬ 
mately $375,000,000. 

Gatun Dam.—The other great piece of work was the building of Gatun 
Dam, on the Atlantic side, about seven miles inland from the ocean waters. 
Here provision had to be made for a lift to the summit level of 85 feet, a flight 
of three locks being used for this purpose. This huge dam lies between hills, 
flanking it on each side and is enclosed by two massive rock walls, the space 
between these being filled with a mixture of sand and clay. 

The crest of the dam is about one and a half miles long. At the bottom 
it has the great width of half a mile, at the water surface of 400 feet, this 
narrowing to 100 feet at the top level, which is 115 feet high, or 30 feet above 
the Canal level. The top and the upstream slopes are heavily riprapped. 
To control the volume of water in the Canal during flood-time in its feeding 
river a spillway was constructed, this being a concrete-lined channel 1,200 feet 
long and 285 feet wide, cut through a rock hill nearly in the center of the dam. 
It slopes upward from sea level at its toe to 69 feet at its crest, and is equipped 
with water-tight gates that can be raised or lowered in ten minutes’ time. 

1024 



THE PANAMA CANAL. 


1025 


Gatun Lake. —The water supply for the Canal is obtained from Chagres 
River, a mountain stream which rises about io miles northeast of Panama 
and has its outlet in the Caribbean Sea, its depth varying from 16 to 30 feet. 
Its valley forms part of the line of the Canal, and the result of lifting its level 
to the height required for the Canal has been to form a lake back of the dam 
164 square miles in area. Through this passes the ship channel of the Canal, 
varying here from 40 to 85 feet in depth. The channel width for the first 16 
miles from Gatun Dam is 1,000 feet. For the next four miles it is 800 feet 
and for the remaining distance to Culebra Cut 500 feet. This lake makes 
an admirable channel for navigation throughout the many miles of its length. 

The minimum width of the Canal, that in Culebra Cut, is 300 feet, and 
its least depth 41 feet. The largest vessels now afloat have been thus pro¬ 
vided for. The time needed for them to traverse the Canal is estimated at 
from io>2 to 11 hours. Ships of medium size can pass in an hour less time. 
The channel width through one-half the Culebra Cut has been increased 
from 200 to 300 feet at the bottom, thus enabling large ships to pass each 
other in any part of the Cut. In the locks a usable length of 1,000 feet and 
width of no feet has been provided, for the accommodation of the largest 
ships afloat at the date of the Canal opening. 

Pacific Locks.—To lower vessels coming from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
sea-level a series of three locks has been constructed, mates to those in Gatun 
Dam, but divided into two operations. At Pedro Miguel, southwest of Culebra 
Cut, the summit level ends, a lock here lowering the passing vessel to a small 
lake with a surface height of 55 feet. This lake, one and a half miles long, is the 
result of a dam at Miraflores, at which point a flight of two locks has been con¬ 
structed. These lower the vessel to tide-water, whence it may continue its 
voyage to the Pacific by way of a channel eight and a half miles long and 500 
feet in bottom width. The depth of the Canal throughout is not less than 45 
feet except in the approach channel on the Atlantic side, where at mean tide 
the bottom will lie at a depth of 41 feet. 

The Canal Zone.—Preliminary to the work of construction a tract of land 
was procured from the Republic of Panama of the width of ten miles, an 
allowance of five miles on each side of the Canal. This constitutes what is 
known as the Canal Zone, and which, while remaining nominally a part of the 
Panama Republic, is completely under the control of the United States, which 
holds sovereign rights over the territory within the limits of the zone. This 
extends across the isthmus and to a distance of three marine miles into the 
ocean on either side. The two cities of Colon and Panama, with their harbors, 
which lie within this zone at its extremities, are not included in the grant of 
United States sovereignty, they remaining under the dominion of Panama. 

The Health Problem.—One of the most important problems to be dealt 
with in the construction of the Panama Canal was that of sanitation. Situated 
in a region in which the dangerous diseases of yellow fever, 'malaria, and small¬ 
pox have always been present, the lives of the persons employed were likely to 

be in imminent peril. . . _ , ,, . 

It had been discovered during the American occupation ol Ouba that a 
species of mosquito, the stegomya, carried the germs of yellow fever and trans¬ 
mitted them from person to person. Colonel Gorgas had been chief sanitary 
officer at Havana in 1898-1902 and had successfully combated yellow fever in 
that city He was, therefore, the man for the place m Panama. It had also 
been discovered in 1898 that another species of mosquito, the anopheles, was 
the carrier of the germs of malaria. As for smallpox, it could be dealt with by 
vaccination and effective quarantine. Thus the sanitary officials on the 
Isthmus knew just how to combat the task that faced them. 

The methods which had proved successful in Cuba were at once applied 
in Panama The first requirement was to have all houses carefully screened 
so as to protect their inhabitants from the disease-bearing insects. The cities 
of Panama and Colon needed a thorough cleaning and the introduction of 
sanitary water and sewage systems. It was necessary to dram stagnant pools 
and get rid of standing water. Where this could not be done, spraying with 
crude oil became necessary. The jungle brushwood had to be cut and burned, 
and a general cleaning up was necessary along the whole occupied route of the 
Canal. Undergrowth was cleared away for a distance of two hundred yards 
. around all habitations. 





1026 


THE PANAMA CANAL. 


These methods proved strikingly effective. As a result of the active 
work done it may be said that the Canal Zone is to-day more healthful to white 
men than many parts of the United States. For many years yellow fever has 
been absent and there is no reason, under proper care, why it should ever again 
become epidemic in the Canal Zone. Yet it must be borne in mind that this 
condition is a result of unceasing vigilance and that about $20,000,000 was 
expended in the work. All things considered, the death roll has been compara¬ 
tively small, the total number of deaths being about 6,000 during the whole 
period, of which 1,000 were due to accident. Less than 300 of them were 
Americans. During the same period of occupation by the French the deaths 
numbered about 16,000 or nearly three times as many. 

Ship Traction.—No vessel is allowed to pass through the locks under its 
own power, electric locomotives being provided for hauling, these traversing 
tracks on the lock walls. The number of locomotives needed varies with the 
size of the vessel, four being usually employed, two on each wall. Two of 
these go ahead to pull the vessel and two astern to hold it in a central position 
and bring it to rest when it is fully within the chamber. The locomotives run 
on level tracks except when passing from one lock to another, when they climb 
heavy grades. There are two systems of tracks, one for towing and one for 
returning. The former have center racks or cogs throughout, but the return 
tracks have racks only on the grades. , 

Breakwaters.—At each entrance of the canal breakwaters have been con¬ 
structed to protect ships from ocean storms. That in Limon Bay, or Colon 
harbor, extends about two miles northward, with a top width of fifteen feet 
and a height of ten feet above mean sea level. It is composed of quarried 
rock, containing about 2,840,000 cubic yards. Its purpose is to protect the 
canal entrance from the violent north winds likely to prevail from October to 
January. 

The prevailing winds at this place, however, are the trade winds, which 
blow from the east and north and continue for more than nine months of the 
year. These, while the waves raised by them are not serious, make a rough 
harbor and stir up the soft bottom of Limon Bay, causing a large amount of 
silting in the ship channel. For this and other reasons it has been decided to 
construct an east breakwater also, the end of it being 2,000 feet from that of 
the west breakwater. This will put an end to all silting of the channel. 

The breakwater on the Pacific side extends about 17,000 feet, or over 
three miles, from Balboa to Naos Island. It is from 50 to 3,000 feet wide at 
top and 20 to 40 feet above mean sea level, and contains about 18,000,000 
cubic yards of earth and stone brought from the excavation at Culebra Cut. 
Its purpose is to divert cross currents that would carry soft material into the 
Panama end of the canal and also to furnish rail connection between the main¬ 
land and the islands in Panama Bay. 

The First Boat.-—The proudest day in the history of the enterprise was 
September 20, 1913, when the little tug-boat Gatun passed through the Gatun 
locks to the surface of Gatun Lake, and glided away over its broad expanse, 
it being the first boat to pass through any lock of the Panama Canal. It may 
further be stated that if the French canal had been completed it would now be 
out of date, its locks being too small to pass the boats at present likely to offer. 
The locks of the present canal are large enough to pass any vessel likely to 
demand passage for a long time to come. During the war with Austria and 
Germany, 1917-18, the great ships of the United States Navy were able to 
pass through the canal from ocean to ocean. 

In conclusion it may be stated that the Canal Zone contains about 436 
square miles, about 95 of which lie under the waters of the Canal and its asso¬ 
ciated lakes. In addition to its main surface are four islands in the Bay of 
Panama, known as Perico, Naos, Culebra and Flamenco. Naos being con¬ 
nected with the mainland by the breakwater. 

Of the territory included, the United States owns about 363 square miles, 
the remainder being held by private owners. There will be permanent settle¬ 
ments, with piers and slips, at Cristobal at the Atlantic and Balboa at the 
Pacific entrance, the main drydock being at Balboa, one capable of holding 
any vessel that can pass through the locks. The main coaling plant will be at 
Cristobal, with a subsidiary one at Balboa. 



THE COVENANT OF THE 
LEAGUE OF NATIONS 


(The League of Nations covenant constitutes the first section of the treaties 
of peace with the Central Powers. It was first signed at Versailles by represen¬ 
tatives of Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers, June 28, 1919. It was 
ratified by the German National Assembly, July 9, 1919; by the British House 
of Commons, July 21, 1919; by the French Chamber of Deputies, October 2, 
1919; by royal decree of the King of Italy, October 7, 1919; by Japan, October 
30, 1919. On January 10, 1920, ratifications of the Treaty of Peace and League of 
Nations were exchanged and peace became effective between Germany, France, 
Great Britain, Japan and the other Allied and Associated Powers, with the 
exception of the United States, which had not then ratified.) 


THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 

The High Contracting Parties, 

In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international 
peace and security 

by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, 

by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between 

nations, . . 

by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law 
as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and 
by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty 
obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, 
Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations. 


Article i. 

Membership and Withdrawal.—The original Members of the League of 
Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named in the Annex to this 
Covenant and also such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede 
without reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a 
Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the coming 
into force of the Covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to all other Members 

Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony not named in the 
Annex may become a Member of the League if its admission is agreed to by 
two-thirds of the Assembly, provided that it shall give effective guarantees of 
its sincere intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept 
such regulations as may be prescribed by the League m regard to its military, 

naval and air forces and armaments. , ,. ( .. • o n 

Any Member of the League may, after two years notice of its intention so 
to do, withdraw from the League provided that all its international ob ! l g tl °^ 
and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time 
of its withdrawal. 

Article 2. 

Comoosition of League.— The action of the League under this Covenant 
shall be effected through the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, 
with a permanent Secretariat. 

Article 3. 

Assembly.—The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members 
of the League. 


1027 


1028 


THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 


The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as 
occasion may require at the Seat of the League or at such other place as may be 

deClt The U A SSem bly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere 
of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. 

At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have one 
vote, and may have not more than three Representatives. 


Article 4. 

Council.—The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal 
Allied and Associated Powers, together with Representatives of four other 
Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall be selected 
by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appointment 
of the Representatives of the four Members of the League first selected 
by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Spam and Greece shall be 

members of the Council. , . , , .. 

With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name 
additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be mem¬ 
bers of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number 
of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation 

on the Council. . . A . 

The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at 
least once a year, at the Seat of the League, or at such other place as may 

be decided upon. .... , 

The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within tne spnere 
of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. ....... .. , 

Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited 
to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council dur¬ 
ing the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member 

of the League. _ , , 

At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on 
the Council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one Represen¬ 
tative. 


Article 5. 

Unanimous and Majority Vote.—Except where otherwise expressly pro¬ 
vided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any 
meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all 
the Members of the League represented at the meeting. 

All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, 
including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, 
shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by 
a majoritv of the Members of the League represented at the meeting. 

The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council 
shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America. 

Article 6. 

Secretariat.—The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat 
of the League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such 
secretaries and staff as may be required. 

The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; there¬ 
after the Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval 
of the majority of the-Assembly. 

The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Sec¬ 
retary General with the approval of the Council. 

The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the 
Assembly and of the Council. 

The expenses of the Secretariat shall be borne by the Members of the 
League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the Inter¬ 
national Bureau of the Universal Postal Union. 





THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 1029 


Article 7. 

Seat of the League.—The Seat of the League is established at Geneva. 

The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall 
be established elsewhere. . 0 

All positions und_er or in connection with the League, including the oec- 
retariat, shall be open equally to men and women. . , . , 

Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League 
when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges 

and immunities. . , , . T ., 

The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials 
or by Representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable. 


Article 8 . 

Reduction of Armaments.—The Members of the League recognize that 
the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the 
lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common 

action of international obligations. . , . . , . , 

The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances 
of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration 

and action of the several Governments. . . , , 

Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every 

te " After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, 
the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the con 

currence ^ t ^ e League agree that the manufacture by private enter¬ 

prise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. 1 he 
Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can 
be prevented,^ due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the 
League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of 

War The SbemSIhe League undertake to interchange full and frank infer- 
mation as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval ai j4 ^ i)™ - 
grammes and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to 

like purposes. 

Article 9. 

Advisory Commission.—A permanent Commission shall be constituted 
to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles and 
and on military, naval and air questions generally. 

Article 10. 

Preservation of National Integrity.—The Members °“ h ® 


Article ii. 

t _a nv war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting 

ber of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the CoukJ^ League 

It is also declared to be the friendly ngh “ n y circumstance 
to bring to the attention of the Assem y ch threatens to disturb interna- 
g£d^derstanding between nations upon which peace 

depends. 





1030 THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 


Article 12. 

Disputes.—-The Members of the League agree that if there should arise 
between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter 
either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to 
resort to war until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the report 
by the Council. 

In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators shah be made 
within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within 
six months after the submission of this dispute. 

Article 13. 

Arbitration—The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute 
shall arise between them which they recognize to be suitable for submission to 
arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will 
submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration. 

Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of inter¬ 
national law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would consti¬ 
tute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the extent and nature 
of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are declared to be among 
those which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration. 

For the consideration of any such dispute the court of arbitration to which 
the case is referred shall be the Court agreed on by the parties to the dispute 
or stipulated in any convention existing between them. 

The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good 
faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to war 
against a Member of the League which complies therewith. In the event of 
any failure to carry out such an award, the Council shall propose what steps 
should be taken to give effect thereto. 

[Article 14. 

Court of International Justice.—The Council shall formulate and submit 
to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a 
Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to 
hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties 
thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon a 
dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly. 

Article 15. 

Disputes Submitted to Council and Assembly.—If there should arise 

between Members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which 
is not submitted to arbitration in accordance with Article 13, the Members of 
the League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any party 
to the dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of 
the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary arrangements 
for a full investigation and consideration thereof. 

For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secre¬ 
tary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the 
relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication 
thereof. 

The Council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if 
such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts 
and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as 
the Council may deem appropriate. 

If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a 
majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the 
facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed just and proper 
in regard thereto. i . .. 

Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make public 
a statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the 
same. 




THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 1031 


If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof 
Ather than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the 
Members of the League agree that they will not go to war w r ith any party to 
the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report. 

If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by 
the members thereof, other than the Representatives of one or more of the par¬ 
ties to the dispute, the Members of the League reserve to themselves the right 
to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance of 
right and justice. 

If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found 
by the Council, to arise out of a matter which by international law is solely 
within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and 
shall make no recommendations as to its settlement. 

The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the 
Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party to 
the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen days after the 
submission of the dispute to the Council. 

In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and 
of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to 
the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the 
Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the 
League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of 
the League, exclusive in each case of the Representatives of the parties to the 
dispute, shall have the same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all 
the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the 
parties to the dispute. 


Article 16. 

Resort to War. —Should any Member of the League resort to war in dis¬ 
regard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13 or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed 
to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which 
hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or 
financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals 
and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of ail 
financial, commercial or personal intercourse between the nationals of the 
covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a Mem¬ 
ber of the League or not. 

It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several 
Governments concerned what effective military, naval or air force the Members 
of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to pro¬ 
tect the covenants of the League. 

The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support 
one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this 
Article, in order to minimize the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above 
measures, and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any 
special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, 
and that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their 
territory to the forces of any of the Members of the League which are co-oper¬ 
ating to protect the covenants of the League. 

Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League 
may be declared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the 
Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the other Members of the 
League represented thereon. 


Article 17. 

Disputes with Nations Outside League.— In the event of a dispute between 
a Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the League, or 
between States not Members of the League, the State or States not Members 
of the League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the 
League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council 
may deem just If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles 12 



1032 


THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 


to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed 

necessary by the Council. , n • 

Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute 
an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action 
as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances. 

If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership 
in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against 
a Member of the League, the provisions of Article 16 shall be applicable as 

against the State taking such action. , .. .._„ 

If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations 
of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, the Council may 
take such measures and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities 
and will result in the settlement of the dispute. 


Article 18. 

Treaties to be Published.—Every treaty or international engagement 
entered into hereafter by any Member of the'League shall be forthwith regis¬ 
tered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. bio 
such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered. 

Article 19. 

Reconsideration of Treaties.—The Assembly may from time to time 
advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have 
become inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose 
continuance might endanger the peace of the world. 

Article 20. 

Abrogation of Inconsistent Treaties.—The Members of the League severally 

agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understand¬ 
ings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly under¬ 
take that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with 

the terms thereof. . £ 

In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member ot 
the League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of 
this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to 
procure its release from such obligations. 

Article 21. 

The Monroe Doctrine.—Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to 
affect the validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration 
or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the main¬ 
tenance of peace. 

Article 22. 

Mandates for Colonies.—To those colonies and territories which as a 
consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the 
States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not 
yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern 
world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development 
of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the 
performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. _ 

The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tute¬ 
lage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason 
of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best under¬ 
take this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage 
should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. 

The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the 
development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its 
economic conditions and other similar circumstances. 

Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have 





THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE 


OF NATIONS. 


1033 


"an be prl^onluy ''^SgEd’ 1%*°'% aS ^ d ent nations 
advice and assistance by a Mandatory until «i^V rendeni J? ot administrative 
alone. The wishes of these' SiSS h^ 16 aS they , are able to stand 

the selection of the Mandatory * must be a P ri ncipal consideration in 

the M^a^u^Xo^fbkforlhe f* f* “ ch a ^ that 

under conditions which%^ P ^Zt^f^ ( S?T^ atl ? n ° f th S territor y 
subject only to the maintenance of ^bUc ,S^and iSSSS 6 ?? and reH « ion ; 
abuses such as the slave tradp °l ae ic and n ? ora ^ s » t ^e prohibition of 

establishment of fortfficatioSsVmUiSy and na™f h* prev f nt “ n °« the 

training of the natives for other than and nava bases and of military 

tory, and will also Secure pohce purposes and the defence of terri- 

other Members of the League PP ° r Umties for the trade and commerce of 

Paci fi T c he isL a „ r d e s, te " Certa ! n ° f the S ° uth 
small size, or their remoteness from ? ° f •! ; . heir . Population, or their 

ical contiguity to the territory of ^ civilization, or their geograph- 

can be belt administeredunder th, liS. f a ?n at ,'? y ’/ nd other circumstances, 

“5? hf referelrce^^the territory^ommitted^tolt^cha^e* 16 " “ 


Article 23. 

*333B352Ss3s~M- , tt 

srwsyss&SIaiaSEr'jl 

zations| rP ° Se ^ establlsh and maintain the necessary international organi- 

torielunder de tteirconS” e ^ treatment ot the nat ive inhabitants of terri- 

Ifi wiU entrust the League with the general supervision over the execu- 

fmffifin^nTm n ?„J ^ reSa , rd tQ the ‘ raffic in women and children, and the 
tramc in opium and other dangerous drugs; 

or m JfL Wl11 entrust the_ League with the general supervision of the trade in 
arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this traffic is 
necessary in the common interest; 

a will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications 

and o. transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of the 

di!5™ 6 Vli n thlS connection tbe sPfoa 1 necessities of the regions devastated 
during the war of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind; 

(/) will endeavor to take steps in matters of international concern for the 
prevention and control of disease. 

Article 24. 

International Bureaus.— There shall be placed under the direction of the 
League all international bureaus already established by general treaties if the 
parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaus and all com- 
missions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter con¬ 
stituted shall be placed under the direction of the League. 

In all matters of international interest which are regulated bv general 
conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaus 
67 







1034 THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 


or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of 
the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant 
information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or 

The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the 
expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction or the 
League. 

Article 25. 

Red Cross —The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote 
the establishment and co-operation of duly authorized voluntary national 
Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of health, the 
prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world. 


Article 26. 


Amendments. —Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified 
by the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Council 
and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives com¬ 
pose the Assembly. , _ . . , . . c „ 

No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies 
its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the 
League. 

ANNEX. 


I. Original Members of the League of Nations Signatories of the Treaty 

of Peace. 


United States of America. 
Belgium. 

Bolivia. 

Brazil. 

British Empire. 

Canada. 

Australia. 

South Africa. 

New Zealand. 

India. 

China. 

Cuba. 

Ecuador. 

France. 

Greece. 

y Guatemala. 

1 States Invited 

Argentine Republic. 
Chili. 

Colombia. 

Denmark. 

Netherlands. 

Norway. 

Paraguay. 


Haiti. 

Hedjaz. 

Honduras. 

Italy. 

Japan. 

Liberia. 

Nicaragua. 

Panama. 

Peru. 

Poland. 

Portugal. 

Roumania. 

Serb-Croat-Slovene State. 
Siam. 

Czecho-Slovakia. 

Uruguay. 

Accede to the Covenant. 

Persia. 

Salvador. 

Spain. 

Sweden. 

Switzerland. 

Venezuela. 


II. First Secretary General of the League of Nations. 

The Honorable Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B. 




1 





CHRONOLOGY OF THE 
WORLD WAR 


1914 

June. 

28.—Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to throne of 
Austria-Hungary, and his wife at Sarajevo, Bosnia. 

July. 

28. —Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. 

29. —Russian mobilization ordered. 


August. 


1.—Germany declares war on Russia. 

1. —France orders mobilization. 

2. —Germany demands free passage through Belgium. 

3. —Germany declares war on France. 

3. —Belgium rejects Germany’s demand. Troops under Gen. Von Kluck 
cross border. Halted at Liege. 

4. —Great Britain at war with Germany. Kitchener becomes Secretary 
of War. 

5. —President Wilson tenders good offices of United States in interests qf 


peace. 

6. —Austria-Hungary at war with Russia. 

7. —French forces invade Alsace. Gen. Joffre in supreme command of 
French army. 

7.—Montenegro at war with Austria. 

7. —Great Britain’s Expeditionary Force lands at Ostend, Calais and 
Dunkirk. 

8. —British seize German Togoland. 

8.—Serbia at war with Germany. 

8.—Portugal announces readiness to stand by alliance with England, 
n.—German cruisers Goeben and Breslau enter Dardanelles and are pur¬ 
chased by Turkey. 

12.—Great Britain at war with Austria-Hungary. 

12.—Montenegro at war with Germany. 

17.—Belgian capital removed from Brussels to Antwerp. 

19. —Canadian Parliament authorizes raising expeditionary force. 

20. —Germans occupy Brussels. 

23. —Japan at war with Germany. Begins attack on Tsingtau. 

24. —Germany enters France near Lille. 

25. —Austria at war with Japan. 

26. —-Louvain sacked and burned by Germans. Viviani becomes premier 

of France. . _ T _ , 

28.—British fleet sinks three German cruisers and two destroyers off Helgo- 

land. . 

28. —Austria declares war on Belgium. 

29. —Russians invest Konigsberg, East Prussia. New Zealanders seize 
German Samoa. 

30. —Amiens occupied by Germans. 

31. _Russian army of invasion in East Prussia defeated at Tannenberg by 

Germans under Von Hindenburg. 

or —St. Petersburg changed to Petrograd by imperial decree. 

J ' 1035 


1036 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


September. 

3.—Paris placed in state of siege; government transferred to Bordeaux. 

3. —Lemberg, Gallicia, occupied by Russians. 

4. ^-Germans occupy Rheims. 

6-10.—Battle of Marne. Von Kluck is beaten by Gen. Joffre, and the 
German army retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line. 

10.— Emden, German cruiser, carries out raids in Bay of Bengal. 

14.—French reoccupy Amiens and Rheims. 

19. —British forces begin operations in Southwest Africa. 

20. —Rheims cathedral shelled by Germans. 

24. —Allies occupy Peronne. 

25. —Australians seize German New Guinea. 

28. —Anglo-French forces invade German colony of Kamerun. 

29. —Antwerp bombardment begins. 

October. 

2.—British Admiralty announces intention to mine North Sea areas. 

6. —Japan seizes Marshall Islands in Pacific. 

9.—Antwerp surrenders to Germans. Government removed to Ostend. 

13. —British occupy Ypres. 

14. —Canadian Expeditionary Force of 32,000 men lands at Plymouth. 

15. —Germans occupy Ostend. Belgian government removed to Havre, 
France. 

November. 

1. — Monmouth and Good Hope, British cruisers, are sunk by German 
squadron off Chile under command of Admiral Von Spee. 

5. —Great Britain and France declare war on Turkey. 

5.—Cyprus annexed by Great Britain. 

7. —German garrison of Tsingtau surrenders to Japanese. 

9. — Emden, German cruiser, which had carried out raiding operations for 
two months, is destroyed by Australian cruiser Sydney off the Cocos Islands, 
southwest of Java. 

16. —Prohibition of sale of intoxicants in Russia enforced. 

27.—Czernowitz, capital of Bukowina, captured by Russians. 

December. 

2. —Belgrade occupied by Austrians. 

3. —Cracow bombarded by Russians. 

8. —Off the Falkland Islands, British squadron under command of Rear- 
Admiral Sturdee, sinks three of the German cruisers which had destroyed the 
Good Hope and Monmouth on Nov. 1. The Dresden escapes. 

14.—Austrians evacuate Belgrade. 

16.—German squadron bombards Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby 
on east coast of England. 

23. —Siege of Cracow raised. Russians retire. 

1915 

January. 

24. —British fleet puts to flight a German squadron in North Sea and sinks 
the battle cruiser Bliicher. 

28—American bark, William P. Frye, sunk by German cruiser in South 
Atlantic. 

February. 

10. —Russians defeated by Germans in Battle of Masurian Lakes. 

18.—German submarine “blockade” of British Isles begins. 

25. —Allied fleet destroys outer forts of Dardanelles. 

March. 

2.—Allied troops land at Kum-Kale, on Asiatic side of Dardanelles. 

10.—British take Neuve Chapelle in Flanders battle. 




CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


1037 


I4 : — Dresden , German raiding cruiser, is sunk by British squadron off 
the Chilean coast. 

22.—Austrian fortress of Przemysl surrenders to Russians. 

April. 

22. —Poison gas first used by Germans in attack on Canadians at Ypres, 
Belgium. 

May. 

1. —American steamer Giiljlight torpedoed off Scilly Isles by German sub¬ 
marine; 3 lives lost. 

2. —British South African troops under General Botha capture Otym- 
bingue, German Southwest Africa. 

7-—Germans capture Libau. Russian Baltic port. 

7.— Lusitania, Cunard liner, sunk by German submarine off Kinsale Head, 
Irish coast, with loss of 1152 lives: 102 Americans. 

23. —Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary and begins invasion on a 60- 
mile front. 

24. —American steamer Nebraskan torpedoed by German submarine off 
Irish coast, but reaches Liverpool in safety. 

31.—German Zeppelins bombard suburbs of London. 


June. 

1.—Germany apologizes for attack on Gulflight and offers reparation. 

3.—Austrians recapture Przemysl. 

3. —British forces operating on Tigris capture Kut-el-Amara. 

4. -6.—German aircraft bombs English towns. 

7-^Bryan, U. S. Secretary of State, resigns. 

15.—Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe, Baden, in retaliation. 

22.—Lemberg recaptured by Austrians. 

26.—Montenegrins enter Scutari, Albania. 


July. 

9.—German Southwest Africa surrenders to British South African troops 
under Gen. Botha. 

25.—American steamer Leelanaw, Archangel to Belfast with flax, tor¬ 
pedoed off Scotland. 

31.—Baden bombarded by French aircraft. 


August. 

5. —Warsaw captured by Germans. 

6. —Ivangorod occupied by Austrians. 

6.—Gallipoli Peninsula campaign enters a second stage with the debark¬ 
ation of a new force of British troops in Suvla Bay, on the west coast of the 
peninsula. 

8.—Russians defeat German fleet of 9 battleships and 12 cruisers at entrance 
of Gulf of Riga. 

19.— Arabic, White Star liner, sunk by submarine off Fastnet; 44 lives 
lost; 2 Americans. 

25.—Brest-Litovsk, Russian fortress, captured by Austro-Germans. 

2 g.—Italians reach Cima Cista, northeast of Trent. 

30.—British submarine attacks Constantinople and damages the Galata 

3!.—Lutsk, Russian fortress, captured by Austrians. 


September. 

2.—Grodno, Russian fortress, occupied by Germans. . 

6.—Czar Nicholas of Russia assumes command of Russian armies. Grand 
Duke Nicholas is transferred to the Caucasus. 

15.—Pinsk occupied by Germans. 

18.—Vilna evacuated by Russia. 




1038 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


24. —Lutsk recaptured by Russians. 

25. —Allies open offensive on western front and occupy .Lens. 

27.—Lutsk again falls to Germans. 


October. 

5.—Greece becomes political storm center. Franco-British force lands at 
Salonika and Greek ministry resigns. 

9.—Belgrade again occupied by Austro-Germans. 

11. —Zaimis, new Greek premier, announces policy of armed neutrality. 

12. —Edith Cavell, English nurse, shot by Germans for aiding British 

prisoners to escape from Belgium. . 

I3 —London bombarded by Zeppelins; 55 persons killed, 114 injured. 

14.—Bulgaria at war with Serbia. 

14. —Italians capture Pregasina, on the Trentino frontier. 

15. —Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria. 

17. —France at war with Bulgaria. . 

18. —Bulgarians cut the Nish-Salonika railroad at Vranja. 

19. —Italy and Russia at war with Bulgaria. 

22.—Uskub occupied by Bulgarians. 

28. —Pirot captured by Bulgarians. . . 

29. —Briand becomes premier of France, succeeding Viviam. 


November. 

5.—Nish, Serbian war capital, captured by Bulgarians. 

9.— Ancona, Italian liner, torpedoed in Mediterranean. 

17.—Anglo-French war council holds first meeting in Pans. 

20.—Novibazar occupied by German troops. 

22. —Ctesiphon, near Bagdad, captured by British forces in Asia Minor. 

23. —Italians drive Austrians from positions on Carso Plateau. 

24. —Serbian government transferred to Scutari, Albania. 


December. 

x.—British Mesopotamian forces retire to Kut-el-Amara. 

2.—Monastir evacuated by Serbians. 

4.—Henry Ford, with large party of peace advocates, sails for Europe on 
chartered steamer Oscar II, with the object of ending the war. 

I3 —Serbia in hands of enemy, Allied forces abandoning last positions 

and retiring across Greek frontier. , , 0 . T , „ , 

15.—Gen. Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Field Marshal Sir John French as 
Commander-in-Chief of British forces in France. 

20.—Dardanelles expedition ends; British troops begin withdrawal Irom 
positions on Suvla Bay and Gallipoli Peninsula. . . , 

22.—Henry Ford leaves his peace party at Christiania and returns to the 

United States. 

1916 


January. 

xx.—Greek island of Corfu occupied by French. 

13.—Cettinje, capital of Montenegro, occupied by Austrians. 
2 3 .—Scutari, Albania, taken by Austrians. 

29-31.—German Zeppelins bomb Paris and towns in England. 


February. 

1.— Appam, British liner, is brought into Norfolk, Va., by German prize 

crew. . 

10.—British conscription law goes into effect. 

16.— Erzerum, in Turkish Armenia, captured by Russians under Grand 

Duke Nicholas. , . , , ..• -l * 

19.—Kamerun, German colony in Africa, conquered by British forces. 

21.—Battle of Verdun begins. Germans take Haumont. 

25.—Fort Douaumont falls to Germans in Verdun battle. 

27.—Durazzo, Albania, occupied by Austrians. 





CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


1039 


March. 

5.— Moewe, German raider, reaches home port after a cruise of several 

months. . . , . . , 

9.—Germany declares war on Portugal on the latter s refusal to give up 

seized ships. 

ic.—Austria-Hungary at war with Portugal. A , , 

24.— Sussex, French cross-channel steamer, with many Americans aboard 
sunk by submarine off Dieppe. No Americans lost. 

31.—Melancourt taken by Germans in Verdun Battle. 

April. 

18 —Trebizond, Turkish Black Sea port, captured by Russians. 

19 —President Wilson publicly warns Germany not to pursue submarine 

P ° llC 2o.—Russian troops landed at Marseilles for service on French front. 

24—Irish rebellion begins in Dublin. Republic declared. Patrick 

Pearse ennouncedf as^fi.st P r ^ d ^ en> under Gen. Townshend, besieged in Kut- 

el " A ™o.—WshTebeffion ends'with unconditional surrender of Pearse and other 
leaders, who are tried by court-martial and executed. 

May. 

g —Cymric, White Star liner, torpedoed off Irish coast. 

I4 .—Italian positions penetrated by Austrians, 
i e —Vimv Ridge gained by British. 

2 a" _Bulgarians invade Greece and occupy forts on the Struma. 

3i;_jutllnd naval battle; British and German fleets engaged; heavy 

losses on both sides. 

June* 

5.—Kitchener, British Secretary of War, loses his. life 
Hampshire, on which he was voyaging to Russia, is sunk off the Orkney Is.a , 

SCOt '‘^Germans capture Fort Vaux in Verdun attack. 

g —Lutsk, Russian fortress, recaptured from Germans. 

I7 .—Czemowitz, capital of Bukowma, occupied by Russians. 

9T _Allies demand Greek demobilization. 

27'—King Constantine orders demobilization of Greek army. 

28.—Italians storm Monte Trappola, m the Trentmo district. 

July. 

-British penetrate German second line, using cavalr>. 

-Longueval captured by British. 

;=Brith S an°d C Fr?nch advance between Delville Wood and the Somme. 

August. 

-French recapture Fleury. 

—Italians enter Goritzia. 

''lT^»i e apo^"ken by Bulgarians. 

:=loumanil declares war on Austria-Hungary. 

_Italy at war with Germany. # 

!—Germany at war with Roumania. 

:ZlXarat n war" R oumania. Turkey at war with Roumania. 

September. i 

-Bulgarian forces invade Roumania along the Dobrudja frontier. . 
-Italians defeat Austrians on the Carso. 


1.— 

9- 

14. 

15 - 

25 

30 


3 - 

9 - 

10 

25 

27 

27 

28 

30 

31 


2.- 

13 - 




1040 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAk 


I S* British capture Flers, Courcelette, and other German positions on 
western front, using tanks. 

26. Combles and Thiepval captured by British and French. 

29 -—Roumanians begin retreat from Transylvania. 

October. 

24*—Fort Douaumont recaptured by French. 


November. 

_ x *— Deutschland, German merchant submarine, arrives at New London, 

Conn., on second voyage. 

2.—Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans. 

7.—Woodrow Wilson re-elected President of the United States. 

13-—British advance along the Ancre. 

19.—Monastir evacuated by Bulgarians and Germans. 

21 •—Britannic, mammoth British hospital ship, sunk by mine in vEgean sea. 
22.—Emperor Franz Josef, of Austria-Hungary, dies. Succeeded by 
Charles I. 

23 -—German warships bombard English coast. 

28.—Roumanian government is transferred to Jassy. 

29 —Minnewaska, Atlantic transport liner, sunk by mine in Mediter¬ 
ranean. 

/ December. 

1. Allied troops enter Athens to insist upon surrender of Greek arms 
t and munitions. 

6. Bucharest, capital of Roumania, captured by Austro-Germans. 

7 -—Da vi d Lloyd George succeeds Asquith as premier of England. 

J 5 -—French complete recapture of ground taken by Germans in Verdun 
; battle. 

x8 -—President Wilson makes peace overtures to belligerents. 

26 —Germany replies to President’s note and suggests a peace conference. 

30 — French government on behalf of Entente Allies replies to President 
Wilson s note and refuses to discuss peace till Germany agrees to give ‘restitu¬ 
tion, reparation and guarantees. ’ 




1917 

January. 

x ~Turkey declares its independence of suzerainty of European powers. 

1.— Iverma, Cunard liner, is sunk in Mediterranean. 

22, President Wilson suggests to the belligerents a ‘peace without victory.* 
. 3 1 .—Germany announces intention of sinking all vessels in wax zone around 
■British Isles. 

February. 

_ 3 -—United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. Count Von 

Bernstorft is handed his passports. 

7.— California, Anchor liner, is sunk off Irish coast. 

13 -— Afric, White Star liner, sunk by submarine. 

17 - British troops on the Ancre capture German positions. 

25 - — Laconia, Cunard liner, sunk off Irish coast. 

26— Kut-el-Amara recaptured from Turks by new British Mesopotamian 
expedition under command of Gen. Sir Stanley Maude. 

28 —United States government makes public a communication from Ger- 
rnany to Mexico proposing an alliance, and offering as a reward the return of 
Mexico s lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. 

. 28.—Submarine campaign of Germans results in the sinking of 134 vessels 
during February. 

March. 

3-—British advance on Bapaume. 

3 - Mexico denies having received an offer from Germany suggesting an 





1041 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


8 *—Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin dies. 

- IO - Russian Czar suspends sittings of the Duma. 

ii. Bagdad captured by British forces under Gen. Maude. 

11 • Revolutionary movement starts in Petrograd. 

! 4 -—China breaks with Germany. 

I 5 '~£ Zar Nich ?^ s abd i c ates. Prince Lvoff heads new cabinet. 
t8 _H s Bri K T sh ; Ro J e a nd Lassigny occupied by French, 
retire on S 8s-mile fmnt“ eS ’ y ° n evacuated Germans, who 

°f Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia, American ships, torpedoed. 
19. Alexander Ribot becomes French premier, succeeding Briand. 
c ,^u 21 '^u He ^ ldton, ‘ Amenca n ship, bound from Philadelphia to Rotterdam, 

sunk without warning: 21 men lost. ’ 

26-31.—British advance on Cambrai. 


April. 

r *—Aztec, American armed ship, sunk in submarine zone. 

5 * Missourian, American steamer, sunk in Mediterranean, 
b-—United States declares war on Germany. 

7 * Cuba and Panama at war with Germany. 

8 - —Austria-Hungary breaks with United States. 

9 - —Germans retreat before British on long front. 

9.—Bolivia breaks with Germany. 

13 ~Vimy, Givenchy, Bailleul and positions about Lens taken by Canadians. 
20.—Turkey breaks with United States. 


May. 

9-—Liberia breaks with Germany. 

n.—Russian Council of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates demands 
peace conference. 


.15-—Gen. Petain succeeds Gen. Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of French 
armies. Gen. Foch is appointed Chief of Staff. 

16. —Bullecourt captured by British in the Arras battles. 

17. —Honduras breaks with Germany. 

iS.—Conscription bill signed by President Wilson. 

19.—Nicaragua breaks with Germany. 

22-26.—Italians advance on the Carso. 


June. 

4.—Senator Root arrives in Russia at head of commission appointed by 
President. 

5 *—Registration day for new draft army in United States. 

7. —Messines-Wytschaete ridge in English hands. 

8. —Gen. Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of American Expeditionary Force, 
arrives in England en route to France. 

18.—Haiti breaks with Germany. 


July. 

1.—Russians begin offensive in Gallicia, Kerensky, minister of war, leading 
in person. 

3.—American expeditionary force arrives in France. 

6.—Canadian House of Commons passes Compulsory Military Service Bill. 
12.—King Constantine of Greece abdicates in favor of his second son, 
Alexander. 

14.—Bethmann-Hollweg, German Chancellor, resigns; succeeded by Dr. 
George Michaelis. 

16-23.—Retreat of Russians on a front of 155 miles. 

20.—Alexander Kerensky becomes Russian premier, succeeding Lvoff. 

20.—Drawing of draft numbers for American conscript army begins. 

22.—Siam at war with Germany and Austria. 

24.—Austro-Germans retake Stanislau. 

31.—Franco-British attack penetrates German lines on a 20-mile front. 





1042 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


August. 

i.—Pope Benedict XV makes plea for peace on a basis of no annexation, 
no indemnity. 

3.—Czernowitz captured by Austro-Germans. 

7. —Liberia at war with Germany. 

8. —Canadian Conscription Bill passes its third reading in Senate. 

14. —China at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 

1^.—st. Quentin Cathedral destroyed by Germans. 

15. —Canadian troops capture Hill 70, dominating Lens. 

19. —Italians cross the Isonzo and take Austrian positions. 

2 8 .— Pope Benedict’s peace plea rejected by President Wilson. 

September. 

3.—Riga captured by Germans. . 

5. —New American National Army begins to assemble in the different 
cantonments. 

7.— Minnehaha, Atlantic transport liner, sunk off Irish coast. 

12.—Argentine dismisses Von Luxburg, German minister, on charges of 
improper conduct made public by United States government. 

14.—Paul Painleve becomes French premier, succeeding Ribot. 

16. —Russia proclaimed a republic by Kerensky. 

20. —Costa Rico breaks with Germany. 

2I —Gen. Tasker H. Bliss named Chief of Staff of the United States Army. 

25. —Guynemer, famous French flier, killed. 

26. —Zonnebeke, Polygon Wood and Tower Hamlets, east of Ypres, taken 
by British. 

28. —William D. Haywood, secretary, and 100 members of the Industrial 

Workers of the World arrested for sedition. . . 

29. —Turkish Mesopotamian army, under Ahmed Bey, captured by British 

October. 

6. —Peru and Uruguay break with Germany. 

9. —Poelcapelle and other German positions captured in Franco-British 

cittcick. 

12-16.—Oesel and Dago, Russian islands in Gulf of Riga, captured by 
Germans. 

17. — Antilles, American transport, westbound from France, sunk by sub¬ 
marine; 67 lost. 

18. —Moon Island, in the Gulf of Riga, taken by Germans. 

23.—American troops in France fire their first shot in trench warfare. 

23. —French advance northeast of Soissons. 

24. —Austro-Germans begin great offensive on Italian positions. 

25. —Italians retreat across the Isonzo and evacuate the Bainsizza Plateau. 

26. —Brazil at war with Germany. 

27. —Goritzia recaptured by Austro-Germans. 

30. —Michaelis, German Chancellor, resigns; succeeded by Count George 
F. von Hcrtling. 

31. —Italians retreat to the Tagliamento. 

31.—Beersheba, in Palestine, occupied by British. 

November. 

1.—Germans abandon position on Chemin des Dames. 

3.—Americans in trenches suffer 20 casualties in German attacks. 

5. —Italians abandon Tagliamento line and retire on 93-mile front in the 
Carnic Alps. 

6. —Passchendaele captured by Canadians. 

6. —British Mesopotamian forces reach Tekrit, 100 miles northwest of 
Bagdad. 

7. —The Russian Bolsheviki, led by Lenine and Trotzsky, seize Petrograd 
and depose Kerensky. 

8. —Gen. Diaz succeeds Gen. Cadorna as Commander-in-Chief of Italian 
armies. 



CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


1043 


9. —Italians retreat to the Piave. 

10. —Lenine becomes premier of Russia, succeeding Kerensky. 

15.—Georges Clemenceau becomes premier of France, succeeding Painleve. 
18.—Major-General Maude, captor of Bagdad, dies in Mesopotamia. 

21.—Ribecourt, Flesquieres, Havrincourt, Marcoing and other German 

positions captured by British. . , 

23. —Italians repulse Germans on the whole front from the Asiago .Plateau 

to the Brenta River. . \ .. 

24. —Cambrai menaced by British, who approach within three miles, 

capturing Bourlon Wood. 

December. 

1.—German East Africa reported completely conquered. 

I .—Allies’ Supreme War Council, representing the United States, r ranee, 
Great Britain and Italy, holds first meeting at Versailles. 

3.—Russian Bolsheviki arrange armistice with Germans. 

3.—British retire from Bourlon Wood, Graincourt and other positions west 

of Cambrai. ^ 

6. —Jacob Jones, American destroyer, sunk by submarine m European 

Wa 6 ^ 1 _s tea mer Mont Blanc, loaded with munitions, explodes in collision with 
the I mo in Halifax harbor; 1,50° persons are killed. 

7. —Finland declares independence. _ . . , 

8. —Jerusalem, held by the Turks for 673 years, surrenders to British, 

under Gen. Allenby. 

8.—Ecuador breaks with Germany. 

10.—Panama at war with Austria-Hungary. 

II —United States at war with Austria-Hungary. . . 

1 c —Armistice signed between Germany and Russia at Brest-Latovsk. 

17.—Coalition government of Sir Robert Borden is returned and con¬ 
scription confirmed in Canada. 

1918 

January. 

I4 .—Premier Clemenceau orders arrest of former Premier Caillaux on high 
treason charge^ ca ^ take over sector northwest of Toul. 

29.—Italians capture Monte dival Belle. 

February. 

!.—Argentine Minister of War recalls military attaches from Berlin and 

Vienna^Qen peytQn c March appointed Chief-of-StaiT. United 

6 —Auscania, American transport, torpedoed off coast of Ireland. 101 lost. 
22.—American troops in Chemin des Dames sector. 

26.—British hospital ship, Glenart Castle, torpedoed. . • 

2 7 —japan proposes joint military operations with Allies in Siberia. 

March. 

T _Americans gain signal victory in salient north of Toul. « , . 

3 *_Peace treaty between Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central 

Powers signed at Brest-Litovsk. . , 

4—Treaty signed between Germany and Finland. , p 

5.—Roumania signs preliminary treaty of P ea ^ e ^Central Powe . 

_ caoital moved from Petrograd to Moscow. 

? 4 7 ?Russo"&?™an"eace treaty ratified by All-Russ,an Congress of 

S °viets ^p^°n t ' W il s on orders all Holland ships in American ports taken over. 

24. —Peronne, Ham and Chauny evacuated b> Allies. 

25. —Bapaume and Nesle occupied by Germans. 

29 —General Foch chosen Commander-in-Chief of all Allied forces. 





1044 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


April. 

5-—Japanese forces landed at Vladivostok. 

9-—Second German drive begun in Flanders. 

io.—First German drive halted before Amiens after maximum advance 
of 35 miles. 

i4*7~United States Senator Stone, of Missouri, chairman of Committee 
on Foreign Relations, dies. 

15-—Second German drive halted before Ypres, after maximum advance 
of io miles. 

16.—Bolo Pasha, Levantine resident in Paris, executed for treason. 

21. —Guatemala at war with Germany. 

22. —Baron Von Richthofen, premier German flier, killed. 

23-—British naval forces raid Zeebrugge in Belgium, German submarine 
base, and block channel. 


May. 

7 -—Nicaragua at war with Germany and her allies. 

19.—Major Raoul Lufberry, famous American aviator, killed. 

24.—Costa Rica at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 

27. —Third German drive begins on Aisne-Marne front of 30 miles between 
Soissons and Rheims. 

28. —Germans sweep on beyond the Chemin des Dames and cross the Vesle 
at Fismes. 

28. —Cantigny taken by Americans in local attack. 

29. —Soissons evacuated by French. 

31.—Marne River crossed by Germans, who reach Chateau-Thierry, 40 
miles from Paris. 

3 1 -— President Lincoln, American transport, sunk. 

June. 

2.—Schooner Edward H. Cole torpedoed by submarine off American coast. 

3-6.—American marines and regulars check advance of Germans at Chateau- 
Thierry and Neuilly after maximum advance of Germans of 32 miles. Begin¬ 
ning of American co-operation on major scale. 

9 - 14 -—German drive on Noyon-Montdidier front. Maximum advance, 
5 miles. 

15-24.—Austrian drive on Italian front ends in complete failure. 

3 °-—American troops in France, in all departments of service, number 
1,019,115. 

July. 

1.—Vaux taken by Americans. 

3*—Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, dies. 

10— Czecho-Slovaks, aided by Allies, take control of a long stretch of the 
Trans-Siberian Railway. 

12.—Berat, Austrian base in Albania, captured by Italians. 

15. —Haiti at war with Germany. 

IS-—Stonewall defense of Chateau-Thierry blocks new German drive on 
Paris. 

16. —Nicholas Romanoff, ex-Czar of Russia, executed at Yekaterinburg. 

17 -—Lieut. Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of ex-President Roosevelt. 

killed in aerial battle near Chiteau-Thierry. 

18.—French and Americans begin counter offensive on Marne-Aisne 
front. 

19- —San Diego, United States cruiser, sunk off Fire Island. 

20- — Carpathia, Cunard liner, used as transport, torpedoed off Irish coast. 
It was the Carpathia that saved most of the survivors of the Titanic in April 
1912. 

20. — Justicia, giant liner used as troopship, is sunk off Irish coast. 

21. —German submarine sinks three barges off Cape Cod. 

23.—French take Oulchy-le-Ch&teau and drive the Germans back ten 
miles between the Aisne and the Marne. 

30 -—Allies astride the Ourcq; Germans in full retreat to the Vesle. 



CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


1045 


August. 

i-—Sergeant Joyce Kilmer, American poet and critic, aged 31, dies in 
battle. 

2.—French troops recapture Soissons. 

3 -—President Wilson announces new policy regarding Russia and agrees 
to co-operate with Great Britain, France and Japan in sending forces to Mur¬ 
mansk, Archangel and Vladivostok. 

3-—Allies sweep on between Soissons and Rheims, driving the enemy from 
his base at Fismes and capturing the entire Aisne-Vesle front. 

7-—Franco-American troops cross the Vesle. 

8.—New Allied drive begun by Field-Marshal Haig in Picardy, penetrating 
enemy front 14 miles. 

10.—Montdidier recaptured. 

13.—Lassigny Massif taken by French. 

15 -—Canadians capture Damery and Parvillers, northwest of Roye. 

29.—Noyon and Bapaume fall in new Allied advance. 

September. 

1.—Australians take Peronne. 

1.—Americans fight for the first time on Belgian soil and capture Voor- 
mezeele. 

n.—Germans are driven back to the Hindenburg line which they held in 
November, 1917. 

12. —Registration day for new draft army of men between 18 and 45 in 
the United States. 

13. —Americans begin vigorous offense in St. Mihiel Sector on 40-mile 
front. 

14. —St. Mihiel recaptured from Germans. General Pershing announces 
entire St. Mihiel salient erased, liberating more than 150 square miles of French 
territory which had been in German hands since 1914. 

14. —Austro-Hungarian government invites belligerents to enter a confi¬ 
dential peace discussion. 

15. —President Wilson refuses to discuss peace. 

18.—John W. Davis, of West Virginia, appointed ambassador of the 
United States to Great Britain. 

20.—Nazareth occupied by British forces in Palestine under Gen. Allenby. 

23.—Bulgarian armies flee before combined attacks of British, Greek, 
Serbian, Italian, and French. 

25. —British take 40,000 prisoners in Palestine offensive. 

26. —Strumnitza, Bulgaria, occupied by Allies. 

27. —Franco-Americans in drive from Rheims to Verdun take 30,000 
prisoners. 

28. —Belgians attack enemy from Ypres to North Sea, gaining four miles. 

29. —Bulgaria surrenders to General d’Esperey, the Allied commander. 

30. —British-Belgian advance reaches Roulers. 

October. 

1.—St. Quentin, cornerstone of Hindenburg line, captured. 

1. —Damascus occupied by British in Palestine campaign. 

2. —Lens evacuated by Germans. 

3. —Albania cleared of Austrians by Italians. 

3. —Hindenburg line pierced by British between Cambrai and St. Quentin. 

4. —Ferdinand, king of Bulgaria, abdicates; Boris succeeds. 

5. —Prince Maximilian, new German Chancellor, pleads with President 
Wilson to ask Allies for armistice. 

6. —Beirut, chief seaport <?f Syria evacuated by Turks, is entered by 
French ships. 

7. —Berry-au-Bac taken by French. 

8 . —President Wilson asks whether German Chancellor speaks for people 
or war lords. 

9. —Cambrai in Allied hands. 



1046 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR 


10. — Leinster, passenger steamer, sunk in Irish Channel by submarine; 
480 lives lost; final German atrocity at sea. 

11. —Americans advance through Argonne forest. 

12. —German foreign secretary, Solf, says plea for armistice is made in 
name of German people; agrees to evacuate all foreign soil. 

12. —Nish, in Serbia, occupied by Allies. 

13. —Laon and La Fere abandoned by Germans. 

13. —Grandpre captured by Americans after four days’ battle. 

14. —President Wilson reters Germans to General Foch for armistice terms. 

15. —Durazzo, Austrian naval base in Albania, taken by Italians. 

16. —Lille entered by British patrols. 

17. —Ostend, German submarine base, taken by land and sea forces. 

17.—Douai falls to Allies. 

19.—Bruges and Zeebrugge taken by Belgians and British. 

25.—Beginning of terrific Italian drive which nets 50,000 prisoners in five 
days. 

31.—Turkey surrenders; armistice takes effect at noon; conditions include 
free passage of Dardanelles. 


November. 


I. —Clery-le-Grand captured by American troops of First Army. 

3.—Americans sweep ahead on 50-mile front above Verdun; enemy in 
full retreat. 

3.—Official reports announce capture of 362,350 Germans since July 15. 

3.—Austria surrenders, signing armistice with Italy at 3 P. M., after 500,000 
prisoners had been taken. 

7.—American Rainbow Division and parts of First Division enter suburbs 
of Sedan. 

9. —Maubeuge captured by Allies. Chancellor Max announces abdication 
of Kaiser William. 

10. —Canadians take Mons in irresistible advance. German Emperor 
and Crown Prince take refuge in Holland. 

II. —Germany surrenders; armistice takes effect at 11 a. m. 


1919 

January. 



18.— First meeting of Peace Conference at Paris. 


June. 


28.—Treaty of peace signed at Versailles. 

1920 

January. 

10.—Ratifications of treaty exchanged between belligerents, except 
United States, at Paris. Peace becomes effective at 4.16 p. m. 











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